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Citizen (2001 film)

2026-05-05T02:53:34Z

BharatpediaContributor: adding the post v1

{{short description|2001 film by Saravana Subbiah}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Citizen 2001 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Saravana Subbiah]]
| writer = Saravana Subbiah [[Balakumaran]] (dialogues)
| producer = [[S. S. Chakravarthy]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Ajith Kumar]]
*[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
*[[Vasundhara Das]]
*[[Nagma]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Ravi K. Chandran]] [[R. D. Rajasekhar]] (one song)
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = NIC Arts
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2001|06|09}}
| runtime = 172 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Citizen''''' is a 2001 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Political fiction|political]] [[action film]] written and directed by [[Saravana Subbiah]] (in his debut) and produced by [[S. S. Chakravarthy]]. The film stars [[Ajith Kumar]] in dual roles with [[Meena (actress)|Meena]], [[Vasundhara Das]] and [[Nagma]] playing the lead actresses. The film's score and soundtrack were composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], and cinematography was handled by [[Ravi K. Chandran]]. The film was released theatrically on 9 June 2001,<ref>{{Cite web |last=நவநீதகிருஷ்ணன் |first=பா ஸ்டாலின் |date=8 June 2021 |title=20 Years Of Citizen: அஜித்தை அல்டிமேட் ஸ்டாராக்கிய ‛சிட்டிசன்' ; விமர்சனங்களை உடைத்தெறிந்த சுப்பிரமணி! |trans-title=''Citizen'', the film that made Ajith the Ultimate Star; Subramani, who shattered criticisms! |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-ajith-in-citizen-movie-cross-20-years-5430 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260505020541/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-ajith-in-citizen-movie-cross-20-years-5430 |archive-date=5 May 2026 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=[[ABP Nadu]] |language=ta }}</ref> and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |author=S Saraswathi |date=5 February 2015 |title=Ajith's Top 10 Hits |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/ajiths-top-10-hits-south/20150205.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624220755/https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/ajiths-top-10-hits-south/20150205.htm |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Abdullah runs a motorcycle workshop with a few workers. He also gives casual legal advice to the locals. A [[computer science]] student named Indhu develops a crush on him and tries to woo him, although Abdullah has nothing of it.

In a massive street protest by lawyers across the city, Abdullah, in an altered appearance, kidnaps judge Vedhachalam after introducing himself as 'Citizen'. Later on, Abdullah kidnaps [[District magistrate|collector]] Santhanam by posing as freedom fighter Sundaramoorthy. On both occasions, Abdullah mentions 'Attipatti', which left his victims speechless.

With these two high-profile kidnappings, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]], which Senior Officer Sarojini Harichandran leads, handles the case. Sarojini finds out that both kidnap victims worked together in the [[Mayiladuthurai|Mayavaram]] division some years ago and were involved in a riot in Attipatti. However, a check with the Mayiladuthurai sub-collector's office and the [[Nagapattinam]] collector's office found no town or village named Attipatti existed. She visits the collector's office in [[Thanjavur]] and is shocked to discover that the hamlet, Attipatti, existed in records before 1973 but not in the years after. She becomes convinced that the kidnapper has a link to Attipatti.

Meanwhile, Abdullah becomes irritated with Indhu, who longs for his affection. He scolds her and says she doesn't know who he is or the pain he endures in his heart.

The CBI team tracks down a former local government employee, which Attipatti was under, and visits Father Louis at Lutheran Chapel. At the chapel, Sarojini and her team meet Father Kuriakose, who informs them that Father Louis died ten years ago but left a box to hand over to whoever comes to the church and asks about Attipatti. Sarojini and her team find hundreds of dead bodies buried near the coastal area where the location of Attipatti was and a tombstone bearing the names of all who perished. Sarojini concludes that Arivanandam and Anthony, the name of a boy baptised after the atrocity, are the same people, and her further investigation leads her to Abdullah, who escapes via a secret route. Sarojini discovers Citizen's operation room within the mosque. There, she discovers Citizen's next target is [[Director general of police|DGP]] Devasagayam. However, simultaneously, Citizen kidnapped the DGP. The CBI officers receive information that Citizen is hiding in Tada Forest and go after him. Indhu comes to meet Abdullah and reveals she already knew he was Citizen some time ago. The CBI officers arrive at the forest and finally arrest Citizen. In the trial, Citizen narrates what happened in his village, Attipatti.

In 1973, Attipatti was a village of 700 inhabitants surrounded by the sea. Therefore, it is often flooded by rising sea levels, causing deaths. The hamlet's [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] had promised to build a wall in exchange for votes but never constructed it. When the villagers, led by Citizen's father, Subramani, go to the collector's office to ask about its status, the collector sends them away, saying they cannot build a wall in that area as the number of people is too small. The villagers later found out that the district collector, the MLA, the DGP, and the judge had taken 150 million rupees allocated by the government to build the wall. After that, when the four visited Attipatti, the outraged villagers embarrassed them by forcing them to eat mouldy rice and pouring water over them. In response, the four officials vowed to make Attipatti disappear from the map. One night, they arrived at Attipatti with henchmen, caught all the villagers, tied them on a boat, tortured them, and pushed them to the sea, killing all except Arivanandam.

In the present, at the trial, Citizen explains he did not kidnap the MLA because he got punished after losing the election. With the judge, DGP, and district collector on the witness stand, Citizen tells the court that the death penalty or life imprisonment is lenient for them. He says corruption exists because government officers want to provide a luxurious life for their family members. Arivanandam suggests stripping the wealth and citizenship of the three and all their family members. The court amends the retribution suggested by Arivanandam. The film ends with the court releasing Citizen as innocent because he fought for the good of the country.

==Cast==

{{Cast listing|
* [[Ajith Kumar]] as
** Arivanandham / Anthony / Abdullah (Citizen)
** Subramaniam (Subramani), Citizen's father
* [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as Sevali, Subramani's wife
* [[Vasundhara Das]] as Indhupriya
* [[Nagma]] as Sarojini Harichandran
* [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Rahim Bhai, Subramani's friend
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Judge Krishnan
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as [[District magistrate|Collector]] B. Santhanam
* [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Church Father Louis
* [[Rajeev (Tamil actor)|Rajeev]] as Public Prosecutor
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as Minister Idithaangi Vaithiyar
* [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] as Citizen's friend
* Mohan Natarajan as [[Judge]] Vedhachalam
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Devasagayam [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Cochin Haneefa|V. M. C. Haneefa]] as Manmadha Kutty
* [[Dr. Sharmila]] as Fathima, Rahim's wife
* [[Udayaraj|Master Udayaraj]] as young Arivanandham
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Krishnamoorthy [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[K. R. Vatsala]] as Devasakayam's wife
* [[Sethu Vinayagam]] as Minister
* [[Besant Ravi]] as Police Officer
* Rathan as Judge
* Sivakumar as Nair
* [[Kottachi]] as Mechanic
* [[Bonda Mani]]
* [[Saravana Subbiah]] (Guest Appearance)
* [[Kanal Kannan]] in a cameo appearance as comic rowdy
* [[Citizen Mani|Mani]] as Tea master (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siva |date=7 December 2022 |title=5 ரூபாவோடு சென்னைக்கு வந்து டீ கடைல வேல செஞ்சேன் – விவேக் வடிவேலுவுடன் நடித்த காமெடி நடிகரின் மறுபக்கம். |url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/citizen-mani-interview-about-ajith/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222090256/https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/citizen-mani-interview-about-ajith/ |archive-date=22 February 2025 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=Behind Talkies |language=ta}}</ref>
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as a butcher (uncredited)
}}

==Production==
''Citizen'' is the directorial debut of [[Saravana Subbiah]].<ref name="20years">{{Cite news |date=12 June 2021 |title=20 Years of Thala Ajith's Citizen: Five interesting facts about the film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-thala-ajiths-citizen-five-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/83435205.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925075219/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/20-years-of-thala-ajiths-citizen-five-interesting-facts-about-the-film/photostory/83435205.cms |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Ajith Kumar]] put on weight for the film, which would feature him in nine roles, and he claimed that he was inspired by [[Kamal Haasan]]'s award-winning performances.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Qureshi |first=Nilufer |title=Meet the Southern sensation Ajith |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/dec2000/ivw8.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006164915/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/dec2000/ivw8.html |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=13 May 2013 |work=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Sameera Reddy]] was initially part of the cast but opted out due to conflicting commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=21 March 2008 |title=Grill mill -- Sameera Reddy |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/03/21/stories/2008032150311600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080324232135/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2008/03/21/stories/2008032150311600.htm |archive-date=24 March 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en |access-date=20 March 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2000 |title=Ajith moving from Tamil? |url=http://www.tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&view=11-00 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011030150/http://tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&view=11-00 |archive-date=11 October 2008 |access-date=24 October 2015 |work=Tamilmovies |language=en}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Vasundhara Das]], who had earlier appeared in ''[[Hey Ram]],'' was chosen to play the leading lady, while [[Nagma]] was selected to play a police officer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2000 |title=Ajith's Citizen: A Movie To Talk About |url=http://ajithkumar.free.fr/derniere08.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326190805/http://ajithkumar.free.fr/derniere08.htm |archive-date=26 March 2012 |access-date=13 May 2013 |website=ajithkumar.fr.fm |language=en}}</ref><ref name="birthday">{{Cite web |title=Ajith Celebrates His Birthday |url=http://ajithkumar.free.fr/derniere07.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326191018/http://ajithkumar.free.fr/derniere07.htm |archive-date=26 March 2012 |access-date=13 May 2013 |website=ajithkumar.fr.fm |language=en}}</ref> A special feature on the making of the film was broadcast by [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] in May 2001.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Thara Mohan |date=10 May 2001 |title=Fiesta for film buffs |url=http://hindu.com/2001/05/10/stories/09100462.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913054229/http://hindu.com/2001/05/10/stories/09100462.htm |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Dubbing for Nagma was provided by actress Anuradha.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Director's dilemma |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/HOTNEWS-%2011072001.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324015129/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/HOTNEWS-%2011072001.htm |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=13 May 2013 |website=Cinematoday2.itgo.com |language=en}}</ref> [[Gemini Ganesan]] was also initially meant to play a role in the film, but his character was later altered in the script and replaced by [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2000 |title=Ajit backs off Nanda |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/21spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516053658/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/21spice.htm |archive-date=16 May 2013 |access-date=21 October 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}</ref>

After 2 months of pre-production, shooting started on 28 December 2000 with Ajith and Vasundhara Das, after the former completed the shooting for his previous film [[Dheena]], which was also released in January 2001 during the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] festival, with [[Ravi K. Chandran]] as cinematographer who had replaced [[P. C. Sriram]] in the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 May 2001 |title=Citizen |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Citizen.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324015320/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Citizen.htm |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=13 May 2013 |website=Cinematoday2.itgo.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kamath |first1=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |last2=Kannan |first2=Ramya |last3=Kumar |first3=S.Shiva |date=29 December 2000 |title=Talk of the town |url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/29/stories/0429401w.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110143145/http://www.hindu.com/2000/12/29/stories/0429401w.htm |archive-date=10 November 2012 |access-date=13 May 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> The location for the Athipatty scenes was an island situated on the outskirts of Chennai, and it took three hours for the team to travel from the city and then by boat to get there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |date=13 January 2001 |title=Kamal Hassan inspired me – Ajith |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/168736/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005031032/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/kamal-hassan-inspired-me-ajith-3/ |archive-date=5 October 2023 |access-date=13 May 2013 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=N. Ravi |date=9 March 2001 |title=Placid isle makes waves |url=http://hindu.com/2001/03/09/stories/0909022j.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005005610/http://hindu.com/2001/03/09/stories/0909022j.htm |archive-date=5 October 2012 |access-date=13 May 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> A scene filmed at Rajaji Hall featured five thousand of Ajith's fans as extras.<ref name="birthday" /> A song in the film was shot in Australia in March 2001, delaying the proposed release date of 1 May.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2001 |title=My wife is the source of my success |url=http://ajithkumar.free.fr/filmographie/inter21.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505215113/http://ajithkumar.free.fr/filmographie/inter21.htm |archive-date=5 May 2014 |access-date=13 May 2013 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |language=en |via=ajithkumar.fr.fm}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]] and all lyrics were penned by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CITIZEN / BADHRI – Imported Deva Tamil Audio Cd |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/citizen-badhri-imported-deva-tamil-audio-cd/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116054401/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/citizen-badhri-imported-deva-tamil-audio-cd/ |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=Audio CDs World |language=ta}}</ref> The song "I Like You" is based on "[[I Feel Lonely]]" by German singer [[Sasha (German singer)|Sasha]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |title=Deva [Tamil] |url=https://www.itwofs.com/tamil-deva.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115124538/http://itwofs.com/tamil-deva.html |archive-date=15 November 2025 |access-date=5 May 2026 |website=[[ItwoFS]] |language=en}}</ref> and parts of "Pookara Pookara" were taken from "[[Take a Chance on Me]]" by the Swedish group [[ABBA]].<ref name="20years" /> A Swamy of ''Indiainfo'' wrote, "This Ajith starrer has some good foot beating notes but sadly they are all lifts and blatant".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Swamy |first=A |title=Citizen not bad! |url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/audio/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020203015741/http://movies.indiainfo.com/tamil/audio/index.html |archive-date=3 February 2002 |access-date=7 September 2024 |website=Indiainfo.com |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 39:17
| title1 = Australia Desam
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length1 = 6:46
| title2 = Merkey Vidhaitha
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length2 = 6:13
| title3 = Pookara Pookara
| extra3 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Vasundhara Das]]
| length3 = 6:20
| title4 = Chikkimukki Kallu
| extra4 = Shankar Mahadevan, [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length4 = 6:51
| title5 = I Like You
| extra5 = Vasundhara Das
| length5 = 6:53
| title6 = Merkey Vidhaitha Sooriyaney
| extra6 = Shankar Mahadevan
| length6 = 6:13
}}

==Reception==
Malathi Rangarajan from ''[[The Hindu]]'' labelled ''Citizen'' a "definite milestone in Ajit's acting career".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=15 June 2001 |title=Film Review: Citizen |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-citizen/article27940190.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231054922/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/film-review-citizen/article27940190.ece |archive-date=31 December 2019 |access-date=3 May 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Visual Dasan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that Ajith's dream of trying out makeup techniques has come true but the director's celluloid dream is not valid due to weak screenplay and tense direction.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=தாசன் |first=விஷுவல் |date=24 June 2001 |title=சிட்டிசன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2001-06-24/page/84/mode/2up |access-date=23 April 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=85–86 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film was dubbed in Telugu under the same title and released on 28 December 2001. Reviewing this version, Gudipoodi Srihari of ''The Hindu'' wrote, "A well-made film, thanks to director Subbaih, its Tamil original was a big hit. The Telugu dubbing is equally interesting, supported by good dialogues".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srihari |first=Gudipoodi |date=28 December 2001 |title=Citizen |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-citizen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308174810/http://idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mrg-citizen.html |archive-date=8 March 2012 |access-date=13 May 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |via=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

The actor and director began to work on another project titled ''Itihasam'', written by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]] and focusing on caste issues, but the film was shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2002 |title=Next |url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg155/culture.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022213751/http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg155/culture.htm |archive-date=22 October 2013 |access-date=13 May 2013 |website=[[Tamil Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2000s political action films]]
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2001 action films]]
[[Category:2001 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Films about mass murder]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Saravana Subbiah]]
[[Category:Films produced by S. S. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Australia]]
[[Category:Indian Army in films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political films]]

Karle, Belgaum

2026-05-01T23:36:41Z

BharatpediaContributor: made initial post needs work

{{Short description|Village in Karnataka, India}}
{{Other uses|Karle (disambiguation){{!}}Karle}}
{{onesource|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = Village
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = Karnataka
| subdivision_name2 = Belgaum
| population_total = 1496
| population_as_of = 2015
}}

'''Karle''' is a village in [[Belgaum district]], a district in [[Karnataka, India]]. As of 2015, the village had 1,496 residents.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karle village in Belgaum taluka, Belgaum, Karnataka, India |url=https://vill.co.in/karnataka/belgaum/belgaum-555054380/karle-054385977380/ |access-date=2024-03-02 |website=vill.co.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord|15|46|30|N|74|24|56|E|type:city_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{BelgaumTaluk-geo-stub}}

Dayaram Gidumal

2026-04-30T02:54:44Z

BharatpediaContributor: adding new details more to come

{{Short description|Indian social reformer, judge, poet and scholar}}

'''Dayaram Gidumal Shahani''' (30 June 1857 – 7 December 1927) or '''Rishi Dayaram''', was an Indian social reformer, judge, poet, and scholar. He was known as the godfather of [[Sindhi Hindus]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1171383|title=Daya Ram Gidumal of Sindh — a silent servant, a silent sufferer|first=Akhtar|last=Balouch|date=March 23, 2015|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>

==Life==
Born in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]], [[Sindh]], Dayaram received his early education in Persian at home from Akhoond Noor Mahammed. He later studied at [[Elphinstone College]] in Bombay and joined the Civil Service. He rose to the position of Judicial Commissioner in Sindh but chose not to accept a position as High Court Judge.

He helped establish the [[D. J. Sindh Government Science College|D.J. Sindh College]] in [[Karachi]] and supported education for women. He was a scholar of Arabic, Persian, and Sanskrit. He retired in 1911 to Bombay where he lived in a "Blue Bungalow" on the beach. He founded the Seva Sadan along with [[Behramji Malabari]]. He published numerous books including ''Sata saheliyun'' (Seven girl-friends, 1906) and ''Chabak mana lai ain rihan'' (Lashes for the mind, 1923–29). Works in English include ''The History of a Humble Soul'' (a biography of [[Sadhu Hiranand]]), ''Something about Sindh'' (1882) and a biography of Malabari with an introduction by [[Florence Nightingale]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Florence Nightingale and Bombay Presidency| author=Ramanna, Mridula| journal=Social Scientist| volume=30| issue=9/10| year=2002| pages=31–46| jstor=3517957}}</ref> He wrote on religion and spiritualism under the pen-names of Zero, Bijal and Sigma.<ref>{{cite book|page=3947| title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot.| author=Lal, Mohan|year=1992| publisher=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

==Family==
Dayaram first married Yashoda. They had two sons and three daughters. His second marriage was at the age of 56 to a young girl Urmila aged 26 at his ashram in 1913. He withdrew himself from society after this: it was apparently to protect the girl who had become pregnant after a relationship with a boy at the ashram.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Dayaram Gidumal| author=Malkani, K.R.|pages=65–67 |url=http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/11626/6/Chapter%201_61-125p.pdf| title=Dictionary of National Biography. Volume II (E-L)|editor=Sen, S.P.|year=1973| place=Calcutta| publisher=Institute of Historical Studies}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.dawn.com/news/1171383 Biography]
* [[iarchive:lifelifeworkofbe00shahiala|The Life and Life-work of Behramji M. Malabari (1888)]]
* [[iarchive:cu31924023088796|The status of woman in India (1889)]]
* [[iarchive:in.ernet.dli.2015.513878|Hiranand - the soul of Sindh (1903)]]
{{viaf|19729773}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Writers from Sindh]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1857 births]]
[[Category:1927 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, Sindh]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language writers]]
[[Category:Sindhi Hindu saints]]
[[Category:R. D. National College]]

Naga Mircha

2026-04-28T02:02:17Z

BharatpediaContributor: started new info.

{{Short description|Chilli variety grown in Nagaland, India}}
{{POV|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = Naga Mircha
| image = Naga Mircha chillies - ripe and unripe.jpg
| species = ''[[Capsicum chinense]]''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meghvansi |first1=M. K. |last2=Siddiqui |first2=S. |last3=Khan |first3=Md. Haneef |last4=Gupta |first4=V. K. |last5=Vairale |first5=M. G. |last6=Gogoi |first6=H. K. |last7=Singh |first7=Lokendra |title=Naga chilli: A potential source of capsaicinoids with broad-spectrum ethnopharmacological applications |journal=Journal of Ethnopharmacology |date=28 October 2010 |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=1–14 |doi=10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.034 |pmid=20728519 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874110005817 |access-date=29 October 2024 |issn=0378-8741|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Effect of spacing and nutrient management in Naga King Chilli for its quality attributes and soil nutrient status under poly-house condition |url=https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue9/PartJ/8-9-16-759.pdf |website=The Pharma Innovation Journal |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>
| origin = [[Nagaland]], [[India]]
| module = {{Infobox pepper
|embed = yes
|heat =
|scoville = 1,000,000<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharangi |first1=Amit Baran |title=Indian Spices: The Legacy, Production and Processing of India's Treasured Export |date=21 March 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-319-75016-3 |page=49 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wq9SDwAAQBAJ |access-date=29 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
}}
The '''Naga Mircha''' is a variety of [[ghost pepper]] grown in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Nagaland]], belonging to the nightshade family [[Solanaceae]].<ref>{{cite web |title=King Chilli 'Raja Mircha' from Nagaland exported to London for the first time |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1739945 |website=Press Information Bureau |access-date=7 November 2024}}</ref> It is the first chilli or even the first of goods of any kind from Nagaland to be awarded a GI tag.<ref>{{cite web |title=10 types of chillies enjoyed across India |url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/web-stories/10-types-of-chillies-enjoyed-across-india/photostory/111349249.cms |website=recipes.timesofindia.com |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nagaland's Raja Mircha exported to Europe for first time |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagalands-raja-mircha-exported-to-europe-for-first-time-101627537013861.html |access-date=29 October 2024 |agency=HindustanTimes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The many shades of red |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/the-many-shades-of-red-1040676.html |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rana |first1=M. K. |title=Vegetables and their Allied as Protective Food |date=1 June 2014 |publisher=Scientific Publishers |isbn=978-93-86237-56-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mFGMDwAAQBAJ&dq=Naga+Mircha&pg=PA223 |access-date=7 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

The chilli is a treasure of Nagaland, deeply rooted in the region's lifestyle since introduction from the [[New World]] by the Portuguese. For generations, farmers in Nagaland's chilli-growing areas have cultivated Naga Mircha Chilli, relying on it as a primary source of income and livelihood. This iconic chilli is an integral part of Nagaland's culinary identity, inseparably linked to the local community as a staple ingredient.<ref>{{cite journal |title=GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS JOURNAL NO.25 AUGUST- 11, 2008 |page=37 |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/Images/pdf/Journal_25.pdf |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

==Name==
It is locally also known as "Chudi Chilli", and famously known as Naga Mircha (Chilli from Nagaland) or Raja Mircha, which translates to "King of Chillies" in the local language.<ref>{{cite news |title=A Tale of two chillies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/a-tale-of-two-chillies-nagaland-kitchen-dilli-haat-bhut-jolokia-raja-mircha-2985853/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Gobble Down Momos With a Naga Flavour at Dzukou |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/food/2016/Mar/30/gobble-down-momos-with-a-naga-flavour-at-dzukou-918069.html |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=30 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Naga tribes' vibrant culture, rich heritage exemplify India's motto of 'Unity in Diversity': President Murmu |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/president-droupadi-murmu-8245902/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=2 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Description==
These chillies, one of the world's hottest chillies, transforms from green to vibrant red at maturity.<ref>{{cite news |title=Raja Mircha, World's Hottest Chilli, Makes Its Way From Nagaland To London For The First Time |url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/raja-mircha-worlds-hottest-chilli-makes-it-maiden-trip-to-london-from-nagaland-2497916 |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The hottest item in town |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/the-hottest-item-in-town/article5351803.ece |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=14 November 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Shashwat |last2=News |first2=India TV |title='Raja Mircha' aka 'King Chilli' from Nagaland exported to London for the first time |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/raja-mircha-king-chilli-from-nagaland-exported-to-london-for-the-first-time-photo-722643 |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=www.indiatvnews.com |date=28 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Characterized by its sub-conical to conical shape, it measures 2.5-2.95 cm in width and 5.95-8.54 cm in length, with each fruit weighing 12-16 grams. Notable features include finely wrinkled skin, thin flesh, and an intense, fruity aroma, complemented by an extraordinary pungency that distinguishes this variety.<ref>{{cite web |title=Naga chilli: A potential source of capsaicinoids with broad-spectrum ethnopharmacological applications |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/45798988 |website=ResearchGate GmbH |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]] on 02/12/2008 (valid until 21/08/2027).<ref>{{cite news |title=PM Modi wonders who has eaten world's spiciest Raja Mircha! Nagaland grown GI product exported to London |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/lifestyle-pm-modi-wonders-who-has-eaten-worlds-spiciest-raja-mircha-nagaland-grown-gi-product-exported-to-london-2300287/ |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=Financialexpress |date=29 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=World's hottest chilli: Nagaland CM Rio releases India Post's special cover on Naga Mircha |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/guwahati/story/world-s-hottest-chilli-nagaland-cm-rio-releases-india-post-s-special-cover-on-naga-mircha-1841865-2021-08-17 |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=India Today |date=17 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Variyar |first1=Prasad S. |last2=Singh |first2=Inder Pal |last3=Adiani |first3=Vanshika |last4=Suprasanna |first4=Penna |title=Peppers: Biological, Health, and Postharvest Perspectives |date=8 November 2024 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-1-040-15384-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-EoEQAAQBAJ&dq=Naga+Mircha&pg=PA19 |language=en}}</ref>

The Secretary, Department of Horticulture & Agriculture, Government of Nagaland, from [[Kohima]], proposed the GI registration of Naga Mircha. After filing the application in August 2007, the chilli was granted the GI tag in 2008 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Naga Mircha" exclusive to the chilies grown in the region. It thus became the first chilli variety from Nagaland and the first type of goods from Nagaland to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=The hottest chillies in the world! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/the-hottest-chillies-in-the-world/story-klb2pfo3fPxM7AFlISMptM.html |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Nagaland gets patent rights for Naga King Chilli |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/nagaland-gets-patent-rights-for-naga-king-chilli/articleshow/61219132.cms |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=25 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Many GI-tagged products hold potential to boost exports: Commerce Ministry - ET Retail |url=https://retail.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/food-entertainment/grocery/many-gi-tagged-products-hold-potential-to-boost-exports-commerce-ministry/90315767 |access-date=29 October 2024 |work=ETRetail.com |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sirarakhong Hathei chilli]]
* [[Mizo chilli]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Capsicum Cultivars}}

[[Category:Naga cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian spices]]
[[Category:GI Tagged Chillies of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Capsicum cultivars]]

Sivaji: The Boss

2026-04-27T21:37:25Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{Short description|2007 Indian film by Shankar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sivaji The Boss.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
| screenplay = Shankar
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl | [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]}}
}}
| story = Shankar
| producer = [[M. S. Guhan]] [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]]
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Shriya Saran]] [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Anand]]
| editing = [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| distributor = AVM Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|06|14|[[premiere]]|2007|06|15|India}}
| runtime = 188 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}60 crore{{efn|''The Economic Times'' claims the budget to be 600 million.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2007 |title=Sivaji mania: Theatres out of tickets |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-06-15/news/28463123_1_sivaji-ticket-prices-book-tickets |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022302/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-06-15/news/28463123_1_sivaji-ticket-prices-book-tickets |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=15 September 2014 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> ''The Telegraph'' estimated it to be 80 crore,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) – 7days – Starry starry might |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101010/jsp/7days/story_13040344.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116201945/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101010/jsp/7days/story_13040344.jsp |archive-date=16 January 2015 |access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> while ''India Today'' claimed it to be 890 million.<ref name="The Boss">{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi Subramanian |date=9 July 2007 |title=The Boss |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20070709-sivaji-the-boss-a-comeback-for-rajnikant-748224-2007-07-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426062038/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sivaji-the-boss-a-comeback-for-rajnikant/1/155493.html |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>}}
| gross = ₹150 crore<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2014 |title=Setting the Cash Registers Ringing. The Top Ten Grossers So Far |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/may/04/setting-the-cash-registers-ringing.-the-top-ten-grossers-so-far-607866.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126063622/https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2014/may/04/Setting-the-Cash-Registers-Ringing.-The-Top-Ten-Grossers-So-Far-607866.html |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=17 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2016 |title=10 iconic films that made Rajinikanth the mega star he is today |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/10-iconic-films-made-rajinikanth-181744320.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603025408/https://www.yahoo.com/news/10-iconic-films-made-rajinikanth-181744320.html |archive-date=3 June 2023 |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Baahubali to Thuppakki: Tamil Cinema's 100 Cr Films |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615132934/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/baahubali-to-thuppakki-tamil-cinemas-100-cr-films-1204181 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=3 June 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jose |first=Bijin |date=12 December 2022 |title=Happy birthday, Rajinikanth! 5 Thalaiva films that captivated Japan, US & beyond |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/happy-birthday-rajinikanth-5-thalaiva-films-that-captivated-japan-us-beyond/articleshow/96162750.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602131713/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/happy-birthday-rajinikanth-5-thalaiva-films-that-captivated-japan-us-beyond/articleshow/96162750.cms |archive-date=2 June 2023 |access-date=22 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sivaji: The Boss''''' is a 2007 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[vigilante film|vigilante]] [[Action film|action]] film directed by [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] and produced by [[AVM Productions]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Shriya Saran]] and [[Suman (actor)|Suman]]. In the film, a software systems architect seeks to provide free medical treatment and education but faces hurdles from the political system and an influential businessman.

[[A. R. Rahman]] composed the music in his 100th milestone composition, while the art direction, cinematography and editing were handled by [[Thota Tharani]], [[K. V. Anand]] and [[Anthony (editor)|Anthony]] respectively. With a budget of {{INRConvert|600|m}}, the film was the [[List of most expensive Indian films|most expensive Indian film]] at the time of its release. Rajinikanth became the highest-paid Indian actor with this film, earning a fee of around {{INRConvert|260|m}}. Pre-production work for Sivaji began in August 2005 and [[Principal photography]] of the film commenced in November 2005 and lasted till February 2007. Filming took place in various locations, including [[Hyderabad]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]], [[New York City]], [[Pune]] and [[Chennai]]. It became the first Indian film to use [[Dolby Atmos]] surround sound technology.

Released on 15 June 2007, ''Sivaji'' received positive reviews from critics and became a commercial success by grossing ₹125-160 crore worldwide. It emerged as one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian films]] at its release. The film won a [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]], three [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]] and two [[Vijay Awards]]. The film was converted into [[3D film|3D]] and released on 12 December 2012 as ''Sivaji 3D''. The runtime of the 3D version was shorter than the original, cut to 155 minutes. It also the first Tamil film to enter the [[100 crore club]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivaji collected Rs 150 crores immediately, shattering records across Indian cinema |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/tamil-cinema/sivaji-movie-remember-akkamma-and-jekkamma-their-real-life-look-will-stun-you-ws-akl-9734066.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivaji: The Boss is South cinema’s first 100-crore-earning movie — but do you know the meaning of Boss |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/rajinikanths-sivaji-the-boss-is-first-100-crore-earning-movie-of-tamil-cinema-but-do-you-know-the-meaning-of-boss-4409331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajinikanth's blockbuster movie that became the first South Indian film to cross Rs 100 crore mark |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/rajinikanths-blockbuster-movie-that-became-the-first-south-indian-film-to-cross-rs-100-crore-mark/ar-AA1EKpw4?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sivaji Arumugam is a wealthy Indian software engineer who returns to India after working in the United States. He aims to establish a [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit trust]] called Sivaji Foundation, which includes a network of hospitals and educational institutions that serve the poor free of charge. A highly influential businessman and political lobbyist, Adiseshan, who runs profit-making educational institutions and hospitals, sees Sivaji as a deadly competitor.

To start his foundation, Sivaji is forced to pay bribes to several government officials to obtain the basic approvals and sanctions. This eventually forces him to mortgage his property and sell his belongings to pay out the bribes. Meanwhile, Sivaji falls in love with Tamizhselvi, a demure and traditional girl who works as a saleswoman at a music shop. Tamizhselvi and her family are initially scared of Sivaji's advances, but he soon manages to win Tamizhselvi's heart and her family's approval. However, when an astrologer checks Sivaji's and Tamizhselvi's horoscopes, he warns that their engagement will lead to heavy financial ruin and their union will result in Sivaji's death. Tamizhselvi initially refuses the proposal due to her concern for Sivaji, but he calms her fears and convinces her to marry him.

Adiseshan starts sabotaging Sivaji by influencing the state government to bring Sivaji to court and force him to admit that he paid numerous bribes. The judge declares the verdict against Sivaji, and his foundation is closed. Sivaji, reduced to poverty, decides to play the game his own way. With the help of his uncle, Arivu, Sivaji acquires evidence of {{INR}}2 billion worth of illegal earnings of Adiseshan and uses it to blackmail him into giving Sivaji half the money. Adiseshan sends goons to retrieve the documents and the money, but Sivaji thrashes them but later he brings them under his wing in return for a better life for their families via his foundation. Sivaji proceeds to acquire evidence of other politicians and influential people with illegal cash, including the officers he bribed. He then transfers the money to his friends worldwide. They then deposit the money as donations to the Sivaji Foundation, making it legitimate. Sivaji informs the [[Income Tax Department]] about illegal money held by the tax evaders, including Adiseshan, and gets them arrested. After this, Sivaji marries Tamizhselvi.

Sivaji blackmails the chief minister, who was on Adiseshan's payroll, and legally reopens his foundation. Adiseshan, out on bail, indirectly exploits Tamizhselvi's innocence though CBI officers hired by him, and she gives up Sivaji's laptop to save his life. Sivaji is arrested with presentable evidence.{{Efn|Shown at the start of the film [[in media res]].}} Adiseshan and the police try to unlock his computer through voice recognition but cannot do so without him. Sivaji refuses and Adiseshan tortures him to the point of death. To cover this up, Adiseshan and the police organize mercenaries to shoot at the police van carrying Sivaji's body, making it look like a murder by a third party. However, Sivaji fakes his death after being informed of the plans to kill him by a sympathetic police constable through an MMS before the interrogation. Left alone in the room, he electrifies himself and loses consciousness. Dr. Chezhian who Sivaji's friend and the dean of Sivaji's medical school, Tamizhselvi, and Arivu intercept the police van and replace his body with a dummy before the mercenaries open fire. Chezhian then revives him using a [[defibrillation|defibrillator]].

Following Sivaji's "death", the CBI tries to open Sivaji's laptop, but fails, and all the data is erased. A few days later, the revived Sivaji returns to take control of the foundation, disguised as an [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] friend, M. G. Ravichandran. Though Adiseshan immediately realizes that "Ravichandran" is Sivaji, he cannot prove it. Later, Sivaji confronts Adiseshan at his college, and the two fight. Sivaji breaks open the terrace containing all of Adiseshan's black money, which flies out onto the campus, attracting students who come running out, resulting in a stampede in which Adiseshan is trampled to death. Sivaji Foundation soon becomes a frontier for India's economic and industrial rise.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Sivaji Arumugam / M.G. Ravichandran "[[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]]"<ref name="tribuneindia">{{Cite news |last=Chanda |first=Arup |date=24 June 2007 |title=Rajnikanth THE BOSS |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070624/spectrum/main1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045813/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070624/spectrum/main1.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2 May 2018 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Tamizhselvi, Sivaji's love intrest and turned wife ([[Dubbing|Voiced]] by [[Kaniha]])<ref name="THR" />
* [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Adiseshan, The main antagonist ([[Dubbing|Voiced]] by [[Subbu Panchu]])<ref name="tribuneindia" />
* [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] as Arivu, Sivaji's uncle and sidekick
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Dr. Chezhian
* [[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]] as Minister Anbanandam
* [[Manivannan]] as Aarumugam, Sivaji's father
* [[J. Livingston]] as [[Police Inspector|Inspector]] Ram Kumar<ref name="Opening credits" />
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Parvathi Aarumugam, Sivaji's mother
* [[Cochin Haneefa]] as Minister Kuzhandhaivel
* [[Solomon Pappayya]] as Thondaimaan, Ramalingam's neighbour
* [[Pattimandram Raja]] as Ramalingam, Tamizhselvi's father
* [[Shanmugarajan]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Arivazhagan
* [[Pyramid Natarajan]] as Lawyer Krishnamurthi
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Pazhanisamy<ref name="Opening credits">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnV2D8UNcE |title=Sivaji The Boss Tamil (சிவாஜி) – Full Movie 1080p HD |date=29 November 2013 |type=Motion picture |publisher=[[AVM Productions]] |place=India |time=02:10 to 02:33 |time-caption=From |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220012503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnV2D8UNcE |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Uma Padmanabhan]] as Jyothi Ramalingam, Tamizhselvi's mother
* [[Bose Venkat]] as Velu, Aathisheshan's Right Hand
* [[Vasu Vikram]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Ramasamy
* [[Amarasigamani]] as Amarasigamani<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2021 |title=Actor and poet Amarasigamani Deivasigamani passes away due to cardiac arrest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-and-poet-amarasigamani-deivasigamani-passes-away-due-to-cardiac-arrest/articleshow/83713549.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627084940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-and-poet-amarasigamani-deivasigamani-passes-away-due-to-cardiac-arrest/articleshow/83713549.cms |archive-date=27 June 2021 |access-date=30 August 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Halwa Vasu]] as Iyyappan, Arivu's friend
* [[Mahadevan (actor)|Mahadevan]] as Vikadanthan
* [[Ilavarasu]] as Constable Rangadurai
* [[Muthukaalai]] as Muthukaalai<ref name="Closing credits">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnV2D8UNcE |title=Sivaji The Boss Tamil (சிவாஜி) – Full Movie 1080p HD |date=29 November 2013 |type=Motion picture |publisher=AVM Productions |place=India |time=3:05:45 to 3:05:58 |time-caption=From |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220012503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnV2D8UNcE |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[A. C. Murali Mohan]] as Dr. Kesavan<ref name="Closing credits" />
* [[Swaminathan]] as Narayanan<ref name="Closing credits" />
* [[Kanal Kannan]] as a henchman<ref name="Closing credits" />
* [[Chelladurai]]<ref name="Closing credits" />
* [[Dhamu]] as a mimicry artist who tried to open Sivaji's laptop<ref name="Closing credits" />
* [[Karate Raja]] as Adiseshan's henchman who joins Sivaji
* [[Mayilsamy]]<ref name="Closing credits" />
* [[Chinni Jayanth]]<ref name="Closing credits" />
* [[Nayanthara]] in a cameo appearance in the song "Baleilakka"<ref name="Opening credits" />
; Uncredited
* [[S. Shankar]] in a cameo appearance in the song "Baleilakka"<ref name="CA">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnV2D8UNcE |title=Sivaji The Boss Tamil (சிவாஜி) – Full Movie 1080p HD |date=29 November 2013 |type=Motion picture |publisher=AVM Productions |place=India |time=13:16 to 13:25 |time-caption=From |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220012503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnV2D8UNcE |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[K. V. Anand]] in a cameo appearance in the song "Baleilakka"<ref name="CA" />
* [[Thota Tharani]] in a cameo appearance in the song "Baleilakka"<ref name="CA" />
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In 1996, following the release of his ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'', [[S. Shankar|Shankar]] approached and pitched three storylines to [[Rajinikanth]] to consider for his next venture. This included scripts which would later become ''Sivaji'' (2007), ''[[Enthiran]]'' (2010) and ''[[I (2015 film)|I]]'' (2015). Rajinikanth was sceptical and refused all three scripts at the time.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HeYKXbj9oOo |title=Super Star Rajini – Special Interview |date=October 2010 |type=Interview |language=ta |publisher=Sun TV |place=Chennai |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211219/HeYKXbj9oOo |archive-date=19 December 2021 |url-status=live |people=[[Rajinikanth]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In August 2005, Rajinikanth signed up for his next film which was to be produced by [[Chennai]]'s oldest operative studio, [[AVM Productions]], which was run by [[M. S. Guhan]] and [[M. Saravanan (producer)|M. Saravanan]].<ref name="Tie-up">{{Cite web |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=20 August 2005 |title=Rajni, Shanker and AVM, a mega tie-up |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/20/stories/2005082009730200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113051335/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/20/stories/2005082009730200.htm |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=A. Ganesh Nadar |date=20 March 2006 |title=AVM: 60 years and counting |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/20avm.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113050439/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/20avm.htm |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]}}</ref> This time Shankar was confirmed to be the film's director.<ref name="Tie-up" /> After consulting [[Sivaji Ganesan]]'s family to avoid any issues with the film's name, the project was subsequently announced on 24 August 2005 under the title ''Sivaji''.<ref name="Title">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2005 |title=Rajni's new film titled 'Sivaji' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/24/stories/2005082405200200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113053431/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/24/stories/2005082405200200.htm |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=11 July 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A tagline, ''The Boss'', which stands for "Bachelor of Social Service", was suffixed to the title.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Y. Sunita Chowdhary |date=16 June 2007 |title=Rajnikanth stamps his class: Film Review |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1857098.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113053441/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1857098.ece |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=25 December 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

In addition to being AVM Productions' 168th film,<ref name="TamilNewYear" /> ''Sivaji'' was also Rajinikanth's 154th film,<ref name="Tie-up" /> his 100th Tamil film{{efn|Not counting other language films.<ref name="businessstandard.com" />}} and his ninth film with AVM Productions.<ref name="Tie-up" /> According to Rajinikanth's biographer [[Naman Ramachandran]], the film was also made to commemorate the 100th birth anniversary of the production company's founder, [[A. V. Meiyappan]].{{Sfn|Ramachandran|2014|page=209}} ''Sivaji'' was also noted for its change in the traditional yellow-coloured Rajinikanth introductory text which made its debut with ''[[Annaamalai]]'' (1992). Instead the text is displayed in [[Chrome plating|Chrome]].{{Sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |pages=209–210}}

=== Cast and crew ===
The first choice for the role of the female lead was [[Aishwarya Rai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2017 |title=Happy Birthday Aishwarya Rai Bachchan: A look at 5 best performances in Tamil |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/happy-birthday-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-5-best-tamil-films-1078196-2017-11-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925104340/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/happy-birthday-aishwarya-rai-bachchan-5-best-tamil-films-1078196-2017-11-01 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |access-date=25 September 2018 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> However, in October 2005, Shankar and Rajinikanth announced that actress [[Shriya Saran]] would play the female lead role.<ref name="Heroine">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2005 |title=Shreya is Rajinikanth's heroine in "Sivaji" |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101308440200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113082716/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/10/13/stories/2005101308440200.htm |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Saran's voice was dubbed by actress [[Kanika (actress)|Kanika]], who was selected after a successful voice test,<ref name="dubbing">{{Cite web |last=Warrier, Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=24 May 2007 |title=The voice behind Shriya in ''Sivaji'' |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410022243/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/24sskanika.htm |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> thereby collaborating for the second time with Shankar.{{efn|Kanika had earlier dubbed for Sadha in ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005).<ref name="dubbing" />}} Actor [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] was signed up for the role of Sivaji's maternal uncle, Arivu, in November 2005.<ref name="Launch">{{Cite news |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=29 November 2005 |title=Rajnikant starrer 'Sivaji' launched |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/29/stories/2005112908090200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425094827/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/11/29/stories/2005112908090200.htm |archive-date=25 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Actress [[Sunaina]] was to have made her acting debut through this film; her scene however was removed from the final cut.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 October 2009 |title=பட பட பட்டர் ஃப்ளைஸ்! |url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2009-oct-14/cinema-news/41830.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010110648/http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2009-oct-14/cinema-news/41830.html |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=10 October 2017 |work=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNI3mNBwkX8 |title=Deleted Scenes from Sivaji (2007) |last=Shankar, S. (director) |type=motion picture |publisher=[[Kalaignar TV]] |place=India |time=00:42 to 01:58 |time-caption=from |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429051127/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNI3mNBwkX8 |archive-date=29 April 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Nayanthara]], who had earlier worked with Rajinikanth in ''[[Chandramukhi]]'', was signed up to perform a special appearance alongside Rajinikanth in the song "Baleilakka".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2006 |title=Nayan pips Asin! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nayan-pips-asin-news-tamil-kkfvhPijiicsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410045957/http://www.sify.com/movies/nayan-pips-asin-news-tamil-kkfvhPijiicsi.html |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="Brinda">{{Cite web |last=Radhika Rajamani |date=1 June 2007 |title=Rajni sir has excellent style |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/01brinda.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426064849/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/01brinda.htm |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=1 January 2008 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] was confirmed in March 2006 to play the antagoinst role of Adiseshan after [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Mohanlal]] and [[Prakash Raj]] were considered.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=12 March 2006 |title=Suman to play villain in ''Sivaji'' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/suman-to-play-villain-in-sivaji/article3163181.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426055422/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/suman-to-play-villain-in-sivaji/article3163181.ece |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=13 July 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sathyaraj]], who acted with Rajinikanth in ''[[Mr. Bharath]]'' (1986), said he declined the role because, "After a film of the calibre of ''Mr. Bharath'' with Rajnikanth, I couldn't settle for anything less".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 January 2012 |title=Character Call |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Character-Call/article13384697.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201033256/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Character-Call/article13384697.ece |archive-date=1 December 2020 |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In another interview, he said he wanted to focus on playing lead roles and hence declined to play an antagonist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-30 |title=Sathyaraj breaks silence on the 'Sivaji' controversy, rekindles bond with Rajinikanth in 'Coolie' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sathyaraj-breaks-silence-on-the-sivaji-controversy-rekindles-bond-with-rajinikanth-in-coolie/articleshow/123559346.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/4AVvS |archive-date=2025-09-22 |access-date=2025-09-22 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Mohanlal said he declined as he could not commit to the project for an entire year without missing out on other projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=16 February 2006 |title=Mohanlal can do magic, literally |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mohanlal/20060216.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524043446/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mohanlal/20060216.htm |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> For his role, Suman removed his moustache and used [[dentures]] to make his smile visible. Shankar instructed one of the costume designers to give the character a spotless white ''[[dhoti]]'', shirt, shoes, a [[Rolex]] watch and [[Ray-Ban]] sunglasses.<ref name="Suman2">{{Cite web |last=Radhika Rajamani |date=11 June 2007 |title=Meet the villain of Sivaji – Page 2 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/11slide2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410053031/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/11slide2.htm |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=1 January 2008 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Before this, Suman had acted with Rajinikanth in ''[[Thee (1981 film)|Thee]]'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite news |last=N. Kesavan |date=14 April 2016 |title=Villains with heroic pasts |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-film-industry-villains-with-heroic-pasts/article8475517.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104092110/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/tamil-film-industry-villains-with-heroic-pasts/article8475517.ece |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Subbu Panchu]] dubbed for Suman.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=3 October 2010 |title=Making an impression |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/making-an-impression/article809681.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410053216/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/making-an-impression/article809681.ece |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Debate speakers [[Solomon Pappaiah]] and [[Pattimandram Raja]] were selected to play supporting roles, with the latter making his cinematic acting debut.<ref>{{Cite news |last=T. Saravanan |date=26 February 2010 |title=Mesmerising the masses |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/mesmerising-the-masses/article114112.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410055550/http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/mesmerising-the-masses/article114112.ece |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2018 |title=Dindugal Leoni back to acting |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300318/dindugal-leoni-back-to-acting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920163906/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/300318/dindugal-leoni-back-to-acting.html |archive-date=20 September 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[Vadivukkarasi]] and [[Manivannan]] were selected to play Sivaji's parents.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=25 May 2006 |title=I prefer to be in films, says Vadivukkarrasii |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/i-prefer-to-be-in-films-says-vadivukkarrasii/article3137897.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410055609/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/i-prefer-to-be-in-films-says-vadivukkarrasii/article3137897.ece |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nadar |first=A. Ganesh |date=8 June 2007 |title=Rajni is an inspiration |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/08sspice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410054701/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/08sspice.htm |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Raghuvaran]] appeared in a small role as Dr. Chezhian.<ref name="THR">{{Cite web |last=Gautaman Bhaskaran |date=27 July 2007 |title=Sivaji – the Boss |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/sivaji-boss-159102 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410060138/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/sivaji-boss-159102 |archive-date=10 April 2015 |access-date=10 April 2015 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

Shankar, who also wrote the film's story and screenplay,{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |page=292}} was paid a then record salary of {{INR}}100  million ([[Indian rupee]]s){{efn|The average exchange rate in 2007 was 39.33 [[Indian rupee]]s ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref name="ex2007">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2012 |title=Rupee vs dollar: From 1990 to 2012 |url=http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321115240/http://inwww.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-rupee-vs-dollar-in-the-last-2-decades/20120518.htm?print=true |archive-date=21 March 2015 |access-date=21 March 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>|name=exchange2007}} for the project.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2007 |title=Shankar of Sivaji fame to direct SRK? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shankar-of-Sivaji-fame-to-direct-SRK/articleshow/2231354.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113053544/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Shankar-of-Sivaji-fame-to-direct-SRK/articleshow/2231354.cms |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> [[A. R. Rahman]], who was selected to compose the film's soundtrack and background score, was also paid {{INR}}30  million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arthur J. Pais |date=30 May 2007 |title=AR Rahman, on Sivaji and sisters |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/30rahman.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021053509/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/30rahman.htm |archive-date=21 October 2012 |access-date=13 January 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>{{efn|name=exchange2007}} [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]] was assigned to write the dialogues for ''Sivaji''.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |page=292}} Tha. Prabhu Raja Cholan, who would later direct the film ''[[Karuppampatti]]'' (2013), worked as an assistant director in this film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=18 August 2012 |title=Audio Beat: Karuppampatti |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-karuppampatti/article3790832.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113074639/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-karuppampatti/article3790832.ece |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Rajinikanth's daughter [[Soundarya Rajinikanth|Soundarya]] worked as a graphics designer, creating the title for this film; she had earlier worked in the same position on two of her father's films – ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]'' (2002) and ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005).{{Sfn |Ramachandran |2014 |page=234}} [[K. V. Anand]] was hired as the cinematographer in August 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=14 May 2007 |title=The man who shot ''Sivaji'' – Slide 1 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/14sld1.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425154436/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/14sld1.htm |archive-date=25 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Manish Malhotra]] was responsible for designing the film's costumes,<ref>{{Cite news |last=T. Krthika Reddy |date=19 April 2007 |title=Too haute to handle? |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/too-haute-to-handle/article2243878.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425151005/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/too-haute-to-handle/article2243878.ece |archive-date=25 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] and [[Thota Tharani]] were the editor and art director respectively.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |page=292}} Additional make-up for Rajinikanth was done by make-up artist [[Banu (make-up artist)|Banu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sudha Umashanker |date=12 July 2007 |title=Readying the boss |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/readying-the-boss/article2250291.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426060042/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/readying-the-boss/article2250291.ece |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Director [[S. P. Muthuraman]] worked as the film's co-producer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=3 December 2009 |title=Musings, the Muthuraman way |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Musings-the-Muthuraman-way/article16851341.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925211351/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Musings-the-Muthuraman-way/article16851341.ece |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=29 February 2024 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |date=8 January 2006 |title=ரஜினி செய்த காமெடி! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-01-08/page/16/mode/2up |access-date=29 February 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=17–18 |language=ta}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 28 November 2005 with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] at AVM Productions. The film's launch was a secret event, with only pivotal members of the cast and crew being called for the event's attendance.<ref name="Launch" /> The first schedule of ''Sivaji'' began on 14 December 2005  with the song "Vaaji Vaaji" featuring Rajinikanth and Saran being shot at [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2005 |title='Sivaji' starts rolling! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-starts-rolling-news-tamil-kkfvxocbcaisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425141709/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-starts-rolling-news-tamil-kkfvxocbcaisi.html |archive-date=25 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="Tharani2">{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=16 May 2007 |title=Thota Tharani on ''Sivaji'' – Slide 2 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425141813/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide2.htm |archive-date=25 April 2015 |access-date=29 December 2007 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> The idea of shooting at Ramoji Film City was suggested to Shankar by Tharani who felt that the place offered a lot of scope for him to use his skills and experience as an art director.<ref name="Tharani2" /> "Vaaji Vaaji" was picturised with an intention to showcase a [[Babylon]]ian palace setting when Shankar requested Tharani to show "a palace with lots of colour".<ref name="Tharani2" /> Tharani created a four-storey Babylonian palace to accommodate 80 dancers and 100 junior artists for the number.<ref name="Tharani3">{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=16 May 2007 |title=Thota Tharani on ''Sivaji'' – Slide 3 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425153544/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide3.htm |archive-date=25 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> The set was built within 30 days.<ref name="ar">{{Cite magazine |date=13 May 2007 |title=ரஜினி வியந்த இன்ஜினீயரிங் அதிசயம்! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2007-05-13/kalki2007-05-13.pdf |access-date=1 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=26–28 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Shooting of the number, which according to K. V. Anand was filmed in [[Super 35]] motion picture [[film format]], was completed in eight days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=14 May 2007 |title=The man who shot ''Sivaji'' – Slide 2 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/14sld2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425143229/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/14sld2.htm |archive-date=25 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> [[G. Dhananjayan]] mentions in his book ''The Best of Tamil Cinema'' that {{INR}}35 million{{efn|name=exchange2007}} was spent on the song's making.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |page=294}}

{{quote box
| quote = I decided to have a glass dome depicting four seasons. But Shankar was specific, saying he wanted the desert and the flowers look. So, we decided to have desert on one side and rocks, waterfalls and flowers on the other.
| source =— Thota Tharani, on his experience of designing the set for the "Sahana" number.<ref name="Tharani4">{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=16 May 2007 |title=Thota Tharani on ''Sivaji'' – Slide 4 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426015423/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide4.htm |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}
Tharani described the set designing for the song "Sahana", which was also shot at Ramoji Film City, as "extremely challenging".<ref name="Tharani4" /> After listening to the lyrics of the song which speaks of the four traditional [[Season|calendar seasons]], Tharani thought of using a concept titled ''Living in Seasons'', which he used at a [[Academic conference|symposium]] held in Japan.{{efn|''[[The Hindu]]'' gives the year the symposium was held as 1991,<ref name="art">{{Cite web |last=Savitha Gautham |date=20 July 2007 |title=For me, every set is a challenge |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/for-me-every-set-is-a-challenge/article2273078.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426014650/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/for-me-every-set-is-a-challenge/article2273078.ece |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> while [[Rediff.com]] states the year to be 1992.<ref name="Tharani4" />}} For the set's design which depicted the four seasons, Tharani proposed three concepts – a traditional Japanese house, a contemporary house and a futuristic house. Shankar chose the futuristic house concept, which consisted of three domes in the shapes of a square, a circle and a pyramid adjacent to one another.<ref name="Tharani4" /> The circular dome had a pathway around it and water falling from a 50 feet high rock, which would seep under the set. Tharani made use of [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|acrylic glass]] and [[glass|normal glass]] with the former being implemented on the floor to make the dance movements more easier to perform.<ref name="ar" /> Construction of the set for the number was completed in 30 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=16 May 2007 |title=Thota Tharani on ''Sivaji'' – Slide 5 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426022645/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide5.htm |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>

In addition to these two songs, Tharani contributed to similar creations for the music store where Tamizhselvi works as a saleswoman, the street surrounding the music store, the [[warehouse]] behind the music store, the interior portions of Thamizhselvi's house and Adiseshan's office room.<ref name="art" /> The music shop was designed in the [[Victorian architecture]] style, while the warehouse was constructed at AVM Productions with the fight sequence being filmed there as well.<ref name="Tharani6">{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=16 May 2007 |title=Thota Tharani on ''Sivaji'' – Slide 6 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426043332/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide6.htm |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> Filming of another action sequence in an open-air theatre, which was also designed by Tharani, took place for approximately 15–20 days.<ref name="Tharani7">{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=16 May 2007 |title=Thota Tharani on ''Sivaji'' – Slide 7 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide7.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426045038/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide7.htm |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> K. V. Anand used [[balloon light]]s brought from a French company [[Balloon light#Airstar|Airstar Space Lighting]] for the sequence.<ref name="Tharani7" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=S. R. Ashok Kumar |date=8 March 2007 |title=Lights, camera, attraction |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/lights-camera-attraction/article2241809.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426051145/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/lights-camera-attraction/article2241809.ece |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> The interior portions of Thamizhselvi's house was designed using clippings of flats constructed by the [[Tamil Nadu Housing Board]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=16 May 2007 |title=Thota Tharani on ''Sivaji'' – Slide 8 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide8.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426045051/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/16slide8.htm |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>

[[File:Guggenheim-bilbao-jan05.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Guggenheim Museum Bilbao]] which features in "Style".<ref name="The Boss" />]]
The "Style" segment was filmed in May 2006 at the [[Frank Gehry]]-designed [[Guggenheim Museum Bilbao|Guggenheim Museum]] in [[Bilbao]], Spain,<ref name="The Boss" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2006 |title=Sivaji goes to Spain! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-goes-to-spain-news-tamil-kkfvlijchaisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426062024/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-goes-to-spain-news-tamil-kkfvlijchaisi.html |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> as well as the [[City of Arts and Sciences]] of Valencia<ref>{{Cite book |last=Peter C. Pugsley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-AegCwAAQBAJ&q=Nala+Damayanthi+kamal+scene&pg=PA92 |title=Tradition, Culture and Aesthetics in Contemporary Asian Cinema |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-317-00847-7 |page=92 |access-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108005629/https://books.google.com/books?id=-AegCwAAQBAJ&q=Nala+Damayanthi+kamal+scene&pg=PA92 |archive-date=8 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Kursaal Congress Centre and Auditorium|Kursaal]] in San Sebastian.<ref name="Cubillo">{{Cite news |last=Cubillo |first=Igor |date=25 May 2006 |title=Collywood aterriza en España |url=https://elpais.com/diario/2006/05/26/cine/1148594414_850215.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424200613/https://elpais.com/diario/2006/05/26/cine/1148594414_850215.html |archive-date=24 April 2022 |access-date=24 April 2022 |work=El País |language=es}}</ref>

The fair look of Rajinikanth's character in the segment was created using [[computer-generated imagery]], which was performed by [[V. Srinivas Mohan]], the head of the Chennai-based firm Indian Artists. K. V. Anand re-shot every single movement of Rajinikanth with a British woman named Jacky, who was also one of the song's background dancers. All the shots featuring Rajinikanth in the song and those featuring Jacky were scanned in [[4K resolution]] to enhance their clarity after which Jacky's skin colour was digitally implemented onto Rajinikanth's skin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=8 October 2009 |title=Success so special |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/success-so-special/article30768.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426073632/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/success-so-special/article30768.ece |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> In a scene, Rajinikanth and Shriya Saran imitated the dance from songs from three Tamil films starring [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]] and [[Kamal Haasan]], respectively.<ref name="T" /> For the Telugu dubbed version, the scene instead featured songs from films starring [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]], [[N. T. Rama Rao|NTR]] and [[Chiranjeevi]], respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jeevi |date=15 June 2007 |title=Telugu Movie review – Sivaji – the boss |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-sivaji.html |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 May 2018 |title=Viewfinder: The big, bilingual scam |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/may/20/viewfinder-the-big-bilingual-scam-6100.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122055501/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/columns/2018/may/20/viewfinder-the-big-bilingual-scam-6100.html |archive-date=22 January 2021 |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> French hair-stylist Sandrin Veriar Seth designed two distinct hair-styles for the entire film and 13 hair-styles for the segment alone.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |page=293}} To avoid disruptions that could occur at the shooting spot due to Rajinikanth's fan following in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]] choreographed "Balleilakka", Rajinikanth's introduction song sequence in [[Wai, Maharashtra|Wai]], a [[hill station]] near [[Pune]] with 500 people for eight days.<ref name="Brinda" /> To add more colour to the sequence, a 50-member team of [[Puli Kali]] artists from [[Thrissur]] were employed by Shankar as background dancers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2006 |title='Sivaji' song in Pune! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-song-in-pune-news-tamil-kkfvhKijdjbsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426070501/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-song-in-pune-news-tamil-kkfvhKijdjbsi.html |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

In November 2006, sequences featuring Rajinkanth, Saran and Vivek were shot at the [[Pune Junction railway station]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Filming of a key portion involving Rajinikanth and Vivek took place in the [[Victoria Public Hall]] building in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deepa H. Ramakrishnan |date=29 January 2012 |title=Refurbished Victoria Public Hall likely to be thrown open in June |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/refurbished-victoria-public-hall-likely-to-be-thrown-open-in-june/article2841679.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426075621/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/refurbished-victoria-public-hall-likely-to-be-thrown-open-in-june/article2841679.ece |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnV2D8UNcE |title=Sivaji The Boss Tamil (சிவாஜி) – Full Movie 1080p HD |date=29 November 2013 |type=Motion picture |publisher=AVM Productions |place=India |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220012503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnV2D8UNcE |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live}} Clip from 1:58:30 to 2:01:45.</ref> A fight sequence and the song "Athiradi" were filmed at [[Binny and Co.|Binny Mills]]. The sets for the song were made bearing resemblance to the city of [[Venice]].{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} For the climax scenes, which were filmed at the [[Magarpatta]] city SEZ towers, Rajinikanth tonsured his head.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2006 |title=Rajini loses his hair for ''Sivaji'' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-loses-his-hair-for-sivaji-news-tamil-kkfvgIgjgifsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426083256/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajini-loses-his-hair-for-sivaji-news-tamil-kkfvgIgjgifsi.html |archive-date=26 April 2015 |access-date=26 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The scenes where Sivaji gets the money he transferred to his friends by forgery were filmed in New York City.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnV2D8UNcE |title=Sivaji The Boss Tamil (சிவாஜி) – Full Movie 1080p HD |date=29 November 2013 |type=Motion picture |publisher=AVM Productions |place=India |access-date=26 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220012503/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAnV2D8UNcE |archive-date=20 February 2015 |url-status=live}} Clip from 2:03:25 to 2:05:35.</ref> The completion of those scenes in February 2007 marked the end of the principal photography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 February 2007 |title='Sivaji' shoot complete! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-shoot-complete-news-tamil-kkfveEbhjijsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427013722/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-shoot-complete-news-tamil-kkfveEbhjijsi.html |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The climactic fight between Sivaji and Adiseshan was filmed at [[Vels University]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandita Ravi |date=4 June 2015 |title=Colleges turn shooting spots in Chennai |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Colleges-turn-shooting-spots-in-Chennai/articleshow/47536976.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607135815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Colleges-turn-shooting-spots-in-Chennai/articleshow/47536976.cms |archive-date=7 June 2015 |access-date=5 July 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> K. V. Anand told [[Shobha Warrier]] of [[Rediff.com]] that the portions other than the songs and action sequences were completed in 65 days.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shobha Warrier |date=14 May 2007 |title=The man who shot ''Sivaji'' – Slide 6 |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/14sld6.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427014200/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2007/may/14sld6.htm |archive-date=27 April 2015 |access-date=25 April 2015 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==
Many critics stated that the theme of ''Sivaji'' has been inspired from Shankar's previous films ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993) and ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' (1999).<ref name="Sify">{{Cite web |title=Movie Review : Sivaji |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-review-tamil-14472632.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906081517/http://www.sify.com/movies/sivaji-review-tamil-14472632.html |archive-date=6 September 2014 |access-date=13 January 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The film deals with the concept of corruption and money laundering and how the film's protagonist employs methods to get rid of those elements.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} Gopinath Rajendran of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' compared the film's title character to [[Robin Hood]] for being a hero "who takes from the rich and passes it on to the poor".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=22 June 2017 |title=Heroes from the West |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/21/heroes-from-the-west-1619370--1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728210738/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/21/heroes-from-the-west-1619370--1.html |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=28 July 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Sivaji, who is a software engineer is frustrated with the corruption in India which is shown in the scene where he watches the pitiable condition of poor people stating that: "The rich get richer, the poor get poorer".<ref name="Theme">{{Cite news |last=Sudhish Kamath |date=24 August 2013 |title=Reel City |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/reel-city/article5055543.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202153041/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/reel-city/article5055543.ece |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> Sivaji's love for his country is also illustrated in a scene where he is advised by his uncle to go back to abroad but he says "Where else will I go? This is home."<ref>{{Cite news |last=SHIVAJI RAO |date=13 December 2012 |title=Rajini still entertains, and how! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/rajini-still-entertains-and-how/article4195634.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216074223/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/rajini-still-entertains-and-how/article4195634.ece |archive-date=16 December 2012 |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Main|Sivaji: The Boss (soundtrack)}}
After some re-recording of the background score in Paraguay,<ref name="BGScore">{{Cite web |title=Background score for ''Sivaji'' mixed in London! |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/news/publish/article_3084.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717181616/http://www.tamilstar.com/news/publish/article_3084.shtml |archive-date=17 July 2007 |access-date=12 April 2007 |work=Tamil Star}}</ref> [[A.R. Rahman]] had been to London for additional re-recording.<ref name="BGScore" />

A month and a half prior to the film's official soundtrack release, three songs from the soundtrack were leaked into the Internet. The songs, however, were only unofficial with low quality, where the official versions were composed slightly different and sung by different artists.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== Release ==
The television rights of the film were sold to [[Kalaignar TV]] for {{INR}}4 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2007 |title=Sivaji satellite rights |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/19rajni.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621153457/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/19rajni.htm |archive-date=21 June 2007 |access-date=19 June 2007 |publisher=[[Rediff]]}}</ref> The film's distribution rights, as distributed by [[AVM Productions]] to various companies are {{INRConvert|35|m}} for the selling of rights to [[Kerala]], {{INRConvert|140|m}} for [[Andhra Pradesh]] and {{INRConvert|139.5|m}} for the rights to [[Ayngaran]], an international Tamil film distributor. The trailer was released by [[CNN-IBN]] on 30 May 2007 lasting for three minutes.<ref name="MAYTR">{{Cite news |title=Exclusive Trailer:Sivaji-The Boss |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/41628/exclusive-first-look-rajni-in-sivaji.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070531072320/http://www.ibnlive.com/videos/41628/exclusive-first-look-rajni-in-sivaji.html |archive-date=31 May 2007 |access-date=30 May 2007 |publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref> The official trailer was released by AVM to ''Galatta.com'', the official online sponsor and [[Ayngaran International]].<ref name="AyngaranTrailor">{{Cite news |title=Sivaji: The Boss trailer! |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/Ayngaran/Ayngaran_Home.html?id=trailer&name=Shivaji |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602144702/http://www.ayngaran.com/Ayngaran/Ayngaran_Home.html?id=trailer&name=Shivaji |archive-date=2 June 2007 |access-date=30 May 2007 |publisher=[[Ayngaran International]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> The film was supposed to be released on the [[Tamil New Year]]'s day, 14 April 2007,<ref name="TamilNewYear">{{Cite news |date=24 February 2007 |title='Sivaji' to be released on Tamil New Year's day |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/%60Sivaji-to-be-released-on-Tamil-New-Years-day/article14724987.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630010032/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/%60Sivaji-to-be-released-on-Tamil-New-Years-day/article14724987.ece |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=20 September 2018 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2007 |title=''Sivaji'' release likely to be delayed |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/29/stories/2007042916700200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070501073758/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/29/stories/2007042916700200.htm |archive-date=1 May 2007 |access-date=29 April 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2007 |title=2007-Summer of discontent! |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14455500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524040941/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/fullstory.php?id=14455500 |archive-date=2007-05-24 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> but due to post-production delays, the film was released worldwide on 15 June 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2007 |title=''Sivaji'' release will be on June 16 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/21/stories/2007052104560200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624005000/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/21/stories/2007052104560200.htm |archive-date=24 June 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="AVMwebsite">{{Cite web |title=Movies from AVM Productions |url=http://www.avm.in/movies.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160607080546/http://www.avm.in/movies.html |archive-date=7 June 2016 |access-date=6 June 2016 |publisher=[[AVM Productions]]}}</ref> On 15 July 2007, AVM Productions, the producers of the film, announced their decision to [[Dub localization|dub]] the film into [[Hindi language|Hindi]].<ref name="dub">{{Cite news |date=15 July 2007 |title=Sivaji to set Hindi heartland on fire |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Media__Entertainment_/Entertainment/Sivaji_to_set_Hindi_heartland_on_fire/articleshow/2206139.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822212407/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Media__Entertainment_/Entertainment/Sivaji_to_set_Hindi_heartland_on_fire/articleshow/2206139.cms |archive-date=22 August 2007 |access-date=19 July 2007 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2007 |title=Sivaji: The Boss to be dubbed in Hindi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Sivaji-The-Boss-to-be-dubbed-in-Hindi/Article1-244964.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131010144956/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Regional/Sivaji-The-Boss-to-be-dubbed-in-Hindi/Article1-244964.aspx |archive-date=10 October 2013 |access-date=29 December 2007 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> That version was released on 8 January 2010.<ref name="AVMwebsite" />

M. Satyamoorthy, on 9 July 2007, sought to stop the film being screened, claiming that it defamed the [[Indian National Congress]], a political party, as well as its president, [[Sonia Gandhi]], and the then [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Manmohan Singh]]. Satyamoorthy cited a scene in which portraits of Gandhi and Singh are visible behind Adiseshan's chair, implying that Adiseshan was a member of the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2007 |title=Rajnikant's Sivaji-the boss caught in a political wrangle |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=0b4b27a2-c536-4c55-b69b-65dc7a320c06&ParentID=76e0cb41-ba06-4e36-a58d-300306debc72&&Headline=Rajnikant's+EMSivaji-the+boss+%2fEMcaught+in+a+political+wrangle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819232942/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=0b4b27a2-c536-4c55-b69b-65dc7a320c06&ParentID=76e0cb41-ba06-4e36-a58d-300306debc72&&Headline=Rajnikant%27s+EMSivaji-the+boss+%2FEMcaught+in+a+political+wrangle |archive-date=19 August 2007 |access-date=17 July 2007 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Satyamoorthy also claimed {{INRConvert|500|m}} in damages from the film's producer, director and lead actor to be paid to the [[Tamil Nadu]] section of the party.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PIL seeking ban on Sivaji-the Boss filed in Madras HC |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-09/india/27995808_1_villain-sivaji-rajnikant |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017080444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-09/india/27995808_1_villain-sivaji-rajnikant |archive-date=17 October 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Jaya Rajadevan, one of the film's assistant directors, sought an [[injunction]] in civil court to stop screening of the film for alleged plagiarism. Rajadevan claimed that he had written the film's story and had discussed it with Shankar's manager in 2005.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=462}} Although the court sent notices to Shankar, among others, the screening of the film was not stopped.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2011 |page=293-294}}

=== Special screenings ===
Rajinikanth used his political affiliations to screen the film for several politicians. He went to [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] to showcase the film for the former [[Andhra Pradesh]] [[Chief Minister]], [[Chandrababu Naidu]], on 14 June 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2007 |title=Naidu calls Rajini to join Third Front |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/naidu-calls-rajini-to-join-third-front/42931-4.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070709061321/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/naidu-calls-rajini-to-join-third-front/42931-4.html |archive-date=9 July 2007 |access-date=14 July 2007 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> At the screening, Rajinikanth told the media that he would invite the Chief Minister, [[Rajasekhara Reddy]], for a special viewing as well. Rajinikanth said that he had screened the film to current and former [[Tamil Nadu]] Chief Ministers, Dr. [[Karunanidhi]]<ref name="cmscreening">{{Cite news |date=15 June 2007 |title=Rajnikanth welcome to join Third Front: Naidu |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/15/stories/2007061502500600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070618192545/http://www.hindu.com/2007/06/15/stories/2007061502500600.htm |archive-date=18 June 2007 |access-date=14 July 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalitha]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2007 |title=Sivaji hits screens; Rajni fans throng theatres |url=http://www.zeenews.com/Entertainment/Movies-Theatre/2007-06-15/377080news.html |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211020742/http://www.zeenews.com/Entertainment/Movies-Theatre/2007-06-15/377080news.html |archive-date=11 December 2008 |access-date=14 July 2007 |publisher=[[Zee Network]]}}</ref> respectively, and that India's [[Finance Minister]], [[P Chidambaram]], was also keen to watch the film.<ref name="cmscreening" /> A private screening was also shown to [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2007 |title=Rajni meets Amitabh |url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Rajni_meets_Amitabh/articleshow/2154964.cms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630182826/http://www.timesnow.tv/Rajni_meets_Amitabh/articleshow/2154964.cms |archive-date=30 June 2007 |access-date=14 July 2007 |publisher=Times Now. TV}}</ref> [[Mammootty]] saw a special preview of the film at Shenoys theatre in [[Ernakulam]]. After the screening he says, "It is a very good commercial film. Rajnikant has a halo around him; the man is amazing, simple and straight forward with no starry airs."<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2007 |title=Stars watch 'Sivaji'! - Sify.com |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14473361 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070619084625/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/fullstory.php?id=14473361 |archive-date=19 June 2007 |access-date=18 July 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

=== 3D re-release ===
A 2012 re-release, also known as ''Sivaji 3D,'' was created by [[Master recording|re-mastering]] the original to [[Dolby Atmos]] and [[2D to 3D conversion|post-converting]] to [[3D film|3D]] format and cutting half an hour of running time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2012 |title=Sivaji 3D: Rajinism just got bigger |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sivaji-3d-movie-review-123832-2012-12-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203739/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sivaji-3d-movie-review/1/236990.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |work=India Today |agency=Indo-Asian News Service}}</ref> ''Sivaji 3D'' is the first Indian film to be launched with the new Dolby Atmos platform.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=462}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2012 |title=Rajinikanth starrer 'Sivaji 3D' will be India's first to release with Dolby Atmos |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rajinikanth-starrer-sivaji-3d-will-be-indias-first-to-release-with-dolby-atmos/308756-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206093725/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/rajinikanth-starrer-sivaji-3d-will-be-indias-first-to-release-with-dolby-atmos/308756-71-180.html |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |publisher=CNN IBN}}</ref> The trailer of 3D version was launched on 13 August 2012 at [[Prasad Studios|Prasad Labs]] along with Rajinikanth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2012 |title=In pics: Rajinikanth unveils 'Sivaji 3D' trailer |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7170.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105306/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/7170.html |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |publisher=CNN IBN}}</ref> The 3D version released on 12 December 2012, coinciding with Rajinikanth's birthday.{{Sfn |Dhananjayan |2014 |page=462}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2012 |title=12.12.12: Rajinikanth will mark his 62nd birthday with 'Sivaji 3D' |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/121212-rajinikanth-will-mark-his-62nd-birthday-with-sivaji-3d/309147-71-180.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206105302/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/121212-rajinikanth-will-mark-his-62nd-birthday-with-sivaji-3d/309147-71-180.html |archive-date=6 December 2013 |access-date=23 June 2013 |publisher=CNN IBN}}</ref> The runtime of 3D version was shorter than original, cut to 155.22 minutes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2012 |title=Sivaji 3D Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Sivaji-3D/movie-review/17728504.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161104111557/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Sivaji-3D/movie-review/17728504.cms |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=4 November 2016 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The theatrical rights of the film were sold for {{INRConvert|26|m}}<ref>{{Cite web |title='Sivaji' producers clarify on sale of theatrical rights |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/13/stories/2007031304690400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191235/http://www.hindu.com/2007/03/13/stories/2007031304690400.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=13 January 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> in Kerala and {{INRConvert|80|m}} in Andhra Pradesh. Worldwide, the film was estimated to have been released in about 750 screens.<ref name="businessstandard.com">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Kishore |date=16 June 2007 |title=Heroworshipping Rajinikanth |url=http://www.businessstandard.com/india/news/heroworshipping-rajinikanth/287889/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001123837/http://www.businessstandard.com/india/news/heroworshipping-rajinikanth/287889/ |archive-date=1 October 2011 |access-date=9 August 2011 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> The film opened to virtually full cinemas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2007 |title=Filmy Fiscal: Rajini's Sivaji rules BO |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/filmy-fiscal-rajinis-sivaji-rules-bo/43170-8.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912003446/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/filmy-fiscal-rajinis-sivaji-rules-bo/43170-8.html |archive-date=12 September 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> ''Sivaji'' was released in 303 screens in Tamil Nadu, 300 screens in Andhra Pradesh; 12 screens in North India and 145 screens across the rest of the world.<ref name="businessstandard.com" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2010 |title=Dubbed films bounce back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Dubbed-films-bounce-back/articleshow/6228097.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103225110/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-29/news-interviews/28302401_1_films-distributors-and-exhibitors-telugu-stars |archive-date=3 November 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=buyers lost nearly {{INR}} 40 million by procuring Sivaji for {{INR}} 160 million, as it failed to impress beyond the Nizam region}}</ref> It was released in 16 screens in [[Chennai]] and grossed {{INRConvert|1.35|c}} within the first four days, at that point a new record for [[Tamil films|Tamil]] cinema. The film also debuted well in [[Kerala]] and in [[Bangalore]]. Despite protests from pro-[[Kannada]] groups, the film debuted in 13 screens.<ref name="screenindiareport">{{Cite web |last=Bhattacharya |first=Roshmila |date=22 June 2007 |title=Sivaji cuts across language barrier |url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=16189 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626041920/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=16189 |archive-date=26 June 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In the national capital, New Delhi, the film debuted on 4 screens in [[PVR Cinemas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2007 |title=Sivaji takes Delhi by storm |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/sivaji-sweeps-delhi/43024-8.html?xml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703155628/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/sivaji-sweeps-delhi/43024-8.html?xml |archive-date=3 July 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref> Based on what the distributors claim, there was "overwhelming response to the film", with the number of screens increasing to 12 by the second week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2007 |title=Rajni rocks as ''Sivaji'' rules in Delhi too! |url=http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=378909&sid=ENT&ssid=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626173516/http://www.zeenews.com/articles.asp?aid=378909&sid=ENT&ssid=1 |archive-date=26 June 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007 |publisher=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises|Zee]]}}</ref> The film made a good debut in the nation's other metros as well such as [[Mumbai]]<ref name="screenindiareport" /> and [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Priyanka |date=20 June 2007 |title=The Boss breaks the plex barrier – After Southern storm, Rajanikanth mega movie is Friday's biggest release |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070620/asp/calcutta/story_7946087.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625201430/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070620/asp/calcutta/story_7946087.asp |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007 |website=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota}}</ref> as well as in other non-traditional markets for Tamil films such as Pune<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2007 |title=Sivaji opens to packed houses |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Sivaji_opens_to_packed_houses/rssarticleshow/2143355.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706123547/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Sivaji_opens_to_packed_houses/rssarticleshow/2143355.cms |archive-date=6 July 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and Baroda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apurva |date=7 July 2007 |title=Rajni Roars |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=244854 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012184008/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=244854 |archive-date=12 October 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR}} 4.07 crore{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} in two weeks; {{INR}} 8.5 crore in five weeks,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai Box office battle: Sivaji or Kireedom? |url=http://www.naachgaana.com/2007/07/23/chennai-box-office-battle-sivaji-or-kireedom/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113164705/http://www.naachgaana.com/2007/07/23/chennai-box-office-battle-sivaji-or-kireedom/ |archive-date=13 January 2015 |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=naachgaana.com}}</ref> and {{INR}} 10 crore in seven weeks in Chennai.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}}

''Sivaji'' was also successful in international markets. The film had a wide release with over 145 prints and in 200 theatres (Tamil Version alone) in over 20 countries across South East Asia, Europe, North America, GCC and Australia and others, one of the widest release for an Indian film in the international markets. Internationally, ''Sivaji'' had good screenings in Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 June 2007 |title=Movie-goers riot over film hitches |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200706/s1953351.htm |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210173608/http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200706/s1953351.htm |archive-date=10 December 2008 |access-date=25 December 2007 |website=ABC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 June 2007 |title=Malaysian fans enraged by Indian film delay -paper |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKLR65626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029201624/https://www.reuters.com/article/2007/06/16/idUSKLR65626 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=9 August 2011 |work=Reuters}}</ref> grossing over US$2 million in Malaysia,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysian box office hits all-time high of $100m |url=http://www.screendaily.com/malaysian-box-office-hits-all-time-high-of-100m/4037013.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204202539/http://www.screendaily.com/malaysian-box-office-hits-all-time-high-of-100m/4037013.article |archive-date=4 December 2014 |access-date=13 January 2015 |work=[[Screen Daily]]}}</ref> ''Sivaji'' made a debut with 150 shows in Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marostica |first=Jennifer |date=19 June 2007 |title=''Sivaji'' is the boss in Singapore |url=http://timesnow.tv/articleshow/2132948.cms |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706103214/http://timesnow.tv/articleshow/2132948.cms |archive-date=6 July 2007 |access-date=10 July 2007 |website=Times Now}}</ref> In Sri Lanka, the film debuted across 70 screens with all 700 shows virtually sold out.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=PK |date=22 June 2007 |title=Sivaji takes Sri Lanka by storm |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=14dcab9d-0da6-4414-9543-acf801f8820b&MatchID1=4479&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=25&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1115&PrimaryID=4479&Headline=EMSivaji+%2fEMtakes+Sri+Lanka+by+storm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930031641/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?id=14dcab9d-0da6-4414-9543-acf801f8820b&MatchID1=4479&TeamID1=6&TeamID2=25&MatchType1=2&SeriesID1=1115&PrimaryID=4479&Headline=EMSivaji+%2fEMtakes+Sri+Lanka+by+storm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> In the [[Persian Gulf]] that contains a sizeably large Indian diaspora, the film opened to a good response.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 June 2007 |title=1,000 labourers to watch ''Sivaji'' free in Dubai |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200706181231.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930200852/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/009200706181231.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film has collected over $8.5 Million from the overseas markets.

In Canada, the film released in 10 screens in 3 major cities along with special screenings for the Tamil diaspora in the smaller cities.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} In United Kingdom, the film debuted on the box-office list at No.9 with earnings of about £14,000 per screen and was the first Tamil film to enter UK Top 10. In United States, ''Sivaji'' was released in 24 screens with subsequent additions of 19 screens for the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2007 |title=''Sivaji'' is all set to be a hit in US |url=http://news.moneycontrol.com/mccode/news/article/news_article.php?autono=286784 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070617171150/http://news.moneycontrol.com/mccode/news/article/news_article.php?autono=286784 |archive-date=17 June 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007 |publisher=Moneycontrol.com}}</ref> The producers of the film claimed that the film was going to be dubbed in Chinese and Japanese by [[Ayngaran International]], the holder of international rights of the film.<ref name="dub" /> The response in [[Cape Town]] was disappointing, while the box-office collections in [[Johannesburg]] and Durban allowed it to become the first Tamil film to feature in the South African box-office top 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2007 |title=South Africa (Entire Region) Box Office, August 10–12, 2007 |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/southafrica/?yr=2007&wk=32&p=.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024011728/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/intl/southafrica/?yr=2007&wk=32&p=.htm |archive-date=24 October 2007 |access-date=22 November 2007 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> [[Singapore Airlines]] bought a 3-month exclusive in-flight screening rights to the film, a first for the airline for any Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2007 |title=The Big B hits back at criticism by Aamir Khan |url=http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/News/Article.aspx?id=653801 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211044332/http://www.thetimes.co.za/PrintEdition/News/Article.aspx?id=653801 |archive-date=11 December 2008 |access-date=8 January 2008 |publisher=The Times, South Africa}}</ref>

In the UK, 13 seconds of the film was cut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivaji – The Boss |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/0/6B6190B9DA3DEE64802572F700492C67?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112110135/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/website/Classified.nsf/0/6B6190B9DA3DEE64802572F700492C67?OpenDocument |archive-date=12 January 2009 |access-date=9 August 2011 |publisher=bbfc.co.uk}}</ref> The original film showed Rajinikanth throwing a firecracker into his mouth, lighting it and then spitting it out at Pattimanram Raja, which was removed to give the film a 12A rating, The Ayngaran UK DVD release was uncut and given an 18 rating by the [[BBFC]]. It was also the first Tamil film to be officially released on a [[1080p]] High Definition [[Blu-ray]] disc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivaji – Blu-ray details |url=http://www.ayngaran.com/bluray.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110818172154/http://www.ayngaran.com/bluray.php |archive-date=18 August 2011 |access-date=9 August 2011 |publisher=ayngaran.com}}</ref> In addition, the 3D re-release (which was already shortened by half-an-hour) was cut further to remove scenes of bloody injury and violence in 2 scenes to get a 12A rating.

The worldwide box office collection of ''Sivaji'' was ₹100—160 crore. The overseas distributor Ayngaran International reported collections as follows: US$2,000,000, Canada $500,000, UK$750,000, Europe and Gulf $750,000, Malaysia $2,000,000, Singapore $750,000, Sri Lanka $1,250,000, Australia, New Zealand & Thailand $250,000.{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} ''Sivaji'' was released in South Africa in late July 2007 after six weeks of its release by the leading South African distributor Ster Kinekor with four prints and released in Johannesburg, Cape Town and Durban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2007 |title=SIVAJI – The box-office Boss |url=http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/?IDStory=5714 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114104859/http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/?IDStory=5714 |archive-date=14 January 2015 |access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivaji (2007) |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=ZA&id=_fUNENGANODELUJO01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102170700/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=ZA&id=_fUNENGANODELUJO01 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |access-date=1 February 2013}}</ref>

=== Records ===
''Sivaji'' was the first Tamil film to enter the [[100 crore club]]. It was also the first South Indian film to achieve this feat. Additionally, ''Sivaji'' was the first Indian film to gross ₹150 crore worldwide and became the highest-grossing Indian film at the time of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivaji collected Rs 150 crores immediately, shattering records across Indian cinema |url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/tamil-cinema/sivaji-movie-remember-akkamma-and-jekkamma-their-real-life-look-will-stun-you-ws-akl-9734066.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajinikanth starrer Sivaji The Boss turns 14 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/rajinikanth-starrer-sivaji-the-boss-turns-14-fans-say-craze-for-this-movie-never-comes-down-101623761411551.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivaji: The Boss is South cinema’s first 100-crore-earning movie — but do you know the meaning of Boss |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/rajinikanths-sivaji-the-boss-is-first-100-crore-earning-movie-of-tamil-cinema-but-do-you-know-the-meaning-of-boss-4409331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajinikanth's blockbuster movie that became the first South Indian film to cross Rs 100 crore mark |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/rajinikanths-blockbuster-movie-that-became-the-first-south-indian-film-to-cross-rs-100-crore-mark/ar-AA1EKpw4?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1}}</ref>

''Sivaji: The Boss'' completed its 50-day theatrical run in nearly 800 theatres worldwide. This movie ran for 100 days in over 100 theatres in India and abroad, completing its centenary run in approximately 111 theatres across regions including Tamil Nadu and overseas markets and completed 175 days in a few theatres.<ref>
{{cite news
|last=PTI
|title=Sivaji to complete 100 days
|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sivaji/20070921.htm
|newspaper=Rediff.com
|date=21 September 2007
|access-date=9 January 2026
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|last=PTI
|title='Sivaji-The Boss' continues reign at box office
|url=https://m.economictimes.com/sivaji-the-boss-continues-reign-at-box-office/articleshow/2388775.cms
|newspaper=The Economic Times
|date=21 September 2007
|access-date=9 January 2026
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
|title=சினிமா சாதனைகள்: ரஜினியின் சிவாஜி தி பாஸ்
|url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-achievements-of-rajinikanth-sivaji-the-boss-industry-hit-movie-848192.html
|website=News18 தமிழ்
|access-date=9 January 2026
}}</ref>

''Sivaji: The Boss'' is regarded as a pioneer of the modern wide-release strategy in Tamil Nadu, having been released simultaneously in a record number of theatres across the state to maximise early theatrical attendance and limit the impact of piracy.
<ref>
{{cite web
|title=The 100 day myth
|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/Mar/21/the-100-day-myth-34499.html
|website=New Indian express
}}</ref>

== Critical response ==
Sivaji: The Boss received positive reviews from critics. On the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 82% of 269 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.6/10.

Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'', in a review about the story, said that the lead character carrying out a rebellion against corruption was something "not be true to life". She concluded by saying that "the story sags towards the end". She, however, appreciated the performances of the prominent actors, the soundtrack, art direction, photography and the animation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malathi Rangarajan |date=22 June 2007 |title=A magnum opus in style – Sivaji |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/22/stories/2007062250530200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010091847/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/06/22/stories/2007062250530200.htm |archive-date=10 October 2007 |access-date=8 January 2008 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ananth Krishnan, another review from ''The Hindu'', a month after the film's release, said that the film "... presents an effective diagnosis of entrenched corruption but the rather disturbing remedy it offers is, good old vigilantism." It concluded by saying that, though the film did well at the box-office, the message of rejecting the corrupt system instead of reforming it was troubling.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ananth Krishnan |date=15 July 2007 |title=Sivaji: super hit but the message is troubling |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/15/stories/2007071555071000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118172127/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/15/stories/2007071555071000.htm |archive-date=18 January 2008 |access-date=9 January 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

T. S. V. Hari of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' said that the director, Shankar, was not creative enough for the film and added this by saying "''Sivaji'' turns out to be a rehash of all his previous jingoistic claptrap efforts". It appreciated the other technical departments and suggested a good response at the box office.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=TSV Hari |date=16 June 2007 |title=REVIEW: Sivaji: the Boss |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/REVIEW-Sivaji-the-Boss/Article1-230429.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125060544/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Reviews/REVIEW-Sivaji-the-Boss/Article1-230429.aspx |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=8 January 2008 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' had a similar review about the story saying that "it had nothing new to offer" but promised it to be entertaining and gave it four stars.<ref name="T">{{Cite news |date=23 June 2007 |title=Sivaji The Boss |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Sivaji-The-Boss/movie-review/2142960.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103224310/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Sivaji-The-Boss/movie-review/2142960.cms |archive-date=3 November 2012 |access-date=8 January 2008 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Nidarsana of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performances of Rajini, Vivek, Shriya and Suman, Vivek's humour while also praising Tharani's art direction, Anand's cinematography and Sujatha's dialogues but felt Shankar compromised a lot for Rajinikanth as the subject of black money is dealt just like that and due to story taking a backseat with Rajini taking the forefront, ''Sivaji'' feels deserted without Shankar's signature yet Shankar is on par with himself for portraying Rajini as larger than life.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=நிதர்ஸனா |date=1 July 2007 |title=சிவாஜி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2007-07-01/page/18/mode/2up |access-date=6 May 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=18–19 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

[[R. G. Vijayasarathy]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' summed the film by saying, "No logic, only Rajni's magic". About the story, he said, "Unfortunately, (the) message is lost in the maze of illogical and sometimes absurd sequences". The review, however, praised the performances of Rajinikanth, Shriya and Vivek and the technical crew.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayasarathy |first=R. G. |date=15 June 2007 |title=No logic, only Rajni's magic |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/15sivaji2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102150318/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jun/15sivaji2.htm |archive-date=2 January 2008 |access-date=9 January 2008 |publisher=Rediff}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' wrote: "There is only one hero here, [..] – Rajni himself. Such is the overpowering screen presence of his cinematic charisma in every frame of the film. The film works big time as Shankar has made the film on a grand scale, [..] which is a visual treat with superbly choreographed action scenes. All this comes with top-of-the-line techno-finesse, perhaps the best ever in Tamil cinema" and also wrote that "Technically, [..] a revelation [..] there are stunning visuals, which is paisa vasool. K.V.Anand's cinematography is top class. Art director Thotta Tharani work is enticing, especially the sets in songs".<ref name="Sify" /> ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' rated the film 41 out of 100.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2007 |title=சினிமா விமர்சனம்: சிவாஜி |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/humoursatire/73214- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807200523/https://cinema.vikatan.com/humoursatire/73214- |archive-date=7 August 2022 |access-date=7 August 2022 |website=Cinema Vikatan}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
;[[55th National Film Awards|2007 National Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=55th National Film Awards (PDF) |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192455/http://dff.nic.in/2011/55th_nff_2007.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=26 March 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref>
* Won – [[National Film Award for Best Special Effects|Silver Lotus Award for Best Special Effects]] – M.S. Indian Artists, Chennai

;[[55th Filmfare Awards South]]{{cn|date=January 2026}}
* Won – [[Filmfare Best Music Director Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director]] – [[A.R. Rahman]]
* Won – [[Filmfare Best Cinematographer Award (South)|Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer]] – [[K. V. Anand]]
* Won – [[Filmfare Best Art Director Award (South)|Filmfare Best Art Director Award]] – [[Thotta Tharani]]
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Best Actor Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] – [[Rajinikanth]]
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Best Film Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Film]] – ''Sivaji''
* Nominated – [[Filmfare Best Female Playback Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Award for Best Playback Singer Female]] – [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]

;2007 [[Vijay Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reliance Mobile Vijay Awards – The Awards Ceremony |url=http://www.starboxoffice.com/kollywood/vijayawards/about.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080726022319/http://www.starboxoffice.com/kollywood/vijayawards/about.html |archive-date=2008-07-26 |access-date=2025-08-21 |work=StarBoxOffice}}</ref>
* Won – [[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero]] – [[Rajinikanth]]
* Nominated – [[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine]] – [[Shriya Saran]]
* Won – [[Vijay Award for Best Music Director]] – [[A.R. Rahman]]

2007 [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]<ref name="hindu1">{{Cite news |date=29 September 2009 |title=Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=28 September 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
* Won- [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] – First Prize

== Legacy ==
[[Brahmanandam]], [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] and [[Rangayana Raghu]] spoofed the character M. G. Ravichandran in ''[[Lakshmi Putrudu]]'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=icrTXU7iZ58|title=Lakshmi Putrudu Telugu Full Movie | Uday Kiran | Diya | Brahmanandam | Mumaith Khan | Sathyaraj|date=29 May 2015|via=YouTube|time=46:18}}</ref> ''[[Kantri]]'' (2008),{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} ''[[Maasilamani]]'' (2009),{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} ''[[Thipparalli Tharlegalu]]'' (2010),<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2010 |title=Thipparalli Tharlegalu fails to impress |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-thipparalli-tharlegalu/20100405.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219072045/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-kannada-movie-review-thipparalli-tharlegalu/20100405.htm |archive-date=19 December 2022 |access-date=19 December 2022 |website=Rediff.com}}</ref> and ''[[Rama Rama Raghurama]]'' (2011), respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2023 |title=Rangayana Raghu & Doddanna Back to Back Comedy Scenes from Rama Rama Raghurama Kannada Movie |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hgyC_S5WgN0 |website=YouTube|time=0:00}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1977–2010 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |oclc=733724281}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{National Film Award Best Special Effects|state=collapsed}}
{{S. Shankar}}
{{AVM Productions}}
{{TamilNaduStateFilmAwardBestFilm}}

{{Sujatha}}

[[Category:2007 Indian films]]
[[Category:2000s masala films]]
[[Category:2000s political action films]]
[[Category:2007 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2000s vigilante films]]
[[Category:2007 3D films]]
[[Category:2007 action films]]
[[Category:2007 controversies]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bilbao]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Italy]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pune]]
[[Category:Films shot in Spain]]
[[Category:Films shot in Valencia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Wai, Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Special Effects National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian 3D films]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political films]]

Vaidehi Chaudhari

2026-04-27T20:15:07Z

BharatpediaContributor: Created new article.

{{Short description|Indian tennis player (born 2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
| name = Vaidehi Chaudhari
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Vaidehi Chaudhari
| country = {{IND}}
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|2|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| residence =
| height =
| coach =
| college =
| careerprizemoney = $66,971
| singlesrecord = {{tennis record|won=137|lost=82}}
| singlestitles = 3 [[ITF Women's World Tennis Tour|ITF]]
| highestsinglesranking = No. 355 (19 May 2025)
| currentsinglesranking = No. 413 (21 July 2025)
| doublesrecord = {{tennis record|won=96|lost=63}}
| doublestitles = 5 ITF
| highestdoublesranking = No. 304 (6 May 2024)
| currentdoublesranking = No. 660 (21 July 2025)
| Team = yes
| FedCupresult = {{tennis record|won=3|lost=3}}
| updated = 21 July 2025
}}

'''Vaidehi Chaudhari''' (born 14 February 2000)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vaidehi Chaudhari live scores, results, fixtures {{!}} Flashscore.in / Tennis |url=https://www.flashscore.in/player/chaudhari-vaidehi/zT0yq0KG/ |access-date=2025-04-12 |website=www.flashscore.in |language=en-IN}}</ref> is an Indian professional tennis player from [[Gujarat]]. She plays for the Indian women’s team and is a two time Indian National champion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 October 2024 |title=Fenesta Open: Gutsy Vaidehi reclaims National tennis women's crown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/gutsy-vaidehi-reclaims-national-tennis-womens-crown/articleshow/113970465.cms |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She is ranked 364 in the [[WTA rankings|WTA]] singles ranking as on 7 April 2025 and is the fourth highest ranked women’s player in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2025 |title=ITF - Vaidehi Chaudhari Overview |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/vaidehi-chaudhari/800451412/ind/wt/S/overview/ |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=www.itftennis.com |archive-date=12 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412192921/https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/vaidehi-chaudhari/800451412/ind/wt/S/overview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tennis Explorer: Tennis Rankings, WTA & ATP Rankings |url=https://www.tennisexplorer.com/ranking/wta-women/?date=2025-04-07&country=india |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=www.tennisexplorer.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chaudhari is from Khandosan, [[Mehsana district]], Gujarat. She lives and trains in [[Ahmedabad]] under coach Jignesh Rawal.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Kamesh |date=26 February 2023 |title=Vaidehi Chaudhari rallies from a set down to win her second title |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/vaidehi-chaudhari-rallies-from-a-set-down-to-win-her-second-title/article66557073.ece |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She took up tennis at the age of 11, with the encouragement of her uncle, who was a police officer. He used to train her in physical fitness as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Judge |first=Shahid |date=11 April 2025 |title=Billie Jean King Cup 2025: Vaidehi gives India headstart against Chinese Taipei |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/tennis/billie-jean-king-cup-2025-vaidehi-gives-india-headstart-against-chinese-taipei-101744386141655.html |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== Career ==
On 12 April 2025, Chaudhari won her match and helped India beat [[Chinese Taipei]] 2-1 in the [[Billie Jean King Cup|Billie Jean King Cup Asia-Oceania]] Group 1 in Pune. She defeated 351 ranked, Fang An Lin 6-2, 5-7 and 6-4 for her second victory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2025 |title=Shrivalli and Vaidehi lead India to a 2-1 victory against Chinese Taipei in Billie Jean King Cup |url=https://telanganatoday.com/shrivalli-and-vaidehi-lead-india-to-a-2-1-victory-against-chinese-taipei-in-billie-jean-king-cup |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2025 |title=BJK Cup: India get closer to World Group Playoffs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/bjk-cup-india-get-closer-to-world-group-playoffs/articleshow/120225104.cms |access-date=12 April 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Earlier, she beat Ho Ching Wu in the first tie on 11 April and India won 2-1 against [[Hong Kong]], China, with her compatriot Shrivalli Rashmikaa Bhamidipati of [[Hyderabad]] also winning her singles tie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=Hyderabad-based Shrivally's hat-trick wins help in India's victory at Billie Jean King Cup Asia-Oceania Group 1 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/hyderabad-based-shrivallys-hat-trick-wins-help-in-indias-victory-at-billie-jean-king-cup-asia-oceania-group-1 |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref>

In October 2024, she won the women's singles title in the 29th Fenesta Open National Tennis Championship at [[New Delhi]]. She defeated Maaya Revathi R of [[Tamil Nadu]] 6-3, 6-3 in the final.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2024 |title=Rethin, Vaidehi crowned champions at 29th Fenesta Open National Tennis Championship - Indian Tennis Daily |url=https://indiantennisdaily.com/2024/10/05/rethin-vaidehi-crowned-champions-at-29th-fenesta-open-national-tennis-championship/ |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=indiantennisdaily.com |language=en-US}}</ref> This is her second title after her victory in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Kamesh |date=5 October 2024 |title=Rethin Pranav and Vaidehi Chaudhari win National tennis championship |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/rethin-pranav-vaidehi-chaudhari-win-national-tennis-championship-nithin-kumar-final-result-report-news/article68721774.ece |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> In March 2023, she received wildcard along with Shrivalli Bhamidipati to play the ITF women's open qualifiers in [[Bengaluru]], and qualified for the main draw.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=6 March 2023 |title=ITF Women's Open: Vaidehi Chaudhari advances to the second round of qualifiers |url=https://theprint.in/sport/itf-womens-open-vaidehi-chaudhari-advances-to-the-second-round-of-qualifiers/1423006/#:~:text=ITF%20Women's%20Open:%20Vaidehi%20Chaudhari%20advances%20to%20the%20second%20round%20of%20qualifiers,-ANI&text=Bengaluru%20(Karnataka)%20%5BIndia%5D,0%20at%20the%20KSLTA%20Stadium. |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2023 |title=ITF Women's Tour, Bengaluru: Vaidehi qualifies for main draw, Czech teenager Brenda Fruhvirtova top seed |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/tennis/itf-women-bengaluru-2023-results-vaidehi-chaudhari-qualifies-main-draw-brenda-fruhvirtova-top-seed/article66587972.ece |access-date=12 April 2025 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> In February 2023, she won the $15,000 ITF women’s tennis tournament at Baliawas, Gurugram. In the final she defeated Sandeepti Singh Rao 4-6, 6-2, 6-0.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{WTA|name=Vaidehee Chaudhari}}
* {{ITF|vaidehee-chaudhari/800451412/ind|Vaidehee Chaudhari}}
* {{Billie Jean King Cup player|new_id=bd3e053f-7949-42c6-9a3d-d47ef927e497|name=Vaidehee Chaudhari}}

{{Top Indian female tennis players}}
{{Top Indian female doubles tennis players}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaudhari, Vaidehi}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female tennis players]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Mehsana district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Harsh Malhotra

2026-04-23T05:23:43Z

BharatpediaContributor: made first details w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| party = [[File:BJP Flag.svg|25px]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| name = Harsh Malhotra
| image = Harsh Malhotra.png
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start2 = 4 June 2024
| preceded2 = [[Gautam Gambhir]]
| constituency2 = [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|East Delhi]]
| office1 = [[Union Council of Ministers|Minister of State]] in [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs]] and [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
| term_start1 = 11 June 2024
| 1blankname1 = [[President of India|President]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| 2blankname1 = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| 2namedata1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
}}

[[File:Shri Harsh Malhotra.jpg|thumb|Malhotra takes charge as the Minister of State in Ministry of Road, Transport and Highways]]
'''Harsh Malhotra''' is an [[Indian politician]] from [[Rohtas Nagar Assembly constituency|Rohtas Nagar]], Delhi. He was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[East Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]]. He belongs to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=East Delhi, Delhi Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: Harsh Malhotra Wins the Seat by 93663 Votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/east-delhi-delhi-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2548163-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2024 |title=LS election result: BJP's Harsh Malhotra bags east Delhi seat |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/ls-election-result-bjp-s-harsh-malhotra-bags-east-delhi-seat-101717519167294.html |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> His extensive political journey is highlighted by significant roles including his impactful tenure as a councillor and subsequently the Mayor of the [[East Delhi Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Harsh Malhotra Latest News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/topic/harsh-malhotra |access-date=19 July 2024 |work=India Today}}</ref><ref name="Businessmen {{!}} In august company">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Businessmen {{!}} In august company |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807175452/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-businessmen-in-august-company-2565840-2024-07-13 |archive-date=7 August 2024 |access-date=7 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Third Modi ministry]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite news | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/bjps-1st-time-mp-harsh-malhotra-joins-modi-3-0-cabinet-5854549 | title=BJP's 1st-Time MP Harsh Malhotra Joins Modi 3.0 Cabinet | agency=Press Trust of India | date=9 June 2024 | accessdate=1 August 2024 }}

{{Third Modi ministry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malhotra, Harsh}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kabilarmalai Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:21:05Z

BharatpediaContributor: made initial stub added tags

{{Short description|Former legislative Assembly constituency in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| established = 1962
| district = [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
| loksabha_cons =
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| party = Pattali Makkal Katchi
| mla = Nedunchezhian. K
| latest_election_year = 2006
| name = Kabilarmalai
| electors= 1,71,751
| reservation =
| abolished= 2008
}}
'''Kabilarmalai''' was former state assembly constituency in [[Namakkal district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
===Madras State===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| [[V. Velappa Gounder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[C. V. Velappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

=== Tamil Nadu ===

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[C. V. Velappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[K. Sengodan]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| C. V. Velappan
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[P. Sengottaiyan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[K. A. Mani]]
|
| [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Jayalalitha)]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[P. Saraswathi]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[K. K. Veerappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[A. R. Malaiyappasamy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election |2006]]
|[[K. Nedumchezhiyan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2006===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nedunchezhian |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=58,048 |percentage=47.25% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. N. Guruswamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,101 |percentage=39.96% |change=37.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvi |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=9,576 |percentage=7.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vijayakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,639 |percentage=1.33% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Rangasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,012 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. Raju |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=911 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Egambaram |party=Independent politician |votes=589 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. P. Dharmalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=529 |percentage=0.43% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Yoganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Selvarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=261 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Palanivel |party=Independent politician |votes=250 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,947 |percentage=7.28% |change=3.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=122,862 |percentage=71.53% |change= 8.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,751 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 5.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{cite web |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Malaiyappasamy |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=48,447 |percentage=41.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Gandhiselvan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,135 |percentage=38.03% |change=-17.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Veerappan |party=Independent politician |votes=9,999 |percentage=8.62% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Krishnamoorthy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=2,563 |percentage=2.21% |change=-4.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Tamilmani |party=Independent politician |votes=2,341 |percentage=2.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. T. Velavan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,984 |percentage=1.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Shanmugam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,830 |percentage=1.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Appan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,770 |percentage=1.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Rajamani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,022 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Muthukumar |party=Rashtriya Lok Dal |votes=950 |percentage=0.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Sekar |party=Independent politician |votes=666 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,312 |percentage=3.72% |change=-22.04% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,042 |percentage=63.17% |change= -6.32% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 183,691 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Veerappan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,605 |percentage=56.00% |change=29.29% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Rajalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,895 |percentage=30.25% |change=-36.78% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Kandasamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,882 |percentage=6.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Chandrasekaran |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,221 |percentage=4.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ramalingam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=664 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ilango |party=Independent politician |votes=355 |percentage=0.31% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Gunasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=203 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. C. Devaraj |party=Independent politician |votes=159 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Marimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Velusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=127 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,710 |percentage=25.75% |change=-14.57% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=115,369 |percentage=69.49% |change= 3.50% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 171,394 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.03% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Saraswathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=72,903 |percentage=67.03% |change=25.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Moorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=29,050 |percentage=26.71% |change=-7.00% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramesh |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=5,539 |percentage=5.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ashok Kumar |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=259 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Subramaniam |party=Independent politician |votes=182 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=153 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Dhanapal |party=Independent politician |votes=145 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Selvam |party=Independent politician |votes=140 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. K. Kaliappan |party=Independent politician |votes=132 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Murugesan |party=Independent politician |votes=100 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Krishnamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=91 |percentage=0.08% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=43,853 |percentage=40.32% |change=32.76% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=108,764 |percentage=65.99% |change= -8.14% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,105 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 25.76% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Mani |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,223 |percentage=41.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. S. Moorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=37,757 |percentage=33.71% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sengottayan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,201 |percentage=20.72% |change=-32.81% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. R. Chinnusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,478 |percentage=1.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=712 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=614 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sekar |party=Independent politician |votes=530 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=302 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Subbarayan |party=Independent politician |votes=264 |percentage=0.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Netasan |party=Independent politician |votes=174 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Veeramani |party=Independent politician |votes=146 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,466 |percentage=7.56% |change=-4.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=111,993 |percentage=74.13% |change= -1.27% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,675 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -12.25% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 Jan 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Sengottaiyan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,233 |percentage=53.52% |change=14.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=40,090 |percentage=41.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. P. Badrinarayanan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,738 |percentage=1.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Aridhas |party=Independent politician |votes=1,409 |percentage=1.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Kondappan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,253 |percentage=1.31% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,143 |percentage=11.64% |change=5.43% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,723 |percentage=75.40% |change= 8.02% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,937 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.41% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. Velappan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=39,224 |percentage=45.11% |change=8.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sengottaiyan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,823 |percentage=38.90% |change=24.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Paramashivam |party=Janata Party |votes=13,032 |percentage=14.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=869 |percentage=1.00% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,401 |percentage=6.21% |change=-7.58% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,948 |percentage=67.38% |change= 1.18% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 131,117 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Sengodan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=30,194 |percentage=36.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Paramasivam |party=Janata Party |votes=18,798 |percentage=22.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Arunagiri |party=Independent politician |votes=11,785 |percentage=14.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Kumaramangalam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,621 |percentage=14.07% |change=-28.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Manivasaham |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,637 |percentage=11.66% |change=-44.08% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=587 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,396 |percentage=13.79% |change=0.87% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=82,622 |percentage=66.20% |change= -5.37% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 126,322 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -19.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. Velappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,022 |percentage=55.74% |change=3.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thyagarajan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,045 |percentage=42.82% |change=1.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=1,113 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,977 |percentage=12.93% |change=2.36% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=77,180 |percentage=71.57% |change= -6.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 110,808 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 3.49% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[C. V. Velappan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,026 |percentage=52.25% |change=-11.57% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. S. Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,733 |percentage=41.69% |change=5.51% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=2,223 |percentage=2.83% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. P. Naicker |party=Independent politician |votes=1,945 |percentage=2.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Arumugam |party=Independent politician |votes=590 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,293 |percentage=10.56% |change=-17.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=78,517 |percentage=78.39% |change= 6.49% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,680 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -11.57% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Kapilamalai<ref>{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 Jan 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[V. Velappa Gounder]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,960 |percentage=63.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Ramalinga Gounder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,954 |percentage=36.18% |change= }}

{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,006 |percentage=27.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=57,914 |percentage=71.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,811 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |accessdate=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archivedate=5 October 2010 }}

{{Defunct assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|11.15|77.94|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Namakkal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Akole Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:19:38Z

BharatpediaContributor: new initial stub needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Akole
| constituency_no = 216
| type = SLA
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| map_image = 216-Akole.svg
| loksabha_cons = [[Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency|Shirdi]]
| district = [[Ahmednagar district|Ahmednagar]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Kiran Lahamate]]
| party = {{Party index link|Nationalist Congress Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| electors =268,040
}}
'''Akole Assembly constituency''' is one of the seats in [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It is a segment of [[Shirdi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirdi]] Lok Sabha seat. The borders of Akole Assembly constituency were changed after the constituency map of India was redrawn in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=11 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318055304/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=18 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Overview==
Akole (constituency number 216) is one of the twelve Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in the [[Ahmednagar district]]. It comprises part of Sangamner tehsil and the entire Akole tehsil of the district.<ref name=delimitation2008/>

[[Akole]] is part of the [[Shirdi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirdi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha segments in this district, namely [[Sangamner Assembly constituency|Sangamner]], [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi]], [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon]], [[Shrirampur Assembly constituency|Shrirampur]] and [[Nevasa Assembly constituency|Nevasa]]. It is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]].<ref name=delimitation2008/>

==Members of Vidhan Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Akole (Maharashtra) Assembly Constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/maharashtra/assembly-constituencies/akole.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Madhusudhan Atmaram Vairale || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Jamanlal Shriramji Geonka
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=2 | Khan Mohammod Ajhar Hussein || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Gaikwad Ramdas Shankarrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Arun Vishnuji Diwekar
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan=3 | [[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Madhukar Pichad]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Vaibhav Madhukar Pichad]]
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2 | [[Kiran Lahamate|Dr. Kiran Lahamate]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Akole">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Akole |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13216.htm |accessdate=5 January 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105074742/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13216.htm |archivedate=5 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Akole Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Akole Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/akole |accessdate=5 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105074658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/akole |archivedate=5 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kiran Lahamate|Dr. Kiran Lahamate]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 73,958 |percentage = 38.36% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amit Ashok Bhangare |party=Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 68,402 |percentage = 35.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pichad Vaibhav Madhukarrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 32,783 |percentage = 17.00% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Maruti Deoram Mengal |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,830 |percentage = 5.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pathve Pandurang Nanasaheb |party=Rashtriya Samaj Paksha |votes = 2,797 |percentage = 1.45% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,606 |percentage = 1.35% |change={{increase}}0.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Madhukar Shankar Talpade |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,747 |percentage = 0.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vilas Dhondiba Ghode |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,457 |percentage = 0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,556 |percentage = 2.88% |change= {{decrease}}30.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 195,413 |percentage = 72.90% |change= {{increase}}4.43 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,807}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268,040|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}27.59 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Kiran Lahamate|Dr. Kiran Lahamate]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 113,414 |percentage = 65.95% |change={{increase}}23.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vaibhav Madhukar Pichad]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,725 |percentage = 32.40% |change={{increase}}15.15 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,298 |percentage = 1.34% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dipak Yashwant Pathave |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 1,817 |percentage = 1.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 57,689 |percentage = 33.55% |change= {{increase}}20.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 174,281 |percentage = 68.41% |change= {{increase}}0.80 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 171,970}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 254,749|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.85 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}23.38 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vaibhav Madhukar Pichad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 67,696 |percentage = 42.57% |change={{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Talpade Madhukar Shankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 47,634 |percentage = 29.95% |change={{decrease}}7.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Yashwant Bhangare |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 27,446 |percentage = 17.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhangre Namdev Ganga |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 11,861 |percentage = 7.46% |change={{increase}}2.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhangare Satish Namdeo |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 4,391 |percentage = 2.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 2,051 |percentage = 1.29% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 20,062 |percentage = 12.62% |change= {{increase}}6.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,301 |percentage = 67.65% |change= {{increase}}1.29 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 159,028}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 238,420|ref = |change= {{increase}}13.69 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.20 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Madhukar Pichad]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 60,043 |percentage = 43.77% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Talpade Madhukar Shankar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 50,964 |percentage = 37.15% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashok Yashwant Bhangare |party=Independent politician |votes = 17,016 |percentage = 12.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Katore Tulshiram Manga |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 7,455 |percentage = 5.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Barde Ahilaji Vithal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,707 |percentage = 1.24% |change={{decrease}}1.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,079 |percentage = 6.62% |change= {{increase}}0.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 137,264 |percentage = 65.45% |change= {{increase}}7.73 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 137,185}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 209,714|ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}7.21 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 48,073 |percentage = 36.55% |change={{decrease}}9.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Khetan Ramakant Umashankar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 40,545 |percentage = 30.83% |change={{decrease}}13.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balmukund Pandurangji Bhirad |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 18,252 |percentage = 13.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Alimchandani Harish Ratanlal |party=Independent politician |votes = 8,577 |percentage = 6.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ahmad Mukeem Ab. Rashid |party=Samajwadi Party |votes = 7,932 |percentage = 6.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Suresh Jagannath |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,985 |percentage = 2.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Azadkhan Aliyarkhan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,616 |percentage = 1.23% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,528 |percentage = 5.72% |change= {{increase}}3.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 131,532 |percentage = 57.70% |change= {{increase}}3.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 131,514}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,978|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.06 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}9.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 51,646 |percentage = 46.28% |change={{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Azhar Husain |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 49,131 |percentage = 44.02% |change={{increase}}24.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Vishnuji Diwekar |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 7,708 |percentage = 6.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mobinoor Rehman Qureshi |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,593 |percentage = 1.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Anil Devidas Garad |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,221 |percentage = 1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,515 |percentage = 2.25% |change= {{decrease}}24.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,507 |percentage = 55.76% |change= {{decrease}}12.90 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 111,598}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 207,147|ref = |change= {{increase}}8.03 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Govardhan Mangilal Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,614 |percentage = 46.56% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Vishnuji Diwekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 25,412 |percentage = 19.85% |change={{decrease}}17.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Wali Mohmmad Abdul Aziz |party=Janata Dal |votes = 15,913 |percentage = 12.43% |change={{increase}}5.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patnaik Subhash Bhagawatprasad |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 12,127 |percentage = 9.47% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Quazi Mohammad Ali |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 8,761 |percentage = 6.84% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ranjitsinh Gulabsing Chungade |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,197 |percentage = 1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 34,202 |percentage = 26.71% |change= {{increase}}21.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 130,084 |percentage = 67.84% |change= {{increase}}11.24 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 128,034}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,749|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.71 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.98 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Arun Vishnuji Diwekar |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 36,146 |percentage = 37.58% |change={{decrease}}10.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kelkar Deepak Kamlakar |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 31,023 |percentage = 32.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patnaik Subash Bhagwat |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes = 13,982 |percentage = 14.54% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Nanasaheb Choudhari |party=Janata Dal |votes = 6,849 |percentage = 7.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ramdas Shankarrao Gaikwad |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,647 |percentage = 2.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Aziz Ahmad Gulam Rasool |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,649 |percentage = 1.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Gadgil Chandrashekhar Shambhurao |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,581 |percentage = 1.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,123 |percentage = 5.33% |change= {{decrease}}15.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 97,212 |percentage = 56.13% |change= {{decrease}}1.44 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 96,186}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 173,196|ref = |change= {{increase}}34.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.83 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Gaikwad Ramdas Shankarrao |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 35,436 |percentage = 48.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Qazi Mohammed Ali Ibrahim Ali |party=Independent politician |votes = 20,138 |percentage = 27.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pramila W/O Vishnu Tople |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 14,479 |percentage = 19.78% |change={{decrease}}14.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abdul Jabsar Abdul Raheman |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,213 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mhesram Tukaram Maroti |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 1,212 |percentage = 1.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,298 |percentage = 20.90% |change= {{increase}}12.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 73,847 |percentage = 57.48% |change= {{decrease}}0.02 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 73,203}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,479|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{increase}}6.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Mohammod Ajhar Hussein |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,027 |percentage = 42.34% |change={{decrease}}8.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tople Pramila W/O Asgar Husen |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,674 |percentage = 34.25% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Kaji Mohammadali Ibrahimali |party=All-India Muslim League |votes = 6,494 |percentage = 9.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sahare Devidas Sitaram |party=Independent politician |votes = 4,419 |percentage = 6.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sawant Kashinath Tatyaba |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,391 |percentage = 2.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Garge Dattatraya Ganesh |party=Janata Party |votes = 828 |percentage = 1.25% |change={{decrease}}31.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhojane Shashikant Sambhaji |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 794 |percentage = 1.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,353 |percentage = 8.09% |change= {{decrease}}9.95 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 67,155 |percentage = 57.82% |change= {{decrease}}9.31 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,193}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 116,140|ref = |change= {{increase}}6.86 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing= {{decrease}}8.80 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Khan Mohammod Ajhar Hussein |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 36,853 |percentage = 51.14% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Jain Pramila W/O Shripal |party=Janata Party |votes = 23,856 |percentage = 33.10% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Goenkajamanlal Shriramji |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 6,832 |percentage = 9.48% |change={{decrease}}51.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Utkhade Madhukarrao Narayanrao |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 1,283 |percentage = 1.78% |change={{decrease}}2.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mirza Unusbeg Mirza Hussainibeg |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,086 |percentage = 1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mishra Onkar Prasad Nand Gopal |party=Independent politician |votes = 996 |percentage = 1.38% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Rahate Dyandeo Zyngoji |party=Independent politician |votes = 610 |percentage = 0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,997 |percentage = 18.03% |change= {{decrease}}27.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,100 |percentage = 68.18% |change= {{increase}}9.83 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,067}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 108,687|ref = |change= {{increase}}10.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}10.15 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jamanlal Shriramji Geonka |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 34,006 |percentage = 61.29% |change={{increase}}13.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Meshram Tokaram Maroti |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 9,013 |percentage = 16.24% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=W. Shankar Rao Deshmukh |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 8,528 |percentage = 15.37% |change={{decrease}}17.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sadashiv Mannu Pande |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 2,369 |percentage = 4.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shridhar Mukund Deo |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes = 1,162 |percentage = 2.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,993 |percentage = 45.04% |change= {{increase}}29.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,742 |percentage = 60.81% |change= {{decrease}}4.40 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 55,486}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,241|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.72 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.43 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Jamanlal Shriramji Geonka |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 24,113 |percentage = 47.86% |change={{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. U. Lahane |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 16,466 |percentage = 32.68% |change={{increase}}10.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B. J. Mukharjee |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes = 8,072 |percentage = 16.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=P. R. Mahajan |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,382 |percentage = 2.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,647 |percentage = 15.18% |change= {{decrease}}7.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,687 |percentage = 64.88% |change= {{decrease}}3.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,381}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,753|ref = |change= {{increase}}27.97 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.27 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Akole<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Madhusudhan Atmaram Vairale |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 18,452 |percentage = 44.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Harihar Krishnarao Puradu Pandhya |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 9,258 |percentage = 22.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bupendranath Jagdishchandra Mukarjee |party=Communist Party of India |votes = 8,980 |percentage = 21.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasa Vyankatsa Bharote |party=Independent politician |votes = 3,741 |percentage = 9.04% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Abbasali Manohali |party=Independent politician |votes = 747 |percentage = 1.81% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,194 |percentage = 22.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,441 |percentage = 68.72% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,382}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 64,667|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Akole]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|19|32|32.06|N|74|0|19.88|E|region:IN|display=title}}
{{Ahmednagar district topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]

Faactory (2021 film)

2026-04-02T19:47:58Z

BharatpediaContributor: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Faisal Khan]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from film|year=2021}}
}}

Punnainallur Mariamman Temple

2026-03-25T21:58:23Z

BharatpediaContributor: put up new place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox religious building
| image = Punnainallur Mariamman Gopuram.jpg
| caption= Punnainallur Mariamman Temple
| map_type = Tamil Nadu#India
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.78536|N|79.18952|E|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur District]]
| location = Punnainallur
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Mariamman]]
}}

The '''Punnai Nallur Mariamman Temple''', temple of goddess [[Mariamman]], is a [[Hindu]] [[temple]] located at Punnainallur near [[Thanjavur]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Food processing units urged to make use of Central scheme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/food-processing-units-urged-to-make-use-of-central-scheme/article36697212.ece |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=28 September 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=24}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=80}}</ref> Situated on the outskirts of Thanjavur, Punnainallur popularly known as Thanjavur Mariamman Kovil has derived considerable importance from time immemorial in both legend and history. The temple attracts thousands of devotees from all parts of the district throughout the year. Thanks to the munificence of its devotees, the temple has been given a facelift in the recent past.

==Legend==
[[File:மாரியம்மன்.gif|thumb|Punnainallur Mariamman, the main deity at the temple]]
The temple, facing east, has three prakarams. It occupies an area of about one acre, It has a 90 feet high Rajagopuram, which is comparatively of recent origin. There are several mandapams here viz., the Arthamandapam, Mahamandapam, Narthanamandapam, Dwajamandapam, Alankaramandapam and the Thirumalaipathimandapam. There are in the temple paintings of the different forms of Ashta Sakthi viz., Gajalakshmi, Veera Lakshmi, [[Sowbhagya Lakshmi]], Santhana Lakshmi, Dhana Lakshmi, Dhanya Lakshmi, Vidhya Lakshmi and Karunya Lakshmi. The Sukravaramandapam in the Amman Sannadhi has beautifully carved pillars. The Sthala Viruksham of the temple is “Vembu” (i.e., Neem Tree) and the sacred Theertham is Mani Muktha Nadhi (Vadavar River). The presiding deity of this shrine, Goddess Mariamman, is represented by anidol made of sand over anani-hill and covered with a silver kavacham. Sundays are considered to be the most auspicious days for worshipping the Goddess, when a large number of devotees, mostly women and children pay their homage.

Poojas are performed four times daily. Once in five years anointment with Thailam (oil) is performed. Abhishegam is performed daily thrice to Durgai whose sanctum is located to the right of the presiding deity, facing north.

==History==

Many are the stories that account for the existence of this Goddess Mariamman and the temple. It is however said that the great Sage Sadashiva Brahmendra played a major role. The Devi herself had asked Sadashiva Brahmendra to install her in the place. With his yogic powers, it is believed that Sadashiva Brahmendra created the image of Punnainallur Mariamman from a snake pit. He also enshrined a powerful yantram after which the Devi herself came into the idol and sat there to bless her devotees. After a few days/months, the story goes that a King by name Venkoji Maharaja Chatrapathi once went on a pilgrimage to the southern parts of the country. On his return journey from Rameswaram, the King had the opportunity to stay, with his retinue, at Samayapuram Mariamman Kovil near Tiruchirapalli. The King had a dream that night, when a young girl, styling herself as Mariamman, asked the King to construct a ‘‘pucca’’ temple for Her as she was in the vicinity of а forest full of **Punnai" Trees and disappeared. Next morning the King returned to his capital and made speedy arrangements for the installation of this Goddess. The deity of this temple later came to be known as Punnainallur Mariamman.
The story goes that

Thuljaji Raja, Son of Venkoji Maharaja, had a daughter, with very poor eyesight. The king was very much worried over her ailment. It is said that he worshipped this Goddess Mariambal who appeared in his dream and asked him to go to PunnainaHur Mariamman Sannadhi with his daughter where she would regain her eyesight. As per the dream, King Thuljaji went to Mariamman Sannadhi with his daughter and prayed for the restoration of her eyesight. While receiving the Deepa Aratbanai she had a shock and a tendency of losing something from her eyes and immediately she was able to gain her eyesight.

Being overwhelmed by this incident, the King decided to renovate this temple. He deputed priest (gurukkal) for pooja. Usually in all Mariamman Temples, Poojaris are appointed for Pooja and other functions. The king was also fortunate enough to meet Sri [[Sadasiva Brahmendra]] Swamigal, who was passing through that village. The king immediately narrated this incident to him and requested the Swamiji to stay till Kumbabishegam. Accordingly the saint made a powerful ** yanthram °°, (pectam) to be placed under the idol of the Goddess, and celebrated the Kumbabishegam on a grand scale. Mariambalpuram now called Pandaravadai in [[Papanasam taluk|Papanasam Taluk]] is a village gifted to the temple by Thuljaji Raja.

Thanjavur kings endowed enormous landed gifts for the maintenance of this temple. As the Thanjavur Maharajas and Queens have to go through hazardous routes for dharsan, an underground passage (* Surangam") was constructed from their Palace to this shrine. . The entrance of the surangam stands as a monument even now, behind the temple.

A Chola King named Keerthi Cholan, had no heir to succeed him. Being an ardent and regular devotee of this Goddess, he was gifted with a son, Theva Cholan, as an heir to the throne.

Another story is that ап European by name, Mr. Wilson had an ailing eye. Through his ardent devotion to this deity he was cured.

А saint, Sri Padahacheri Swamigal, was instrumental for the renovation of the temple and an image of the Swamigal could be seen in the Prakaram behind the sanctum sanctorum.

Devotees suffering from small-pox take vows such as « Thotti Kattuthal °° (storing water in the sanctum or in the Prakaram in a tube-like structure to signify cooling effect). Giving salt to the temple and mixing [[jaggery]] in the [[temple tank]] are some of the practices followed by the devotees. A nominal fee is collected for this purpose. Members of the public give cattle, fowl etc., as votive offerings. An elephant has been given to the temple by a devotee. A Ther (car) costing about Rs. 10,000 has been donated by another devotee.

There is a separate shrine for Pechi Amman, where flesh food is offered to the Goddess. Mariamman of Punnainallur is deeply venerated in the locality and the devotees see a divine grace in her. Many are those who consider themselves blessed. by this popular Goddess. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/temples-of-tamilnadu/Book-Temples-of-Tamilnadu-Vol-7-part1-Thanjavur-Census1961-680pp/page/287/mode/1up?q=punnainallur+mariamman|title=Temples Of Tamilnadu}}</ref>

1800 AD in reference, The Mariamman festival is still more largely attended attracting, annually a crowd of some 20,000 Visitors. Even Brahmans do not scorn to propitiate the devils and village deities especially when they are ill. An intelligent Brahman expressed the situation by a curious analogy: ‘I attempt to win the favour of the Collector because he may promote me; but I pay black-mail to the [[Kallar (caste)|Kallans]] too. Of what good is the Collector's friendship if the [[Kallar (caste)|Kallans]] steal my bullocks ?<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.06612/page/n87/mode/1up|title=Tanjore}}</ref>

==Palace Devasthanam==
[[Thanjavur Palace Devastanam Temples|Thanjavur Palace Devasthanam]] comprises 88 temples, of which this temple is the one. They are maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hrce.tn.gov.in/hrcehome/index_temple.php?tid=13967|title=Thanjavur Palace Devasthanam, Thanjavur - 613009, Thanjavur District [TM013967].|website=hrce.tn.gov.in}}</ref>

==Location==
This temple located in Punnai Nallur, which is popularly known as Mariamman Kovil, Thanjavur and it is 5 km from Thanjavur Old Bus stand.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kumbakonamtemples.in/punnainallur-mariamman-thanjavur.html |title=Punnainallur Mariamman – Thanjavur |access-date=4 September 2013 |archive-date=17 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817032936/http://kumbakonamtemples.in/punnainallur-mariamman-thanjavur.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Punnainallur lies at a distance of about five kilometres east of Thanjavur and is easily accessible by bus. Town buses ply between Thanjavur and Punnainallur at regular intervals.

==Kumbhabhishekham==
During the reign of Tulaja of Thanjavur (1727 CE–1735 CE) a small structure of the temple was built. [[Serfoji II]] (1798 CE–1832 CE) built mahamandapa, narthana [[mandapa]], [[gopura]], the second inner [[prakara]] and conducted the [[Kumbhabhishekham]]. Later Kumbhabhishekhams were held on 1950 CE and 6 June 1987.<ref>தஞ்சாவூர் அரண்மனை தேவஸ்தானம் அருள்மிகு புன்னைநல்லூர் மாரியம்மன் திருக்கோயில், மகாமகம் சிறப்பு மலர் 2004</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Punnai nallur1.jpg|Entrance
Punnai nallur 2.jpg|Entrance
Punnai nallur 03.jpg|Inner mandapa
Punnai nallur 04.jpg|Prakara
Punnainallur Mariamman Gopuram.jpg|Gopuram
File:Punnainallur Mariamman Entrance.jpg|Entrance
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Mariamman temples in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]

Theatre: The Myth of Reality

2026-03-23T09:38:16Z

BharatpediaContributor: Created a bio.

{{Short description|2025 Indian-Malayalam language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Theatre
| image = Theatre 2025.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Sajin Baabu]]
| writer = Sajin Baabu
| producer = {{ubl|Anjana Philip|Philip Zacharia|}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rima Kallingal]]|[[Sarasa Balussery]]}}
| cinematography = Syamaprakash M. S.
| editing = [[Appu N. Bhattathiri]]
| music = Saeed Abbas
| studio = Anjana Talkies
| distributor = Sree Priya Combines
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|09|Yalta|2025|10|16|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = 
}}
'''''Theatre: The Myth of Reality''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[mystery film]] written and directed by [[Sajin Baabu]]. The film stars [[Rima Kallingal]] and [[Sarasa Balussery]] in the lead roles. It is produced by Anjana Philip and Philip Zacharia under the banner Anjana Talkies and co-produced by Santhosh Kottayi. Syamaprakash M. S. handles the cinematography and [[Appu N. Bhattathiri]] edits the film. Saeed Abbas composes the songs and background score. The film explores the fragile boundaries between myth and reality, while bringing to life the fading traditions and mystical undercurrents of [[Kerala]].

''Theatre'' had its world premiere on 9 October 2025 at the Eurasian Bridge International Film Festival, [[Yalta]]. It was released theatrically on 16 October 2025. The film received positive reviews from critics. The film won two [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] – [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] and a Special Jury Award.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Rima Kallingal]]
*[[Sarasa Balussery]]
*[[Dain Davis]]
*Pramod Veliyanad
*Krishnan Balakrishnan
*Mekha Rajan
*Ann Saleem
*Balaji Sarma
*Akhil Kavalayoor
*[[:ml:മീനാക്ഷി രവീന്ദ്രൻ|Meenakshi Raveendran]]
*Ashwathy B.
*Arun Sol
*Ratheesh Rohini
*Fijo Philip
*Thanseer Kamar
*Bilas Chandrahasan
*Lakshmi Padma
*Gincy Chinnappan
*Reena Indrayani
*Thamanna Sol
*Abraham Vadakkan
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Theatre
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Saeed Abbas
| released = 2025
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|04:03}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| label = [[Muzik 247]]
}}
The soundtrack album of the film is composed by Saeed Abbas.
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 04:03
| title1 = Mudiyaattupaattu
| extra1 = Adwaith B. Kumar
| lyrics1 = Adwaith B. Kumar
| length1 = 00:45
| title2 = Pulluvan Paattu
| extra2 = Parvathi Devi, Shabarinath, Rama Chandran, Narayanan
| lyrics2 = Mohanan Pulluvan
| length2 = 03:18
}}

==Release==
The trailer of the film was launched at the [[Marché du Film]] on 13 May 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2025 |title=Rima Kallingal's Theatre trailer launched at Cannes 2025 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/22/rima-kallingals-theatre-trailer-launched-at-cannes-2025 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The trailer was released online on 3 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Gayathri |date=October 3, 2025 |title=Theatre: Trailer of Rima Kallingal film shows a conflict between religious & scientific beliefs |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/theatre-trailer-of-rima-kallingal-film-shows-a-complex-conflict-between-religious-scientific-beliefs/326f90725a752 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[HT Media#Digital businesses|OTTPlay]]}}</ref> ''Theatre'' has screened in the International Competition Section at the Eurasian Bridge International Film Festival, [[Yalta]] on 9 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 3, 2025 |title=Theatre The Myth of Reality Trailer: Rima Kallingal allegorizes womanhood in this magic realist experiment |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/theatre-the-myth-of-reality-trailer-rima-kallingal-allegorizes-womanhood-in-this-magic-realist-experiment-10285938/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> It is scheduled to release theatrically on 16 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2025 |title=Rima Kallingal-starrer Theatre gets a release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Aug/26/malayalamnews2025aug25rima-kallingal-starrer-theatre-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2, 2025 |title=Rima Kallingal leads cast of 'Theatre: The Myth of Reality' exploring women's traditions myth and reality|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/rima-kallingal-leads-cast-of-theatre-the-myth-of-reality-exploring-womens-traditions-myth-and-reality-watch-bbgz9gfg |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref>

The makers of the film organised a campaign titled ''#UnwrittenByHer'' to honour women who carved unconventional paths and created unique spaces for themselves in society. Minister [[Saji Cherian]] was the chief guest at the event held in [[Thiruvananthapuram]] on 3 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2025 |title=Rima Kallingal's Theatre: The Myth of Reality makers honour women who chose unconventional career paths |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Oct/04/rima-kallingals-theatre-the-myth-of-reality-makers-honour-women-who-chose-unconventional-career-paths |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 4, 2025 |title=Rima Kallingal-headlined 'Theatre: The Myth of Reality' team honours women achievers |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/10/04/rima-kallingal-theatre-myth-reality-trailer-unveiled.html |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>

The film was released on [[ManoramaMAX]] OTT on 20 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theatre - The Myth of Reality OTT release date: When & where to watch Rima Kallingal's acclaimed film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/theatre-the-myth-of-reality-ott-release-date-when-where-to-watch-rima-kallingals-acclaimed-film/a3e0d4415c56 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=From Rima Kallingal's 'Theatre' to Navya Nair's 'Pathirathri': What’s new on OTT this week |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2026/02/20/new-ott-releases-netflix-prime-hotstar-movies-webseries-february.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=@onmanorama |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''Theatre: The Myth of Reality'' received positive reviews from critics.

Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' praised the cast performance, music, and praised for delving into the themes of social media influence, [[sexual exploitation]], [[sexual revolution]], and nudity "with a certain boldness." She wrote, "Overall, the film thoughtfully explores a range of themes, provoking reflection while maintaining a strong grip on the viewer’s attention."<ref>{{cite web |last=Alexander |first=Princy |date=October 16, 2025 |title='Theatre: The Myth of Reality' review: Rima Kallingal brings quiet strength to a reflective film |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2025/10/16/theatre-the-myth-of-reality-movie-review-sajin-babu-rima-kallingal.html |website=[[Onmanorama]] |access-date=October 29, 2025}}</ref>

Sreejith Mullapilly of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 stars and wrote that ''Theatre: The Myth of Reality'' fails to allow the audience to form an emotional connection with the main characters or confront its harsh truths, undermining its potential impact. While the director leaves the film's big ideas open to interpretation, the movie's intimate premise is spoiled by the procedural nature of the middle act. Ultimately, the film never really allows the audience to form any sort of emotional connection with any of the main characters and suffers from a lack of focus.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mullapilly |first=Sreejith |date=19 October 2025 |title=Theatre: The Myth of Reality Movie Review: Plagued by an excess of ideas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2025/Oct/19/malayalamreview2025oct16theatre-the-myth-of-reality-movie-review-plagued-by-an-excess-of-ideas |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=29 October 2025}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref>

Anandu Suresh of [[The Indian Express]] rated the film 3/5 stars, praising cinematography, editing, music, sound design, the cast performance of Rima Kallingal and Sarasa Balussery. However, he noted that the narrative having too many elements left many aspects half-cooked and only superficially addressed. He felt the film gave little attention to other significant issues, which affects the film's cohesive impact.<ref>{{cite news |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=17 October 2025 |title=Theatre review: Rima Kallingal and Sarasa Balussery shine in Sajin Baabu film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/theatre-movie-review-rima-kallingal-and-sarasa-balussery-shine-in-sajin-baabu-film-10309734/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=29 October 2025}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Anjana George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "Is it the story of two women, or the story of how we look at women? Is it a critique of capitalism or a participant in its spectacle? Does it liberate its women or merely aestheticise their suffering? Perhaps, like the island it portrays, the film itself stands suspended, beautiful, conflicted, and caught between faith and fantasy."<ref>{{cite news |last=George |first=Anjana |date=16 October 2025 |title=Theatre: The Myth Of Reality Movie Review: A visually stunning and thematically daring film that provokes thought more than emotion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/theatrethemythofrealityreview/movie-review/124608329.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 October 2025}}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref>

Sruthi Ganapathy Raman of [[The Hollywood Reporter]] characterised the film as "A moving social commentary" and wrote, "The Malayalam film, through the story of an isolated mother-daughter unit, nudges us to look beyond the optics of social media, and for the truth."<ref>{{cite news |author=Sruthi Ganapathy Raman |date=22 October 2025 |title='Theatre: The Myth Of Reality' Movie Review: Rima Kallingal In An Astute Take On Truth And Superstition |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/theatre-the-myth-of-reality-movie-review-rima-kallingal-in-an-astute-take-on-truth-and-superstition|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] India |access-date=29 October 2025}}</ref>

==Accolades==
;[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 15, 2025 |title=48th Kerala Film Critics Award: 'Feminichi Fathima' Best Film, Tovino Thomas, Nazriya Nazim and Rima Kallingal win acting honours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-film-critics-award-feminichi-fathima-tovino-thomas-nazriya-nazim-rima-kallingal/article69452021.ece |access-date=2025-10-10 |work=[[The Hindu]] |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=April 16, 2025 |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards 2024: Tovino Thomas, Nazriya Nazim and Rima Kallingal win big; Fasil Muhammed's Feminichi Fathima named best film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-film-critics-awards-2024-tovino-thomas-nazriya-nazim-and-rima-kallingal-win-big-fasil-muhammed-feminichi-fathima-named-best-film-9947447/ |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

*[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] - [[Rima Kallingal]]
*Special Jury Award - Pramod Veliyanad

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|36955309}}
* ''[https://www.manoramamax.com/movies/detail/182850/theatre-the-myth-of-reality Theatre: The Myth of Reality]'' on [[ManoramaMAX]]
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Malayalam-language films]]

Godhan Nyay Yojana

2026-03-21T16:48:49Z

BharatpediaContributor: adding some info w/ refs

{{Short description|Government scheme}}
{{Infobox project|native_name=|logo=Godhan.jpg|image=|caption=|motto=|type=Economic|country=[[India]]|chiefminister=[[Bhupesh Baghel]]|launched={{Start date and age|2020|07|21|df=y}}|launch_place=|current_status=Active|budget=|website={{URL|https://godhannyay.cgstate.gov.in/}}|abbrev=}}

The '''''Godhan Nyay Yojana''''' was introduced by the [[Bhupesh Baghel|Baghel]]-led [[Government of Chhattisgarh|Chhattisgarh government]] on July 21, 2020, with the goals of promoting organic farming, generating new employment possibilities in both rural and urban areas, promoting cow rearing and cow protection, and providing financial benefits to cattle producers. According to the plan, the government will buy [[cow dung]] from farmers and livestock raisers for ₹2 per kilogram. Following procurement, members of the Women Self-Help Group will transform the cow dung into [[vermicompost]] and other products, which will then be sold to farmers as an organic manure for ₹8 per kilogram, discouraging the use of chemical fertilizers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Godhan Nyay Yojana |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/dkviews/godhan-nyay-yojana-26340/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

₹5.59 crores have been paid to [[livestock]] owners under the ''Godhan Nyay Yojana'', according to a report from October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh govt transfers Rs 1,866 crore to farmers, women SHGs |date=17 October 2022 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chhattisgarh-govt-transfers-rs-1-866-crore-to-farmers-women-shgs-122101701227_1.html |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122072049/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/chhattisgarh-govt-transfers-rs-1-866-crore-to-farmers-women-shgs-122101701227_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 1,62,497 cattle farmers in the state benefited from the program, including 70,299 landless villagers. Women make up 44.55 percent of the ''Godhan Nyay Yojana''<nowiki/>'s beneficiaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhattisgarh CM to transfer payment to beneficiaries of Godhan Nyay Yojana on March 21 |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/chhattisgarh-cm-to-transfer-payment-to-beneficiaries-of-godhan-nyay-yojana-on-march-2120210319213025/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608113152/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/chhattisgarh-cm-to-transfer-payment-to-beneficiaries-of-godhan-nyay-yojana-on-march-2120210319213025/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021–22, 3,12,647 cow dung traders were officially registered, up from 2,45,831 in 2020–21.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Godhan Nyay scheme transforms rural C'garh |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/godhan-nyay-scheme-transforms-rural-c---garh.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210113937/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/godhan-nyay-scheme-transforms-rural-c---garh.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

After the success of the cow dung purchase under the scheme, the Chief Minister launched the purchase of ''gaumutra'' ([[cow urine]]) on the occasion of ''Hareli'', a traditional festival of Chhattisgarh. For the procurement of cow urine, the government set a minimum price of ₹4 per litre. The obtained cow urine will be utilised to create natural liquid fertiliser and pest control solutions, according to a Chhattisgarh government official.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-18 |title=Chhattisgarh govt to procure cow urine at Rs 4 per litre from July 28 under flagship scheme |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/chhattisgarh-govt-to-procure-cow-urine-at-rs-4-per-litre-from-july-28-under-flagship-scheme/articleshow/92963056.cms |access-date=2023-06-02 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=2022-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210113937/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/chhattisgarh-govt-to-procure-cow-urine-at-rs-4-per-litre-from-july-28-under-flagship-scheme/articleshow/92963056.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> From the 70,889 litres of cow urine purchased at cow shelters(''Gauthan''), a total of 24,547 litres of pest control Brahmastra and 16,722 litres of ''[[Jeevamrutha|Jeevamrit]]'' have been made. The sale of 34,085 litres of ''Brahmastra'' and ''Jeevamrit'' brought in Rs. 14.75 lakh for the beneficiaries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Godhan Nyay scheme transforms rural C'garh |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/godhan-nyay-scheme-transforms-rural-c---garh.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=2023-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022070343/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/godhan-nyay-scheme-transforms-rural-c---garh.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Resulting ''Godhan'' scheme opens new job avenues in Maoist-hit areas as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Godhan scheme opens new job avenues in Maoist-hit Dantewada |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/godhan-scheme-opens-new-job-avenues-in-maoist-hit-dantewada.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210132903/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2022/state-editions/godhan-scheme-opens-new-job-avenues-in-maoist-hit-dantewada.html |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[Mahatma Gandhi]] Rural Industrial Parks (MGRIP) project, about 300 ''Gauthan'' cum industrial parks would also be built in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-02 |title=Chattisgarh govt launches scheme to develop cow sheds as rural industrial parks |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chattisgarh-govt-launches-scheme-to-develop-cow-sheds-as-rural-industrial-parks-101664717228416.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210113932/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/chattisgarh-govt-launches-scheme-to-develop-cow-sheds-as-rural-industrial-parks-101664717228416.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The ''Godhan Nyay Yojana'' has also received admiration from Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] during the seventh meeting of the Governing Council of [[NITI Aayog]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-07 |title=Chhattisgarh's Godhan Nyay Yojana gets PM praise at NITI meet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-godhan-nyay-yojana-pm-praise-niti-meet-8076816/ |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212102019/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/chhattisgarh-godhan-nyay-yojana-pm-praise-niti-meet-8076816/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The governments of Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, and [[Uttar Pradesh]] also followed the Chhattisgarh model to improve the economic situation of the villages. ''Gobar-Dhan'', a program for purchasing of cow dung, is being managed by the Madhya Pradesh government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2022-05-27 |title=झारखंड गोधन न्याय योजना के तहत किसानों से गोबर खरीदेगी सरकार, जैविक खेती को मिलेगा बढ़ावा |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/agriculture/government-schemes/jharkhand-godhan-nyay-yojana-to-empower-animal-farmers-by-buying-cow-dung-au199-1255775.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-28 |title=MP: शिवराज सरकार अपनाएगी छत्तीसगढ़ मॉडल; इस प्लान से गांव होंगे मालामाल, जानें डिटेल |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-shivraj-singh-chouhan-to-follow-chhattisgarh-government-godhan-nyay-yojana-gobar-dhan-project-bhupesh-baghel-mpns-4157279.html |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212101957/https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-shivraj-singh-chouhan-to-follow-chhattisgarh-government-godhan-nyay-yojana-gobar-dhan-project-bhupesh-baghel-mpns-4157279.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=छत्तीसगढ़ का गोधन न्याय योजना बना उत्तर प्रदेश में चुनावी मुद्दा |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-chhattisgarh-godhan-nyay-scheme-making-chunavi-issue-in-uttar-pradesh-7310731 |access-date=2023-05-17 |website=Nai Dunia |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cattle]]
[[Category:Government of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:2020s in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Economy of India]]
[[Category:Chief ministership of Bhupesh Baghel]]

Maternal death

2026-03-20T01:26:57Z

BharatpediaContributor: improved layout additionally and improved wording

{{Short description|Aspect of human reproduction and medicine}}
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'''Maternal death''' or '''maternal mortality''' is defined in slightly different ways by several different health organizations. The [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) defines maternal death as the death of a pregnant mother due to [[Complications of pregnancy|complications]] related to [[pregnancy]], underlying conditions worsened by the pregnancy or management of these conditions. This can occur either while she is pregnant or within six weeks of resolution of the pregnancy.<ref name="www.who.int">{{Cite web|title=Indicator Metadata Registry Details|url=https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/4622|access-date=2021-11-08|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> The [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] definition of pregnancy-related deaths extends the period of consideration to include one year from the resolution of the pregnancy.<ref name="CDC-2020">{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System - Pregnancy - Reproductive Health|date=25 November 2020|url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/MaternalInfantHealth/PMSS.html|publisher=CDC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=Pregnancy-Related Deaths {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/pregnancy-relatedmortality.htm|access-date=2021-11-08|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> Pregnancy associated death, as defined by the [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] (ACOG), are all deaths occurring within one year of a pregnancy resolution.<ref name="Atrash-1992">{{cite journal | vauthors = Atrash HK, Rowley D, Hogue CJ | title = Maternal and perinatal mortality | journal = Current Opinion in Obstetrics & Gynecology | volume = 4 | issue = 1 | pages = 61–71 | date = February 1992 | pmid = 1543832 | doi = 10.1097/00001703-199202000-00009 | s2cid = 32268911 }}</ref> Identification of pregnancy associated deaths is important for deciding whether or not the pregnancy was a direct or indirect contributing cause of the death.

There are two main measures used when talking about the rates of maternal mortality in a community or country. These are the [[maternal mortality ratio]] and maternal mortality rate, both abbreviated as "MMR".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.pop.org/content/definitions-maternal-mortality | title = Maternal Mortality Ratio vs Maternal Mortality Rate | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170202083826/https://www.pop.org/content/definitions-maternal-mortality| archive-date=2017-02-02 | work = Population Research Institute }}</ref> By 2017, the world maternal mortality rate had declined 44% since 1990; however, every day 808 women die from pregnancy or childbirth related causes.<ref name="unfpa.org23">{{cite web|title=Maternal health|url=http://www.unfpa.org/maternal-health|access-date=2017-01-29|publisher=United Nations Population Fund}}</ref> According to the [[United Nations Population Fund]] (UNFPA) 2017 report, about every 2 minutes a woman dies because of complications due to child birth or pregnancy. For every woman who dies, there are about 20 to 30 women who experience injury, infection, or other birth or pregnancy related complication.<ref name="unfpa.org23"/>

UNFPA estimated that 303,000 women died of pregnancy or childbirth related causes in 2015.<ref name="unfpa.org23"/><ref name="Ozimek-2018">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ozimek JA, Kilpatrick SJ | title = Maternal Mortality in the Twenty-First Century | language = English | journal = Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America | volume = 45 | issue = 2 | pages = 175–186 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29747724 | doi = 10.1016/j.ogc.2018.01.004 | s2cid = 13683555 }}</ref> The WHO divides causes of maternal deaths into two categories: '''''direct obstetric deaths''''' and '''''indirect obstetric deaths.''''' Direct obstetric deaths are causes of death due to complications of pregnancy, [[birth]] or termination. For example, these could range from [[Postpartum bleeding|severe bleeding]] to [[Obstructed labour#Prognosis|obstructed labor]], for which there are highly effective interventions.<ref name="GDB20132">{{cite journal|vauthors=((GBD 2013 Mortality Causes of Death Collaborators))|date=January 2015|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|pmid=25530442}}</ref><ref name="www.who.int"/> Indirect obstetric deaths are caused by pregnancy interfering or worsening an existing condition, like a heart problem.<ref name="www.who.int"/>

As women have gained access to [[family planning]] and skilled [[birth attendant]] with backup emergency obstetric care, the global maternal mortality ratio has fallen from 385 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births in 1990 to 216 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2015.<ref name="unfpa.org23"/><ref name="Ozimek-2018"/> Many countries halved their maternal death rates in the last 10 years.<ref name="unfpa.org23"/> Although attempts have been made to reduce maternal mortality, there is much room for improvement, particularly in low-resource regions. Over 85% of maternal deaths are in low-resource communities in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]].<ref name="unfpa.org23"/> In higher resource regions, there are still significant areas with room for growth, particularly as they relate to racial and ethnic disparities and inequities in maternal mortality and morbidity rates.<ref name="Atrash-1992" /><ref name="Ozimek-2018"/>

Overall, maternal mortality is an important marker of the health of the country and reflects on its health infrastructure.<ref name="Atrash-1992" /> Lowering the amount of maternal death is an important goal of many health organizations world-wide.

{{TOC limit}}

==Causes==

=== Direct obstetric deaths ===

==== Overview ====
Direct obstetric deaths are due to complications of pregnancy, birth, termination or complications arising from their management.<ref name="www.who.int"/>

The causes of maternal death vary by region and level of access. According to a study published in the ''[[The Lancet|Lancet]]'' which covered the period from 1990 to 2013, the most common causes of maternal death world-wide are [[postpartum bleeding]] (15%), complications from unsafe [[abortion]] (15%), [[hypertensive disorders of pregnancy]] (10%), [[postpartum infections]] (8%), and [[Obstructed labour|obstructed labor]] (6%).<ref name="GDB20132"/> Other causes include [[Embolism|blood clots]] (3%) and pre-existing conditions (28%).<ref name="WHO Fact Sheet 201423">{{cite web|title=Maternal mortality: Fact sheet N°348|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/|access-date=20 June 2014|website=World Health Organization|publisher=WHO}}</ref>

==== Descriptions by condition ====
[[Postpartum bleeding]] happens when there is uncontrollable bleeding from the uterus, cervix or vaginal wall after birth. This can happen when the uterus does not contract correctly after birth, there is left over placenta in the uterus, or there are cuts in the cervix or vagina from birth.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UpToDate|url=https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-postpartum-hemorrhage|access-date=2021-11-12|website=www.uptodate.com}}</ref>

[[Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy]] happen when the body does not regulate blood pressure correctly. In pregnancy, this is due to changes at the level of the blood vessels, likely because of the [[placenta]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Eiland E, Nzerue C, Faulkner M | title = Preeclampsia 2012 | journal = Journal of Pregnancy | volume = 2012 | article-number = 586578 | date = 2012 | pmid = 22848831 | pmc = 3403177 | doi = 10.1155/2012/586578 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This includes medical conditions like [[gestational hypertension]] and [[pre-eclampsia]].

[[Postpartum infections]] are infections of the uterus or other parts of the reproductive tract after the resolution of a pregnancy. They are usually bacterial and cause fever, increased pain, and foul-smelling discharge.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CDC Reports Infection as a Major Cause of Maternal Death|url=https://www.sepsis.org/news/cdc-reports-infection-as-a-major-cause-of-maternal-death/|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Sepsis Alliance|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Obstructed labor]] happens when the baby does not properly move into the pelvis and out of the body during labor. The most common cause of obstructed labor is when the baby's head is too big or angled at a way that does not allow it to pass through the pelvis and birth canal.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Philpott RH | title = Obstructed labour | journal = Clinics in Obstetrics and Gynaecology | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 625–640 | date = December 1982 | pmid = 7172577 | doi = 10.1016/S0306-3356(21)00535-5 }}</ref>

[[Thrombus|Blood clots]] can occur in different vessels in the body, including vessels in the arms, legs, and lungs. They can cause problems in the lung, as well as travel to the heart or brain, leading to complications.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blood Clots: Risks, Symptoms, Treatments, Prevention|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17675-blood-clots|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Cleveland Clinic}}</ref>

==== Unsafe abortion ====
{{Main|Unsafe abortion}}
When [[abortion]] is legal and accessible, it is widely regarded as safer for the mother than carrying a pregnancy to term and delivery. In fact, a study published in the journal [[Obstetrics & Gynecology (journal)|Obstetrics & Gynecology]] reported that in the United States, carrying a pregnancy to term and delivering a baby comes with 14 times increased risk of death for the mother as compared to a legal abortion.<ref name="Raymond-2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Raymond EG, Grimes DA | title = The comparative safety of legal induced abortion and childbirth in the United States | language = en-US | journal = Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 119 | issue = 2 Pt 1 | pages = 215–219 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22270271 | doi = 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823fe923 | s2cid = 25534071 }}</ref> However, in many regions of the world, abortion is not legal and can be unsafe for the mother.<ref name="Raymond-2012" /><ref name="Berer-2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Berer M | title = Abortion Law and Policy Around the World: In Search of Decriminalization | journal = Health and Human Rights | volume = 19 | issue = 1 | pages = 13–27 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28630538 | pmc = 5473035 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Legality and Safety|url=https://www.guttmacher.org/global/abortion/legality-and-safety|access-date=2021-11-13|website=Guttmacher Institute|language=en}}</ref> Maternal deaths caused by improperly performed procedures are preventable and contribute 13% to the maternal mortality rate worldwide. This number is increased to 25% in countries where other causes of maternal mortality are low, such as in Eastern European and South American countries. This makes unsafe abortion practices the leading cause of maternal death worldwide.<ref name="Dixon-Mueller-2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dixon-Mueller R, Germain A | title = Fertility regulation and reproductive health in the Millennium Development Goals: the search for a perfect indicator | journal = American Journal of Public Health | volume = 97 | issue = 1 | pages = 45–51 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 16571693 | pmc = 1716248 | doi = 10.2105/AJPH.2005.068056 }}</ref>

Unsafe [[abortion]] is another major cause of maternal death worldwide. In regions where abortion is legal and accessible, abortion is safe and does not contribute greatly to overall rates of maternal death.<ref name="Ozimek-2018"/><ref name="Berer-2017" /><ref name="Raymond-2012" /> However, in regions where abortions are not legal, available, or regulated, unsafe abortion practices can cause significant rates of maternal death.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Preventing unsafe abortion|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/preventing-unsafe-abortion|access-date=2021-11-13|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> According to the World Health Organization in 2009, every eight minutes a woman died from complications arising from unsafe abortions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Unsafe abortion: global and regional estimates of incidence of unsafe abortion and associated mortality in 2003|url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/unsafe_abortion/9789241596121/en/|access-date=2021-11-13|website=WHO}}</ref>

Unsafe abortion practices are defined by the WHO as procedures that are performed by someone without the appropriate training and/or ones that are performed in an environment that is not considered safe or clean.<ref name="Dixon-Mueller-2007" /><ref>World Health Organization, Unsafe Abortion: Global and Regional Estimates of the Incidence of Unsafe Abortion and Associated Mortality in 2000, 4th ed.</ref> Using this definition, the WHO estimates that out of the 45 million abortions that are performed each year globally, 19 million of these are considered unsafe, and 97% of these unsafe abortions occur in developing countries.<ref name="Dixon-Mueller-2007" /> Complications include hemorrhage, infection, sepsis and [[genital trauma]].<ref name="Haddad-2009">{{cite journal|vauthors=Haddad LB, Nour NM|year=2009|title=Unsafe abortion: unnecessary maternal mortality|journal=Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=2|issue=2|pages=122–6|pmc=2709326|pmid=19609407}}</ref>

==== Rates ====
[[File:Maternal Mortality in India - History inforgraphic.jpg|thumb|600x600px|Infographic - History of Maternal Mortality in India]]

There are four primary types of data sources that are used to collect abortion-related maternal mortality rates: confidential enquiries, registration data, verbal autopsy, and facility-based data sources. A verbal autopsy is a systematic tool that is used to collect information on the cause of death from laypeople and not medical professionals.<ref name="Gerdts-2015">{{cite journal|vauthors=Gerdts C, Tunçalp O, Johnston H, Ganatra B|date=September 2015|title=Measuring abortion-related mortality: challenges and opportunities|journal=Reproductive Health|language=En|volume=12|issue=1|article-number=87|doi=10.1186/s12978-015-0064-1|pmc=4572614|pmid=26377189 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Confidential enquires for maternal deaths do not occur very often on a national level in most countries. Registration systems are usually considered the "gold-standard" method for mortality measurements. However, they have been shown to miss anywhere between 30 and 50% of all maternal deaths.<ref name="Gerdts-2015" /> Another concern for registration systems is that 75% of all global births occur in countries where vital registration systems do not exist, meaning that many maternal deaths occurring during these pregnancies and deliveries may not be properly record through these methods. There are also issues with using verbal autopsies and other forms of survey in recording maternal death rates. For example, the family's willingness to participate after the loss of a loved one, misclassification of the cause of death, and under-reporting all present obstacles to the proper reporting of maternal mortality causes. Finally, a potential issue with facility-based data collection on maternal mortality is the likelihood that women who experience abortion-related complications to seek care in medical facilities. This is due to fear of social repercussions or legal activity in countries where unsafe abortion is common since it is more likely to be legally restrictive and/or more highly stigmatizing.<ref name="Gerdts-2015" /> Another concern for issues related to errors in proper reporting for accurate understanding of maternal mortality is the fact that global estimates of maternal deaths related to a specific cause present those related to abortion as a proportion of the total mortality rate. Therefore, any change, whether positive or negative, in the abortion-related mortality rate is only compared relative to other causes, and this does not allow for proper implications of whether abortions are becoming more safe or less safe with respect to the overall mortality of women.<ref name="Gerdts-2015" />

==== Prevention ====
The prevention and reduction of maternity death is one of the [[United Nations]]' [[Sustainable Development Goals]], specifically [[Sustainable Development Goal 3|Goal 3]], "Good health and well being". Promoting effective [[Birth control|contraceptive]] use and information distributed to a wider population, with access to high-quality care, can make steps towards reducing the number of unsafe abortions. For nations that allow contraceptives, programs should be instituted to allow the easier accessibility of these medications.<ref name="Haddad-2009" /> However, this alone will not eliminate the demand for safe services, awareness on safe abortion services, health education on prenatal check ups and proper implementation of diets during pregnancy and lactation also contributes to its prevention.<ref name="pmid110209312">{{cite journal|vauthors=Bongaarts J, Westoff CF|date=September 2000|title=The potential role of contraception in reducing abortion|journal=Studies in Family Planning|volume=31|issue=3|pages=193–202|doi=10.1111/j.1728-4465.2000.00193.x|pmid=11020931|s2cid=14424881}}</ref>

=== Indirect obstetric deaths ===
Indirect obstetric deaths are caused by preexisting health problem worsened by pregnancy or newly developed health problem unrelated to pregnancy .<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Khlat M, Ronsmans C|date=February 2000|title=Deaths attributable to childbearing in Matlab, Bangladesh: indirect causes of maternal mortality questioned|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|volume=151|issue=3|pages=300–6|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a010206|pmid=10670555|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="www.who.int" /> Fatalities during but unrelated to a pregnancy are termed ''accidental'', ''incidental'', or non-obstetrical maternal deaths.

Indirect causes include [[malaria]], [[anemia]],<ref>The most common causes of anemia/anaemia are poor nutrition, iron, and other micronutrient deficiencies, which are in addition to malaria, hookworm, and schistosomiasis (2005 WHO report p45).</ref> [[HIV/AIDS]], and [[cardiovascular disease]], all of which may complicate pregnancy or be aggravated by it.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Nair M, Nelson-Piercy C, Knight M | title = Indirect maternal deaths: UK and global perspectives | journal = Obstetric Medicine | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 10–15 | date = March 2017 | pmid = 28491125 | pmc = 5405948 | doi = 10.1177/1753495X16689444 }}</ref> Risk factors associated with increased maternal death include the age of the mother, obesity before becoming pregnant, other pre-existing chronic medical conditions, and [[Caesarean section|cesarean delivery]].<ref name="Molina-2017">{{cite journal | vauthors = Molina RL, Pace LE | title = A Renewed Focus on Maternal Health in the United States | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 377 | issue = 18 | pages = 1705–1707 | date = November 2017 | pmid = 29091560 | doi = 10.1056/NEJMp1709473 }}</ref><ref name="ACOG_SMFM_20162">{{cite journal | vauthors = Kilpatrick SK, Ecker JL | title = Severe maternal morbidity: screening and review | journal = American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 215 | issue = 3 | pages = B17–B22 | date = September 2016 | pmid = 27560600 | doi = 10.1016/j.ajog.2016.07.050 | doi-access = free }} Cited in CDC 2017 report.</ref>

=== Risk factors ===
According to a 2004 [[WHO]] publication, sociodemographic factors such as age, access to resources and income level are significant indicators of maternal outcomes. Young mothers face higher risks of complications and death during pregnancy than older mothers,<ref name="World Health Organisation">{{cite web|title=Maternal mortality|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/|publisher=World Health Organisation}}</ref> especially adolescents aged 15 years or younger.<ref name="Conde-Agudelo A 20042">{{cite journal|vauthors=Conde-Agudelo A, Belizán JM, Lammers C|date=February 2005|title=Maternal-perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with adolescent pregnancy in Latin America: Cross-sectional study|journal=American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=192|issue=2|pages=342–9|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2004.10.593|pmid=15695970}}</ref> Adolescents have higher risks for postpartum hemorrhage, [[endometritis]], [[operative vaginal delivery]], [[episiotomy]], low [[birth weight]], [[preterm delivery]], and small-for-gestational-age infants, all of which can lead to maternal death.<ref name="Conde-Agudelo A 20042" /> The leading cause of death for girls at the age of 15 in [[Developing country|developing countries]] is complication through pregnancy and childbirth. They have more pregnancies, on average, than women in developed countries, and it has been shown that 1 in 180 15-year-old girls in developing countries who become pregnant will die due to complications during pregnancy or childbirth. This is compared to women in developed countries, where the likelihood is 1 in 4900 live births.<ref name="World Health Organisation"/> However, in the United States, as many women of older age continue to have children, the maternal mortality rate has risen in some states, especially among women over 40 years old.<ref name="Molina-2017" />

Women in low-income countries face a lifetime risk of maternal death—defined as the probability that a 15-year-old girl will die from maternal causes—of 1 in 66, versus 1 in 7 933 in high-income countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maternal mortality |publisher=World Health Organization |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>

Structural support and family support influences maternal outcomes.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Upadhyay P, Liabsuetrakul T, Shrestha AB, Pradhan N | title = Influence of family members on utilization of maternal health care services among teen and adult pregnant women in Kathmandu, Nepal: a cross sectional study | journal = Reproductive Health | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | article-number = 92 | date = December 2014 | pmid = 25539759 | pmc = 4290463 | doi = 10.1186/1742-4755-11-92 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Furthermore, social disadvantage and [[social isolation]] adversely affects maternal health which can lead to increases in maternal death.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Morgan KJ, Eastwood JG | title = Social determinants of maternal self-rated health in South Western Sydney, Australia | journal = BMC Research Notes | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | article-number = 51 | date = January 2014 | pmid = 24447371 | pmc = 3899616 | doi = 10.1186/1756-0500-7-51 | doi-access = free }}</ref> Additionally, lack of access to [[Birth attendant|skilled medical care during childbirth]], the travel distance to the nearest clinic to receive proper care, number of prior births, barriers to accessing [[Prenatal care|prenatal]] medical care and poor infrastructure all increase maternal deaths.<ref name="World Health Organisation"/>

=== Causes of maternal death in the US ===
Pregnancy-related deaths between 2011 and 2014 in the United States have been shown to have major contributions from non-communicable diseases and conditions, and the following are some of the more common causes related to maternal death:<ref name="CDC-2020"/> [[cardiovascular disease]]s (15.2%.), non-cardiovascular diseases (14.7%), [[infection]] or [[sepsis]] (12.8%), [[Bleeding|hemorrhage]] (11.5%), [[cardiomyopathy]] (10.3%), [[pulmonary embolism]] (9.1%), [[Stroke|cerebrovascular accidents]] (7.4%), [[Hypertensive disease of pregnancy|hypertensive disorders of pregnancy]] (6.8%), [[amniotic fluid embolism]] (5.5%), and [[anesthesia]] complications (0.3%).

In June 2022, the U.S. Supreme Court overturned Roe v. Wade (Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization), removing federal abortion protections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade |publisher=NPR |date=24 June 2022 |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/24/1102305878/supreme-court-abortion-roe-v-wade-decision-overturn |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref> By 2020, maternal mortality rates were 62 % higher in abortion-restriction states than in abortion-access states (28.8 vs. 17.8 per 100 000 births).<ref>{{cite web |title=US maternal health divide: limited services, worse outcomes |publisher=Commonwealth Fund |date=December 2022 |doi=10.26099/z7dz-8211 |url=https://www.commonwealthfund.org/publications/issue-briefs/2022/dec/us-maternal-health-divide-limited-services-worse-outcomes |access-date=6 August 2025| vauthors = Declercq E, Barnard-Mayers R, Zephyrin L, Johnson K }}</ref> Analysis of CDC data (2019–2023) indicates that mothers in abortion-ban states are twice as likely to die during pregnancy, childbirth, or postpartum than those in states with legal abortion access.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maternal mortality and abortion bans |date=23 April 2025 |publisher=Gender Equity Policy Institute |url=https://thegepi.org/maternal-mortality-abortion-bans/ |access-date=6 August 2025}}</ref>

===Three delays model===
The three delays model describes three critical factors that inhibit women from receiving appropriate maternal health care.<ref name="WHO-2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/93/6/14-146571/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150606205340/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/93/6/14-146571/en/|archive-date=June 6, 2015|title=WHO {{!}} Applying the lessons of maternal mortality reduction to global emergency health|website=WHO|access-date=2019-08-02}}</ref> These factors include:

# Delay in seeking care
# Delay in reaching care
# Delay in receiving adequate and appropriate care<ref name="Thaddeus-1994">{{cite journal | vauthors = Thaddeus S, Maine D | title = Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context | journal = Social Science & Medicine | volume = 38 | issue = 8 | pages = 1091–1110 | date = April 1994 | pmid = 8042057 | doi = 10.1016/0277-9536(94)90226-7 | s2cid = 12259036 }}</ref>

Delays in seeking care are due to the decisions made by the women who are pregnant and/or other decision-making individuals. Decision-making individuals can include a spouse and family members.<ref name="Thaddeus-1994" /> Examples of reasons for delays in seeking care include lack of knowledge about when to seek care, inability to afford health care, and women needing permission from family members.<ref name="WHO-2" /><ref name="Thaddeus-1994" />

Delays in reaching care include factors such as limitations in transportation to a medical facility, lack of adequate medical facilities in the area, and lack in confidence in medicine.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Barnes-Josiah D, Myntti C, Augustin A | title = The "three delays" as a framework for examining maternal mortality in Haiti | journal = Social Science & Medicine | volume = 46 | issue = 8 | pages = 981–993 | date = April 1998 | pmid = 9579750 | doi = 10.1016/S0277-9536(97)10018-1 }}</ref>

Delays in receiving adequate and appropriate care may result from an inadequate number of trained providers, lack of appropriate supplies, and the lack of urgency or understanding of an emergency.<ref name="WHO-2" /><ref name="Thaddeus-1994" />

The three delays model illustrates that there are a multitude of complex factors, both socioeconomic and cultural, that can result in maternal death.<ref name="WHO-2" />

==Measurement==

The four measures of maternal death are the [[maternal mortality ratio]] (MMR), maternal mortality rate, lifetime risk of maternal death and proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of women of reproductive years (PM).

Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period.<ref name="maternalmortalitydata.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.maternalmortalitydata.org/Definitions.html|title=MME Info|publisher=maternalmortalitydata.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014105625/http://maternalmortalitydata.org/Definitions.html|archive-date=October 14, 2013}}</ref> The MMR is used as a measure of the quality of a health care system.

Maternal mortality rate (MMRate) is the number of maternal deaths in a population divided by the number of women of reproductive age, usually expressed per 1,000 women.<ref name="maternalmortalitydata.org" />

Lifetime risk of maternal death is a calculated prediction of a woman's risk of death after each consecutive pregnancy.<ref name="WHO">{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/4/07-048280/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805084245/http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/87/4/07-048280/en/|archive-date=August 5, 2011|title=WHO {{!}} The lifetime risk of maternal mortality: concept and measurement|website=WHO|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> The calculation pertains to women during their reproductive years.<ref name="WHO" /> The adult lifetime risk of maternal mortality can be derived using either the maternal mortality ratio (MMR), or the maternal mortality rate (MMRate).<ref name="maternalmortalitydata.org" />

Proportion of maternal deaths among deaths of women of reproductive age (PM) is
the number of maternal deaths in a given time period divided by the total deaths among women aged 15–49 years.<ref name="UNICEF, W. 20123"/>

Approaches to measuring maternal mortality include civil registration system, household surveys, [[census]], reproductive age mortality studies (RAMOS) and verbal autopsies.<ref name="UNICEF, W. 20123">[UNICEF, W. (2012). UNFPA, World Bank (2012) [http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44874/1/9789241503631_eng.pdf Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2010]. WHO, UNICEF.]</ref> The most common household survey method, recommended by the WHO as time- and cost-effective, is the [[sisterhood method]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Sisterhood Method for Estimating Maternal Mortality: Guidance notes for potential users|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1997/WHO_RHT_97.28.pdf?ua=1|website=Who.org|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref>

===Trends===
The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA; formerly known as the United Nations Fund for Population Activities) have established programs that support efforts in reducing maternal death. These efforts include education and training for midwives, supporting access to emergency services in obstetric and newborn care networks, and providing essential drugs and family planning services to pregnant women or those planning to become pregnant.<ref name="unfpa.org23"/> They also support efforts for review and response systems regarding maternal deaths.

According to the 2010 [[United Nations Population Fund]] report, low-resource nations account for ninety-nine percent of maternal deaths with the majority of those deaths occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia.<ref name="UNICEF, W. 20123"/> Globally, high and middle income countries experience lower maternal deaths than low income countries. The [[Human Development Index]] (HDI) accounts for between 82 and 85 percent of the maternal mortality rates among countries.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee KS, Park SC, Khoshnood B, Hsieh HL, Mittendorf R | title = Human development index as a predictor of infant and maternal mortality rates | journal = The Journal of Pediatrics | volume = 131 | issue = 3 | pages = 430–3 | date = September 1997 | pmid = 9329421 | doi = 10.1016/S0022-3476(97)80070-4 }}</ref> In most cases, high rates of maternal deaths occur in the same countries that have high rates of [[infant mortality]]. These trends are a reflection that higher income countries have stronger healthcare infrastructure, more doctors, use more advanced medical technologies and have fewer barriers to accessing care than low income countries. In low income countries, the most common cause of maternal death is [[obstetrical hemorrhage]], followed by hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. This is contrast to high income countries, for which the most common cause is [[Thrombosis|thromboembolism]].<ref name="uppsala">Venös tromboembolism (VTE) - Guidelines for treatment in C counties. Bengt Wahlström, Emergency department, Uppsala Academic Hospital. January 2008</ref>

Between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio has decreased from 385 deaths per 100,000 live births to 216 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.<ref name="unfpa.org23"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Maternal Morality Comparison: USA vs. Israel vs. Europe|url=https://juravin.com/research/world-health-safety/maternal-mortality-comparison-usa-vs-israel-vs-best-of-europe-germany-france-italy/|website=Juravin|date=19 January 2019|access-date=2 July 2019}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Some factors that have been attributed to the decreased maternal deaths seen between this period are in part to the access that women have gained to family planning services and skilled birth attendance, meaning a midwife, doctor, or trained nurse), with back-up obstetric care for emergency situations that may occur during the process of labor.<ref name="unfpa.org23"/> This can be examined further by looking at statistics in some areas of the world where inequities in access to health care services reflect an increased number of maternal deaths. The high maternal death rates also reflect disparate access to health services between resource communities and those that are high-resource or affluent.<ref name="World Health Organisation"/>

From 2000 to 2020, the global maternal mortality ratio declined 34.8%—from 342 to 223 deaths per 100,000 live births—since 2000; however, over 700 women still died each day from preventable pregnancy- or childbirth-related causes. According to the World Health Organization, in 2023 a maternal death occurred almost every two minutes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Chou |first=Diana |year=2023 |title=Global causes of maternal death: A WHO systematic analysis |journal=The Lancet Global Health |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=e179–e186 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(23)00247-4 |pmid=37474218 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2023, just over 90 % of maternal deaths occurred in low- and lower-middle-income countries. The maternal mortality ratio in these countries was 346 per 100 000 live births, compared with 10 per 100 000 live births in high-income countries. In high-income settings, racial, ethnic, and income disparities continue to impact maternal outcomes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref>

==Prevention==
According to [[UNFPA]], there are four essential elements for prevention of maternal death.<ref name="unfpa.org23" /> These include, [[prenatal care]], assistance with birth, access to emergency obstetric care and adequate postnatal care. It is recommended that expectant mothers receive at least four antenatal visits to check and monitor the health of mother and [[fetus]]. Second, skilled birth attendance with emergency backup such as doctors, nurses and [[midwives]] who have the skills to manage normal deliveries and recognize the onset of complications. Third, emergency [[obstetric]] care to address the major causes of maternal death which are [[hemorrhage]], [[sepsis]], unsafe abortion, [[hypertensive]] disorders and [[obstructed labour|obstructed labor]]. Lastly, postnatal care which is the six weeks following delivery. During this time, bleeding, sepsis and hypertensive disorders can occur, and newborns are extremely vulnerable in the immediate aftermath of birth. Therefore, follow-up visits by a health worker to assess the health of both mother and child in the postnatal period is strongly recommended.

Additionally, reliable access to information, compassionate counseling and quality services for the management of any issues that arise from abortions (whether safe or unsafe) can be beneficial in reducing the number of maternal deaths.<ref name="Dixon-Mueller-2007" /> In regions where abortion is legal, abortion practices need to be safe in order to effectively reduce the number of maternal deaths related to abortion.

Maternal Death Surveillance and Response is another strategy that has been used to prevent maternal death. This is one of the interventions proposed to reduce maternal mortality where maternal deaths are continuously reviewed to learn the causes and factors that led to the death. The information from the reviews is used to make recommendations for action to prevent future similar deaths.<ref>{{cite book|last1=World Health Organization and partner organizations|url=https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/maternal_death_surveillance/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013085444/http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/documents/maternal_death_surveillance/en/|archive-date=October 13, 2014|title=Maternal death surveillance and response: technical guidance. Information for action to prevent maternal death|date=2013|publisher=WHO press|isbn=978-92-4-150608-3|location=Switzerland|page=128|access-date=4 October 2017}}</ref> Maternal and perinatal death reviews have been in practice for a long time worldwide, and the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) introduced the Maternal and Perinatal Death Surveillance and Response (MPDSR) with a guideline in 2013. Studies have shown that acting on recommendations from MPDSR can reduce maternal and perinatal mortality by improving quality of care in the community and health facilities.

According to a 2023 systematic review published by the [[Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute|Patient Centered Outcomes Research Institute]] (PCORI) and the [[Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality]] (AHRQ), "More than 60 percent of pregnancy-related deaths are considered preventable".<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/postpartum-care-one-year/research |title=Postpartum Care up to 1 Year After Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis |date=2023-06-02 |publisher=Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) |doi=10.23970/ahrqepccer261 |url-access=subscription |vauthors=Saldanha IJ, Adam GP, Kanaan G, Zahradnik ML, Steele DW, Danilack VA, Peahl AF, Chen KK, Stuebe AM, Balk EM}}</ref> The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a global goal to end [[preventable death]] related to maternal mortality.<ref name="World Health Organisation" /> A major goal of this strategy is to identify and address the causes of maternal and reproductive morbidities and mortalities. This strategy aims to address inequalities in access to reproductive, maternal, and newborn services, as well as the quality of care with universal health coverage. Maternal mortality is difficult to measure. Health information systems, such as the CRVS (Civil registration and Vital Statistics), in most low-income countries are weak. Therefore, these systems cannot provide accurate assessments of maternal mortality. Even estimates derived from complete system such as the CRVs, suffer misclassification, and underreporting statistics of maternal death. The WHO strategy also aims to ensure quality data collection in order to better respond to the needs of women and girls while improving the equity and quality of care provided to women.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maternal mortality |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref>

=== Prenatal care ===
It was estimated that in 2015, a total of 303,000 women died due to causes related to pregnancy or childbirth.<ref name="unfpa.org23" /> The majority of these were due to severe bleeding, sepsis or infections, eclampsia, obstructed labor, and consequences from unsafe abortions. Most of these causes are either preventable or have highly effective interventions.<ref name="unfpa.org23" /> An important factor that contributes to the maternal mortality rate is access and opportunity to receive prenatal care. Women who do not receive prenatal care are between three and four times more likely to die from complications resulting from pregnancy or delivery than those who receive prenatal care. Even in high-resource countries, many women do not receive the appropriate preventative or prenatal care. For example, 25% of women in the United States do not receive the recommended number of prenatal visits. This number increases for women among traditionally marginalized populations—32% of African American women and 41% for American Indian and Alaska Native women do not receive the recommended preventative health services prior to delivery.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mhtf.org/topics/maternal-health-in-the-united-states/|title=Maternal Health in the United States|date=2015-08-14|website=Maternal Health Task Force |access-date=2018-11-09}}</ref>

In 2023, a study reported that deaths among Native American women was three-and-a-half times that of white women. The report attributed the high rate in part to the fact that Native American women are cared for under a poorly funded Federal Health Care System that is so stretched that the average monthly visit lasts only from three to seven minutes. Such a short visit allows neither time for performing an adequate health assessment nor time for the patient to discuss any problems she may be experiencing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sharp rise in deaths among pregnant women and new mothers |url=https://video.azpbs.org/video/at-risk-1676327693/ |website=PBS Newshour |access-date=February 13, 2023}}</ref>

===Medical technologies===
The decline in maternal deaths has been due largely to improved [[asepsis|aseptic techniques]], better fluid management and quicker access to [[blood transfusion]]s, and better [[prenatal care]].

Technologies have been designed for resource poor settings that have been effective in reducing maternal deaths as well. The [[non-pneumatic anti-shock garment]] is a low-technology pressure device that decreases blood loss, restores vital signs and helps buy time in delay of women receiving adequate emergency care during [[obstetric hemorrhage]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Miller S, Turan JM, Dau K, Fathalla M, Mourad M, Sutherland T, Hamza S, Lester F, Gibson EB, Gipson R, Nada K, Hensleigh P | title = Use of the non-pneumatic anti-shock garment (NASG) to reduce blood loss and time to recovery from shock for women with obstetric haemorrhage in Egypt | journal = Global Public Health | volume = 2 | issue = 2 | pages = 110–24 | year = 2007 | pmid = 19280394 | doi = 10.1080/17441690601012536 | s2cid = 11392183 }} (NASG)</ref> It has proven to be a valuable resource. [[Condoms]] used as uterine [[tamponade]]s have also been effective in stopping post-partum hemorrhage.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Akhter S, Begum MR, Kabir Z, Rashid M, Laila TR, Zabeen F | title = Use of a condom to control massive postpartum hemorrhage | journal = MedGenMed | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | page = 38 | date = September 2003 | pmid = 14600674 | url = http://mnhtech.org/uploads/Use%20of%20a%20Condom%20to%20Control%20Massive%20Postpartum%20Hemorrhage.pdf | archive-date = 2016-10-08 | access-date = 2016-09-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161008110859/http://mnhtech.org/uploads/Use%20of%20a%20Condom%20to%20Control%20Massive%20Postpartum%20Hemorrhage.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

=== Medications and surgical management ===
Some maternal deaths can be prevented through medication use. Injectable oxytocin can be used to prevent death due to [[postpartum bleeding]].<ref name="WHO Fact Sheet 201423" /> Additionally, postpartum infections can be treated using antibiotics. In fact, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics both for the prevention and treatment of maternal infection is common in low-income countries.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Background |chapter-url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK327082/ |title=WHO Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment of Maternal Peripartum Infections |date=2015 |publisher=World Health Organization }}</ref> Maternal death due to [[eclampsia]] can also be prevented through the use of medications such as magnesium sulfate.<ref name="WHO Fact Sheet 201423" />

Many complications can be managed with procedures and/or surgery if there is access to a qualified surgeon and appropriate facilities and supplies. For example, the contents of the uterus can be cleaned if there is concern for remaining pregnancy tissue or infection. If there is concern for excess bleeding, special ties, stitches or tools ([[Bakri balloon|Bakri Balloon]]) can be placed if there is concern for excess bleeding.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Shah M, Wright JD | title = Surgical intervention in the management of postpartum hemorrhage | journal = Seminars in Perinatology | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 109–115 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19324240 | doi = 10.1053/j.semperi.2008.12.006 }}</ref>

===Public health===
[[File:Maternal health (4798750001).jpg|thumb|In April 2010 [[Sierra Leone]] launched free healthcare for pregnant and breastfeeding women.]]

A [[public health]] approach to addressing maternal mortality includes gathering information on the scope of the problem, identifying key causes, and implementing interventions, both prior to pregnancy and during pregnancy, to combat those causes and prevent maternal mortality.<ref name="Rai-2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rai SK, Anand K, Misra P, Kant S, Upadhyay RP | title = Public health approach to address maternal mortality | journal = Indian Journal of Public Health | volume = 56 | issue = 3 | pages = 196–203 | date = 2012 | pmid = 23229211 | doi = 10.4103/0019-557x.104231 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

Public health has a role to play in the analysis of maternal death. One important aspect in the review of maternal death and its causes are Maternal Mortality Review Committees or Boards. The goal of these review committees are to analyze each maternal death and determine its cause. After this analysis, the information can be combined in order to determine specific interventions that could lead to preventing future maternal deaths. These review boards are generally comprehensive in their analysis of maternal deaths, examining details that include [[mental health]] factors, public transportation, [[chronic illnesses]], and [[substance use disorder]]s. All of this information can be combined to give a detailed picture of what is causing maternal mortality and help to determine recommendations to reduce their impact.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reviewtoaction.org/Report_from_Nine_MMRCs|title=Review to Action|website=reviewtoaction.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-20|archive-date=2018-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121021919/http://reviewtoaction.org/Report_from_Nine_MMRCs}}</ref>

Many states within the US are taking Maternal Mortality Review Committees a step further and are collaborating with various professional organizations to improve quality of perinatal care. These teams of organizations form a "perinatal quality collaborative" (PQC) and include state health departments, the state hospital association and clinical professionals such as doctors and nurses. These PQCs can also involve community health organizations, Medicaid representatives, Maternal Mortality Review Committees and patient advocacy groups. By involving all of these major players within maternal health, the goal is to collaborate and determine opportunities to improve quality of care. Through this collaborative effort, PQCs can aim to make impacts on quality both at the direct patient care level and through larger system devices like policy. It is thought that the institution of PQCs in California was the main contributor to the maternal mortality rate decreasing by 50% in the years following. The PQC developed review guides and quality improvement initiatives aimed at the most preventable and prevalent maternal deaths: those due to bleeding and high blood pressure. Success has also been observed with PQCs in Illinois and Florida.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Main EK | title = Reducing Maternal Mortality and Severe Maternal Morbidity Through State-based Quality Improvement Initiatives | journal = Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 319–331 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29505420 | doi = 10.1097/grf.0000000000000361 | s2cid = 3673030 }}</ref>

Several interventions prior to pregnancy have been recommended in efforts to reduce maternal mortality. Increasing access to reproductive healthcare services, such as family planning services and safe abortion practices, is recommended in order to prevent unintended pregnancies.<ref name="Rai-2012" /> Several countries, including India, Brazil, and Mexico, have seen some success in efforts to promote the use of reproductive healthcare services.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = ((GBD 2015 Maternal Mortality Collaborators)) | title = Global, regional, and national levels of maternal mortality, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015 | journal = Lancet | volume = 388 | issue = 10053 | pages = 1775–1812 | date = October 2016 | pmid = 27733286 | pmc = 5224694 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31470-2 | bibcode = 2016Lanc..388.1775K }}</ref> Other interventions include high quality [[sex education]], which includes pregnancy prevention and [[sexually transmitted infection]] (STI) prevention and treatment. By addressing STIs, this not only reduces perinatal infections, but can also help reduce [[ectopic pregnancy]] caused by STIs.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-2001">{{cite book | veditors = Berg C, Danel I, Atrash H, Zane S, Bartlett L | title = Strategies to reduce pregnancy-related deaths: from identification and review to action. | location = Atlanta | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention | date = 2001 | url = http://www.amchp.org/programsandtopics/womens-health/Focus%20Areas/MMR/Documents/2001-Strategies-to-Reduce-PR-Deaths.pdf | archive-date = 2021-07-01 | access-date = 2020-11-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210701073223/http://www.amchp.org/programsandtopics/womens-health/Focus%20Areas/MMR/Documents/2001-Strategies-to-Reduce-PR-Deaths.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> Adolescent mothers are between two and five times more likely to die than a female twenty years or older. Access to reproductive services and sex education could make a large impact, specifically on adolescents, who are generally uneducated in regards to carrying a healthy pregnancy. Education level is a strong predictor of maternal health as it gives women the knowledge to seek care when it is needed.<ref name="Rai-2012" /> Public health efforts can also intervene during pregnancy to improve maternal outcomes. Areas for intervention have been identified in access to care, public knowledge, awareness about signs and symptoms of pregnancy complications, and improving relationships between healthcare professionals and expecting mothers.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-2001" />

Access to care during pregnancy is a significant issue in the face of maternal mortality. "Access" encompasses a wide range of potential difficulties including costs, location of healthcare services, availability of appointments, availability of trained health care workers, transportation services, and cultural or language barriers that could inhibit a woman from receiving proper care.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-2001" /> For women carrying a pregnancy to term, access to necessary antenatal (prior to delivery) healthcare visits is crucial to ensuring healthy outcomes. These antenatal visits allow for early recognition and treatment of complications, treatment of infections and the opportunity to educate the expecting mother on how to manage her current pregnancy and the health advantages of spacing pregnancies apart.<ref name="Rai-2012" />

Access to birth at a facility with a skilled healthcare provider present has been associated with safer deliveries and better outcomes.<ref name="Rai-2012" /> The two areas bearing the largest burden of maternal mortality, Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, also had the lowest percentage of births attended by a skilled provider, at just 45% and 41% respectively.<ref>{{cite web | title = The State of the World's Children 2009: Maternal and newborn health. | publisher = United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) | date = December 2008 | url = http://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09-FullReport-EN.pdf | access-date = 2018-11-20 | archive-date = 2021-06-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210611034544/https://www.unicef.org/sowc09/docs/SOWC09-FullReport-EN.pdf }}</ref> Emergency obstetric care is also crucial in preventing maternal mortality by offering services like emergency cesarean sections, blood transfusions, antibiotics for infections and assisted vaginal delivery with forceps or vacuum.<ref name="Rai-2012" /> In addition to physical barriers that restrict access to healthcare, financial barriers also exist. Close to one out of seven women of child-bearing age have no health insurance. This lack of insurance impacts access to pregnancy prevention, treatment of complications, as well as perinatal care visits contributing to maternal mortality.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lu MC | title = Reducing Maternal Mortality in the United States | journal = JAMA | volume = 320 | issue = 12 | pages = 1237–1238 | date = September 2018 | pmid = 30208484 | doi = 10.1001/jama.2018.11652 | s2cid = 205095772 }}</ref>

By increasing public knowledge and awareness through health education programs about pregnancy, including signs of complications that need addressed by a healthcare provider, this will increase the likelihood of an expecting mother to seek help when it is necessary.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-2001" /> Higher levels of education have been associated with increased use of contraception and family planning services as well as antenatal care.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weitzman A | title = The effects of women's education on maternal health: Evidence from Peru | journal = Social Science & Medicine | volume = 180 | pages = 1–9 | date = May 2017 | pmid = 28301806 | pmc = 5423409 | doi = 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.03.004 }}</ref> Addressing complications at the earliest sign of a problem can improve outcomes for expecting mothers, which makes it extremely important for a pregnant woman to be knowledgeable enough to seek healthcare for potential complications.<ref name="Rai-2012" /> Improving the relationships between patients and the healthcare system as a whole will make it easier for a pregnant woman to feel comfortable seeking help. Good communication between patients and providers, as well as cultural competence of the providers, could also assist in increasing compliance with recommended treatments.<ref name="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-2001" />

Another important preventive measure being implemented is specialized education for mothers. Doctors and medical professionals providing simple information to women, especially women in lower socioeconomic areas will decrease the miscommunication that often occurs between doctors and patients.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Vilda D, Wallace M, Dyer L, Harville E, Theall K | title = Income inequality and racial disparities in pregnancy-related mortality in the US | journal = SSM - Population Health | volume = 9 | article-number = 100477 | date = December 2019 | pmid = 31517017 | pmc = 6734101 | doi = 10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100477 }}</ref> Training health care professionals will be another important aspect in decreasing the rate of maternal death,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roth|first1=Louise Marie|last2=Henley|first2=Megan M.|date=2012|title=Unequal Motherhood: Racial-Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Cesarean Sections in the United States|journal=Social Problems|volume=59|issue=2|pages=207–227|doi=10.1525/sp.2012.59.2.207|issn=0037-7791|jstor=10.1525/sp.2012.59.2.207}}</ref> "The study found that white medical students and residents often believed incorrect and sometimes 'fantastical' biological fallacies about racial differences in patients. For these assumptions, researchers blamed not individual prejudice but deeply ingrained unconscious stereotypes about people of color, as well as physicians' difficulty in empathizing with patients whose experiences differ from their own."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5949dcd872af65c387d48484/t/5d263a062c708800011eed6d/1562786313617/Why+America%E2%80%99s+Black+Mothers+and+Babies+Are+in+a+Life-or-Death+Crisis+-+The+New+York+Times.pdf|title=Why America's Black Mothers and Babies Are in a Life-or-Death Crisis|last=Villarosa|first=Linda|date=April 11, 2018|website=The New York Times Magazine|access-date=2019-12-06|archive-date=2021-07-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701073052/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5949dcd872af65c387d48484/t/5d263a062c708800011eed6d/1562786313617/Why+America%E2%80%99s+Black+Mothers+and+Babies+Are+in+a+Life-or-Death+Crisis+-+The+New+York+Times.pdf}}</ref>

===Policy===

The biggest global policy initiative for maternal health came from the United Nations' Millennium Declaration which created the [[Millennium Development Goals]]. In 2012, this evolved at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development to become the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) with a target year of 2030. The SDGs are 17 goals that call for global collaboration to tackle a wide variety of recognized problems. Goal 3 is focused on ensuring health and well-being for women of all ages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300|title=Sustainable Development Goals |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|access-date=2018-11-25 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181125094707/https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300 |archive-date=2018-11-25 }}</ref> A specific target is to achieve a global maternal mortality ratio of less than 70 per 100,000 live births. So far, specific progress has been made in births attended by a skilled provider, now at 80% of births worldwide compared with 62% in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg3|title=Goal 3 |website=Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref>

Countries and local governments have taken political steps in reducing maternal deaths. Researchers at the Overseas Development Institute studied maternal health systems in four apparently similar countries: [[Rwanda]], [[Malawi]], [[Niger]], and [[Uganda]].<ref>{{cite web|vauthors=Chambers V, Booth D|date= 31 May 2012 |title=Delivering maternal health: why is Rwanda doing better than Malawi, Niger and Uganda?|type=Briefing Paper|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|url=https://odi.org/en/publications/delivering-maternal-health-why-is-rwanda-doing-better-than-malawi-niger-and-uganda/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603105735/https://odi.org/en/publications/delivering-maternal-health-why-is-rwanda-doing-better-than-malawi-niger-and-uganda/ |archive-date= Jun 3, 2023 }}</ref> In comparison to the other three countries, Rwanda has an excellent record of improving maternal death rates. Based on their investigation of these varying country case studies, the researchers conclude that improving maternal health depends on three key factors:

# reviewing all maternal health-related policies frequently to ensure that they are internally coherent;
# enforcing standards on providers of maternal health services;
# any local solutions to problems discovered should be promoted, not discouraged.

In terms of aid policy, proportionally, aid given to improve maternal mortality rates has shrunken as other public health issues, such as [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] and [[malaria]] have become major international concerns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/tools/data-visualization/development-assistance-health-health-focus-area-global-1990-2009-interactiv#/overview/terms|title=Development assistance for health by health focus area (Global), 1990-2009, interactive treemap|publisher=Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317021516/http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/tools/data-visualization/development-assistance-health-health-focus-area-global-1990-2009-interactiv|archive-date=2014-03-17}}</ref> Maternal health aid contributions tend to be lumped together with newborn and child health, so it is difficult to assess how much aid is given directly to maternal health to help lower the rates of maternal mortality. Regardless, there has been progress in reducing maternal mortality rates internationally.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/tools/data-visualization/progress-maternal-and-child-mortality-country-age-and-year-global-1990-2011#/overview/explore|title=Progress in maternal and child mortality by country, age, and year (Global), 1990-2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317022301/http://www.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/tools/data-visualization/progress-maternal-and-child-mortality-country-age-and-year-global-1990-2011|archive-date=2014-03-17}}</ref>

In countries where abortion practices are not considered legal, it is necessary to look at the access that women have to high-quality family planning services, since some of the restrictive policies around abortion could impede access to these services. These policies may also affect the proper collection of information for monitoring maternal health around the world.<ref name="Dixon-Mueller-2007" />

As a result of cuts to foreign aid during the [[Second presidency of Donald Trump|second administration of US president Donald Trump]], maternal health clinics closed, disrupting "vital services for maternal, newborn and child health" according to the World Health Organization (WHO).<ref>{{cite web |date=7 April 2025 |title=Aid cuts threaten gains in maternal health, WHO warns |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/07/health/aid-cuts-maternal-deaths-who-intl-scli |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=CNN}}</ref>

Significant progress has been made since the United Nations made the reduction of maternal mortality part of the [[Millennium Development Goals]] (MDGs) in 2000.<ref name="Lancet_Khan_20063">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan KS, Wojdyla D, Say L, Gülmezoglu AM, Van Look PF |date=April 2006 |title=WHO analysis of causes of maternal death: a systematic review |url=http://www.hpc4.go.th/director/data/region/WHO_MMR.pdf |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9516 |pages=1066–1074 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68397-9 |pmid=16581405 |bibcode=2006Lanc..367.1066K |s2cid=2190885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031163757/http://www.hpc4.go.th/director/data/region/WHO_MMR.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-31 |access-date=2018-08-05}}</ref>{{rp|1066}} Bangladesh, for example, cut the number of deaths per live births by almost two-thirds from 1990 to 2015. A further reduction of maternal mortality is now part of the Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. The United Nations recently developed a list of goals termed the Sustainable Development Goals. Some of the specific aims of the Sustainable Development Goals are to prevent unintended pregnancies by ensuring more women have access to contraceptives, as well as providing women who become pregnant with a safe environment for delivery with respectful and skilled care. This initiative also included access to emergency services for women who developed complications during delivery.<ref name="unfpa.org23" />

====Policies in the United States====

Additionally, in the United States, Black women are more likely to die during and from childbirth than any other demographic and while researchers have documented the higher rate of maternal mortality rates in black women, they have not as extensively researched the ways of how to positively improve the outcomes of maternal mortality in black mothers<ref>https://research.ebsco.com/c/i22ucx/viewer/pdf/mvohzwjw7f?auth-callid=ed12132b-ffab-440e-967e-a89062873bc4</ref>. Though, there have been records. In 2022, President Joe Biden signed the “Data Mapping to Save Moms’ Lives Act” into law, just before Christmas and with the support of the AMA (American Medical Association). The law called for the Federal Communications Commission—in consultation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to incorporate publicly available data on maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity for at least one year postpartum into its Mapping Broadband Health in America platform<ref>{{cite web | title=New law provides data-mapping tool to lower maternal mortality | date=6 February 2023 | url=https://www.ama-assn.org/public-health/population-health/new-law-provides-data-mapping-tool-lower-maternal-mortality }}</ref> But regardless, a concerted study on the policy outcome on black women’s mortality rate is a rarity.

Additionally, in February of 2021, Senator Cory Booker and Representatives Lauren Underwood and Alma Adams reintroduced the Black Maternal Health Momnibus Act. It consisted of thirteen bills aimed at improving maternal health. Six of the bills specifically target Black maternal health or related factors that impacted it. The legislation aimed to save lives, reduce health care disparities, and ensure all mothers received proper care, regardless of race or circumstances. The Momnibus is a set of laws focused on improving maternal health in the United States<ref>https://research.ebsco.com/c/i22ucx/viewer/pdf/mvohzwjw7f</ref>. However, the bill was only introduced not passed.

There have been varying policies regarding maternal mortality that have aimed to prevent or lower the rate of maternal mortality for the women in the U.S., during and post-partum. An example of such policies is the IMPROVE initiative, started by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) in 2019 to address maternal health issues. The initiative aimed to reduce preventable maternal deaths, lower serious health problems during pregnancy, and promote health equity. It then looked at various factors—biological, behavioral, social, and structural—to create better care and outcomes for specific groups and areas. The initiative emphasized the importance of collaborating with new partners and communities to find solutions to the problem of maternal health crisis<ref>{{cite journal | title=Addressing the Public Health Crisis of Maternal Mortality | journal=JAMA | date=2023 | volume=330 | issue=18 | page=1729 | doi=10.1001/jama.2023.21294 | pmc=11742278 | url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.21294 | vauthors = Bianchi DW, Clayton JA, Zenk SN }}</ref>. The NIH also started the Connecting the Community for Maternal Health Challenge to help community groups build their research skills. They offered training and support to create research proposals that address local needs<ref>{{cite journal | title=Addressing the Public Health Crisis of Maternal Mortality | journal=JAMA | date=2023 | volume=330 | issue=18 | page=1729 | doi=10.1001/jama.2023.21294 | pmc=11742278 | url=https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.21294 | vauthors = Bianchi DW, Clayton JA, Zenk SN }}</ref>.

Before the IMPROVE initiative in 2019, there were other past policies that were either passed or made regarding maternal mortality. An example of this was in 2014, when the US Department of Health and Human Services funded the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology to create the Alliance for Innovation on Maternal Health (AIM) program. The point of AIM was to collaborate with state and hospital partners for the purpose of implementing safety measures aimed at improving maternal care quality and outcomes. Through evidence-based practices, such as a toolkit for managing hemorrhage and hypertension in pregnancy, AIM had helped reduce maternal morbidity rates from 22.1% to 8.3%<ref>{{cite journal | title=Preventing maternal mortality in the United States: Lessons from California and policy recommendations | journal=Journal of Public Health Policy | date=2021 | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=127–144 | doi=10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9 | pmid=33268845 | url=https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9 | vauthors = Nichols CR, Cohen AK }}</ref>.

California could be used as exemplar of how to implement policies regarding maternal health. California implemented three measures to battle maternal mortality: (1) Increase funding for federal programs to address social determinants of maternal health (2) Support health care strategies to improve maternal health, including developing national standards and goals for health care systems (3) Increase investments in maternal health monitoring and surveillance<ref>{{cite journal | title=Preventing maternal mortality in the United States: Lessons from California and policy recommendations | journal=Journal of Public Health Policy | date=2021 | volume=42 | issue=1 | pages=127–144 | doi=10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9 | pmid=33268845 | url=https://doi.org/10.1057/s41271-020-00264-9 | vauthors = Nichols CR, Cohen AK }}</ref>. For the first measure, an example was how California created the Black Infant Health Program (BIH) to support black mothers and reduce their stress and build social support. The program was funded by Federal Title V Maternal and Child Health Block Grant, Federal Title XIX Medicaid Funds, and State General Funds.

Some policies regarding maternal health are nuanced. For example, it was discovered that states with stricter abortion laws had a 7% higher maternal mortality rate than states with much less strict laws<ref>{{cite journal | title=Associations between state policies, race, ethnicity and rurality, and maternal mortality and morbidity following the United States Supreme Court Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization ruling | journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia | date=2022 | volume=129 | issue=6 | pages=e145–e147 | doi=10.1016/j.bja.2022.08.016 | url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2022.08.016 | vauthors = Williams AM, Chaturvedi R, Pollalis I, Ibarra-Cobarru J, Aaronson JA, White RS }}</ref>. Access to healthcare for pregnant individuals from low-income backgrounds is very crucial<ref>{{cite journal | title=Associations between state policies, race, ethnicity and rurality, and maternal mortality and morbidity following the United States Supreme Court Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization ruling | journal=British Journal of Anaesthesia | date=2022 | volume=129 | issue=6 | pages=e145–e147 | doi=10.1016/j.bja.2022.08.016 | url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bja.2022.08.016 | vauthors = Williams AM, Chaturvedi R, Pollalis I, Ibarra-Cobarru J, Aaronson JA, White RS }}</ref>.

==Epidemiology==
{{update section|date=September 2019}}
[[File:Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births.<ref name="OWID">[https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maternal-mortality-ratio-who-gho Maternal mortality ratio]. From [[Our World in Data]] (OWID). Page has detailed definition of maternal mortality ratio. Also the various ways it is measured. Data source: [[World Health Organization]], "Global Health Observatory". Table tab has data. Click map tab, and then the download tab to get latest map.</ref>]]

Maternal mortality and morbidity are leading contributors in women's health. It is estimated that 303,000 women are killed each year in childbirth and pregnancy worldwide.<ref name="WHO20153">{{cite web|date=November 2015|title=Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2015|url=https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/monitoring/maternal-mortality-2015/en/|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|page=16}}</ref> The global rate in 2017 is 211 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births and 45% of postpartum deaths occur within 24 hours.<ref name="nour3">{{cite journal|vauthors=Nour NM|year=2008|title=An introduction to maternal mortality|journal=Reviews in Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=1|issue=2|pages=77–81|pmc=2505173|pmid=18769668}}</ref> Whereas in 2020, the global rate was 223 deaths per 100,000 live births.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A woman dies every two minutes due to pregnancy or childbirth: UN agencies - PAHO/WHO {{!}} Pan American Health Organization |url=https://www.paho.org/en/news/23-2-2023-woman-dies-every-two-minutes-due-pregnancy-or-childbirth-agencies |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=www.paho.org |date=23 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="OWID" /> Ninety-nine percent of maternal deaths occur in low-resource countries.<ref name="WHO Fact Sheet 201423" />

=== Prevalence by country ===
{{see also|List of countries by maternal mortality ratio}}
[[India]] (19% or 56,000) and [[Nigeria]] (14% or 40,000) accounted for roughly one third of the maternal deaths in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Facility-based maternal death review in Nigeria|url=https://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/maternal-death-surveillance/case-studies/nigeria-study/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523042235/http://www.who.int/maternal_child_adolescent/epidemiology/maternal-death-surveillance/case-studies/nigeria-study/en/|archive-date=May 23, 2017|access-date=2020-09-24|website=WHO}}</ref> [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sudan]], [[Indonesia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[United Republic of Tanzania]], [[Bangladesh]] and [[Afghanistan]] accounted for between 3 and 5 percent of maternal deaths each.<ref name="UNICEF, W. 20123" /> These ten countries combined accounted for 60% of all the maternal deaths in 2010 according to the United Nations Population Fund report. Countries with the lowest maternal deaths were [[Health care in Greece|Greece]], [[Healthcare in Iceland|Iceland]], [[Healthcare in Poland|Poland]], and [[Healthcare in Finland|Finland]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Comparison: Maternal Mortality Rate|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030110139/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2223rank.html|archive-date=October 30, 2011|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency}}</ref>

In 2017, countries in Southeast Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa account for approximately 86% of all maternal deaths worldwide. As of 2020, Sub-Saharan African countries such as South Sudan, Chad, and Nigeria had the highest maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.<ref>{{Cite journal |date= |title=Maternal mortality: The urgency of a systemic and multisectoral approach in mitigating maternal deaths in Africa |url=https://files.aho.afro.who.int/afahobckpcontainer/production/files/iAHO_Maternal_Mortality_Regional_Factsheet.pdf |journal=Integrated African Health Observatory}}</ref> Since 2000, Southeast Asian countries have seen a significant decrease in maternal mortality of almost 60%.<ref name="Maternal mortality3">{{Cite web|title=Maternal mortality|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/maternal-mortality|access-date=2021-04-12|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> Sub-Saharan Africa also saw an almost 40% decrease in maternal mortality between 2000 and 2017.

The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Country
! Maternal mortality ratio (2017) <ref name="WB3">{{cite web |title=Maternal mortality ratio (modeled estimate, per 100,000 live births) {{!}} Data |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.MMRT?locations=FI-VE&year_high_desc=false |access-date=2018-06-27 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="US-rate3">[https://qz.com/1108193/whats-killing-americas-new-mothers What's killing America's new mothers?] By Annalisa Merelli. October 29, 2017. ''[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]].'' "The dire state of US data collection on maternal health and mortality is also distressing. Until the early 1990s, death certificates did not note if a woman was pregnant or had recently given birth when she died. It took until 2017 for all US states to add that check box to their death certificates."</ref>
|-
|[[Italy]]
|2
|-
|[[Spain]]
|4
|-
|[[Health care in Sweden|Sweden]]
|4
|-
|[[Health care in Japan|Japan]]
|5
|-
|[[Health care in Australia|Australia]]
|6
|-
|[[Health care in Germany|Germany]]
|7
|-
|[[Health care in the United Kingdom|UK]]
|7
|-
|[[Health care in France|France]]
|8
|-
|[[New Zealand]]
|9
|-
|[[Health care in Canada|Canada]]
|10
|-
|[[South Korea]]
|11
|-
|[[Russia]]
|17
|-
|[[Health care in the United States|US]]
|19
|-
|[[Mexico]]
|33
|-
|[[China]]
|29
|-
|[[South Africa]]
|119
|-
|[[India]]
|145
|-
|[[Ghana]]
|308
|}

=== Prevalence by race and ethnicity ===
==== In the United States ====
{{Split portions|date=August 2025|Maternal mortality in the United States|Black maternal mortality in the United States|section=y|existing=y}}
In the United States, women who are black and non-Hispanic experience pregnancy-related death at a significantly higher rate. They are three to four times as likely to succumb to maternal mortality than non-Hispanic white women.<ref name="Howell 387–399">{{cite journal | vauthors = Howell EA | title = Reducing Disparities in Severe Maternal Morbidity and Mortality | journal = Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology | volume = 61 | issue = 2 | pages = 387–399 | date = June 2018 | pmid = 29346121 | pmc = 5915910 | doi = 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000349 }}</ref> In the United States between the years of 2007 and 2014, women who identify as non-Hispanic and black had a significant increase in death related to pregnancy.<ref name="Howell 387–399" />

In the United States, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the maternal mortality rate in 2021 was 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/maternal-mortality/2021/maternal-mortality-rates-2021.htm |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> This is significantly higher than the rates in 2020 defined as 23.8 deaths per 100,000 live births and 20.1 in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/maternal-mortality/2021/maternal-mortality-rates-2021.htm |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> In 2021, the maternal mortality rate for non-Hispanic Black women was 69.9 deaths per 100,000 live births, which is 2.6 times higher than non-Hispanic White women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/maternal-mortality/2021/maternal-mortality-rates-2021.htm |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> The mortality rate for women over the age of 40 was 6.8 times higher than the rate for women under the age of 25.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/maternal-mortality/2021/maternal-mortality-rates-2021.htm |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref>

Research indicates that these disparities in the U.S. are not due to genetic differences, but rather systemic factors, including racial bias in healthcare, inadequate access to high-quality maternity care, and higher rates of chronic conditions like hypertension and preeclampsia.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Josiah N, Russell N, Devaughn L, Dorcelly N, Charles M, Shoola H, Ballard M, Baptiste D |date=2023-06-16 |title=Implicit bias, neuroscience and reproductive health amid increasing maternal mortality rates among Black birthing women |journal=Nursing Open |language=en-us |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=5780–5783 |doi=10.1002/nop2.1759 |pmc=10416051 |pmid=37327404}}</ref>

Implicit bias among healthcare providers has been documented as a contributing factor to these disparities, leading to the dismissal of Black women's pain and symptoms, resulting in delayed or inadequate treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Josiah N, Russell N, Devaughn L, Dorcelly N, Charles M, Shoola H, Ballard M, Baptiste D |date=2023-06-16 |title=Implicit bias, neuroscience and reproductive health amid increasing maternal mortality rates among Black birthing women |journal=Nursing Open |language=en-us |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=5780–5783 |doi=10.1002/nop2.1759 |pmc=10416051 |pmid=37327404}}</ref> Studies have found that some healthcare providers incorrectly believe that Black patients feel less pain, which has been linked to delays in diagnosing and managing pregnancy-related complications like preeclampsia and hemorrhage <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Josiah N, Russell N, Devaughn L, Dorcelly N, Charles M, Shoola H, Ballard M, Baptiste D |date=2023-06-16 |title=Implicit bias, neuroscience and reproductive health amid increasing maternal mortality rates among Black birthing women |journal=Nursing Open |language=en-us |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=5780–5783 |doi=10.1002/nop2.1759 |pmc=10416051 |pmid=37327404}}</ref>

Additionally, Black women face barriers to high-quality maternal care, including living in maternity care deserts, lack of access to midwifery and doula services, and financial challenges due to inadequate insurance coverage.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Courtot B, Hill I, Cross-Barnet C, Markell J |date=2020-12-15 |title=Midwifery and Birth Centers Under State Medicaid Programs: Current Limits to Beneficiary Access to a High-Value Model of Care |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |language=en-us |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=1091–1113 |doi=10.1111/1468-0009.12473 |hdl=11603/22727 |pmc=7772638 |pmid=32930433 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Many states have restrictive policies on midwifery care, which further limits Black women's access to alternatives that have been shown to improve maternal outcomes<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Courtot B, Hill I, Cross-Barnet C, Markell J |date=2020-12-15 |title=Midwifery and Birth Centers Under State Medicaid Programs: Current Limits to Beneficiary Access to a High-Value Model of Care |journal=The Milbank Quarterly |language=en-us |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=1091–1113 |doi=10.1111/1468-0009.12473 |hdl=11603/22727 |pmc=7772638 |pmid=32930433 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The disparities in maternal health outcomes are also present among racial groups. Black and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women experience pregnancy-related mortality rates over three times those of White women. In 2020, rates were 55.9 and 63.4 per 100 000 live births for Black and AI/AN women, respectively, versus 18.1 for White women; Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander women had a rate of 62.8.<ref>{{cite web |title=Racial disparities in maternal and infant health |date=25 October 2024 |url=https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/racial-disparities-in-maternal-and-infant-health-current-status-and-efforts-to-address-them/ |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=KFF}}</ref> In 2023, the CDC's Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System reported pregnancy-related mortality ratios of 49.4 for Black women and 14.9 for White women per 100 000 live births.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System |url=https://www.cdc.gov/maternal-mortality/php/pregnancy-mortality-surveillance-system.htm |access-date=6 August 2025 |publisher=CDC}}</ref>

In the United States, black women are 3-4 times more likely to die from maternal mortality than white women. Unequal access to quality medical care, socioeconomic disparities, and systemic racism by health care providers are factors that have contributed to the high maternal mortality rates among black women.<ref name="mjs" /> Discounting factors such as pre-existing conditions, do not impact the rate of this disparity.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Njoku A, Evans M, Nimo-Sefah L, Bailey J |date=February 2023 |title=Listen to the Whispers before They Become Screams: Addressing Black Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States |journal=Healthcare |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=438 |doi=10.3390/healthcare11030438 |pmc=9914526 |pmid=36767014 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Covid-19 pandemic heightened maternal mortality rates, disproportionately impacting communities of color. Multiple factors contribute to this widening disparity, notably, social factors such as implicit bias, repeated racial discrimination, and limited access to healthcare. All issues are further exacerbated for people of color who face systemic barriers to adequate medical care.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang S, Rexrode KM, Florio AA, Rich-Edwards JW, Chavarro JE |date=January 2023 |title=Maternal Mortality in the United States: Trends and Opportunities for Prevention |journal=Annual Review of Medicine |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=199–216 |doi=10.1146/annurev-med-042921-123851 |pmid=36706746 |s2cid=256325844 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Overall, the maternal mortality rate increased from 23.8 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2020, to 32.9 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-16 |title=Maternal Mortality Rates in the United States, 2021 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/maternal-mortality/2021/maternal-mortality-rates-2021.htm |access-date=2023-11-26 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}</ref> An apparent spike in this rate can be noted in 2021.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Njoku A, Evans M, Nimo-Sefah L, Bailey J |date=February 2023 |title=Listen to the Whispers before They Become Screams: Addressing Black Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States |journal=Healthcare |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=438 |doi=10.3390/healthcare11030438 |pmc=9914526 |pmid=36767014 |doi-access=free}}</ref> For non-hispanic black women the rate of maternal deaths per 100,00 live births increased from 44.0 in 2019 to 69.9 in 2021.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Dahl AA, Yada FN, Butts SJ, Tolley A, Hirsch S, Lalgondar P, Wilson KS, Shade L |date=August 2023 |title=Contextualizing the experiences of Black pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic: 'It's been a lonely ride' |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=20 |issue=1 |article-number=124 |doi=10.1186/s12978-023-01670-4 |pmc=10463995 |pmid=37626357 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Elsewhere ====
Similar patterns exist in other countries. In Brazil, women who are not white were 3.5 times as likely to die because of obstetric mortality compared to white women.<ref name="mjs">{{cite journal |vauthors=Small MJ, Allen TK, Brown HL |date=August 2017 |title=Global disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality |journal=Seminars in Perinatology |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=318–322 |doi=10.1053/j.semperi.2017.04.009 |pmc=5608036 |pmid=28669415}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Small MJ, Allen TK, Brown HL | title = Global disparities in maternal morbidity and mortality | journal = Seminars in Perinatology | volume = 41 | issue = 5 | pages = 318–322 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28669415 | pmc = 5608036 | doi = 10.1053/j.semperi.2017.04.009 }}</ref> The maternal mortality ratio is larger in women who are from Sub-Saharan African in France.<ref name="mjs" />

=== COVID-19 effects ===
Global maternal mortality and fetal outcomes have worsened during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increases in maternal deaths, stillbirths, ruptured ectopic pregnancies, and maternal depression occurred globally during this time.<ref name="doi.org">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chmielewska B, Barratt I, Townsend R, Kalafat E, van der Meulen J, Gurol-Urganci I, O'Brien P, Morris E, Draycott T, Thangaratinam S, Le Doare K, Ladhani S, von Dadelszen P, Magee L, Khalil A | title = Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = The Lancet. Global Health | volume = 9 | issue = 6 | pages = e759–e772 | date = June 2021 | pmid = 33811827 | pmc = 8012052 | doi = 10.1016/s2214-109x(21)00079-6 }}</ref> According to The Lancet Global Health, their search, which included over 40 studies, identified significant increases in stillbirth and maternal death during the pandemic versus before the pandemic.<ref name="doi.org" /> According to the United Nations Population Fund, UNFPA, a proportion of total COVID-19 deaths were indirect obstetric deaths where a woman's death was due to the aggravation between the disease and the state of pregnancy. Some outcomes show considerable disparity between low- and high-resource settings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends in Maternal Mortality 2000-2020 |url=https://www.unfpa.org/publications/trends-maternal-mortality-2000-2020 |access-date=2023-11-19 |website=United Nations Population Fund |language=en}}</ref> This drives the urgent global need to prioritize safe, equitable, and accessible maternal care in future healthcare crises.<ref name="doi.org" />

===Variation within countries===
There are significant maternal mortality intra-country variations, especially in nations with large equality gaps in income and education and high healthcare disparities. Women living in rural areas experience higher maternal mortality than women living in urban and sub-urban centers because<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Maternal Health|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs348/en/|publisher=WHO}}</ref> those living in wealthier households, having higher education, or living in urban areas, have higher use of healthcare services than their poorer, less-educated, or rural counterparts.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Levels and trends in the use of maternal health services in developing countries|url=https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/CR26/CR26.pdf|publisher=ICF Macro|location=Calverton, MD|page=85|id=(DHS Comparative Reports 26)|vauthors=Wang W, Alva S, Wang S, Fort A}}</ref> There are also racial and ethnic [[Social inequality|disparities]] in maternal health outcomes which increases maternal mortality in marginalized groups.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Lu MC, Halfon N|date=March 2003|title=Racial and ethnic disparities in birth outcomes: a life-course perspective|journal=Maternal and Child Health Journal|volume=7|issue=1|pages=13–30|doi=10.1023/A:1022537516969|pmid=12710797|s2cid=19973932}}</ref>

== Related terms ==

===Severe maternal morbidity===
Severe maternal morbidity (SMM) is an unanticipated acute or chronic health outcome after labor and delivery that detrimentally affects a woman's health. Severe Maternal Morbidity (SMM) includes any unexpected outcomes from labor or delivery that cause both short and long-term consequences to the mother's overall health.<ref name="CDC-2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/severematernalmorbidity.html|title=Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States|date=2017-11-27|website=CDC}}</ref> There are nineteen total indicators used by the CDC to help identify SMM, with the most prevalent indicator being a blood transfusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/severematernalmorbidity.html|title=Severe Maternal Morbidity in the United States {{!}} Pregnancy {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}}CDC|date=2017-11-27|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref> Other indicators include an acute myocardial infarction ("heart attack"), aneurysm, and kidney failure. All of this identification is done by using ICD-10 codes, which are disease identification codes found in hospital discharge data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/maternalinfanthealth/smm/severe-morbidity-ICD.htm|title=Severe Maternal Morbidity Indicators and Corresponding ICD Codes during Delivery Hospitalizations|date=2018-08-21|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|access-date=2018-11-20}}</ref> Using these definitions that rely on these codes should be used with careful consideration since some may miss some cases, have a low predictive value, or may be difficult for different facilities to operationalize.<ref name="ACOG_SMFM_20162"/> There are certain screening criteria that may be helpful and are recommended through the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists as well as the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). These screening criteria for SMM are for transfusions of four or more units of blood and admission of a pregnant woman or a postpartum woman to an ICU facility or unit.<ref name="ACOG_SMFM_20162"/>

The greatest proportion of women with SMM are those who require a blood transfusion during delivery, mostly due to excessive bleeding. Blood transfusions given during delivery due to excessive bleeding has increased the rate of mothers with SMM.<ref name="CDC-2017" /> The rate of SMM has increased almost 200% between 1993 (49.5 per 100,000 live births) and 2014 (144.0 per 100,000 live births). This can be seen with the increased rate of blood transfusions given during delivery, which increased from 1993 (24.5 per 100,000 live births) to 2014 (122.3 per 100,000 live births).<ref name="CDC-2017" />

In the United States, severe maternal morbidity has increased over the last several years, impacting greater than 50,000 women in 2014 alone. There is no conclusive reason for this dramatic increase. It is thought that the overall state of health for pregnant women is impacting these rates. For example, complications can derive from underlying chronic medical conditions like diabetes, obesity, HIV/AIDS, and high blood pressure. These underlying conditions are also thought to lead to increased risk of maternal mortality.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Campbell KH, Savitz D, Werner EF, Pettker CM, Goffman D, Chazotte C, Lipkind HS|date=September 2013|title=Maternal morbidity and risk of death at delivery hospitalization|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=122|issue=3|pages=627–33|doi=10.1097/aog.0b013e3182a06f4e|pmid=23921870|s2cid=25347341}}</ref>

The increased rate for SMM can also be indicative of potentially increased rates for maternal mortality, since without identification and treatment of SMM, these conditions would lead to increased maternal death rates. Therefore, diagnosis of SMM can be considered a "near miss" for maternal mortality.<ref name="ACOG_SMFM_20162"/> With this consideration, several different expert groups have urged obstetric hospitals to review SMM cases for opportunities that can lead to improved care, which in turn would lead to improvements with maternal health and a decrease in the number of maternal deaths.

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Pediatric nursing|Child health]]
* [[Confidential Enquiry into Maternal Deaths in the UK]]
* [[Infant mortality]]
* [[Child mortality]]
* [[List of women who died in childbirth]]
* [[Maternal mortality in fiction]]
* [[Maternal near miss]]
* [[Obstetric transition]]
* [[Perinatal mortality]]
* [[Black maternal mortality in the United States]]{{div col end}}
* [[Egg binding]], a complication in oviparous animals that can cause maternal death in them.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="World Health Organization"/>
{{Reflist|group=United Nations}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last1= World Health Organization|author-link=World Health Organization|title=Trends in maternal mortality: 1990 to 2013|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-150722-6|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/9789241507226_eng.pdf|access-date=2 August 2016}}
* {{cite book | veditors = Jashnani KD |title=Maternal Mortality - Lessons Learnt from Autopsy |date=27 September 2022 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-981-19-3420-9}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Drife JO, Lewis G, Neilson JP, Knight M, Cooper G, Cantwell R | title=Why Mothers Died and How their Lives are Saved | publisher=Cambridge University Press | date=2023-01-31 | isbn=978-1-009-21880-1}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| ICD10 = O95
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|646.9}}
}}
* [https://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/publications/maternal_perinatal_health/9241562900/en/ The World Health Report 2005 – Make Every Mother and Child Count]
{{Women's health|state=collapsed}}
{{Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maternal Death}}
[[Category:Maternal death| ]]
[[Category:Medical aspects of death]]
[[Category:Pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium]]
[[Category:Medical terminology]]
[[Category:Demography]]
[[Category:Midwifery]]

Yudhishthira

2026-03-17T20:41:34Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{Short description|Eldest Pandava in the epic Mahabharata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox character
| name = Yudhishthira
| image = Yudhisthira and His Dog, Ascending.jpg
| caption = Yudhishthira entering heaven alive with his dog, painting by [[Nandalal Bose]], c. 1913
| weapon = [[Bow and arrow]], [[Javelin]]
| spouse = * [[Draupadi]]
*[[Devika (Mahabharat)|Devika]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100116130453/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01096.htm|archive-date = 16 January 2010|title = The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section XCV}}</ref>
| family = [[Yama (Hinduism)|Dharma]] (father) [[Pandu]] (adoptive father) [[Kunti]] (mother) [[Madri]] (step-mother) {{hlist|[[Karna]]|[[Bhima]]|[[Arjuna]]|[[Nakula]]|[[Sahadeva]]}} (brothers)
| children = {{bulleted list|[[Upapandavas#Prativindhya|Prativindhya]] by Draupadi|[[Characters in the Mahabharata#Yaudheya|Yaudheya]] by Devika}}
| relatives = {{bulleted list
|[[Kauravas]] (paternal cousins)
|[[Krishna]] (maternal cousin)
|[[Dhritarashtra]] and [[Vidura]] (paternal uncles)
}}
| position = {{ubl|[[Chakravartin|Chakravarti Samrat]]|Dharmaraja}}
| religion =
}}
{{Hinduism}}

'''Yudhishthira''' ({{langx|sa|युधिष्ठिर|Yudhiṣṭhira|one who is steady in battle}}), also known as '''Dharmaputra''' ({{Literal translation|Son of [[Dharma]]}}) and '''Dharmaraja''' ({{Literal translation|King of [[Dharma]]}}), was the eldest among the five [[Pandava]]s, and is also one of the central characters of the ancient [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He was the king of [[Indraprastha]] and later the King of the [[Kuru kingdom]] in the epic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/maha/index.htm|title = The Mahabharata}}</ref>

Yudhishthira was the son of [[Kunti]], the first wife of King [[Pandu]], fathered by the personification of [[Dharma]], due to a curse preventing Pandu from having children. Yudhishthira held a strong belief in ''[[dharma]]'' (morals and virtues) and was chosen as the crown prince of Kuru. However, after the [[Lakshagriha]] incident, he was presumed dead and his cousin [[Duryodhana]] was appointed as the new heir. The kingdom was split in half due to a succession dispute between Yudhishthira and Duryodhana. Yudhishthira received the barren half, which he later transformed into the magnificent city of [[Indraprastha]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m02/m02001.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 2: Sabha Parva: Section I}}</ref>

Yudhishthira and his brothers, the [[Pandava|Pandavas]] ({{Literal translation|Descendants of [[Pandu]]}}), had a [[Polyandry in India|polyandrous marriage]] with [[Draupadi]], the princess of [[Panchala]], who became the empress of Indraprastha. After Yudhishthira performed the [[Rajasuya|Rajasuya Yagna]], he was invited to play [[Pachisi|a game of dice]] by his jealous cousin, Duryodhana and his uncle, [[Shakuni]]. Shakuni, a master at the game, represented Duryodhana against Yudhishthira and manipulated him into gambling his kingdom, wealth, the freedom of his brothers, Draupadi, and even himself. After the game, the Pandavas and Draupadi were sent into exile for thirteen years, with the last year requiring them to live incognito. During his exile, Yudhisthira was tested by his divine father [[Yama]]. During the last year of the exile, known as [[Agyaata Vaasa]], Yudhishthira disguised himself as a [[Brahmin]] named Kanka and served as the [[Virata|King of Matsya Kingdom]].<ref name="sacred-texts.com">{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m04/m04001.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 4: Virata Parva: Section I}}</ref>

Yudhishthira was the leader of the successful [[Pandava]] faction in the [[Kurukshetra War]] and defeated many venerable warriors such as [[Shalya]]. He then ruled the Kuru Kingdom for 36 years before announcing his retirement. At the end of the epic, he was the only one among his brothers to [[Entering heaven alive|ascend to heaven]] while retaining his mortal body.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17003.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section III}}</ref>

==Etymology and historicity==
[[File:Yudhishthir Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (29).JPG|thumb|Statue of Yudhishthira|267x267px]]
The word ''Yudhiṣṭhira'' is an ''aluk'' compound (meaning it preserves the case ending of its first part). It means "one who is steady in battle". It is composed of the words, ''yudhi'' (masculine locative singular) meaning "in battle"—from ''yudh'' (युध्) meaning 'battle, fighting'—and ''sthira'' (स्थिर) meaning 'steady' or 'stable'.<ref>{{Cite web|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2010-12-26|title=Yudhishthira, Yudhiṣṭhira, Yudhisthira: 15 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yudhishthira|access-date=2020-09-08|website=www.wisdomlib.org|archive-date=21 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021220517/https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/yudhishthira|url-status=live}}</ref> His other names are:

* Bharata-vanshī (भरतवंशी) – descendant of [[Bharata (Mahabharata)|Bharata]]{{Sfn|Agarwala|1979|p=167}}
* Ajātashatru (अजातशत्रु) – one who is born without enemies{{Sfn|Abbott|Godbole|1988|p=402}}
* Dharmanandana (धर्मनन्दन) or Dharmaputra (धर्मपुत्र) – The son of Dharma (Righteousness) or Yama Dharma Raja
* Dharmarāja (धर्मराज) or Dharmarāya or Dharmaja – Lord of Dharma.
* Pānduputra (पांडुपुत्र) – Son of [[Pandu]].
* Pāndavāgrajah (पाण्डवाग्रजः) – Eldest of Pandavas.
* Jyeshthakaunteya (ज्येष्ठकौन्तेय) – Eldest son of Kunti.
* Sārvabhauma (सार्वभौम) / Samrāt Chakravarti (सम्राट् चक्रवर्ती) – Emperor of the complete planet Earth.
* Kanka (कङ्क) – another name for Yudhisthira given by Draupadi for the 13th year in exile.

According to Buddhist sources, by the late and post-Vedic periods, Kuru had become a minor state ruled by a chieftain called Koravya and belonging to the {{Transliteration|pi|Yuddhiṭṭhila}} ({{Transliteration|sa|Yudhiṣṭhira}}) [[gotra|{{Transliteration|pi|gotta}}]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Upinder |author-link=Upinder Singh |date= |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url= |location= |publisher=[[Longman|Pearson Education India]] |page=264 |isbn=}}</ref>{{sfn|Raychaudhuri|1953|p=41}}

==Birth and early life==
According to the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Yudhishthira was born under extraordinary circumstances, fathered by the god [[Yama|Dharma]] (the god of righteousness) through the practice of ''[[niyoga]]'' (levirate), as detailed in the narrative of the ''[[Adi Parva]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Section CXIX |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01120.htm}}</ref> [[Pandu]], the king of [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]], was married to [[Kunti]] and [[Madri]]. His life changed abruptly after a hunting accident led to a curse: intimacy with his wives would mean instant death. Choosing celibacy and asceticism, Pandu abdicated his throne, abandoned hunting, and pursued ''moksha'' (liberation), while his elder blind brother [[Dhritarashtra]] took over the reins of the kingdom. Pandu's devoted wives joined him in this mountain retreat, despite his initial reluctance. Though initially unconcerned with heirs, Pandu later fixated on his childlessness. When he sought to ascend to heaven with his wives, sages halted them, citing his lack of children became a profound personal failure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mani |first=Vettam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvXsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=Puranic Encyclopedia: A Comprehensive Work with Special Reference to the Epic and Puranic Literature |date=1975 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0597-2 |pages=227–229 (entry ''Dharmaputra'') |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last1=Brodbeck |first1=Simon |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=56fr2p5f7l0C&q=gender+and+narrative+in+the+mahabharata |title=Gender and Narrative in the Mahabharata |last2=Black |first2=Brian |date=2007-08-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-11995-0 |language=en}}</ref>

Kunti, Pandu's first wife, had received a boon from the sage [[Durvasa]]s in the form of powerful mantras, which allowed her to summon any god to grant her a son. As [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], Dhritarashtra’s wife, neared the birth of her own children, Pandu grew anxious and requested Kunti to apply her boon and suggested to call Dharma to get a truthful, knowledgeable and justice knowing son who can rule Hastinapur (capital of Kuru). Meditating on Dharma, she recited one of the mantras, and a son was born to her through this divine intervention. The child arrived at midday on the eighth day of the month of [[Jyeshtha (month)|Jyeshtha]], on the fifth lunar day ([[Panchami]]), during the auspicious Abhijit hour. At his birth, a celestial voice declared, "This boy will grow to be a highly righteous and courageous king, the finest among the virtuous. He will be known as Yudhishthira." Following this divine proclamation, the child was named Yudhishthira.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i8oe5fY5_3UC&q=the+book+of+beginnings+mahabharata |title=The Mahābhārata |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84663-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Following Yudhishthira’s birth, Pandu’s desire for more sons grew. He urged Kunti to invoke her boon again, leading to [[Bhima]]’s birth from [[Vayu]] and [[Arjuna]]’s from [[Indra]]. With her three invocations used, Kunti shared the boon with Madri, who called upon the [[Ashvins|Ashwini Kumaras]] and bore [[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]]. Thus, the five Pandavas were born, fulfilling Pandu’s wish for a strong lineage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01123.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Section CXXII}}</ref> After Pandu had five sons through divine means, he took his family to the Shatashringa forest, under the care of the resident sages.<ref name=":0" />

=== Boyhood ===
Yudhishthira's boyhood is mainly detailed in the Southern recension of the ''Mahabharata'', according to which Kashyapa, a priest associated with Vasudeva, conducted Yudhishthira’s ''[[upanayana]]'' (sacred thread ceremony), while Rajarshi Shuka trained him in spear warfare during this time. Tragedy struck when Pandu, attested in all recensions, unable to resist the curse that doomed him, died in the forest, and Madri, his second wife, chose to end her life. According to Southern recension, before doing so, Madri summoned Yudhishthira, clasped her hands, and entrusted him with the responsibility of his younger brothers, saying, "Son, you are now the father to your brothers."<ref name=":0" />

=== Youth ===
Following the deaths of Pandu and Madri, the forest sages escorted Kunti and the children to Hastinapura, where they handed them over to the Kuru grandsire, [[Bhishma]], recounting the events that had transpired. Yudhishthira and his brothers grew up in Hastinapura with their cousins, including Duryodhana, who clashed with Bhima. During a Ganga River outing planned by Duryodhana, he ambushed Bhima, binding and throwing him into the water. When Yudhishthira noticed Bhima missing, he alerted Kunti; Bhima soon returned, recounting his ordeal in Nagaloka and his escape. Yudhishthira wisely advised his brothers to keep the incident secret.<ref name=":0" />

In Hastinapura, the Pandavas trained under [[Kripa]] and later [[Drona]], their preceptor, with Yudhishthira excelling in chariot warfare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Section CXXXIV |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01135.htm}}</ref> As ''[[gurudakshina]]'' (a traditional offering to the teacher), Yudhishthira initially volunteered to capture King [[Drupada]] and present him bound before Drona. However, Arjuna intervened and took on the task himself.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

Dhritarashtra named Yudhishthira heir-apparent after his warfare training, impressed by his righteousness and skill. His popularity among the citizens eclipsed Pandu’s, enraging Duryodhana, who feared the Pandavas’ rise. With Dhritarashtra’s hesitant approval, Duryodhana plotted their demise, sending them to Varanavata in a flammable [[Lakshagriha|lac palace]] built by [[Purochana]]. Despite Dhritarashtra’s doubts, the plan proceeded. Yudhishthira, warned by his uncle [[Vidura]]’s coded message, deterred followers but prepared an escape. Spotting the palace’s weakness, he and Bhima planned a tunnel with Vidura’s sapper. After a year, Bhima torched the house during a feast, leaving a [[Nishadas|Nishada]] family inside as decoys. The Pandavas fled via the tunnel, while Dhritarashtra, believing them dead, ordered their funeral rites in Hastinapura.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

After the lac palace in Varanavata burned to ashes, the ''Mahabharata'' recounts that the Pandavas were presumed dead, and decided to go on hiding to avoid further such incidents. Vidura secretly informed Bhishma of their survival. While in hiding in the forests, Yudhishthira permitted Bhima to marry [[Hidimbi|Hidimba]], a [[Rakshasa|rakshasi]] they encountered . Later, when Arjuna defeated the [[gandharva]] Chitraratha in combat, Yudhishthira counseled Arjuna to release him. Following this Yudhishthira appointed [[Dhaumya]] as his family priest. They then resided at a village called Ekachakra.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== Marriages ==
In the ''Mahabharata'', Yudhishthira is recorded as having two wives. His most well-known union is with [[Draupadi]], the princess of [[Pañcāla|Panchala]], whom he shares with his four brothers, that binds the Pandavas together in a unique marital arrangement. Additionally, Yudhishthira is married to [[Devika (Mahabharat)|Devika]], who is only mentioned once in the entire epic.<ref name=":1" />

During their exile, as recounted in the ''Adi Parva'', the Pandavas grew restless in Ekachakra. Kunti suggested they move to Panchala. On their journey, they met the sage [[Vyasa]], who narrated how the Panchala princess, Draupadi, born from a fire ritual and not a womb, was fated to have five husbands due to a past-life boon from [[Shiva]]. Disguised as brahmins, they then joined a caravan and lodged with a potter, begging for food. King [[Drupada]] had organized a ''[[svayamvara]]'' for Draupadi, setting a challenge: string a formidable bow and hit a target. Many barons, including [[Duryodhana]], failed, but [[Arjuna]], rising from the brahmins, succeeded, winning Draupadi’s garland. Yudhishthira and the twins left early, though all five brothers loved her. Returning to [[Kunti]], they playfully called Draupadi their "alms," prompting her unintended command to share her. Horrified but resolute, Kunti stood firm. Yudhishthira offered Draupadi to Arjuna, but Arjuna deferred to the eldest. Mindful of Vyasa’s tale and their shared affection, Yudhishthira agreed to Kunti’s proposal. With Vyasa's persuasion, the Pandavas wed Draupadi, after gaining permission from Drupada, who was hesitant to allow.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

Yudhishthira’s other wife, Devika, is mentioned briefly in the ''Mahabharata'' (''Adi Parva'', Chapter 90, Verse 83). She was the daughter of king Govasana of the [[Sivi Kingdom]].{{Sfn|Bandyopadhyay|2016}} In a conventional ''svayamvara'', Devika chose Yudhishthira as her husband, and they had a son named Yaudheya. Unlike the widely narrated and polyandrous marriage to Draupadi, this union is a more traditional and individual arrangement, with scant details provided in the epic.<ref name=":1" />{{Refn|According to Puranas, Yaudheya was also the name of the son of Prativindhya.[1] The Bhagavata Purana, as well as Vishnu Purana, mention Pauravi as one of the wives of Yudhishthira. A son named Devaka was born to this couple.[2]|group=note}}

==Ruling the Indraprastha==
Following Draupadi’s ''[[svayamvara]]'', the ''Mahabharata'' recounts that news of the Pandavas’ survival reached [[Hastinapur]]a, sparking surprise and joy (''Adi Parva''). [[Duryodhana]] pressed for schemes to undermine Yudhishthira’s alliance with [[Drupada]], while his ally [[Karna]] advocated immediate war. [[Bhishma]], however, asserted Yudhishthira’s equal right to the kingdom, proposing a partition, a stance [[Drona]] supported, urging reconciliation. [[Vidura]] emphasized Yudhishthira’s invincibility and Drupada’s support, swaying [[Dhritarashtra]] to summon him back. Vidura fetched Yudhishthira and his brothers, mother and wife, from Panchala, where he was courteously received, and upon returning to Hastinapura, the populace celebrated. Dhritarashtra granted Yudhishthira the [[Khandavaprastha]]—half the kingdom—which he accepted. There, with Vyasa officiating, Yudhishthira established [[Indraprastha]], a thriving capital.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

Crowned king of Indraprastha, Yudhishthira began his reign. The divine sage [[Narada]] visited and, addressing the shared marriage to Draupadi, advised that she spend one year with each brother in turn, a rule Yudhishthira implemented to ensure harmony. Later, Draupadi bore him a son, [[Prativindhya]], among her five sons with the Pandavas.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

Arjuna and Krishna burned the [[Khandava Forest]] to expand Indraprastha, sparing the [[Asura]] architect [[Mayasura|Maya]]. At Krishna’s suggestion, Maya constructed a magnificent ''[[mayasabha]]'' (assembly hall) for the Pandavas, which he presented to Yudhishthira, narrated in the ''[[Sabha Parva]]''. When Krishna departed for [[Dvārakā|Dvaraka]], Yudhishthira drove his chariot, replacing Krishna’s charioteer Daruka.<ref name=":0" />

===Rajasuya===
[[File:King Yudhisthira Performs the Rajasuya Sacrifice.png|thumb|200x200px|King Yudhishthira performs the rajasuya sacrifice]]

When Narada visited once again, he conveyed Pandu’s post-mortem wish for Yudhishthira to perform the ''[[Rajasuya]]'', an ancient Vedic ritual of royal consecration, entirely narrated in the ''[[Sabha Parva]]''. Initially a means to legitimize his kingship, the ''Rajasuya'' soon reflected Yudhishthira’s ambition to become ''[[samraj]]''—an “all-king” or universal sovereign—to whom all princes would submit. Encouraged by his brothers, ministers, and Krishna, Yudhishthira considered the proposal. Krishna suggested eliminating [[Jarasandha]], the [[Magadha]] king obstructing Yudhishthira’s supremacy. Yudhishthira dispatched his brothers on a ''[[Digvijaya (conquest)|Digvijaya]]'' (conquest): Arjuna to the north, Bhima to the east, Nakula to the west, and Sahadeva to the south, subduing rival kings and securing tribute. These victories established Yudhishthira’s dominance, prompting him to order the ''Rajasuya''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qZUvwEACAAJ |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 2: Book 2: The Book of Assembly; Book 3: The Book of the Forest |date=1975 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-84649-1 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Vyasa]] arrived to oversee the sacrifice, assembling priests and sanctifying the opulent sacrificial site, built to reflect Yudhishthira’s sovereignty. Yudhishthira instructed Sahadeva to summon kings and Brahmins, dispatching messengers across the realms subdued in the ''Digvijaya''. Nakula invited their Hastinapura kinsmen, the Kauravas, who accepted and attended. Yudhishthira was inaugurated as the sacrificer, and arriving guests—kings, princes, and Brahmins—were housed and feasted lavishly in Indraprastha’s quarters. The assembled kings offered great gifts. Yudhishthira, unsure of the primary honor (''agra-puja''), accepted [[Bhishma]]’s proposal of Krishna, sparking dissent from [[Shishupala]] of [[Chedi kingdom|Chedi]]. Shishupala’s challenge escalated into a confrontation, ending with Krishna beheading him. Yudhishthira was consecrated ''samraj'', achieving temporal supremacy. However, the hall’s magnificence stirred envy in [[Duryodhana]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

==The game of dice==
[[File:89-LepakshiShakuni.jpg|thumb|A relief at Lepakshi Temple depicting the dice-match between Shakuni (left) and Yudhishthira (right). The other Pandavas stand beside Yudhishthira]]
Following the ''Rajasuya'' sacrifice, Yudhishthira’s reign faced a pivotal challenge with the game of dice in Hastinapura, narrated in the ''[[Sabha Parva]]''. [[Dhritarashtra]], at Duryodhana’s urging, invited Yudhishthira to Hastinapura for a dice match against [[Duryodhana]]. Despite [[Vidura]]’s warnings and his own misgivings, Yudhishthira accepted, citing ''[[kshatriya dharma]]'' (duty to accept challenges), ''kula dharma'' (obedience to elders), and the inevitability of fate (''daiva'' and ''Dhatr''). Learning that [[Shakuni]], a skilled dice player, would roll for Duryodhana, he proceeded nonetheless, entering the contest with unease. In the ''sabha'', Yudhishthira wagered incrementally, losing his wealth, lands, brothers, and himself to Shakuni’s expertise. At Shakuni’s suggestion, he then staked [[Draupadi]], losing her as well. Draupadi protested, arguing that Yudhishthira, having lost himself, lacked authority to wager her—a claim debated amidst insults from [[Karna]], Duryodhana, and [[Dushasana|Duhshasana]]. Bhima angered, wished to burn Yudhishthira's hands. Alarmed by her ordeal and ominous signs, Dhritarashtra intervened, granting her boons and annulling the match, restoring the Pandavas’ losses.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Arindam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HuffCgAAQBAJ&q=mahabharata+now+narration+aesthetics+ethics |title=Mahabharata Now: Narration, Aesthetics, Ethics |last2=Bandyopadhyay |first2=Sibaji |date=2017-09-19 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34213-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

Duryodhana, fueled by envy of Indraprastha’s splendor, persuaded Dhritarashtra to recall Yudhishthira for a second, decisive game. The stake was set: thirteen years of exile, including one in hiding, with Draupadi included. Yudhishthira lost again to Shakuni, and this time, Draupadi accepted the outcome without protest . The Pandavas, stripped of their kingdom, departed for exile, marking the downfall of Yudhishthira’s ''samraj'' status.<ref name=":1" />

Yudhishthira’s decision to play puzzled observers. He later explained to Vidura that duty compelled him, yet he admitted to [[Bhima]] a desire to claim Duryodhana’s half of the kingdom, driven by overconfidence (''Sabha Parva'', 3.35.1–5). When Shakuni’s skill became evident, anger spurred him to continue rather than withdraw. Some scholars link the dice game to Vedic ''Rajasuya'' traditions, though the ''Mahabharata'' does not explicitly connect them. Yudhishthira's staking of Draupadi, after losing himself, drew Shakuni’s rebuke—“Self-loss is wicked when a stake remains”—highlighting a lapse in responsibility.<ref name=":1" />

== Exile ==
===Obtaining the Akshaya Patra===
{{main|Akshaya Patra}}
Some time after going to the forests, Yudhishthira became troubled upon realising that he was unable to feed the Brahmanas who followed him to the forests. On the advice of his priest, Sage Dhaumya, Yudhishthira stood in river and appeased [[Surya]], the Sun god, by reciting his 108 names. The god gifted a copper plate, the [[Akshaya Patra]], to Yudhishthira, saying that any food cooked in that vessel would be inexhaustible, until Draupadi finished her daily meal. He also blessed Yudhishthira that the latter would regain his kingdom fourteen years later.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03003.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Section III}}</ref>

===Tale of Nala and Damayanti===
Sage Vyasa imparts the Pratismriti to Yudhishthira and tells him to pass it down to Arjuna. On Vyasa's advice, Yudhishthira permits Arjuna to perform penance in the Himalayas and obtain celestial weapons from the gods. During Arjuna's absence, Sage Brihadashva consoles Yudhishthira by narrating the story of [[Nala]] and [[Damayanti]]. Brihadashva advises Yudhishthira not give in to misery despite the wretched conditions he lives in. At the end of the story, Yudhishthira received a mantra from the sage, which makes him a master of gambling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03079.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Section LXXIX}}</ref>

===Yudhishthira and Nahusha===
{{main|Nahusha}}

One day, while Bhima was roaming the forests, he was captured by a giant serpent, who suppressed the Pandava's might with his gaze. Meanwhile, a worried Yudhishthira searched for Bhima and found him at the mercy of the snake. To Yudhishthira's shock, the snake introduces itself to be the ancient King [[Nahusha]], the father of [[Yayati]], and the legendary ancestor of the Pandavas.

Nahusha posed questions on spirituality to Yudhishthira and was satisfied with his answers. In turn, he also clarified Yudhishthira's doubts on some spiritual topics. Nahusha then narrated his story to Yudhishthira, on how he used to rule [[Svarga]] in the days of yore, how he became intoxicated with hubris, and how he turned into a snake due to the curse of the sages, [[Bhrigu]] and [[Agastya]]. Nahusha used his own story to warn Yudhishthira about the consequences of being arrogant.

Agastya and Bhrigu had prophesized that Yudhishthira would rescue Nahusha from his curse. After conversing with Yudhishthira, Nahusha regained his original form and returned to Svarga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03180.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Section CLXXX}}</ref>

===Yudhishthira and Markandeya===
{{main|Markandeya}}

The ever-youthful sage, [[Markandeya]], once visited Yudhishthira. He narrated many stories to Yudhishthira, including the characteristics of the Yugas, the story of King [[Shibi (king)|Shibi]], and the story of [[Savitri and Satyavan]]. He also narrated the story of [[Rama]] to Yudhishthira, and discoursed on spiritual philosophy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03230.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Section CCXXX}}</ref>

===Yaksha Prashna===
{{main|Yaksha Prashna}}

[[File:Yudhisthira answer to yaksha.jpg|thumb|200px|Yudhisthira answering the questions of Yaksha]]

During their exile, the four other Pandavas happened upon a lake, which was haunted by a [[Yaksha]]. The Yaksha challenged the brothers to answer his moral questions before drinking the water; the four Pandavas laughed and drank the water anyway. As a result, they choked on the water and died. Yudhishthira went in last, answered many questions put forth to him by the Yaksha. After the Yaksha was satisfied with the answers, he offered Yudhishthira the choice to bring back one of his brother, and Yudhishthira chose Nakula. When the Yaksha questioned him on his reasoning, Yudhishthira replied that he is still alive as Kunti's lineage, but there are no one alive as [[Madri]]'s lineage, so he chose Nakula. The Yaksha was impressed again, and revived all of the Pandavas siblings.

The Yaksha asked for any other wish as he was impressed and told him he could ask for wealth, strength, power, anything he wished. Yudhishthira said he already got the strength, wealth and power when all his four brothers were revived and said he could not ask for any other wish. Yudhishthira replied, "It is enough that I have beheld thee with my senses, eternal God of gods as thou art! O father, whatever boon thou wilt confer on me I shall surely accept gladly! May I, O lord, always conquer covetousness and folly and anger, and may my mind be ever devoted to charity, truth, and ascetic austerities!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m03/m03312.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 3: Vana Parva: Section CCCXII}}</ref>

This story is often cited as an example of Yudhishthira's upright principles.{{Sfn|Sehgal|1999}} The Yaksha later identified himself as Yudhishthira's father, Dharma, and pointed them to the kingdom of [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]] to spend their last year of exile in anoymity.

=== Ajñātavāsa ===
Along with his brothers, Yudhishthira spent his last year of exile in the kingdom of Matsya. He disguised himself as a [[Brahmin]] named Kanka (among themselves Pandavas codenamed him Jaya) and advised the game of dice to the king.<ref name="sacred-texts.com"/>

Following the death of [[Kichaka]] by Bhima, Matsya was invaded by King [[Susharma]] of [[Trigarta]], in retaliation to the raidings his kingdom had suffered by Kichaka, and in cooperation with Duryodhana of Hastinapur. When Susharma's army closed the kingdom, Kanka volunteered to follow King Virata to face the invader, and took along his three brothers, Vallabha ([[Bhima]]), Granthika ([[Nakula]]), and Tantripala ([[Sahadeva]]), with him and while disguised. On the battlefield, the brothers proved valiance, defending King Virata before finally defeating King Susharma.

While Yudhishthira and King Virata were away battling Susharma, the city was marched upon by the host from Hastinapur. Prince Uttar and Brihannala ([[Arjuna]]), who were left in defense of the city, rallied to defend the kingdom, where Arjuna revealed his identity and fended off the invasion. When King Virata returned from his battle, the identities of all Pandavas were revealed, and Yudhishthira congratulated the marriage between Princess [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttarā]] and [[Abhimanyu]], as Arjuna has suggested.

==Kurukshetra war==
[[File:Krishna talking with Yudhishthira and his brothers.jpg|thumb|Krishna talking with Yudhishthira and his brothers, on preparation for war]]
When the period of exile was completed, [[Duryodhana]] refused to return Yudhishthira's kingdom. Yudhishthira made numerous diplomatic efforts to retrieve his kingdom peacefully but in vain. Left with no other option, Yudhishthira wages war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05151.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 5: Udyoga Parva: Section CLI}}</ref>

The flag of Yudhishthira's chariot bore the image of a golden moon with planets around it. Two large and beautiful kettle-drums, called Nanda and Upananda, were tied to it.{{Sfn|Kapoor|2002|p=4462}} Before the war started, Yudhishthira stepped down from his chariot to take blessings from his grandsire [[Bhishma]], teachers [[Drona]] and [[Kripa]] and uncle [[Shalya]], who all were in his opposite side in the war showing his respect towards his elders. He also asked the willing Kauravas to join his side. On his request one of [[Dhritarashtra]] sons, [[Yuyutsu]] joined the war on the side of Pandavas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06043.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Section XLIII}}</ref>

Yudhishthira was described to be an excellent javelin-fighter and to have surpassed everyone as a car-warrior. Yudhishthira defeated many warriors in the war, like Duryodhana. Yudhishthira’s javelin originally belonged to [[Ishana]] which he would use to kill Shalya during the war.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09017.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section XVII}}</ref> Yudhishthira also wielded a bow called Mahendra.

On the 14th day of the war, while [[Arjuna]] was busy searching for [[Jayadratha]], Drona attempted to capture Yudhishthira but Arjuna would foil Drona's plans. Yudhishthira and Drona engaged in a fierce duel where Yudhishthira was ultimately defeated by Drona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07102.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Section CV}}</ref> Yudhishthira would later assist his nephew [[Ghatotkacha]] in slaying the asura Alambusha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07105.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Section CVIII}}</ref>

Yudhishthira would later defeat Duryodhana twice and the latter had to be rescued by Drona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07149.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Section CLII}}</ref> Drona and Yudhishthira would engage in an archery duel which would end up as a stalemate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07153.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Section CLVI}}</ref> Yudhishthira would later be defeated by [[Kritavarma]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07158.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Section CLXI}}</ref>

On the 15th day, Yudhishthira was approached by [[Drona]], in the latter' inquiry on the death of his son [[Ashwatthama]] whom he heard to have died at Bhima's hand. Torn between his duty to cripple Drona and upholding his morals, Yudhishthira opted to half truth where he confirmed the death of Ashwatthama the elephant, but omitted the contextual part that it was an elephant and not his son. This was effective in the former purpose of crippling Drona, but also caused his own chariot to finally fall down to the ground, instead of slightly levitating as it had been before this incident. Yudhishthira was one of 5 individuals who witnessed Drona's spirit leaving his body.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m07/m07189.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 7: Drona Parva: Section CXCIII}}</ref>

On the 17th day, he injured Duryodhana badly and was about to kill him but decided to spare him on Bhima's advice who reminded him of his vow to kill Duryodhana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08029.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva: Section XXIX}}</ref> Yudhishthira would be defeated by both [[Karna]] and [[Ashwatthama]].
[[File:Mace fighting between Duryodhan & bheema.jpg|thumb|Bhima duels with Duryodhana.]]
Worried for Yudhishthira's safety, [[Arjuna]] retreats from the battlefield to search for him, only to find him taking refuge in camp. Furious at Arjuna for not killing Karna yet, Yudhishthira insults him by suggesting Arjuna should hand over the Gandiva to another warrior if he does not think he is able to slay Karna.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08068.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva: Section LXVIII}}</ref> Arjuna, enraged from Yudhishthira's insult, attempted to kill him with his sword but was stopped from doing so due to Krishna's intervention. Filled with regret, Arjuna [[attempted suicide]] but was dissuaded from doing so by [[Krishna]]. The brothers would reconcile their differences and embrace each other.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m08/m08071.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 8: Karna Parva: Section LXXI}}</ref>

On the last day of the war, Yudhishthira was highly energetic for the day, and engaged in a fierce duel against the Kauravas' final supreme commander, [[Shalya]]. With Bhima's assistance, Yudhishthira managed to slay his uncle.<ref name="ReferenceB"/>

With the battlefield cleared of the Kauravas but no sight of Duryodhana, Yudhishthira received a report that his nemesis went into hiding in a nearby swamp. The Pandavas brothers and Krishna thus went to the swamp, and taunted Duryodhana off his refuge. Yudhishthira proposed a final challenge to Duryodhana, to a battle against any of the Pandavas under any weapon of Duryodhana's desire. Yudhishthira also promised Duryodhana that should he win, he would reign as the next King of Hastinapura.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09032.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section XXXII}}</ref>

With Duryodhana choosing Bhima, the other Pandavas brothers, Krishna and Balarama witnessed the mace duel between the mace fighters. When Bhima finally defeated Duryodhana and started insulting his nemesis, Yudhishthira became sufficiently displeased with his brother's disrespect and ordered Bhima off the battleground. Ultimately, Yudhishthira heard out Duryodhana's final conversation and lamentation, before leaving the fallen Kauravas' overlord on his deathbed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m09/m09061.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 9: Shalya Parva: Section LXI}}</ref>

On advice of Krishna, Yudhishthira and the Pandavas brothers did not return to their camps. They were thus absent from the nighttime assault carried by the Kauravas survivors, led by [[Aswatthama]]. The Panadavas showed up later to witness the massacre's aftermath, and the deaths of their sons by Drauparti. Stricken by grief, Draupadi asked her husbands to bring justice to Aswatthama. The Panadavas thus chased Drona's son to the Rishi's encampment, where he took refuge. Yudhishthira then witnessed Aswatthama's last stand and downfall, and afterwards, return to Draupadi with proof of Aswatthama's defeat.

===Yudhishthira's curse===
Aftermath of the Kurukshetra War [[Kunti]] reveals to Yudhishthira and all the Pandavas that [[Karna]] was her eldest son, born before marriage, through [[Lord Surya]], by invoking the boon gifted by [[Durvasa]], thus making Karna his elder brother. Yudhishthira overwhelmed with grief and regret for Karna, cursed all women with not being able to hide any secrets - "Thus addressed by his mother, King Yudhishthira, with tearful eyes and heart agitated by grief, said these words, 'In consequence of thyself having concealed thy counsels, this great affliction has overtaken me!' Possessed of great energy, the righteous king, then, in sorrow, cursed all the women of the world, saying, 'Henceforth no woman shall succeed in keeping a secret'."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12a006.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Section VI}}</ref>

==Reign after the war==
[[File: Draupadi and Pandavas.jpg|thumb|Yudhishthira (centre) and Draupadi seated on a throne, while the other Pandavas surround them, a print by Ravi Varma Press, {{circa|1910}}]]
After getting victory in the war, Yudhishthira was crowned as the Emperor of [[Hastinapura]] and reigned for 36 years.

Fifty days after the war, Yudhishthira and the royal families visited [[Bhishma]], who had been lying on the bed of arrows since his defeat. Bhishma bestowed the new king with ''Anushasana'', teaching the new king in series of dharma and royal conducts, before the elder guardian surrendered his life by his own will. Yudhishthira then cremated the former protector of Hastinapur in a great ceremony.

Later, he performed the [[Ashwamedha|Ashvamedha]] on [[Krishna]] and [[Vyasa]]'s insistence. In this sacrifice, a horse was released to wander for a year, and Yudhishthira's brother Arjuna led the Pandava army, following the horse. The kings of all the countries where the horse wandered were asked to submit to Yudhishthira's rule or face war. All paid tribute, once again establishing Yudhishthira as the undisputed Emperor of Bharatavarsha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 14: Aswamedha Parva Index|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/index.htm|access-date=2020-06-09|website=www.sacred-texts.com|archive-date=8 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200708220631/https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m14/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

During his reign, Yudhisthira duly consulted with and reported to [[Dhritarashtra]] on governances. After 15 years, the former king, his consort [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], Queen Mother [[Kunti]], and Prime Minister [[Vidura]] decided to retire to the forest, where they pass away years later. These events greatly saddened Yudhishthira and the Pandavas brothers.

==Retirement and ascent to heaven==
[[File:Death of Draupadi - Illustrations from the Barddhaman edition of Mahabharata.jpg|thumb|Draupadi dies as the Pandavas journey to heaven.]]
Upon the onset of the ''[[Kali Yuga]]'' and the departure of [[Krishna]], Yudhishthira and his brothers retired, leaving the throne to their only descendant to survive the war of Kurukshetra, Arjuna's grandson, [[Parikshit]]. Giving up all their belongings and ties, the Pandavas, accompanied by a dog, made their final journey of pilgrimage to the [[Himalayas]]. During their pilgrimage, each one starting with [[Draupadi]], fell down dead upon the mountains. Yudhishthira cites Draupadi's partiality for Arjuna, Sahadeva's pride in his wisdom, Nakula's vanity in his beauty, Arjuna's boastfulness of his archery, and Bhima's negligence of the needs of others while eating as the reasons for their fall. Finally, it was Yudhishthira who was able to reach the top, with the dog accompanying him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m17/m17002.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 17: Mahaprasthanika Parva: Section II}}</ref>
[[File:Dark and difficult was the Road.jpg|thumb|[[Indra]] lifts the illusion and reveals the truth to Yudhishthira. ]]

On reaching the top, [[Indra]] congratulates him and promises Yudhishthira immortality and godhood upon his ascent to Heaven. However, Indra asks him to abandon the dog before entering Heaven. But Yudhishthira refused to do so, citing the dog's unflinching devotion as a reason. Indra retorts that he has abandoned his brothers and wife to reach the top of the Himalayas, but Yudhishthira said he could not prevent their deaths, but to abandon a poor creature was a great sin. It turns out that the dog was his father [[Yama]] in disguise. Yama congratulates his son and commends him on his unwavering principles. Yudhishthira proceeds to Heaven upon a celestial vehicle with [[Narada]] as his guide, who informs him that he is the first mortal to enter Heaven in a physical form.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

Upon his arrival, Yudhishthira finds Duryodhana and his Kaurava cousins in heaven but not his brothers and Draupadi. Furious, Yudhishthira demands that Narada take him to where he might find his family. Narada brings Yudhishthira to Hell where he encounters [[Karna]], his brothers, Draupadi, Dhrishtadyumna, and the Upapandavas. Yudhishthira, enraged, decides that he would rather live in Hell with his family than in Heaven with his cousins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m18/m18002.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 18: Svargarohanika Parva: Section II}}</ref> Indra then appears and lifts the illusion, informing Yudhishthira of his deception. Indra reveals that Yudhishthira has been shown a glimpse of Hell due to deceiving [[Drona]] with his white lie. Yama congratulates his son on passing his third and final test, the first being the Yaksha Prashna, and the second being his refusal to abandon the dog. Yudhishthira would then bathe in the Heavenly Ganga, casting off his mortal form and was reunited with his family in [[Svarga]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m18/m18003.htm|title = The Mahabharata, Book 18: Svargarohanika Parva: Section III}}</ref>

==Assessment==
Yudhishthira was master in javelin-fighting and chariot racing, alongside being a skilled archer. Yudhishthira was a polyglot, knowing unusual languages. After being exiled by Duryodhana, Yudhishthira became adept at controlling the dice after learning a mantra from Sage Brihadashwa. He was a hero known for his honesty, justice, sagacity, tolerance, good behavior and discernment.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01142.htm|title=Mahabharata Text|access-date=3 August 2016|archive-date=18 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618171502/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01142.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

Yudhishthira could burn down anyone into ashes when he sees someone with his wrath and anger. That's why he used to be calm and composed most of the time. He closed his eyes and came out of the gambling hall even when he lost everything. Otherwise the entire Kuru court and all the one who were present would be burnt into ashes.

[[Dhritarashtra]] said to Sanjaya "The son of [[Kunti]] and [[Pandu]], Yudhishthira, is virtuous and brave and eschews deeds that bring on shame. Endued with great energy, he hath been wronged by Duryodhana. If he were not high-minded, they would in wrath burn the Dhritarashtras. I do not so much dread Arjuna or [[Bhima]] or Krishna or the twin brothers as I dread the wrath of the king, O [[Sūta|Suta]], when his wrath is excited. His austerities are great; he is devoted to ''[[Brahmacharya]]'' practices. His heart's wishes will certainly be fulfilled. When I think of his wrath, O [[Sanjaya]], and consider how just it is, I am filled with alarm."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05022.htm|title=Mahabharata Section XXII|access-date=22 January 2018|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026103613/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m05/m05022.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Notes ==
<references group="note" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last1=Abbott|first1=Justin Edwards|last2=Godbole|first2=Narhar R.|title=Stories of Indian Saints|year=1988|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn=9788120804692|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9788120804692}}
* {{cite book|last=Agarwal|first=Satya P.|title=Selections from the Mahābhārata: Re-affirming Gītā's Call for the Good of All|year=2002|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|location=Delhi|isbn=9788120818743|edition=1|series=Hinduism and Its Sources Series}}
* {{Cite book |editor-last1=Agarwala|editor-first=G C|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgnfbxkFsFoC |title=Age of Bharata War |date=1979 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Indrajit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbRLCAAAQBAJ&q=Yudhishthira+marriage+with+Draupadi&pg=PT51|title=Peter Brook's Woman in Mahabharata|date=2016-10-30|publisher=[[Lulu Press, Inc.]]|isbn=978-1-105-32108-5|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Fitzgerald|editor-first=James L.|editor-link=James L. Fitzgerald|translator-last1=Fitzgerald|translator-first1=James L.|translator-last2=van Buitenen|translator-first2=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus|translator-link2=J. A. B. van Buitenen|title=The Mahābhārata|year=2004|orig-date=1973|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|location=Chicago|isbn=9780226252506|volume=7}}
* {{cite book|last=Hudson|first=Emily T.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|title=Disorienting Dharma: Ethics and the Aesthetics of Suffering in the Mahābhārata|year=2013|isbn=978-0199860760|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|oclc=852228437|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816071848/https://books.google.com/books?id=isYVDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA97|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Kapoor |editor-first=Subodh |title=The Indian encyclopaedia : biographical, historical, religious, administrative, ethnological, commercial and scientific|year=2002|publisher=Cosmo Publications |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788177552713 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|last=Kishore|first=B. R.|title=Hinduism|year=2001|publisher=Diamond Books|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788171820733|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9788171820733|oclc=314385773}}
* {{cite book|last=Lochtefeld|first=James G.|title=The illustrated encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/|url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher=[[Rosen Publishing]]|location=New York|isbn=9780823931798|edition=1st}}
* {{cite book|last=Mittal|first=J.P.|title=History of Ancient India (A New Version)|year=2006|publisher=Atlantic|volume=2: From 4250 BC to 637 AD|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788126906161|oclc=135269936|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404091809/https://books.google.com/books?id=rrh4tY3v2A4C|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Hemchandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fN89AAAAMAAJ |title=Political History of Ancient India: From the Accession of Parikshit to the Extinction of the Gupta Dynasty |date=1953 |publisher=University of Calcutta |language=en}}
* {{cite book|last=Sehgal|first=Sunil|title=Encyclopaedia of Hinduism|year=1999|publisher=Sarup & Sons|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788176250641|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9788176250641|volume=4|oclc=47906736}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Sutton |first1=Nick |date=1997 |title=Aśoka and Yudhisthira: A Historical Setting for the Ideological Tensions of the Mahābhārata? |url=https://doi.org/10.1006/reli.1997.0092 |journal=Religion |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=333–341 |doi=10.1006/reli.1997.0092 |access-date= |archive-date=16 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816072344/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1006/reli.1997.0092 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book|author1=Valmiki|author-link1=Valmiki|author2=Vyasa|author-link2=Vyasa|translator-last1=Griffith|translator-first1=Ralph Thomas Hotchkin Griffith|translator-link1=Ralph T. H. Griffith|translator-last2=Ganguli|translator-first2=Kisari Mohan|translator-link2=Kisari Mohan Ganguli|translator-last3=Cowell|translator-first3=Edward Byles|translator-link3=Edward Byles Cowell|translator-last4=Johnston|translator-first4=Edward Hamilton|translator-link4=Edward Johnston (orientalist)|translator-last5=Ryder|translator-first5=Arthur William|translator-link5=Arthur W. Ryder|translator-last6=Bhandare|translator-first6=M. S.|translator-last7=Dutt|translator-first7=Romesh Chunder|translator-link7=Romesh Chunder Dutt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9bDwAAQBAJ&q=Dhritrashtra+khandavaprastha&pg=PT2606|title=Delphi Collected Sanskrit Epics (Illustrated)|volume=78 of Delphi Poets Series|date=19 May 2018|publisher=Delphi Classics|isbn=978-1-78656-128-2|language=en|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816072343/https://books.google.com/books?id=qj9bDwAAQBAJ&q=Dhritrashtra+khandavaprastha&pg=PT2606|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Vyas|first=Ramnarayan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fmYAdJHqd3cC&q=crowning+of+Yudhishthira&pg=PA29|title=Nature of Indian Culture|year=1992|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7022-388-7|language=en|oclc=28062149|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816072344/https://books.google.com/books?id=fmYAdJHqd3cC&q=crowning+of+Yudhishthira&pg=PA29|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Walker|first=Benjamin|author-link=Benjamin Walker (author)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6zj3DwAAQBAJ&q=Pandava+conquest+Rajasuya&pg=PA564|title=Hindu World: An Encyclopedic Survey of Hinduism|date=9 April 2019|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-429-62465-0|language=en|oclc=1124550466|volume=I A-L|access-date=5 December 2020|archive-date=16 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816072345/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zj3DwAAQBAJ&q=Pandava+conquest+Rajasuya&pg=PA564|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
* [http://www.mahabharataonline.com/ Persons and stories from ''Mahabharata'']

{{Mahabharata}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Entering heaven alive]]
[[Category:Princes in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Mythological kings of Kuru]]
[[Category:Pandavas]]
[[Category:Demigods]]
[[Category:Heroes in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:People of the Kurukshetra War]]
[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Yama]]

Vasantasena

2026-03-16T21:55:41Z

BharatpediaContributor: Created a details.

{{Short description|Character from Mṛichchhakatika}}
{{otheruses}}
{{refimprove|date=April 2017}}
'''Vasantasena''' is a fictional character and the protagonist of the iconic Sanskrit play [[Mṛcchakatika|Mṛichchhakatika]] (The Little Clay Cart) written by [[Śūdraka]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wZ0-AAAAcAAJ|title=The Mrichchakati; Or, The Toy Cart: A Drama|date=1826-01-01|publisher=V. Holcroft, Asiatic Press|language=en}}</ref>

''Mricchakatika'' was translated in 1826 as ''The Toy Cart'' by [[Horace Hayman Wilson]], a surgeon in the East India Company. In 1847, the text was translated by the German scholar [[Adolf Friedrich Stenzler|A.F Stenzler]], and published in Bonn. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sudraka {{!}} The Online Books Page |url=https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Sudraka |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu}}</ref>

The play was subsequently adapted and performed widely across Europe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lab |first=The Heritage |date=2023-05-07 |title=Vasantasena on stage : the timeless Sanskrit drama, 'Mricchakatika' (The Little Clay Cart) |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/mricchakatika-vasantasena-sanskrit-drama/ |access-date=2023-06-01 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref> Many of the adaptions were titled 'Vasantasena' after the main character.

== Characters in the Play ==
The main characters in the play include:

'''Chārudatta:''' a wealthy noble-man who loses all his wealth due to his philanthropic and altruistic nature and is seriously impoverished.

'''Vasantasena:''' a wealthy courtesan([[nagarvadhu]]) who lives a life of utmost luxury but falls in love with Chārudatta for his extremely noble nature.

'''Madanika:''' Vasantasena's attendant

'''Sansthanaka:''' the evil brother-in-law of the King Palaka; Sansthanaka fancies Vasantasena.

'''Aryaka:''' prophesied to become the King<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sudraka |first=Rajah of Magadha |url=http://archive.org/details/littleclaycartmr00sudruoft |title=The little clay cart (Mrcchakatika) a Hindu drama, attributed to King Shudraka; translated from the original Sanskrit and Prakrits into English prose and verse |last2=Ryder |first2=Arthur W. (Arthur William) |date=1905 |publisher=Cambridge Harvard University |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> <gallery>
File:Carl Carlsson, rollporträtt - SMV - H2 061.tif|alt=
File:Georgina Hjort, rollporträtt - SMV - H4 162.tif|alt=
File:Karin Swanström, rollporträtt - SMV - H8 078.tif|alt=
File:Dorothy Raymond as Vasantasena in The Little Clay Cart, 1928 (NBY 5427).jpg|alt=
</gallery>

== Art and Media ==
[[File:Nationalmuseum Neu-Delhi 2017-12-27v.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Sculpture of Vasantasena kept in National Museum, Delhi]]
Different works in the domain of arts and media have been produced at different points of time in history because the legend has been popular since times immemorial. Recognisable works have been listed down as follows:[[File:Raja Ravi Varma, Vasanthasena (Oleographic print).jpg|alt=The Indian painter Raja Ravi Verma made an oleographic print of Vasantasena depicting her the way she has been described in the play Mṛcchakaṭika. She is portrayed as a rich, beautiful and fine lady.|right|thumb|200px|An oleographic print by Raja Ravi Varma depicting Vasantasena, the protagonist of the play [[Mṛcchakatika]]]]
* '''Painting by [[Abanindranath Tagore]] (early 1920's) / Public Domain'''
* '''Sculpture from [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] period''': A mottled red sandstone sculpture belonging to the 2nd century A.D., which depicts a Scene of a Courtesan's House. It is kept in the [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum, Delhi]].
* '''Oleograph by Raja Ravi Varma:''' The 19th-century Indian artist Raja Ravi Varma produced an [[oleograph]] depicting Vasantasena.
* '''Movies:'''
*** Vasantsena, a movie by [[Dadasaheb Phalke]] made in 1929
*** [[Vasantsena (1941 film)|''Vasantha Sena'']], a Kannada movie by Ramayyar Shirur made in 1941
*** [[Vasantsena (1942 film)|''Vasantha Sena'']], a Bollywood movie by [[Gajanan Jagirdar]] in 1942
*** [[Vasantha Sena (1967 film)|''Vasantha Sena'']], a Tollywood movie by [[B. S. Ranga]] in 1967

[[Utsav]] is a 1984 [[Hindi]] [[erotic film|erotic]] [[drama film]], produced by [[Shashi Kapoor]] and directed by [[Girish Karnad]] and is based on this play.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1192764152235708418|user=NFAIOfficial|title=A lobby card for Girish Karnad’s #Utsav (1984), featuring #FaceOfTheWeek #ShankarNag. The film was based on popular… |date=8 November 2019}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Fictional Indian people in literature]]
[[Category:Female characters in literature]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Fictional courtesans]]
[[Category:Indian plays]]

Sultanpur National Park

2026-03-13T11:13:59Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{Short description|National Park in Haryana, India}}
{{Other uses|Sultanpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Sultanpur National Park
| iucn_category = II
| image = Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary, Gurgaon.jpg
| image_caption =
| map = India Haryana#India
| map_caption =
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| location = Gurugram, Haryana, India
| nearest_city = Gurugram
| coordinates = {{coord|28.4623|76.8899|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{cvt|1.43|km2}}
| established = 1991
| governing_body = [[Forests Department, Haryana]]
| website = {{URL|www.haryanaforest.gov.in}}
| module = {{Designation list
| embed = yes
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_date = 25 May 2021
| designation1_number = 2457<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Sultanpur National Park |work=Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2457|access-date=24 August 2021}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Sultanpur National Park''' is a [[national park]] in [[Haryana]], [[India]], covering approximately {{cvt|142.52|ha|km2}}.

== Geography==
[[File:Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary, Haryana..JPG|thumb|Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary became a National Park in 1991]]
Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary is located in Sultanpur village, [[Farrukhnagar]], [[Gurgaon district]] in the state of [[Haryana]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}

== Wildlife ==
[[File:White-throated Kingfisher Sultanpur.jpg|thumb|A white-throated kingfisher]]
Some of the resident birds are [[common hoopoe]], [[paddyfield pipit]], [[purple sunbird]], [[little cormorant]], [[pigeons]], [[common myna]], [[Eurasian stone-curlew]], [[grey francolin]], [[black francolin]], [[Indian roller]], [[white-throated kingfisher]], [[Indian spot-billed duck]], [[painted stork]], [[common spoonbill]], [[black-headed ibis]], [[black-necked stork]], [[little egret]], [[great egret]], [[cattle egret]], [[red-vented bulbul]], [[rose-ringed parakeet]], [[red-wattled lapwing]], [[shikra]], [[Eurasian collared dove]], [[red collared dove]], [[laughing dove]], [[spotted owlet]], [[rock pigeon]], [[magpie robin]], [[greater coucal]], [[weaver bird]], [[bank myna]]h, [[common mynah]] and [[Asian green bee-eater]] and [[crested lark]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}
Every year more than 100 migratory bird species arrive at Sultanpur in search of feeding grounds and to pass the winter including Siberian cranes, [[greater flamingo]], [[Ruff (bird)|ruff]], [[black-winged stilt]] [[Eurasian teal]], [[common greenshank]], [[northern pintail]], yellow wagtail, white wagtail, [[northern shoveler]], [[great white pelican]].{{cn|date=October 2025}}.

In addition to the many birds, animals such as [[nilgai]], [[Bengal fox]] and [[blackbuck]] are also seen here.<ref>[http://www.indianwildlifeportal.com/national-parks/sultanpur-national-park.html Wildlife Tours India, About Sultanpur National Park]</ref><ref>Wildlife Institute of India, Directory of Wildlife Protected Areas in India, [http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_haryana.htm wii.gov.in]</ref> Trees which are popular with the birds like [[acacia nilotica]], [[acacia tortilis]], [[berberis]] and [[neem]] have been planted.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

== History ==
As a bird sanctuary it was the find of [[Peter Jackson (biologist)|Peter Jackson]] who wrote to [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Indira Gandhi]], founder of the society,{{Clarify|reason=which society?|date=March 2026}} in 1970 about the need to declare the Sultanpur jheel (lake) near [[Delhi]] a bird sanctuary, and she asked him to take her there.{{cn|date=October 2025}}
She had to cancel at the last minute, but later instructed then Chief Minister of Haryana, [[Bansi Lal]], to protect the wetland. As a result the area was declared a [[bird sanctuary]] in 1972. In July 1991 the reserve was upgraded to a [[National Parks of India|national park]].<ref>[http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/interviews/petjackson.php Peter Jackson Interview] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070128202423/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/interviews/petjackson.php |date=28 January 2007 }} Sanctuary Asia, (12/2000) "''Interviews''", December, 2000.</ref><ref>[http://www.birding.in/birdingsites/sultanpur_bird_sanctuary.htm Sultanpur Bird Sanctuary and National Park] ''www.birding.in''.</ref> It has an area of 1.43 km².<ref>[http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/page_haryana.htm Wildlife Protected Areas in Haryana] ''www.wii.gov.in''.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Div col}}
* [[Basai wetland]]
* [[Haryana Tourism]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Haryana]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in Haryana]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.birding.in/birdingsites/sultanpur_bird_sanctuary.htm Sultanpur National Park at birding.in]
* [http://picasaweb.google.com/vaibhav.gadodia/SultanpurBirdSanctuary The Sultanpur Photo Log]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053619/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/how_sultanpur_happened.htm How Sultanpur happened: Sultanpur and Najafgarh Jheels]}}, by {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053542/http://www.haryana-online.com/Fauna/Birds/peter_jackson.htm Peter Jackson]}}
* [http://envfor.nic.in/legis/eia/so364.pdf Sultanpur National Park – Eco-sensitive Zone; MINISTRY of Environment, Forest and Climate Change Notification, New Delhi, 29 January 2009] – [To be published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, part II, Section 3, Subsection (ii)], [F.No. 30/1/2008-ESZ], By Dr. G. V. Subrahmanyam, Scientist ‘G’]

{{Protected areas of Haryana}}
{{Districts of Haryana}}
{{Protected Areas of India}}
{{National Parks of India}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National parks in Haryana]]
[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of India]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 1972]]
[[Category:Gurgaon district]]
[[Category:Lakes of Haryana]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Forests in Haryana]]

Goa Mankurad mango

2026-03-08T18:51:40Z

BharatpediaContributor: adding some data v1

{{Short description|Mango cultivar from Goa, India}}
{{Infobox cultivar
| name = ''Mangifera'' 'Goa Mankurad Mango'
| image = Mankurad mangoes.jpg
| image_caption = Mankurad mangoes from Margao market
| genus = ''[[Mangifera]]''
| species = ''[[Mangifera indica]]''
| cultivar = 'Goa Mankurad Mango'
| origin = [[India]]
}}
The ''''Mankurad' mango''', is a [[mango]] [[cultivar]] primarily grown in the coastal state of [[Goa]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Menezes |first1=Vivek |title=Goan mangoes are the best in the world – history proves so, too |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/837450/goan-mangoes-are-the-best-in-world-history-proves-so-too |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=Scroll.in |date=25 May 2017 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Mankurado vs Alphonso{{!}} Which Mango Tastes Better, Have Your Say |url=https://www.india.com/lifestyle/mankurado-vs-alphonso-which-mango-tastes-better-have-your-say-5375563/ |website=www.india.com |access-date=22 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It is also cultivated in [[Vengurla taluka|Vengurla]] and [[Malvan]] talukas of [[Maharashtra]] along within [[Uttara Kannada|Uttara Kannada district]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Research |first1=Indian Council of Agricultural |title=The Mango: A Handbook |date=1967 |publisher=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MvHwAAAAMAAJ&q=Goa+Mankurad+mango |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Malcorado, Mancurad, Mankur, Kurad, Corado are variations of the same name.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Herald |title=GOA'S MANKURAD MANGO GETS GI TAG |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/news-today/goa%E2%80%99s-mankurad-mango-gets-gi-tag/208329 |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=Herald Goa |date=2 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Mankurad varieties include the Cardozo Mancurad, Costa Mancurad, Gawas Mancurad, and Amaral Mancurad.<ref>{{cite news |title=The roots of Goan mangoes |url=https://www.thegoan.net/tg-life-sunday/the-roots-of-goan-mangoes/99717.html |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Braganza |first1=Miguel |title=Apart from the famous 'Mankurad', do you know the other mango varieties of Goa? |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/apart-from-the-famous-mankurad-do-you-know-the-other-mango-varieties-of-goa |website=Goa News on Gomantak Times |access-date=22 September 2024 |language=en |date=11 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Goa's Cardozo Mancurad to grow across country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-cardozo-mancurad-to-grow-across-country/articleshow/9780139.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=22 September 2024 |date=29 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=CARDOZO MANKURAD - A BREAKTHROUGH IN MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) SELECTION {{!}} International Society for Horticultural Science |website=www.actahort.org |url=https://www.ishs.org/ishs-article/455_31 |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Litz |first1=Richard E. |title=The Mango: Botany, Production and Uses |date=1 January 2009 |publisher=CABI |isbn=978-1-84593-490-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oloEhPYqE8QC&dq=Goa+Mankurad+mango&pg=PA88 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kole |first1=Chittaranjan |title=Fruits and Nuts |date=6 March 2007 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-540-34533-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gy5WL6jhTkwC&dq=Goa+Mankurad+mango&pg=PA309 |access-date=6 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Name==
The [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] during their [[Portuguese Goa|rule]] in Goa, named this mango as "Malcorado" meaning Poor coloured. The word "Mal" translates to "Bad" while "Cor" translates to "Colour" in the [[Portuguese language]]. With time, it became Mankurad ''aamo'' (mango) in the state language of [[Konkani language|Konkani]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kandavel |first1=Sangeetha |title=GI tags for Goan mangoes and bebinca, crafts from Rajasthan and U.P. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gi-tags-for-goan-mangoes-and-bebinca-crafts-from-rajasthan-and-up/article67147303.ece |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=1 August 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Description==
This mango variety is a Goan summer staple, offering rich taste, and a small flat seed. Weighing 200-250 grams, it has an unifom yellow skin, rich pulp, and balanced sweetness.<ref>{{cite news |title=Goa's most popular mangoes going for Rs 5,000 a dozen |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mankurad-mangoes-selling-for-rs-5000-a-dozen-in-goa-9154215/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=10 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographical indication==
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]] under the Union Government of India. on 1 August 2023 (valid until 13 December 2030).<ref>{{cite web |title=NABARD - National Bank For Agriculture And Rural Development |url=https://www.nabard.org/gi/GIProductDetails.aspx?Id=49#:~:text=In%202023%2C%20this%20sweet%20fruit%20was%20awarded%20the%20GI%20tag. |website=www.nabard.org |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref>

All Goa Mango Growers Association from [[Panaji]], proposed the geographical indication (GI) registration of Goa Mankurad Mango. After filing the application in 2020, the fruit was granted the GI tag in 2023 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Goa Mankurad Mango" exclusive to the mangoes grown in the region. It thus became the first mango variety from Goa and the 8th type of goods from Goa to earn the GI tag.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bebinca, mancurad mangoes get GI tag |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/bebinca-mancurad-mangoes-get-gi-tag/articleshow/102370063.cms#:~:text=PANAJI%3A%20After%20a%20two%2Dyear,mango%20to%20achieve%20the%20status. |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=3 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Navhind |title=Bebinca, Mankurad mango bag GI tag |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/08/03/goanews/bebinca-mankurad-mango-bag-gi-tag/ |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Navhind Times |date=2 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mancurad mango, bebinca among 5 Goan items awaiting GI tag: Goa agriculture minister Ravi Naik |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/mancurad-mango-bebinca-among-5-goan-items-awaiting-gi-tag-naik/articleshow/92941705.cms |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=18 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=State starts process to get Geographical Indication tag for three Goan mango types |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/state-starts-process-to-get-gi-tag-for-3-goan-mango-types/articleshow/84808510.cms |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |date=28 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Geographical Indications Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/728 |publisher=Intellectual Property India |access-date=22 September 2024}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of mango cultivars]]
* [[List of Geographical Indications in India]]
* [[Goa Cashew (Kaju or Caju)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mangoes}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goa Mankurad (Mango)}}
[[Category:Mango cultivars]]
[[Category:Mango cultivars of India]]
[[Category:GI-Tagged Mangoes of India]]
[[Category:Economy of Goa]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Goa]]
[[Category:Geographical indications in Goa]]

Adi Kapyare Kootamani 2

2026-03-07T04:59:40Z

BharatpediaContributor: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Adi Kapyare Kootamani#Sequel]]

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2016 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Waterways transport in Kerala

2026-03-06T20:42:40Z

BharatpediaContributor: Created a details.

{{Short description|none}}
Waterways have always been an important mode of transport in [[Kerala]]. The total length of navigable route in Kerala was 1,900 kilometres and the navigable rivers constitute about 54 per cent of the waterways. The 41 West-flowing rivers together with the backwaters are an integrated part of the inland navigation system in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/article29050147.ece|title=Kerala's inland waterways - The right route to development|website=@businessline|date=16 January 2000 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> In Kerala water transportation through these channels are mainly small distant passenger services, informal country boats, freight transportation to PSU's such as [[Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore]], [[Kochi]] etc.

The State's inland waterways pass through highly populated regions. The majority of those inhabiting the region adjoining water ways were engaged in traditional industries such as coir, cashew, brick-making and fishing. Modernization of the inland waterways can have significant impact on these population. Till early 20 th century waterways was major transportation mode in [[Travancore–Cochin]] region. Development of railways and bridges on roads reduced their significance. The yet to complete discontinuous '''West Coast Canal (WCC)''' . is major project conceived to revive waterways and shift significant transportation through waterways.

Also along with the [[Thiruvananthapuram–Kasargode Semi High Speed Rail Corridor]] and [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66 Kanyakumari to Mumbai (Trivandrum - Kasaragod stretch in Kerala)]] WCC will complete a network of multimodal north south corridor across [[Kerala]].

In pre-independence era especially transportation across Kerala was mainly through boats. Road networks in state were quite insufficient. However, later when roadways and railways started to develop the importance of waterways started to diminish. In later part of 20th century the past glory of waterways had in 18th and 19th century depleted rapidly. However, in 21st century there started to get a renewed emphasis on waterways of state. In 2005 the then [[President of India]] Shri. [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] presented a 10-point development agenda aimed at making the State an economic powerhouse by 2015.In this he mentioned strongly about the potential of water ways of Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/kalam-had-a-vision-for-kerala/article7475992.ece|title=Kalam had a vision for Kerala|date=2015-07-29|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Major Waterways of Kerala ==
Almost all the major water way systems in Kerala are part of the West Coast canal system (WCC). This canal system is a mix of backwaters, river streams and man-made canal systems. Few significant navigable stretch in this grand system (some of which are in dilapidated situation currently) are as follows,

*[[National Waterway 3]] - Kollam to Kozhikkode - 375 km - comprising West Coast canal, Champakkara Canal and, Udyogamandal Canal, [[Ashtamudi Lake]], [[Kayamkulam Kayal]], [[Vembanad]] Lake and distributaries of [[Periyar (river)]].
*[[Thiruvananthapuram–Shoranur canal]] - comprising [[Bharathappuzha]] river system, [[Kollam Canal]], [[Kadinamkulam]] Kayal etc.
*[[Conolly Canal]] - nearly 200 km, [[Kodungallur]] to [[Vatakara]] through [[Kozhikode]].
* Alappuzha-Sherthala ([[AS Canal]]) - 22 km from Vada Canal in [[Alappuzha]] to [[Vembanad]] lake near Cherthala.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/renovation-of-canals-begins-in-alappuzha/article26207432.ece|title=Renovation of canals begins in Alappuzha|date=2019-02-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/residents-seek-to-revive-alappuzha-cherthala-canal/articleshow/58966153.cms|title=Residents seek to revive Alappuzha-Cherthala canal {{!}} Kochi News |date=2 June 2017|agency=TNN |website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>
*National Waterway 8 - Alappuzha-Changanassery Canal - 28 km.
*National Waterway 9 - Alappuzha-Kottayam-Athirampuzha Canal - 38 km. This waterways can improve navigation prospectus of cargo to [[Kottayam Port]]. It also uses [[Meenachil River]] system and [[Vembanad]]. It connects Mannanam and Kainikkara, the birthplace of [[Kuriakose Elias Chavara|St.Kuriakose Elias Chavara]].
*National Waterway 59 - Kottayam-Vaikom Canal - 28 km.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/Four-National-Waterways-for-State-notified/article14509142.ece|title=Four National Waterways for State notified|date=2016-07-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It commence near Kodimatha in [[Kottayam]] town and passes through [[Meenachil River]] via Illikkal, Thiruvaataa, Pulikkuttisseri to enter [[Vembanad]] Lake near Cheepungal then it reaches [[Vaikom]] through [[Thanneermukkom Bund]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kottayam canals await uplift before National Waterways tag|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/districts/kottayam/2019/01/29/kottayam-canals-await-uplift-national-waterways-tag.html|access-date=2020-07-09|website=OnManorama|language=en}}</ref>
*[[AVM Canal|AVM Canal (National Waterway 13)]]<ref name="pib.gov.in">{{Cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=199871|title=Promoting Inland Waterways in The Country|website=pib.gov.in|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> - 11 km from [[Colachel]] in Tamil Nadu to [[Pozhiyoor]] in Trivandrum.
*[[Manjaly|Manjaly Canal]] - a 17 km water way connecting [[Angamaly]] with [[Periyar River]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Pramod |date=2013-08-21 |title=Renovation and deepening of Manjaly Canal stagnant |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2013/Aug/21/renovation-and-deepening-of-manjaly-canal-stagnant-508891.html |access-date=2026-02-12 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Kerala Waterways.jpg|thumb|The water ways of Kerala]]

=== West Coast Canal System (WCC). ===
WCC is the arterial inland waterway of the State, which is being developed to the standard of a National Waterway. This is a ₹2,300-crore rupees project that is intended to make the entire 633 km long water ways along Kerala coast from [[Kovalam]] ([[Thiruvananthapuram district]]) to [[Bekal]] ([[Kasaragod district]]) fully navigable and connect the three major international airports of [[Kerala]] such as [[Trivandrum International Airport]], [[Cochin International Airport]] and [[Kannur International Airport]] through waterways by May 2020. The project was handled by Kerala Waterways and Infrastructures Ltd., the Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) set up on Oct 2017 for the timely development of inland waterways. The [[Government of Kerala]] and [[Cochin International Airport]] have stakes in it. The SPV is entrusted with duties such as cross structure construction, dredging, widening and cleaning the waterways. Their first project was rejuvenation of the 18 km Akkulam - Kovalam stretch of [[Parvathi Puthannaar]] in [[Trivandrum]] awarded to them in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/apr/10/kwil-on-parvathi-puthanar-trail-1799416.html|title=KWIL on Parvathi Puthanar trail|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref> The National Transportation Planning and Research Centre, in its techno-economic feasibility study, said 16.6 per cent of the total goods traffic by road could be diverted to the inland water transport system once WCC is completed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/nod-for-two-bridges-across-vadakaramahe-canal/article5522756.ece|title=Nod for two bridges across Vadakara-Mahe canal|date=2013-12-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The various stretches of WCC from South to North of Kerala are as follows,

* Kovalam - [[Aakkulam]] - [[Parvathi Puthannaar|Parvathi Puthannaar (Trivandrum)]] portion
* [[TS Canal]] (Vallakkadavu - Kadinamkulam lake - [[Anchuthengu]] lake - [[Varkala Tunnel]] - [[Edava]] Nadayara Kaayal - [[Paravur Lake|Paravur Kayal]] - [[Kollam Canal]] - [[National Waterway 3]] stretches till Ponnani excluding Ponnani -Shoranur stretch)
* [[National Waterway 3]] - [[Kollam]] to [[Kozhikode]] 375 km.<ref name="pib.gov.in"/>
* [[Canoli Canal]]
* [[Vatakara]] - [[Mahé, India|Mahé Canal]] - 17.4 km stretch passing through Thiruvallur, Maniyoor, Villiyapilly, Purameri, and Ayancherry in the Kuttiyadi constituency; Edacherry in the Nadapuram constituency; and Eramala and Azhiyoor in the Vadakara constituency.<ref name=":0" /> This is also part of Vision Vadakara 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.projectstoday.com/News/Vadakara-Mahe-Canal-gets-technical-approval|title=Vadakara-Mahe Canal gets technical approval|website=www.projectstoday.com|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-10|title=വടകര-മാഹി കനാലിന്റെ നിര്‍മ്മാണം 5 റീച്ചുകളിലായി പുരോഗമിക്കുന്നുവെന്ന് മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി|url=https://www.kairalinewsonline.com/2021/08/10/430367.html|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Kairali News {{!}} Kairali News Live l Latest Malayalam News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=വടകര – മാഹി കനാലിനു കുറുകെ ഇരുമ്പ് പാലങ്ങൾ ഉയരുന്നു|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kozhikode/2020/06/30/kozhikode-bridge-work.html|access-date=2021-08-11|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml}}</ref>
*[[Mahé, India|Mahé]] - [[Valapattanam]] Canal - 51 km (of which 26 km runs through the existing water bodies and the rest 25 km needs an artificial cut).- this was a missing link in the backwater system running parallel Northern Kerala Coast and a hence, major obstacle to the inland navigation potential of the region. This stretch needs man made canals on three stretches so as to link [[Mahé River]] system with [[Valapattanam River]] system through [[Anjarakkandy]] river, Kuyyalipuzha and [[Dharmadom]] river. The upstream stretch of [[Anjarakkandy]] river from the canal till [[Mattanur]] will be made navigable to connect WCC with [[Kannur International Airport]]. The alignment of this canal is as follows,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Radhakrishnan|first=S. Anil|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/artificial-canals-in-kerala-to-fill-gaps-in-national-waterway/article26422993.ece|title=Artificial canals in Kerala to fill gaps in National Waterway|date=2019-03-03|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
**Begins as an artificial cut beginning at [[Mahé River]] near Peringathur and ending at Kuyyalipuzha near Ponniam through Palathayi, Elankode, Kannamvally and Mokery for a distance of 9.2 km.
**Then it continues down stream through Kuyyalipuzha till near [[Thalassery]] suburbs.
**From Kuyyalipuzha a man-made channel of 0.85 km is made for canal to enter into [[Dharmadom]] river which is a distributary of [[Anjarakkandy]] river.
**In [[Anjarakkandy]] river system the canal travels till end of [[Dharmadam Island]] and then another man-made artificial cut begins near Mamakunnu which travels 15 km long through Kadachira, Chala, Varam and Chelora and meet [[Valapattanam River]].
**Thereafter the canal goes downstream up till [[Valapattanam]] town through the river.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/600-crore-to-kick-start-land-acquisition-for-inland-navigation-canal/article26142532.ece|title=₹600 crore to kick-start land acquisition for inland navigation canal|date=2019-01-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-04-15|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>[http://environmentclearance.nic.in/writereaddata/FormB/TOR/Brief_Summary/16_Oct_2018_122754223T29T5JV2Breifsummaryofproject.pdf Brief summary of project] nic.in</ref>
**There are local protests against the [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] - [[Valapattanam]] artificial waterway.<ref>{{Cite news |last=C.P.Sajit |date=2023-04-30 |title=Opposition against plans to construct artificial canal gains strength in Kannur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/opposition-against-plans-to-construct-artificial-canal-gains-strength-in-kannur/article66796608.ece |access-date=2024-03-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*[[Valapattanam]]- [[Neeleeswaram]] waterway - 50 km
**This is longest natural waterway in [[Malabar region]].
**It travels from [[Valapattanam]] to [[Pazhayangadi]] for a distance of 13 km by taking down stream of [[Valapattanam River]] till Azhikkal estuary and then upstream on [[Kuppam River]] till [[Pazhayangadi]].
**At [[Pazhayangadi]] it enters into ''Sulthan Thodu'' or ''Sulthan Canal'' a 4 km man made canal till Madayi. '''Sulthan Canal''' was completed by [[Arakkal kingdom]] in 1766 during the [[Mysorean invasion of Malabar]] by [[Sultanate of Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/ebooks/expect-the-unexpected/chootad-beach/sultan-canal/258|title=Chootad Beach in Kannur {{!}} Unexplored destinations in Malabar|website=www.keralatourism.org|language=en|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
**From [[Madayi]] the waterway enters into [[Perumba River]] system and exit into [[Valiyaparamba]]-[[Kavvayi Backwaters]] at Kavvayi.
**Then it pass through Ayitti ([[Thrikaripur]]), Padanna of [[Kannur]] - [[Kasaragod district]].
*[[Neeleeswaram]] - [[Bekal|Bekal, Kasaragod]] waterway - 24 km (completing the 140 km long Payyoli - Bekal reach of WCC).
**This reach involves a 6.5 km artificial waterway between [[Chittari River]] and [[Neeleshwaram River]]. There are lot of local protest against this project.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NHAI's spanner: Rs 6,000-crore Kovalam-Bekal waterway will be blocked at Nileshwar river |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/02/16/nhai-throws-spanner-kovalam-bekal-waterway-blocked-at-nileshwar-river.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=കൃത്രിമ ജലപാതയ്ക്ക് എതിരെ പ്രതിഷേധം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kasargod/2024/03/23/protest-against-artificial-waterway.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=www.manoramaonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Canals and Waterways of Alappuzha ===
Alappuzha is called the [[Venice]] of the East. No other town in Kerala must have relied on waterways and canals as much as Alappuzha does. The water way system in Alappuzha developed because of architect of the city [[Raja Kesavadas]] in 18th century. The major canals and waterways in Alappuzha town and adjoining areas are,

* [[AS Canal]] or Alappuzha Cherthala Canal
* Vada canal
* Link Canal
* Commercial Canal
* Kottaram Thodu
* Kappirithode

=== Ferry ===
Water transportation also exists as numerous small ferry (''kadathu in local dialect)'' at various parts of the state mainly on rivers. This facilitate to cross from one shore to other where bridges are absent. It is cost effective and can be established even at higher reaches of river which are normally not having formal navigation facilities.

There are also big ferries that facilitate even vehicles to cross the channel. Some important ones in state are,

* [[Azhikode, Thrissur|Azhikode -]] [[Munambam]] Jangar Ferry
* [[Fort Kochi]] - [[Vypin]] RoRo Jangar Ferry
* [[Vaikom]] - Thavanakadavu Ferry.
* Kannankadu Ferry, [[Munroe Island]].
* Perumon Jangar, [[Munroe Island]].
* Manjapetty Ferry across [[Periyar (river)]].
*[[Chaliyam]] - [[Beypore]] ferry
*[[Azhikkal]] - [[Matool]] ferry.

=== Boating in Dam ===
There are also boat services in many reservoirs in Kerala. These boat services are primarily operated for tourism purposes. There are also few places such as [[Amboori]], [[Neyyar Dam]] where there is country boat ferry services through reservoir to connect tribal hamlets. Major reservoir boating facilities are,

* [[Thenmala Dam]]
* [[Thekkady]]
* [[Kakkayam Dam]]
* [[Mattupetty Dam]]
* [[Idukki Dam]]
* [[Bhoothathankettu]]
* Sengulam Dam
* [[Malampuzha Dam]]
* [[Neyyar Dam]]
* Kallarkutti Dam
* Adavi Eco Tourism etc.

===Kochi Water Metro===
{{main|Kochi Water Metro}}

== Significance ==

* [[Trivandrum International Airport]] is the only airport in country that is linked with water ways, i.e. [[TS Canal]].
* [[SmartCity, Kochi]] and [[Technopark Kollam]] are two IT Parks of Kerala that has waterway linkage.
*The [[Varkala Tunnel]] in Kerala is the longest and only tunnel in a waterway in India.
*[[Kollam KSWTD Ferry Terminal|Kollam KSWTD Terminal]] - [[Alappuzha]] boat journey is the longest passenger boat service in [[South India]].
* [[Kochi Water Metro]] is the first water metro system in India and the first integrated water transport system of this size in Asia.
* [[Kettuvallam]] of Alappuzha, various [[Vallam kali]] held in state adds distinct cultural significance and tourism value for waterways in Kerala. It has also became premise for many works in [[Malayalam literature]], [[Cinema of India]] etc.
* India's first [[Solar power|Solar powered]] ferry [[Aditya (boat)|Aditya]] operates between [[Vaikom]] and [[Cherthala|Thavanakadavu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=D. C. |date=2016-11-26 |title=Kerala: First solar ferry ride a success |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/261116/kerala-first-solar-ferry-ride-a-success.html |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Traffic ==

===[[Kerala State Water Transport Department]]===
The SWTD - State Water Transport Department transports about 150 lakhs of passengers per annum using wooden/steel and fibre Glass Passenger Boats. Approximately 40,000 people use their service every day. It operates vehicle carrier (Two-wheeler) boats in ferry services. The operating distance per day is 700 km approximately.

* The State Water Transport Department of Kerala (SWTD), has passenger boat services in following districts,
** Kollam (Ashtamudi Lake)
** Alappuzha (Kayamkulam Lake, Vembanad Lake)
** Kottayam (Vembanad Lake)
** Ernakulam (Vembanad lake, Champakara Canal and Udyogmandal Canal )
** Kannur ([[Valapattanam River]])
** Kasaragod ([[Valiyaparamba backwaters]])<ref>{{Cite web|last=രാഗേഷ്|first=വി പി|title=മീന്‍ചാട്ടങ്ങള്‍ കണ്ട്, പുഴമീനും കപ്പയും രുചിച്ച് മിതമായ നിരക്കില്‍ ഒരു മനോഹരയാത്ര|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/travel/features/tourism-transport-department-boat-services-in-kannur-and-kasaragod-1.4519381|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Mathrubhumi|date=11 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*They have water taxi service in [[Alappuzha]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-09-15|title=SWTD to launch water taxis in Alappuzha next month|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/swtd-to-launch-water-taxis-in-alappuzha-next-month/article32612951.ece|access-date=2021-02-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
*There is also water ambulance services operated by SWTD.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's makeover time for SWTD|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/may/16/its-makeover-time-for-swtd-2143821.html|access-date=2021-02-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

=== [[Kochi Water Metro]] ===
It is first of its kind in [[India]]. Intended to integrate with [[Kochi Metro]] and serve under [[Unified Metropolitan Transportation Authority]] of [[Kochi]] city.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-01-22|title=CM to launch Water Metro project on Feb. 22|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/cm-to-launch-water-metro-project-on-feb-22/article33630390.ece|access-date=2021-02-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Freight Traffic ===
[[Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore]] runs barges through Champakkara Canal in Kochi to transport materials between Ambalamedu and Kochi Port.<ref>{{Cite web|title=FACT launches new barge to transport ammonia|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jun/01/fact-launches-new-barge-to-transport-ammonia-1611477.html|access-date=2021-02-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> There is also container movement between [[Kottayam Port|Kottayam Inland Port]] and [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|date=2020-10-03|title=Kottayam port starts domestic movement of cargo|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kottayam-port-starts-domestic-movement-of-cargo/article32762837.ece|access-date=2021-02-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Tourism ===
Numerous Tourist Boats and [[Kettuvallam]] (Houseboats) of Kerala are found near Kollam, Alappuzha, Kumarakom, Kochi and Valiyaparamba in North Malabar. [[Alumkadavu]] near [[Karunagappalli]] is a major center of luxury house boat manufacturing in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumkadavu, the destination for watching houseboat making at Kollam|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/alumkadavu-houseboat/442|access-date=2021-02-02|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en}}</ref> There are boat services done in many reservoirs in Kerala for tourists.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Reporter)|first=Jabir Mushthari (staff|date=2015-08-15|title='Boating at Kakkayam reservoir a pleasant surprise'|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/boating-at-kakkayam-reservoir-a-pleasant-surprise/article7543942.ece|access-date=2021-02-02|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation]] has a mini cruise ship named ''Nefereti'' which conduct tourist service from [[Kerala backwaters]] to open seas at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kochi-based cruise vessel Nefertiti earns over Rs 1 crore a month |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/travel-news/2022/06/30/nefertiti-kerala-cruise-earns-over-1-crore-a-month.html |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref>

== Major Accidents ==

* 1924 Pallana Boat Accident in [[Alappuzha]], ''Mahakavi [[Kumaran Asan]]'' and 23 others got killed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marunadanmalayali.com/news/special-report/kumaranasan-is-the-first-victim-of-boat-accident-25993|title=ബോട്ടപകടത്തിലെ ആദ്യ രക്തസാക്ഷി കുമാരനാശാൻ; 1924ൽ പല്ലനയിൽ പൊലിഞ്ഞത് 24 ജീവൻ; തേക്കടി ...|website=www.marunadanmalayali.com|access-date=2020-04-15}}</ref>
* 1980 Kannamaali Accident in [[Ernakulam]], 29 people got killed.
* 1983 [[Vallarpadam]] Accident, 18 got killed.
* 1990 [[Peppara Dam]] Accident, 7 got killed.
* 1991 Punnamada Accident, three lost life.
* 1994 Vellayikkode boat accident, Kozhikkode, six got killed.
* 1997 Aluva Accident, 4 killed
* [[2002 Kumarakom boat disaster]], 29 got killed.
* [[2007 Thattekad boat disaster]], 18 got killed.
* [[2009 Thekkady boat disaster]], 45 got killed.
* [[2023 Tanur boat disaster]], 22 got killed

== See also ==

* [[Kerala Shipping and Inland Navigation Corporation]]
* [[Kerala State Water Transport Department]]
* [[Kottayam Port]]
* [[Kochi Water Metro]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Waterways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Kerala]]
[[Category:Water Heritage Sites in India]]

Suraj Bhan

2026-03-06T12:59:57Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{For|the archaeologist|Suraj Bhan (archaeologist)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Suraj Bhan
| native_name =
| image = Suraj Bhan in 2004.jpg
| caption = Suraj Bhan in 2004
| birth_date = {{birth date|1928|10|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Yamunanagar]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|8|6|1928|10|1|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| death_cause = Cardiac arrest
| office = Chairman of the [[National Commission for Scheduled Castes]]
| term = 2004 - 2006
| successor = [[Buta Singh]]
| order1 = 14th
| office1 = Governor of Himachal Pradesh
| term_start1 = 23 November 2000
| term_end1 = 7 May 2003
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Prem Kumar Dhumal]] [[Virbhadra Singh]]
| predecessor1 = [[Vishnu Kant Shastri]]
| successor1 = [[Vishnu Sadashiv Kokje]]
| order2 = 15th
| office2 = Governor of Uttar Pradesh
| term_start2 = 20 April 1998
| term_end2 = 23 November 2000
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Kalyan Singh]] [[Ram Prakash Gupta]] [[Rajnath Singh]]
| predecessor2 = [[Mohammad Shafi Qureshi]] {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor2 = [[Vishnu Kant Shastri]]
| office3 = [[Governor of Bihar]] {{small|(Additional Charge)}}
| term_start3 = 6 October 1999
| term_end3 = 23 November 1999
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[Rabri Devi]]
| predecessor3 = B.M. Lall {{small|(Acting)}}
| successor3 = [[V. C. Pande]]
| order4 = 11th
| office4 = Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha
| term_start4 = 12 July 1996
| term_end4 = 4 December 1997
| 1blankname4 = [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Speaker]]
| 1namedata4 = [[P. A. Sangma]]
| predecessor4 = [[S. Mallikarjunaiah]]
| successor4 = [[P. M. Sayeed]]
| office5 = 22nd [[Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers' Welfare|Minister of Agriculture]]
| term_start5 = 16 May 1996
| term_end5 = 1 June 1996
| primeminister5 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor5 = [[Jagannath Mishra]]
| successor5 = [[H. D. Deve Gowda]]
| office6 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start6 = 1996
| term_end6 = 1998
| predecessor6 = [[Ram Prakash Chaudhary]]
| successor6 = [[Aman Kumar Nagra]]
| term_start8 = 1977
| term_end8 = 1984
| predecessor8 = [[Ram Prakash Chaudhary]]
| successor8 = [[Ram Prakash Chaudhary]]
| constituency9 = [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]]
| term_start9 = 1967
| term_end9 = 1971
| predecessor9 = [[Chuni Lal]]
| successor9 = [[Ram Prakash Chaudhary]]
| office10 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Haryana Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition, Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
| term10 = 1989-1990
| successor10 = [[Sampat Singh]]
| office11 = Revenue Minister (Haryana)
| term11 = 1987-1989
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| constituency6 = [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]]
}}

'''Suraj Bhan''' (1 October 1928&nbsp;– 6 August 2006) was an Indian politician who was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]], Indian lower house of parliament, for four terms from Ambala. He also served as the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha from July 1996 to December 1997. He served as governor of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], and [[Bihar]].

== Personal life ==
Bhan was born on 1 October 1928, in Mehlanwali, [[Yamuna Nagar]] district of [[Haryana]] and studied [[Master of Arts|MA]] and [[LLB]] at [[Panjab University|Punjab University]] and [[Kurukshetra University]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC&q=suraj+bhan+chamar+caste&pg=PA487|title=India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India|date=2003|publisher=Hurst|isbn=978-1-85065-670-8|language=en}}</ref>

==Political career==
Suraj Bhan Banswal, started his public life as a volunteer of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20000403-handpicked-by-rss-governor-suraj-bhan-turns-out-to-be-a-challenge-to-bjp-govt-in-up-777307-2000-04-03 |title=Family Face-Off |access-date=2021-11-01 |author=Subhash Mishra |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=3 April 2000}}</ref>
He started his political career with the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] which eventually became the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and dropped his last name "Banswal" after joining active politics. He represented the [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ambala]] parliamentary constituency of [[Haryana]] in the [[4th Lok Sabha|4th]] (1967–1970), [[6th Lok Sabha|6th]] (1977–1979), [[7th Lok Sabha|7th]] (1979–1984) and the [[11th Lok Sabha]]s (1996–1997). In 1987, he was elected to Haryana assembly and served as Revenue Minister in [[Devi Lal]]'s government between 1987 and 1989. After the BJP broke alliance with Devi Lal's party, he served as Leader of Opposition in the Haryana assembly (1989–1990). He was appointed State President of BJP Haryana Unit in 1984.<ref>{{cite web | title = List of Ex State Presidents | publisher=BJPHaryana.org | url = https://www.bjpharyana.org/state-presidents.php }}</ref>

In 1996, he was named Agriculture minister in the [[First Vajpayee Ministry]] after which he served as [[deputy speaker]] of the 11th Lok Sabha, during the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] government (Jul. 1996 to Feb. 1997). He contested 1998 Lok Sabha elections, but lost to Aman
Kumar Nagra of the [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]. Afterwards, he took over as [[Governor of Uttar Pradesh]] (Apr. 1998 - Nov. 2000), [[Governor of Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]] (Nov. 2000 - May 2003), and officiated as [[Governor of Bihar]] (1999).<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar Governor sacks underage minister |author=Surendra Kishore |publisher=[[Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/bihar-governor-sacks-underage-minister/ |date=1999-11-17 |access-date=2007-06-02}}</ref>

In 2002 Dr Suraj Bhan also joined the race for the post of Vice-President of the country following re-thinking in the BJP over the candidature of former Rajasthan Chief Minister, [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]. Certain senior Dalit leaders of the Congress unofficially conveyed that [[Sonia Gandhi]] had no objection to Dr Suraj Bhan's candidature.<ref>{{cite web |title=Suraj Bhan joins race for VP's post |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020713/main6.htm |work=[[The Tribune]] |date=12 July 2002 |author=Yoginder Gupta |access-date= 1 November 2021}}</ref>

In February 2004, he was appointed Chairman of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (SC/ST) Commission. He died of cardiac arrest following multiple organ failure on 6 August 2006 in New Delhi, while serving as the SC/ST Commission Chairman. He was aged 77.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* https://web.archive.org/web/20060101023238/http://www.upgovernor.nic.in/bhanbio.htm

{{Governors of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhan, Suraj}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:Governors of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Governors of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Yamunanagar district]]
[[Category:Deputy speakers of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Kurukshetra University alumni]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:Chairmans of the National Commission for Scheduled Castes]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Haryana]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Haryana MLAs 1987–1991]]

Amaanat (1994 film)

2026-03-03T23:26:11Z

BharatpediaContributor: new first stub first draft

{{Short description|1994 film by Raj Sippy}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amaanat
| image = Amanaat poster.jpg

| caption = Release poster
| director = [[Raj N. Sippy]]
| producer = Romu N. Sippy
| writer = [[Sachin Bhowmick]]
| narrator =
| starring =[[Akshay Kumar]] [[Sanjay Dutt]] [[Heera Rajagopal]] [[Kanchan (actress)|Kanchan]]
| music = [[Bappi Lahiri]]
| cinematography = S. Pappu
| editing = Ashok Honda
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|10|14}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|2.85 crore}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Amaanat - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3072 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|5.48 crore}}<ref name=":0" />
}}

'''''Amaanat''''' is a 1994 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[Raj N. Sippy]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=AmaanatA |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/amaanat/movieshow/61256082.cms |access-date=2024-04-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> A remake of the 1989 [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film of the same name, it stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Heera Rajagopal]] and [[Kanchan (actress)|Kanchan]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amaanat {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/amaanat_1994 |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2019-10-10 |title=AMAANAT {{!}} 10 October, 2019 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/flash-back/amaanat-9-october-2019/ |access-date=2024-04-18 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Plot summary==
In a small village having mostly aged people, there has not been any rainfall for the past three years. A youngster wanting to be the leader of the village has to free the village people from this calamity. The people of the village beg a rich master for water, but in vain. So the hero has to go to the city to buy a water tube. In the city, all his belongings including his money have been stolen. Then he rescues a guy who was getting beaten up by thieves. They become good friends and they help each other, later it's found out that the guy he saved is the one who actually stole his money but later when he <ref>{{Cite web |last=FilmiClub |title=Amaanat (1994) |url=https://www.filmiclub.com/movie/amaanat-1994-hindi-movie |access-date=2024-04-18 |website=FilmiClub |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sanjay Dutt]] as Vijay
*[[Akshay Kumar]] as Amar
*[[Heera Rajagopal]] as Geeta
*[[Kanchan (actress)|Kanchan]] as Radha
*[[Farheen]] as Bijli
*[[Mukesh Khanna]] as Agarwal Seth
*[[Gulshan Grover]] as Niranjan
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Rajeshwar / Lankeshwar
*[[Navneet Nishan]] as Yasmin
*[[Neelam Mehra]] as Neelam

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Tumse Milna Milkar Chalna"
| [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
|-
| 2
| "Din Mein Kehti Hai"
|Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik, [[Ila Arun]]
|-
|3
|"Daloonga Daloonga Pyar Se Main Daloonga"
|Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik
|-
| 4
| "Gori Gori Gori Change Kar"
| Kumar Sanu
|-
| 5
| "Din Mein Leti Hai"
| Kumar Sanu, Alka Yagnik, Ila Arun
|-
| 6
| "Is Duniya Mein Jo Bhi Hota Hai"
| Kumar Sanu
|-
| 7
| "Allah Megh De Ishwar Paani De"
| [[Bappi Lahiri]]
|-
| 8
| "Din Mein Leti Hai" (Female)
| Alka Yagnik, Ila Arun
|-
| 9
| "Laa Doonga Laa Doonga"
|[[Babul Supriyo]], Alka Yagnik
|-
| 10
| "Ye Duniya Kya Mange Money Money"
| [[Arun Bakshi]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0109091}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films about friendship]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bappi Lahiri]]
[[Category:1994 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action films]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Bengali films]]

Driver Hanumanthu

2026-03-03T22:13:21Z

BharatpediaContributor: add page and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{more citations needed|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Driver Hanumanthu
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. S. L. Swamy]]
| producer =
| writer =
| story = Usilai Somanathan
| based_on =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] (Guest Appearance) [[Ambareesh]] (guest appearance) [[Shivaram]]
| music = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Rashi Chithra
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1980||}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
}}
'''Driver Hanumanthu''' ({{audio|Kn-ಡ್ರೈವರ್ ಹನುಮಂತು.ogg|pronunciation}}) is an Indian [[Kannada language]] film released in 1980, starring [[Shivaram]] and with guest appearances by [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]] in the role of a classical singer and [[Ambareesh]] in the role of a Church father. The film was a remake of Tamil film ''[[Sadhu Mirandal]]''.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name =
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 1980
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sangeetha Musics]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

All the songs are composed and scored by [[Vijaya Bhaskar]]. The album has four tracks.

{{track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Bhooloka Aledaru
| lyrics1 = [[Chi. Udaya Shankar]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length1 = 3:03
| title2 = Singari Eduru
| lyrics2 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubramanyam
| length2 = 4:29
| title3 = Vande
| lyrics3 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra3 = [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
| length3 = 1:07
| title4 = Paapa Muddu Paapa
| lyrics4 = Chi. Udaya Shankar
| extra4 = Mohan, [[Vani Jairam]]
| length4 = 3:18
}}

==Reception==
The film failed commercially.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/ask-shivaramanna-about-the-film-industry/article2212689.ece |title=Ask Shivaramanna about the film industry |date=2011-07-09 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-03-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1380084}}

{{K. S. L. Swamy}}

[[Category:1980 films]]
[[Category:1980 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1980 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijaya Bhaskar]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. L. Swamy]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]

{{1980s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Sakkare

2026-03-03T21:33:35Z

BharatpediaContributor: Created a article

{{No plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sakkare
| image = Sakkare.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Abhaya Simha]]
| producer = [[B. Suresha]] [[Shylaja Nag]]
| writer = Abhaya Simha
| starring = [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] [[Deepa Sannidhi]] [[Ananth Nag]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = Shashidar Adapa
| editing =
| studio = Media House Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|10|18}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Kannada]]
}}

'''''Sakkare''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಸಕ್ಕರೆ.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation}} ''Sugar'') is a 2013 Indian Kannada-language [[romantic drama film]] written and directed by [[Abhaya Simha]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/138-sakkare-shoot-in-madikeri.html |title=Sakkare Shoot in Madikeri |website=Chitraloka.com |date= |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=2 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102091447/http://chitraloka.com/news/138-sakkare-shoot-in-madikeri.html |url-status=live }}</ref> which stars [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] and [[Deepa Sannidhi]] in the lead roles. The major portions of the film have been shot in Madikeri, [[Bangalore]], Mysore and other places.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sakkare-shooting-update-news-kannada-mltrQGidhac.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128153748/http://www.sify.com/movies/sakkare-shooting-update-news-kannada-mltrQGidhac.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-11-28 |title=Sakkare shooting update |website=[[Sify]] |date=2012-11-19 |access-date=2013-10-21}}</ref>

The film is produced jointly by [[B. Suresha]] and [[Shylaja Nag]] of Media House Productions and the music is scored by [[V. Harikrishna]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/51423/sandalwood/sakkare-intellect-team-film-news-details |title='Sakkare' Intellect team film |website=Supergoodmovies.com |date=2012-11-19 |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=21 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121184609/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/51423/sandalwood/sakkare-intellect-team-film-news-details |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]] as Vinay/Vinny
* [[Deepa Sannidhi]] as Neha
* [[Ananth Nag]] as Col Cariappa
* [[Anu Prabhakar]] as Sneha
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Vasundhara
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Nandakumar
* Siddaraja Kalyankar
* [[Jayalaxmi Patil]]

==Production==
===Launch===
The film shooting officially began at the Dodda Ganapati Temple, near [[Basavanagudi]], [[Bangalore]]. The Pooja was held quite early in the morning and immediately thereafter the unit members moved to Madikeri for further shooting of the film. The film is being produced by [[Shylaja Nag]] and [[B. Suresha]] of Media House Productions and directed by Abhay Simha who had already directed an award-winning film ''Gubbachchigalu'' earlier and bilingual film ''[[Shikari (2012 film)|Shikari]]'' with Malayalam Super Star [[Mammootty]] in the lead role.

Hari Krishna is the music director of the film for which all the five songs of the film has been written by [[Yogaraj Bhat]]. The film will be shot for ten days in Madikeri after which the unit is returning to [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |url=http://sarfazmanglore.blogspot.in/2012/06/sakkare-now-shoting-start.html |title=Golden Star Ganesh: sakkare now shoting start |website=Sarfazmanglore.blogspot.in |date=2012-06-03 |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021135023/http://sarfazmanglore.blogspot.in/2012/06/sakkare-now-shoting-start.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=6701&start=15 |title=Sakkare ಸಕ್ಕರೆ - Ganesh & Deepa Sannidhi. Dir: Abhaya Simha • GandhadaGudi forum |website=Gandhadagudi.com |date= |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=21 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721225258/http://www.gandhadagudi.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=1&t=6701&start=15 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Casting===
After Ganesh's confirmed presence for the film, the director approached actress [[Radhika Pandit]] to essay the female lead role. However, due to her previous appointments with the film ''[[Drama (2012 film)|Drama]]'', she could not allot her dates. Later [[Deepa Sannidhi]] was roped in her place. Actor [[Prakash Raj|Prakash Rai]] was first approached for a key role which he rejected and instead [[Ananth Nag]] replaced for the same.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chitraloka.com/news/268-sakkare-launch-on-monday.html |title=Sakkare launch on Monday |website=Chitraloka.com |date= |access-date=2013-10-21 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021140839/http://chitraloka.com/news/268-sakkare-launch-on-monday.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music of the film is composed by [[V. Harikrishna]] with lyrics by [[Yogaraj Bhat]] and [[Jayanth Kaikini]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southsongs4u.co.in/2013/08/sakkare-2013-kannada-movie-songs.html |title=Sakkare 2013 Kannada Movie Songs |website=Southsongs4u.co.in |date= |access-date=2013-10-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021133046/http://www.southsongs4u.co.in/2013/08/sakkare-2013-kannada-movie-songs.html |archive-date=21 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Sakkare
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2013|8|4}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = D Beats
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| total_length =
| lyrics_credits =
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Yaakana Sigthivo
| lyrics1 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra1 = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| length1 = 3:50

| title2 = Iddalliye
| lyrics2 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length2 = 4:14

| title3 = Yene Adru
| lyrics3 = Yogaraj Bhat
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length3 = 3:41

| title4 = Free Iddeera
| extra4 = Sonu Nigam, [[Nanditha (singer)|Nanditha]]
| lyrics4 = Yogaraj Bhat
| length4 = 3:41
}}

== Critical reception ==
Srikanth Srinivasa of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "''Sakkare'' seems to send a message that it is a movie for all those who are romantic at heart".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-sakkare-is-a-sweet-movie/20131018.htm|title=Review: Sakkare is a sweet movie|date=18 October 2013|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Srinivasa|first=Srikanth|access-date=22 January 2022|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122034638/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-sakkare-is-a-sweet-movie/20131018.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/sakkare/movie-review/24397575.cms|title=Sakkare Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Sakkare by Times of India |access-date=8 February 2022|website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/sakkare-kannada-movie-review/articleshow/24350288.cms|title=Movie review: Sakkare|newspaper=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=22 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122034623/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/sakkare-kannada-movie-review/articleshow/24350288.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3105510|Sakkare}}

{{B. Suresha}}

[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:Films directed by Abhaya Simha]]

The Social Contract

2026-03-03T03:52:07Z

BharatpediaContributor: small rework section per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1762 book by Jean-Jacques Rousseau}}
{{about|Jean-Jacques Rousseau's 1762 treatise|"social contract" as a political and philosophical concept|Social contract|other uses|Social Contract (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Social Contract; or, Principles of Political Right
| title_orig = Du contrat social; ou, Principes du droit politique
| translator =
| image = Social contract rousseau page.jpg
| caption = Title page of the first octavo edition
| author = [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[France]] (edited in [[Amsterdam]])
| language = French
| series =
| subject =
| genre =
| publisher =
| pub_date = 1762
| english_pub_date =
| media_type =
| pages =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| orig_lang_code = fr
| native_wikisource = Du contrat social
| wikisource = The Social Contract
}}
{{republicanism sidebar}}
'''''The Social Contract''''', originally published as '''''On the Social Contract; or, Principles of Political Right''''' ({{langx|fr|Du contrat social; ou, Principes du droit politique}}), is a 1762 French-language book by the [[Republic of Geneva|Genevan]] philosopher [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]]. The book theorizes about how to establish legitimate authority in a political [[community]], that is, one compatible with individual freedom, in the face of the problems of commercial society, which Rousseau had already identified in his ''[[Discourse on Inequality]]'' (1755).

''The Social Contract'' helped inspire political reforms or revolutions in Europe, especially [[French Revolution|in France]]. ''The Social Contract'' argued against the idea that monarchs were divinely empowered to legislate. Rousseau asserts that only the [[general will]] of the people has the right to legislate, for only under the general will can the people be said to obey only themselves and hence be free. Although Rousseau's notion of the general will is subject to much interpretive controversy, it seems to involve a legislature consisting of all adult members of the political community who are restricted to legislating general laws for the common good.

==Overview==
[[File: Rousseau pirated edition.jpg|thumb|upright|Title page of a pirated edition of the ''Social Contract'', probably printed in [[Germany]]<ref>R.A. Leigh, ''Unsolved Problems in the Bibliography of J.-J. Rousseau'' (Cambridge, 1990), plate 22.</ref>]]
The [[epigraph (literature)|epigraph]] of the work is "foederis aequas / dicamus leges" ("Let us set equal terms for the truce") ([[Virgil]], ''[[Aeneid]]'' XI.321–22). The stated aim of ''The Social Contract'' is to determine whether there can be a legitimate political authority, since people's interactions he saw at his time seemed to put them in a state far worse than the good one they were at in the [[state of nature]], even though living in isolation. He concludes book one, chapter three with, "Let us then admit that force does not create right, and that we are obliged to obey only legitimate powers", which is to say, the ability to coerce is not a legitimate power―might does not make right. The people have no duty to submit to it. A [[State (polity)|state]] has no right to enslave a conquered people.

Rousseau argues that legitimate authority must be compatible with individual freedom. Such authority can only be compatible with individual freedom if it is consented to, and hence there must be a [[social contract]]. However, Rousseau's conception of this social contract was different to that of thinkers before him, such as [[Hugo Grotius|Grotius]], [[Thomas Hobbes|Hobbes]], and [[Samuel von Pufendorf|Pufendorf]].<ref name="wokler-2001">{{Cite book |last=Wokler |first=Robert |title=Rousseau: a very short introduction |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-280198-2 |series=Very short introductions |location=Oxford}}</ref>{{rp|75}} For Rousseau, since one's right to freedom is inalienable, the people cannot obligate themselves to obey someone other than themselves. Transferring rights to an authority involved renunciation of freedom and transformed the natural equality of men into subjection.<ref name="wokler-2001" />{{rp|77}} Hence, the only legitimate social contract is one that establishes the people themselves as the rulers. Rousseau refers to the united will of the people as the [[general will]].<ref name="wokler-2001" />{{rp|85}} The general will, to be truly general, must only legislate laws with general form, i.e., laws that apply equally to all. For Rousseau, collective self-rule would increase freedom if the people to whom laws applied were also the ones prescribing them.<ref name="wokler-2001" />{{rp|79}} Rousseau, who objected to extreme wealth inequality, also argued that equality is essential for the attainment of liberty, and concluded that legislation ought to preserve equality.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="wokler-2001" />{{rp|80}}

Rousseau argues that the sovereign power must be separate from the government, which in Rousseau's terminology refers to the [[Executive (government)|executive power]]. The division of sovereign from government is necessary because the sovereign cannot deal with particular matters like applications of the law.<ref name="wokler-2001">{{Cite book |last=Wokler |first=Robert |title=Rousseau: a very short introduction |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford Univ. Press |isbn=978-0-19-280198-2 |series=Very short introductions |location=Oxford}}</ref>{{rp|89}} Doing so would undermine its generality, and therefore damage its legitimacy. Thus, the government must remain a separate institution from the sovereign body. When the government exceeds the boundaries set in place by the people, it is the mission of the people to abolish such government and begin anew.

Rousseau claims that the size of the territory to be governed often decides the nature of the government. Since a government is only as strong as the people, and this strength is absolute, the larger the territory, the more strength the government must be able to exert over the populace (cf. also [[Frederick Jackson Turner|Turner's]] [[Frontier Thesis|frontier thesis]] for the case of America). In his view, a monarchical government is able to wield the most power over the people since it has to devote less power to itself, while a democracy the least. In general, the larger the [[bureaucracy]], the more power required for government discipline. Normally, this relationship requires the state to be an [[aristocracy]] or [[monarchy]]. Rousseau's use of the terms "democracy," "aristocracy," and "monarchy" differ from their conventional meanings and exclusively refer to the nature of the [[Executive (government)|executive]]. A democracy is defined as a state where executive power is held by half or more of the population, an aristocracy where this power belongs to any number of people between two individuals and half of the population, and a monarchy as one in which the executive is one individual, as in a [[Presidential system|presidential system]]. The means in which an individual or individuals come into executive power are irrelevant in this terminology; monarchy and aristocracy need not entail [[Inheritance|hereditary]] political power. Regardless of which of these three categories describe a state's ''executive'', the state is only legitimate if ''legislative'' power is held by all the people.

When Rousseau uses the word democracy, he refers to an executive composed of all or most of the people (Bk. 3, Ch. 3, Para. 2) rather than to a [[representative democracy]]. Rousseau argues that it is the people themselves, not their representatives, who have supreme power, and that everyone taking part in legislation is a check against abuse of power.<ref name="wokler-2001" />{{rp|83}} In light of the relation between population size and governmental structure, Rousseau argues that like his native [[Geneva]], small [[city-states]] are the form of the nation in which freedom can best flourish.<ref name="wokler-2001" />{{rp|82}} For states of this size, an elected aristocracy is preferable, and in very large states a benevolent monarch; but even monarchical rule, to be legitimate, must be subordinate to the sovereign rule of law.

== Reception ==
Upon publication, the distribution of ''The Social Contract'' in France was prohibited, and Rousseau fled the country to avoid imprisonment.<ref name="wokler-2001" />{{rp|99}} However, it was primarily Rousseau's chapter on civil religion, rather than his ideas on liberty and sovereignty, that caused the controversy.

In America, [[Noah Webster]] borrowed heavily from ''The Social Contract'' to write ''Sketches of American Policy'' (1785), one of the earliest widely-published arguments for a strong central government in America.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harris |first=Micah |date=2024-09-01 |title=Noah Webster and the Influence of Rousseau on Education in America, 1785–1835 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/732277 |journal=American Political Thought |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |pages=505–527 |doi=10.1086/732277 |issn=2161-1580|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Immanuel Kant, one of the most influential [[moral philosopher]]s in [[Western philosophy]], acknowledged his debt to Rousseau's work in [[political philosophy]], of which ''The Social Contract'' is perhaps the closest to a complete statement. Kant wrote, "I myself am a researcher by inclination. I feel the entire thirst for [[cognition]] and the eager restlessness to proceed further in it, as well as the satisfaction at every acquisition. There was a time when I believed this alone could constitute the honour of humankind, and I despised the rabble who knows nothing. Rousseau has set me right. This blinding prejudice vanishes, I learn to honour human beings, and I would feel by far less useful than the common labourer if I did not believe that this consideration could impart a value to all others in order to establish the rights of humanity." (Refl. 20:44)

The French philosopher [[Voltaire]] used his publications to criticise and mock Rousseau, but also to defend [[Freedom of speech|free expression]]. In his ''[[Idées républicaines]]'' (1765), he reacted to the news that ''The Social Contract'' had been burned in [[Geneva]], saying "The operation of burning it was perhaps as odious as that of writing it. […] To burn a book of argument is to say: 'We do not have enough wit to reply to it.'"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gay |first1=Peter |title=Voltaire's Politics: The Poet as Realist |date=1959 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=New Jersey |pages=214–219}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Ian |title=Voltaire in Exile |date=2004 |publisher=Atlantic books |isbn=1843540878 |pages=186–187}}</ref> The work was also banned in [[Paris]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Jean-Jacques Rousseau {{!}} The Core Curriculum|url=https://www.college.columbia.edu/core/content/jean-jacques-rousseau|access-date=12 April 2017|work=www.college.columbia.edu|publisher=[[Columbia University]]}}</ref> and was forbidden by the [[Catholic Church|Church]] being listed on the [[Index Librorum Prohibitorum]].{{efn|1=[https://beta.nb.no/extrip/beacon/result?query=rousseau&country=8052&mode=all&pagesize=50 Beacon for Freedom of Expression search for Rousseau]}}

The work received a refutation called ''The Confusion of the Social Contract by Jean-Jacques Rousseau'' by the Jesuit [[Alfonso Muzzarelli]] in Italy in 1794.<ref name="O'NeillDomínguez2001">{{cite book|author1=Charles E. O'Neill|author2=Joaquín María Domínguez|title=Diccionario histórico de la Compañía de Jesús: Costa Rossetti-Industrias|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEm8WXQXmYwC&pg=PA1450|year=2001|publisher=Univ Pontifica Comillas|isbn=978-84-8468-038-3|page=1450}}</ref>

The influence of Rousseau on [[Maximilien Robespierre]] from his diary during the [[Estates General of 1789]]:

{{quote|Divine man! It was you who taught me to know myself. When I was young you brought me to appreciate the true dignity of my nature and to reflect on the great principles which govern the social order . . . . I saw you in your last days and for me the recollection of the time will always be a source of proud joy. I contemplated your august features and saw there the imprint of those dark griefs which the injustice of man inflicted on you.<ref>Robespierre, ''Diary''.</ref>}}[[Thomas Carlyle]] assessed its impact:<blockquote>and now has not Jean Jacques promulgated his new [[Evangel]] of a ''Contrat Social;'' explaining the whole mystery of Government, and how it is ''contracted'' and bargained for,—to universal satisfaction? Theories of Government! Such have been, and will be; in ages of decadence. Acknowledge them in their degree; as processes of Nature, who does nothing in vain; as steps in her great process. Meanwhile, what theory is so certain as this, That all theories, were they never so earnest, painfully elaborated, are, and, by the very conditions of them, must be incomplete, questionable, and even false? Thou shalt know that this Universe is, what it professes to be, an ''infinite'' one. Attempt not to swallow ''it'', for thy logical digestion; be thankful, if skilfully planting down this and the other fixed pillar in the chaos, thou prevent its swallowing ''thee''. That a new young generation has exchanged the [[Sceptic]] [[Creed]], ''What shall I believe?'' for passionate Faith in this [[Gospel]] according to Jean Jacques is a further step in the business; and betokens much.</blockquote>He advised: "In such prophesied [[Lubberland]], of Happiness, Benevolence, and Vice cured of its deformity, trust not, my friends! . . . Is not [[Sentimentalism (philosophy)|Sentimentalism]] twin-sister to [[Cant (language)|Cant]], if not one and the same with it? Is not Cant the ''[[materia prima]]'' of the Devil; from which all falsehoods, imbecilities, abominations body themselves; from which no true thing ''can'' come? For Cant is itself properly a double-distilled Lie; the second-power of a Lie."<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Carlyle |first=Thomas |title=The French Revolution: A History |year=1837 |chapter=Chapter 1.2.VII. Contrat Social. |chapter-url=https://gutenberg.org/files/1301/1301-h/1301-h.htm#link2HCH0011}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[George Mason Memorial]], Washington, D.C., includes ''Du Contract Social'' as an element of the statue of a seated Mason.
* [[Totalitarian democracy]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* Bertram, Christopher (2003). ''Rousseau and the 'Social Contract'''. Routledge.
* Cohen, Joshua (2010). ''Rousseau: A Free Community of Equals''. Oxford University Press.
* Incorvati, Giovanni (2012) “Du contrat social, ''or the principles of political right(s)''. Les citoyens de Rousseau ont la parole en anglais”, in : G. Lobrano, P.P. Onida, ''Il principio della democrazia. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Du Contrat social (1762)'', Napoli, Jovene, p. 213-256.
* Williams, David Lay (2014). ''Rousseau's 'Social Contract': An Introduction''. Cambridge University Press.
* Wraight, Christopher D. (2008). ''Rousseau's The Social Contract: A Reader's Guide''. London: Continuum Books.

==External links==
{{commons category|Du Contrat social (Jean-Jacques Rousseau)}}
{{wikisource|The Social Contract|''The Social Contract''}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{StandardEbooks|Standard Ebooks URL=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/jean-jacques-rousseau/the-social-contract/g-d-h-cole |Display Name=''The Social Contract,'' translated by G. D. H. Cole | noitalics=true}}
* [https://iep.utm.edu/rousseau/#H4 ''The Social Contract''] Section from a philosophy encyclopedia entry on Rousseau
* ''[http://metalibri.wikidot.com/title:du-contrat-social Du contrat social]'' (MetaLibri)
* [http://www.constitution.org/jjr/socon.htm ''The Social Contract''] translated 1782 by G. D. H. Cole at constitution.org
* [http://www.ejunto.org/the-social-contract ''The Social Contract''] Public domain audiobook G. D. H. Cole translation
* [https://librivox.org/the-social-contract-by-jean-jacques-rousseau/ ''The Social Contract''] English translation audiobook on LibriVox.org
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04335a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia] Based on an article critical of ''The Social Contract'', written in 1908.
* [http://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/socialcontract SparkNotes entry on ''The Social Contract'']
* [http://kaltric.de/mat/matphil/gv Rousseaus Gesellschaftsvertrag in Kurzform]
* [http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/ A site containing ''The Social Contract'', slightly modified for easier reading]
* {{In Our Time|The Social Contract|b008w3xm|The_Social_Contract}}
* [http://clarens-rousseau.com/index.php/publications/colloque-de-sassari-sept-2010/30-colloque-de-sassari-sardaigne-20-21-septembre-2010 Du contrat social, or the principles of political right(s)]

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French Indochina

2026-03-02T12:03:45Z

BharatpediaContributor: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|1887–1954 French territories in Southeast Asia}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox former country
| conventional_long_name = Indochinese Union
| native_name = {{native name|fr|Union Indochinoise}} {{native name|vi|Liên bang Đông Dương}} {{lang|vi|聯邦東洋}} ([[Chữ Hán]]) {{native name|lo|ສະຫະພາບອິນດູຈີນ}} {{native name|km|សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន}} {{native name|zh-hant|印度支那聯邦}}
| common_name = French Indochina
| image_flag = Flag of France.svg
| image_coat = French Indo-Chinese version of the Great Seal of the French Republic (Jean Auguste Barre).svg
| coat_alt = 
| symbol_type_article = Great Seal of France
| symbol_type = Great Seal{{Efn|Localised version of the [[Great Seal of France]] removing a number of French nationalistic symbols related to [[universal suffrage]], science, and the [[Gallic cock]] while adding an anchor and rice wheat.<ref>Lecompte, Jean. ''Monnaies et jetons de l'Indochine Française''. ([[Principality of Monaco]], 2013) Quote: "{{lang|fr|Les légendes sont bien sûr modifiées. A gauche, les attributs de l'agriculture et des beaux-arts sont remplacés par des épis de riz et à droite figure une ancre symbolisant le ministère de la Marine et des Colonies. Hélas, [[Albert Désiré Barre|Albert-Désiré Barre]] décède le 29 décembre 1878 et c'est alors son frère aîné [[Jean-Auguste Barre|Auguste-Jean Barre]] qui lui succède et mène à terme le projet. Les premières frappes sortent en 1879.}}" {{In lang|fr}})</ref>}}
| other_symbol = '''[[Seal (East Asia)#Government authorities|Vietnamese-style seal]] of the Governor-General of French Indochina'''{{efn|group=infobox|Used on [[Classical Chinese]] language documents, its inscription reads {{lang|vi|Đại Pháp Quốc Khâm mệnh Tổng thống Đông Dương Toàn quyền đại thần quan nho}} ({{lang|vi-Hani|大法國欽命總統東洋全權大臣關伩}}) written in [[seal script]].}} [[File:Vietnamese-style seal of the Government-General of French Indochina.svg|85px]]
| image_map = French Indochina 1900-1945-fr.svg
| image_map_caption = French Indochina in 1937
| era = [[New Imperialism]] and the [[Cold War]]
| status_text = [[Colony]] of [[French colonial empire|France]] (1887–1941; 1946–1949) [[Condominium (international law)|Condominium]] between [[Vichy France]] and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] (1941–1945) [[Associated state]]s within [[French Union]] (1949–1954)<ref name="Associated"/>
| status = Fief
| demonym = [[Indochinese]]
| org_type = [[Federation]] of French territories and [[Protectorate#France's protectorates and protected states|protectorates]] (1887–1945; 1946–1949)<hr>Confederation of French [[associated state|associated states]] (1949–1954)
| membership = Until 1949:{{ublist|[[File:Flag of Colonial Annam.svg|22px]] [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]]|[[File:Long tinh flag.svg|22px]] [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]]|[[File:Flag of Republic of Cochinchina (variant).svg|22px]] [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]]|[[File:Flag of Cambodia (1863–1948).svg|22px]] [[French protectorate of Cambodia|Cambodia]]|[[File:Flag of Laos (1893–1952).svg|22px]] [[French protectorate of Laos|Laos]]|[[File:Flag of France.svg|22px]] [[Guangzhouwan]] (–1945)}}<hr />
From 1949 to 1954:{{ublist|{{Flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[State of Vietnam|Vietnam]]|[[File:Flag of Cambodia (1948-1970).svg|22px]] Cambodia|[[File:Flag of Laos (1952–1975).svg|22px]] [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]]}}
| empire = [[French colonial empire]]
| area_km2 = 737000
| life_span = 1887–1945 1946–1954
| event_pre = [[French conquest of Vietnam]]
| date_pre = 1858–1885
| event_start = French Indochina established
| date_start = 17 October
| year_start = 1887
| event1 = [[1893 Franco-Siamese crisis|Addition of]] [[French protectorate of Laos|Laos]]
| date_event1 = 19 April 1899
| event2 = [[Guangzhouwan]] added
| date_event2 = 5 January 1900
| event3 = [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina|Japanese invasion]]
| date_event3 = {{nowrap|22 September 1940}}
| event4 = [[Franco-Thai War]]
| date_event4 = {{nowrap|Oct. 1940 – May 1941}}
| event5 = [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|Japanese coup]]
| date_event5 = 9 March 1945
| event6 = [[Declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam|DRV proclaimed]]
| date_event6 = 2 September 1945
| event7 = [[War in southern Vietnam (1945–1946)|Reconquering Cochinchina]]
| date_event7 = 23 September 1945
| event8 = [[Ho–Sainteny Agreement]]
| date_event8 = 6 March 1946
| event9 = [[First Indochina War|Indochina War]]
| date_event9 = 19 December 1946
| event10 = [[Élysée Accords]]
| date_event10 = 8 March 1949
| event_end = [[1954 Geneva Conference]]
| date_end = 21 July
| year_end = 1954
| p1 = Annam (French protectorate){{!}}'''1887:''' Protectorate of Annam
| p2 = Tonkin (French protectorate){{!}}Protectorate of Tonkin
| p3 = French Cochinchina{{!}}French Cochinchina
| p4 = French protectorate of Cambodia
| p5 = Sip Song Chau Tai{{!}}'''1889:''' Twelve Tai Cantons
| p6 = Qing dynasty{{!}}'''1898:''' Qing dynasty
| p7 = French protectorate of Laos{{!}}'''1899:''' French {{nowrap|protectorate of Laos}}
| p8 = Guangzhouwan{{!}}'''1900:''' Kouang-Tchéou-Wan
| p9 = Kingdom of Champasak{{!}}'''1904:''' Kingdom of Champasak
| p10 = Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932){{!}}Kingdom of Siam
| p12 = Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945){{!}}'''1945:''' Kingdom of Kampuchea
| p13 = Lao Issara{{!}}'''1946:''' Lao Issara
| p14 = Thailand{{!}}Thailand
| s1 = Thailand{{!}}'''1941:''' Thailand
| s2 = Empire of Vietnam{{!}}'''1945:''' Empire of Vietnam
| s3 = Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945){{!}}Kingdom of Kampuchea
| s4 = Kingdom of Luang Prabang (1945) {{!}}Kingdom of {{nowrap|Luang Phrabang}}
| s5 = Guangzhouwan
| s6 = French Union{{!}}'''1946:''' French Union
| s7 = North Vietnam{{!}}'''1954:''' Democratic Republic of Vietnam
| s8 = State of Vietnam
| s9 = Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–1970){{!}}Kingdom of Cambodia
| s10 = Kingdom of Laos
| capital = {{Plainlist|
* {{nowrap|[[Saigon]] (1887–1902, 1945–1954)}}
* {{nowrap|[[Hanoi]] (1902–1945)}}
}}
| national_motto = "{{lang|fr|[[Liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}"
| englishmotto = "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
| national_anthem = {{lang|fr|[[La Marseillaise]]}} {{Small|("The Marseillaise")}} {{Center|[[File:Chaliapine - Rouget de Lisle - La Marseillaise.ogg]]}}
| stat_year1 = 1900
| stat_pop1 = 15,164,500
| stat_year2 = 1937
| stat_pop2 = 23,300,000
| ethnic_groups_year = 1936
| ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite journal |title=French Indo-China: Demographic Imbalance and Colonial Policy |journal=Population Index |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2730333 |issue=11 |volume=2 |pages=68–81 |doi=10.2307/2730333 |year=1945 |jstor=2730333 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list
|72% [[Viet people|Viet]]
|13% [[Khmer people|Khmer]]
|6% [[Tai peoples|Tai]] ([[Lao people|Lao]], [[Tày people|Tày]], [[Thái people (Vietnam)|Thái]], etc.)
|1.4% [[Chinese people|Chinese]] and other Asiatics
|{{nowrap|0.2% Europeans ([[French people|French]], etc.)}}
|7.3% others ([[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnard]], [[Chams|Cham]], [[Muong people|Muong]], [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Yao people (Asia)|Yao]], [[Khmu people|Khmu]], etc.; Diasporas: [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malay]], [[Indonesians|Indonesian]], [[Indian diaspora|Indian]], [[Arabs|Arab]], [[Africa]]n, etc.)}}
| common_languages = [[French language|French]] (official)
{{Flatlist}}
* [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]
* [[Tây Bồi Pidgin French|Tây Bồi]]
* [[Khmer language|Khmer]]
* [[Lao language|Lao]]
* [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
{{Endflatlist}}
| religion = {{Flatlist}}
* [[Buddhism]]
* [[Confucianism]]
* [[Folk religion]]s
** [[Vietnamese folk religion|Vietnamese]]
** [[Tai folk religion|Tai]]
** [[Chinese folk religion|Chinese]]
* [[Taoism]]
* [[Christianity]]
* [[Hòa Hảo]]
* [[Caodaism]]
* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Islam]]
{{Endflatlist}}
| title_leader = [[List of Governors-General of French Indochina|Governor-General]]
| leader1 = [[Jean Antoine Ernest Constans|Ernest Constans]]
| year_leader1 = 1887–1888 (first)
| leader2 = [[Henri Hoppenot]]{{efn|group=infobox|As Commissioner-General}}
| year_leader2 = 1955–1956 (last)
| currency = [[French Indochinese piastre]] Since 1953: [[Cambodian riel]], [[Lao kip]], [[South Vietnamese đồng|Vietnamese đồng]]
| today = [[Vietnam]] [[Laos]] [[Cambodia]] [[China]]  '''∟'''[[Zhanjiang]]
| footnotes = {{notelist|group=infobox}}
}}

'''French Indochina''' (previously spelled as '''French Indo-China'''),{{efn|While both "Indo-China" and "Indochina" can be found in contemporary English-language sources, "Indo-China" is the most commonly used spelling (even though {{lang|fr|[[Indochina|Indochine]]}}, instead of {{lang|fr|[[Indo-Chine]]}}, was commonly used in French); contemporary official publications also adopt the spelling of "Indo-China".}}{{efn|{{langx|fr|Indochine française}}; {{langx|vi|Đông Dương thuộc Pháp}} ({{IPA|vi|ɗoŋ zɯɤŋ tʰuə̂k fǎːp|ipa}}), {{lang|vi-Hani|東洋屬法}}, lit. 'East Ocean under France; {{langx|km|ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង}}, {{transliteration|km|Ĕnduchĕn Bareăng}}; {{langx|lo|ອິນດູຈີນຝຣັ່ງ}}, {{transliteration|lo|Indouchin Frang}}}} officially known as the '''Indochinese Union'''{{efn|Decree of 17 October 1887.}}{{efn|{{langx|fr|Union indochinoise}}; {{langx|vi|Liên bang Đông Dương}} ({{IPA|vi|liən ɓaːŋ ɗoŋ zɯɤŋ|ipa}}), {{lang|vi-Hani|聯邦東洋}}, lit. 'East Ocean Federation'; {{langx|km|សហភាពឥណ្ឌូចិន}}; {{langx|lo|ສະຫະພາບອິນໂດຈີນ}}}} and after 1941 as the '''Indochinese Federation''',{{efn|{{langx|fr|Fédération indochinoise}}}} was a group of French dependent territories in [[Southeast Asia]] from 1887 to 1954. It was initially a [[federation]] of [[French colonial empire|French colonies]] (1887–1949), later a [[confederation]] of French [[associated state]]s (1949–1954).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pesd.princeton.edu/node/431#:~:text=A%20federation%20is%20a%20state,which%20full%20sovereignty%20is%20retained |title=Federalism and Federation | the Princeton Encyclopedia of Self-Determination |access-date=22 January 2025 |archive-date=9 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209194710/https://pesd.princeton.edu/node/431#:~:text=A%20federation%20is%20a%20state,which%20full%20sovereignty%20is%20retained |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Associated">{{Cite encyclopedia |last1=Goscha |first1=Christopher E. |author-link=Christopher Goscha |title=Associated States of Indochina |encyclopedia=Historical Dictionary of the Indochina War (1945–1954): An International and Interdisciplinary Approach |pages= |date=2011 |publisher=NIAS Press |isbn=9788776940638 |url=https://indochine.uqam.ca/en/historical-dictionary/77-associated-states-of-indochina.html }}</ref> It comprised [[French protectorate of Cambodia|Cambodia]], [[French protectorate of Laos|Laos]] (from 1899), [[Guangzhouwan]] (1898–1945), [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]], and [[Nguyễn dynasty|Vietnamese]] regions of [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] and [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]]. It was established in 1887 and was dissolved in 1954. In 1949, Vietnam was reunited and it regained Cochinchina. Its capitals were [[Hanoi]] (1902–1945) and [[Saigon]] (1887–1902, 1945–1954).

The [[Second French Empire]] [[Cochinchina campaign|colonized Cochinchina]] in 1862 and established a [[French protectorate of Cambodia|protectorate in Cambodia]] in 1863. After the [[Third French Republic]] took over northern Vietnam through the [[Tonkin campaign]], the various protectorates were consolidated into one union in 1887. Two more entities were incorporated into the union: the Laotian protectorate and the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan. The French exploited the resources in the region during their rule, while also contributing to limited and uneven improvements of the health and education system in the region, designed to benefit the French and, to an extent, a tiny group of native elites, rather than most of the local population.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam/Effects-of-French-colonial-rule</ref> Deep divides remained between the native population and the colonists, leading to sporadic rebellions by the former.

After the [[Fall of France]] during [[World War II]], the colony was administered by the [[Vichy France|Vichy government]] and was under [[French Indochina in World War II|Japanese occupation]] until 9 March 1945, when the [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|Japanese army overthrew the colonial regime]]. They established [[puppet state]]s including the [[Empire of Vietnam]]. After the [[Surrender of Japan|Japanese surrender]], the communist [[Viet Minh]] led by [[Ho Chi Minh]] [[August Revolution|declared Vietnam's independence]]. France sought to restore control with the help of the British in the [[war in southern Vietnam (1945–1946)]], which led to all-out Vietnamese resistance in the [[First Indochina War]].<ref name="Bradley2009">{{cite book |last=Bradley |first=Mark Philip |title=Vietnam at war |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280349-8 |page=47}}</ref>

In 1945, France returned Guangzhouwan to China. To counter the Viet Minh and as part of [[decolonization]], France, working with Vietnamese nationalists, formed the anti-communist [[State of Vietnam]] as an [[associated state]] within the [[French Union]] in 1949. This led to Cochinchina returning to Vietnam in June.<ref>[https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jo_pdf.do?id=JORFTEXT000000692906 Fac-similé JO du 5 juin 1949], Legifrance.gouv.fr.</ref> Laos and Cambodia also became French associated states the same year. French efforts to retake Indochina were unsuccessful, culminating in defeat at the [[Battle of Điện Biên Phủ]]. On 22 October and 9 November 1953, [[Kingdom of Laos|Laos]] and [[Kingdom of Cambodia (1953–70)|Cambodia]] gained independence, as did Vietnam<ref>[https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent13.htm The Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Volume 1, Chapter 5, "Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960" (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971)] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623032152/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent13.htm |date=23 June 2017 }} Trích: "''France, as the third party in Vietnam, then became pivotal to any political settlement, its executor for the West. But France had agreed to full independence for the GVN on ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1954, nearly six weeks before the end of the Geneva Conference. By the terms of that June agreement, the GVN assumed responsibility for international contracts previously made on its behalf by France; but, there having been no reference to subsequent contracts, it was technically free of the Geneva Agreements. It has been argued to the contrary that the GVN was bound by Geneva because it possessed at the time few of the attributes of full sovereignty, and especially because it was dependent on France for defense. But such debates turn on tenuous points of international law regarding the prerogatives of newly independent or partitioned states. France speedily divested itself of responsibilities for "civil administration" in South Vietnam''"</ref>{{Efn|The Matignon Treaty was never ratified by the two heads of state; but according to its Article 4, it came into effect on the day of signing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1954.htm | title=Vietnam, indépendance, Digithèque MJP | access-date=14 January 2025 | archive-date=19 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119175639/https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1954.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>{{or|date=December 2025}}}} with the [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Accords of 21 July 1954]], ending French Indochina.

== History ==
=== Background ===
==== Early French encounters ====
{{further|France–Vietnam relations|French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh}}
French–Vietnamese contacts can be traced to 1658 when [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] missionaries Joseph Francis Tissanier and Pierre Jacques Albier arrived in Vietnam.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jacques |first1=Roland |title=Câu hỏi trong khuôn khổ lịch sử khách quan: Ai đã thành lập Giáo Hội Việt Nam? |url=https://dongten.net/ai-da-thanh-lap-giao-hoi-viet-nam-2/ |date=2014 |orig-date=1997 |translator=Nguyễn Đăng Trúc }}</ref> Around this time, Vietnam was carrying out its ''[[Nam tiến]]'' ("Southward"), the occupation of the [[Mekong Delta]], a territory being part of the [[Khmer Empire]] and to a lesser extent, the kingdom of [[Champa]] which they had defeated in 1471.<ref name="USvietAnalysis">Kahin.</ref>

European involvement in Vietnam was confined to trade during the 18th century, as the remarkably successful work of the missionaries continued. In 1787, [[Pierre Pigneau de Behaine]], a French Catholic priest, petitioned the French government and organised French military volunteers to aid [[Gia Long|Nguyễn Ánh]] in retaking lands his family lost to the [[Tây Sơn dynasty|Tây Sơn]]. Pigneau died in Vietnam but his troops fought on until 1802 in the [[French assistance to Nguyễn Ánh]].

=== 19th century ===
{{main|French conquest of Vietnam}}

==== French conquest of Cochinchina ====
{{main|Cochinchina campaign}}
{{see also|French Cochinchina|French protectorate of Cambodia}}
[[File:Map of French Indochina expansion.svg|thumb|left|200px|Expansion of French Indochina (violet)]]

The [[French colonial empire]] was heavily involved in Vietnam in the 19th century; often French intervention was undertaken in order to protect the work of the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society]] in the country. For its part, the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] increasingly saw Catholic missionaries as a political threat; [[courtesan]]s, for example, an influential faction in the dynastic system, feared for their status in a society influenced by an insistence on monogamy.<ref>Owen, p. 106.</ref>

A brief period of unification under the Nguyễn dynasty ended in 1858 with French military intervention. Under the pretext of protesting the persecution and expulsion of Catholic missionaries, and following [[Charles de Montigny|Charles de Montigny's]] failure to secure concessions, [[Napoleon III]] ordered Admiral [[Charles Rigault de Genouilly]] to attack Tourane (present day [[Da Nang]]).<ref name="tucker29">Tucker, p. 29.</ref>

Fourteen French gunships, 3,300 men including 300 Filipino soldiers provided by the Spanish<ref>Chapuis (1995), p. 195.</ref> attacked the port of causing significant damage and occupying the city. After fighting the Vietnamese for three months and finding himself unable to progress further in land, de Genouilly sought and received approval of an alternative attack on Saigon.<ref name="tucker29"/><ref name=Chapuis248>Chapuis (2000), p. 48.</ref>

Sailing to southern Vietnam, de Genouilly captured the poorly defended city of Saigon on 17 February 1859. Once again, however, de Genouilly and his forces were unable to seize territory outside of the defensive perimeter of the city. De Genouilly was criticised for his actions and was replaced by Admiral Page in November 1859 with instructions to obtain a treaty protecting the [[Catholic Church|Catholic faith]] in Vietnam while refraining from making territorial gains.<ref name="tucker29"/><ref name="Chapuis248"/>

Peace negotiations proved unsuccessful and the fighting in Saigon continued. Ultimately in 1861, the French brought additional forces to bear in the Saigon campaign, advanced out of the city and began to capture cities in the Mekong Delta. On 5 June 1862, the Vietnamese conceded and signed the [[Treaty of Saigon (1862)|Treaty of Saigon]] whereby they agreed to legalize the free practice of the Catholic religion; to open trade in the Mekong Delta and at three ports at the mouth of the Red River in northern Vietnam; to cede the provinces of [[Biên Hòa Province|Biên Hòa]], [[Gia Định Province|Gia Định]] and [[Định Tường Province|Định Tường]] along with the islands of Poulo Condore to France; and to pay reparations equivalent to one million dollars.<ref>Chapuis, pp. 49–53.</ref><ref name=Llewellyn>Llewellyn.</ref><ref>Thomazi, pp. 69–71.</ref>

In 1864 the aforementioned three provinces ceded to France were formally constituted as the French colony of Cochinchina. Then in 1867, French Admiral Pierre de la Grandière forced the Vietnamese to surrender three additional provinces, [[An Giang Province|Châu Đốc]], [[Hà Tiên Province|Hà Tiên]] and [[Vĩnh Long Province|Vĩnh Long]]. With these three additions all of southern Vietnam and the Mekong Delta fell under French control.<ref name=Llewellyn/>

==== Establishment and early administration ====
{{main|Tonkin campaign}}
{{see also|Tonkin (French protectorate)|Annam (French protectorate)|French protectorate of Laos|Guangzhouwan}}

In 1863, the Cambodian king [[Norodom of Cambodia|Norodom]] had requested the establishment of a French protectorate over his country. In 1867, [[Rattanakosin Kingdom|Siam]] (modern [[Thailand]]) renounced [[suzerainty]] over Cambodia and officially recognised the 1863 French protectorate on Cambodia, in exchange for the control of [[Battambang]] and [[Siem Reap]] provinces which officially became part of Thailand. (These provinces would be ceded back to Cambodia by a border treaty between France and Siam in 1906).{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

France obtained control over northern Vietnam following its victory over China in the [[Sino-French War]] (1884–85). French Indochina was formed on 17 October 1887 from [[Annam (French protectorate)|Annam]], [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]], [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]] (which together form modern [[Vietnam]]) and the [[French Protectorate of Cambodia|Kingdom of Cambodia]]; [[French Protectorate of Laos|Laos]] was added after the [[Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

The federation lasted until 21 July 1954. In the four protectorates, the French formally left the local rulers in power, who were the [[List of Vietnamese monarchs|emperors of Vietnam]], [[List of monarchs of Cambodia|kings of Cambodia]], and [[List of monarchs of Laos|kings of Luang Prabang]], but in fact gathered all powers in their hands, the local rulers acting only as figureheads.{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

Japanese women called [[Karayuki-san]] migrated or were trafficked to cities like Hanoi, Haiphong and Saigon in colonial French Indochina in the late 19th century to work as prostitutes and provide sexual services to French soldiers who were occupying Vietnam. Since the French viewed Japanese women as clean, they were highly popular.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roustan |first1=Frédéric |date=2012 |title=Mousmés and French Colonial Culture: Making Japanese Women's Bodies Available in Indochina |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/vs.2012.7.1.52 |journal=Journal of Vietnamese Studies |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=52–105 |doi=10.1525/vs.2012.7.1.52 |jstor=10.1525/vs.2012.7.1.52 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621023718/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/vs.2012.7.1.52 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://simipress.com/a-brief-primer-on-vice-and-sex-in-colonial-vietnam/ |title=A Brief Primer on Vice and Sex in Colonial Vietnam |last=Carney |first=Joey |date=27 April 2020 |website=Simi Press |publisher= |access-date= |archive-date=29 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529092603/https://simipress.com/a-brief-primer-on-vice-and-sex-in-colonial-vietnam/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Images of the Japanese prostitutes in Vietnam were put on [[French postcard]]s by French photographers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoskins |first1=Janet |date=Summer 2007 |title=Postcards from the Edge of Empire: Images and Messages from French Indochina |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28649479 |journal=Asia's Colonial Photographies |publisher=IIAS Newsletter |volume= |issue=44 |pages=16, 17 |doi= |access-date= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621024303/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Janet-Hoskins-2/publication/28649479_Postcards_from_the_Edge_of_Empire_Images_and_Messages_from_French_Indochina/links/5a8354450f7e9bda86a45675/Postcards-from-the-Edge-of-Empire-Images-and-Messages-from-French-Indochina.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.academia.edu/911418 |title=Postcards from the Edge of Empire: Images and Messages from French Indochina |journal=IIAS Newsletter |date=January 2007 |last1=Hoskins |first1=Janet |archive-date=6 April 2023 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406163301/https://www.academia.edu/911418 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yee |first1=Jennifer |date=2004 |title=Recycling the 'Colonial Harem'? Women in Postcards from French Indochina |url=https://www.academia.edu/6604559 |journal=French Cultural Studies |volume=15 |issue=5 |pages=5–19 |doi=10.1177/0957155804040405 |s2cid=162718081 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407195803/https://www.academia.edu/6604559 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://saigoneer.com/saigon-people/4827-photos-the-japanese-prostitutes-of-colonial-vietnam |title=[Photos] The Japanese Prostitutes Of Colonial Vietnam |date=15 July 2015 |website=Saigoneer |publisher= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717104138/https://saigoneer.com/saigon-people/4827-photos-the-japanese-prostitutes-of-colonial-vietnam |access-date= |archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref><ref>*陳碧純，「山打根的八番娼館」之讀後心得，亞太研究論壇卷期:28 2005.06，頁309-315。http://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/capas/publication/newsletter/N28/2806.pdf {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811005721/https://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/capas/publication/newsletter/N28/2806.pdf |date=11 August 2022 }}
* 佐藤トゥイウェン，「第 4 章「孝」に殉じた天草の「からゆきさん」」，『周縁の文化交渉学シリーズ 8天草諸島の歴史と現在』，関西大学文化交渉学教育研究拠点，2012年。
* 柏木卓司，『戦前期フランス領インドシナにおける邦人進出の形態-「職業別人口表」を中心として-』， (アジア経済) 31(3) 1990 3: p. 78-98。
* 柏木卓司，「ベトナムのからゆきさん」，『歴史と人物』10月号，中央公論，1979，208頁。
* 神坂次郎，『おれは伊平次』，講談社文庫，2002/8。
* 平田豊弘，「松下光廣と大南公司」，『周縁の文化交渉学シリーズ 4 陶磁器流通と西海地域』，関西大学，荒武賢一朗編，2011年。
* Ch. Lemire,　Les cinq Pays de l'Indo-Chine française, l'établissement de Kouang-Tchéou, le Siam，Juillet 1899．
* Dean Meyers and My-Van Tran, The Cao Dai, Prince Cuong De and the Japanese in 1937–1939, THE CRISIS OF THE EIGHTH LUNAR MONTH, University of South Australia, IJAPS Vol. 2 (May) 2006.</ref> The Japanese government tried to hide the existences of these Japanese prostitutes who went abroad and did not mention them in books on history.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ranker.com/list/what-are-japanese-karayuki-san/melissa-sartore |title=Facts About Karayuki-San, The Japanese Sex Workers Trafficked To The Rest Of The World |last=Sartore |first=Melissa |date=7 June 2019 |website=Ranker |publisher= |access-date= |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408023627/https://www.ranker.com/list/what-are-japanese-karayuki-san/melissa-sartore |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jolivet |first=Muriel |author-link= |date=2005 |title=Japan: The Childless Society?: The Crisis of Motherhood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sAD3a6WaLgEC&dq=karayuki-san+erased+from+japanese+history&pg=PA124 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=124 |isbn=1134757166 }}</ref>

Beginning in the 1880s there was a rise of an explicitly anti-Catholic French administration in French Indochina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Religion-in-French-Indochina">{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/religious_missionaries_and_the_colonial_state_indochina |title=Religious Missionaries and the Colonial State (Indochina) |date=20 February 2015 |access-date=21 August 2022 |author=Charles Keith |publisher=1914–1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War ([[Free University of Berlin]], [[Bavarian State Library]], and [[Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium]], among others) |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819050955/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/religious_missionaries_and_the_colonial_state_indochina |url-status=live}} – Keith, Charles: Religious Missionaries and the Colonial State (Indochina), in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, [[Berlin]] (20 February 2015). {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.10559}}.</ref> The administration would try to reduce Catholic missionary influence in French Indochinese society, as opposed to the earlier decades where missionaries played an important role in both administration and society in French Cochinchina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Religion-in-French-Indochina"/>
[[File:Presidential Palace of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|Presidential Palace]], in [[Hanoi]], built between 1900 and 1906 to house the governor-general of Indochina]]

From 1 January 1898, the French directly took over the right to collect all taxes in the protectorate of Annam and to allocate salaries to the Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty and its mandarins.<ref name="Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động">{{cite web |url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/2001/66916/nha-nguyen-va-nhung-thang-7-bien-djong.html |title=Nhà Nguyễn và những tháng 7 biến động. – Phải chăng tháng 7 với triều Nguyễn là một sự trùng hợp, khi Pháp mở đầu cuộc tấn công 1/9/1885 (nhằm vào 24/7/1858 âm lịch) và trận chiến đấu cuối cùng dưới sự lãnh đạo của triều đình nhà Nguyễn cũng diễn ra vào 5/7/1885. |quote=Trong một thông tri ngày 24/8/1898, Khâm sứ Trung kỳ đã viết "Từ nay, trên vương quốc An Nam không còn tồn tại hai chính quyền nữa mà chỉ tồn tại một chính quyền thôi" (tức chính quyền Pháp). |date=28 July 2016 |access-date=7 August 2021 |author=Nhuần (tổng hợp) |publisher=[[National Museum of Vietnamese History|Bảo tàng Lịch sử Quốc gia]] |language=vi |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807171649/http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/2001/66916/nha-nguyen-va-nhung-thang-7-bien-djong.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a notice dated 24 August 1898, the Resident-Superior of Annam wrote: "From now on, in the Kingdom of Annam there are no longer two governments, but only one" (meaning that the French government completely took over the administration).<ref name="Bảo-tàng-Lịch-sử-Quốc-gia-tháng-7-biến-động"/>

==== Early Vietnamese rebellions ====
{{Further|Cần Vương movement}}
While the French were trying to establish control over Cambodia, a large scale Vietnamese insurgency – the [[Cần Vương movement]] – started to take shape, aiming to expel the French and install the boy emperor [[Hàm Nghi]] as the leader of an independent Vietnam.<ref>Jonathan D. London ''Education in Vietnam'', pg. 10 (2011): "The ultimately unsuccessful Cần Vương (Aid the King) Movement of 1885–89, for example, was coordinated by scholars such as [[Phan Đình Phùng]], [[Phan Chu Trinh]], [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Trần Quý Cáp]] and [[Huỳnh Thúc Kháng]], who sought to restore sovereign authority to the Nguyễn throne."</ref> Between 1885 and 1889, insurgents, led by [[Phan Đình Phùng]], [[Phan Chu Trinh]], [[Phan Bội Châu]], [[Trần Quý Cáp]] and [[Huỳnh Thúc Kháng]], targeted Vietnamese Christians as there were very few French soldiers to overcome, which led to a massacre of around 40,000 Christians.<ref>Fourniau, ''Annam–Tonkin'', pp. 39–77</ref> The rebellion was eventually brought down by a French military intervention, in addition to its lack of unity in the movement.{{sfn|Brocheux|Hémery|2004|pp=57–68}}<ref>David Marr (1971) ''Vietnamese Anticolonialism'', pg. 68</ref><ref>Huard, pp. 1096–1107; Huguet, pp. 133–223; Sarrat, pp. 271–273; Thomazi, ''Conquête'', pp. 272–275; ''Histoire militaire'', pp. 124–125</ref>

Nationalist sentiments intensified in Vietnam, especially during and after [[History of Vietnam during World War I|World War I]], but all the uprisings and tentative efforts failed to obtain sufficient concessions from the French.

==== Franco-Siamese crisis (1893) ====
{{main|1893 Franco-Siamese crisis}}

Territorial conflict in the Indochinese peninsula for the expansion of French Indochina led to the [[Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893]]. In 1893 the French authorities in Indochina used border disputes, followed by the [[Paknam incident|Paknam naval incident]], to provoke a crisis. French gunboats appeared at Bangkok, and demanded the cession of Lao territories east of the [[Mekong|Mekong River]].{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}

King [[Chulalongkorn]] appealed to the British, but the British minister told the king to settle on whatever terms he could get, and he had no choice but to comply. Britain's only gesture was an agreement with France guaranteeing the integrity of the rest of Siam. In exchange, Siam had to give up its claim to the Thai-speaking [[Shan State|Shan region]] of north-eastern Burma to the British, and cede Laos to France{{citation needed|date=November 2023}}.

=== 20th century ===
[[File:Les Mandarins et les Autorites Françaises Attendant L’Arrivee de l’Empereur Thanh Thai.png|thumb|The oil painting ''Les Mandarins et les Autorites Françaises Attendant L’Arrivee de l’Empereur [[Thành Thái|Thanh Thai]]'', 1903.]]
==== Further encroachments on Siam (1904–1907) ====
The French continued to pressure Siam, and in 1902 they manufactured another crisis.{{clarify|date=November 2016}} This time Siam had to concede French control of territory on the west bank of the Mekong opposite [[Luang Prabang]] and around [[Champasak (town)|Champasak]] in southern Laos, as well as western Cambodia. France also occupied the western part of [[Chanthaburi Province|Chantaburi]].
[[File:M. Guillard, inspecteur des colonies, sur un des éléphants de la Résidence supérieure, Phnom-Penh.jpg|thumb|French colonial inspector and local on top of an [[Asian elephant|elephant]] in [[Phnom Penh]] in 1896.]]

In 1904, to get back Chantaburi, Siam had to give [[Trat]] and Koh Kong to French Indochina. Trat became part of Thailand again [[Franco-Siamese treaty of 1907|on 23 March 1907]] in exchange for many areas east of the Mekong like [[Battambang Province|Battambang]], [[Siem Reap province|Siem Reap]] and [[Banteay Meanchey Province|Sisophon]].

In the 1930s, Siam engaged France in a series of talks concerning the repatriation of Siamese provinces held by the French. In 1938, under the [[Popular Front (France)|Front Populaire]] administration in Paris, France had agreed to repatriate [[Angkor Wat]], [[Angkor Thom]], [[Siem Reap]], [[Siem Pang]], and the associated provinces (approximately 13) to Siam.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Meanwhile, Siam took over control of those areas, in anticipation of the upcoming treaty. Signatories from each country were dispatched to Tokyo to sign the treaty repatriating the lost provinces.{{Non sequitur|date=April 2021}}

==== Anti-French revolts in the early 20th century ====
Although during the early 20th century calm was supposed to reign as the French had "pacified" the region, constant uprisings contesting French rule characterised French Indochina this period.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina">{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/indochina |title=Indochina (Version 1.0). |date=11 January 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |author=Claire Thi Liên Trân |publisher=1914–1918-online – International Encyclopedie of the First World War ([[Free University of Berlin]], [[Bavarian State Library]], and [[Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium]], among others) |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812170510/http://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/indochina |url-status=live}} – Thi Liên Trân, Claire: Indochina, in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, [[Berlin]] (11 January 2022). {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.11594}}.</ref> "There is ample evidence of the rural populations' involvement in revolts against authority during the first 50 years of the French colonial presence in Cambodia."<ref>Osborne, Milton: ''Peasant politics in Cambodia. The 1916 Affair'', in: Modern Asian Studies 12/2, 1978, pp. 226–228.</ref> The French ''Sûreté'' was worried about the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] victory during the [[Russo-Japanese War]] and its lasting impression on the East as it was considered to be the first victory of "a [[Mongoloid|yellow people]] over the [[White people|white]]", as well as the fall of the [[Manchu people|Manchu]]-led [[Qing dynasty]] to the [[Xinhai Revolution]] which established the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> These events all had significant influence on nationalist sentiments in the territories of French Indochina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

The early 20th century saw a number of [[Secret society|secret societies]] launch rebellions in Cochinchina, the Peace and Duty Society (Nghia Hoa Doan Hoi) was introduced to the region by the [[Minh Hương]] refugees following the [[Manchu conquest of China]] and the Vietnamese [[Tiandihui|Heaven and Earth Society]] (天地會, ''Thiên Địa Hội'').<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina">{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/social_conflict_and_control_protest_and_repression_indochina#GND_114768765X |title=Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Indochina) |date=6 December 2017 |access-date=21 August 2022 |author=Patrice Morlat |publisher=1914–1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War ([[Free University of Berlin]], [[Bavarian State Library]], and [[Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium]], among others) |language=en |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813073418/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/social_conflict_and_control_protest_and_repression_indochina#GND_114768765X |url-status=live}} – Morlat, Patrice: Social Conflict and Control, Protest and Repression (Indochina), in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, [[Berlin]] (6 December 2017). {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.11199}}. Translated by: Jennings, Eric Thomas.</ref> The Peace and Duty Society was also active supporting anti-Qing insurgents in China.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/>

The majority of the traditional [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]] elites would continue to operate under the French protectorate being loyal to their new rulers, but as early period of the ''Pháp thuộc'' saw an influx of French enterprises significant changes to the social order of the day inspired new forms of resistance against French rule that differed from the earlier ''Cần Vương'' Movement.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> The new social circumstances in French Indochina were brought about by the establishment of industrial companies by the French such as the ''Union commerciale indochinoise'', the ''Est Asiatique français'' shipping company, the ''Chemin de fer français de l'Indochine et du Yunan'' railway company, as well as the various coal exploitation companies operating in Tonkin, these modern companies were accompanied by an influx of French tea, coffee, and rubber plantation magnates.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/>

Following the defeat of the Nguyễn loyalist ''Cần Vương'' Movement a new generation of anti-French resistance emerged, rather than being rooted in the traditional mandarin elites the new anti-French resistance leaders of the early 20th century were more influenced by international events and revolutions abroad to inspire their resistance and the issue of modernisation.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Some Vietnamese revolutionaries like [[Phan Châu Trinh]] traveled to the Western World (''Đi Tây'') to obtain the "keys" to modernity and hope to bring these back to Vietnam.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> While others like the revolutionary leader [[Phan Bội Châu]] made the "Journey to the East" (''[[Đông Du]]'') to the Japanese Empire which they saw as the other role-model of modernisation for Vietnam to follow.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The ''Đông Du'' school of revoluties was supported by Prince [[Cường Để]], a direct descendant of the Gia Long Emperor.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Prince Cường Để hoped that by financing hundreds of young ambitious Vietnamese people to go get educated in Japan that this would contribute to the liberation of his country from French domination.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

The ''[[Duy Tân Hội]]'' was founded in 1904 by Phan Bội Châu and Prince Cường Để.<ref>Chu Trinh Phan, Sính Vĩnh Phan Châu Trinh and his political writings, p. 7 2009 "Phan Boi Chau was the major figure within this group of literati.20 A founder of the Vietnam Modernization Association (Viet Nam Duy Tan Hoi, 1904), Phan Boi Chau went to Japan in 1905, primarily to ask for military aid. "</ref><ref>Education in Vietnam, p. 48, Jonathan D London, 2011 "Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) was founder of the Duy Tân Hội (Reformation Society) and Đông Du ("Go East") movement that encouraged nationalist Vietnamese youth to study in Japan. Later, he founded the Vietnam Quang Phuc Hoi ..."</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> The group in a broader sense was also considered a Modernisation Movement.<ref>Philip G. Altbach, Toru Umakoshi ''Asian Universities: Historical Perspectives and Contemporary ...'' 2004 p. 331 "Phong trao Duy Tan (The Duy Tan reform movement)". Danang, Vietnam: Danang Publishing House. Pham, L. H. (28 December 2000).</ref><ref>David P. Chandler, David Joel Steinberg ''In Search of Southeast Asia: A Modern History'' 1987 p. 315 "Phan Boi Chau himself, by this time the leader of a political group known as the "Renovation Society" (Duy Tan Hoi) initiated this"</ref><ref>Van Thao Trinh ''Les compagnons de route de Hô Chi Minh: Histoire d'un engagement'' 2004 . p. 18 "Duy Tân (Modernisation)."</ref> This new group of people consisted only of a few hundred people, with most of its members being either students or nationalists.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> Notable members of the society included [[Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiêu]].<ref>Philippe M. F. Peycam The Birth of Vietnamese Political Journalism: Saigon, 1916–1930, p. 56. 2012 "During Chiêu's trial, the French discovered that he had been a central agent for an underground movement called the Association for the Modernization of Vietnam (Việt Nam Duy Tân Hội), based in Japan and led by Châu and Prince Cường Để..."</ref> The members of the ''Duy Tân Hội'' would establish a network of commercial enterprises to both gain capital to finance their activities and to hide their true intentions.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> A number of other anti-French organisations would support the ''Duy Tân Hội'' such as the Peace and Duty Society and the Heaven and Earth Society.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/>

The [[Tonkin Free School]] (''Đông Kinh Nghĩa Thục''), which was created in Hanoi in 1907 by the supporters of both Phan Châu Trinh and Phan Bội Châu was closed in the year of its founding by the French authorities because it was perceived as being anti-French.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The Tonkin Free School stemmed from the movement of the same name, which aimed to modernise Vietnamese society by abandoning [[Confucianism]] and adopting new ideas from both the Western world and Japan. In particular, it promoted the [[Vietnamese alphabet|Vietnamese version of the Latin script]] for writing [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]] in place of classical Chinese by publishing educational materials and newspapers using this script, as a new vehicle of instruction. The schools offered free courses to anyone who wanted to learn about the modern spirit. The teachers at the school at 59 Hàng Đàn included [[Phạm Duy Tốn]].<ref>Nguyễn Đình Hoà ''From the City Inside the Red River: A Cultural Memoir'' 1999 p. 76 "the Association for Mutual Education (Hội Trí Tri) at 59 Fan Street. ... 22 August 1907, of the same paper further revealed, on p. 348, that the three elementary grades were taught ... Trần Văn Hùng, Vũ Văn Trw and Phạm Duy Tốn, the latter a scholar-publicist and father of Professor Phạm Duy-Khiem and musician Phạm Duy-Ca'n, a.k.a. Phạm Duy. On 16 November 1943, Governor-General Decoux, resident-sup ...</ref>
{{check quotation}}
in the years prior to World War I the French arrested thousands of people with some being [[Death sentence|sentenced to death]] and others being imprisoned at the Poulo Condore jail island ([[Côn Sơn Island]]).<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Because of this Côn Sơn Island would become the best school for political prisoners, nationalists, and communists, as they were gathered together in large, common cells which allowed them to exchange their ideas.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

In March 1908, mass demonstrations took place in Annam and Tonkin demanding a reduction of the high taxes.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

[[File:Thucaphathanhdaudoc.jpg|thumb|The heads of Duong Be, Tu Binh and Doi Nhan decapitated by the French on 8 July 1908 in the Hanoi Poison Plot]]

In June 1908, the [[Hanoi Poison Plot]] took place where a group of Tonkinese indigenous ''tirailleurs'' attempted to poison the entire French colonial army's garrison in the [[Citadel of Hanoi]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The aim of the plot was to neutralise the French garrison and make way for Commander [[Đề Thám]]'s rebel army to capture the city of Hanoi. The plot was disclosed, and then was suppressed by the French.<ref>{{cite book |title=The last emperors of Vietnam: from Tu Duc to Bao Dai |last=Chapuis |first=Oscar |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |year=2000 |isbn=0-313-31170-6 |pages=90–91 }}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In response the French proclaimed [[martial law]]. The French accused Phan Châu Trinh and Phan Bội Châu of the plot, Phan Châu Trinh was sent to Poulo Condor, and Phan Bội Châu fled to Japan and thence, in the year 1910, he went to China.<ref>{{cite book |title=Vietnam: Current Issues and Historical Background |last=Largo |first=V. |publisher=[[Nova Publishers]] |year=2002 |isbn=1-59033-368-3 |page=111 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Time for War: The United States and Vietnam, 1941-1975 |first=Robert D. |last=Schulzinger |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] US |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-512501-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/timeforwar00robe |page=7 }}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In the years 1912 and 1913 Vietnamese nationalists organised attacks in Tonkin and Cochinchina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

Using diplomatic pressure the French persuaded the Japanese to banish the ''Duy Tân Hội'' in 1909 from its shores causing them to seek refuge in Qing China, here they would join the ranks of [[Sun Yat-Sen]]'s [[Tongmenghui]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> While places like [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], and Yunnan were earlier in the French sphere of influence in China, these places would now become hosts of anti-French revolutionary activities due to their borders with Tonkin and Laos, being the primary places of operation for both Chinese and Vietnamese revolutionaries.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> This allowed for members of the ''Duy Tân Hội'' to perform border raids on both Tonkin and Laos from their bases in China.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/>

In March 1913 the mystic millenarist cult leader [[Phan Xích Long]] organised an independence demonstration in [[Cholon, Ho Chi Minh City|Cholon]] which was attended by 600 peasants dressed in white robes.<ref>Peycam, Philippe M. F: ''The birth of Vietnamese political journalism. Saigon, 1916–1930'', [[New York City]] (2015): [[Columbia University Press]]. p. 18.</ref> Phan Xích Long claimed descent of the deposed Hàm Nghi Emperor and the Ming dynasty's emperor and declared himself to be the "Emperor of the Ming Dynasty".<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/>

The year 1913 also saw the ''Duy Tân Hội's'' second insurrection campaign, this campaign resulted in the society's members murdering two French Hanoi police officers, attacks on both militia and the military, and the execution of a number of Nguyễn dynasty mandarins that were accused of working together with the French government.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> Another revolt also broke out in Cochinchina in 1913 where prisons and administrative hubs were attacked by crowds of hundreds of peasants using sticks and swords to fight the French, as the French were armed with firearms a large number of protesters ended up dying by gunshot wounds causing the protests to break up ending the revolt.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/>

During the early 20th century the French protectorate over Cambodia was challenged by rebels, just before it saw three separate revolts during the early reign of King [[Norodom of Cambodia|Norodom]], who had little authority outside [[Phnom Penh]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

During the early 20th century Laos was considered to be the most "docile" territory as it saw relatively few uprisings.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The French attributed this to them being more stable rulers than the Siamese who had ruled over them for a century before the establishment of the French protectorate.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Both the traditional elite and the Laotian peasantry seemed largely content with French rule during this period.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Despite this, sporadic revolts occurred in Laos during the late 19th century and early 20th century. During the late 19th century Southern Laos saw upland minority communities rising up in revolt, these were led by Bac My and Ong Ma on the [[Bolaven Plateau]], who demanded the restoration of the "old order" and led an armed insurrection against the French until as late as 1936.<ref>Gunn, Geoffrey C.: ''Rebellion In Northern Laos. The Revolts of the Lu and the Chinese Republicans (1914–1916)'', in: The Journal of The Siam Society 77/1 (1989), p. 61.</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The [[Holy Man's Rebellion]] erupted in 1901 and was not suppressed until 1907. It was a "major rebellion by local [[Lao Theung]] tribes (the [[Alak people|Alak]], [[Nyaw people|Nyaheun]], and Laven) against French domination".<ref>[[Martin Stuart-Fox|Fox-Stuart, Martin]] (Winter 1995). [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/french-in-laos-18871945/13C6371000B01530B3011FF9A0B6436C "The French in Laos, 1887–1945"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617012958/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/french-in-laos-18871945/13C6371000B01530B3011FF9A0B6436C |date=17 June 2018 }}. ''Modern Asian Studies''. 29:1 p. 111. {{doi|10.1017/S0026749X00012646}}.</ref><ref name="Stuart-Fox-2nd">[[Martin Stuart-Fox|Stuart-Fox, Martin]] (2001). ''Historical Dictionary of Laos''. Second Edition. Asian/Oceanian Historical Dictionaries Series No. 35. Maryland: The Scarecrow Press.</ref> Though there is not extensive literature on these particular revolutionary revolts in the Bolaven Plateau, one can see that the native communities desired to rid the region of the extensive and overpowering influence of their colonisers.<ref name="JSS_062_1e_Murdoch">{{cite journal |last=Murdoch |first=John B. |year=1974 |title=The 1901–1902 Holy Man's Rebellion |journal=[[Journal of the Siam Society]] |format=free |volume=62 |issue=1 |no-pp= |publisher=Siam Heritage Trust |url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_062_1e_Murdoch_1901to1902HolyMansRebellion.pdf |access-date=2 April 2013 |quote=The 'Holy Man's' uprising of 1901–1902 was a large scale popular rebellion involving Northeast Thailand, Southern Laos, and the adjacent portion of the Vietnamese Central Highlands. Scholarship to date has not adequately considered the rebellion's character as transcending present national boundaries, having common leadership, and growing out of common regional causes. |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713190437/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/jsspdf/1971/JSS_062_1e_Murdoch_1901to1902HolyMansRebellion.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Introduction of French education ====
On 16 May 1906 the governor-general of French Indochina Jean Baptiste Paul Beau issued a decree establishing the Councils for the Improvement of Indigenous Education.<ref name="BTLSQGVN-Bộ-Học-và-Bộ-Quốc-dân-giáo-dục">{{cite web |url=http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/3096/11172/gioi-thieu-mot-so-van-ban-co-lien-quan-djen-bo-hoc-va-bo-quoc-dan-giao-duc.html |title=Giới thiệu một số văn bản có liên quan đến Bộ Học và Bộ Quốc dân giáo dục. - Để điều hành đất nước, từ năm 1802–1906, nhà Nguyễn đã thiết lập 6 bộ là: Bộ Lại, Bộ Hộ, Bộ Lễ, Bộ Binh, Bộ Hình, Bộ Công. |date=6 April 2012 |access-date=16 June 2022 |author=tapchisonghuong.com.vn |publisher=[[National Museum of Vietnamese History|BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)]] |language=vi |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616205334/http://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/3096/11172/gioi-thieu-mot-so-van-ban-co-lien-quan-djen-bo-hoc-va-bo-quoc-dan-giao-duc.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Cục-Văn-thư-và-Lưu-trữ-nhà-nước-Vài-nét-về-Bộ-Học-qua-châu-bản-triều-Nguyễn"/> These organisations would oversee the French policies surrounding the education of the [[Indigénat|indigenous population]] of French Indochina to "study educational issues related to each place separately".<ref name="BTLSQGVN-Bộ-Học-và-Bộ-Quốc-dân-giáo-dục"/>

According to researcher Nguyễn Đắc Xuân, in 1907, the imperial court of the Nguyễn dynasty sent [[Cao Xuân Dục]] and Huỳnh Côn, the ''Thượng thư'' of the ''Hộ Bộ'', to French Cochinchina to "hold a conference on education" (''bàn nghị học chính'') with the French authorities on the future of the Annamese education system.<ref name="VnExpress-Triều-đại-phong-kiến-duy-nhất-có-Bộ-Học">{{cite web |url=https://vnexpress.net/trieu-dai-phong-kien-duy-nhat-co-bo-hoc-3509342.html |title=Triều đại phong kiến duy nhất có Bộ Học. |date=6 December 2016 |access-date=22 June 2022 |author=Võ Thạnh |publisher=[[VnExpress]] |language=vi }}</ref> This meeting was also recorded in the work ''Hoàng Việt Giáp Tý niên biểu'' written by Nguyễn Bá Trác.<ref name="Cục-Văn-thư-và-Lưu-trữ-nhà-nước-Vài-nét-về-Bộ-Học-qua-châu-bản-triều-Nguyễn">{{cite web |url=https://luutru.gov.vn/vai-net-ve-bo-hoc-qua-chau-ban-trieu-nguyen-402-vtlt.htm |title=Vài nét về Bộ Học qua châu bản triều Nguyễn. – 04:00 PM 26/11/2015 – Lượt xem: 482 – Có thể nói có không ít tư liệu viết về Bộ Học và những cách tân trong chương trình giáo dục Việt Nam thời thuộc Pháp, tuy nhiên Châu bản triều Nguyễn thực sự là nguồn sử liệu quan trọng cung cấp những thông tin xác thực, giá trị để chúng ta có cơ sở nghiên cứu về nền giáo dục Việt Nam thời thuộc địa. |date=26 November 2015 |access-date=22 June 2022 |author=Th.S Nguyễn Thu Hường – TTLTQG I |publisher=State Records and Archives Department of Vietnam (Cục Văn thư và Lưu trữ nhà nước) |language=vi |archive-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620222653/https://luutru.gov.vn/vai-net-ve-bo-hoc-qua-chau-ban-trieu-nguyen-402-vtlt.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The creation of a [[Ministry of Education (Nguyễn dynasty)|ministry of education]] was orchestrated by the French to reform the Nguyễn dynasty's educational system to match French ambitions in the region more.<ref name="Cục-Văn-thư-và-Lưu-trữ-nhà-nước-Vài-nét-về-Bộ-Học-qua-châu-bản-triều-Nguyễn"/> As explained by the [[Resident-Superior of Annam]] [[Ernest Fernand Lévecque]] "Its creation is to better suit the times as more opportunities to study" opened up in the South to which this new ministry was best suited to help this transition.<ref name="Cục-Văn-thư-và-Lưu-trữ-nhà-nước-Vài-nét-về-Bộ-Học-qua-châu-bản-triều-Nguyễn"/>

While the Nguyễn dynasty's Ministry of Education was nominally a part of the Nguyễn dynasty's administrative apparatus, actual control was in the hands of the French ''Council for the Improvement of Indigenous Education in Annam'', which dictated its policies.<ref name="BTLSQGVN-Bộ-Học-và-Bộ-Quốc-dân-giáo-dục"/> All work done by the ministry was according to the plans and the command of the French ''Director of Education of Annam''.<ref name="Cục-Văn-thư-và-Lưu-trữ-nhà-nước-Vài-nét-về-Bộ-Học-qua-châu-bản-triều-Nguyễn"/> The French administration in Annam continuously revised the curriculum to be taught in order to fit the French system.<ref name="Cục-Văn-thư-và-Lưu-trữ-nhà-nước-Vài-nét-về-Bộ-Học-qua-châu-bản-triều-Nguyễn"/>

==== World War I ====
{{Main|Vietnam during World War I}}

[[File:Bản tấu của Viện Cơ mật về việc giúp đỡ nước Pháp về tài chính năm Khải Định thứ 2 (1917) 02.jpg|thumb|right|A report by the ''[[Viện cơ mật]]'' on the financial and military aid given by the [[Nguyễn dynasty]] to Great [[France]] in the year [[Khải Định]] 2 (1917). Note how the document ends with the phrases ''Đại Pháp [[Ten thousand years|vạn tuế]]'', ''Đông Dương vạn tuế'' (大法萬歲, 東洋萬歲).]]

The [[French entry into World War I]] saw thousands of volunteers, primarily from the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin, enlist for service in Europe, around {{Frac|7|8}} of all French Indochinese serving in Europe were Annamese and Tonkinese volunteers.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-attitudes-towards-War">{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/between_acceptance_and_refusal_-_soldiers_attitudes_towards_war_indochina |title=Between Acceptance and Refusal - Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Indochina) |date=20 April 2018 |access-date=21 August 2022 |author=Kimloan Vu-Hill |publisher=1914–1918-online – International Encyclopedie of the First World War ([[Free University of Berlin]], [[Bavarian State Library]], and [[Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium]], among others) |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819050956/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/between_acceptance_and_refusal_-_soldiers_attitudes_towards_war_indochina |url-status=live}} Vu-Hill, Kimloan: Between Acceptance and Refusal – Soldiers' Attitudes Towards War (Indochina) (Version 1.1), in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, [[Berlin]] (20 April 2018). {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.10659/1.1 }}</ref><ref>[[Albert Sarraut|Sarraut, Albert]]: ''La Mise en valeur des colonies françaises'', [[Paris]] (1923), pp. 42–43; 9 PA 13/3, Memo from the General-Governor of French Indochina to the Governor of Cochinchina, Residents Superior of Tonkin, Annam, and Cambodia, 2 June 1918; Cross, Gary: Immigrant Workers in Industrial France. The Making of a New Laboring Class, Philadelphia 1983, pp. 34–36; Nogaro, B. / Weil, Lucien: La main d'ouvre étrangère et coloniale pendant la guerre, New Haven, CT 1926, pp. 32–35: 242,000 soldiers from Africa and Asia had served in the war.</ref> This period also saw a number of uprisings in [[Tonkin (French protectorate)|Tonkin]] and [[French Cochinchina|Cochinchina]].<ref name=":0">{{cite book |first=Andre |last=Jouineau |page=63 |title=French Army 1918 1915 to Victory |date=2009 |publisher=Amber Books Limited |isbn=978-2-35250-105-3 }}</ref> French Indochina contributed significantly to the French war effort in terms of funds, products and human resources.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

Prior to World War I the population of French Indochina stood at around 16,395,000 in 1913 with 14,165,000 being Vietnamese (Tonkinese, Annamese and Cochinchinese), 1,600,000 Cambodians, and 630,000 Laotians.<ref>Brocheux, Pierre / Hemery, Daniel: ''Indochine, la colonisation ambiguë 1858–1954'', [[Paris]] (1994), p. 248. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> These 16.4 million subjects were ruled over by only around 18,000 French civilians, militaries, and civil servants.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

During this period governor-general of French Indochina [[Albert Sarraut]] promised a new policy of association and a "Franco-Annamese Collaboration" (French: ''Collaboration franco-annamite''; Vietnamese: ''Pháp-Việt Đề huề'') for the wartime contribution by the French Indochinese to their colonial masters.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> However, beside some liberal reforms, the French administration actually increased economic exploitation and ruthless repression of nationalist movements which rapidly resulted in a disappointment of the promises made by Sarraut.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

During the early days of the war around 6 million Frenchmen were drafted causing a severe labour shortage in France.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-workers-in-France">{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/indochinese_workers_in_france_indochina |title=Indochinese Workers in France (Indochina) |date=8 October 2014 |access-date=21 August 2022 |author=Kimloan Vu-Hill |publisher=1914–1918-online – International Encyclopedie of the First World War ([[Free University of Berlin]], [[Bavarian State Library]], and [[Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium]], among others) |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819050517/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/indochinese_workers_in_france_indochina |url-status=live}} - Vu-Hill, Kimloan: Indochinese Workers in France (Indochina), in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, [[Berlin]] (8 October 2014). {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.10373}}.</ref> In response, the Undersecretary of State for Artillery and Munitions proposed to hire women, European immigrants, and French colonial subjects, these people were later followed with Chinese immigrants.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-workers-in-France"/> From 1915 onwards, the French war effort's manpower needs started to rise significantly.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> Initially the French maintained a racial hierarchy where they believed in "martial races" making the early recruitment fall onus primarily on [[North Africa]] and [[French West Africa]], but soon the need for additional manpower forced the French to recruit men from the Far East and [[French Madagascar|Madagascar]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> Almost 100,000 Vietnamese were conscripts and went to Europe to fight and serve on the French battlefront, or work as labourers.<ref>Sanderson Beck: ''Vietnam and the French: South Asia 1800–1950'', paperback, 629 pp.</ref><ref name=":0" /> Vietnamese troops also [[Macedonian front|served in the Balkans]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/205213283 |title=French Forces in the Salonika Campaign 1915–1918 }}</ref> and the [[Middle Eastern theatre of World War I|Middle Eastern front]]. This exceptional human mobility offered the French Indochinese, mostly Vietnamese, the unique opportunity of directly access to social life and political debates that were occurring in contemporary France and this resulted in their aspirations to become "masters of their own destiny" to increase.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Exposed to new political ideals and returning to a colonial occupation of their own country (by a ruler that many of them had fought and died for), resulted in some sour attitudes.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Many of these troops sought out and joined the Vietnamese nationalist movement focused on overthrowing the French.<ref name="Drake-how">[http://www.vietvet.org/jeffviet.htm "How the U.S. Got Involved In Vietnam"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922205245/http://www.vietvet.org/jeffviet.htm |date=22 September 2019 }}, by Jeff Drake</ref>

In 1925, communist and anti-French activist Nguyễn Ái Quốc (later known as Hồ Chí Minh) wrote "taken in chains, confined in a school compound... Most of them will never again see the sun of their country" and a number of historians like [[Joseph Buttinger]] and Martin Murray, treated his statement by Nguyễn Ái Quốc as an article of faith and believed that the Vietnamese men who participated in World War I were "forcibly recruited" by means of "terrorism", later historians would claim that the recruitment enterprise employed during this period was only "ostensibly voluntary".<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-attitudes-towards-War"/> While there is some truth to these claims, the vast majority of the men who volunteered for service in Europe were indeed volunteers.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-attitudes-towards-War"/> Among the motivations of volunteering were both personal and economic ambitions, some French Indochinese volunteers wished to see what the world looked like "beyond the bamboo hedges in their villages" while others preferred the money and the opportunity to see what France actually looks like.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-attitudes-towards-War"/> Their service would expose them to the brutality of [[Industrial warfare|modern warfare]] and many would change their perception about many social norms and beliefs at home because of their experiences abroad.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-attitudes-towards-War"/>

Of the 93,000 French Indochinese soldiers and workers who came to Europe, most were from the poorest parts of Annam and Tonkin, which had been badly hit by famine and [[cholera]], a smaller number (1,150) of French Indochinese soldiers and workers came from Cambodia.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In Northeast France around 44,000 Vietnamese troops served in direct combat functions at both the [[Battle of the Frontiers#Alsace|Battle of the Vosges]] and the [[Battle of Verdun]].<ref>Vu-Hill, Kimloan: ''Coolies into rebels. Impact of World War I on French Indochina'', [[Paris]] (2011): Les Indes savantes. p. 71.</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> French Indochinese battalions were also used in various [[logistics]] functions such as serving as drivers to transport soldiers to the front lines, [[stretcher bearer]]s (''brancardiers''), or road crews.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Vietnamese soldiers were also used to "sanitise" battle fields at the end of the war, where they would perform these duties in the middle of the cold European winters without being provided with warm clothes, in order to let the (White) French soldiers return to their homes earlier.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

The financial expenses of the 93,000 French Indochinese labourers and soldiers sent to France during the war – salaries, pensions, family allocations, the levy in kind (mostly rice), and even the functioning of the Indochinese hospital – were entirely financed from the budget of French Indochina itself and not from France.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

One of the effects of World War I on French Indochinese society was the introduction of a vibrant political press both in French and in the indigenous languages that led to the political radicalisation of a new generation of nationalists.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Because most of the indigenous people that served in France and the rest of Europe during the War were Vietnamese these social and political developments affected the Vietnamese more.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Because French Cochinchina was a direct French colony it enjoyed favourable legislation concerning the press which fostered a public sphere of oppositional political activism.<ref>Peycam, Philippe M. F: ''The birth of Vietnamese political journalism. Saigon, 1916–1930'', [[New York City]] (2015): [[Columbia University Press]]. p. 4.</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Although these developments occurred throughout French Indochina they were more strongly felt in Cochinchina due to its more open society.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

The French Indochinese in Europe experienced much more [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] social relations which were strongly contrasted with the racial hierarchy they experienced at home.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In France the French Indochinese serving often engaged in comradery with the French and many had [[romantic relationship]]s with [[Women in France|French women]], the latter being unthinkable in their home countries.<ref>Le Van Ho, ''Mireille: Des Vietnamiens dans la Grande Guerre. 50000 recrues dans les usines françaises'', [[Paris]] (2014): Vendémiaire. pp. 144–154. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref>

During this period, the French protectorates of Annam and Tonkin were initially ruled by the Emperor [[Duy Tân]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> However, in 1916, the Duy Tân Emperor was accused by the French of calling for his subjects to resist French rule and after his deposition he and his father were exiled to the island of ''[[La Réunion]]'' in the [[Indian Ocean]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Thereafter, the [[Khải Định]] Emperor became the new monarch of Annam and Tonkin and he closely collaborated with the French administration.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> At the same time Cambodia was ruled by King [[Sisowath of Cambodia|Sisowath]] who was crowned in 1904 and cooperated closely with the French administration in his territory.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> King Sisowath attended the colonial exhibition in [[Marseille]] in 1906 and was the King at the time of the retrocession of the provinces of [[Battambang province|Battambang]] and [[Siem Reap province|Siem Reap]] to Cambodia by the Siamese in April 1907.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> During the reign of King Sisowath there was "an inexorable increase in French control" and the French residents gained executive authority to issue royal decrees, appoint officials, and collect taxes.<ref>Chandler, David: ''A History of Cambodia'', [[London]] 2007, p. 146</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The French protectorate of Laos at the time was ruled by King [[Sisavang Vong]], who was crowned king in 1904.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> King Sisavang Vong was trained at the Lycée Chasseloup-Laubat in Saigon and at the [[Colonial School, Paris|Colonial School]] in Paris.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In 1914, the French built a new palace in [[Luang Prabang]] for him, and a new agreement with the French administration signed in 1917 allowed him only formal signs of royal power with actual power over Laos being in the hands of the French.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

The Great War presented a number of opportunities for the indigenous French Indochinese people serving in the West that didn't exist before, notably for some individuals to obtain levels of education that were simply unattainable at home by acquiring more advanced technical and professional skills.<ref name="Trân-Claire-Thi-Liên-Nguyễn-Xuân-Mai-2016">Trân, Claire Thi Liên: ''Nguyễn Xuân Mai (1890-1929). Itinéraire d'un médecin indochinois engagé pendant la première guerre mondiale'', in: Trévisan, Carina / Delalande, Hélène Baty (eds.): Entrer en guerre, [[Paris]] (2016), p. 305. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref> For example Dr. Nguyễn Xuân Mai, who in 1910 became one of the first indigenous auxiliaries to graduate the Hanoi medical school, hoped to gain his PhD in France so he enlisted to fight in the war.<ref name="Trân-Claire-Thi-Liên-Nguyễn-Xuân-Mai-2016"/> In 1921 he would acquire his doctorate and he became one of the first Vietnamese doctors to enjoy the same rights as his French colleagues.<ref name="Trân-Claire-Thi-Liên-Nguyễn-Xuân-Mai-2016"/>

While World War I saw a number of new economic sectors develop in French Indochina, namely [[rubber]] plantations, mines, and other forms of agriculture, these were all French owned and the local trade to the great export-import houses was in the hands of the [[Overseas Chinese]] communities.<ref>Brocheux, Pierre: ''Une histoire économique du Viet Nam. 1850–2007. La palanche et le camion'', [[Paris]] (2009): Les Indes savantes. pp. 71–96. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Only a handful of Vietnamese landlords, moneylenders, and middlemen benefitted from the new economic opportunities that arose during this period as the colonial economy of exportation was designed to enrich the French at the expense of the indigenous population.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> During this same period the average livelihood of the indigenous peasantry was drastically decreased due to both direct taxation and indirect taxes the French used to finance ambitious public works programmes constructed using the ''[[corvée]]'' system.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

Prior to the year 1914, the ''mise en valeur'' (development and improvement) of French Indochina was primarily financed by European French public loans, French private capital, and higher taxes on the local populations.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> But during the war French Indochina became completely responsible both for financing itself and the people they sent to Europe to fight in the war as [[investment fund]]s from Metropolitan France completely stopped.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> This meant that taxation increased, more rice was being exported, and the locals purchased [[war bond]]s.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> French Indochina provided a Metropolitan France with large financial aid; between 1915 and 1920 of the 600,000,000 [[French franc|francs]] that France received from [[French colonial empire|its colonial empire]] 367,000,000 francs were sent by French Indochina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Though historian Patrice Morlat places the initial financial contribution of French Indochina at 381,000,000 gold francs (valued at 997,000,000 [[euro]]s in 2017), roughly 60% of all financial contributions Metropolitan France received from its colonial empire (excluding [[French Algeria|Algeria]]).<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> Morlat further noted that French Indochina supplied 340,000 tonnes of raw materials to France during the course of the war, which amounted to 34% of all raw supplies that Metropolitan France received from its colonies.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> The shipping of these materials was threatened by the presence of German [[submarine]]s.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/>

World War I also saw the colonial government of Cochinchina authorising the creation of Vietnamese-language newspapers in 1916, this was done to secure popular support for the war effort, the colonial authorities hoped that this would create a loyal indigenous group of politically active people.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The Cochinchinese colonial government offered financial support to these loyalist newspapers, but kept close control on the contents written in them to ensure a prevailing pro-French narrative.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The editors of these newspapers were often ''retours de France'' (people back from France) and were kept under close surveillance as they often had connections to anti-French dissidents and activists. Among these newspapers was ''La Tribune indigène'' (The Indigenous Forum) launched in 1917 by the agronomist [[Bùi Quang Chiêu]] working together with the lawyer Dương Văn Giáo and journalist [[Nguyễn Phan Long]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Afterwards they created ''La Tribune indochinoise'' (The Indochinese Forum) and in 1919 these three men would found the Indochinese Constitutionalist Party in Saigon.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Because of these activities the French ''Surêté'' regarded [[Vietnamese nationalism|their nationalism]] as dangerous.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

The French invoked a supposed "German connection" between the Vietnamese revolutionaries and the [[German Empire]], alleging that [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], [[Bangkok]], and [[Beijing]] were the sight of German agents hoping to help the Vietnamese revolutionaries as they shared the same goal, namely to defeat the French.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/>

World War I also saw a number of rebellions throughout French Indochina, in 1914 3 major uprisings happened throughout Vietnam, followed by a number of revolts in Cochinchina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> From 1914 to 1917 members of the [[Tai Lue people]] led by Prince Phra Ong Kham (Chao Fa) of [[Muang Sing]] organised a long anti-French campaign, [[Hmong people|Hmong]] independence movements in Laos also challenged French rule in the country.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> 1914 also saw bands of [[Yunnan]]ese revolutionaries invade French Indochina, who crossed the border and started attacking French military posts parading [[Flag of the Republic of China|Chinese Republican flags]], these rebels were later joined by various Laotian ethnic minorities (Lao, Kha and Black Tai).<ref name="Gunn-1989-61-66">Gunn, Geoffrey: ''Rebellion In Northern Laos. The revolts of the Lu and the Chinese Republicans (1914–1916)'', in: The [[Journal of the Siam Society]] 77/1, 1989, pp. 61-66.</ref> The joint Yunnanese and Laotian ethnic minority rebels spread misinformation claiming that "Paris has been crushed by the [[Imperial German Army|German Army]]" to make the French seem weaker.<ref name="Gunn-1989-61-66"/> The motivations of this revolt are disputed as contemporary French colonial officials attributed it to Chinese opium smugglers, while the Canadian historian Geoffrey C. Gunn thinks that it was a political revolt.<ref name="Gunn-1989-61-66"/> In February 1916 in Cochinchina supporters of [[Phan Xích Long]] marched on the Saigonese penitentiary where he was held demanding his release, this coincided with other uprisings in the [[Mekong Delta]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The mandarin Trần Cao Văn engaged with he Duy Tân Emperor to try and stage a large rebellion in Annam in 1916, but their conspiracy was discovered and foiled by the French.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In 1916 the Kingdom of Cambodia saw a 3 month uprising organised by between 30,000 and 100,000 peasants against both the mandatory ''corvée'' and the increased taxes, Australian historian [[Milton Osborne]] refers to this uprising as "The 1916 Affair", the circumstances leading up to this large revolt were directly caused by the war.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> 30 August 1917 saw the beginning of the [[Thái Nguyên uprising]], which lasted until 1918.<ref>Zinoman, Peter (2000). "Colonial Prisons and Anti-colonial Resistance in French Indochina: The Thai Nguyen Rebellion, 1917". ''Modern Asian Studies'' 34: 57–98. {{doi|10.1017/s0026749x00003590 }}</ref>

The large amount of uprisings and rebellions that occurred during the war would inspire the creation of a political security apparatus that was used to find and arrest political dissidents in the post-war period.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

==== Relations with Japan during World War I ====
{{See also|France–Japan relations|Japan–Vietnam relations|Cambodia–Japan relations|Japan–Laos relations}}
On 27 August 1914, Japan officially entered the war on the side of [[Allies of World War I|the allies]] (also known as the Entente Powers), Japan [[Siege of Tsingtao|invaded and took]] the [[German colonial empire|German colony]] of [[Qingdao|Tsingtao]] and the rest of the [[Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In November 1914 Japan supplanted the German sphere of influence in southern China with its own political and economic influence, putting it in direct competition with French Indochina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Even though the Japanese openly supported a number of anti-French secessionist movements, such as Prince Cường Để's ''[[Duy Tân Hội]]'', the French situation in Europe was bad enough for prime minister [[Georges Clemenceau]] to ask the Japanese for their help.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

The [[Western Front (World War I)|war situation in Europe]] was so bad that in 1914, the French considered exchanging French Indochina with Japan for both financial and military support, but this idea was quickly abandoned.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

Clemenceau asked the Empire of Japan to aid them with the transportation of the ''travailleurs et tirailleurs indochinois'' to Europe and by sending [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces|its own forces]] to help fight in Europe.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Clemenceau also wanted Japan to help by [[Japanese intervention in Siberia|intervening in Siberia]] to fight the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] forces during the [[Russian Civil War]] to prevent the loss of the many French-Russian loans, which were important for the French post-war economy.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

In 1918, the idea of selling French Indochina to Japan was raised again and, like the first time that it was proposed, it was abandoned again.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

Both during and after the war the economic relations between France and Japan strengthened as Japan became a creditor of France following the latter's financial difficulties which came as a result of the war.<ref>Morlat, Patrice: ''Indochine années vingt. Le balcon de la France sur le Pacifique. Une age de l'histoire de France en Extrême Orient, volume 1'', [[Paris]] (2001): Indes savantes. pp. 169–170. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

==== Expansion of the security apparatus ====
[[File:Nguyễn Tất Thành (阮必誠) security report by the Government-General of French Indo-China (năm 1920).jpg|thumb|left|A 1920 report by the ''Sûreté générale indochinoise'' on [[Nguyễn Tất Thành]] (阮必誠), who would later be known as Hồ Chí Minh (胡志明).]]
As Sarraut was determined to secure French rule over the country he created a strong political surveillance apparatus that functioned throughout French Indochina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> He centralised all local police forces and developed an intelligence service, these policies would lead to the creation of the ''Sûreté générale indochinoise'', which sought to monitor and police anti-French activities both inside and outside of French Indochina.<ref>Morlat, Patrice: ''Indochine années vingt. La politique indigène des grands commis au service de la mise en valeur, volume 2'', [[Paris]] (2006): Les Indes savantes. pp. 462–467. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

French security was expanded because of fears of German involvement with their enemies in the Far East, [[Gaston Ernest Liébert]], the French consul in Hong Kong and a major player for the intelligence services coordinated by the political affairs bureau of French Indochina, noted that Vietnamese revolutionaries and [[Germany]] both shared the same interest (the defeat of the French).<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/><ref>Morlat, Patrice: ''Les affaires politiques de l'Indochine (1895–1923)'', [[Paris]] (1996): L'Harmattan. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref> Liébert argued that French Indochinese who rebelled should be treated according or as traitors to France.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> Another reason for the expansion of the security state was that the French feared that such a large expulsion of French soldiers to fight against the Germans would inspire a general uprising similar to what the British experienced in [[History of Egypt under the British|Egypt]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Colonial-Society-French-Indochina">{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/colonial_society_indochina |title=Colonial Society (Indochina) |date=14 April 2015 |access-date=21 August 2022 |author=Pierre Brocheux |publisher=1914–1918-online – International Encyclopedie of the First World War ([[Free University of Berlin]], [[Bavarian State Library]], and [[Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium]], among others) |language=en |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818173609/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/colonial_society_indochina |url-status=live}} – Brocheux, Pierre: Colonial Society (Indochina), in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, [[Berlin]] (2015). {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.10613}}.</ref>

In April 1916 the administrator of civil services at the Political Affairs Bureau in Hanoi launched two voluminous reports that went into great detail about the parallel histories of what he referred to as the "Annamese Revolutionary Party" (how he called the ''Duy Tân Hội'') and of the secret societies of French Cochinchina. These two reports proved to be very important to the Political Affairs Bureau as they would trigger a full-scale reform of the organisation making it into an [[umbrella organisation]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> The reform policies were enacted to help control the narrative around French rule through policing and surveillance.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> The colonial police forces were connected with "the general control of Indochinese workers and riflemen" (''Contrôle général des travailleurs et tirailleurs indochinois''), a political police force, as the military presence was reduced to allocate more soldiers to the home front.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In Metropolitan France these nascent surveillance organisations were put in charge of policing the 100,000 French Indochinese present to help fight the [[Central Powers]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/>

Both domestically and internationally, the French Indochinese police maintained a sizeable network of informants, countries where they operated included not only Metropolitan France, but also neighbouring countries like China and Siam as well as Japan, which was a common refuge for Vietnamese nationalists.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The French Indochinese police often got foreign authorities to arrest anti-French activists, e.g. Phan Bội Châu who was hiding in China since 1909 was arrested there in 1917.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Phan Bội Châu admitted to being in contact with German and [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] ministers, noting that the Germans and Austro-Hungarians promised his revolutionary activities financial support in the form of 10,000 [[Thai Baht|Siamese ticals]] (approximately 55,000 [[euro]]s in 2017).<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> Phan would later be arrested abroad again in 1925, when he arrived in [[Shanghai]] on what he thought was a short trip on behalf of his movement. He was to meet with Hồ Chí Minh, who at that time used the name Lý Thụy, one of Hồ's many aliases. Hồ had invited Phan to come to Canton to discuss matters of common interest. Hồ was in Canton at the Soviet Embassy, purportedly as a Soviet citizen working as a secretary, translator, and interpreter. In exchange for money, Hồ allegedly informed the French police of Phan's imminent arrival. Phan was arrested by French agents and transported back to [[Hanoi]].<ref name=Honey>{{cite web |last=Honey |first=P. |title=Vietnam after Ho Chi Minh An Interview with P. J. Honey |url=http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/13th-september-1969/3/vietnam-after-ho-chi-minh |work=The Tablet |access-date=28 November 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203003646/http://archive.thetablet.co.uk/article/13th-september-1969/3/vietnam-after-ho-chi-minh |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="US Dept. of Defense Pentagon">[[s:United States – Vietnam Relations, 1945–1967: A Study Prepared by the Department of Defense/I. C. Ho Chi Minh: Asian Tito?]]</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=The Tragedy of the Vietnam War |page=39 |author=Van Nguyen Duong, originally from Hoang Van Chi |publisher=McFarland |year=2008 |isbn=978-0786483389 }}</ref><ref name=Cromley>{{cite news |last=Cromley |first=Ray |title=Ho Chi Minh Certainly No Viet 'Washington' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19691005&id=CQEsAAAAIBAJ&pg=3094,608410 |access-date=28 November 2013 |newspaper=Times Daily |date=5 October 1969 |archive-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820061437/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1842&dat=19691005&id=CQEsAAAAIBAJ&pg=3094,608410 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Following the communist victory in the [[October Revolution]] the security apparatus of French Indochina was strengthened to fight the "Bolshevik danger" in the colonies.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> While the ''Sûreté générale'' was created during World War I, in 1922 it was expanded to become a better instrument to surveil and repress any potential Bolshevik elements, first in Metropolitan France and later in French Indochina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The activities of the ''Sûreté générale indochinoise'' were managed by the newly created Department of Political Affairs.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The ''Sûreté générale indochinoise'' would be used as the paramount tool to gather intelligence of subversive elements within French Indochinese society and to conduct large-scale union-wide registration by the colonial police forces of suspects and convicts.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

The increase in surveillance and repression was accompanied with a propaganda campaign aimed to convince the indigenous populations of the "enlightenment" of French colonialism.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> Both the indigenous peasantry and the elites had to be won over by being told of the many "advantages of colonialism".<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/> The Political Affairs Bureau assembled a umber of Vietnamese elites belonging to the indigenous intelligentsia through the [[French School of the Far East]] to aid in the pro-French propaganda effort.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Social-Conflicts-in-French-Indochina"/>

While the French hoped to isolate political dissidents by locking them up in prisons, these prisons would ironically turn into "schools" for nationalism and Communism as concentrating a large number of political enemies together would allow them to communicate with each other, which contributed to the growth of Communism within French Indochina.<ref>Zinoman, Peter, ''American Council of Learned Societies: The colonial Bastille. A history of imprisonment in Vietnam, 1862–1940'', [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] (2001): [[University of Calgary Press]]. p. 199.</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

==== 1920s ====
[[File:Du-học-báo (遊學報) - Annam như Tây du học bảo trợ hội (安南如西遊學保助會 - Société d’encouragement aux études occidentales) - 1er Pévrier 1928 (Traditional Chinese script).jpg|thumb|right|A [[Bảo Đại]] 3 (1928) issue of the bimonthly ''Du-học-báo'' (遊學報) magazine issued by the ''Société d'encouragement aux études occidentales'' (Vietnamese: ''Annam như Tây du học bảo trợ hội''; Hán-Nôm: 安南如西遊學保助會), an organisation set up by the [[government of the Nguyễn dynasty|Southern Court]] to bring Annamese students to France to study the latest [[scientific literature]].]]

As French Indochina was supposed to be a self-financed ''colonie d'exploitation économique'' (colony of economic exploitation) most of its budget during this period was financed through revenue collection, taxes on the local populations, and consumption quotas for monopolised goods such as [[opium]], [[salt]], and [[Alcohol (drug)|alcohol]].<ref>Brocheux, Pierre / Hémery, Daniel: ''Indochine, la colonisation ambiguë, 1858–1954'', [[Paris]] (2001): Découverte. p. 93. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In 1920 44% of the French Indochinese government budget came from opium, salt, and alcohol alone.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

During the 1920s France allowed more Vietnamese to enter Metropolitan France for both studying and work purposes.<ref>Vu-Hill, Kimloan: ''Coolies into Rebels. Impact of World War I on French Indochina'', [[Paris]] (2011), pp. 121–125; 1 SLOTFOM 4, Report from the Controller General of Indochinese Soldiers, 5 April 1923.</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-workers-in-France"/> Both legal and [[illegal immigrant]]s entered France from French Indochina working various types of jobs, such as sailors, photographers, cooks, restaurant and shop owners and manual labourers.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-workers-in-France"/> In France many Vietnamese immigrants and their organisations aligned themselves with the [[French Communist Party]] (PCF) who promised to represent them both in legal and political matters.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-workers-in-France"/> As returnees from France were more skilled and spoke fluent French the French colonists in Indochina would hire them to perform better paying jobs and often brought ideas of the successful Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-workers-in-France"/> In provinces like Thanh Hoá, Nghệ An, and Hà Tĩnh where around twenty thousand returnees lived pro-Bolshevik activities would increase during this decade and this region saw the creation of many pro-Bolshevik parties.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-workers-in-France"/>

A number of Vietnamese men would serve in occupied parts of [[Weimar Republic|Weimar era Germany]] after the war.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-attitudes-towards-War"/> Seeing how the French treated the German inhabitants of the occupied regions, some Vietnamese soldiers would empathise with the [[German people]].<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-attitudes-towards-War"/> Official reports on the French [[Occupation of the Rhineland]] summarised the contents of the letters written by the soldiers during that period this way: "The French oppress the Germans in the same way they have the Annamites [sic]."<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-attitudes-towards-War"/>

After the Great War former governor-general Albert Sarraut became the [[Minister of the Overseas (France)|French minister of the colonies]], Sarraut was the architect of the ''collaboration Franco-annamite'' which characterised French colonial policy during the interwar period.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Regarding the internal security of the French apparatus in the Far East Sarraut stated "I have always estimated that Indochina must be protected against the effects of a revolutionary propaganda that I have never underestimated, by carrying out a double action, one political, the other repressive."<ref>Quoted in Larcher-Goscha Agathe: ''La voie étroite des réformes coloniales et la « collaboration franco-annamite » (1917–1928)'', in: Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer 82/309 (1995), p. 408.</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> indicating that he saw repressing subversive elements as paramount to the continued French domination of the region.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> His policies benefited collaborators while they were instrumental in repressing dissidents.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Sarraut boasted the image of himself as a liberal ''indigenophile'' who benefited the indigenous people of French Indochina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

Albert Sarraut presented the ''collaboration Franco-annamite'' as a necessity of the French protectorate over their countries, the ''collaboration Franco-annamite'' was attractive to the Westernised indigenous elites of French Indochina as it would build a framework of mutually beneficial partnership between France and the Vietnamese before full sovereignty for the latter could be restored.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In the colony of Cochinchina a handful of indigenous people were involved in the decision-making processes through political bodies that were established to serve as representative assemblies (Cochinchina's Colonial Council, Saigon Municipal Council, among other local bodies).<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

In 1920, the French established provincial advisory councils in the Kingdom of Laos.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> In 1923 this was followed by an indigenous consultative assembly, which served an advisory role.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Despite the Laotian indigenous consultative assembly not having any real political power, it served as an organisation that brought people from all over Laos together and contributed to the later formation of a modern Laotian [[National identity|national consciousness]] where prior they associated themselves more with their region.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

[[File:Observation au microscope en Indochine.jpg|thumb|Microscope observation in Indochina]]
In 1923, Cochinchina saw the creation of the ''Parti Constitutionnaliste Indochinois'' led by Bùi Quang Chiêu, which was founded to obtain the right of political participation for the indigenous people in Cochinchina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> As a member of this party Nguyễn Phan Long was elected a member of Cochinchina's colonial council.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Đình Thảo Trịnh, Dinh Khai Trinh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lgnZTUPxIZsC&pg=PA45 Décolonisation du Viêt Nam: un avocat témoigne], Editions L'Harmattan, 1994, {{ISBN|978-2-7384-2368-9}}, p. 45</ref>

In Kopong Chang, Cambodia the French resident Félix Bardez was assassinated in the year 1925 by disgruntled indigenous people.<ref name="David-P-Chandler-2007-pages-191-193">Chandler, David P: ''A history of Cambodia'', [[London]] (2007): Routledge. pp. 191–193.</ref> Félix Bardez visited the village at a time when its inhabitants were frustrated with the colonial policies of the French in Cambodia as the French raised the taxes to finance the Bokor mountain resort, when Bardez visited he refused to free prisoners who were arrested for being unable to pay their debts, this agitated a crowd of around 700 angry peasants who then killed him, his interpreter, and the militiamen present during his visit.<ref name="David-P-Chandler-2007-pages-191-193"/> This assassination was a sign of the wider political unrest that characterised Cambodia during this decade.<ref name="David-P-Chandler-2007-pages-191-193"/>

In March 1925 the French built a [[war monument]] resting on two sculpted [[Asian elephant]]s to commemorate those that died fighting in World War I in the Cambodian capital city of Phnom Penh, the opening ceremony brought together a crowd which contained "people of all races and all religions".<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina-World-War-I-Commemoration">{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/commemoration_cult_of_the_fallen_indochina |title=Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen (Indochina). |date=15 June 2015 |access-date=21 August 2022 |author=Eric Thomas Jennings |publisher=1914–1918-online - International Encyclopedie of the First World War ([[Free University of Berlin]], [[Bavarian State Library]], and [[Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium]], among others) |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819050957/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/commemoration_cult_of_the_fallen_indochina |url-status=live}} – Jennings, Eric Thomas: Commemoration, Cult of the Fallen (Indochina), in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, [[Berlin]] (15 June 2015). {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.10658}}.</ref><ref>''Inauguration à Pnom-Penh du Monument aux Morts du Cambodge''. In: Extrême-Asie, March 1925, p. 36. (in [[French language|French]]).</ref>

On 6 November 1925 a "Convention" (''Quy ước'') was established after [[Khải Định]]'s death that stated that while the sovereign is abroad a council (''Hội đồng phụ chính'') had the power to run all affairs of the [[Government of the Nguyễn dynasty|Southern court]], with the signing of the convention only regulations related to custom, favours, amnesty, conferring titles, dignitaries, among others are given by the emperor.<ref name="BTLSQGVN-Bảo-Đại-Vị-Hoàng-đế-cuối-cùng-trong-lịch-sử-phong-kiến-Việt-Nam">{{cite web |url=https://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/3098/19511/bao-djai-vi-hoang-dje-cuoi-cung-trong-lich-su-phong-kien-viet-nam.html |title=Bảo Đại - Vị Hoàng đế cuối cùng trong lịch sử phong kiến Việt Nam. - Bảo Đại tên thật là Nguyễn Phúc Vĩnh Thụy, là vị Hoàng đế thứ 13 và cuối cùng của triều đại nhà Nguyễn, cũng là vị Hoàng đế cuối cùng trong lịch sử phong kiến Việt Nam. |date=9 September 2016 |access-date=22 June 2022 |author=Phương Anh (tổng hợp) |publisher=[[National Museum of Vietnamese History|BẢO TÀNG LỊCH SỬ QUỐC GIA (VIETNAM NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY)]] |language=vi |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616202124/https://baotanglichsu.vn/vi/Articles/3098/19511/bao-djai-vi-hoang-dje-cuoi-cung-trong-lich-su-phong-kien-viet-nam.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Everything else is up to the French protectorate government.<ref name="BTLSQGVN-Bảo-Đại-Vị-Hoàng-đế-cuối-cùng-trong-lịch-sử-phong-kiến-Việt-Nam"/> This document also merges the budget of the Southern court with the budget of the French protectorate of Annam and that all the meetings of the Council of Ministers (''Hội đồng thượng thư'') must be chaired by the [[resident-superior of Annam]].<ref name="BTLSQGVN-Bảo-Đại-Vị-Hoàng-đế-cuối-cùng-trong-lịch-sử-phong-kiến-Việt-Nam"/> Thus, in this document, the French colonialists completely took over all the power of the government of the Southern dynasty, even in ''Trung Kỳ''.<ref name="BTLSQGVN-Bảo-Đại-Vị-Hoàng-đế-cuối-cùng-trong-lịch-sử-phong-kiến-Việt-Nam"/>

In 1927 Vietnamese World War I veterans staged an unsuccessful rebellion in [[Bắc Ninh province]] using vintage World War I era weapons and tactics.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochinese-attitudes-towards-War"/>

According to American historian [[David G. Marr]] the 1920s marked the transition of what he termed the "traditional" to the "modern" nation-consciousness among the Vietnamese people, indicating a shift among both the elites and the peasants.<ref>[[David G. Marr|Marr, David G.]]: ''Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885–1925'', [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] (1971): [[University of California Press]]. p. 276.</ref> Marr argues that the Vietnamese ''retours de France'' "urbanised" and "politicised" Vietnamese nationalism during the 1920s and 1930s, inspiring more "modern" movements to take up the struggle against French domination.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> This decade saw the emergence of the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng]] (VNQDĐ) and the [[Indochinese Communist Party]] (ICP) which were often [[middle class]] in nature and proved to be more successful in transcending class and geographical divisions to mobilise against the French than earlier movements, relying on better and more organized communication structures than their predecessors.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

During the 1920s the contestation of French colonial power in Cambodia and Laos was mostly aimed at the ''corvée'' and tax policies, continuing from the war period.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> The early years of this decade were characterised by widespread violence and a lack of order and security in rural Cambodia, as recorded by French residents in the provinces.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> Contemporarily Upper Laos was referred to as being "violently agitated" by the French administrator Paul Le Boulanger between 1914 and 1921.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/> While the nature of Vietnamese resistance changed radically during the 1920s and the 1930s due to various major socio-cultural changes that were occurring at the time by a small, but growing, urbanised Vietnamese middle class, the rebellions in Cambodia and Laos remained to be "traditional" in their style and execution in contrast to the more "modern" [[political activism]] and radicalism that characterised what is now Vietnam during this period.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-French-Indochina"/>

==== Yên Bái mutiny (1930) ====
{{Further|Yên Bái mutiny}}
[[File:Carte de l'Indochine Routes chemins (...)Indochine française btv1b530574891 1.jpg|thumb|upright|left|French Indochina around 1933.]]
On 10 February 1930, there was an uprising by Vietnamese soldiers in the French colonial army's [[Yên Bái]] garrison. The [[Yên Bái mutiny]] was sponsored by the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng]] (VNQDĐ).<ref>Maurice Rives, pp. 72–73 ''Les Linh Tap'', I.S.B.N 2-7025-0436-1</ref><ref>Patricia M. Pelley ''Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past'' 2002 pp. 199-200 "As for the Nationalist Party: it was wiped out in the debacle of Yên Bái in 1930, he explained, the remnants who fled to China became a 'reactionary counterrevolutionary group'"</ref> The VNQDĐ was the Vietnamese Nationalist Party.<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social and Military History |first=Spencer C. |last=Tucker |year=2000 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=1-57607-040-9 |location=Santa Barbara, California |page=442 }}</ref> The attack was the largest disturbance brewed up by the [[Cần Vương movement|Cần Vương]] monarchist restoration movement of the late 19th century.

The aim of the revolt was to inspire a wider uprising among the general populace in an attempt to overthrow the colonial authority. The VNQDĐ had previously attempted to engage in clandestine activities to undermine French rule, but increasing French scrutiny of their activities led to their leadership group taking the risk of staging a large scale military attack in the [[Red River Delta]] in northern Vietnam.

==== Left opposition and the 1940 uprising in Cochinchina ====
In Cochinchina where French rule had the distinction of being direct and therefore more sensitive to political shifts in Paris, it was punctuated by periods of relative liberalisation. The most significant was during the 1936–1938 [[Popular Front (France)|Popular Front]] government led by [[Leon Blum]] which appointed as governor-general of Indochina [[Jules Brévié]].{{sfn|Lockhart|Duiker|2010|p=48}} Liberal-minded, in Cochinchina Brévié tried to defuse an extremely tense political situation by amnestying political prisoners, and by easing restrictions on the press, political parties,{{sfn|Lockhart|Duiker|2010|p=48}} and trade unions.{{sfn|Gunn|2014|p=119}}

Saigon witnessed growing labour unrest culminating in the summer of 1937 in general dock and transport strikes.<ref>Daniel Hemery ''Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine''. François Maspero, Paris. 1975, Appendix 24.</ref> In April of that year the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Vietnamese Communists]] and their [[Trotskyism in Vietnam|Trotskyist left opposition]] ran a common slate for the municipal elections with both their respective leaders Nguyễn Văn Tạo and [[Tạ Thu Thâu]] winning seats. The exceptional unity of the left, however, was split by the lengthening shadow of the [[Moscow Trials]] and by growing protest over the failure of the Communist-supported Popular Front to deliver constitutional reform.<ref>Frank N. Trager (ed.). ''Marxism in Southeast Asia; A Study of Four Countries''. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1959. p. 142</ref> Colonial Minister [[Marius Moutet]], a Socialist commented that he had sought "a wide consultation with all elements of the popular [will]," but with "Trotskyist-Communists intervening in the villages to menace and intimidate the peasant part of the population, taking all authority from the public officials," the necessary "formula" had not been found.<ref>Daniel Hemery ''Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine''. François Maspero, Paris. 1975, p. 388</ref>

In April 1939 Cochinchina Council elections Tạ Thu Thâu led a "Workers' and Peasants' Slate" into victory over both the "bourgeois" Constitutionalists and the Communists' Democratic Front. Key to their success was popular opposition to the war taxes ("national defence levy") that the Communist Party, in the spirit of [[Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance|Franco-Soviet accord]], had felt obliged to support.<ref>Manfred McDowell, "Sky without Light: a Vietnamese Tragedy," New Politics, Vol XIII, No. 3, 2011, p. 1341 https://newpol.org/review/sky-without-light-vietnamese-tragedy/ {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817163919/https://newpol.org/review/sky-without-light-vietnamese-tragedy/ |date=17 August 2020 }} (accessed 10 October 2019).</ref> Brévié set the election results aside and wrote to Colonial Minister [[Georges Mandel]]: "the Trotskyists under the leadership of Ta Thu Thau, want to take advantage of a possible war in order to win total liberation." The Stalinists, on the other hand, are "following the position of the Communist Party in France" and "will thus be loyal if war breaks out".<ref>Ngô Văn, ''In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary''. AK Press, Oakland CA, 2010, p. 16</ref>

With the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]] of 23 August 1939, the local communists were ordered by Moscow to return to direct confrontation with the French. Under the slogan "Land to the Tillers, Freedom for the workers and independence for Vietnam",<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Labor Unions in South Vietnam |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=70–82 |last=Tyson |first=James L. |date=1974 |jstor=30171359 |doi=10.1080/00927678.1974.10587653 }}</ref> in November 1940 the Party in Cochinchina obliged, triggering a widespread [[1940 Cochinchina uprising|insurrection]]. The revolt did not penetrate Saigon (an attempted uprising in the city was quelled in a day). In the Mekong Delta fighting continued until the end of the year.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1177/0967828X9700500304 |jstor=23746947 |title=The Indochinese Communist Party and the Nam Ky Uprising in Cochin China, November–December 1940 |date=1997 |last1=Chonchirdsin |first1=Sud |journal=South East Asia Research |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=269–293 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Paige |first=Jeffery M. |date=1970 |title=Inequality and Insurgency in Vietnam: A re-analysis |url=https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/231/2310402001.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=9 November 2018 |website=cambridge.org |archive-date=9 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181109153446/https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/star/images/231/2310402001.pdf }}</ref>

==== World War II ====
{{main|French Indochina in World War II|1940–1946 in French Indochina}}

[[File:Thống-Chế đã nói - Đại-Pháp khắng khít với thái bình, như dân quê với đất ruộng.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Thống-Chế đã nói – Đại-Pháp khắng khít với thái bình, như dân quê với đất ruộng [Thống-Chế said: Dai-France clings to peace, like peasants with lands]|A [[propaganda]] painting in [[Hanoi]], 1942]]
In September 1940, during [[Pacific War|World War II]], the newly created regime of [[Vichy France]] granted Japan's demands for military access to Tonkin following the [[Japanese invasion of French Indochina|Japanese occupation of French Indochina]], which lasted until the end of the Pacific War. This allowed Japan better access to China in the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] against the forces of [[Chiang Kai-shek]], but it was also part of Japan's strategy for dominion over Southeast Asia and later on, the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]].

Thailand took this opportunity of weakness to reclaim previously lost territories, resulting in the [[Franco-Thai War]] between October 1940 and 9 May 1941. The Thai forces generally did well on the ground, but Thai objectives in the war were limited. In January, [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] naval forces decisively defeated Thai naval forces in the [[Battle of Ko Chang]]. The war ended in May at the instigation of the Japanese, with the French forced to concede territorial gains for Thailand. The general disorganization of French Indochina, coupled with several natural disasters, caused a [[Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945|dreadful famine in Northern and Central Vietnam]]. Several hundred thousand people – possibly over one million – are believed to have starved to death in 1944–1945.<ref>{{cite book |last=Berger |first=Thomas U. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EwgAwAAQBAJ&dq=tanaka+comfort+vietnamese+burmese&pg=PA126 |title=War, Guilt, and World Politics after World War II |date=2012 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1139510875 |location= |page=126 |author-link= }}</ref>

On 9 March 1945, with [[Liberation of France|France liberated]], Germany in retreat, and the United States ascendant in the Pacific, Japan launched a [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|coup d'etat against the French Indochina colonial administration]] to prevent a potential uprising by the colonial forces. [[Empire of Vietnam|Vietnam]], [[Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)|Cambodia]] and [[French protectorate of Laos#Japanese puppet state|Laos]] were established as independent states, members of Japan's [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]]. The Japanese kept power in Indochina until the news of their government's surrender came through in August.

Both Vichy French and Japanese authorities encouraged nationalism in Indochina for their own purposes. Disillusioned Vietnamese nationalists redirected this sentiment toward self-determination. Despite Japanese and French efforts to manipulate identities, profound societal changes occurred in the early 1940s, with Vietnam’s right-wing nationalist groups, particularly the [[:vi:Đại Việt Quốc gia Liên minh|Đại Việt]] parties, embracing a firm national identity.<ref name="Jen 2024">{{cite book |last=Jennings |first=Eric T. |chapter=Indochina during World War II |pages=84–105 |editor-last=Miller |editor-first=Edward |title=The Cambridge History of the Vietnam War, Volume I: Origins |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781316225240.007 |doi-access= |isbn=9781316225240 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Guillemot |first=François |date=2003 |chapter=Vietnamese Nationalist Revolutionaries and the Japanese Occupation: The Case of the Dai Viet Parties (1936–1946) |pages=221–248 |editor-last1=Narangoa |editor-first1=Li |editor-last2=Cribb |editor-first2=Robert |title=Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945 |publisher=RoutledgeCurzon |isbn=9780700714827}}</ref>

The [[Viet Minh]] launched a resistance campaign against Japanese occupation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Truong |first=Chinh |author-link= |date=1971 |others=Contributor United States. Joint Publications Research Service |title=Translations on North Vietnam, Volume 17 |series=JPRS (Series) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTrcAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22The+Japanese+were+disarmed+in+many+places%22&pg=RA2-PA13 |location= |publisher=U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. |chapter=Revolution or Coup d'Etat, JPRS 53169 19 May 1971 TRANSLATIONS ON NORTH VIETNAM No. 940 DOCUMENTS ON THE AUGUST REVOLUTION |pages=14–16 }}</ref><ref>[Article by Truong Chinh, chairman of the National Assembly: "Revolution or Coup d'Etat"; Hanoi, Nhan Dan, Vietnamese, 16 August 1970, pp 1, 3] *Reprinted from Co Giai Phong [Liberation Banner], No 16, 12 September 1945.</ref>{{better source|date=January 2026}} The Viet Minh had begun fighting in 1944, when the French were attacked on Dinh Ca in October 1944 and in Cao Bang and Bac Can French were attacked by Viet Cong in November 1944 and the French and Japanese fought each other on 9 March 1945, so in Tonkin the Viet Cong began disarming French soldiers and attacking the Japanese. In Quang Ngai, Ba To, Yen Bai and Nghia Lo political prisoners escaped Japanese were attacked din Son La by Meo (Hmong) tribesmen and in Hoa Binh and Lang Son by Muong tribesmen. The Viet Minh took control of 6 provinces in Tonkin after 9 March 1945 within 2 weeks. The Viet Minh led a brutal campaign against the Japanese where many died from 9 March 1945 to 19 August 1945.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

On 26 September 1945 Ho Chi Minh wrote a letter calling for struggle against the French mentioning they were returning after they sold out the Vietnamese to the Japanese twice in 4 years.<ref>{{cite book |author=Ho Chi Minh |date=1971 |others=Contributor United States. Joint Publications Research Service |title=Translations on North Vietnam, Volume 17 |series=JPRS (Series) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTrcAAAAIAAJ&dq=%22Our+newly+won+national+independence+is+threatened+by+foreign%22&pg=RA2-PA17 |location= |publisher=U.S. Joint Publications Research Service. |pages=17, 18 }}</ref><ref>Ho Chi Minh's Letter to the Cochin–China Compatriots, Letter written by President Ho after the war of resistance had broken out in Cochin China: "To the Nam Bo Compatriots"; Hanoi, THong Nhat, Vietnamese, 18 September 1970, p. 1] 26 September 1945</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Ho |first=Chi Minh |author-link= |title=Selected Writings (1920–1969) |url=https://archive.org/stream/hochiminhselectedwritings/hochiminhselectedwritings_djvu.txt |location= |publisher= |page= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ur.eu1lib.org/book/18433157/2965f6 |title=Z-Library single sign on |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406163303/https://ur.eu1lib.org/book/18433157/2965f6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Japanese forced Vietnamese women to become [[comfort women]], as they did with Burmese, Indonesian, Thai, and Filipino women.<ref>{{cite book |last=Min |first=Pyong Gap |author-link= |date=2021 |series=Genocide, Political Violence, Human Rights |title=Korean "Comfort Women": Military Brothels, Brutality, and the Redress Movement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5QdEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Filipino%2C+Vietnamese%2C+Thai%2C+Indonesian+and+Burmese+women+collectively+also+seem+to+have+made+up+a+significant+proportion+of+the+ACW.%22&pg=PT70 |location= |publisher=Rutgers University Press |page= |isbn=978-1978814981 }}</ref>

In the [[Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945]], one to two million people starved to death in the [[Red River Delta]] of northern Vietnam due to various factors. In Phat Diem the Vietnamese farmer Di Ho was one of the few survivors who saw the Japanese steal grain.<ref name="Gunn">{{cite web |url=https://www.endofempire.asia/0817-6-the-great-vietnam-famine-4/ |title=The great Vietnam famine |last=Gunn |first=Geoffrey |work=End of Empire |date=17 August 2015 |publisher= |access-date= |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617211855/https://www.endofempire.asia/0817-6-the-great-vietnam-famine-4/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The North Vietnamese government accused both France and Japan of the famine and said 1–2 million Vietnamese died.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gunn |first1=Geoffrey |date=24 January 2011 |title=The Great Vietnamese Famine of 1944–45 Revisited 1944–45 年ヴィエトナム大飢饉再訪 |url=https://apjjf.org/2011/9/5/Geoffrey-Gunn/3483/article.html |journal=The Asia-Pacific Journal |volume=9 |issue=5 Number 4 |archive-date=7 January 2019 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107131837/https://apjjf.org/2011/9/5/Geoffrey-Gunn/3483/article.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dũng |first1=Bùi Minh |date=1995 |title=Japan's Role in the Vietnamese Starvation of 1944–45 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/japans-role-in-the-vietnamese-starvation-of-194445/8A5205371AAECFB6D6CBE8AD7F70C41F |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=573–618 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X00014001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |s2cid=145374444 |archive-date=10 June 2018 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180610045032/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/modern-asian-studies/article/japans-role-in-the-vietnamese-starvation-of-194445/8A5205371AAECFB6D6CBE8AD7F70C41F |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Võ An Ninh took photographs of dead and dying Vietnamese during the great famine, which were introduced in some foreign books, say, a Japanese book by [[Katsumoto Saotome]] published in 1993.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hien |first1=Nina |date=Spring 2013 |title=The Good, the Bad, and the Not Beautiful: In the Street and on the Ground in Vietnam |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/tap/7977573.0003.202/--good-the-bad-and-the-not-beautiful-in-the-street?rgn=main;view=fulltext |journal=Local Culture/Global Photography |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages= |doi= |archive-date=21 April 2021 |access-date=20 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421041425/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/tap/7977573.0003.202/--good-the-bad-and-the-not-beautiful-in-the-street?rgn=main;view=fulltext |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |people= |title=Vietnam: Corpses in a mass grave following the 1944–45 famine during the Japanese occupation. Up to 2 million Vietnamese died of starvation. |trans-title= |type= |language= |url=https://www.akg-images.com/archive/-2UMEBM2Y85NV.html |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622003638/https://www.akg-images.com/archive/-2UMEBM2Y85NV.html |archive-date=22 June 2022 |time= |location= |publisher= |id=AKG3807269 |isbn= |oclc= |quote= |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://japanesevietnam.weebly.com/vietnamese-famine-of-1945.html |title=Vietnamese Famine of 1945 |website=Japanese Occupation of Vietnam |publisher= |access-date= |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617211855/https://japanesevietnam.weebly.com/vietnamese-famine-of-1945.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=早乙女勝元 |title=ベトナム"200万人"餓死の記録 |publisher=大月書店 |date=September 1993 |isbn=4-272-33029-2 }}</ref> Starving Vietnamese were dying throughout northern Vietnam in 1945 due to the Japanese seizure of their crops by the time the Chinese came to disarm the Japanese and Vietnamese corpses were all throughout the streets of Hanoi and had to be cleaned up by students.<ref name="Bui 1999 39, 40">{{cite book |last1=Bui |first1=Diem |last2=Chanoff |first2=David |author-link= |date=1999 |title=In the Jaws of History |series=Vietnam war era classics series |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Opb_14GLdXcC&pg=PA40 |location= |publisher=Indiana University Press |edition=illustrated, reprint |pages=39, 40 |isbn=0253335396 }}</ref>

Although the death toll of 1945 famine is generally said to be 1 million to 2 million, the estimated value ranges effectively from 2 hundred thousand to 2 million.<ref>{{Cite book |author=[[Katsumoto Saotome|早乙女勝元]] |chapter=第6章誰に責任が? |title=ベトナム"200万人"餓死の記録 |publisher=[[w:ja:大月書店|大月書店]] |date=10 September 1993 |isbn=4-272-33029-2 |pages=151–152 }}</ref> Especially 2 million is often cited, which is insisted by the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]], but is not based on academic research since Ho Chi Minh's assertion in the Declaration of Independence of Vietnam on 2 September 1945 has just been repeated.<ref name="Furuta_Rec_97">{{Cite book |editor=古田元夫 |title=写真記録東南アジア歴史・戦争・日本 5 ベトナム・ラオス・カンボジア |publisher=ほるぷ出版 |date=25 March 1997 |isbn=4-593-09513-1 |page=97 }}</ref><ref name="Furuta-10-152">{{Cite book |author=古田元夫 |title=東南アジア10講 |publisher=岩波書店 |series=岩波新書 |isbn=978-4-00-431883-5 |date=18 June 2021 |page=152 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=古田元夫 |title=増補新装版ベトナムの世界史中華世界から東南アジア世界へ |publisher=[[University of Tokyo Press|東京大学出版会]] |isbn=978-4-13-006534-4 |date=25 September 2015 |page=303}} </ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=早乙女勝元 |chapter=第6章誰に責任が? |title=ベトナム"200万人"餓死の記録 |publisher=大月書店 |date=10 September 1993 |isbn=4-272-33029-2 |pages=151–175 }}</ref> Speaking precisely, Ho Chi Minh mentioned over 2 million in the Declaration but 2 million is the official perspective of Communist Party of Vietnam for decades.<ref>{{Cite book |author=早乙女勝元 |chapter=第6章誰に責任が? |title=ベトナム"200万人"餓死の記録 |publisher=大月書店 |date=10 September 1993 |isbn=4-272-33029-2 |pages=152 }}</ref> On the other hand there are Vietnamese considering other numbers, for instance, the [[Imperial Commissioner (China)|Imperial Commissioner]] in Hanoi {{ill|Phan Kế Toại|vi|Phan Kế Toại}}, who later joined [[Viet Minh]], insisted four hundred thousand.<ref>{{Cite book |author=小倉貞男 |title=物語ヴェトナムの歴史 |publisher=[[Chuokoron-Shinsha|中央公論社]] |isbn=4-12-101372-7 |date=25 July 1997 |pages=345–346 }}</ref> Based on his research of the joint field works conducted in the northern Vietnam in early 1990s, of which official report was published in the title ''Nạn đói năm 1945 ở Việt Nam: Những Chứng tích Lịch sử'' (edited by Văn Tạo and Furuta Motoo), Japanese professor Furuta Motoo concluded that the death toll would be likely larger than 1 million but seems skeptical of 2 million.<ref name="Furuta_Rec_97"/>

==== Return of the French and early conflicts ====
{{main|War in southern Vietnam (1945–1946)|Chinese occupation of northern Vietnam, 1945–1946|Civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)}}

[[Aftermath of World War II|After the second World War]], France petitioned for the nullification of the 1938 Franco-Siamese Treaty and reasserted itself in the region. The Vietnamese themselves were locked in [[civil conflicts in Vietnam (1945–1949)|a civil strife]] over the destiny of their post-colonial state after the [[Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina|ousting of the French]] and the [[surrender of Japan]]. [[Viet Minh]] forces seized control from the collapsing [[Empire of Vietnam]], while the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|Vietnam Nationalist Party]] and [[Việt Cách]] advanced in Tonkin with the support of the [[Chinese occupation of northern Vietnam, 1945–1946|Chinese Allied mission]], and the [[Đại Việt Nationalist Party]] already posed serious competition to the Viet Minh.<ref name="Asselin 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Asselin |first=Pierre |date=2023 |title=The Indochinese Communist Party's Unfinished Revolution of 1945 and the Origins of Vietnam's 30-Year Civil War |journal=Journal of Cold War Studies |volume=25|issue=1 |pages=4–45 |doi=10.1162/jcws_a_01120 }}</ref> The South fractured between the Stalinist front Viet Minh and rival groups including the [[Trotskyism in Vietnam|Trotskyists]], [[Hòa Hảo]], [[Caodaism|Cao Đài]], and [[Bình Xuyên]].<ref name="Reilly 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Reilly |first1=Brett |title=The Sovereign States of Vietnam, 1945–1955 |journal=[[Journal of Vietnamese Studies]] |date=2016 |volume=11 |issue=3–4 |pages=103–139 |doi=10.1525/jvs.2016.11.3-4.103}}</ref>

American President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] and General [[Joseph Stilwell|Stilwell]] privately made it adamantly clear that the French were not to reacquire French Indochina after the war was over. He told Secretary of State [[Cordell Hull]] the Indochinese were worse off under the French rule of nearly 100 years than they were at the beginning. Roosevelt asked [[Chiang Kai-shek]] if he wanted Indochina, to which Chiang Kai-shek replied: "Under no circumstances!"<ref>Tuchman, p. 235.</ref> Following World War II, the Allied powers agreed to return Indochina to French administration.

[[File:1er CEPML.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[1st Foreign Parachute Heavy Mortar Company]] during the Indochina War]]

After persuading [[List of Vietnamese monarchs|Emperor]] [[Bảo Đại]] to abdicate in his favour, on 2 September 1945, Ho Chi Minh declared independence for the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]]. The Viet Minh tried to negotiate with the French in order to gain independence, but the [[Ho–Sainteny Agreement]] and [[Fontainebleau Agreements]] of 1946 failed to produce a satisfactory, lasting solution.

After the close of hostilities in WWII, 200,000 Chinese troops under General [[Lu Han (general)|Lu Han]] sent by Chiang Kai-shek entered French Indochina north of the 16th parallel to accept the surrender of Japanese occupying forces, and remained there until 1946.<ref>Addington, p. 30.</ref> This was in accordance with the instructions made by General [[Douglas MacArthur]] in [[General Order No. 1]], of 2 September 1945. Working with the [[Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng|VNQDĐ]] (broadly the Vietnamese equivalent of the Chinese [[Kuomintang]]), to increase their influence in Indochina and put pressure on their opponents.<ref>Neville, p. 119.</ref>

Chiang Kai-shek threatened the French with war in response to manoeuvering by the French and Ho Chi Minh against each other, forcing them to come to a peace agreement. In February 1946 he forced the French to surrender all of their concessions in China and renounce their extraterritorial privileges in exchange for withdrawing from northern Indochina and allowing French troops to reoccupy the region starting in March 1946.<ref>Duong, p. 21.</ref><ref>Tønnesson, p. 41.</ref><ref>Errington, p. 63.</ref><ref>The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945–1960.</ref>

General Lu Han's 200,000 Chinese soldiers occupied north Vietnam starting August 1945. 90,000 arrived by October, the 62nd army came on 26 September to Nam Dinh and Haiphong. Lang Son and Cao Bang were occupied by the Guangxi 62nd army corps and the Red River region and Lai Cai were occupied by a column from Yunnan. Vietnamese VNQDD fighters accompanied the Chinese soldiers. Ho Chi Minh ordered his DRV administration to set quotas for rice to give to the Chinese soldiers and rice was sold in Chinese currency in the Red River delta. Lu Han occupied the French governor general's palace after ejecting the French staff under Sainteny.<ref>{{cite book |last=Gunn |first=Geoffrey C. |author-link= |date=2014 |series= |title=Rice Wars in Colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh Road to Power |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4T7oAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224 |location= |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |page=224 |isbn=978-1442223035 }}</ref> Chinese soldiers occupied French Indochina north of the 16th parallel while the British under the South-East Asia Command of Lord Mountbatten occupied the south.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Roy |first1=Kaushik |last2=Saha |first2=Sourish |author-link= |date=2016 |series= |title=Armed Forces and Insurgents in Modern Asia |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dwLeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=84 |isbn=978-1317231936 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Miller |first=Edward |author-link= |date=2016 |title=The Vietnam War: A Documentary Reader |series=Uncovering the Past: Documentary Readers in American History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzpcCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40 |edition=illustrated |location= |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |page=40 |isbn=978-1405196789 }}</ref> Vietnamese civilians were robbed, raped and killed by French soldiers in Saigon when they came back in August 1945.<ref>{{cite book |last=Donaldson |first=Gary |author-link= |date=1996 |title=America at War Since 1945: Politics and Diplomacy in Korea, Vietnam, and the Gulf War |series=Religious Studies; 39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOHR0neab58C&pg=PA75 |location= |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |edition=illustrated |page=75 |isbn=0275956601 }}</ref>

Chiang Kai-shek deliberately withheld his crack and well trained soldiers from occupying Vietnam since he was going to use them to fight the Communists inside China and instead sent undisciplined warlord troops from Yunnan under Lu Han to occupy French Indochina north of the 16th parallel for the purpose of disarming the Japanese.<ref>{{cite book |last=Neville |first=Peter |author-link= |date=2007 |series=Military History and Policy |title=Britain in Vietnam: Prelude to Disaster, 1945–46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u5DzbRINYkIC&pg=PA66 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=66 |isbn=978-1134244768 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Duiker |first=William J |author-link= |date=2012 |series= |title=Ho Chi Minh: A Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRKZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT371 |location= |publisher=Hachette Books |page= |isbn=978-1401305611 }}</ref> Ho Chi Minh confiscated gold taels, jewelry and coins in September 1945 during "Gold Week" to give to Chinese forces occupying northern Vietnam. Rice to Cochinchina by the French in October 1945 were divided by Ho Chi Minh, and the northern Vietnamese only received one third while the Chinese soldiers were given two thirds by Ho Chi Minh. For 15 days elections were postponed by Ho Chi Minh in response to a demand by Chinese general Chen Xiuhe on 18 December 1945 so that the Chinese could get the Dong Minh Hoi and VNQDD to prepare. The Chinese left only in April–June 1946.<ref>{{cite book |author-link= |date=2007 |series= |title=Ho Chi Minh: A Biography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fJtqjYiVbUAC&pg=PA108 |translator=Claire Duiker |edition=illustrated, reprint |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=108 |isbn=978-0521850629 }}</ref> Ho Chi Minh gave golden smoking paraphernalia and a golden opium pipe to the Chinese general Lu Han after gold week and purchased weapons with what was left of the proceeds. Starving Vietnamese were dying throughout northern Vietnam in 1945 due to the Japanese seizure of their crops by the time the Chinese came to disarm the Japanese and Vietnamese corpses were all throughout the streets of Hanoi and had to be cleaned up by students.<ref name="Bui 1999 39, 40"/>

While Chiang Kai-shek, Xiao Wen (Hsiao Wen) and the Kuomintang central government of China was disinterested in occupying Vietnam beyond the allotted time period and involving itself in the war between the Việt Minh and the French, the Yunnan warlord Lu Han held the opposite view and wanted to occupy Vietnam to prevent the French returning and establish a Chinese trusteeship of Vietnam under the principles of the Atlantic Charter with the aim of eventually preparing Vietnam for independence and blocking the French from returning.<ref>{{cite book |last=Patti |first=Archimedes L. A. |author-link= |date=1980 |series= |title=Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross |edition=illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbFx8OhYSjcC&pg=PA336 |location= |publisher=University of California Press |page=336 |isbn=0520041569 }}</ref> Ho Chi Minh sent a cable on 17 October 1945 to American President Harry S. Truman calling on him, Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Premier Stalin and Premier Attlee to go to the United Nations against France and demand France not be allowed to return to occupy Vietnam, accusing France of having sold out and cheated the Allies by surrendering Indochina to Japan and that France had no right to return.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ho |first=Chi Minh |editor1-last=Gettleman |editor1-first=Marvin E. |editor2-last=Franklin |editor2-first=Jane |editor3-last=Young |editor3-first=Marilyn Blatt |editor4-last=Franklin |editor4-first=Howard Bruce |author-link= |date=1995 |series= |title=Vietnam and America: A Documented History |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVtNalqmYgAC&pg=PA47 |location= |publisher=Grove Press |page=47 |isbn=0802133622 |edition=illustrated, revised |chapter=9. Vietnam's Second Appeal to the United States: Cable to President Harry S Truman (October 17, 1945)* }}</ref> Ho Chi Minh dumped the blame on Dong Minh Hoi and VNDQQ for signing the agreement with France for returning its soldiers to Vietnam after he had to do it himself.<ref>{{cite book |last=SarDesai |first=D.R. |author-link= |date=2018 |series= |title=Vietnam: Past and Present |edition=4th reprint |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yJZNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page= |isbn=978-0429975196 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Hearden |first=Patrick J. |author-link= |date=2016 |series= |title=Tragedy of Vietnam |edition=4, revised |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yg03DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |location= |publisher=Routledge |page=67 |isbn=978-1315510842 }}</ref>

Ho Chi Minh's Việt Minh tried to organize welcome parades for Chinese soldiers in northern Vietnam and covered for instances of bad behavior by warlord soldiers, trying to reassure Vietnamese that the warlord troops of Lu Han were only there temporarily and that China supported Vietnam's independence. Việt Minh newspapers said that the same ancestors (huyết thống) and culture were shared by Vietnamese and Chinese and that the Chinese heroically fought Japan and changed in the 1911 revolution and was attacked by western imperialists so it was "not the same as feudal China". Ho Chi Minh forbade his soldiers like Trần Huy Liệu in Phú Thọ from attacking Chinese soldiers and Ho Chi Minh even surrendered Vietnamese who attacked Chinese soldiers to be executed as punishment in the Ro-Nha incident in Kiến An district on 6 March 1946 after Hồ Đức Thành and Đào Văn Biểu, special commissioners sent from Hanoi by Ho's DRV examined the case.<ref>{{cite book |last=Marr |first=David G. |edition=illustrated |author-link= |date=2013 |title=Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVMA0mk6_6kC&pg=PA269 |location= |publisher=University of California Press |pages=269–271, 274–275 |isbn=978-0520274150 |issn=2691-0403 |volume=6 of From Indochina to Vietnam: Revolution and War in a Global Perspective |series=Philip E. Lilienthal book }}</ref> Ho Chi Minh appeased and granted numerous concessions to the Chinese soldiers to avoid the possibility of them clashing with the Việt Minh, with him ordering Vietnamese not to carry out anything against Chinese soldiers and pledging his life on his promise, hoping the Chinese would disarm the Japanese soldiers and finish their mission as fast as possible.<ref>{{cite book |last=Duiker |first=William J |author-link= |date=2018 |series= |title=The Communist Road To Power In Vietnam: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVJPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT119 |location= |edition=2nd |publisher=Routledge |page= |isbn=978-0429972546 }}</ref>

Chinese communist guerilla leader Chu Chia-pi came into northern Vietnam multiple times in 1945 and 1948 and helped the Việt Minh fight against the French from Yunnan. Other Chinese Communists also did the same.<ref>{{cite book |last=Calkins |first=Laura M. |series=Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia |author-link= |date=2013 |title=China and the First Vietnam War, 1947-54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G9Ppu-zcqTIC&pg=PA12 |location= |publisher=Routledge |edition=reprint |page=12 |isbn=978-1134078479 }}</ref>

==== First Indochina War ====
{{Main|First Indochina War|1947–1950 in French Indochina}}

Bitter fighting ensued in the [[First Indochina War]] as Ho and his government took to the forests and mountains. In 1948, France recognized nominal independence of Vietnam with the Hạ Long Bay Preliminary Agreement.<ref name="mjp.univ-perp.fr">{{cite web | url=https://mjp.univ-perp.fr/constit/vn1946.htm | title=Cochinchine, Vietnam, 1945, Digithèque MJP }}</ref> In 1949, in order to provide a political alternative to Ho Chi Minh, the French favoured the creation of a unified [[State of Vietnam]], and former Emperor Bảo Đại was put back in power. Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia became [[associated state]]s of the [[French Union]] and were granted more autonomy.

The first few years of the war involved a low-level rural insurgency against the French. In 1949 the conflict turned into a conventional war between two armies equipped with modern weapons supplied by the United States, China and the Soviet Union.<ref>Fall, ''Street Without Joy'', p. 17.</ref> French Union forces included colonial troops from their colonial empire – Moroccan, Algerian, and Tunisian Arabs/Berbers; Laotian, Cambodian and [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|Vietnamese ethnic minorities]]; Black Africans – and French professional troops, European volunteers, and units of the [[French Foreign Legion|Foreign Legion]]. The use of [[Metropolitan France|metropolitan]] recruits was forbidden by the government to prevent the war from becoming even more unpopular at home. It was called the "dirty war" (''la sale guerre'') by leftists in France.<ref>Edward Rice-Maximin, ''Accommodation and Resistance: The French Left, Indochina, and the Cold War, 1944–1954'' (Greenwood, 1986).</ref> Vietnamese women were also raped in north Vietnam by the French like in Bảo Hà, [[Bảo Yên District]], [[Lào Cai province]] and Phu Lu, which caused 400 Vietnamese who were trained by the French to defect on 20 June 1948. Buddhist statues were looted and Vietnamese were robbed, raped and tortured by the French after the French crushed the Việt Minh in northern Vietnam in 1947–1948 forcing the Việt Minh to flee into Yunnan, China for sanctuary and aid from the Chinese Communists. A French reporter was told by Vietnamese village notables "We know what war always is, We understand your soldiers taking our animals, our jewelry, our Buddhas; it is normal. We are resigned to their raping our wives and our daughters; war has always been like that. But we object to being treated in the same way, not only our sons, but ourselves, old men and dignitaries that we are."<ref>{{cite book |last=Chen |first=King C. |author-link= |date=2015 |title=Vietnam and China, 1938–1954 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TQrWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA195 |location= |publisher=Princeton University Press |edition=reprint |page=195 |isbn=978-1400874903 |volume=2134 of Princeton Legacy Library }}</ref>

The strategy of pushing the Việt Minh into attacking well-defended bases in remote parts of the country at the end of their logistical trails was validated at the [[Battle of Nà Sản]] even though the base was relatively weak because of a lack of concrete and steel. French efforts were made more difficult due to the limited usefulness of armoured tanks in a forested and mountainous environment, lack of strong air forces for air cover and [[carpet bombing]], and use of foreign recruits from other French colonies (mainly from Algeria, Morocco and even Vietnam). [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]], however, used efficient and novel tactics of direct fire artillery, convoy ambushes and massed anti-aircraft guns to impede land and air supply deliveries together with a strategy based on recruiting a sizable regular army facilitated by wide popular support, a guerrilla warfare doctrine and instruction developed in China, and the use of simple and reliable war material provided by the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Flitton |first1=Dave |title=Battlefield Vietnam – Dien Bien Phu, the legacy |date=7 September 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQdFGr7NQ4o |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/eQdFGr7NQ4o |archive-date=30 October 2021 |publisher=Public Broadcasting System PBS |access-date=29 July 2015}}{{cbignore }}</ref>

However, 1950 was the turning point of the war. Ho's government was recognised by the fellow Communist governments of China and the Soviet Union, and [[Mao Zedong|Mao]]'s government subsequently gave a fallback position to Ho's forces, as well as abundant supplies of weapons. In October 1950, the French army suffered its first major defeat with the [[Battle of Route Coloniale 4]]. Subsequent efforts by the French military managed to improve their situation only in the short term. Bảo Đại's State of Vietnam proved a weak and unstable government, and [[Norodom Sihanouk]]'s Cambodia proclaimed its independence in November 1953. Laos became independent in October 1953 and the State of Vietnam became independent on 4 June 1954 (although they were still members of the [[French Union]]).<ref>{{cite web |archive-date=26 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726175311/http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/aerospace/entertainment/Photos/996953/story.html |access-date=19 July 2014 |title=A picture taken on ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1954 shows Vietnamese Prime Minister Buu Loc and French council president Joseph Laniel (R) preparing to sign two Franco-Vietnamese treaties by which France recognised Vietnam as an independent state at the Hotel Matignon in Paris, on ngày 4 tháng 6 năm 1954. These signatures took place one month after the defeat of Dien Bien Phu and a few days before the fall of Laniel's government |url=http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/aerospace/entertainment/Photos/996953/story.html }}</ref><ref name=indo>''The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans: Nationalism and Communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam''. Arthur J. Dommen. Indiana University Press, 2002. p. 240. Trích: The question remains of why the treaties of independence and association were simply initialed by Laniel and Buu Loc and not signed by Coty and Bao Dai… Many writers place the blame for the non-signature of the treaties on the Vietnamese. But there exists no logical explanation why it should have been the Vietnamese, rather than French, who refused their signature to the treaties which had been negotiated. Bao Dai had arrived in French in April believing the treaty-signing was only a matter of two or three weeks away. However, a quite satisfactory explanation in what was happening in Geneva, where the negotiations were moving ahead with surprising rapidity.… After Geneva, Bao Dai’s treaties was never completed</ref> Fighting lasted until May 1954, when the Việt Minh won the decisive victory against French forces at the gruelling [[Battle of Dien Bien Phu]].

==== Geneva Agreements ====
[[File:Map of the State of Vietnam.jpg|thumb|Indochina in 1955]]

On 21 July 1954, the [[1954 Geneva Conference|Geneva Conference]] produced the Geneva Agreements between the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and France. Provisions included supporting the territorial integrity and sovereignty of Indochina, reaffirming its independence from France, declaring the cessation of hostilities and foreign involvement in internal Indochina affairs, and delineating northern and southern zones into which opposing troops were to withdraw. The Agreements mandated unification on the basis of internationally supervised free elections to be held in July 1956.<ref name="USvietAnalysis"/>

At this conference France recognized the independence of the [[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam]] led by the communist [[Viet Minh]], leading to the division of Vietnam into two ''de facto'' countries. The United States and the [[State of Vietnam]] rejected the Geneva Accords and never signed. State of Vietnam's Prime Minister Diệm rejected the idea of nationwide election as proposed in the agreement, saying that a free election was impossible in the communist North and that his government was not bound by the Geneva Accords. France did withdraw, turning the north over to the Communists while the State of Vietnam, with American support, kept control of the South. Diệm would overthrow Bảo Đại and established a republic led by him in 1955.

The events of 1954 marked the partition of Vietnam and the ensuing [[Vietnam War]] between communists and anti-communists. The Kingdoms of Laos and Cambodia were nominally neutral, but both were drawn into the Second Indochina War after [[North Vietnamese invasion of Laos]].

The remnants of the Indochinese Federation were abolished on 30 December 1954. The Geneva Agreement did not state that the [[French Union]] had to withdraw its troops from [[South Vietnam]]. However, Diệm's government and the US asked the French Union to withdraw its troops. The French withdrew on 28 April 1956. And on 9 December 1955, South Vietnam withdrew from the French Union.<ref name=Logevall>{{cite book |last=Logevall |first=Fredrik |title=Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America's Vietnam |publisher=Random House |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-679-64519-1 }}</ref>

===== United States involvement =====

In 1954 the French defeat at Điện Biên Phủ renewed the United States interest in intervening, including some senators who called out for large scale bombing campaigns, potentially even nuclear weapons.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Marder |first=Murrey |date=22 August 1984 |title=When Ike Was Asked to Nuke Vietnam |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1982/08/22/when-ike-was-asked-to-nuke-vietnam/305c4152-202e-4303-9bdc-3424f4f7376b/ |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=4 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928084305/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1982/08/22/when-ike-was-asked-to-nuke-vietnam/305c4152-202e-4303-9bdc-3424f4f7376b/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|President Dwight Eisenhower]], even though he did not believe a military victory, believed in the [[domino theory]], where if Vietnam were to fall to communism then there would be multiple other countries that would fall to the ideology in Southeast Asia, from Vietnam to India there would be a dramatic shift in global power. Eisenhower chose to not put boots on the ground, but his decision to start to get involved likely is more important to the countries eventual step into the country than Johnson's decision to take that last step.

Eisenhower had a further impact in that he would continue to provide support for future presidents policy in the country, Lyndon B. Johnson and Gerald Ford both used him to large extents, Kennedy did have several meetings with him in the White House, and Nixon was mostly on his own, but considering their familial ties there was inevitably some ideas that were considered that otherwise would not have been. As he was so involved the United States policy in French Indochina his influence is hard to underestimate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cuddy |first1=Edward |title=Vietnam: Mr. Johnson's War. Or Mr. Eisenhower's? |journal=The Review of Politics |date=2003 |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=351–374 |doi=10.1017/S0034670500039073 |jstor=1408716 |s2cid=145582758 }}</ref>

== Administration ==

{{ Infobox executive government
| government_name = {{nowrap|Government-General of French Indochina}}
| nativename = {{nowrap|{{lang|fr|Gouvernement général de l'Indochine française}}}}
| image = Emblem of the Gouvernement général de l'Indochine.svg
| image_size = 150px
| image2 = Seal of the Cabinet of the Government-General of French Indo-China.svg
| image_size2 = 150px
| caption = The emblem and seal of the Government-General.
| date = 17 October 1887
| date_dissolved = 21 July 1954
| state = French Indochina
| address = [[Saigon Governor's Palace|Norodom Palace]], [[Saigon]] (1887–1902), [[Presidential Palace, Hanoi|Residence of the Governor-General of French Indochina]], [[Hanoi]] (1902–1945)
| appointed = [[President of France]] and the [[Minister of the Overseas (France)|Ministry of the Colonies]]
| leader_title = [[List of governors-general of French Indochina|Governor-General of French Indochina]]
| main_organ = Cabinet of the Government-General
| ministries = 
| responsible =
| url =
}}

The government of French Indochina was headed by a [[List of governors-general of French Indochina|governor-general]] and a number of French residents.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011">{{cite news |url=https://vietnamlawmagazine.vn/the-state-structure-in-french-ruled-vietnam-1858-1945-4404.html |title=The state structure in French-ruled Vietnam (1858–1945). |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=10 August 2021 |author=Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) |newspaper=Vietnamlawmagazine.vn |publisher=Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency – Your gateway to the law of Vietnam. |language=en |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419085145/https://vietnamlawmagazine.vn/the-state-structure-in-french-ruled-vietnam-1858-1945-4404.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The governor-general was assisted by a system of different government agencies; however, these agencies functioned only to be consultants to help the governor-general perform his role and exercise his powers.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011"/> The protectorates of Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos all had residents-superior while the colony of Cochinchina had a [[List of administrators of the French colony of Cochinchina|governor]]. In the protectorates the indigenous administrations were nominally combined with the French administration, but in the colony of Cochinchina as well as "colonial cities", such as [[Đà Nẵng]] in Annam, the French maintained direct rule.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011"/> All constituent countries of French Indochina had their own legal systems.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011">{{cite news |url=https://vietnamlawmagazine.vn/legislation-in-french-ruled-vietnam-4504.html |title=Legislation in French-ruled Vietnam. |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=10 August 2021 |author=Pham Diem (State and Law Research Institute) |newspaper=Vietnamlawmagazine.vn |publisher=Vietnam Law and Legal Forum magazine, Vietnam News Agency – Your gateway to the law of Vietnam. |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426113007/https://vietnamlawmagazine.vn/legislation-in-french-ruled-vietnam-4504.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In Annam and Tonkin the laws of the Nguyễn dynasty, such as ''Sắc'' (敕, "Imperial Order"), ''Chí'' (誌, "Ordinance"), and ''Dụ'' (諭, "Decree"), remained in effect but were subordinate to the laws of the French administration.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/>

The government-general of French Indochina as well as its powers were established and amended through presidential decrees.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/> The governor-general held supreme power in French Indochina over the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of the government and had the power to appoint the residents below him.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011"/> The governor-general was also in charge of all the military affairs of the country, among their responsibilities were the ability to set up an army corps, deploy the French Indochinese military forces, and issue conscription orders.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011"/> However, the governor-general was not in charge of actually commanding the military forces during actual military campaigns and battles.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011"/> The governor-general was also the chairman of the ''Indochinese Supreme Council'' (later renamed to the ''Indochinese Government Council'') which was the highest government agency in charge of general affairs.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011"/>

[[File:Enfants annamites, Gabriel Veyre.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Two French women (wife and daughter of Governor-General Paul Doumer) throwing [[Vietnamese cash|small cash coins]] in front of children.]]

Other government agencies of the Government-General of French Indochina include the Indochinese Defense Council, Mine Consultancy Committee, the Indochinese Education Consultancy Council, the Supreme Council for Exploitation of Colonies, the Indochinese Economic and Financial Interests Assembly, etc.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011"/>

In the protectorates of Annam and Tonkin the [[government of the Nguyễn dynasty]] shared its power with the French administration ''[[de jure]]'' but were ''[[de facto]]'' directly ruled by the French colonial apparatus.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-2011"/> The residents-superior and governor of Cochinchina did not have legislative powers only executive.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/> While the Emperors of the Nguyễn dynasty did maintain their legislative powers, all imperial decrees had to be approved by either the Resident-Superior of Annam or by the governor-general of French Indochina.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/> Until the early 20th century the [[Gia Long]] era ''Hoàng Việt luật lệ'' (皇越律例), sometimes known as the "Gia Long Code", remained the main civil code of the Nguyễn dynasty until the Emperor issued the nearly identical ''Civil Code of Annam'' and ''Civil Code of Tonkin''.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/>

A number of the legal documents in effect in the French Republic were also applied to French Indochina, these included the ''[[Napoleonic Code|Code Napoléon]]'' of 1804, the ''Code de commerce'' of 1807, the ''Code d'instruction criminelle'', and the French penal code of 1810.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/> These laws took effect in French Indochina on the date that the governor-general issued decrees that they would also apply to the federation.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/>

The legislative decrees of the governor-general had to be sent to the minister of colonies for consideration; the minister would then approve or disapprove the decrees.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/> However, the minister of colonies was not entitled to make any amendments to the decrees, and if they wished to alter it they would have to draft it and then send the draft to the president of France.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/> Only French presidential decrees could overturn the decrees of the governor-general.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/> Executive decrees did not have to be sent to [[Metropolitan France]] for review and immediately came into effect.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/>

Throughout Vietnam thousands of villages had their own independent legal codes that governed the social relations within the village community, thousands of written regulations existed and the central administration often recognised them.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/> These legal codes were known as the ''[[Hyangyak|Hương ước]]'' (鄉約), ''Hương lệ'' (鄉例) and ''Lệ làng'' (例廊), which could be translated as "rural covenants", and also existed in [[China]] and [[Korea]].<ref name="Hương-ước-Radio-Free-Asia">{{cite web |url=https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/news/reportfromvn/the-village-laws-now-and-then-03232018123259.html |title=Hương ước – xưa và nay. Hương ước – hay còn gọi là lệ làng, là một giá trị văn hóa, truyền thống, gắn liền với lịch sử dân tộc Việt Nam. Trải qua bao biến cố, Hương ước đến nay vẫn còn được lưu giữ và đóng vai trò trong nền văn hóa và phong tục, tập quán của người Việt. |date=23 March 2018 |access-date=22 January 2022 |author=Thông tín viên RFA |publisher=[[Radio Free Asia|Đài Á Châu Tự Do]] |language=vi |archive-date=11 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511203459/https://www.rfa.org/vietnamese/news/reportfromvn/the-village-laws-now-and-then-03232018123259.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>Key P. Yang; Gregory Henderson: ''An Outline History of Korean Confucianism: Part II: The Schools of Yi Confucianism''. In: ''The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 18, No. 2. (Feb. 1959), pp. 259–276.'' Retrieved on 3 August 2005 "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2941686 Stable URL] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220511205001/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2941686 |date=11 May 2022 }}".</ref> The ''Hương ước'' contained rules about various legal practices like land management, marriage, labour relations, arbitration of disputes, as well as local customs such as family relations, village relations, ghosts, [[ancestor worship]], sacrifice, mourning, and longing.<ref name="Hương-ước-Radio-Free-Asia"/> Both the government-general of French Indochina and the government of the Nguyễn dynasty attempted reform these rules and regulations in their favour.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/> To expand their power into Vietnamese hamlets and villages the French administration issued models for the villages to follow, but many Vietnamese villages still functioned independent of the French and Nguyễn administrations.<ref name="Vietnam-Law-Magazine-French-Indochina-laws-2011"/>

== Demographics ==
=== Population ===
[[File:Carte de l'Indochine au 1 - 2.000.000. Carte ethnolinguistique - Dressé sous la direction de l'Ecole Française d'Extrême-Orient... - btv1b53197047g.jpg |thumb|Ethnolinguistic map of Indochina.]]
The [[Viet people|Viet]], [[Khmer people|Khmer]], and [[Lao people|Lao]] ethnic groups formed the majority of their respective colony's populations. [[Cham people|Cham]] communities were dispersed across southern Indochina lowlands. Minority groups in the Central Highlands, such as the [[Jarai people|Jarai]], [[Rade people|Rade]], [[Bahnar people|Bahnar]], and [[Koho people|Koho]] were collectively known as ''[[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnards]]''. Mountain regions of northern Indochina was home to various ethnic groups, including the [[Muong people|Muong]], [[Khmu people|Khmu]], [[Hmong people|Hmong]], [[Yao people (Asia)|Yao]], [[Tày people|Tày]], [[Nùng people|Nùng]], and [[Thái people (Vietnam)|Thái]].

[[Overseas Chinese|Ethnic Chinese]] were largely concentrated in major cities and towns, especially the ''[[Hoa people|Hoa]]'' in Cochinchina and the ''[[Chinese Cambodians|Chen]]'' in Cambodia, where they became heavily involved in trade and commerce. The rural [[Chinese Nùng]] mostly resided in coastal [[Hải Ninh Province]]. There was also a tiny [[French people|French minority]] which accounted for 0.2% of the population (or 39,000 people) by 1940.<ref>Jennings, Eric. (2001). p136. ''Vichy in the Tropics: Pétain's National Revolution in Madagascar, Guadeloupe, and Indochina, 1940–1944''. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.</ref> Around 95% of French Indochina's population was rural in a 1913 estimate, although urbanisation did slowly grow over the course of French rule.{{efn|Vietnam alone has fifty-four ethnic groups, presented at the Ethnographic Museum of Hanoi.}}

=== Religion ===
[[File:St. Joseph's Cathedral - Hanoi, Vietnam.jpg|thumb|The [[Cathédrale Saint-Joseph de Hanoï]].]]
Many religions, including various forms of [[Buddhism]] and [[folk religion]], were practiced in French Indochina.<ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Vietnamese Religious Society |title=The Oxford Handbook of Global Religions |editor-first=Mark |editor-last=Juergensmeyer |editor-link=Mark Juergensmeyer |date=2006 |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195137989.003.0011 |isbn=9780195137989 |first=Jayne S. |last=Werner |pages= }}</ref> Longstanding religious faiths, along with newly emergent ones such as [[Caodaism|Cao Đài]] and [[Hòa Hảo]], underwent transformations during this period. The secularist [[French Third Republic]] and its top colonial officials in Indochina took a skeptical stance toward [[organized religion]].{{sfn|Goscha|2016|page=170}}

Colonial administrators ironically leaned on [[Confucianism]], especially its civil service model, to govern Annam, Tonkin, and even Cochinchina. Influential figures like [[Pierre Pasquier (colonial administrator)|Pierre Pasquier]] viewed Confucianism as the authentic core of Vietnamese society and a useful means of maintaining order and legitimizing French rule. Meanwhile, in Laos and Cambodia, the colonial authorities leveraged [[Theravada|Theravada Buddhism]], including its schools, monastic order, and organizations, to help govern the population. Colonial administrators distrusted both [[Mahayana]] [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]] and the [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|local Catholics]] in Vietnam.{{sfn|Goscha|2016|page=170}} Buddhists, Catholics, as well as Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo followers, were nationalists and broadly anti-colonial.{{sfn|Goscha|2016|pages=171–181, 239}}

=== French settlements ===
[[File:French Indochina 1937.png|thumb|220px|Subdivisions of French Indochina]]

Unlike [[French Algeria|Algeria]], French settlement in Indochina did not occur at a grand scale. By 1940, only about 34,000 [[French diaspora|French civilians]] lived in French Indochina, along with a smaller number of French military personnel and government workers (6,000). Of these almost half, 16,550, lived in Cochinchina, the vast majority living in Saigon.<ref>Pierre Brocheux and Daniel Hémery (2001), ''Indochine : la colonisation ambiguë 1858–1954, La Découverte'', 2001, p. 178. ({{ISBN|978-2-7071-3412-7}})</ref>

The principal reasons why French settlement did not grow in a manner similar to that in French North Africa (which had a population of over 1 million French civilians) were because French Indochina was seen as a {{lang|fr|colonie d'exploitation économique}} (colony for economic exploitation) rather than a {{lang|fr|colonie de peuplement}} ([[Settler colonialism|settlement colony]] helping [[Metropolitan France]] from being overpopulated), and because Indochina was distant from France itself.

=== Language ===
{{See also|French language in Vietnam|French language in Cambodia|French language in Laos}}

During French colonial rule, the [[French language]] was the principal language of education, government, trade, and media and French was widely introduced to the general population. French became widespread among urban and semi-urban populations and became the principal language of the elite and educated. This was most notable in the colonies of Tonkin and Cochinchina (Northern and Southern Vietnam respectively), where French influence was most heavy, while Annam, Laos and Cambodia were less influenced by French education.<ref>[http://axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/asie/vietnam-3Pol-lng-off.htm Vietnam – La politique linguistique] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806230835/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/asie/vietnam-3Pol-lng-off.htm |date=6 August 2020 }}, ''L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde'' (in French)</ref> Despite the dominance of French in official and educational settings, local populations still largely spoke their native languages. After French rule ended, the French language was still used to a certain extent among the new governments. Today, French continues to be taught as a second language in the former colonies and used in some administrative affairs.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education |last1=Baker |first1=Colin |publisher=Multilingual Matters |year=1998 |isbn=9781853593628 |last2=Jones |first2=Sylvia Prys |page=384 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/16/style/IHT-french-declines-in-indochina-as-english-booms.html |title=French Declines in Indochina, as English Booms |last=Richardson |first=Michael |date=16 October 1993 |work=[[International Herald Tribune]] |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001081055/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/16/style/IHT-french-declines-in-indochina-as-english-booms.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Economy ==

French Indochina was designated as a {{lang|fr|colonie d'exploitation}} (colony of [[Exploitation of natural resources|economic exploitation]]) by the French government. Funding for the colonial government came by means of taxes on locals and the French government established a near [[monopoly]] on the trade of [[opium]], salt and [[Rice wine|rice alcohol]]. The French administration established quotas of consumption for each Vietnamese village, thereby compelling villagers to purchase and consume set amounts of these monopolised goods.<ref>Peters.</ref> The trade of those three products formed about 44% of the colonial government's budget in 1920 but declined to 20% by 1930 as the colony began to economically diversify.

The colony's principal bank was the [[Banque de l'Indochine]], established in 1875 and was responsible for minting the colony's currency, the [[French Indochinese piastre|Indochinese piastre]]. Indochina was the second most invested-in French colony by 1940 after Algeria, with investments totalling up to 6.7 million [[franc]]s.

During the first six months of World War I, the government-general would expel all German and Austro-Hungarian people living in French Indochina.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Food-and-Nutrition-in-French-Indochina">{{cite web |url=https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/food_and_nutrition_indochina |title=Food and Nutrition (Indochina) |date=8 October 2014 |access-date=21 August 2022 |author=Erica J. Peters |publisher=1914–1918-online – International Encyclopedia of the First World War ([[Free University of Berlin]], [[Bavarian State Library]], and [[Deutsch-Französische Gymnasium]], among others) |language=en |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033112/https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/food_and_nutrition_indochina |url-status=live}} – Peters, Erica J.: Food and Nutrition (Indochina), in: 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, ed. by Ute Daniel, Peter Gatrell, Oliver Janz, Heather Jones, Jennifer Keene, Alan Kramer, and Bill Nasson, issued by Freie Universität Berlin, [[Berlin]] (8 October 2014). {{doi|10.15463/ie1418.10321}}.</ref> The two pre-war import/export houses, Speidel & Co. and F. Engler & Co., were officially re-organised as French companies; however, in reality they continued to operate under both German control and using German capital.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Food-and-Nutrition-in-French-Indochina"/> During the 1910s, Speidel & Co. was the largest importer of European goods into the country with Engler being one of its major competitors.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Food-and-Nutrition-in-French-Indochina"/> After the German owners were expelled from the company lower level employees tried to continue running these companies despite increasing push back from the French colonial authorities by means of arbitrary customs enforcement, freight interference, and regulatory aggravations.<ref>Centre des Archives d'Outre-Mer in Aix-en-Provence (hereafter CAOM): Archives of the Governor General of Indochina (hereafter GGI), dossier 19457: 20 November 1914 letter from Governor General Vollenhoven to the Minister of Colonies.</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Food-and-Nutrition-in-French-Indochina"/> Later the French would seize all of the German Speidel Company's warehouses and would sell the seized goods at low prices both to Vietnamese consumers and Chinese exporters to try to increase revenue.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Food-and-Nutrition-in-French-Indochina"/> These goods included rice, wine, and canned goods.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Food-and-Nutrition-in-French-Indochina"/>

During World War I, export regulations kept changing which the Chinese export businesses took advantage of by purchasing rice for minimal prices from the Vietnamese farmers who grew it and then deliberately passing along the risks of the export trade to those small Vietnamese farmers who were the least able to bear the losses involved.<ref>Bulletin de la Chambre de Commerce de Saigon: minutes from 26 February 1915.</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Food-and-Nutrition-in-French-Indochina"/>

As the war made both imports and exports from and to Europe more difficult, French Indochina would increase trade with other Pacific countries.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Food-and-Nutrition-in-French-Indochina"/> During the war period, import businesses would import flour from the [[United States]] and dairy products from [[Australia]], though at lower levels than during the pre-war period.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Food-and-Nutrition-in-French-Indochina"/> Prior to World War I, French Indochina had an annual flour import worth $950,000 and an annual condensed milk import worth $135,000, but during the war they would import only half this amount from the United States and about one fifth the amount of condensed milk from Australia.<ref name="Encyclopedia-1914-1918-Food-and-Nutrition-in-French-Indochina"/>

In this context, the French colonizers opened the country's first business school in Hanoi for colonized students.<ref>{{cite web |title=Adrien Jean-Guy Passant: Educating indigenous commercial executives. A business school in colonial context: The case of the Indochina Higher School of Commerce (1920–1932), ''Business History'', Volume 66, Issue 5, pp. 955–1000, 2022 |doi=10.1080/00076791.2022.2052853 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00076791.2022.2052853}}</ref>

Beginning in the 1930s, France began to exploit the region for its natural resources and to economically diversify the colony. Cochinchina, Annam and Tonkin (encompassing modern-day Vietnam) became a source of [[tea]], [[rice]], [[coffee]], [[Black pepper|pepper]], [[coal]], [[zinc]], and [[tin]], while Cambodia became a centre for rice and pepper crops. Only Laos was seen initially as an economically unviable colony, although [[Lumber|timber]] was harvested at a small scale from there.

At the turn of the 20th century, the growing automobile industry in France resulted in the growth of the [[natural rubber|rubber]] industry in French Indochina, and plantations were built throughout the colony, especially in Annam and Cochinchina. France soon became a leading producer of rubber through its Indochina colony and Indochinese rubber became prized in the industrialised world. The success of rubber plantations in French Indochina resulted in an increase in investment in the colony by various firms, such as [[Michelin]]. With the growing number of investments in the colony's mines and rubber, tea and coffee plantations, French Indochina began to industrialise as factories opened in the colony. These new factories produced textiles, cigarettes, beer and cement which were then exported throughout the French Empire.

=== Infrastructure ===
[[File:Long bien bridge.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Paul Doumer]] Bridge, now [[Long Biên Bridge]], in Hanoi.]]
[[File:Bâtiments 172.jpg|thumb|right|Musée Louis Finot in [[Hanoi]], built by [[Ernest Hébrard]] in 1932, now the [[National Museum of Vietnamese History]].]]

When French Indochina was viewed as an economically important colony for France, the French government set a goal to improve the transport and communications networks in the colony. [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] became a principal port in Southeast Asia and rivalled the [[Singapore in the Straits Settlements|British port of Singapore]] as the region's busiest commercial centre. By 1937 Saigon was the sixth busiest port in the entire French Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Martin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pXrXQU33avQC&q=1937+Saigon+busy+port&pg=PA331 |title=The French Empire Between the Wars: Imperialism, Politics and Society |year=2007 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-7755-5 |language=en }}</ref>

In the 19th century, the French colonial administration worked to develop regular trading networks and an efficient transport infrastructure between Indochina and [[southwest China]].<ref name="chfer-persee2">[http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/geo_0003-4010_1924_num_33_185_9449 Les chemins de fer de l'Indochine française] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101152021/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/geo_0003-4010_1924_num_33_185_9449 |date=1 November 2013 }}. Arnaud Georges. In: [[Annales de Géographie]]. 1924, t. 33, n°185. pp. 501–503.</ref><ref name="vr-haiphong">{{cite web |url=http://www.vr.com.vn/Gioithieuvecacgacuadsvn/gahaiphong.htm |title=Ga Hải Phòng |access-date=30 June 2010 |language=vi |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214173515/http://www.vr.com.vn/Gioithieuvecacgacuadsvn/gahaiphong.htm |archive-date=14 December 2010 }}</ref> The primary motivation for such an effort was to facilitate export of European goods to China.<ref name=Rousseau>{{Cite journal |last=Rousseau |first=Jean-François |url= |title=An Imperial Railway Failure: The Indochina-Yunnan Railway, 1898–1941 |journal=Journal of Transport History |date=June 2014 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.7227/TJTH.35.1.2 |s2cid=111066738 }}</ref> A railway would also give France access to Yunnan's natural resources, mineral resources and opium, and open up the Chinese market for Indochinese products, such as rice, dry fish, wood and coal.<ref name=Rousseau/> Thus in the early 20th century, they completed the [[Kunming–Haiphong railway]] connecting the important port city of [[Haiphong]] with the [[Yunnan]]ese capital city of [[Kunming]].<ref name=Rousseau/>

In 1936, the [[North–South Railway (Vietnam)|Trans-Indochinois railway]] linking Hanoi and Saigon opened. Further improvements in the colony's transport infrastructures led to easier travel between France and Indochina. By 1939, it took no more than a month by ship to travel from [[Marseille]] to Saigon and around five days by aeroplane from Paris to Saigon. Underwater telegraph cables were installed in 1921.

As elsewhere in the world, the railways in French Indochina were the sites of active [[Labour union|union]] and labour organisation.<ref>David Del Testa, [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ip/sear/2011/00000019/00000004/art00006?crawler=true "Vietnamese railway workers during the revolutionary high tide."] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407023427/http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ip/sear/2011/00000019/00000004/art00006?crawler=true |date=7 April 2016 }} ''South East Asia Research'', Volume 19, Number 4, December 2011, pp. 787-816(30)</ref>

French settlers further added their influence on the colony by constructing buildings in the form of [[Beaux-Arts architecture|Beaux-Arts]] and added French-influenced landmarks, such as the [[Hanoi Opera House]] (modeled on the [[Palais Garnier]]), the [[St. Joseph's Cathedral, Hanoi|Hanoi St. Joseph's Cathedral]] (resembling the [[Notre Dame de Paris]]) and the [[Saigon Notre-Dame Basilica]]. The French colonists also built a number of cities and towns in Indochina which served various purposes from trading outposts to resort towns. The most notable examples include [[Sa Pa]] in northern Vietnam, [[Da Lat|Đà Lạt]] in central Vietnam and [[Pakse]] in Laos.

==Architectural legacy==
{{main|French colonial architecture}}

The governments of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia have previously been reluctant to promote their colonial architecture as an asset for tourism; however, in recent times, the new generation of local authorities has somewhat "embraced" the architecture and advertise it.<ref>The Country's Cultural and Tourist Center.</ref> The heaviest concentration of French-era buildings are in [[Hanoi]], [[Da Lat|Đà Lạt]], [[Haiphong]], [[Ho Chi Minh City]], [[Huế]], and various places in Cambodia and Laos such as [[Luang Prabang]], [[Vientiane]], [[Phnom Penh]], [[Battambang]], [[Kampot (city)|Kampot]], and [[Kep (town)|Kep]].<ref>Bailey.</ref>

== In popular culture ==
* In the [[Walt Disney Pictures|Walt Disney]] and Intermondia Films' film, ''Niok l'éléphant'', a young Khmer boy from the [[French protectorate of Cambodia]] in French Indochina 'adopts' a baby elephant and raises it as a pet. His father later sells it to a Chinese merchant. The boy recaptures the pachyderm, however, and frees it back into the jungle.
* The 1992 film ''[[Indochine (film)|Indochine]]'' tells the story of Éliane Devries, a French plantation owner, and of her adopted Vietnamese daughter, Camille, set against the backdrop of the rising Vietnamese nationalist movement.
* In [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]]'s 1939 ''[[Lady of the Tropics]]'', a freeloading American playboy falls in love with a local woman while visiting French Indochina with his girlfriend and her family on her father's yacht.

==See also==
* [[East Indies]]
* [[French Union]]
* [[List of governors-general of French Indochina]]
* [[Political administration of French Indochina]]
* [[List of French possessions and colonies]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|French Indochina}}
{{EB1922 poster|Indo-China, French|French Indochina}}
* {{in lang|en|fr}} ''[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2392 The Colonization of Indochina]'', from around 1892
* {{in lang|en|fr}} ''[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/310 Indochina]'', a tourism book published in 1910
* Pierre Brocheux: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/colonial_society_indochina/ Colonial Society (Indochina)], in: [https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/ 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War].
* [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb32697929f/date Annuaire général de l'Indo-Chine française] – [[BnF]] {{inlang|fr}}
{{French Indochina}}
{{Former French colonies}}
{{Vietnamese independence movement}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:French Indochina| ]]
[[Category:Former countries in Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:French colonisation in Asia|Indochina]]
[[Category:Former French colonies|Indochina]]
[[Category:Former countries in Vietnamese history]]
[[Category:Former countries in Cambodian history]]
[[Category:Former countries in Laotian history]]
[[Category:19th century in Vietnam]]
[[Category:20th century in Vietnam]]
[[Category:19th century in Cambodia]]
[[Category:20th century in Cambodia]]
[[Category:19th century in Laos]]
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[[Category:1887 establishments in French Indochina|*]]
[[Category:1945 disestablishments in French Indochina|*]]
[[Category:1954 disestablishments in French Indochina|*]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in Cambodia]]
[[Category:1953 disestablishments in Cambodia]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in Laos]]
[[Category:1953 disestablishments in Laos]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in Vietnam]]
[[Category:1954 disestablishments in Vietnam]]
[[Category:1887 establishments in the French colonial empire]]
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[[Category:New Imperialism]]
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[[Category:States and territories established in 1887]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1954]]

Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency

2026-02-19T02:44:02Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = farrukhabad {{Small|UP-40}}
| established = 1952
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Mukesh Rajput MP.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| mp = [[Mukesh Rajput]]
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Farrukhabad.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Aliganj Assembly constituency|Aliganj]] [[Kaimganj Assembly constituency|Kaimganj]] [[Amritpur Assembly constituency|Amritpur]] [[Farrukhabad Assembly constituency|Farrukhabad]] [[Bhojpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bhojpur]]
}}
'''Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in northern [[India]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Farrukhabad district]]

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following five [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/040_PC_Statistics_English.aspx|title=Information and Statistics-Parliamentary Constituencies-40-Farrukhabad|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh website}}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=503}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 Lead
|-
|103
|[[Aliganj Assembly constituency|Aliganj]]
|[[Etah district|Etah]]
|Satyapal Singh Rathore
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|192
|[[Kaimganj Assembly constituency|Kaimganj]] (SC)
|rowspan="4"| [[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
|[[Surabhi Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}
|-
|193
|[[Amritpur Assembly constituency|Amritpur]]
|[[Sushil Kumar Shakya]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|194
|[[Farrukhabad Assembly constituency|Farrukhabad]]
|[[Sunil Dutt Dwivedi]]
|-
|195
|[[Bhojpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Bhojpur]]
|Nagendra Singh Rathore
|-
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/parliamentary-constituencies/1951-election-results.html|title=1951 India General (1st Lok Sabha) Elections Results}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
|rowspan="2"| [[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Mulchand Dube]]{{efn|(Farrukhabad (North)}}
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|Venkatesh Narayan Tiwary{{efn|Farrukhabad (South)}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Mulchand Dube]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|1962^
|[[Ram Manohar Lohia]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"| Awadhesh Chandra Singh Rathore
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Daya Ram Shakya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Khurshed Alam Khan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|Santosh Bhartiya
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Salman Khurshid]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Sakshi Maharaj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Chandra Bhushan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Salman Khurshid]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|rowspan="3"| [[Mukesh Rajput]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}
^ by poll

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Farrukhabad]]<ref name="Lok Sabha 2024 Election Results: Farrukhabad">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha 2024 Election Results: Farrukhabad |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2440.htm |access-date=21 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221162324/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2440.htm |archive-date=21 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mukesh Rajput]]|party=Bharatiya Janta Party|votes=4,87,963|percentage=47.20|change={{down}}9.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Naval Kishor Shakya|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=4,85,285|percentage=46.94|change={{up}}46.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kranti Pandey|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=45,390|percentage=4.39|change={{down}}30.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[NOTA|None of the Above]]|votes=4,365 |percentage=0.42|change={{down}}0.32}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,678|percentage=0.26|change={{down}}21.84}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,33,794|percentage=59.17|change={{up}}0.45}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Farrukhabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Mukesh Rajput]]|votes=5,69,880|percentage=56.82|change=+14.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Manoj Agarwal|votes=3,48,178|percentage=34.72|change=+22.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Salman Khurshid]]|votes=55,258|percentage=5.51|change=-4.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=7,437|percentage=0.74|change=+0.54}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,21,702|percentage=22.10|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,03,241|percentage=58.72|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Farrukhabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Mukesh Rajput]]
|votes = 4,06,195
|percentage = 41.84
|change = +22.54
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Rameshwar Singh Yadav]]
|votes = 2,55,693
|percentage = 26.34
|change = +5.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Jaiveer Singh
|votes = 1,14,521
|percentage = 11.80
|change = -11.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Salman Khurshid]]
|votes = 95,543
|percentage = 9.84
|change = -17.88
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Sachin Singh Yadav
|votes = 58,703
|percentage = 6.05
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 1,986
| percentage = 0.20
| change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,50,502
|percentage = 15.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,70,749
|percentage = 60.15
|change = +13.37
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +20.21
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Lok Sabha election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Farrukhabad]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Salman Khurshid]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 1,69,351
|percentage = 27.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Naresh Chandra Agrawal]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,42,152
|percentage = 23.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = [[Chandra Bhushan Singh]]
| votes = 1,27,347
| percentage = 20.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Mithlesh Kumari
| votes = 1,17,951
| percentage = 19.30
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Kranti Party
| candidate = [[Sakshi Maharaj]]
| votes = 30,855
| percentage = 5.05
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,199
|percentage = 4.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,11,015
|percentage = 46.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Farrukhabad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Kanpur division topics}}

{{Coord|27.41|79.48|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Farrukhabad Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Farrukhabad district]]

History of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly

2026-02-15T09:36:21Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{Short description|none}}
{{#section:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Infobox}}


<section begin="Lead" />

The Legislative Assembly for the United Provinces was constituted for the first time on 1 April 1937 in accordance with the [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act, 1935]] with a strength of 228. The size of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly was decided as 403 members after the [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000]]. There is one nominated [[Anglo-Indian]] member in addition to 403 members.<ref name="ECI Delimitation order 2008">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India}}</ref> The first session of the provisional Uttar Pradesh Legislature under the new [[Constitution of India]] that established the country as a republic began on 2 February 1950. After the first elections the newly elected Assembly of Uttar Pradesh met on 19 May 1952. <section end="Lead" />

==Pre-independence==
The Legislative Assembly for the United Provinces was constituted for the first time on 1 April 1937 in accordance with the [[Government of India Act 1935|Government of India Act, 1935]]. The strength of the Assembly as stipulated under the Act of 1935 was 228 and its term was five years. [[Purushottam Das Tandon]] and Abdul Hakim were elected as Speaker and Deputy Speaker respectively on 31 July 1937.<ref name="auto">{{cite web |url=http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.html |title=Uttar Pradesh Legislature |access-date=21 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619093010/http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/UPLL.HTML |archive-date=19 June 2009 }}</ref>

==Post-independence==
After India became independent, the legislative assembly met for the first time on 3 November 1947. At its meeting on 4 November 1947, the legislative assembly adopted a resolution for the use of Hindi in all proceedings.

On 25 February 1948, the Assembly passed a resolution requesting the Governor to submit to the Governor General the request of the assembly to the effect that the High Court of Judicature at Allahabad and the Oudh Chief Court be amalgamated.

Another important resolution passed by the House on 18 October 1948 congratulated the Indian government and military on its successful [[Operation Polo|annexation of Hyderabad]].<ref name="auto"/>

==Post-1950==
The first session of the provisional Uttar Pradesh Legislature under the new [[Constitution of India]] that established the country as a republic began on 2 February 1950 with an address by Governor [[Homi Mody]] to both houses in the Assembly Hall. Prior to the commencement of the session, the governor administered the oath of office to [[Purushottam Das Tandon|P. D. Tandon]] and Chandra Bhal respectively in their respective chambers, thereafter all other members present took oath or made affirmation, as required by the Constitution, in their respective Houses.

An important legislative measure passed in 1950 was the U. P. Language (Bills and Acts) Act, 1950, which mandated that all bills and acts were to be written in Hindi with the [[Devanagari]] script. In 1951, the U. P. Official Language Act was passed, making Hindi with Devanagari script the language to be used for all official purposes of the state.

On 11 August 1950, Speaker Purshottam Das Tandon resigned{{citation needed|date=September 2016}} from his office. He was replaced by Deputy Speaker Nafisul Hasan on 21 December 1950. Upon his accession, he announced that he would not be take part in partisan politics as Speaker, unlike his predecessor.

[[Hargovind Pant]] was elected the Deputy Speaker on 4 January 1951.<ref name="auto"/>

After the first elections the newly elected Assembly of Uttar Pradesh met on 19 May 1952. On 20 May 1952, Atma Ram Govind Kher was elected the Speaker. Govind Kher speaking on the occasion, said that of the two different conventions set by his two predecessors in office in the matter of taking part in politics he would like to follow neither but would strive to follow a middle course in this regard. He said that he would not take part in active politics nor hold any office in the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] to which he belonged, but at the same time he would continue to be a member of that party and take part in non-controversial activities, particularly relating to social and developmental work.<ref name="auto"/>

==2008 Delimitation==
Until 1967, the Assembly was composed of 431 members, including one nominated Anglo-Indian member. According to the recommendation of the Delimitation Commission, which is appointed after every census, it was revised to 426. After the 2000 [[Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000|Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act]], which separated the new state of [[Uttarakhand]] from Uttar Pradesh, the size of the Assembly decreased to 403 members. It stayed at 403 + 1 in the delimitation of 2008 which incorporated the 2001 census data.<ref name="ECI Delimitation order 2008" /> One Assembly term lasts five years unless it is dissolved earlier. The Assembly also has the highest number of seats of any state legislature in India.

==List of Assemblies==

Following are the dates of constitution and dissolution of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly. First sitting date and date of completion of term for each [[Vidhan Sabha]] can be different from the constitution and dissolution dates (respectively).<ref name="Vidhan Sabha terms">{{cite news|title= Vidhan Sabha terms|publisher= U.P. Assembly website|url= http://www.uplegassembly.nic.in/CONSTITUTION%20%20&%20DISSOLUTION.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130820094305/http://uplegassembly.nic.in/CONSTITUTION%20%20%26%20DISSOLUTION.htm|archive-date= 20 August 2013|df= dmy-all}}</ref><section begin="Assembly List"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Vidhan Sabha !! Constitution !! Dissolution !! Days
|-
| [[First Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|1st]] || 20 May 1952 || 31 March 1957 || 1,776
|-
|[[2nd Uttar Pradesh Assembly|2nd]] || 1 April 1957 || 6 March 1962 || 1,800
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|3rd]]|| 7 March 1962 || 9 March 1967 || 1,828
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|4th]]|| 10 March 1967 || 15 April 1968 || 402
|-
|[[5th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|5th]] || 26 February 1969 || 4 March 1974 || 1,832
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|6th]]|| 4 March 1974 || 30 April 1977 || 1,153
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|7th]]|| 23 June 1977 || 17 February 1980 || 969
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|8th]]|| 9 June 1980 || 10 March 1985 || 1,735
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|9th]]|| 10 March 1985 || 29 November 1989 || 1,725
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|10th]]|| 2 December 1989 || 4 April 1991 || 488
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|11th]]|| 22 June 1991 || 6 December 1992 || 533
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|12th]]|| 4 December 1993 || 28 October 1995 || 693
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|13th]]|| 17 October 1996 || 7 March 2002 || 1,967
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|14th]]|| 26 February 2002 || 13 May 2007 || 1,902
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|15th]]|| 13 May 2007 || 9 March 2012 || 1,762
|-
| [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th]] || 8 March 2012 || 11 March 2017 ||1,829
|-
| [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th]]
|19 March 2017
|12 March 2022
|1,834
|-
|[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th]]
|29 March 2022
| -
|{{Ayd|29 March 2022}}
|}<section end="Assembly List" />

== Election results ==
[[File:India UP.svg|thumb|Uttar Pradesh]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[Uttar Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Result.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/#up-date|title=UP Election Results}}</ref><ref name="eci.nic.in">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |title=TitlePage_UP-96.PDF |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf |title=Qrylistofparticipatingpoliticalparties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf |title=List Of Political Parties |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |title=Statistics |website=eci.nic.in }}</ref>
! rowspan="2" |Party
! colspan="18" |Years
|-
![[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
![[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
![[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
![[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
![[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2002|2002]]
!1996
!1993
!1991
!1989
!1985
!1980
!1977
!1974
!1969
!1967
!1962
!1957
![[First Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|1951]]
|-
|[[Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha]] (ABHM)
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress|Akhil Bhartiya Loktantrik Congress]] (ABLTC)
|
|
|
|1
|2
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]] (RRP)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|-
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)]]
|12
|9
|1
|
|3
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|All India Bhartiya Jan Sangh (BJS)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|17
|2
|-
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|Bharatiya Jan Sangh]] (BJS)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|61
|49
|98
|
|
|
|-
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP)
|1
|19
|80
|206
|98
|67
|67
|12
|13
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]
|255
|312
|47
|51
|88
|174
|177
|221
|57
|16
|11
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] (BKD)
|
|
|
|
|
|8
|
|
|
|
|
|
|106
|98
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|3
|4
|6
|6
|7
|9
|16
|80
|13
|14
|9
|
|-
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] [CPI(M)]
|
|
|
|
|2
|4
|1
|1
|2
|2
|
|1
|2
|1
|1
|
|
|
|-
|Hindu Maha Sabha (HMS)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|
|
|2
|
|
|-
|[[Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)]]
|2
|7
|28
|22
|25
|33
|28
|46
|94
|269
|309
|47
|215
|211
|199
|249
|286
|388
|-
|Jan Sangh (JS)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|49
|
|
|-
|[[Janata Dal]] (JD)
|
|
|
|
|
|7
|27
|92
|208
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Janata Party]] (JP / JNP)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|34
|1
|20
|4
|352
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Janata Party (Secular) - Ch. Charan Singh – JNP(SC)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|59
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Lok Dal (LKD)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|84
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Nirbal Indian Shoshit Hamara Aam Dal
|6
|1
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Peace Party of India|Peace Party]] (PECP)
|
|
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] (RLD)
|8
|1
|9
|10
|14
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Samajwadi Party]] (SP)
|111
|47
|224
|97
|143
|110
|109
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Samyukta Socialist Party (SSP)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|33
|
|
|
|
|-
|Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|6
|4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|Swatantra Party (SWA)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|1
|5
|12
|15
|
|
|-
|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (IND)
|2
|3
|6
|9
|16
|13
|8
|7
|40
|23
|17
|16
|5
|18
|37
|31
|74
|15
|-
|'''Total Seats'''
|'''403'''
|'''403'''
|'''403'''
|'''403'''
|'''403'''
|'''424'''
|'''425'''
|'''425'''
|'''425'''
|'''425'''
|'''425'''
|'''425'''
|'''424'''
|'''425'''
|'''425'''
|'''430'''
|'''430'''
|'''430'''
|}
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*[http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/english/index.html History of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]

==External links==
* [http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]

{{Legislatures of India}}
{{Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26|50|37|N|80|56|39|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly| ]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Legislature]]

2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference

2026-02-15T05:18:55Z

BharatpediaContributor: typo fix

{{Short description|Diplomatic summit resulting in the Paris Agreement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020|cs1-dates=y}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2015 United Nations {{nowrap|Climate Change Conference}}
| image = 2015 Climate Conference.svg
| image_size = 220px
| date = {{start date|2015|11|30|df=y}}– {{end date|2015|12|12|df=y}}
| place = [[Le Bourget]] in the suburbs of [[Paris]], [[France]]
| coordinates = 
| also known as = COP21 ([[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]]) CMP11 ([[Kyoto Protocol]])
| participants = Parties to the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]]
| blank1_label = Previous event
| blank1_data = [[2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference|← Lima 2014]]
| blank2_label = Next event
| blank2_data = [[2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Marrakech 2016 →]]
| website = [http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en Venue site] [http://unfccc.int/meetings/paris_nov_2015/meeting/8926.php UNFCCC site]
}}

The '''2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference''', '''COP 21''' or '''CMP 11''' was held in Paris, France, from 30 November to 12 December 2015.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jepsen |display-authors=etal |first1=Henrik |title=Negotiating the Paris Agreement: The Insider Stories |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/negotiating-the-paris-agreement/660C5CB692E6AE32FE9244374CD1EF39 |date=2021 |isbn=9781108886246 |access-date=2022-12-10 |archive-date=2022-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210111459/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/negotiating-the-paris-agreement/660C5CB692E6AE32FE9244374CD1EF39 |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the 21st yearly session of the [[United Nations Climate Change conference|Conference of the Parties]] (COP) to the 1992 [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) and the 11th session of the Meeting of the Parties (CMP) to the 1997 [[Kyoto Protocol]].<ref>{{cite web|title=19th Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UNFCCC|url=http://climate-l.iisd.org/events/conference-of-the-parties-to-the-unfccc/|publisher=[[International Institute for Sustainable Development]]|access-date=20 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213135550/http://climate-l.iisd.org/events/conference-of-the-parties-to-the-unfccc/|archive-date=13 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The conference negotiated the [[Paris Agreement]], a global agreement on the reduction of [[climate change]], the text of which represented a consensus of the representatives of the 196 attending parties.<ref name=CNN>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/ |title=Final draft of climate deal formally accepted in Paris |last1=Sutter |first1=John D. |last2=Berlinger |first2=Joshua |date=12 December 2015 |website=CNN |publisher=Cable News Network, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212145741/http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/ |archive-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The agreement was due to enter into force when joined by at least 55 countries which together represented at least 55 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions,<ref name="FCCC_CP_2015_L9_Rev1"/><ref name="NYT-20151128">{{cite news |author=The Editorial Board |title=What the Paris Climate Meeting Must Do |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/opinion/sunday/what-the-paris-climate-meeting-must-do.html |date=28 November 2015 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151129034132/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/opinion/sunday/what-the-paris-climate-meeting-must-do.html |archive-date=29 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Borenstein |first=Seth |title=Earth is a wilder, warmer place since last climate deal made |url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151129/eu-climate-countdown-since-1997-edf9d62e51.html |date=29 November 2015 |access-date=29 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151202040332/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151129/eu-climate-countdown-since-1997-edf9d62e51.html |archive-date=2 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> a target reached on 4 November 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Yeo|first=Sophie|date=6 October 2016|title=Explainer: Paris Agreement on climate change to 'enter into force'|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force|access-date=8 May 2021|website=Carbon Brief|language=en|archive-date=2021-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508084316/https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-paris-agreement-to-enter-into-force|url-status=live}}</ref> On 22 April 2016 ([[Earth Day]]), 174 countries signed the agreement in New York,<ref>{{cite web|author1=Pamela Falk|title=U.S. joins 174 nations to sign hard-won climate pact|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-climate-pact-un-signing-ceremony-paris-agreement-cop21/|website=CBSNEWS|access-date=9 November 2016|date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026133325/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/us-climate-pact-un-signing-ceremony-paris-agreement-cop21/|archive-date=26 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> and began adopting it within their own legal systems (through [[Ratification#Ratification of an international treaty|ratification]], acceptance, approval, or accession).

According to the organizing committee at the outset of the talks,<ref>[http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/learn/what-is-cop21/ What is COP21?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210193406/http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en/learn/what-is-cop21/ |date=10 December 2015 }} access date 30 November 2015</ref> the expected key result was an agreement to set a goal of limiting [[global warming]] to "well below 2 °C" [[Celsius]] compared to pre-industrial levels. The agreement calls for zero net anthropogenic [[greenhouse gas emissions]] to be reached during the second half of the 21st century. In the adopted version of the Paris Agreement,<ref name="FCCC_CP_2015_L9_Rev1"/> the parties will also "pursue efforts to" limit the temperature increase to 1.5 °C.<ref name=CNN/> The 1.5 °C goal will require zero emissions sometime between 2030 and 2050, according to some scientists.<ref name=CNN/>

Prior to the conference, 146 national climate panels publicly presented a draft of national climate contributions (called "[[Intended Nationally Determined Contribution]]s", INDCs). These suggested commitments were estimated to limit global warming to 2.7 °C by 2100.<ref>[http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/indc-synthesis-report-press-release/ New UN Report Synthesizes National Climate Plans from 146 Countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121907/http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/indc-synthesis-report-press-release/ |date=8 December 2015 }}, UNFCCC 30 October 2015</ref> For example, the [[EU]] suggested INDC is a commitment to a 40 percent reduction in emissions by 2030 compared to 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url-status=dead |url=http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Latvia/1/LV-03-06-EU%20INDC.pdf |title=Intended Nationally Determined Contribution of the EU and its Member States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010232835/http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Latvia/1/LV-03-06-EU%20INDC.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2015 |date=6 March 2015 |website=UNFCCC }}</ref> The agreement establishes a "[[global stocktake]]" which revisits the national goals to "update and enhance" them every five years beginning 2023.<ref name="FCCC_CP_2015_L9_Rev1"/> However, no detailed timetable or country-specific goals for emissions were incorporated into the Paris Agreement – as opposed to the previous [[Kyoto Protocol]].

A number of meetings took place in preparation for COP21, including the [[Bonn]] Climate Change Conference, 19 to 23 October 2015, which produced a draft agreement.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Bonn Climate Change Conference | date = October 2015 | url = http://unfccc.int/meetings/bonn_oct_2015/meeting/8924.php | website = United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | access-date = 15 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160123014706/https://unfccc.int/meetings/bonn_oct_2015/meeting/8924.php | archive-date = 23 January 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Background==
{{Pie chart
| caption= Global [[List of countries by carbon dioxide emissions|carbon dioxide emissions]] by country in 2015.
| other = yes
| label1 = China
| value1 = 29.5 | color1=#E33
| label2 = US
| value2 = 14.3 | color2=#1A9
| label3 = EU
| value3 = 9.6 | color3=#36A
| label4 = India
| value4 = 6.8 | color4=#CC5
| label5 = Russia
| value5 = 4.9 | color5=#E72
| label6 = Japan
| value6 = 3.5 | color6=#928
}}
[[File:Co2-1990-2012.svg|thumb|350px|Shows the top 40 CO2 emitting countries and related in the world in 1990 and 2012, including per capita figures. The data is taken from the [http://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/overview.php?v=CO2ts1990-2013 EU Edgar database].]]

According to the organizing committee of the summit in Paris, the objective of the 2015 conference was to achieve, for the first time in over 20 years of UN negotiations, a binding and universal agreement on climate.<ref name=dipl>{{cite web | url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy-1/sustainable-development-1097/21st-conference-of-the-parties-on/article/issues-and-reasons-behind-the | title=Issues and reasons behind the French offer to host the 21st Conference of the Parties on Climate Change 2015 | publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs | date=22 May 2013 | access-date=31 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101206/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy-1/sustainable-development-1097/21st-conference-of-the-parties-on/article/issues-and-reasons-behind-the | archive-date=2 February 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Pope Francis]] published an [[encyclical letter]] called ''[[Laudato si']]'' intended, in part, to influence the conference. The encyclical calls for action against climate change: "Humanity is called to recognize the need for changes of lifestyle, production and consumption, in order to combat this warming or at least the human causes which produce or aggravate it."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html|title=Laudato si', section 23 |website=The Holy See - Francis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225922/http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclica-laudato-si.html|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[International Trade Union Confederation]] has called for the goal to be "zero carbon, zero poverty", and its general secretary [[Sharan Burrow]] has repeated that there are "no jobs on a dead planet".

==Location and participation==
[[File:JCH 6442 (22802505643).jpg|thumb|left|The heads of delegations from left to right: [[Enrique Peña Nieto]], [[François Hollande]], [[Angela Merkel]], [[Michelle Bachelet]]]]

The location of UNFCCC talks is rotated by regions throughout [[United Nations]] countries. The 2015 conference was held at [[Le Bourget]] from 30 November<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy-1/sustainable-development-1097/21st-conference-of-the-parties-on/article/france-confirmed-as-host-of-2015 | title=France confirmed as host of 2015 Climate Conference | publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs | date=22 November 2013 | access-date=31 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101208/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/french-foreign-policy-1/sustainable-development-1097/21st-conference-of-the-parties-on/article/france-confirmed-as-host-of-2015 | archive-date=2 February 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> to 12 December 2015.

To some extent, France served as a model country for delegates attending COP21 because it is one of the few developed countries in the world to decarbonize electricity production and fossil fuel energy while still providing a high standard of living.<ref>Guivarch, Celine and Hallegatte, S., 2C or Not 2C? 19 January 2012. FEEM Working Paper No. 87.2011. {{doi|10.2139/ssrn.1988201}}</ref> As of 2012, France generated over 90% of its electricity from zero carbon sources, including nuclear, hydroelectric, and wind.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/elec-mix-bar | title=Electricity generation from fossil fuels, nuclear and renewables, 2024 | website=[[Our World in Data]]}}</ref>

The conference took place two weeks after a [[November 2015 Paris attacks|series of terrorist attacks]] in the [[10th arrondissement of Paris|10th]] and [[11th arrondissement of Paris|11th]] [[Arrondissements of Paris|Arrondissements]] of Paris, as well as in [[Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]. Martial law was declared and national security was tightened accordingly, with 30,000 police officers and 285 security checkpoints deployed across the country until after the conference ended.<ref>{{citation |url=https://time.com/4113215/paris-attacks-climate-conference/ |title=Paris Climate Conference to Proceed with Heightened Security After Attacks |date=14 November 2015 |last=Worland |first=Justin |publisher=Time Inc. |access-date=4 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216005037/http://time.com/4113215/paris-attacks-climate-conference/ |archive-date=16 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The European Union and 195 nations (''see list in reference'')<ref name=unfcc>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php|title=Status of Ratification of the Convention|access-date=15 December 2015|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111035327/http://unfccc.int/essential_background/convention/status_of_ratification/items/2631.php|archive-date=11 November 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> were the participating parties.

==Negotiations process==
[[File: GUSTAVO-CAMACHO-GONZALEZ-L1060274 (23430273715).jpg|thumb|COP 21: Heads of delegations]]

The overarching goal of the Convention is to reduce [[greenhouse gas emissions]] to limit the global temperature increase. Since COP 17 this increase is set at {{convert|2|C-change}} above pre-industrial levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Schedule of Events |url=http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/warsaw_nov_2013/application/pdf/cop19cmp9_overview_schedule.pdf |publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |access-date=12 November 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112055835/http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/warsaw_nov_2013/application/pdf/cop19cmp9_overview_schedule.pdf |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref> However, [[Christiana Figueres]] acknowledged in the closing briefing at the [[2012 United Nations Climate Change Conference|2012 Doha conference]]: "The current pledges under the second commitment period of the Kyoto protocol are clearly not enough to guarantee that the temperature will stay below 2 °C and there is an ever increasing gap between the action of countries and what the science tells us."

During previous climate negotiations, countries agreed to outline actions they intended to take within a global agreement, by 1 October 2015. These commitments are known as [[Intended Nationally Determined Contributions]] or INDCs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wri.org/indc-definition |title=What is an INDC? | World Resources Institute |publisher=Wri.org |date=10 November 2015 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063240/http://www.wri.org/indc-definition |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Together, the INDCs would reduce global warming from an estimated 4–5 °C (by 2100) to 2.7 °C, and reduce emissions per capita by 9% by 2030, while providing hope in the eyes of the conference organizers for further reductions in the future that would allow meeting a 2 °C target.<ref>Nick Nuttall, [http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/indc-synthesis-report-press-release/ Global Response to Climate Change Keeps Door Open to 2 Degree C Temperature Limit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208121907/http://newsroom.unfccc.int/unfccc-newsroom/indc-synthesis-report-press-release/ |date=8 December 2015 }}, UNFCCC press office, 30 October 2015.</ref>

Think-tanks such as the [[World Pensions & Investments Forum|World Pensions Council (WPC)]] argued that the keys to success lay in convincing officials in the U.S. and China, by far the two largest national emitters:
"As long as policy makers in Washington and Beijing didn't put all their political capital behind the adoption of ambitious carbon-emission capping targets, the laudable efforts of other G20 governments often remained in the realm of pious wishes. Things changed for the better on 12 November 2014 when President Obama and General Secretary Xi Jinping agreed to limit greenhouse gases emissions."<ref>{{cite news |first1=M. Nicolas J. |last1=Firzli |title=Climate: Renewed Sense of Urgency in Washington and Beijing |url=http://action.shareaction.org/page/-/ClimateCapitalStewardshipFosteringMorePensionEngagement.pdf |access-date=6 January 2016 |work=Analyse Financière |date=September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222161134/http://action.shareaction.org/page/-/ClimateCapitalStewardshipFosteringMorePensionEngagement.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

President [[Obama]] insisted on America's essential role in that regard: "We've led by example ... from Alaska to the Gulf Coast to the Great Plains ... we've seen the longest streak of private job creation in our history. We've driven our economic output to all time-highs while driving our carbon pollution down to its lowest level in nearly two decades. And then, with our historic joint announcement with China last year, we showed it was possible to bridge the old divide between developed and developing nations that had stymied global progress for so long ... That was the foundation for success in Paris."<ref>{{cite news |author1=President Obama |title=President Obama's Statement on Climate Change |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/climate-change |access-date=30 December 2015 |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |date=12 December 2015 }}</ref> Harvard University published a case study on one aspect of the negotiations, focussing on the protection of forests.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://case.hks.harvard.edu/negotiating-toward-the-paris-accords-wwf-the-role-of-forests-in-the-2015-climate-agreement/|title=Negotiating Toward the Paris Accords: WWF & the Role of Forests in the 2015 Climate Agreement|access-date=2020-08-18 |archive-date=2021-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329181746/https://case.hks.harvard.edu/negotiating-toward-the-paris-accords-wwf-the-role-of-forests-in-the-2015-climate-agreement/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Outcome==
{{Main|Paris Agreement}}
On 12 December 2015, the participating 196 countries agreed, by consensus, to the final<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459464621/final-draft-of-world-climate-agreement-goes-to-a-vote-in-paris-saturday |title=Nearly 200 Nations Adopt Climate Agreement At COP21 Talks In Paris |last1=Chappel |first1=Bill |date=12 December 2015 |website=NPR |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212185306/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/12/12/459464621/final-draft-of-world-climate-agreement-goes-to-a-vote-in-paris-saturday |archive-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> global pact, the [[Paris Agreement]], to reduce emissions as part of the method for reducing greenhouse gas. In the 12-page document,<ref name="FCCC_CP_2015_L9_Rev1"/> the members agreed to reduce their carbon output "as soon as possible" and to do their best to keep global warming "to well below 2 degrees C".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cop21-climate-change-talks-saturday-announced-1.3362354 |title='Historic' Paris climate deal adopted |author=no byline |date=12 December 2015 |website=CBC News |publisher=CBC/Radio Canada |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212162432/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cop21-climate-change-talks-saturday-announced-1.3362354 |archive-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the course of the debates, island states of the Pacific, the Seychelles, but also the Philippines, their very existence threatened by sea level rise, had strongly voted for setting a goal of 1.5 °C instead of only 2 °C.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Pacific countries that need the Paris 1.5C temperature rise agreement to 'stay alive' |date=12 December 2015 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cop21-the-marshall-islands-and-other-pacific-countries-paris-need-the-15c-temperature-rise-agreement-a6770766.html |newspaper=Independent |location=London, England |access-date=6 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404050552/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/cop21-the-marshall-islands-and-other-pacific-countries-paris-need-the-15c-temperature-rise-agreement-a6770766.html |archive-date=4 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Will '1.5 to stay alive' deal be enough to save Seychelles?|date=12 December 2015|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/climate-change-seychelles-cop21-economy-collapse|newspaper=The Guardian|location=London, England|access-date=6 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416133835/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/climate-change-seychelles-cop21-economy-collapse|archive-date=16 April 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
France's Foreign Minister, [[Laurent Fabius]], said this "ambitious and balanced" plan was an "historic turning point" in the goal of reducing global warming.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-summit-idUSKBN0TV04L20151212#gVKudBATCD0EGdxL.97 |title=World seals landmark climate accord, marking turn from fossil fuels |last1=Doyle |first1=Allister |last2=Lewis |first2=Barbara |date=12 December 2015 |website=Reuters |publisher=Thomson Reuters |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212070457/http://www.reuters.com/article/us-climatechange-summit-idUSKBN0TV04L20151212#gVKudBATCD0EGdxL.97 |archive-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, some others criticized the fact that significant sections are "promises" or aims and not firm commitments by the countries.<ref>{{cite news |last=Milman |first=Oliver |date=12 December 2015 |title=James Hansen, father of climate change awareness, calls Paris talks 'a fraud' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/james-hansen-climate-change-paris-talks-fraud |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, England |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214001649/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/12/james-hansen-climate-change-paris-talks-fraud |archive-date=14 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

COP 21 also adopted Decisions 16-18/CP.21, which complement the [[Warsaw Framework on REDD-plus]] by adding guidance on alternative policy approaches, non-carbon benefits, and safeguards-related matters for [[REDD+]] (''see [[Cancún safeguards]]'').<ref name="UNFCCC_COP21_Decisions_Add3">{{cite report
|title=Report of the Conference of the Parties on its twenty-first session, held in Paris from 30 November to 13 December 2015 - Addendum - Part two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its twenty-first session
|publisher=United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
|url=https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a03.pdf
|format=PDF
}}</ref><ref name="UNFCCC_WarsawFactsheet">{{cite web
|title=Warsaw Framework for REDD+
|website=UNFCCC REDD+ Web Platform
|url=https://redd.unfccc.int/fact-sheets/warsaw-framework-for-redd.html
}}</ref>

On 4th June 2024, the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) opened in Dubai, marking an important event in the timeline of the Paris Agreement. The conference concluded the global stocktake, a process evaluating the progress made on the Paris Agreement. The assessment exposed that the current attempts are insufficient to limit the global warming to the target of 1.5°C, highlighting the need for accelerated climate action. There were strong emphases on the need for more climate finance and collaboration to reach climate goals during the conference.<ref>{{cite web |date=4 June 2024 |title=COP28 Opens in Dubai |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-67143989 |access-date=4 June 2024 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

===Non-binding commitments, lack of enforcement mechanisms===
The Agreement will not become binding on its member states until 55 parties who produce over 55% of the world's greenhouse gas have ratified the Agreement. There is doubt whether some countries, especially the United States,<ref>{{cite news |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |date=12 December 2015 |title=Obama praises Paris climate deal as 'tribute to American leadership' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/12/obama-speech-paris-climate-change-talks-deal-american-leadership |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London, England |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126030842/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/dec/12/obama-speech-paris-climate-change-talks-deal-american-leadership |archive-date=26 November 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> will agree to do so, though the United States publicly committed, in a joint Presidential Statement with China, to joining the Agreement in 2016.<ref name=CNN/>

Each country that ratifies the agreement will be required to set a target for emission reduction or limitation, called a "nationally determined contribution", or NDC, but the amount will be voluntary.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/index.html?eref=rss_topstories |title=Obama: Climate agreement 'best chance we have' to save the planet |last1=Sutter |first1=John D. |last2=Berlinger |first2=Joshua |date=12 December 2015 |website=CNN |publisher=CNN Network, Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213082201/http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/12/world/global-climate-change-conference-vote/index.html?eref=rss_topstories |archive-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC-20151214"/> There will be neither a mechanism to force<ref>{{cite news |last=Reguly |first=Eric |date=14 December 2015 |title=Paris climate accord marks shift toward low-carbon economy |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/optimism-in-paris-as-final-draft-of-global-climate-deal-tabled/article27739122/ |newspaper=Globe and Mail |location=Toronto, Canada |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213170301/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/optimism-in-paris-as-final-draft-of-global-climate-deal-tabled/article27739122/ |archive-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> a country to set a target by a specific date nor enforcement measures if a set target is not met.<ref name="BBC-20151214">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35092127 |title=COP21: What does the Paris climate agreement mean for me? |first=Mark |last=Kinver |date=14 December 2015 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214130942/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35092127 |archive-date=14 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html |title=Nations Approve Landmark Climate Accord in Paris |last=Davenport |first=Coral |date=12 December 2015 |website=New York Times|access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214090225/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-change-accord-paris.html |archive-date=14 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> There will be only a "name and shame" system<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/paris-climate-deal-what-the-agreement-means-for-india-and-the-world/story-U7TWH8dusBqRV8pzmqDG8M.html|title=Paris climate deal: What the agreement means for India and the world|access-date=14 December 2015|date=14 December 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151214182821/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/paris-climate-deal-what-the-agreement-means-for-india-and-the-world/story-U7TWH8dusBqRV8pzmqDG8M.html|archive-date=14 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> or, as [[János Pásztor (diplomat)|János Pásztor]], the U.N. assistant secretary-general on climate change, told [[CBS News]], a "name and encourage" plan.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cop21-climate-change-conference-final-draft-historic-plan/ |title=Climate negotiators strike deal to slow global warming |author=no byline |date=12 December 2015 |website=CBS News |publisher=CBS Interactive Inc. |access-date=14 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213054835/http://www.cbsnews.com/news/cop21-climate-change-conference-final-draft-historic-plan/ |archive-date=13 December 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Some analysts have also observed that the stated objectives of the Paris Agreement are implicitly "predicated upon an assumption – that [[member states of the United Nations]], including high polluters such as China, US, India, Canada, Russia, Indonesia and Australia, which generate more than half the world's greenhouse gas emissions, will somehow drive down their carbon pollution voluntarily and assiduously without any binding enforcement mechanism to measure and control CO2 emissions at any level from factory to state, and without any specific penalty gradation or fiscal pressure (for example a [[carbon tax]]) to discourage bad behaviour."<ref>{{cite news|author1=M. Nicolas J. Firzli|title=Investment Governance: The Real Fight against Emissions is Being Waged by Markets|url=http://www.efinancialnews.com/story/2016-01-25/un-climate-conference-cop21-laurent-fabius-carbon-emissions-calpers-calstrs|work=Dow Jones Financial News|date=25 January 2016|access-date=2 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126084755/http://www.efinancialnews.com/story/2016-01-25/un-climate-conference-cop21-laurent-fabius-carbon-emissions-calpers-calstrs|archive-date=26 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Institutional investors' contribution to limiting fossil fuels===
Speaking at the [[World Pensions & Investments Forum|5th annual World Pensions Forum]] held on the sidelines of the COP21 Summit, [[Earth Institute]] Director [[Jeffrey Sachs]] argued that [[institutional investor]]s would eventually divest from carbon-reliant firms if they could not react to political and regulatory efforts to halt climate change: "Every energy company in a [[pension fund]]'s portfolio needs to be scrutinized from purely a financial view about its future, 'Why is this [a company] we would want to hold over a five- to 20-year period?'... If we continue to hold major energy companies that don't have an answer to a basic financial test, we are just gambling. We have to take a [[fiduciary]] responsibility – these are not good bets."<ref>{{cite news|author1=Andrew Pearce|title=Jeffrey Sachs: Fund Managers Have a Duty to Dump Fossil Fuels|url=http://www.efinancialnews.com/story/2015-12-07/sachs222|access-date=16 December 2015|work=Financial News|date=6 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223001425/http://www.efinancialnews.com/story/2015-12-07/sachs222|archive-date=23 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

Some US policy makers concurred, notably [[Al Gore]], insisting that "no agreement is perfect, and this one must be strengthened over time, but groups across every sector of society will now begin to reduce dangerous carbon pollution through the framework of this agreement."<ref>{{cite news|author1=John Vidal|title=Paris Climate Agreement 'May Signal End of Fossil Fuel Era'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/paris-climate-agreement-signal-end-of-fossil-fuel-era|access-date=16 December 2015|work=The Guardian|date=13 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104044338/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/13/paris-climate-agreement-signal-end-of-fossil-fuel-era|archive-date=4 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Declarations of non-state parties==
[[File:-1heart1tree - Tour Eiffel à -Paris - Eiffel Tower - COP 21 (22779585433).jpg|thumb|[[Eiffel Tower]] illuminated in green in response to the ''One heart, One tree'' campaign]]
As is usual before such major conferences, major NGOs and groups of governments have drafted and published a wide variety of declarations they intend to seek a consensus on, at the Paris conference itself. These include at least the following major efforts:
* [[ICLEI]] at its World Congress, launched the new '''Transformative Actions Program (TAP)''' intended to progress local and subnational action ahead of COP21<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transport2020.org/newsitem/3286/iclei-world-congress-2015-sees-mayors-commit-ahead-of-paris-cop-21 |title=ICLEI World Congress 2015 sees Mayors commit ahead of Paris COP 21 - Bridging the Gap |publisher=Transport2020.org |date=15 April 2015 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030537/http://www.transport2020.org/newsitem/3286/iclei-world-congress-2015-sees-mayors-commit-ahead-of-paris-cop-21 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to build on its 2005 COP11 (Montreal summit) commitments,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.iclei.org/documents/events/montreal_summit/declaration/World_Mayors_and_Municipal_Leaders_Declaration_on_Climate_Change_English.pdf |title=World Mayors and Municipal Leaders Declaration on Climate Change |publisher=Archive.iclei.org |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024152/http://archive.iclei.org/documents/events/montreal_summit/declaration/World_Mayors_and_Municipal_Leaders_Declaration_on_Climate_Change_English.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Triple Bottom Line]] framework arising from that, and other local efforts.
** ''European capital and large cities for climate action en route to COP 21 Declaration'', adopted 26 March 2015 by "representatives of EU capitals and large cities of 28 EU Member States at the Mayors Meeting organized by [[Anne Hidalgo]], Mayor of Paris, and [[Ignazio Marino]], Mayor of Rome, who argue that "urban areas exposed to climate change are also essential innovation testing zones",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/service/gesetzestexte/de/download/beschaffung/2015_03_declaration_en.pdf |title=European capital and large cities for climate action en route to COP 21 |publisher=Stadtentwicklung.berlin.de |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022949/http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/service/gesetzestexte/de/download/beschaffung/2015_03_declaration_en.pdf |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> which is the focus of the ICLEI mechanisms, metrics and 2005 declaration.
* Private, corporate and private-public partnerships
** At the World Summit of Regions for Climate (WSRC) in Paris 2014, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], the Founder of [[R20 Regions of Climate Action|R20]], invited a coalition of governments, businesses and investors to sign a draft "Paris Declaration" at World Climate Summit in Lima 2014, World Green Economy Summit 2015 in Dubai and COP21.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://regions-climate.org/declaration/ |title=World Summit of Regions for Climate |publisher=Regions-climate.org |date=11 October 2014 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117025629/http://regions-climate.org/declaration/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** '''[[The Shift Project]]''' by French business organizations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://theshiftproject.org/this-article/the-shift-project-signs-a-declaration-in-preparation-for-the-cop-21 |title=signs a declaration in preparation for the COP 21 |publisher=The Shift Project |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117020950/http://theshiftproject.org/this-article/the-shift-project-signs-a-declaration-in-preparation-for-the-cop-21 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Indigenous peoples]] efforts include:
** '''Asian indigenous peoples declaration'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aippnet.org/index.php/statements/1565-asia-indigenous-peoples-declaration-on-the-21st-session-of-the-unfccc-conference-of-parties-cop21 |title=Asia Indigenous Peoples' Declaration on the 21st Session of the UNFCCC-Conference of Parties (COP21) |publisher=Aippnet.org |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022057/http://www.aippnet.org/index.php/statements/1565-asia-indigenous-peoples-declaration-on-the-21st-session-of-the-unfccc-conference-of-parties-cop21 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** [[IPACC]] acting for African indigenous peoples<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipacc.org.za/eng/default.asp |title=Indigenous Peoples of Africa Co-ordinating Committee |publisher=IPACC |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117023807/http://www.ipacc.org.za/eng/default.asp |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in particular but also worldwide<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ipcca.info/ipcca-note-looking-ahead-cop21-state-of-negotiations-on-the-indigenous-peoples-agenda |title=Looking ahead COP21: State of negotiations on the Indigenous Peoples' agenda |publisher=IPCCA |date=11 September 2015 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063957/http://ipcca.info/ipcca-note-looking-ahead-cop21-state-of-negotiations-on-the-indigenous-peoples-agenda |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** A vast range of groups and peoples "seeking presence in post-2015" development, e.g. the Centre for Autonomy and Development of Indigenous People in Nicaragua<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/09/indigenous-peoples-seek-presence-in-post-2015-development-agenda/ |first1=Gloria |last1=Schiavi |title=Indigenous Peoples Seek Presence in Post-2015 Development Agenda |publisher=Inter Press Service |date=4 September 2014 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117063245/http://www.ipsnews.net/2014/09/indigenous-peoples-seek-presence-in-post-2015-development-agenda/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
** Many indigenous polities and sovereignties seeking recognition under the [[Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf |title=United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples |publisher=UN |date=March 2008 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106082402/http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unpfii/documents/DRIPS_en.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> who demanded recognition and change also in 2014 at the [[2014 United Nations Climate Change Conference]] in Lima.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.forestpeoples.org/topics/un-framework-convention-climate-change-unfccc/news/2014/12/summary-indigenous-people-s-demand |title=Summary of Indigenous People's Demands for UNFCCC CoP20, Lima, Peru |publisher=Forest Peoples Programme |date=1 December 2014 |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032817/http://www.forestpeoples.org/topics/un-framework-convention-climate-change-unfccc/news/2014/12/summary-indigenous-people-s-demand |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015 this will include those with specific grievances, e.g. the [[Wabanaki Confederacy]] in its opposition to [[hydraulic fracturing]] and [[Energy East]], has announced it will send a diplomatic representative regarding events in 2013 in [[New Brunswick]] that highlighted the relative imbalance of power to resist [[fossil fuel]] corporations even on unceded lands:
*** "Canada is the home to 75% of the worlds {{sic}} mining corporations, and they have tended to have relative impunity in the Canadian Courts" - [[Winona LaDuke]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://earthfirstjournal.org/newswire/2013/07/02/when-drones-guard-the-pipeline-militarizing-fossil-fuels-in-the-east/ |title=When Drones Guard the Pipeline: Militarizing Fossil Fuels in the East |publisher=Earth First! Newswire |date=July 2, 2013 |first1=Winona |last1=LaDuke |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024817/http://earthfirstjournal.org/newswire/2013/07/02/when-drones-guard-the-pipeline-militarizing-fossil-fuels-in-the-east/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''Women's Earth and Climate Action Network''' seeking "powerful submissions by worldwide women" sharing "stories, struggles, solutions and action plans ... [a] women's [[climate justice]] mobilization"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wecaninternational.org/pages/global-womens-climate-justice-mobilization |title=Global Women's Climate Justice Day of Action - Sept. 29, 2015 |publisher=WECAN |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024619/http://wecaninternational.org/pages/global-womens-climate-justice-mobilization |archive-date=17 November 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''Countries of the Mediterranean Sea.''' Dam Bridge, Strait of Gibraltar, S.A. (PPEGSA). The first draft [http://www.presapuente.com PresaPuente] adapting to climate change is designed to protect the Mediterranean from the imminent rising waters caused by the polar thaw. More than 24 countries, over 500 million people, more than 15,000 islands and thousands of kilometres of coast which can be saved from flooding.
* [[Sunshine countries|'''Solar alliance''']]: Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced at the 2015 G-20 Summit that he, along with French President [[François Hollande]], intends to propose creating an alliance of solar-rich countries similar to the [[Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OPEC).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/g20-summit-modi-pushes-for-100-bn-finances-to-pursue-clean-energy-proposes-grand-global-solar-alliance-2507518.html |title=G20 summit: Modi pushes for $100 bn finances to pursue clean energy, proposes grand global solar alliance |publisher=Firstpost |date=15 November 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119090808/http://www.firstpost.com/world/g20-summit-modi-pushes-for-100-bn-finances-to-pursue-clean-energy-proposes-grand-global-solar-alliance-2507518.html |archive-date=19 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/india-should-take-initiatives-to-form-league-like-opec-modi-281550.html |title=India should take initiatives to form league like OPEC: Modi |agency=Charanka |date=19 April 2012 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026195729/http://www.firstpost.com/fwire/india-should-take-initiatives-to-form-league-like-opec-modi-281550.html |archive-date=26 October 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ahead of the climate summit, the two leaders sent written invitations to over 100 countries to join the coalition proposed to be called the International Agency for Solar Policy and Application (InSPA).<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/narendra-modi-francois-hollande-invite-over-100-countries-for-solar-alliance/articleshow/49925633.cms |title=Narendra Modi, Francois Hollande invite over 100 countries for solar alliance |newspaper=The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=25 November 2015 |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128034122/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/narendra-modi-francois-hollande-invite-over-100-countries-for-solar-alliance/articleshow/49925633.cms |archive-date=28 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A vast range of other activities<ref>{{cite web |last=Bisiaux |first=Alice |url=http://climate-l.iisd.org/events/unfccc-cop-21/ |title=Event: UNFCCC COP 21 | Climate Change Policy & Practice | IISD Reporting Services |publisher=Climate-l.iisd.org |access-date=15 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114092003/http://climate-l.iisd.org/events/unfccc-cop-21/ |archive-date=14 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> in preparation to influence the major decisions at the conference.

==Financing==
[[File:Greenpeace Climate March 2015 Madrid.jpg|thumb|Greenpeace activists, demanding 100% [[renewable energy]] at Climate March 2015 in Madrid]]
The conference was budgeted to cost [[€]]170m ([[US$]]186.87m at the time). The French government said that 20% of the cost would be borne by French firms such as [[Électricité de France|EDF]], [[Engie]] (formerly known as GDF Suez), [[Air France]], [[Renault-Nissan]] and [[BNP Paribas]].<ref>{{cite news|author1=Arthur Neslen|title=France defends 'imperfect' fossil fuel sponsors for Paris climate summit|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/may/29/paris-climate-summit-sponsors-include-fossil-fuel-firms-and-big-carbon-emitters|access-date=23 September 2015|work=The Guardian|date=29 May 2015|quote=guard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923060305/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/may/29/paris-climate-summit-sponsors-include-fossil-fuel-firms-and-big-carbon-emitters|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Sponsors were among others [[BMW]], [[Avery Dennison]], Carbon Trade Exchange, [[Cool Effect]], [[The Coca-Cola Company]], the Climate Resources Exchange and [[Vattenfall]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sponsors and Partners of UNFCCC COP 21 side event|url=http://www.cop21paris.org/sponsors-and-partners/sponsors|access-date=2021-01-03|website=www.cop21paris.org|archive-date=2021-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227212511/https://www.cop21paris.org/sponsors-and-partners/sponsors|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Demonstrations==

Around the world, 600,000 took part in demonstrations in favour of a strong agreement, such as the [[Global Climate March]] organized by [[350.org]] (and other events such as [[Alternatiba, Village of Alternatives]]). Paris had a ban on public gatherings in the wake of [[November 2015 Paris attacks|recent terrorist attacks]] ([[State of emergency in France|state of emergency]]), but allowed thousands to demonstrate on 12 December against what they felt was a too-weak treaty.<ref>Organisers of events include [http://anv-cop21.org/ Non-violent action COP21] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001164825/http://anv-cop21.org/ |date=1 October 2016 }}, see {{YouTube|hhxPRGp-5jo|Rassemblement Champ-de-Mars 12 décembre 2015 [Gathering at the Champ-de-Mars on 12 December 2015]}}. One of the slogan was "État d'urgence climatique" (state of [[climate emergency declaration|climate emergency]]).</ref> There was also an illegal demonstration in Paris, including violent clashes between police and anarchists; ten policemen were injured and 317 people arrested.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2015/nov/29/global-peoples-climate-change-march-2015-day-of-action-live Global climate march 2015: hundreds of thousands march around the world – as it happened] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126011051/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/live/2015/nov/29/global-peoples-climate-change-march-2015-day-of-action-live |date=26 November 2016 }}, 21:43, ''[[The Guardian]]''. Accessed 13 December 2015.</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-activists-gather-in-paris-to-protest-outcome-of-conference.html|title=Protesters Are in Agreement as Well: Pact Is Too Weak|last1=Rubin|first1=Alissa J.|date=12 December 2015|last2=Peltier|first2=Elian|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111141840/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/13/world/europe/climate-activists-gather-in-paris-to-protest-outcome-of-conference.html|archive-date=11 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 30 November, the first day of the conference, a "[[Climate strike of 30 November 2015|climate strike]]" was organised by students in over 100 countries; over 50,000 people participate.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GjdVgGfcb8 |title=Climate Strike 2015: Students Skip School demanding Climate Actions |work=Climate Strike |date=1 March 2016 |access-date=14 March 2019 |publisher=[[YouTube]] |archive-date=2019-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922063013/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GjdVgGfcb8 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Environmental politics]]
* [[IPCC Fifth Assessment Report]]
* [[Paris Agreement]]
* [[Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles]]
* [[Politics of global warming]]
* [[Post–Kyoto Protocol negotiations on greenhouse gas emissions]]
* ''[[The Standing March]]''
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="FCCC_CP_2015_L9_Rev1">{{cite web|title=Adoption of the Paris agreement – by the President – Draft decision -/CP.21 |publisher=[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]] |date=12 December 2015 |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf |access-date=12 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212194411/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf |archive-date=12 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150227165317/http://www.cop21.gouv.fr/en Official French website]
* [https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015/paris-climate-change-conference-november-2015 Official UN website]
* [https://www.cop21paris.org/ Official Paris Climate Conference]
* {{cite news |last=Gillis |first=Justin |date=28 November 2015 |title=Short Answers to Hard; Questions About Climate Change |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2015/11/28/science/what-is-climate-change.html |newspaper=NYT |access-date=10 August 2016}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0GQfe6r6w2I&list=PL717E307DE4DD6C6C&index=1 COP21 questions and answers. Video by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GICzLb1d0M Why COP21 matters, and how climate change impacts sustainable development. Video by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)]
* [http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/events/2015/december/COP21-paris-climate-conference.html Background on COP21 from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207034122/http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/presscenter/events/2015/december/COP21-paris-climate-conference.html |date=2020-12-07 }}
* [https://works.bepress.com/bryan_druzin/18/download/ A Plan to strengthen the Paris Agreement]
* [https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/monitoring/monthly-report/ NOAA State of the Climate]

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{{DEFAULTSORT:United Nations Climate Change Conference}}
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Mayasabha (TV series)

2026-02-05T22:29:03Z

BharatpediaContributor: started a info.

{{Short description|Indian television series by Deva Katta}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Mayasabha_Poster.jpg
| image_alt = Promotional poster
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = [[Political drama]]
| creator = Deva Katta
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Deva Katta
* Kiran Jay Kumar
}}
| director = {{Plainlist|
* [[Deva Katta]]
* Kiran Jay Kumar
}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]]
* [[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]]
* [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]]
* [[Divya Dutta]]
* [[Giriyesvardan]]
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 9
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Vijay Krishna Lingamaneni
* Sree Harsha
}}
| company = Hitmen & Proodos Productions LLP
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Danish Khan
* Saugata Mukherjee
* Raghu Vamsi P
* Sandeep Gade
}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Suresh Ragutu
* [[Gnana Shekar V. S.]]
}}
| music = [[Shakthikanth Karthick]]
| editor = [[Praveen K. L.]]
| network = [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|08|07|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Mayasabha: Rise of the Titans''''' is an Indian [[Telugu film|Telugu]]-language [[political drama]] television series created by [[Deva Katta]], who co-directed the series and co-wrote its screenplay with Kiran Jay Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-08-04 |title=Watch: In conversation with director Deva Katta: Mayasabha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/videos/video-in-conversation-with-director-deva-katta-mayasabha/article69892539.ece |access-date=2025-08-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=AR |first=Reshmi |date=2025-08-02 |title=Between Fact and Fiction: Deva Katta on His Sony LIV Series Mayasabha Inspired by Andhra Politics |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/deva-katta-on-his-political-storytelling-emotional-truths-and-dream-series-mayasabha-for-sony-liv-1895117 |access-date=2025-08-07 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> The series is produced by Vijay Krishna Lingamaneni and Sree Harsha under the banner of Hitmen & Proodos Productions LLP. It stars [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] and [[Chaitanya Rao Madadi|Chaitanya Rao]] in the lead roles, co-starring [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]], [[Divya Dutta]], and [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aadhi Pinisetty, Chaitanya Rao to headline Sony LIV's political thriller 'Mayasabha' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/aadhi-pinisetty-chaitanya-rao-to-headline-sony-livs-political-thriller-mayasabha/cid/2112932}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayasabha OTT Release Date: When And Where To Watch Aadhi Pinisetty's Political Drama Online |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/web-series/mayasabha-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-aadhi-pinisettys-political-drama-online-ws-kl-9437624.html |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

It premiered on [[SonyLIV]] on 7 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-31 |title=Mayasabha Trailer: Deva Katta Saga Set In Andhra Pradesh Sees Friends Become Bitter Political Rivals - Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/mayasabha-trailer-deva-katta-saga-set-in-andhra-pradesh-sees-friends-become-bitter-political-rivals-watch-article-152381353 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ETimes">{{cite news |title=Mayasabha OTT release date out: When and where to watch Telugu political drama |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/mayasabha-ott-release-date-out-when-and-where-to-watch-telugu-political-drama/articleshow/122420688.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=13 July 2025}}</ref><ref name="Indiatimes">{{cite news |title=Mayasabha OTT release date: When and where to watch Deva Katta's Telugu series online |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/mayasabha-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-deva-kattas-telugu-series-online-663689.html |work=India Times |date=13 July 2025}}</ref> The story is fictionalized retelling of the events based on the [[politics of Andhra Pradesh]] that took place between the 1970s and 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-08-07 |title='Mayasabha' review: A heavily spiced fictional history of Andhra Pradesh politics |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1085231/mayasabha-review-a-heavily-spiced-up-fictional-history-of-andhra-pradesh-politics |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Set in the volatile political landscape of 1970s-1990s [[Andhra Pradesh]], the series dramatises the evolving relationship between two prominent political figures—[[N. Chandrababu Naidu|Kakarla Krishnama Naidu]] and [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy|M. S. Rami Reddy]]—portraying their journey from friends-turned-political rivals.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Aadhi Pinisetty]] as Kakarla Krishnama Naidu "KKN" (based on [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]])
* [[Chaitanya Rao Madadi]] as M. S. Rami Reddy "MSR" (based on [[Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy]])
* [[P. Sai Kumar|Sai Kumar]] as Rayapati Chakradhar Rao "RCR" (based on [[N. T. Rama Rao]])
* [[Divya Dutta]] as Iravati Basu (based on [[Indira Gandhi]])
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Shivaji Rao (based on [[Ramoji Rao]])
* [[Shatru (actor)|Shatru]] as Vakada Mahesh (based on [[Vangaveeti Mohana Ranga|Vangaveeti Ranga]])
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Pothineni Ramesh (based on [[Paritala Ravi]])
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Chekuri Babu Rao "CBR" (based on [[N. Bhaskara Rao|Nadendla Bhaskar Rao]])
* [[Raghu Babu]] as P. Raja Rao (based on [[K. Raghavendra Rao]])
* [[Tanya Ravichandran]] as Anu Harika, Naidu's Love Interest (partly based on [[Jayaprada]])
* Bhavana Vazhapandal as Vyshnavi, Reddy's Cousin And Love Interest; Later Wife (based on [[Y. S. Vijayamma]])
* Charitha Varma as Rameshwari, Naidu's Wife (based on Nara Bhuvaneswari)
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Basi Reddy
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Valluri Chalapathi Rao "VCR" (based on [[Daggubati Venkateswara Rao]])
* [[Devadarshini]] as Susheela Kumari (based on [[Lakshmi Parvathi]])
* [[C. V. L. Narasimha Rao]] as Raghuram Reddy (based on [[N. G. Ranga]])
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]] as Chitturi Rangamma
* Meka Ramakrishna as Seshayya (based on N. Kharjura Naidu)
* Sammeta Gandhi as Pothineni Veera Raghavayya (based on Paritala Sreeramulu)
* Kota Shankar Rao as Verayya Chowdary
* Goparaju Vijay as Mahinder Reddy
* Prabhavathi as Kamalamma (based on Amanamma Naidu)
* Shankar Mahanthi as Shiva Reddy (based on [https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/వై._యస్._రాజారెడ్డి])
* Sunitha Manohar as Bhavani (based on Nandamuri Basavatarakam)
* Abhishek Reddy as Joseph Reddy
* Phani as Appi
* Sakul Sharma as Sandeep Basu "Sandy" (based on [[Sanjay Gandhi]])
*Vijay Bhaskar as TNR (based on [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]])
}}

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#006602 |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |seasonT=Episode |titleT=Title |directorT=Directed by |writerT=Screenplay by |airdateT=Date of Broadcast |episodes={{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| Title = The Story Of India Is The Story Of Caste
| DirectedBy = [[Deva Katta]] & Kiran Jay Kumar
| WrittenBy = Deva Katta & Kiran Jay Kumar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|07}}
| ShortSummary = In Mid 90s, All the 160 MLAs belonging to RCR party, his two sons, his two son in laws namely Valluri Chalapathi Rao(first son-in-law) and Krishnam Naidu (second son-in-law) are asked to summon at Ashrama Hotel. They have declared a non co-operation movement against the CM RCR due to increasing influence of Susheela Kumari in the party affairs. They provide an ultimatum that if they have to continue in the party, Susheela kumari should be kept away from party affairs.Because of this the ongoing internal conflict between Susheela Kumari and Krishnam Naidu has come to light.At that time, Krishnam Naidu makes a phone to Rami Reddy(His past friend, but now a political rivalry) on what to do in this situation, for Rami Reddy tells him whether both Krishnam Naidu or RCR wins, the next is they have to face him politically. Then the story shifts to 1970s.
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| Title = Natural Born Leaders
| DirectedBy = [[Deva Katta]] & Kiran Jay Kumar
| WrittenBy = Deva Katta & Kiran Jay Kumar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| Title = A 'Hi' Amidst Chaos
| DirectedBy = [[Deva Katta]] & Kiran Jay Kumar
| WrittenBy = Deva Katta & Kiran Jay Kumar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| Title = Rebels With A Cause
| DirectedBy = [[Deva Katta]] & Kiran Jay Kumar
| WrittenBy = Deva Katta & Kiran Jay Kumar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| Title = Ticket To Mayasabha
| DirectedBy = [[Deva Katta]] & Kiran Jay Kumar
| WrittenBy = Deva Katta & Kiran Jay Kumar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| Title = Train To Mayasabha
| DirectedBy = [[Deva Katta]] & Kiran Jay Kumar
| WrittenBy = Deva Katta & Kiran Jay Kumar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 7
| Title = Awakening The Sabha
| DirectedBy = [[Deva Katta]] & Kiran Jay Kumar
| WrittenBy = Deva Katta & Kiran Jay Kumar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 8
| Title = The Caste Fault Lines
| DirectedBy = [[Deva Katta]] & Kiran Jay Kumar
| WrittenBy = Deva Katta & Kiran Jay Kumar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 9
| Title = Surviving The Tsunami
| DirectedBy = [[Deva Katta]] & Kiran Jay Kumar
| WrittenBy = Deva Katta & Kiran Jay Kumar
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|08|07}}
| ShortSummary =
| LineColor = #006602
}}
}}

== Production ==
Deva Katta started working on the story between 2017 and 2018. As [[over-the-top media service]] is not popular, he decided to make it as a film trilogy and wrote the story accordingly. After the raise and success of the streaming media services in India during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], he decided to make it as a television series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Mayasabha Creator Deva Katta On How Idea About 'Avengers Kind Of Political Leaders' Kickstarted Telugu Series {{!}} EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/mayasabha-creator-deva-katta-on-how-idea-about-avengers-kind-of-political-leaders-kickstarted-telugu-series-exclusive-article-152426774 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
''Mayasabha'' was released on [[SonyLIV]] on 7 August 2025 in Telugu along with dubbed versions in Tamil, Hindi, Kannada and Malayalam languages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-13 |title=Sony LIV's Political Thriller "Mayasabha" Premieres August 7 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/sony-livs-telugu-political-drama-mayasabha-the-rise-of-the-titans-premieres-august-7-1891172 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-31 |title=Mayasabha Trailer: Deva Katta Saga Set In Andhra Pradesh Sees Friends Become Bitter Political Rivals - Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/web-series/mayasabha-trailer-deva-katta-saga-set-in-andhra-pradesh-sees-friends-become-bitter-political-rivals-watch-article-152381353 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Guptha |first=Ganesh |date=2025-07-31 |title=ప్రాణ స్నేహితులే రాజకీయ శత్రువులు - రాష్ట్ర విధిని మార్చిన కథ... ఆసక్తికరంగా 'మయసభ' ట్రైలర్ |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/ott-webseries/aadhi-pinisetty-chaitanya-rao-mayasabha-web-series-directed-by-deva-katta-trailer-released-ott-release-on-sonyliv-215502 |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=ABP Desam |language=te}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote in her review that, "''Mayasabha'' offers a compelling fictional take on real political history, packed with drama, ambition, and reflection".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2025-08-07 |title='Mayasabha' web series review: Deva Katta delivers an intriguing high stakes drama |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mayasabha-web-series-review-deva-katta-telugu-web-series-is-reminiscent-of-the-journeys-of-ysr-and-chandrababu-naidu/article69893148.ece |access-date=2025-08-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' was gave a four of five rating, with particular praise towards Deva Katta's writing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-08-07 |title=Mayasabha series review: Deva Katta delivers the most authentic political drama Telugu space has seen |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Aug/07/mayasabha-series-review-deva-katta-delivers-the-most-authentic-political-drama-telugu-space-has-seen |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Echoing the same, Suhas Sistu of ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5 and called Aadhi Pinisetty's and Chaitanya Rao's performance as "career-best" and "intense" respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sistu |first=Suhas |date=2025-08-07 |title=Mayasabha: A gripping political drama |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/mayasabha-a-gripping-political-drama-994774 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Giving the same rating, Anisha Rao of ''[[India Today]]'' called it "gutsy, ambitious, and has its own voice".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Anisha |date=2025-08-07 |title=Mayasabha review: Friendship, betrayal and power in this gutsy political drama |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/ott/story/mayasabha-the-rise-of-the-titans-review-aadhi-pinisetty-chaitanya-rao-telugu-poltical-thriller-fiery-plays-long-game-2767570-2025-08-07 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Sahelee Rakshit of [[Bollywood Life]] noted that Aadhi Pinisetty and Chaitanya Rao "win hearts for their intense performances" calling the web series a "must-watch".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-10 |title=Mayasabha x review aadhi pinisetty chaitanya rao win hearts for intense performance netizens call it must watch web series 3230357 |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/photos/mayasabha-x-review-aadhi-pinisetty-chaitanya-rao-win-hearts-for-intense-performance-netizens-call-it-must-watch-web-series-3230357/ |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=bollywood-life |language=en}}</ref> Sanjeev Kumar of [[Hindustan Times Telugu|HT Telugu]] rated it 3.5 out of 5 calling it an 'extremely gripping political thriller' that effectively portrays political power struggles inspired by Chandrababu and Y. S. Rajasekhar Reddy, with balanced character portrayals and suspenseful strategies.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |title=మయసభ రివ్యూ- చంద్రబాబు, వైఎస్సార్ ఓటీటీ పొలిటికల్ థ్రిల్లర్- దేవ కట్టా మరో రాజకీయ మాయజాలం హిట్ కొట్టిందా? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/mayasabha-review-in-telugu-and-rating-deva-katta-political-drama-sony-liv-ott-web-series-mayasabha-review-telugu-121754535492456.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> A review by Lakshminarayana Varanasi of [[TV9 Telugu]] described series as 'the best political series in Telugu'.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=TV9 |date=2025-08-06 |title=Mayasabha Web Series Review: మయసభ వెబ్ సిరీస్ రివ్యూ.. తెలుగులో బెస్ట్ పొలిటికల్ సిరీస్.. |url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/mayasabha-web-series-review-in-telugu-starrer-aadhi-pinisetty-chaitanya-rao-and-director-deva-katta-1598940.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=TV9 Telugu |language=te}}</ref> Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] described series as a 'heavily spiced-up fictional history of Andhra Pradesh politics' commending its dramatic depiction of political ambition and power struggles.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2025-08-07 |title='Mayasabha' review: A heavily spiced fictional history of Andhra Pradesh politics |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1085231/mayasabha-review-a-heavily-spiced-up-fictional-history-of-andhra-pradesh-politics |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted that the casting, direction and cinematography are the major positives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-07 |title=Mayasabha: A Compelling Political Thriller That Keeps You Hooked |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/sony-liv-series-mayasabha-review-1896070 |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> Pratyusha Sista of ''[[Telangana Today]]'' praised the performances of the lead cast and Deva Katta's work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2025-08-07 |title=Mayasabha Review: A political drama that feels personal |url=https://telanganatoday.com/mayasabha-review-a-political-drama-that-feels-personal |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=Telangana Today |language=en}}</ref> Pratyush Parasuraman of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' compared it with the Tamil film ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997) and had a mixed opinion towards the writing.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Mayasabha' Series Review: Deva Katta's Political Drama Hampered By Weak Writing and Stiff Acting |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/streaming/mayasabha-series-review-deva-katta-and-aadhis-political-drama-hampered-by-weak-writing-and-stiff-acting |access-date=2025-08-08 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt36600023}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language web series]]
[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian political television series]]
[[Category:Political drama television series]]
[[Category:2020s political television series]]
[[Category:SonyLIV original programming]]
[[Category:2020s drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:Political web series]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Television series set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1995]]
[[Category:Television series set in 1975]]

Archdiocese of Angamaly

2026-02-04T13:29:51Z

BharatpediaContributor: new basic pg w/ sources

The '''Metropolitan Archdiocese of Angamaly''' was an ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the [[Chaldean Catholic Church]] in [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]], [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. It came into existence as a Catholic continuation of the [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|Ecclesiastical Province of India]] of the [[Church of the East]] following the [[schism of 1552]]. It was established in 1565 and continued to exist till 1599 when it was ultimately suppressed by the colonial [[Synod of Diamper]] in 1599 and replaced by the [[Portuguese Padroado|Portuguese ''Padroado'']] administered [[Archdiocese of Cranganore|Archdiocese of Angamaly]] (later Archdiocese of Cranganore) suffragan to the ''Padroado'' [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Goa and Daman|Primatal Archdiocese of Goa]]. The brief and turbulent history of the archdiocese is noted for the two archbishops, namely [[Joseph Sulaqa]] and [[Abraham of Angamaly|Abraham]], who were the last Persian prelates to govern the undivided [[Saint Thomas Christian]] community in South India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wilmshurst |first=David |title=The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East 1318 - 1913 |publisher=Aedibus Peeters |year=2000 |isbn=9042908769 |location=Louvain |pages=350 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pallath |first=Paul |title=The Provincial Councils of Goa and the Church of St Thomas Christians |publisher=OIRSI |year=2005 |isbn=8188456225 |location=Kottayam}}</ref>

{{Infobox diocese|jurisdiction=Metropolitan Archdiocese|name=Angamaly|country={{flag|India}}|territory=India|headquarters=[[School of Angamaly]],<ref>{{cite journal|title=Informação do que fez o Padre Mestre Melchior Carneiro em uns Reinos que estão junto de Cochim pela terra dentro|editor=Antonio da Silva Rego|journal=Documentação para a Historia das Missões do Padroado Portugues do Oriente|volume=8|location=Lisbon|url=https://purl.pt/26745/4/r-16453-v/r-16453-v_item4/index.html|year=1952|pages=498–9|language=Portuguese}}</ref> [[Angamaly]], [[Kingdom of Mangattu]], Malabar|denomination=[[Saint Thomas Christians]]|rite=[[East Syriac Rite]]|sui_iuris_church=[[Chaldean Catholic Church]]|established=1565|dissolved=[[Synod of Diamper|1599]] ([[Liturgical Latinisation|latinised]] by the [[Synod of Diamper]]){{sfnp|Pallath|2005}}|cathedral=[[Mar Hormizd Syro-Malabar Cathedral, Angamaly|Rabban Mar Hormizd Cathedral]]|image=File:StHormisside.jpg|caption=Rabban Mar Hormizd Cathedral in Angamaly, built in 1577 by Archbishop Abraham, was the archiepiscopal seat of the Archdiocese of Angamaly.}}

== See also ==
[[Syro-Malabar Catholic Major Archeparchy of Ernakulam–Angamaly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in Kerala]]
[[Category:Former Eastern Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Chaldean Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:1565 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1599 disestablishments in Asia]]

{{ChaldeanCatholic-diocese-stub}}

Akhara, Punjab

2026-01-28T20:20:29Z

BharatpediaContributor: new initial pg added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Akhara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = village
| coordinates = {{coord|30.7453456|N|75.4846997|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of tehsils of India|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jagraon tehsil|Jagraon]]
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 234
| population_total = 5,400
| population_as_of = 2010
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 142026
| area_code_type = Telephone Type
| area_code = 91-1624-XXXXXX
| registration_plate = PB 25 XXXX
| footnotes =
}}
'''Akhara''' is a village in the [[Tehsil]] [[Jagraon]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]].

== Demographics ==
According to the 2001 Census, Akhara has a population of 5,900 people. Akhara was incorporated as a village, but due to population growth the size of the village is approaching that of a small town.

== History ==
Akhara can trace its beginning in the 17th century. It was brought into limelight by Baba Sahib Singh Singh Bedi.

Akhara has a significant number of families with the "[[Brar (clan)|Brar]]", "Samra", "[[Gill (clan)|Gill]]", "[[Baryar]]" and
a few others like "[[Sandhu clan|saran]]", "[[Kaler (clan)|Kaler]]", "[[Sidhu]]", "[[Samra (clan)]]", "[[Bhanot]]", "[[Saggu]]", "[[Sambhi]]", "[[Lohat]]", "[[Nahar clan|Nahar]]", "[[Gharu clan|Gharu]]", "[[Kanda (surname)|Kanda]]", "[[Sekhon]]", "[[Bedi clan|Bedi]]","[[Batish]]", [[Mattu]]" surnames.

== Location ==
Akhara lies on the [[Jagraon]]-[[Hathur]] road and situated at about 8 km from Jagraon. The nearest railway station to Akhara is [[Jagraon]] railway station at a distance of 6.5 km.
Neighbouring villages include [[Roomi]], [[Dholan]], [[Kaonke Kalan]], [[Bhamipura]], [[Dalla]], [[Bir Akhara]] and [[Kothe Premsar]].

== Transport ==
The nearest station to Akhara is Jagraon Railway Station, situated on the main line between [[Ludhiana]] and [[Ferozpur]].
Regular state government owned Punjab Roadways (Jagraon Depot), Pepsu Transport (PRTC) and private bus services operate between [[Jagraon]] - [[Hathur]], Jagraon - Barnala, Jagraon - Sangrur, Jagraon - Bilaspur through this village (Akhara). Also three wheeler Tempo service operate between Jagraon and Manuke through Akhara.
For a personal service, a SUV, minivan or car taxi service can be hired from the Jagraon.

The nearest international airport is [[Amritsar]] about 120 km away, other international airport is in New Delhi situated at 350 km. Other airports are Sahnewal Airport near Ludhiana and a military air base is at Halwara, about 15 km from Akhara.

== Education ==
There are three schools located in the village- Govt Primary School, Akhara and Govt Secondary School, Akhara and The Unirise World School

== Other Institutions ==
* Union Bank, Akhara,
* Co-operative Agriculture Society

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* http://ifsc.india-banks-info.com/union-bank-of-india-ifsc-codes/punjab/ludhiana/
* http://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131011/ldh1.htm
* http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20081207/ldh1.htm

== External links ==
* [http://wikimapia.org/#lat=30.7453212&lon=75.484786&z=13&l=0&m=b&v=8&search=akhara]
* [http://maps.google.ca/maps?hl=en&tab=wl]

{{Ludhiana district}}
[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana district]]

Penukonda revenue division

2026-01-23T02:17:27Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Penukonda revenue division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Sri Sathya Sai district]]
| image_map = SSSDistrict.png
| map_caption = Penukonda revenue division in Sri Sathya Sai district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Penukonda]]
}}
'''Penukonda revenue division''' (or Penukonda division) is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the 5 [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|revenue divisions]] in the district with 8 [[mandals]] under its administration.<ref name=division>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Anantapur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2822_PART_B_DCHB_Anantapur.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=18 January 2015|page=14|format=PDF}}</ref> The divisional headquarters is located at [[Penukonda]].

== Administration ==
There are 8 mandals administered under Penukonda revenue division. The mandals or their headquarters are:<ref name=division />

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Mandals / headquarters
| [[Chilamathur]], [[Gorantla, Sri Sathya Sai district|Gorantla]], [[Hindupur mandal|Hindupur]], [[Lepakshi]], [[Parigi, Sri Sathya Sai district|Parigi]], [[Penukonda]], [[Roddam, Sri Sathya Sai district|Roddam]], [[Somandepalle]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Sri Sathya Sai district}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Sri Sathya Sai district]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

When Asia Speaks

2026-01-15T03:19:38Z

BharatpediaContributor: cleaned up information additionally and fixed typos

{{Italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| name =When Asia Speaks
| image =Screen Shot When Asia Speaks.png

| caption =Title Frame
| director =[[Gordon Weisenborn]]
| producer = [[Stuart Legg]]
| writer =
| narrator =[[Lorne Greene]]
| starring =
| music = [[Lucio Agostini]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[National Film Board of Canada]]
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[United Artists]]
* National Film Board of Canada
}}
| released = {{Film date|1944|06|03}}
| runtime = 19 minutes
| country = Canada
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''When Asia Speaks''''' is a 19-minute film produced in 1944 by [[Stuart Legg]] and directed by [[Gordon Weisenborn]] for the [[National Film Board of Canada]] series ''[[The World in Action]]''. The film is narrated by broadcaster [[Lorne Greene]]. ''When Asia Speaks'' describes the disparity between the riches of Asia and the poverty of the masses during the [[World War II|Second World War]] that have led to nationalist movements in Asia. The film's [[Canadian French|French]] version title is ''Le Réveil de l'Asie''.{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

==Synopsis==
In 1944, during the Second World War, [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces are beginning to occupy [[Axis powers|Axis]]-occupied Asia. The vast area represents 1/2 of the world's population and unlimited natural resources.

Although the [[Empire of Japan]] in attempting to establish the [[Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere]], had ruled the occupied Asian populations with a heavy hand for years, the Japanese government and military reversed its policies in an attempt to sway cooperation. At the same time, great forces are also at work in the Indian sub-continent, [[Indo-Pacific|Indo-Asia Pacific]] and China as nationalist movements vie for self-determination.

An obstacle to ruling Asia is the wide divide between East and West. The administrators of the [[British Empire in World War II|British Empire]] on the Indian sub-continent realize that [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]] and [[Jawaharlal Nehru|Nehru]] speak for a massive disaffected populace. In China, the nationalist movement begun by visionary leader [[Sun Yat-sen]] has galvanized the occupied people in their struggle against Japan. Despite recruiting efforts to enlist the Asian population, except for isolated examples, Asians have rejected the Axis propaganda.

The great riches of the region are coveted by both the Axis and Allied powers. Although urban areas have made progress, and industries have employed millions, the impoverished people in rural areas still labour in the fields. With the end of [[World War II]] in sight, Asia looks forward to the day when they can fulfill their own hopes for a better future in a postwar world.

==Cast==
{{div col}}
* [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] as himself (archive footage)
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]] as himself (archive footage)
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as himself (archive footage)
* [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Lord Wavell]] as himself (archive footage)
* [[Soong Mei-ling|Madame Chiang Kai-shek]] as herself (archive footage)
* [[Hideki Tojo]] as himself (archive footage)
* [[Sun Yat-sen]] as himself (archive footage)
{{div col end}}

==Production==
Typical of the NFB's wartime series of [[propaganda]] short films, ''When Asia Speaks'' was a [[compilation documentary]] that relied heavily on stock footage, including "enemy footage".<ref>Goetz, William. "The Canadian Wartime Documentary: 'Canada Carries on' and 'The World in Action'. ''Cinema Journal'', 16, 1977, pp. 59–80.</ref> {{#tag:ref|Enemy footage was provided care of the Alien Property Custodian.|group=Note}} A large proportion of the film was composed on [[newsreel]] material from the inter-war period, continuing to foster the outmoded image of "romance, glamour and intrigue" that characterized the westerner's perception of the East.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/64056888/ "When Asia Speaks, NFB Film."] ''Lethbridge Herald'', June 3, 1943, p. 14. Retrieved: April 2, 2016.</ref>

The narrator in ''When Asia Speaks'' was [[Lorne Greene]], known for his work on both radio broadcasts as a news announcer at ''[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]'' as well as narrating many of the earlier ''[[Canada Carries On]]'' and ''The World in Action'' series.<ref>Bennett 2004, p. 254.</ref> His sonorous recitation led to his nickname, "The Voice of Canada", and when reading grim battle statistics, "The Voice of Doom".<ref>[https://tkmorin.wordpress.com/2013/01/16/bonanzas-canadian-lorne-greene/ "Bonanza's Canadian Lorne Greene."] ''Bite Size Canada''. Retrieved: April 2, 2016.</ref>

==Reception==
''When Asia Speaks'' as part of the NFB's ''The World in Action'' newsreel series, was produced in 35 mm for the theatrical market. Each film was shown over a six-month period as part of the shorts or newsreel segments in approximately 800 theatres across Canada. The NFB also had an arrangement with [[United Artists]] to ensure that newsreels would get a wider release in North America.<ref name="Ellis">Ellis and McLane 2005, p. 122.</ref>

After the six-month theatrical tour ended, individual films were made available on 16 mm, to schools, libraries, churches and factories, extending the life of these films for another year or two.<ref name="Ohayon">Ohayon, Albert. [http://blog.nfb.ca/2009/07/13/propaganda-cinema/ "Propaganda cinema at the NFB".] ''National Film Board of Canada'', July 13, 2009. Retrieved: April 2, 2016.</ref> They were also made available to film libraries operated by university and provincial authorities. Available from the National Film Board either online or as a DVD.<ref>Peters, Sharon. [http://www3.nfb.ca/ressources_educatives/0028.pdf "Documentary Lens Lesson Plan for When Asia Speaks."] ''NFB.ca'', 2005. Retrieved: April 2, 2016.</ref>

Film historian Ian Aitken in ''The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film'', described ''When Asia Speaks'' as "... so accurate and farseeing in its analysis that it was still in active non-theatrical distribution long after the war."<ref name="Aitken">Aitken 2013, p. 1017.</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[Warclouds in the Pacific]]'' (1941)
* ''[[Inside Fighting China]]'' (1942)
* [[List of artistic depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist|group=Note}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin}}
* Aitken, Ian. ''The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of the Documentary Film''. London: Routledge, 2013. {{ISBN|978-0-4155-9642-8}}.
* Bennett, Linda Greene. ''My Father's Voice: The Biography of Lorne Greene''. Bloomington, Indiana: iUniverse, Inc., 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-595-33283-0}}.
* Ellis, Jack C. and Betsy A. McLane. ''New History of Documentary Film''. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005. {{ISBN|0-8264-1750-7}}.
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://onf-nfb.gc.ca/en/our-collection/?idfilm=15547 ''When Asia Speaks'' at NFB Collections page]
* [http://www3.nfb.ca/objectifdocumentaire/index.php?film=&_onfplr_sel=full&mode=view&filmId=37&language=english&sort=title&formats=default&speeds=default&use_cc=no&use_dv=no Watch ''When Asia Speaks'' at NFB Documentary page]
* {{IMDb title|0367224|When Asia Speaks}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:When Asia Speaks}}
[[Category:1944 films]]
[[Category:Black-and-white documentary films]]
[[Category:1944 short documentary films]]
[[Category:English-language Canadian films]]
[[Category:National Film Board of Canada documentaries]]
[[Category:Canadian short documentary films]]
[[Category:Films produced by Stuart Legg]]
[[Category:Films scored by Lucio Agostini]]
[[Category:Documentary films about Asia]]
[[Category:The World in Action]]
[[Category:Quebec films]]
[[Category:National Film Board of Canada short films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures short films]]
[[Category:Canadian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
[[Category:1944 Canadian films]]

Fourth Badal ministry

2026-01-13T14:34:09Z

BharatpediaContributor: adding some post w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
Parkash Singh Badal was [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab, India]] for a fourth term from 2007 to 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Punjab |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070303/punjab1.htm |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=www.tribuneindia.com |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428062506/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070303/punjab1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Badals served chargesheet in assets case |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/mar/13badal.htm |access-date=27 March 2022 |work=www.rediff.com}}</ref> The following is the list of ministers with their [[List of ministers in the Government of Punjab, India|portfolios in the Government of Punjab]]

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Fourth Prakash Singh basal ministry
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
[[Hon'ble]] [[Chief Minister of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
|-
!Date Formed
|2007
|-
!Date Dissolved
|2012
|-
! colspan="2" |People and organisations
|-
!Head of government
|[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
|-
!Member parties
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|-
! colspan="2" |History
|-
!Predecessor
|[[Third Badal ministry]]
|-
!Successor
|[[Fifth Badal ministry]]
|}

== Council of Ministers ==
<section begin="2007 Punjab Council of Ministers"/>
{| class="wikitable"
!Portfolio
!Minister
!Took office
!Left office
|-
| colspan="4" |[[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |
* [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|'''Chief Minister''']]
* Other departments not allocated to any Minister
|[[Parkash Singh Badal]]
|1 March 2007
|14 March 2012
|-
| colspan="4" |[[List of deputy chief ministers of Punjab, India|Deputy Chief Minister]]
|-
|
* [[List of deputy chief ministers of Punjab, India|Deputy Chief Minister]]
|[[Sukhbir Singh Badal]]
|2009
|2012
|-
|
* Cabinet Minister
|Minister
List
|Took
Office
|Left
Officd
|-
|
* PWD
|Parminder Singh Dhindsa
|2007
|2012
|-
|
* Science Technology
|Bikram Singh Majthia
|2007
|2012
|-
|
* Revenue &
* Rehabilitation
|Ajit Singh Kohar
|2007
|2012
|-
|
* Sports & Youth Services
|Gulzar Singh Ranike
|2007
|2012
| rowspan="1" |
* Local government and Health
|[[Bhagat Chunni Lal]]
|2007
|2012
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | before= [[First Amarinder Singh ministry]] | title=[[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] | after=[[Fifth Badal ministry]] | years=2007–2012}}
{{s-end}}

[[Category:Shiromani Akali Dal ministries|Badal 04]]
[[Category:Punjab, India ministries|Badal 04]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2007|Badal IV]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2012]]

{{India-poli-stub}}

Tonk Khurd tehsil

2026-01-05T04:47:54Z

BharatpediaContributor: Created new stub

{{Short description|Location in Madhyapradesh, India}}
{{One source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tonk Khurd tehsil
|native_name =
|native_name_lang =
|settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
| image =

|pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_mapsize =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
|coordinates = {{coord|23.098|76.215|display=inline,title}}
|coordinates_footnotes = 
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district]]
|government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]
|governing_body = [[Council]]

|area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
|area_rural_footnotes =
| area_rural_km2 =
|area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank1_km2 =
|area_note =
|width_mi =
|elevation_min_rank =

|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_total =

| population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi=
|population_urban_footnotes =
|population_urban =
| population_density_urban_km2 =
|population_density_urban_sq_mi =
|population_rural_footnotes =
|population_rural =
| population_density_rural_km2 =
|population_density_rural_sq_mi =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]

| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30

|postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)
|postal_code =
|area_code_type = 
|area_code =
| geocode =
|registration_plate =

| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 =

| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =

| website = 
|iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tonk Khurd tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Dewas district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2022-08-28|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=August 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

Jimmy George Indoor Stadium

2025-12-28T02:02:30Z

BharatpediaContributor: minor correct page per standard format and added references

{{Short description|Sports complex in Thiruvananthapuram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Jimmy George Sports Hub
| image =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| broke_ground =
| opened = 1987
| closed =
| demolished =
| owner = Directorate of Sports & Youth Affairs, Government of Kerala
| operator = Directorate of Sports & Youth Affairs, Government of Kerala
| surface =
| seating_capacity = 2,000
}}

The '''Jimmy George Sports Hub''', formerly known as the '''Jimmy George Indoor Stadium''',<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/check-out-worldclass-sporting-facilities-in-thiruvananthapuram/article8537094.ece| title = Check out world-class sporting facilities in Thiruvananthapuram - The Hindu}}</ref> is a sports complex in [[Vellayambalam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], [[India]], owned by Directorate of Sports and Youth Affairs, [[Government of Kerala]] and is named after Indian volleyball legend [[Jimmy George]].

The complex includes an [[indoor stadium]] with facilities for playing [[volleyball]], [[basketball]], [[handball]], [[badminton]] and [[table tennis]], a swimming pool, one of the largest gymnasiums in the state and Astra, a state-of-the-art high altitude training centre, which enables high altitude acclimatisation. Promising badminton players undergo regular practice in this stadium under a coach from [[Sports Authority of India]]. Training in [[gymnastics]] and [[taekwondo]] are also conducted.

The complex also houses a photo gallery which chronicles the life of Jimmy George from his childhood, his triumphs with the [[India men's national volleyball team|Indian national volleyball team]] and his stint and untimely death in Italy, displayed along with the iconic ‘Number 10’ jersey he donned for Team India.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Stadiums in Kerala |state=expanded}}
{{Thiruvananthapuram}}

{{coord|8.4875|N|76.9525|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Indoor arenas in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indoor arenas in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Basketball venues in India]]
[[Category:Volleyball venues in India]]
[[Category:Handball venues in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Anandalahari

2025-12-04T16:31:14Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{short description|Indian musical instrument}}
{{Infobox instrument
| name = Anandalahari
| image = Ānandalaharī_MET_midp89.4.181.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| background =
| names = gubgubi, khamak
| classification = [[Membranophone]] [[Chordophone]]
| hornbostel_sachs =22
| hornbostel_sachs_desc =barrel shaped body, open on one side, and fixed on the bottom of a string(s)
| related = Pullavan Kudam, Bhapang, gubgubi, [[Khamak]]
}}
The '''anandalahari''' ({{langx|bn|আনন্দলহরী}}; {{langx|sa|आनन्दलहरी|translit=ānandalaharī}}) is originated in [[bengal]] region. The instrument often accompanies dance, and may act as melody and rhythm.<ref name="c">{{cite web |last1=Dick |first1=Alastair |last2=Montagu |first2=Jeremy|title=Ānandalaharī |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-4002261310 |website=Grove Music Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.L2261310|year=2014}}</ref>

{{Culture of Bengal}}

==Name==
The name ''anandalahari'' means "waves of joy". Popularly this instrument is called by [[onomatopoeic]] names like ''gubgubi'' and ''khamak''.<ref name="c"/>

==Description==
The anandalahari has a barrel-shaped body, open on one side, and fixed on the "bottom" of a single string.<ref name="a">{{cite book |last1=Lorea |first1=Carola |title=Folklore, Religion and the Songs of a Bengali Madman: A Journey Between Performance and the Politics of Cultural Representation |date=2016 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-32471-8 |page=vii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7izFDAAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="b">{{cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=Alison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hh03DwAAQBAJ |title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: South Asia: The Indian Subcontinent |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-54438-2 |page=300 |language=en}}</ref> The tool body is wooden, open on both sides; the membrane is fixed in the lower and upper parts with a leather hoop and cords.<ref name="c"/> Some instruments have a hole in the upper diaphragm, others not; it may be completely absent in old instruments.<ref name="c"/> The vein string is attached to the bottom with a piece of bamboo or other material.<ref name="c"/> The other end of the string is fixed inside a copper pot.<ref name="c"/>

==Use==
The barrel is placed in the left armpit, the pot is taken in the left hand and the string is pulled with it, and the string is played with the right hand using a [[plectrum]].<ref name="c"/>

A similar instrument named ''pulluvan kudam''<ref name="b"/> is found in [[South India]]. Another similar instrument known as the ''gopiyantra kendra'' is used by the [[Munda people]] of [[West Bengal|Bengal]] and [[Odisha]]. Both the gopiyantra and the anandalahari are used by religious mendicant singers of the [[Sadhu]] type and especially by singers of the [[heterodox]] [[Baul]] faith.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ray |first1=Sukumar |title=Music of Eastern India: Vocal Music in Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, and Manipuri, with Special Emphasis on Bengali |date=1973 |publisher=Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay |location=Calcutta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gCvaAAAAMAAJ&q=anandalahari |pages=106–107|isbn=9780883862612 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Barthakur |first1=Dilip Ranjan |title=The Music and Musical Instruments of North Eastern India |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-881-5 |pages=129–130 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oP4vH-4oSEcC&pg=PA130 |language=en}}</ref>

==Classification==
[[Curt Sachs]] believed that the anandalahari and related instruments are a separate class of purely Indian plucked [[membranophones]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sachs |first1=Curt |title=Die Musikinstrumente Indiens und Indonesiens: zugleich eine Einführung in die Instrumentenkunde |date=1923 |publisher=Vereinigung Wissenschaftlicher Verleger |location=Berlin and Leipzig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHQFAAAAMAAJ|page=78|isbn=9783112132302 |language=de}}</ref> but [[ethnomusicologist]], [[Laurence Picken]] and others have shown that they are clean [[chordophones]].<ref>L.E.R. Picken (1981): The 'Plucked Drums': ''Gopīyantra and Ānandalaharī''’, Musica asiatica, '''iii''', p 29–33</ref>

==See also==
* [[Ektara]]
* [[Kendara]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Anandalahari Anandalahari] Banglapedia

{{Commons category|Anandalahari}}
{{Indian musical instruments}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi musical instruments]]
[[Category:Chordophones]]
[[Category:Plucked membranophones]]

Archigenes chela

2025-09-29T20:03:15Z

BharatpediaContributor: new basic data needs work

{{Short description|Species of butterfly}}

{{Speciesbox
| name = Spot Judy
| image = Abisara_chela_399.png
| image2 = Close wing position of Abisara chela de Nicéville, 1886 – Spot Judy WLB DSC 0174.jpg
| taxon = Archigenes chela
| authority = ([[Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville|Guerin]], 1843)
}}

'''''Archigenes chela''''', the '''spot Judy''', is a small but striking butterfly found in [[India]] that belongs to the family [[Riodinidae]]. A 2015 study separated them from the genus ''Abisara'' to ''Archigenes''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Espeland |first1=Marianne |last2=Hall |first2=Jason P.W. |last3=DeVries |first3=Philip J. |last4=Lees |first4=David C. |last5=Cornwall |first5=Mark |last6=Hsu |first6=Yu-Feng |last7=Wu |first7=Li-Wei |last8=Campbell |first8=Dana L. |last9=Talavera |first9=Gerard |last10=Vila |first10=Roger |last11=Salzman |first11=Shayla |last12=Ruehr |first12=Sophie |last13=Lohman |first13=David J. |last14=Pierce |first14=Naomi E. |date=2015 |title=Ancient Neotropical origin and recent recolonisation: Phylogeny, biogeography and diversification of the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=93 |pages=296–306 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2015.08.006|pmid=26265256 |bibcode=2015MolPE..93..296E |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Description==
{{Entomology glossary hatnote}}
Closely resembles ''[[Abisara neophron]]'' but is smaller in both sexes and differs as follows:
Upperside of forewings has discal white band comparatively broader and shorter, not extending to vein 1, of more even width, not so conspicuously narrowed posteriorly; postdiscal white band more clearly defined and ending anteriorly in a prominent subcostal white spot. Hindwing differs in the subterminal broken white lines being bordered inwardly in interspaces 1 to 3 by much darker brown spots than in ''A. neophron''; the conspicuous oval black spots near apices of interspaces of 5 and 6 much as in ''A. neophron'', but the outer of the two subterminal short lines beyond them ochraceous, not white; tail at apex of vein 4 as in ''A. neophron'', but proportionately shorter. Underside as in ''A. neophron'', but the postdiscal band on the forewing comparatively broader and more clearly defined; the postdiscal area broadly lilac coloured.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bingham |first1=C.T. |authorlink=Charles Thomas Bingham |title=[[The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma|The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma Butterflies]] |volume=1 |edition=1st |publisher= [[Taylor & Francis|Taylor and Francis, Ltd.]] |location=London |year=1905 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Riodinidae]]
*[[List of butterflies of India]]
*[[List of butterflies of India (Riodinidae)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q4667934}}

[[Category:Abisara]]
[[Category:Butterflies of Asia]]
[[Category:Butterflies described in 1843]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Félix Édouard Guérin-Méneville]]

{{Riodinidae-stub}}

12/24 Karol Bagh

2025-09-22T03:48:42Z

BharatpediaContributor: add content per sources further and added references

{{Short description|Indian television drama series}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Karol Bagh Intertitle.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama]], [[Comedy]]
| creator = Sunshine Productions
| writer = Vinay Chaudhury, Satyam Tripathi, Anshuman Sinha, Rajesh Dubey
| director = Ravi Bhushan, Amit Malik, Sundeep Sharma & Lalit Moham Sharma
| creative_director = Seema Sawhney And Sudhir Sharma, Richa Singh Gautam
| starring =[[Neil Bhatt]] [[Ravi Dubey]] [[Smriti Kalra]] [[Alka Amin]] [[Hunar Hali]] [[Manish Nawani]] [[Sargun Mehta]] [[Manit Joura]]
| opentheme =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 253
| executive_producer =
| producer = Sudhir Sharma
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = Approx. 24 minutes
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2009|8|31|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2010|10|22|df=y}}
}}

'''''12/24 Karol Bagh''''' is an Indian television comedy-drama series that aired on Zee TV set in the [[Karol Bagh]] area of Delhi. The series premiered on 31 August 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.afaqs.com/perl/media/story.html?sid=24783 |title=Zee TV to launch 12/24 Karol Bagh |publisher=AFAQs.com |date=2009-08-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901103801/http://www.afaqs.com/perl/media/story.html?sid=24783 |archivedate=1 September 2009 |url-status=dead |accessdate=2009-09-01 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The series was directed by Ravi Bhushan shot in both [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]] studios. The story dealt with the conflicts between today's kids' generation and their parents. The series started the trend of TV serials being set in Delhi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Delhis-driving-TV-content/articleshow/7111379.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065109/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-17/tv/28214279_1_karol-bagh-soaps-smaller-cities|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Delhi's driving TV content|date=17 December 2010}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
12/24 Karol Bagh, Delhi is the address of the Sethi family. The head of the family is Mr. Rajinder Sethi who owns a shop selling bridal wear. He is a simple man who does not believe in God. His wife Manju Sethi is a practical woman who has a positive outlook towards life. Simi ([[Smriti Kalra]]), the eldest daughter, is 28 years of age and is still unmarried. The second child is Anuj ([[Waseem Mushtaq]]), who works in a bank. Anuj has a girlfriend but is waiting for his elder sister to get married. The third child is Neetu ([[Sargun Mehta]]) who is happy go lucky, extremely boisterous and whose only goal is to get married. And the youngest daughter is Mili ([[Hunar Hali]]), who is street smart, bold and realistic. The show revolves primarily around Simi and her marriage. Despite her sweet nature, she has been rejected several times owing to her weight. As the story progresses, it reflects upon the social stigma surrounding unmarried daughters through the struggles of the Sethi family.

==Cast==

===Main===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Smriti Kalra]] as Simran "Simi/Simo" Sethi Tarneja: Abhinav's wife, Rajinder and Manju's daughter, Anuj, Neetu and Mili's sister and Anita's and Omkar's sister in law
* [[Neil Bhatt]] as Abhinav "Abhi" Tarneja: Simi's husband, Anita's younger brother Tarneja family's son and Sethi family's son in law
* [[Ravi Dubey]] as Omkar "Omi" Dagar, Neetu's husband
* [[Sargun Mehta]] as Neetu Sethi Dagar

===Recurring===
* [[Alka Amin]] as Manju Sethi: Mother of Simi, Anuj, Neetu and Mili, Rajinder's wife and Abhinav, Anita and Omkar's mother in law
* Banwari Taneja as Rajinder Sethi: Father of Simi, Anuj, Neetu and Mili, Manju's husband and Abhinav, Anita and Omkar's father in law
* [[Hunar Hali]] as Mili Sethi
* [[Waseem Mushtaq]] as Anuj Sethi
* Devyani Shiv Bhatia as Anita Anuj Sethi (née Taneja)
* Indresh Malik as Rajeev Bhalla
* [[Manish Nawani]] as Nakul Singh Dagar
* [[Akshay Dogra]] as Vishal
* [[Manit Joura]] as Vicky
* [[Yuri Suri]] as Mr. Taneja
* Mala Mishra as Mrs. Anusha Taneja
* Sushil Tayagi as Mr. Surinder
* [[Sumit Vats]] as Groom's Friend in Marriage (Cameo Role only Episode No 6)
{{div col end}}

===Guest===

*[[Narendra Chanchal]] as Devotional Singer Special Appearance for [[Jagdamba]], Maa Ambe "JAGRAATA" (Maha Episode No 30), (Episode No 31)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.zeetv.com/shows/12-24-karol-bagh/}}
*{{IMDb title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:12 24 Karol Bagh}}
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Delhi]]

Assi Ghat

2025-08-25T13:49:48Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{Infobox Mandir
| name = Assi Ghat
| image = Assi Ghat Varanasi morning Aarti.jpg
| caption = Morning [[aarti]] at Assi Ghat
| coordinates = {{coord|25|17|19.132|N|83|0|24.342|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
[[File:City older than the history.jpg|thumb|Assi Ghat during Dev Dipawali.]]
[[File:Sri Lakshminarayan Temple at Assi Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2012).jpg|thumb|Assi Ghat]]

'''Assi Ghat''' is the southernmost [[ghat]] in [[Varanasi]], India.<ref name="Ede2015">{{cite book|author=Piers Moore Ede|title=Kaleidoscope City: A Year in Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XplEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|date=26 February 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-3542-5|pages=6–}}</ref> To most visitors to Varanasi, it is known for being a place where long-term foreign students, researchers, and tourists live.<ref name=ex/> The ghat hosts Subah-e-Banaras, a cultural and spiritual event, in the mornings.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-03-22 |title=Subah-e-Banaras a hit as Assi ghat gets a makeover |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/subahebanaras-a-hit-as-assi-ghat-gets-a-makeover/article7021059.ece |access-date=2024-06-01 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Tourism==
[[File:Assi Ghat-Varanasi India-Andres Larin.jpg|thumb|left|Drone shot of Assi Ghat in 2022]]
The Assi Ghat is the southernmost ghat in Varanasi. It is one of the biggest ghats in Varanasi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assi Ghat {{!}} Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/attractions/assi-ghat/a/poi-sig/1321882/356519 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> The [[Assi River|Assi]] and [[Ganges]] rivers converge at Assi Ghat.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoyDwAAQBAJ&dq=assi+ghat&pg=PA206 |title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4654-7253-3 |pages=206 |language=en}}</ref> To most visitors in Varanasi, it is known for being a place where long-term foreign students, researchers, and tourists live. Assi Ghat is one of the ghats often visited for recreation and during festivals. Most of the people visiting the ghat on usual days are students from the nearby [[Banaras Hindu University]]. The ghat accommodates about 22,500 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |title=Time and the Ganga River at Asi Ghat, Pilgrimage and Ritual Landscape|author=John McKim Malville and Rana P. B. Singh |access-date=20 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124131559/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 }}</ref> During iconic Dev Deepawali festival, more than 600,000 tourists visit the ghat.
[[File:An evening at Assi Ghat.JPG|thumb|Old people in group chat in the evening at Assi Ghat]]
Hindus believe that it was at Assi Ghat that [[Tulsidas]] left for his heavenly abode.

After the [[2010 Varanasi bombing]] the city commissioned extra police to the Assi Ghat neighborhood in order to more quickly resolve problems which tourists might have.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/New-measures-to-perk-up-vigil-in-city/articleshow/7084370.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/varanasi/28271739_1_ghats-spos-temples |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |title=New measures to perk up vigil in city
|date=11 Dec 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]] |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref>

=== ''Subah-e-Banaras'' ===
''Subah-e-Banaras'', an early morning session before dawn (sunrise) started on 2014 by Minister of State, [[Uttar Pradesh Government]]. A committee has been constituted to glorify and propagate the celestial moments of ''Subah-e-Banaras'' for spiritual development. People from all walks of life joined hands together to perpetuate the early hour's effort to feel within existence of Almighty and grandeur of Nature.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Subah-e-Banaras|url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/|access-date=30 August 2020|website=SubaheBanaras}}</ref> It is daily session which last for 2 hours and is free of cost.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Subah-e-Banaras|work=Optima Travels|url=https://optimatravels.com/varanasi-uttar-pradesh/subah-e-banaras-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-india.aspx|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref>

==== Activities ====
# Morning [[Vedic]] enchanting and Nature’s welcome.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vedic Recitations at Assi Ghat, Varanasi (Subah-e-Banaras): the Paper of Natalia Korneeva (video)|url=https://iocs.hse.ru/en/news/268281343.html|access-date=2022-01-19|website=iocs.hse.ru|language=en}}</ref>
# Vedic [[Yajna|Yagya]].
# Tribute to five elements of life, [[Tattva#Tantra|Pancha Tattva]].
# Music – Morning [[Raga]], Classical/Semi classical by expert artists.
# [[Yoga]] classes - To shape perfectly physically as well metaphysically.
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daily Schedule of Subah-e-Baranas|url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/index.php?id=DailySchedule|access-date=30 August 2020|website=SuabaheBaranas}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
*[[Kashinath Singh]]'s Hindi novel ''[[Kashi Ka Assi]]'' is set in the [[mohalla]] near the ghat. The novel was adapted into ''[[Mohalla Assi]]'', a 2018 [[Bollywood]] film starring [[Sunny Deol]] and directed by [[Chandra Prakash Dwivedi]], which is set in the ''[[mohalla]]'' (locality) around Assi Ghat.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="nd">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |title=Sunny Deol to play a pandit in Mohalla Assi |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies |access-date=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212163510/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |archive-date=12 February 2011 }}</ref>
*[[Raanjhanaa]], a 2013 film which is also a [[Varanasi]]-based story, also has scenes of the "Assi Ghat".
*[[Masaan]], a 2015 [[drama film]] directed by [[Neeraj Ghaywan]] has scenes of Vatika Cafe of the Assi Ghat.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Wikiversity-inline|The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat Area|Assi Ghat}}
{{Varanasi}}
{{commonscat|Assi Ghat}}

[[Category:Ghats of India]]
[[Category:Ghats in Varanasi]]

Devunigutta Temple

2025-08-22T21:57:12Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{short description|Hindu temple in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox historic site
| name = Devunigutta Temple
| image = Devunigutta Temple In Telangana State 02.jpg
| caption = Devunigutta Temple, north and west sides, c. 2017
| location = [[Jayashankar Bhupalpally district]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| built = 6th century CE<ref name="TOI"/>
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|6|54.6|N|80|02|13.3|E|display=it}}
| locmapin = India#India Telangana
| map_relief = 1
| architecture = [[Hindu temple architecture]]
| native_name = దేవునిగుట్ట దేవాలయం
| native_language = te
}}
[[File:Devunigutta Temple In Telangana State 03.jpg|thumb|[[Relief]] sculptures on the outside west wall of the temple; [[Ardhanarishvara]] (with a single breast) and other figures]]
The '''Devunigutta Temple''' ("God’s hill" in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 265">Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 265</ref>) or '''Shiva Temple, Kothur''' is a [[Hindu temple]] near Kothur village in the [[Mulugu district|Mulugu District]], [[Telangana]], India, some 60 km east of [[Warangal]].<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cardiff-expert-says-no-resemblance-of-devunigutta-architecture-with-angkor-wat/articleshow/67721331.cms |title=Cardiff expert says no resemblance of Devunigutta architecture with Angkor Wat|date=28 January 2019|first=U. Sudhakar|last=Reddy|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref><ref name="Greaves">Greaves</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/040917/telangana-ancient-mulugu-temple-soon-to-become-tourist-attraction.html|title=Telangana: Ancient Mulugu temple soon to become tourist attraction|date=2017-09-04|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref> Located in a remote forested plateau, it was probably built c. 6th century CE by the [[Vakataka dynasty|Vakatakas]].<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 265"/> It was first recorded in 2012, in an abandoned state, by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI);<ref name="Greaves"/> however, it did not come to wider attention until images were posted on [[social media]] in 2017.

The temple now consists of a square sanctuary with a [[shikhara]] or [[vimana]] tower,<ref>"shikhara" to Greaves, "vimana" to Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy. At this locality and date, the northern and southern forms of tower over a sanctuary were just beginning to emerge</ref> with the sanctuary open to the interior of the tower, and a low wall enclosing an entrance court. An unusual profusion of relief sculptures, though very worn, are located both inside and outside.<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 265"/><ref>Greaves; Telangana Tourism</ref> Visiting international scholars, as well as local people, have expressed concern about the condition of the building. Local voluntary groups cleared the vegetation growing on the actual structure,<ref>Telangana Tourism has photos before, during and after.</ref> although by 2020 much had regrown. In late 2019 the Archaeological Survey of India was ready to restore the temple, but was awaiting permission from the local authorities.<ref>[https://newsmeter.in/devuni-gutta-temple-in-mulugu-lies-in-state-of-neglect/ Newsmeter, "Devuni Gutta temple in Mulugu lies in state of neglect"], by Dasari Sreenivasa Rao, 16 December 2019</ref>

An image of [[Narashima]] was installed after 2012, and the temple is in informal worship.<ref name="Greaves"/>

== Rediscovery ==
Although apparently reported to the ASI in 2012,<ref name="Greaves"/> the temple attracted little attention until photographs were posted on social media in 2017.<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 265"/> An Assistant Director of Archaeology and Museums for Telangana state visited the temple in August 2017, and "submitted a report stressing the need to conserve the temple", but as of early 2019 no action had been taken.<ref name="TT">{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/need-to-conserve-devunigutta-temple-archaeologists|title=Need to conserve Devunigutta temple: Archaeologists|last=Reddy|first=P Laxma|date=24 Jan 2019|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A German art historian, Corinna Wessels-Mevissen, who saw the temple in 2018, said “The temple is a unique blend of styles visible in [[Udayagiri, Odisha|Udayagiri]] and Scandagiri in Odisha and also a bit of [[Amaravati Stupa|Amaravati]] like (Andhra Pradesh) architecture.”<ref name="TT"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/art-historian-from-germany-visits-devunigutta-temple|title=Art historian from Germany visits Devunigutta temple|last=Reddy|first=AuthorP Laxma|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>
[[File:Devunigutta Temple In Telangana State.jpg|thumb|The tower from behind (west face), showing the "cleft" in the wall.]]

A British expert, [[Adam Hardy (architectural historian)|Adam Hardy]], who visited the temple in 2019, described it as "a unique temple with a rare architecture full of imagery and a depiction of a heavenly vision in sculpture", though he dismissed claims of resemblance to [[Angkor Wat]], saying Devunigutta was in any case older, probably from the 6th century.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cardiff-expert-says-no-resemblance-of-devunigutta-architecture-with-angkor-wat/articleshow/67721331.cms "Cardiff expert says no resemblance of Devunigutta architecture with Angkor Wat"], ''[[Times of India]]'', U Sudhakar Reddy, Jan 28, 2019</ref> He was reported as saying "It’s high time the Archaeological Department take the necessary steps to protect the temple which is beginning to collapse."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sunday-Hans/2019-01-27/Devuni-Gutta-A-researchers-paradise/482912|title=Devuni Gutta: A researcher's paradise|last=Mahender|first=Adepu|date=2019-01-27|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-05}}</ref>

Corinna Wessels-Mevissen gave a brief report on the temple to a conference in Naples in 2018, and she and Adam Hardy published a paper on it in 2019.<ref>Greaves; Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy is the paper, which is based on the conference report</ref> Laxshmi Greaves, a colleague of Hardy at [[Cardiff University]], visited the temple separately in 2018, and published an account.<ref name="Greaves"/>

==Architecture==
The temple has a single enclosed space, about 6 metres square, and now 7 metres high; it is missing the [[kalasha]] urn or [[amalaka]] that would once have topped it. It is built of blocks of [[sandstone]] that have eroded considerably. The blocks are closely fitted, but there are traces of [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]], and a few of reddish [[stucco]], which probably originally covered all the reliefs, and may have been painted.<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 267">Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 267</ref> Apart from erosion of the stone, the temple seems generally well-preserved, apart from damage above the entrance and a "long vertical cleft" running down the west wall, which has disrupted the left side of the exterior relief panel with Ardhanarishvara (illustrated).<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 277</ref> The low wall marking an enclosure in front of the temple is probably not original,<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 268">Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 268</ref> and is rather crudely constructed of similar blocks, perhaps originally used for another structure.

A very unusual feature in [[Hindu temple architecture]] is that the sanctuary has no ceiling, and visitors can look straight up inside the [[corbel]]led shikara/vimana. This is a feature shared with the [[Gop Temple]] of about 550 on the other side of India in [[Gujarat]].<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 267–268</ref> Usually the flat and unornamented ceiling of the sanctuary is an essential part of the "cave and mountain" architectural metaphor of a Hindu temple. This may relate to apparently wooden temples with octagonal towers seen in some Buddhist reliefs.<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 269</ref> Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy conclude the temple's "unique architecture provides a missing link between early timber structures and the [[Dravidian architecture|Dråvida tradition]]".<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 265"/>
[[File:Devunigutta Temple In Telangana State 01.jpg|thumb|The external [[Ardhanarishvara]] group in 2019]]

The tower has four tiers, "defined by relief-encrusted [[string course]]s", which on the upper tiers are "divided rather haphazardly into bays by plain pilasters". The tower is topped by a low corbelled dome. There is a central projection or bhadra extending across most of each face of the tower. At the lowest level each side except for the east entrance has "a spectacular mythological panel" above a simple moulding.<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 268"/> [[Pilaster]]s make a number of small [[aedicule]]s, and there are [[gavaksha]]s at many places, often with faces inside them.<ref name="Greaves"/>

Inside there is now a modern plinth holding an image of Narashima, but no sign of a [[lingam]], nor of a drainage channel for offerings.<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 267"/> Local people say a lingam was stolen some time ago.<ref name="Greaves"/>

Leaning against the wall of the enclosed courtyard are three white [[limestone]] fragments, one of which appears to be a post from a carved railing typical of Buddhist [[stupa]]s (e.g., [[Amaravati Stupa]], though these are much larger), although no stupas are known to have existed within 100 km of the temple. They may have been brought to the site as a source of lime for the mortar, or to decorate it.<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 269; there are photos in Telangana Tourism.</ref>

==Reliefs==
Reliefs carved into the structural blocks cover "almost every available surface", both inside and out.<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 267"/> Though early press reports dwelled on Buddhist-like aspects of the temple, it is clearly a Hindu temple dedicated to [[Shiva]], who appears prominently in the composite form of [[Ardhanarishvara]], divided between his male form and the female one of [[Parvati]], his consort. Ardhanarishvara appears centrally on the [[relief]]s on both the inside and outside of the rear (west) wall of the sanctuary, a feature not known elsewhere.<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 275; Greaves</ref>
[[File:Devunigutta Temple In Telangana State 02 (cropped).jpg|thumb| [[Balarama]] group on the north exterior wall]]

The large relief groups "exhibit a homogenous sculptural style essentially reminiscent of [[Gupta art]] and other sculptural idioms present in this early period"<ref name="Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 267"/> although the site is a long way from areas controlled by the [[Gupta Empire]] by the 460s. They are crowded with figures, above all the very large group occupying the back wall of the sanctuary. The reliefs have many unusual [[iconography|iconographic]] features, and not all the subjects are yet clear.<ref name="Greaves"/> Together they suggest "the spread of a pre-Tantric form of ascetic Saivism to the South of India".<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 276</ref>

===The three large exterior groups===
The Ardhanarishvara group on the outside rear (east) wall has unusual features. Ardhanarishvara, though in a composite male/female form and much the largest figure, has a relatively large female figure on the viewer's left, perhaps a consort. A small elephant-headed [[Ganesha]], child of Shiva and Parvati, is being patted on the head by the figure representing his parents. Both of these features are very unusual; that the figure has four arms is typical. Two other hands hold a lotus flower and a square mirror, and the last is over the head of what may be [[Kartikeya|Skanda]], another son of Shiva and Parvati, as a child.<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 269–271</ref> The group includes several other rather smaller figures. A bovine head representing Shiva's [[vahana]] or "vehicle", the bull [[Nandi (mythology)|Nandi]], is seen at the left of his head; the same feature appears on the large south wall relief.<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 270; Greaves (also for photos)</ref>

The large group on the exterior north wall probably shows [[Balarama]] defeating the evil [[asura]] Pralambasura, with his right arm raised to strike the fatal blow to the figure below him, whose head he holds, while his knee presses into his back. To the left of the panel two male worshippers are squatting. Around Balarama's head are four [[ayudhapurusha]] figures, [[personification|personified]] divine weapons normally associated with [[Vishnu]], a very unusual feature.<ref name="ReferenceA">Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 272; Greaves (also for photos)</ref>

The large group on the exterior south wall is "difficult to interpret". It probably shows Shiva in [[lalitasana|the "royal ease" position]], flanked by a male and female figure, and with a dwarf kneeling below him. The male figure appears to touch Shiva's raised foot in a gesture of respect. Next to Shiva's head is another bovine head, and there are a number of other figures, including small flying attendants.<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 272–274, 272 quoted; Greaves (also for photos)</ref> Greaves interprets this scene as "Śiva trampling on the demon of ignorance".<ref name="Greaves"/>

===Reliefs on the interior walls===
Almost the whole of the inside west (rear) wall is occupied with a large relief, crowded with figures in three registers, but with "no apparent visual narrative [that] connects all these images". A large standing two-armed Ardhanarishvara is placed centrally at a low level, with Shiva and Parvati seated above, probably shown in their mountain home on [[Mount Kailasa]], with Nandi. Other figures appear to represent devotees, ascetics, [[yogi]]s and penitents, perhaps including the temple donors. The side walls show similar scenes.<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 273–276; Greaves (also for photos)</ref>

===Other reliefs===
The very many smaller reliefs on the exterior walls include, on the first upper level of the west wall, a group of [[Lakulisha]], seated and holding his large mace, with his four disciples, as well as a sixth head at the far right edge, "probably as a kind of 'witness'". There is a comparable group in Cave Temple No. 2 at the [[Badami Caves]] in [[Karnataka]], Early Chalukya dynasty, from around 550–570, though there Lakulisha is four-armed and [[ithyphallic]] (the latter usual for him at this period); at Devunigutta he is neither.<ref>Wessels-Mevissen and Hardy, 272; Greaves (also for photos); [[:File:Lakulisha Badami.jpg|photo of the Badami group]].</ref>

Other scenes and figures include loving couples ([[mithuna]]s) and detailed small-scale battle scenes on the horizontal string course blocks separating the upper levels, with infantry, chariots and war-elephants.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

<gallery widths="180px" heights="170px">
File:DEVUDIGUTTA 10.jpg|The worn relief on the inside back (west) wall
File:DEVUDI GUTTA.jpg|Outside south wall group, probably [[Shiva]] and companions
File:CORINNA WESSELS.jpg|Corinna Wessels-Mevissen examining the temple
File:DEVUDIGUTTA 3.jpg|The probable post from a carved railing of a Buddhist [[stupa]], in the courtyard
File:Devunigutta Temple 16.jpg|Small heads on a higher level
File:DEVUDIGUTTA 6.jpg|From the front, 2020
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

== References ==
All these have many good photos.
*Greaves, Laxshmi Rose, [https://theartofsouthasia.com/2019/01/14/devni-gutta-a-recently-found-6th-century-temple-in-telangana/ "Devunigutta: A Recently Discovered 6th Century Temple in Telangana"], ''Art of South Asia'', 2019
*"Telangana Tourism": [https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/field-updates/reconstruction-of-devuni-gutta-temple-kothur-village/ "Reconstruction of Devuni Gutta Temple, Kothur village"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081742/https://heritage.telangana.gov.in/field-updates/reconstruction-of-devuni-gutta-temple-kothur-village/ |date=12 November 2022 }}, Feature on Telangana Tourism website
*Wessels-Mevissen, Corinna, and [[Adam Hardy (architectural historian)|Hardy, Adam]], "Note on a Recently Reported Early Śiva Temple near Kothur (Telangana State)", ''Berlin Indological Studies'', 24 (2019): 265–278

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Devunigutta Temple}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0OnxY48Oln0 Useful amateur YouTube video with several minutes on the temple]

{{Hindu Temples in Telangana}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Telangana]]
[[Category:6th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in Telangana]]

Pamarru mandal

2025-07-29T15:37:16Z

BharatpediaContributor: Page refined with updated information

{{Other uses|Pamarru (disambiguation){{!}}Pamarru}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pamarru Mandal
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.43|N|80.99|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Krishna district|Krishna]]
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]]
| parts_type = [[Administrative divisions of India|Major villages]]
| parts_style = para
| parts =
| leader_title = [[Tehsildar]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Krishna|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2816_PART_B_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=3 March 2016|page=16,418|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 120.31
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 54634
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627531|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521 XXX
| registration_plate = AP 16
| website =
| footnotes =
| image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|id=|stroke-colour=#C60C30|stroke-width=2|text=Interactive Map Outlining mandal}}
}}

'''Pamarru Mandal''' is one of the 25 [[Mandal]]s in the [[Krishna district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Gudivada revenue division]] and the headquarters are located at [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]].<ref name=map>{{cite web |title=Krishna District Mandals |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf|publisher=Census of India |accessdate=22 March 2016|pages=511, 530|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Administrative Setup|url=http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx|website=Krishna District Official Website|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=22 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020223104/http://krishna.nic.in/admin-setup.aspx|archive-date=20 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> The mandal is bounded by [[Pamidimukkala mandal|Pamidimukkala]], [[Pedaparupudi mandal|Pedaparupudi]], [[Movva mandal|Movva]], [[Guduru mandal, Krishna district|Gudur]], [[Gudlavalleru mandal|Gudlavalleru]] and [[Gudivada mandal|Gudivada Mandals]] of [[Krishna District]].<ref>{{cite web
|title = Mandals in Krishna district
|url = http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/krishna.html
|publisher = aponline.gov.in
|accessdate = 22 March 2016
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141213093713/http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/apfactfile/info%20on%20districts/krishna.html
|archivedate = 13 December 2014
}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The Pamarru mandal is partially a part of the [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] under the jurisdiction of [[APCRDA]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Declaration of A.P. CapitalRegion|url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|website=APCRDA|publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department|accessdate=21 February 2016|format=PDF|date=23 June 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF|archivedate=23 September 2015}}</ref>

== Towns and villages ==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the mandal has 25 settlements and all are 29 [[villages]].<ref name="census" /> The settlements in the mandal are listed below:

{{Columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# [[Velpuru]]
# [[Mullapudi]]
# [[Addada]]
# Ainampudi
# Balliparru
# Jujjavaram
# [[Kanumuru]]
# Kapavaram
# Komaravolu
# Kondiparru
# [[Kurumaddali]]
# [[Mallavaram, Krishna district|Mallavaram]]
# Mir Imam Palem
# Nemmikuru
# Nibhanupudi
# Nimmaluru
# [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]]
# Pasumarru
# Pedamaddali
# Polavaram
# Prakarla
# Raparala
# Rimmanapudi
# Undrapudi
# Uruturu
# Yelakurru
# Zamidaggumilli
# [[Zamigolvepalle]]
}}

Note: †–Mandal Headquarters, M-[[Municipality]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Some Concepts and Definitions |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/kerala/13-concept-34.pdf |publisher=Census of India 2011|accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Krishna district]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Krishna district}}

[[Category:Mandals in Krishna district]]

{{Krishna-geo-stub}}

Article 314 of the Constitution of India

2025-06-28T07:52:14Z

BharatpediaContributor: redirect

#REDIRECT [[Constitution of India#Structure]]
[[Category:Articles of Part XIV of the Constitution of India]]

This page is a redirect page at present. If you wish to expand this Article of Indian Constitution, do as follows:
* Remove the "REDIRECT" line
* Remove this message
and you may then proceed with your page.

Udhawa

2025-06-18T23:40:50Z

BharatpediaContributor: Created new stub.

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Udhawa
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.0958326|N|73.0021534|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Talasari]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 69
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 3026
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551575
| footnotes =
}}
'''Udhawa''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Talasari]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |access-date=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Udhawa had 604 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) was 71.53%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |access-date=2015-08-17 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 3026 || 1547 || 1479
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 458 || 239 || 219
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 255 || 119 || 136
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 1379 || 676 || 703
|-
| Literates || 1837 || 1066 || 771
|-
| Workers (all) || 1073 || 788 || 285
|-
| Main workers (total) || 1010 || 762 || 248
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 280 || 206 || 74
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 87 || 40 || 47
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 75 || 55 || 20
|-
| Main workers: Other || 568 || 461 || 107
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 63 || 26 || 37
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 19 || 7 || 12
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 19 || 12 || 7
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 15 || 5 || 10
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 10 || 2 || 8
|-
| Non-workers || 1953 || 759 || 1194
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Talasari taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Talasari taluka]]

Hayat Bakshi Mosque, Hayathnagar

2025-03-05T12:39:28Z

BharatpediaContributor: made initial data basic info

{{short description|Mosque in Hyderabad, Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{about|the mosque in [[Hayathnagar]], [[Hyderabad]], India|for the mosque near [[Golconda Fort]], Hyderabad, India|Qutb Shahi tombs}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Hayat Bakshi Mosque
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Hayat bakshi..... clear picture.JPG
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque in 2012
| coordinates = {{coord|17.32615|78.59901|region:IN-TE_type:landmark|format=dms|display=title,inline}}
| location = [[Hayathnagar]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad District]], [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]]
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]] and adjoining [[caravanserai]]
| functional_status = Active
| map_type = India Hyderabad
| map_size = 250
| map_alt =
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Hyderabad]]
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]]
| year_completed = 1672 [[Common Era|CE]]
| construction_cost =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| materials = Granite
| minaret_quantity = Two
}}
The '''Hayat Bakshi Mosque''' also '''Hayat Bakshi Begum Masjid''' is a [[mosque]] located in [[Hayathnagar]], near [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], in the [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad district]] of the state of [[Telangana]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title= Photo-docu of monuments begins|url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/22/stories/2010102260750300.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101109050911/http://www.hindu.com/2010/10/22/stories/2010102260750300.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 9 November 2010|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date= 2010-10-22|access-date=6 February 2012}}</ref> It was constructed in 1672 during the reign of [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] the fifth [[Sultan]] of [[Golconda]], and named after [[Hayat Bakshi Begum]].<ref name="india1">{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Hayat-Bakshi-Begum-Mosque-15096.htm |title=Hayat Bakshi Begum Mosque in Hayath Nagar India |publisher=India9.com |date=2005-06-07 |access-date=2011-05-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gigapan.org/gigapans/55770/ |title=hayat Bakshi begum masjid |publisher=gigapan |date=2010-08-02 |access-date=2011-05-09}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The mosque is built in typical [[Qutb Shahi architecture|Qutb Shahi]] style; with the [[Caravanserai|Sarai]], a rest house for the weary travellers. The [[façade]] features five arches, two [[minaret]]s as well as a [[frieze]] and [[parapet]] which runs around the twelve-sided arcaded galleries protruding from the corner minarets. The prayer hall is set on a raised platform. Toward the eastern side of the platform and below the mosque is an [[Ablution in Islam|ablution tank]]. The large complex occupies nearly {{convert|5|acre|ha|order=flip}}. The caravan sarai (rest house) is a {{convert|150|by|130|m}} courtyard. This guest house is said to have 130 rooms. Hathi Bawli (meaning well of [[elephant]]), is a very large well on the north-east of the mosque.<ref name="india1"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/photo-essay-hayath-bakshi-begum-hand-king-three-times-over-42086|title=Photo essay: Hayath Bakshi Begum- The hand of the king, three times over|last=Gopalan|first=Madhumita|date=2016-04-23|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In May 2009, the archaeology and museums department requested permission from the [[Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation]] (GHMC) to tear down twenty structures abutting the Hayat Bakshi Begum Mosque. The destruction was in violation of the ''Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act'' of 1960.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-25/hyderabad/28160455_1_buffer-zone-mosque-constructions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110916055454/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-25/hyderabad/28160455_1_buffer-zone-mosque-constructions |url-status=dead |archive-date=2011-09-16 |title=Structures around mosque to be razed |date=2009-05-25 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-05-09}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|Hyderabad}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in Telangana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline|Hayat Bakshi Mosque (Hayathnagar)}}

{{Mosques in India}}
{{Qutb Shahi Monuments}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Heritage structures in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1670s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Qutb Shahi architecture]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1672]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Hyderabad, India]]

Rüzaphema

2025-02-16T05:12:48Z

BharatpediaContributor:

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Rüzaphema
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]] and [[Metropolitan area]]
| image =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map1 =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Rüzaphema
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_footnotes =
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| elevation_m =
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| unit_pref = Metric
| area_rank =
| population_total = 2396<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/nagaland/dimapur/chumukedima/ruzaphema-population.html|title=Census of India 2011 – Rüzaphema data|website=www.censusindia.com|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_urban =
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| population_metro =
| population_density_metro_km2 =
| population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]]
| population_blank1 =
| population_density_blank1_km2 =
| population_blank2_title = Official
| population_blank2 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 797106
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|nagaland.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Rüzaphema''' is a village located in the [[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]] of [[Nagaland]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://morungexpress.com/rzaphema-village-rejoices-as-tap-water-flows-after-over-a-decade|title=Rüzaphema village rejoices as tap water flows after over a decade|newspaper=[[The Morung Express]]|access-date=16 February 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/891/download/36432/DH_2011_1305_PART_B_DCHB_DIMAPUR.pdf Censusindia.gov.in: Census of India 2011 Nagaland / Series-14 Part XII-B / District Census Handbook Dimapur pp.77–78 - Ruzaphema]</ref><ref>[https://assamtimes.org/node/15407 Assam Times: "Spotlight on Ruzaphema Village": AT Times Dimapur, 8 October 2015]</ref>

==Demographics==
Rüzaphema is situated in the Chümoukedima District of Nagaland. As per the Population Census 2011, there are a total 327 households in Rüzaphema. The total population of Rüzaphema is 2396.

==See also==
*[[Chümoukedima district|Chümoukedima District]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chümoukedima district]]

Oren (spy)

2025-02-01T23:43:22Z

BharatpediaContributor: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox spy
|prefix =
|name = Oren
|suffix =
|image =
|upright =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|death_cause =
|buried =
|nationality = 
|citizenship = 
|other_names =
|education =
|alma_mater =
|occupation =
|known_for =
|criminal_charge =
|criminal_penalty =
|criminal_status =
|spouse =
|children =
|parents =
|awards =
|country =
|allegiance = Germany
|branch =
|agency =
|corporation =
|serviceyears =
|rank =
|codename =
|codename2_label =
|codename2 =
|codename3_label =
|codename3 =
|codename4_label =
|codename4 =
|codename5_label =
|codename5 =
|operation_label =
|operation =
|other =
|module =
|signature =
}}
'''''Oren''''' was the [[codename]] assigned to a Baltic-German [[double agent]] in South-East Asia by [[British Intelligence]] during [[World War I]].

==Identity==
Although his true identity is unknown, he is believed to be a man of [[Sweden|Swedish]] descent. Author Nigel West states that he was a [[Baltic Germans|Baltic German]].<ref>N. West, ''Historical Dictionary of World War 1 Intelligence'', "Christmas Day Plot" entry, p 55; [[Rowman & Littlefield|Scarecrow Press]].</ref>

==Espionage==
Oren's intelligence passed on to the British Consul in [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]], W.E. Beckett<ref>Alec Gordon article,
"Rising Profits and Fears of Forfeiture in Neutral Netherlands East Indies during World War One", ''Social Scientist'' Vol. 42, No. 7/8 (July–August 2014), pp. 47-61 </ref> along with the intelligence passed on by another German agent [[Vincent Kraft]], was instrumental in uncovering parts of the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], especially the plans to ship arms to [[India]] on board the {{SS|Maverick}} in June 1915. Oren also passed on information on the operations of [[Jatindranath Mukherjee]]'s agent [[Narendranath Bhattacharya]] with German ministers in South-East Asia, and of Jatin's [[Christmas Day Plot|plans for revolt]] in the Indian Army in [[Bengal]] in August 1915.{{fact|date=February 2025}}

Based on Oren's intelligence, the ''Maverick'' was seized.{{dubious|1=Dubious: Maverick seized|date=September 2017}} Meanwhile in India, police destroyed the underground movement in [[Calcutta]] as an unaware Jatin proceeded according to plan to the [[Bay of Bengal]] coast in [[Balasore]]. He was followed there by Indian police and on 9 September 1915, he and a group of five revolutionaries armed with [[Mauser pistol|Mauser]] pistols made a last stand on the banks of the river Burha Balang. Seriously wounded in a gun battle that lasted seventy five minutes, Jatin died the next day in the town of Balasore.<ref name=Gupta12>{{Harvnb|Gupta|1997|p=12}}</ref><ref name=Strachan802>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=802}}</ref><ref name=Popplewell291>{{Harvnb|Popplewell|1995|p=291}}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2017}}<ref name=Dignan63>{{Harvnb|Dignan|1983|p=63}}</ref>

Oren's true identity was never disclosed by Beckett.

== References ==

===Footnotes===
{{reflist}}

===Notations===
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Gupta
| given1 = Amit K

| title = Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897-1938
| journal=Social Scientist
| volume=25
| issue=9/10
| date=Sep–Oct 1997
| pages=3–27
| doi=10.2307/3517678 | jstor=3517678 | url =
}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Strachan
| given1 = Hew
| year = 2001
| title = The First World War
| volume=I: To Arms
| url =
| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA
| isbn= 0-19-926191-1
}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Popplewell
| given1 = Richard J
| year = 1995
| title = Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire 1904-1924.
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H44J2uDSE2cC&pg=PA291
| publisher = Routledge
| isbn = 0-7146-4580-X
}}
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Dignan
| given1 = Don
| year = 1983
| title = The Indian revolutionary problem in British Diplomacy, 1914-1919
| url =
| publisher = New Delhi, Allied Publishers
| isbn =
}}

{{Ghadar Conspiracy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oren}}
[[Category:World War I spies for the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Double agents]]
[[Category:Hindu–German Conspiracy]]
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:World War I spies for Germany]]

Project Shivalik

2025-01-14T17:48:52Z

BharatpediaContributor: put up a bio!

{{Short description|Military roads engineering project}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = Shivalik
| image =
| country = {{IND}}
| type = [[Army]], [[Engineering]]
| role = Construction and maintenance of infrastructure in Uttarakhand, focusing in connectivity to [[Char Dham]] and the [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala project]].
| garrison = [[Rishikesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| garrison_label = Headquarters
| motto = Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam
| anniversaries = BRO Day: 7 May ; Raising Day: 25 February
| website = [https://bro.gov.in https://bro.gov.in]
| commander1 = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant general]]
Raghu Srinivasan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt General Raghu Srinivasan assumes charge as Border Roads Organisation chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lt-general-raghu-srinivasan-assumes-charge-as-border-roads-organisation-chief-2442853-2023-10-01 |access-date=2023-10-02 |website=India Today |language=en |format=PDF|archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024022437/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lt-general-raghu-srinivasan-assumes-charge-as-border-roads-organisation-chief-2442853-2023-10-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| commander1_label = [[Director general|Director General]]
| commander2 = [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] Puneet Jain (2021)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-17 |title=Authorisation letter for forest clearance |url=https://forestsclearance.nic.in/DownloadPdfFile.aspx?FileName=4116124612113LQ0Qauthorizationletter.pdf&FilePath=../writereaddata/FormA/UserAgencydoc/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website= parivesh.nic.in}}</ref>
| commander2_label = Chief Engineer
| start_date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2009|02|25}}
}}

'''Shivalik''', also known as '''Project SHIVALIK''' is a project of the [[Border Roads Organisation]] under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] of [[India]]. It was established on 25 February 2009 to expedite the road infrastructure developmental works in [[Uttarakhand]].<ref name="archivedprojectpage">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Project Shivalik |url=http://bro.gov.in/indexmain.asp?lang=1&projectid=57&cat_id=2|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150916074817/http://bro.gov.in/indexmain.asp?lang=1&projectid=57&cat_id=2 |archive-date=2015-09-16 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Border Roads Organisation}}</ref> The project mainly focuses in maintaining [[India–China Border Roads|India–China border roads]] in the region while also providing year long connectivity to [[Char Dham]]. It also plays a vital role in the [[Bharatmala|Bharatmala project]] in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Shivalik, Celebrates 13 years of Service to Nation on 25 Feb |url=https://twitter.com/BROindia/status/1497103540460093445 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en |archive-date=25 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225065824/https://twitter.com/BROindia/status/1497103540460093445 |url-status=live }}</ref> Apart from these, the project also contributes in [[Humanitarian aid|humanitarian assistance]] and [[Emergency management|disaster relief]] along with other agencies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India has emerged as first responder in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) at global level: CDS Gen. Anil Chauhan |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1906761 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

==Command structure==
The project is mainly divided into 21st task force and the 36th task force. Both of these task forces include numerous [[Company (military unit)|companies]] which in turn include [[platoon]]s and [[Detachment (military)|detachments]]. The task forces are headed by a [[commander]] while the companies are headed by an [[officer commanding]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=Organisation Chart: HQ Shivalik |url=https://bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/9308407623-Organisation%20Chart.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Border Roads Organisation |archive-date=17 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517005320/http://bro.gov.in/WriteReadData/linkimages/9308407623-Organisation%20Chart.pdf }}</ref>

==Works and involvements==
Shivalik maintains more than {{convert|1000|km|mi}} of roads and bridge infrastructure all around the mountainous terrain of Uttarakhand which include national highways and general staff roads which are in line with defence requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004 |title=ANNUAL REPORT 2003-2004 |url=https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/68.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Ministry of Road Transport and Highways |page=1 |archive-date=12 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212100555/https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/files/68.pdf }}</ref> The project works in two sectors, [[Joshimath]] and [[Harsil]]. The project also maintains vital infrastructure in the remote areas of Sumna, Rimkhim and [[Lapthal]] near the [[Line of Actual Control|line of actual control]] between [[India]] and [[China]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=DGBR visits Project Shivalik headquarters to review work |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/dgbr-visits-project-shivalik-headquarters-to-review-work.html |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=The Pioneer |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105161521/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/dgbr-visits-project-shivalik-headquarters-to-review-work.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In early 2012, when the project was under [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]], it faced lack of funding and work orders which caused a tussle between the project and the ministry. Later in 2015, the entirety of [[Border Roads Organisation]] was brought under the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=K |first=Sruthijith K. |date=2013-07-13 |title=BRO-Roads Ministry tussle hits Uttarakhand projects |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/bro-roads-ministry-tussle-hits-uttarakhand-projects/articleshow/21047526.cms |access-date=2023-11-05 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105160424/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/bro-roads-ministry-tussle-hits-uttarakhand-projects/articleshow/21047526.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[2012 Himalayan flash floods]], due to a [[Cloudburst|cloud burst]] in the [[Uttarkashi district]] of Uttarakhand, a [[National highways of India|national highway]] suffered extensive damage which cut lines of communication in the [[Dharasu]]-[[Gangotri]] route. The project constructed two [[bailey bridge]]s and repaired the roads restoring connectivity. In another instance in the same year, the project facilitated the restoration of the blockage of several major roads due to a cloud burst in [[Ukhimath]] of [[Rudraprayag district]].<ref name="archivedprojectpage"/>

During the [[2021 Uttarakhand flood]], 13 villages in [[Chamoli district]] of Uttarakhand were cut off due to [[flash flood]]s. Major damages occurred in [[Rini, Uttarakhand|Raini village]] where a [[glacial lake outburst flood]] in the [[Rishiganga|Rishiganga river]] had washed away a {{convert|90|m|mi}} bridge which was the only connection to [[Niti Valley|Niti valley]]. The flash floods also washed away a [[Hydroelectricity|hydroelectric plant]] in the area which trapped more than 200 workers. The project deployed engineers and troops who constructed a {{convert|200|m|mi}} long [[bailey bridge]] restoring connectivity in record time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-12 |title=Glacier Burst: अपने ही देश से कट चुके दर्जनों गांवों को कब तक जोड़ दिया जाएगा?{{!}} AS Rathore |url=https://www.abplive.com/videos/states/up-uk-bro-chief-engineer-and-head-of-shivalik-project-as-rathore-on-raini-village-rescue-operation-1769360 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105160909/https://www.abplive.com/videos/states/up-uk-bro-chief-engineer-and-head-of-shivalik-project-as-rathore-on-raini-village-rescue-operation-1769360 |url-status=live }}</ref> The project also took assistance from the [[Indian Air Force]]. The bridge was named ''The Bridge of Compassion'' to pay tribute to the workers who lost their lives in the hydroelectric plant.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BRO restores connectivity to 13 border villages of Uttarakhand's Chamoli district cut off due flash floods, in record time; |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1702755 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-02-12 |title=BRO does it again! Re-establishes connectivity in Chamoli Distt |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/roadways-bro-does-it-again-re-establishes-connectivity-in-chamoli-distt-2193579/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Financialexpress |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105160527/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/roadways-bro-does-it-again-re-establishes-connectivity-in-chamoli-distt-2193579/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apart from these, the project also organises [[Welfare spending|social welfare]] campaigns for the locals residing in the region. In 2022, the project organised [[marathon]]s, car expeditions, [[Health campaign|health camps]], [[Swachh Bharat Mission|sanitation and cleanliness drives]], [[Blood donation in India|blood donation camps]] and [[Social consciousness|social awareness]] programs related to [[Road traffic safety|road safety]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bureau |first=Uttarakhand Himalaya |date=2023-02-25 |title=PROJECT SHIVALIK OF BRO CELEBRATES 15TH RAISING DAY |url=https://uttarakhandhimalaya.in/project-shivalik-of-bro-celebrates-15th-raising-day/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=Uttarakhand Himalaya |language=en |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105160420/https://uttarakhandhimalaya.in/project-shivalik-of-bro-celebrates-15th-raising-day/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2023, the project was lauded by the [[Minister of Defence (India)#Ministers of State|Minister of State for Defence]] [[Ajay Bhatt (politician)|Ajay Bhatt]] for its remarkable achievements in building road infrastructure and facilitating tourism.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raksha Rajya Mantri visits Headquarters, Project Shivalik of BRO in Rishikesh – Indian Bureaucracy is an Exclusive News Portal |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/raksha-rajya-mantri-visits-headquarters-project-shivalik-of-bro-in-rishikesh/ |access-date=2023-11-05 |language=en-US |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105162104/https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/raksha-rajya-mantri-visits-headquarters-project-shivalik-of-bro-in-rishikesh/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2023, the project assisted in the [[Uttarakhand tunnel rescue]] by facilitating the transportation of heavy machinery and providing coordination between different agencies. The project constructed a {{convert|1.15|km|mi}} road in record time to the drilling site along with 50 box [[Culvert|culverts]] and 50m of [[Pipe (fluid conveyance)|concrete pipes]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-28 |title=Border Road Organization: Silent force behind Silkiyara Tunnel rescue operation|work=Asian News International |url=https://aninews.in/news/national/general-news/border-road-organization-silent-force-behind-silkiyara-tunnel-rescue-operation20231128214237/ |access-date=2023-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Border Roads Organisation Aided The Himalayan Rescue Op |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/how-border-roads-organisation-aided-the-himalayan-rescue-op-4615394 |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

In January 2024, [[Minister of Defence (India)|defence minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] inaugurated the {{Convert|93|m|ft}} long Dhak bridge on the Joshimath - Malari Road among 34 other projects across the country. The bridge improved connectivity to the [[Niti Valley|Niti valley]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raksha Mantri inaugurates 29 bridges & six roads constructed by BRO across seven States/Union Territories at a cost of Rs 670 crore |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1997743 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Union Defence Minister Rajnath Singh begins Uttarakhand visit; to inaugurate 35 BRO projects |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/uttarakhand/union-defence-minister-rajnath-singh-uttarakhand-visit-bro-projects/na20240119132540849849015 |access-date=2024-01-19 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Project Dantak]]
* [[Project Vartak]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Border Roads Organisation]]
[[Category:Transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in India]]

Lodhi Art District

2025-01-13T16:21:40Z

BharatpediaContributor: started place.

{{Short description|Art district in New Delhi, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox
| title = Lodhi Art District
| label1 = Type
| data1 = [[Mural]]
| label2 = Location
| data2 = {{coord|28|39|21|N|77|14|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| label3 = Country
| data3 = [[India]]
| label4 = State
| data4 = [[New Delhi]]
| label5 = Area
| data5 = [[Lodhi Colony]]
| label6 = Pincode
| data6 = 110003
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

'''Lodhi Art District''' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-04-26 |title=Mural of the story: Lodhi Art District is a hit with tourists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/mural-of-the-story-lodhi-art-district-is-a-hit-with-tourists/articleshow/69040059.cms |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>is India’s first open-air public art district, located in Lodhi Colony, New Delhi. It features large-scale murals and street art created by artists from India and around the world. Developed as part of an initiative by the '''St+art India Foundation'''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Tanaya |date=2016-02-27 |title=Say Hello to India's First Open Air Public Art District. with 12 Stunning Pictures. |url=https://thebetterindia.com/47808/street-art-india-foundation-lodhi-colony/ |access-date=2024-11-26 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History and Development ==
The Lodhi Art District<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatraman |first=Janane |date=2019-04-27 |title=How Delhi’s Lodhi Colony became India’s first public art district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/art-al-fresco-in-delhis-lodhi-colony/article26952515.ece |access-date=2024-11-26 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> was conceptualized and brought to life between 2015 and 2016. The project aimed to revitalize the walls of Lodhi Colony's residential and administrative buildings, which are owned by the '''[[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD)'''.

The project was made possible through partnerships with governmental bodies, embassies, and corporate sponsors.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Arts districts]]
[[Category:Arts centres in India]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]

{{India-culture-stub}}