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2025–26 Indian Super League

2026-05-07T17:58:18Z

Bharatman: made new info

{{Short description|12th season of the Indian Football League}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Indian Super League]]
| dates = 14 February – 17 May 2026
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]]
| teams = 14
| matches = 73
| total goals = 179
| winners =
| runners =
| continentalcup1 = [[2026–27 AFC Champions League Two|AFC Champions League 2]]
| continentalcup1 qualifiers = [[FC Goa|Goa]] ''(via [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]])''
| continentalcup2 =
| continentalcup2 qualifiers =
| league topscorer = [[Youssef Ezzejjari]] (10 goals)
| best player =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win = {{nowrap|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] 7–0 [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]}} {{small|(23 March 2026)}}
| biggest away win = {{nowrap|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] 1–4 [[Odisha FC| Odisha]]}} {{small|(20 March 2026)}} {{nowrap|NorthEast United 0–3 [[SC Delhi]]}} {{small|(10 April 2026)}}
| highest scoring = {{nowrap|East Bengal 7–0 Mohammedan}} {{small|(23 March 2026)}}
| longest wins = 4 matches [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] Mohun Bagan
| longest unbeaten = 8 matches [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| longest winless = 10 matches Mohammedan
| longest losses = 7 matches Mohammedan
| highest attendance = 30,047 Mohun Bagan 5–1 Mohammedan {{small|(28 February 2026)}}
| average attendance = 8,258 
| prevseason = [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
| nextseason = 2026–27
| updated = 6 May 2026
}}

The '''2025–26 Indian Super League''' is the 12th season of the [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) and the 30th season of top-tier [[Indian football league system|Indian football]]. It commenced on 14 February and ends on 17 May 2026 with 91 matches to be played in this period.<ref name=ISLS/>

[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] are the defending champions, having won their second [[Indian Super League]] title and [[List of Indian football champions|seventh Indian title]] last season.

== Background ==
=== Developments ===
* In June 2025, the [[Football Sports Development Limited|FSDL]] formally informed the ISL clubs and the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] that the 2025–26 season was on hold due to unresolved contractual issues, ahead of the expiry of the ''Master Rights Agreement'' in December.<ref>{{cite web|title=BREAKING: ISL 2025-26 season formally on hold; FSDL informs clubs & AIFF|date=11 July 2025|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-officially-on-hold-202507|website=Khel Now|access-date=11 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=With ISL on hold, AIFF enters new depths of incompetence|date=12 July 2025|url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/45718142/with-indian-super-league-isl-2025-26-hold-aiff-enters-new-depths-incompetence-football|website=[[ESPN]]|access-date=2 August 2025}}</ref> After the intervention of the Supreme Court of India, which requested both parties to resolve the issues between them and start the 2025–26 season as quickly as they could, both parties promised that the new season would start in December.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/isl-likely-to-begin-in-october-mra-negotiations-hinge-on-aiff-elections-2884498|title=ISL likely to begin in October; MRA negotiations hinge on AIFF elections|website=newsn9ne|date=26 August 2025|access-date=26 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-02 |title=Supreme Court paves way for ISL 2025/26 to start in December, no mention of fresh AIFF election |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/isl-2025-26-december-aiff-supreme-court-order-election-10226593/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

* The season was delayed even further after no bids came in for a tender for commercial partners floated by the AIFF on 16 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-07 |title=ISL fails to attract single bid; AIFF to ‘deliberate on future course of action’ |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/isl-no-bidder-aiff-official-statement-road-ahead-latest-news-updates/article70253845.ece|access-date=2025-11-08 |website=[[Sportstar]] |language=en}}</ref>

* On 6 January 2026, after discussions with the stake holders, [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|sports minister]] [[Mansukh Mandaviya]] confirmed that ISL would begin on 14 February, and would be played in a single leg home-and-away format for a total of 91 matches.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-07 |title=Impasse over, ISL to begin on 14 February with the participation of all 14 clubs |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/impasse-over-isl-to-begin-from-feb-14-with-participation-of-all-clubs-3853287|access-date=2026-01-06 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

* On 12 January 2026, all 14 clubs confirmed their participation in this season. The AIFF outlined a total proposed budget of ₹24.26 crore for the season, a significant reduction from the previous seasons. The federation will contribute ₹9.77 crore upfront, while each participating club will provide ₹1 crore. The remaining expenses will be managed through allocated federation resources as the league progresses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-12 |title=All clubs confirm participation for ISL 2025-26|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-clubs-confirm-participation-isl-202601|access-date=2026-01-14 |website=Khel Now|language=en}}</ref>

* The [[Asian Football Confederation]] granted India a one-season exemption from the mandatory 24-match league requirement. With this relaxation, the ISL champions and [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Super Cup]] winners will be eligible to participate in the [[2026–27 AFC Champions League Two]] qualifiers next season.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-15 |title=AFC grants one-season exemption to India; ISL champions set to participate in ACL 2 qualifiers|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-afc-grants-one-season-exemption-202601|access-date=2026-01-15 |website=Khel Now|language=en}}</ref>

* Following a media rights tender by the AIFF in January 2026, OTT sports streaming platform [[FanCode]] were announced as winners of the broadcasting rights and will be the official streaming partner of the 2025–26 season, while KPS Studios won the bid for production rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/fancode-awarded-isl-broadcast-rights-kps-studios-bag-production-rights/articleshow/127862323.cms|title=FanCode awarded ISL broadcast rights; KPS Studios bag production rights|date=2 February 2026|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> The Indian Super League (ISL) 2025–26 season will be broadcast on the [[Sony Sports Network]] after [[FanCode]] sublicensed the linear TV rights to the media conglomerate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/where-to-watch-isl-2025-26-sony-sports-network-broadcast-rights-deal-indian-super-league-fancode-news/article70629887.ece|title=ISL 2025-26: Sony Sports to show Indian Super League on TV after FanCode sublicenses broadcasting rights|date=14 February 2026|via=Sportstar - The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Changes from last season ===
*This is the first season without the post-season [[Indian Super League playoffs|ISL Cup playoffs]].<ref>{{Cite web |first=Menon |last=Anirudh |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/47917352/isl-2026-begins-indian-football-continuing-revel-absurd |title=ISL 2026 begins with Indian Football continuing to revel in the absurd |access-date=5 March 2026 |work=ESPN}}</ref> The 14 participating clubs will compete in a single-leg [[Round-robin tournament|round-robin]] format, with each team playing 13 matches. The table toppers at the end of the league will be crowned the '''[[Champions]]'''.<ref name=ISLS>{{Cite web |title=ISL 2025-26 fixtures announced |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/isl-2025-26-fixtures-announced |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=4 March 2026 |publisher=All India Football Federation}}</ref>

* The AIFF will implement [[Promotion and relegation|relegation]] this season onwards, despite objections from all 14 clubs, who cited the shortened season as their primary concern.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-for-first-time-bottom-ranked-club-set-for-relegation-to-second-division/articleshow/128321303.cms|title=ISL: For the first time, the bottom-ranked team is set for relegation|date=14 February 2026|via=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

* ISL clubs qualify for [[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]] continental club competitions, with the league champions earning qualification for the subsequent season's [[AFC Champions League Two]] group stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-04-24 |title=India spots restricted to Asian Champions League 2, despite increase in berths in ACL Elite |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/india-spots-in-afc-asian-champions-league-2-2026-27-indian-super-league-news/article70902893.ece |access-date=2026-04-25 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>

== Teams ==

Fourteen (14) teams from 12 cities are competing in the 12th season of Indian Super League – thirteen from the previous season and one promoted from the [[2024–25 I-League|I-League]]. [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]] were initially declared the provisional champions of the [[2024–25 I-League|I-League]] by AIFF, but the decision was later overturned by the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]] who declared [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] as champions.<ref>
*{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/churchill-i-league-title-isl-promotion-aiff-verdict-inter-kashi-9954001/|title=Churchill get I-League title & ISL promotion after AIFF panel verdict, Inter Kashi to approach CAS|work=The Indian Express|date=19 April 2025|access-date=20 April 2025|archive-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420144651/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/churchill-i-league-title-isl-promotion-aiff-verdict-inter-kashi-9954001/}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/churchill-brothers-are-i-league-champs-earn-isl-promotion/20250419.htm|title=Churchill Brothers declared I-League champs, earn ISL promotion|first1=Norma|last1=Godinho|work=Rediff|date=19 April 2025|access-date=20 April 2025|archive-date=20 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420145056/https://www.rediff.com/sports/report/churchill-brothers-are-i-league-champs-earn-isl-promotion/20250419.htm}}
*{{cite web|url=https://thewire.in/sport/this-isnt-just-our-heartbreak-inside-the-i-league-title-controversy-that-shook-indian-football|title='This Isn’t Just Our Heartbreak': Inside the I-League Title Controversy That Shook Indian Football|date=21 April 2025|work=The Wire}}
*{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/inter-kashi-i-league-winner-cas-ruling-aiff-indian-football-news/article69827062.ece|title=Inter Kashi crowned I-League 2024-25 champion after CAS ruling|date=18 July 2025|work=Sportstar}}
*{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/aiff-confirms-inter-kashis-promotion-to-top-tier-isl/articleshow/124370933.cms|title=AIFF confirms Inter Kashi's promotion to top tier ISL|date=8 October 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

On 7 October 2025, ''Hyderabad FC'' announced its relocation to [[Delhi]] and rebranded to [[SC Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/football/isl-2025-26-hyderabad-fc-rebrands-as-sporting-club-delhi-ahead-of-next-season|title=ISL 2025-26: Hyderabad FC Rebrands As Sporting Club Delhi Ahead Of Next Season |work=[[Outlook India]]|date=7 October 2025|access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>

;Promoted from [[2024–25 I-League|I-League]]
*[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] {{rise|b}}

;Rebranded clubs
*'''''Hyderabad FC''''' shifted its base to Delhi and rebranded as [[SC Delhi|Sporting Club Delhi]].<ref name="rebrand">{{cite news |title=Hyderabad FC now Sporting Club Delhi: Everything to know about ISL's capital return |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/hyderabad-fc-sporting-club-delhi-rebranding-isl-return-capital-jindal-group-2799348-2025-10-07 |access-date=18 October 2025 |work=[[India Today]] |date=7 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251011181244/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/hyderabad-fc-sporting-club-delhi-rebranding-isl-return-capital-jindal-group-2799348-2025-10-07 |archive-date=11 October 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sporting Club Delhi launched, to make debut in Super Cup after being rebranded from Hyderabad FC |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/sporting-club-delhi-launched-to-make-debut-in-super-cup-after-being-rebranded-from-hyderabad-fc-10314849/ |access-date=18 October 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 December 2025}}</ref>

=== Stadiums and locations ===

{{Location map+
|India3
|float=center
|width=400
|alt=Locations of the 2025–26 Indian Super League teams
|caption=Locations of Indian Super League teams
|places=
{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=12.978889 |long=77.591667 |label_size=90
|label=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=13.085638 |long=80.271630 |label_size=90
|label=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=28.639242 |long=77.242244 |label_size=90
|label=[[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=15.289557 |long=73.962166 |label_size=90
|label=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=25.318889 |long=83.012778 |label_size=90
|label=[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.806189 |long=86.193083 |label_size=90
|label=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=19.129004 |long=72.835476 |label_size=90
|label=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=30.91 |long=75.23 |label_size=90
|label=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=26.115940 |long=91.760227 |label_size=90
|label=[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=20.287967 |long=85.823808 |label_size=90
|label=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|position=left}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=9.997308 |long=76.300763 |label_size=90
|label=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |India3 |lat=22.56933 |long=88.40908 |label_size=90
|label=Kolkata
|mark=Blue pog.svg
|position=right}}


{{Location map~ |India3
|mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png
|marksize=1
|lat=16.00
|long=87.00
|label_size=90
|label='''[[Football in Kolkata|Kolkata]] teams:''' 
[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] 
[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] 
[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; white-space:nowrap"
|-
!Team
!Location
!Stadium
!Capacity
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|[[Bengaluru]]
|[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" |25,810
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[Chennai]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Marina Arena]]
| style="text-align:center" |40,000
|-
|[[SC Delhi]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" |60,254
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|[[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| style="text-align: center;" |68,000
|-
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[Margao]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
|style="text-align:center" |19,000
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]{{efn|The club is based in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], but will play its home games in [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]] at [[Kolkata]] due to ongoing construction on their own stadium getting built in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|title=AIFF roll out tentative ISL 2025–26 fixtures |date=27 January 2026 |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-tentative-fixtures-202601 |website=khelnow.com |access-date=29 January 2026}}</ref>}}
|[[Varanasi]]
|[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| style="text-align:center" |12,000
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Jamshedpur]]
|[[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]
| style="text-align:center" |24,424
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|[[Kochi]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" |40,000
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kolkata]]
|[[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]
| style="text-align:center" |12,000
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]
| style="text-align:center" |68,000
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|[[Mumbai Football Arena]]
| style="text-align:center" |7,000
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[Guwahati]]
|[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium|IG Athletic Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" |21,600
|-
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|[[Kalinga Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" |15,000
|-
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]{{efn|The club is based in [[Mohali]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], but will continue to play its home games in [[New Delhi]] until the 2025–26 season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab FC to remain in Delhi for ISL home games|date=20 August 2024 |url=https://www.news9live.com/sports/football/punjab-fc-to-remain-in-delhi-for-isl-home-games-2663948 |website=news9live |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref>}}
|[[Mohali]]
|[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]
| style="text-align:center" |60,254
|}

{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=n}}

== Personnel and kits ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; white-space:nowrap"
|-
!Team
!Head coach
!Captain(s)
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} Pep Muñoz
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sunil Chhetri]]
|[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
|[[JSW Group|JSW]]
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Clifford Miranda]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]
|Six5Six
|ISGL.in
|-
|[[SC Delhi]]
|{{flagicon|POL}} [[Tomasz Tchórz]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lamgoulen Hangshing]]
|Six5Six
|[[Sompo Japan|Universal Sompo General Insurance]]
|-
|[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Óscar Bruzón]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Saúl Crespo]]
|Trak Only
|[[Emami]]
|-
|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Manolo Márquez]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]
|Six5Six
|ISGL.in
|-
|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Antonio López (footballer, born 1957)|Antonio López Habas]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Llamas]]
|[[Hummel International|Hummel]]
|RDB Group
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{flagicon|IRL}} [[Owen Coyle]]
|{{flagicon|NGA}} [[Stephen Eze]]
|[[Nivia Sports|Nivia]]
|[[Tata Steel]]
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Ashley Westwood (footballer, born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Danish Farooq Bhat|Danish Farooq]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bikash Yumnam]]
|Six5Six
|White Gold
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Lobera]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Bose]]
|[[Skechers]]
|[[CESC Limited|CESC]]
|-
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mehrajuddin Wadoo]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Bora]]
|Rocky Sports
|Merlin Group
|-
|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Kratky]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
|[[Puma (brand)|Puma]]
|[[Etihad Airways]]
|-
|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Juan Pedro Benali]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Michel Zabaco]]
|[[Reebok]]
|[[Government of Meghalaya|Meghalaya Tourism]]
|-
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[T. G. Purushothaman|TG Purushothaman]]
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Delgado (footballer, born 1990)|Carlos Delgado]]
|Trak Only
|[[Odisha Tourism]]
|-
|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Panagiotis Dilberis]]
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Nikhil Prabhu]]
|Shiv Naresh
|[[Dafabet|DafaNews]]
|}

=== Managerial changes ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Team
! Outgoing manager
! Manner of departure
! Date of vacancy
!Position in table
! Incoming manager
! Date of appointment
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[T. G. Purushothaman|TG Purushothaman]]
|rowspan="2"|End of interim spell
|25 March 2025<ref>{{cite news|title=David Català joins Kerala Blasters |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/sports/david-catala-joins-kerala-blasters-fc-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-spanish-tactician/articleshow/119482317.cms |publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|date=25 March 2025|access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>
| rowspan="7" |''Pre-season''
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[David Català]]
|25 March 2025<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Blasters FC name David Catala as new head coach |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/kerala-blasters-fc-name-david-catala-as-new-head-coach |publisher=[[Indian Super League]]|date=25 March 2025|access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|[[SC Delhi]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Shameel Chembakath]]
|31 May 2025<ref>{{cite news|title=We have made plenty of progress as a team: Shameel Chembakath |url=https://hyderabadfc.co.in/2025/matchday/we-have-made-plenty-of-progress-as-a-team-shameel-chembakath/ |publisher=[[Hyderabad FC]]|date=11 March 2025|access-date=9 October 2025}}</ref>
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|POL}} [[Tomasz Tchórz]]
|19 October 2025<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-sporting-club-delhi-fc-tomasz-tchorz-head-coach-202510|title=Sporting Club Delhi FC appoint Tomasz Tchorz as their new head coach|website=Khel Now}}</ref>
|-
|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IRL}} [[Owen Coyle]]
|Mutual consent
|17 July 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/chennaiyin-fc-head-coach-owen-coyle-mutually-part-ways-indian-super-league-isl-news-updates/article69822810.ece|title= Chennaiyin FC and head coach Owen Coyle mutually part ways |work=[[Sportstar]]|date=17 July 2025|access-date=18 July 2025}}</ref>
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Clifford Miranda]]
|12 September 2025<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-12 |title=Clifford agrees terms with Chennaiyin FC, set to become chief coach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/clifford-agrees-terms-with-chennaiyin-fc-set-to-become-chief-coach/articleshow/123837634.cms |access-date=2025-09-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Khalid Jamil]]
|Signed by [[India national football team|India]]
|13 August 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/khalid-jamil-signs-full-time-contract-as-indian-senior-mens-team-head-coach|title= Khalid Jamil signs full-time contract as Indian senior men’s team head coach |work=[[All India Football Federation]]|date=13 August 2025|access-date=16 July 2025}}</ref>
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IRE}} [[Owen Coyle]]
|24 January 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-24 |title=Shield-winning Coach Owen Coyle Returns to Jamshedpur FC on Two-Season Deal |url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/shield-winning-coach-owen-coyle-returns-to-jamshedpur-fc-on-two-season-deal |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Jamshedpur Football Club |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[José Francisco Molina]]
|Sacked
|26 November 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/mohun-bagan-to-sack-jose-molina-head-coach-aiff-super-cup/article70229195.ece|title= Jose Molina set to part ways with Mohun Bagan after Super Cup exit |work=[[Sportstar]]|date=1 November 2025|access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Sergio Lobera]]
|26 November 2025<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-27 |title=Mohun Bagan appoint ISL winner Sergio Lobera as new head coach |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/sergio-lobera-appointed-mohun-bagan-head-coach-to-boost-indian-super-league-campaign-2826773-2025-11-27 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Gerard Zaragoza]]
|rowspan="4"|Mutual consent
|14 November 2025<ref> {{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-gerard-zaragoza-panserraikos-fc-head-coach-202511|title= Former Bengaluru FC coach Gerard Zaragoza joins Super League Greece club Panserraikos FC as head coach |work=Khel Now|date=16 November 2025|access-date=21 November 2025}}</ref>
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Renedy Singh]]
|14 November 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2026-01-21 |title=ISL 2025-26: Renedy Singh named Bengaluru FC head coach |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/bengaluru-fc-appoints-renedy-singh-head-coach-isl-2025-26-news-indian-super-league/article70533676.ece |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[Sergio Lobera]]
| 26 November 2025<ref name="auto" />
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[T. G. Purushothaman|TG Purushothaman]]
|5 February 2026<ref> {{cite web|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-2025-26-tg-purushothaman-odisha-fc-coach-202602|title= Odisha FC sign T.G. Purushothaman as head coach for ISL 2025–26|work=Khel Now|date=5 February 2026|access-date=5 February 2026}}</ref>
|-
|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|IND}} [[Renedy Singh]]
|25 March 2026
| rowspan="1" |''5th''
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} Pep Muñoz
|25 March 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-26 |title=ISL 2025-26: Bengaluru FC appoints Pep Munoz as head coach|url=https://www.newsgram.com/sports/2026/03/26/isl-2025-26-bengaluru-fc-appoints-pep-munoz-as-head-coach |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=newsgram |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ESP}} [[David Català]]
|27 March 2026<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Blasters sack Catala, Spaniard departs as first head coach without a win in ISL
|url= https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2026/03/22/isl-2026-kerala-blasters-sack-head-coach-david-catala.html |publisher=onmanorama|date=27 March 2026|access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>
| rowspan="1" |''13th''
|{{#invoke:flag|icon|ENG}} [[Ashley Westwood (footballer, born 1976)|Ashley Westwood]]
|27 March 2026<ref>{{cite news|title=Kerala Blasters appoint Westwood, a coach who knows Indian football from pre-ISL days
|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2026/03/23/kerala-blasters-appoint-ashley-westwood-coach.html |publisher=onmanorama|date=27 March 2026|access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Foreign players ==

The [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] allows teams to register a maximum of six foreign players. A maximum of four can be fielded in a match at a time.<ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2025-26 Summer Transfers: List of Club-Wise Departures, Extensions and News Signings|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/isl-2025-26-summer-transfers-list-of-club-wise-departures-extensions-and-new-signings|publisher=[[Indian Super League]]|date=24 July 2025|access-date=27 July 2025}}</ref>

Due to the uncertainty surrounding Indian football, a number of foreign players exited their clubs before the start of the shortened season.<ref>{{cite news|title=List of foreigners who left ISL due to uncertainty in Indian Football|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-foreigners-left-isl-uncertainty-202512|publisher=Khel Now|date=15 January 2025|access-date=15 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=ISL 2025-26: All completed transfers ahead of the new season
|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-isl-2025-26-complete-transfers|publisher=Khel Now|date=1 February 2026|access-date=3 February 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; font-size:small;"
|-
!scope=col style="width:160px;"| Team
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 1
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 2
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 3
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 4
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 5
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Player 6
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Unregistered player(s)
!scope=col style="width:180px;"| Former player(s)
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} Braian Sánchez
| {{flagicon|UZB}} Sirozhiddin Kuziev
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| {{flag icon|BRA}} [[Eduardo Kau]]
| {{flag icon|BRA}} [[Elsinho (footballer, born 1991)|Elsinho]]
| {{flag icon|MAR}} [[Mohammed Ali Bemammer]]
| {{flag icon|NGA}} [[Daniel Chima Chukwu]]
| {{flag icon|ESP}} [[Alberto Noguera]]
| {{flag icon|ESP}} Iñigo Martin
|
|
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[SC Delhi]]
| {{flagicon|PAR}} Julio Rivas
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rafael Ribeiro (footballer)|Rafael Ribeiro]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Ousmane Fané]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} [[Abdul Halik Hudu]]
| {{flagicon|GHA}} Ebenezer Amoh
| {{flagicon|SRB}} Matija Babović
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;| [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Kevin Sibille]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Miguel Figueira]]
| {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Anton Søjberg]]
| {{flagicon|PLE}} [[Mohammed Rashid]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Saúl Crespo]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Youssef Ezzejjari]]
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[FC Goa|Goa]]
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Dejan Dražić]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Pol Moreno]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| {{flagicon|LIT}} [[Nauris Petkevičius]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alfred Planas]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[David Bollo|David Humanes]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} Lluis Tarrés
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Mario Barco]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Sergio Llamas]]
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| {{flagicon|CMR}} [[Raphaël Messi Bouli]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Madih Talal]]
| {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rei Tachikawa]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Stephen Eze]]
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Lazar Ćirković]]
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Nikola Stojanović (footballer, born 1995)|Nikola Stojanović]]
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Franchu]]
| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kévin Yoke]]
| {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Karim Benarif]]
| {{flagicon|SEN}} [[Fallou Ndiaye]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Matías Hernández]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Víctor Bertomeu]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Jai Quitongo]] {{flagicon|GER}} [[Marlon Roos-Trujillo]]
|''{{flagicon|GUI}} Oumar Bah''
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Dimitri Petratos]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jamie Maclaren]]
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jason Cummings]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robinho]]
| {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Tom Aldred]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alberto Rodríguez (footballer, born 1992)|Alberto Rodríguez]]
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| {{flagicon|ARG}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz]]
| {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]]
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Nuno Reis]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jorge Ortiz (Spanish footballer)|Jorge Ortiz]]
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Andy Rodríguez]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Jairo Samperio]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Míchel Zabaco]]
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Carlos Delgado (footballer, born 1990)|Carlos Delgado]]
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!scope=row style="text-align: left;|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| {{flagicon|BIH}} [[Samir Zeljkovic]]
| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Pablo Santos (footballer)|Pablo Santos]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Bede Osuji]]
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Effiong Nsungusi]]
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Ramírez]]
|
|
|
|}

== League table ==
{{2025–26 Indian Super League points table}}

== Results ==
===Match by match===
{{#invoke:sports results|main
|source = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/schedule-fixtures ISL Fixtures]
|update = {{Start date|2026|5|6|df=y}}
|matches_style = FBR
|team1=BEN | team2=CHE |team3=DEL |team4=EAB | team5=GOA |team6=INK |team7=JAM | team8=KEB |team9=MMD |team10=MBG |team11=MCI |team12=NEU |team13=ODI |team14=PUN


|name_BEN=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
|name_CHE=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|name_GOA=[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|name_DEL=[[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
|name_JAM=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|name_KEB=[[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
|name_MMD=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|name_MCI=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|name_NEU={{nobr|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}}
|name_ODI=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
|name_PUN=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|name_INK=[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]

|match_MBG_KEB=2-0
|match_GOA_INK=1-1
|match_JAM_MMD=1-0
|match_BEN_DEL=2-0
|match_EAB_NEU=3-0
|match_MCI_CHE=1-0
|match_MMD_GOA=0-2
|match_EAB_DEL=4-1
|match_JAM_PUN=1-0
|match_BEN_NEU=1-1
|match_KEB_MCI=0-1
|match_MBG_CHE=2-0
|match_ODI_INK=0-0
|match_GOA_DEL=1-0
|match_EAB_JAM=1-2
|match_BEN_PUN=0-2
|match_KEB_INK=1-2
|match_MBG_MMD=5-1
|match_ODI_CHE=1-1
|match_MCI_NEU=1-1
|match_EAB_GOA=0-0
|match_MBG_ODI=5-1
|match_JAM_INK=1-0
|match_MMD_BEN=1-2
|match_KEB_CHE=0-1
|match_MCI_DEL=2-2
|match_PUN_NEU=1-1
|match_EAB_KEB=1-1
|match_BEN_MBG=0-0
|match_NEU_JAM=2-1
|match_INK_MCI=1-2
|match_PUN_GOA=1-1
|match_DEL_JAM=1-1
|match_NEU_ODI=1-4
|match_MBG_MCI=0-1
|match_KEB_PUN=1-3
|match_CHE_GOA=1-1
|match_INK_BEN=1-3
|match_EAB_MMD=7-0
|match_PUN_MMD=2-1
|match_JAM_MBG=1-1
|match_GOA_BEN=0-2
|match_DEL_KEB=2-0
|match_MCI_ODI=1-0
|match_CHE_INK=1-2
|match_JAM_MCI=1-1
|match_NEU_DEL=0-3
|match_GOA_ODI=3-1
|match_CHE_EAB=1-3
|match_BEN_KEB=1-2
|match_INK_MMD=1-0
|match_MBG_PUN=3-2
|match_KEB_NEU=1-1
|match_EAB_BEN=3-3
|match_CHE_DEL=1-0
|match_ODI_MMD=1-1
|match_KEB_JAM=2-0
|match_GOA_MCI=2-0
|match_NEU_MBG=0-1
|match_PUN_INK=3-0
|match_CHE_MMD=0-0
|match_KEB_ODI=2-1
|match_NEU_GOA=0-2
|match_BEN_MCI=0-0
|match_JAM_CHE=4-1
|match_DEL_MMD=2-2
|match_EAB_ODI=3-0
|match_JAM_GOA=2-0
|match_NEU_INK=3-2
|match_DEL_PUN=0-0
|match_ODI_BEN=1-1
|match_MCI_EAB=1-2
|match_PUN_CHE=1-0
}}

=== Form ===

{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b|labelnowrap=y
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| pos1 = W/D/L/W/D/W/W/L/D/D/D/
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| pos2 = L/L/D/W/D/L/L/W/D/L/L/
| team3 = [[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
| pos3 = L/L/L/D/D/W/W/L/D/D//
| team4 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| pos4 = W/W/L/D/D/W/W/D/W/W///
| team5 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| pos5 = D/W/W/D/D/D/L/W/W/W/L/
| team6 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| pos6 = D/D/W/L/L/L/W/W/L/L//
| team7 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| pos7 = W/W/W/W/L/D/D/D/L/W/W//
| team8 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| pos8 = L/L/L/L/D/L/L/W/D/W/W//
| team9 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| pos9 = L/L/L/L/L/L/L/D/D/D///
| team10 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| pos10 = W/W/W/W/D/L/D/W/W////
| team11 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| pos11 = W/W/D/D/W/W/W/D/L/D/L//
| team12 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| pos12 = L/D/D/D/W/L/L/D/L/L/W//
| team13 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| pos13 = D/D/L/W/L/L/D/L/L/D//
| team14 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| pos14 = L/W/D/D/W/W/L/W/D/W//

| color_W = green2 | text_W = Win
| color_D = yellow2 | text_D = Draw
| color_L = red2 | text_L = Lose
| color_P = grey
| update = {{Start date|2026|5|6|df=y}}
| source = [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/schedule-fixtures ISL]
}}

=== Position by round ===

{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|sortable=y|legendpos=b|labelnowrap=y
|source=[https://indiansuperleague.com/ Indian Super League]
| update = 4 May 2026
| team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]
| pos1 = 3/5/7/6/6/5/3/5/5/5/6//
| team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
| pos2 = 11/11/11/9/10/10/11/12/9/11/12//
| team3 = [[SC Delhi|Delhi]]
| pos3 = 12/14/13/12/13/12/12/9/10/10/10//
| team4 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| pos4 = 1/1/5/5/5/4/5/4/4/6/5//
| team5 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| pos5 = 6/6/3/3/4/6/7/6/3/2/3//
| team6 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| pos6 = 7/7/6/7/9/11/8/8/8/8/8//
| team7 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| pos7 = 5/4/2/2/2/3/4/3/6/4/1//
| team8 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]
| pos8 = 13/12/12/13/12/13/13/13/11/9/9//
| team9 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| pos9 = 10/13/14/14/14/14/14/14/14/14/14//
| team10 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| pos10 = 2/2/1/1/1/2/2/2/1/1/2//
| team11 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
| pos11 = 4/3/4/4/3/1/1/1/2/3/4//
| team12 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
| pos12 = 14/9/10/10/7/8/9/10/12/12/11//
| team13 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]
| pos13 = 8/8/9/11/11/9/10/11/13/13/13//
| team14 = [[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
| pos14 = 8/10/8/8/8/7/6/7/7/7/7//

|color_A=green1
|color_1=green1|text_1=Champions
|color_14=red1|text_14=Relegation
|color_B=green2
|color_C=yellow1
}}

== Season statistics ==
{{updated|6 May 2026}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sofascore.com/football/tournament/india/indian-super-league/1900#id:89700,tab:stats |title=Indian Super League table, schedule & stats |website=Sofascore}}</ref>

=== Top scorers ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Rank
! Player
! Team
! Goals
|-
| 1
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Youssef Ezzejjari]]
| align="left"| East Bengal
| 10
|-
| 2
| align="left"| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Jamie Maclaren]]
| align="left"| Mohun Bagan
| 8
|-
| 3
| align="left"| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Effiong Nsungusi]]
| align="left"| Punjab
| 7
|-
| 4
| align="left"| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Dejan Dražić]]
| align="left"| Goa
| 6
|-
| rowspan="4" | 5
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte]]
| align="left"| Mumbai City
| rowspan="4" | 4
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ARG}} Braian Sánchez
| align="left"| Bengaluru
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Alfred Planas]]
| align="left"| Inter Kashi
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|SRB}} Matija Babović
| align="left"| SC Delhi
|-
| rowspan="10"| 9
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|Anwar Ali]]
| align="left"| East Bengal
| rowspan="10"| 3
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Robinho (footballer, born July 1995)|Robinho]]
| align="left"| Mohun Bagan
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Dani Ramírez]]
| align="left"| Punjab
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Andy Rodríguez]]
| align="left"| NorthEast United
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Edmund Lalrindika]]
| align="left"| East Bengal
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Víctor Bertomeu]]
| align="left"| Kerala Blasters
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]
| align="left"| Bengaluru
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Noufal PN]]
| align="left"| Mumbai City
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahim Ali]]
| align="left"| Odisha
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Joseph Sunny]]
| align="left"| SC Delhi
|}

=== Top assists ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Rank
! Player
! Team
! Assists
|-
| 1
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ebindas Yesudasan]]
| align="left"| Kerala Blasters
| 5
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2
| align="left"| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Miguel Figueira]]
| align="left"| East Bengal
| rowspan="5" | 3
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Madih Talal]]
| align="left"| Jamshedpur
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahim Ali]]
| align="left"| Odisha
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu P. V.|Vishnu PV]]
| align="left"| East Bengal
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhasish Bose]]
| align="left"| Mohun Bagan
|-
| 7
| colspan="2" | ''20 players''
| 2
|}

=== Clean sheets ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;white-space:nowrap"
|-
! Rank
! Player
! Team
! Clean sheets
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hrithik Tiwari]]
| align="left"| Goa
| rowspan="2" | 5
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Phurba Lachenpa]]
| align="left"| Mumbai City
|-
| rowspan="5" | 3
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishal Kaith]]
| align="left"| Mohun Bagan
| rowspan="5" | 4
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]
| align="left"| Bengaluru
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabhsukhan Singh Gill]]
| align="left"| East Bengal
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Albino Gomes]]
| align="left"| Jamshedpur
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Arshdeep Singh (footballer, born 1997)|Arshdeep Singh]]
| align="left"| Punjab
|-
| rowspan="2" | 8
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mohammad Nawaz (footballer)|Mohammad Nawaz]]
| align="left"| Chennaiyin
| rowspan="2" | 3
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nora Fernandes]]
| align="left"| SC Delhi
|-
| rowspan="5" | 10
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Arsh Anwer Shaikh
| align="left"| Kerala Blasters
| rowspan="5" | 1
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|ESP}} Lluis Tarrés
| align="left"| Inter Kashi
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrinder Singh]]
| align="left"| Odisha
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Shubham Dhas
| align="left"| Inter Kashi
|-
| align="left"| {{flagicon|IND}} Padam Chettri
| align="left"| Mohammedan
|}

=== Discipline ===
==== Player ====
* Most yellow cards: '''4'''
** {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Dejan Dražić]] (Goa)
** {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ayush Chhetri]] (Goa)
** {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bijoy Varghese]] (Punjab)
** {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naocha Singh]] (Kerala Blasters)
** {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gaurav Bora]] (Mohammedan)
** {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Joni Kauko]] (Mumbai City)

* Most red cards: '''1'''
** ''12 players''

==== Club ====
* Most yellow cards: '''35'''
**NorthEast United
* Most red cards: '''2'''
**Kerala Blasters
**Jamshedpur
**Inter Kashi

== Attendance ==
{{updated|6 May 2026}}
=== Regular season ===

{{fb a header|Mp=}}
{{fb a2 team |p=1 |t=[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] |s=140868 |h=30,047 |l=12222 |a=23478 |pr=35744}}

{{fb a2 team |p=2 |t=[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] |s=92235 |h=21714 |l=9614 |a=15373 |pr=11830}}

{{fb a2 team |p=3 |t=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] |s=112843 |h=22899 |l=233 |a=14105 |pr=18431}}

{{fb a2 team |p=4 |t=[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] |s=54490 |h=12789 |l=4341 |a=7784 |pr=14284}}

{{fb a2 team |p=5 |t=[[SC Delhi|Delhi]] |s=30907 |h=8261 |l=6732 |a=7727 |pr=1517 |nt=ǂ}}

{{fb a2 team |p=6 |t=[[Kerala Blasters]] |s=47509 |h=16243 |l=2863 |a=6787 |pr=15894}}

{{fb a2 team |p=7 |t={{nobr|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]}} |s=27826 |h=7473 |l=3221 |a=4638 |pr=10526}}

{{fb a2 team |p=8 |t=[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] |s=17819 |h=6389 |l=2623 |a=3564 |pr=7101}}

{{fb a2 team |p=9 |t=[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] |s=16850 |h=3911 |l=2190 |a=3370 |pr=3730}}

{{fb a2 team |p=10 |t=[[FC Goa|Goa]] |s=16326 |h=5160 |l=1577 |a=3265 |pr=10296}}

{{fb a2 team |p=11 |t=[[Punjab FC|Punjab]] |s=15290 |h=3897 |l=2534 |a=3058 |pr=3008}}

{{fb a2 team |p=12 |t=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] |s=4580 |h=4240|l=340 |a=2290 |pr=4095}}

{{fb a2 team |p=13 |t=[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] |s=8534 |h=3218 |l=217 |a=2134 |pr=7651}}

{{fb a2 team |p=14 |t=[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] |s=215 |h=215 |l=215 |a=215 |pr=691 |nt=†}}

{{fb a footer |s=586292 |h=30047 |l=215 |a=8258 |pr=11086
|notes=†Inter Kashi played in the [[I-League]] in the [[2024–25 I-League|2024–25 season]]. ǂSC Delhi played in the [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25 season]] as Hyderabad FC.|date=22 February 2026}}

=== By home matches ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%; white-space:nowrap; text-align:center;"
|-
! style="width:76px;"|Team \ Home Game
! style="text-align:center"|1 !! style="text-align:center"|2 !! style="text-align:center"|3 !! style="text-align:center"|4 !! style="text-align:center"|5 !! style="text-align:center"|6 !! style="text-align:center"|7 !! style="text-align:center"|8 !! style="text-align:center"|Total
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] ||29,110||22,765 || style="background:#CCF9CC"|30,047 ||19,727<ref name="auto2"/>||26,997 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|12,222 || || ||140,868
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[FC Goa|Goa]] ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|1,577|| style="background:#CCF9CC"|5,160 ||2,532 ||2,237 ||4,820 || || || ||16,326
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]] ||12,347 ||13,623 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|9,614 ||20,214 ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|21,714 ||14,723 || || ||92,235
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|6,389 ||2,966 ||2,947 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|2,623 ||2,894 || || || ||17,819
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] ||18,636 ||20,386 || style="background:#CCF9CC"|22,899 ||12,853 ||13,379 ||11,213 ||13,244 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|233{{efn|name=nv|The match was played in Goa}}||112,843
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] ||N/A{{efn|name=cd|Matches were played behind closed doors}} ||N/A{{efn|name=cd}} ||215 || || || || || ||215
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|4,341 ||7,230||7,856 ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|12,789 ||10,236 ||6,339 ||5,699 || ||54,490
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Kerala Blasters]] || style="background:#CCF9CC"|16,243 ||7,586||6,435 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|2,863 ||3,621 ||3,213 ||7,548 || ||47,509
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|4,240 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|340 || || || || || || ||4,580
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]] ||3,426 ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|3,911 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|2,190 ||3,674 ||3,649 || || || ||16,850
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|7,473 ||6,379 ||3,564 ||3,847 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|3,221 ||3,342 || || ||27,826
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Odisha FC|Odisha]] ||2,421 ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|3,218 ||2,678 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|217{{efn|name=nv|The match was played in Goa}} || || || || ||8,534
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[Punjab FC|Punjab]] ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|3,897 ||3,216 ||2,906 ||2,737 ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|2,534 || || || ||15,290
|-
| style="text-align:left" |[[SC Delhi|Delhi]] ||style="background:#FFCCCC"|6,732 ||8,153 ||7,761 ||style="background:#CCF9CC"|8,261 || || || || ||30,907
|}
<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"><references group="lower-alpha" /></div>
'''Legend:''' {{legend inline|#CCF9CC|Highest}}
{{Legend inline|#FFCCCC|Lowest}}


== See also ==
*'''Men'''
** [[2025–26 Indian Football League]] (Tier II)
** [[2025–26 I-League 2]] (Tier III)
** [[2025–26 I-League 3]] (Tier IV)
** [[2025–26 Indian State Leagues]] (Tier V)
** [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]]
** [[2025 Durand Cup]]
** [[2026 Reliance Foundation Development League]]
*'''Women'''
** [[2025–26 Indian Women's League]]
** [[2025–26 Indian Women's League 2]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}
{{notelist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.indiansuperleague.com/ Indian Super League official website]

{{Indian Super League}}
{{Indian football league seasons}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}
{{2025–26 in Asian football (AFC)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian Super League}}
[[Category:2025–26 Indian Super League season| ]]
[[Category:Indian Super League seasons|2025–26]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football leagues|1]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Asian men's top-tier association football leagues|India]]

Karthigai Deepam (TV series)

2026-04-26T05:12:19Z

Bharatman: New

{{Short description|Tamil language Television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}

{{Distinguish|text=the TV series [[Karthika Deepam (Telugu TV series)|Karthika Deepam]] (2017, Telugu) or [[Karthika Deepam (Malayalam TV series)|Karthika Deepam]] (2020, Malayalam)}}{{Infobox television
| image = Karthigai Deepam.jpeg
| image_size =
| native_name = Montages of Season 1 and 2
| director = V. Sathasivam (2022-23 & 2024) Karthik (2023-24)(Present) Rathinam Vasudevan (2024-25)
| writer = '''Dialogues''' Baskar Sakthi (2022-23) Paari (August 2023- Jan 2024) 
Dharmalingam (Jan 2024- Present)
| based_on = [[Krishnakoli]] (Season 1)
| creator =
| genre = {{ubl|
* [[Music genre|Musical]]
* [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
* [[Romance film|romance]]
}}
| editor = S.Arul
| cinematography = Kesavan
| screenplay = {{ubl|
* Sargunam Pungaraj & Sai Prashanth (2022-23)&(Jan 2024- Present)
* Amal Raj (August 2023-Jan 2024)
}}
| starring = {{ubl|
* Arthika
* [[Karthik Raj]]
* Vaishnavi Satheesh
}}
| executive_producer = K Krishna Kumar
(Zee Tamil)
| producer = {{ubl|
* Shruthi Narayanan
* Vinodha Narayanan
}}
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1102
| language = Tamil
| country = [[India]]
| opentheme = "Irulellame Olimayamagum...."
| theme_music_composer = Hariharan
| network = [[Zee Tamil]]
| company = Shruthi Productions
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|5}}
| last_aired = present
| related = ''[[Krishnakoli]]''
}}

'''''Karthigai Deepam''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Tamil language]] television series having two seasons. The first season of the series starred Arthika and [[Karthik Raj]] (both in the titular role)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/karthikraj-is-coming-back-to-the-small-screen-after-a-long-gap-on-which-channel-480973.html|title=மீண்டும் சின்னத்திரைக்கு வந்த கார்த்திக் ராஜ்.. இந்த முறை சீரியலில் இல்லையாம்.. என்ட்ரி வெறித்தனம்|date=17 October 2022 |publisher=One India|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/sembaruthi-serial-actor-karthik-raj-is-going-to-act-in-serial-again-478212.html|title=சீரியலில் மீண்டும் களமிறங்கும் "செம்பருத்தி" கார்த்திக்..!!ஆனால் கண்டிஷன் தான் பெருசாம்..!!|date=29 September 2022 |publisher=One India|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> and Arthika played in a dual role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/109643/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Karthigai-Deepam-:-New-serial-Zee-tamil.htm|title=கார்த்திக் ராஜ் உடன் இணைந்து நடிக்கும் அரித்திகா|date=2 December 2022 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-tv-serials/109643/Chinna-thirai-Television-News/Karthigai-Deepam-:-New-serial-Zee-tamil.htm|title='கார்த்திகை தீபம்' புதிய தொடர் |date=2 December 2022 |publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> It premiered on [[Zee Tamil]] from 5 December 2022 and ended on 9 November 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/television/karthigai-deepam-serial-1st-episode-telecast-today-highlights-of-the-karthigai-deepam-serial-88698|title=கோலாகலமாக தொடங்கிய கார்த்திகை தீபம் சீரியல்.. முதல் எபிசோடில் நடக்கப்போவது என்ன?|date=5 December 2022 |publisher=ABP Live|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/karthigai-deepam-serial-zee-tamil/|title=Karthigai Deepam Serial on Zee Tamil Launching on 05 December at 09:00 PM|date=4 December 2022 |publisher=Indian TV Info|access-date=}}</ref> The storyline of the serial is taken from [[Zee Bangla]]'s TV series ''[[Krishnakoli]]'' however it has a different narration.

After a 6-month leap, it continues as the second season of the series starring [[Karthik Raj]] with Vaishnavi Satheesh in the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/television-zee-tamil-famous-karthigai-deepam-serial-to-get-a-new-start-with-new-characters-1654288.html|title=புதிய கதைக்களத்தில் புத்துயிர் பெறும் கார்த்திகை தீபம்.. யாரெல்லாம் நடிக்கிறாங்க தெரியுமா?|website=News18|date=13 November 2024|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/tamilnadu/2024/Nov/12/actor-vijayakumar-in-karthigai-deepam-serial|title=கார்த்திகை தீபம் தொடரில் நடிகர் விஜயகுமார்!|website=Dinamani|date=12 November 2024|language=ta}}</ref>

==Series overview==
{{series overview

| color1 = #FEA530
| link1 = #Season 1
| episodes1 = 659
| start1 = {{start date|df=yes|2022|12|05}}
| end1 = {{end date|df=yes|2024|11|09}}

| color2 = #30B39F
| link2 = #Season 2
| episodes2 = present
| start2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|11|11}}
| end2 = Ongoing
}}

==Plot==
===Season 1===
The story revolves around Deepa (Arthika) a young, poor, dusky girl, who faces discrimination because of her skin color. However, she is a very talented singer and sets out on a journey, to create an own identity for herself. She believes that her complexion is akin to Lord [[Kartikeya]]n's complexion. Unexpectedly due to evils plans she's forced to marry Karthikeyan alias Karthik ([[Karthik Raj]]) a good-hearted and a business man. After Deepa's marriage, her life changes after marriage when she goes on to make a career in music. Deepa changes her life drastically. Eventually Karthik's mother Abhirami Nacchiyar ([[Meera Krishna]]) as her daughter-in-law but, later she understands her Innocence and she accepts her and gradually Karthik and Deepa fall in love with each other.

As per Deepa's wish Abhirami arranges Remarriage for Karthik and Deepa. During their marriage Deepa gets kidnapped by Ramya ([[Nanditha Jennifer]]) and Riya (Mounika) but Deepa escapes from the duo but while escaping Aishwarya (Chandini Prakash) push her off the hills and Deepa falls into a coma and loses her memory. Karthik, begin to search her with help of Geetha (Arthika) who is the doppelganger of Deepa and a prisoner. Karthik organize a concert and he promises to his mother and Deepa's family that he will definitely brings deepa and make her to sing in concert. Aishwarya also arrives to kill deepa, but finally she gets arrested. Deepa also arrived with help of nurse Shakthi and Orphanage members.

Miraculously, deepa regains her memory and starts to sing in concert. After so, many hurdles and struggles finally Karthik and Deepa gets reunited but, unfortunately, Deepa dies and her sudden demise shatters Karthik. And finally it shows at Deepa's graveyard Karthik and Deepa's family members along with Geetha shares their condolences and Geetha also released from jail with help of Karthik and he says to Geetha the Good memories and Happiness that he gained from Deepa is enough for his life.

===Season 2===
6 months later, after Deepa's death Karthik ([[Karthik Raj]]) moves to his native village, along with his brothers Anand and Arun and now currently stays with his grandparents Raja Sethupathi ([[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]) and Parameshwari ([[Vadivukkarasi]]). Now Karthik assumes the role of a servant for Chamundeshwari ([[Reshma Pasupuleti]]), who supposed to be Karthik's aunt in order to get their family reunited.

==Cast==
===Season 1===
====Main====
* Arthika in a [[dual role]] as:
** Deepa Karthik/Pallavi: Karthik's deceased wife (2022–2024) (Dead)
** Geetha: A businesswoman; Deepa's lookalike (2024)
* [[Karthik Raj]]<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://tamil.examsdaily.in/zee-tamil-karthik-raj-new-serial-promo-timing-official-update|title=பிரபல நடிகர் கார்த்திக் ராஜ் நடிக்கும் "கார்த்திகை தீபம்" சீரியல் ப்ரோமோ – நேரம் இதுவா? ரசிகர்களுக்கு இன்ப அதிர்ச்சி!|date=18 November 2022 |publisher=Exams Daily|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> as Karthikeyan "Karthik" Arunachalam: Deepa's widower (2022–2024)

====Recurring====
* [[Meera Krishna]] as Abhirami Nachiyaar Arunachalam: Karthik, Anand and Arun's mother. (2022-2024)
* Madhu Mohan as Arunachalam: Karthik, Anand and Arun's father. (2022-2024)
* [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Dharmalingam: Deepa's father. (2022-2024)
* Tamil Selvi as Janaki: Deepa's mother. Dharmalingam's wife (2022-2024)
* Riya Choudhary as Meenakshi: Anand's wife. (2022-2024)
* Nimesh Sagar as Anandakumar alias Anand Arunachalam: Abhirami and Arunachalam's eldest son. (2022-2024)
* Ayub VJ as Arunkumar alias Arun Arunachalam: Abhirami and Arunachalam's second eldest son. (2022-2024)
* Vandhana Michael → Shubha Raksha → Chandini Prakash as Aishwarya: Arun's wife. (2022-2024)
* Reshmaa as Mythili Dharmalingam's daughter-in-law; Deepa's sister-in-law. (2022-2024)
* Sathya Sudha as Dharmalingam's son; Deepa's brother. (2022)
* Sri Varshan Chinraj as Dharmalingam's son. (2022-2024)
* Indran as Raja: Karthik's best friend. (2023-2024)
* [[Dinesh Gopalsamy]] as Shivakumar alias Shiva: Abhirami's Arch- Rival. (2022-2023)
* "Adhu Idhu Edhu" Diwakar as Rajkumar alias Raju: Shiva's sidekick. (2022-2023)
* Sharmila Thapa as Thilaga: Abhirami's house-maid. (2022-2023)
* [[Vichithra]] as Rajashree: A village president; Roopashree's mother. (2022-2023)
* Janani Deva → Megna Jayakrishnaraj as Roopashree: Rajashree's daughter. (2022-2024)
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as Thungaa: Geetha's Arch-Rival. (2024)
* Unkonown as Nurse Shakthi (2024)
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Chidhambaram: Karthik's enemy. (2023-2024)
* Saravanan → Mahesh Prabha as Inspector Saravanavel: Karthik's friend. (2023-2024)
* Smriti Kashyap as Nakshathra: Karthik's ex-fiancé. (2022-2023)
* Mounika Subramanyam as Riya: Anand's fake wife. (2024)
* [[Nanditha Jennifer]] as Ramya Viswanathan: Karthik's obsessive lover. (2024)

===Special appearances===
{{cast listing|
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Raja Sethupathi: Abhirami‘s father; Karthik, Anand and Arun‘s grandfather. (2023)
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Parameshwari: Abhirami‘s Mother. (2023 & 2024)
* [[Vanitha Vijayakumar]] as Chamundeshwari: Arunachalam's sister. (2023)
* [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] as herself (2024)
* Chandini Prakash as Nikitha: Aishwarya's cousin. (2022)
* [[Senthilnathan]] as Astrolger Sanmugam (2024)
* Vimal Kumar as Ramesh: Ramya's fiance. (2024)
* Ashika Padukone as Maari
* VJ Dhanshik Vijayakumar as Malar: Abhirami's Niece. (2023)
* Dharani Hephzibah as Fake Pallavi (2024)
* Nanda Gopal (2023)
* Jayanthi Narayanan (2023)
}}

===Season 2===
====Main====
* [[Karthik Raj]]<ref name="auto"/> as Karthikeyan Arunachalam / Raja: Deepa's widower; Revathi's husband (2024-present)
* Vaishnavi Satheesh as Revathi Karthikeyan: Chamundeshwari's second daugher; Karthikeyan's second wife (2024-present)

====Recurring====
* [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] as Chamundeshwari: Raja Sethupathi and Parameshwari's daughter-in-law. (2024-present)
* Krithika Annamalai as Chandrakala: Chamundeshwari's younger sister. (2024-present)
* Mahesh as Mayilvaganam: Rohini's husband. (2024-present)
* Ramachandran Mahalingam as Rajarajan: Chamundeshwari's husband; Abhirami's brother. (2024-present)
* Dhanalakshmi Shiva as Rohini: Chamundeshwari's eldest daughter. (2024-present)
* Feroz Khan as Sivanandi: Chandrakala's husband. (2024-present)
* Kaviya as Swathi: Chamundeshwari's youngest daughter. (2024-present)
* [[Vadivukkarasi]] as Parameshwari: Abhirami and Rajarajan‘s Mother; Chamundeshwari's mother-in-law. (2024-present)
* Bhavani Chowdhury as Durga: Chamundeshwari's third eldest daughter. (2024-present)
* Navin Kishore as Naveen: Durga's husband and Karthikeyan's friend. (2025-present)
* [[Fathima Babu]] as Kaaliammal: Valliammal's sister and Sivanadhi's aunt (2025-present)
* [[Meera Krishna]] as Abhirami Nachiyaar Arunachalam: Rajarajan's sister; Karthik, Anand and Arun's mother. (2024-2025) (Dead)
* Nimesh Sagar as Anandakumar alias Anand Arunachalam: Abhirami and Arunachalam's eldest son. (2024-2025)
* Indran as Raja: Karthik's best friend. (2024-present)
* Ayub VJ as Arunkumar alias Arun Arunachalam: Abhirami and Arunachalam's second eldest son. (2025-present)
* Mounika Subramanyam as Riya: Fake Karthik's sister. (2026–present)
* Mukesh Khanna as Fake Karthik: Revathi's fiancé. (2026–present)
* Eesan Sujatha as Valliammal: Sivanadhi's mother (2024)
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Raja Sethupathi alias Sethur Raja: Abhirami and Rajarajan‘s Father; Chamundeshwari's father-in-law. (2024)
* [[Ashwanth Thilak]] as Mahesh: Revathi's fiancé. (2024-2025)
* Suganya Vish as Maya: Mahesh's sister-in-law and mistress (2024-2025)
* Bharathi Mohan as Perumal: A villager, Karthik's enemy (2024-2025)
* Tamil Selvi as Janaki: Deepa's mother. Dharmalingam's wife (2025)
* Reshmaa as Mythili: Deepa's sister-in-law. (2025)

===Special appearances===
{{cast listing|
*[[Keerthana (actress)|Keerthana]] as Sivagami: Chamundeshwari's mother. (2024) (dead)
*Ranjan Kumar as Sivagami's husband: Chamundeshwari's father (2024)
*Divyadharshini as young Chamundeshwari (2024)
*[[Poornima Bhagyaraj]] as Rajeshwari: Chamundeshwari's business friend. (2025)
*Arthika as Deepa Karthik alias Pallavi: Karthik's dead wife. (2025) (Dead) (in a photographic appearance)
*Keerthana Podwal as Maari (2025)
*[[Kausalya (actress)|Kausalya]] as Kausalya IPS (2025)
*[[Ajay Rathnam]] as Minister Sanmugam (2026)
*[[Sudha Chandran]] as Minister Ranganayagi (2026)
}}

==Production==
===Casting===
====Season 1====
Initially, actress [[Roshini Haripriyan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/roshni-haripriyan-in-zee-tamil-serial-next-1667382562|title=வேறு சேனலுக்கு செல்லும் ரோஷ்ணி ஹரிப்ரியன்? எந்த சேனல் தெரியுமா |publisher=cineulagam|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> was chosen and approached to play the female lead but she denied. Later, Malayalam actress Arthika<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinesamugam.com/dadis-this-karthikai-deepam-deepa-the-fans-were-speechless-after-seeing-the-real-look-1670513660|title=ப்பா..கார்த்திகை தீபம் தீபாவா இது ? நிஜ தோற்றத்தை பார்த்து வாயடைத்துப்போன ரசிகர்கள்...!|publisher=cinesamugam|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> was ultimately cast as Deepa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/exclusive-malayalam-actress-arthika-to-make-her-tamil-tv-debut-with-karthigai-deepam-says-will-concentrate-on-tv-for-now/articleshow/95960212.cms|title=Exclusive - Malayalam actress Arthika to make her Tamil TV debut with 'Karthigai Deepam', says will concentrate on TV for now|date=3 December 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/karthikai-deepam-serial-arthika-biography-and-who-got-the-opportunity-in-the-serial-488664.html|title=கார்த்திகை தீபம் சீரியலில் நடிக்கும் தீபாவின் மறுபக்கம்."அந்த பிரபலத்தால்" தான் வாய்ப்பு கிடைத்ததாம்|date=7 December 2022 |publisher=One India|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.behindtalkies.com/karthigai-deepam-serial-actress/|title=கார்த்திகை தீபம் தீபாவா இது ? நிஜத்தில் எப்படி இருக்கிறார் பாருங்க. சினிமா To சீரியல் வந்த கதை.|date=8 December 2022 |publisher=Behind Talkies|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-zee-tamil-tv-karthika-deepam-serial-update-today-on-december-08th-851857.html|title=தீபாவின் திருமணத்தை நிறுத்த ராஜ ஸ்ரீ செய்யும் சூழ்ச்சி - கார்த்திகை தீபம் சீரியல் அப்டேட்!|date=8 December 2022 |publisher=News18|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> [[Karthik Raj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-zee-tamil-tv-actor-karthik-raj-new-serial-karthikai-deepam-update-today-on-december-05th-1-849987.html|title=மீண்டும் சின்னத்திரையில் நடிக்கும் நடிகர் கார்த்திக் ராஜ்... இன்று முதல் ஒளிபரப்பாகும் கார்த்திகை தீபம் சீரியல்!|date=5 December 2022 |publisher=News18|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> was selected to play the role of smart businessman Karthikeyan, making his comeback to Tamil Television after ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' nearly two years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2022/nov/30/actor-karthik-raj-returns-to-zee-tamil-serial-after-sembaruthi-to-karthigai-deepam-3958693.html|title=ஜீ தமிழுக்கு மீண்டும் வந்த நடிகர் கார்த்திக் ராஜ்|date=30 November 2022 |publisher=Dinamani|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref>
[[Vichithra]] as selected to play the negative lead and making her presence in the Tamil television after one year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/actress-vishitra-is-going-to-act-in-who-serial-after-many-years-485727.html|title=18 வருடங்களுக்குப் பிறகு நடிக்க வரும் முத்து பட நடிகை.. அதுவும் டாப் சீரியல் நடிகரோடு தானாம்!|date=17 November 2022 |publisher=One India|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-muthu-movie-vichithra-entry-on-zee-tamil-serial-karthigai-deepam-serial-hero-karthikraj-screen-share-835506.html|title=சீரியலுக்கு வந்த ரஜினி பட நடிகை..செம்ம மாஸான கதாபாத்திரம் என தகவல்!|date=12 November 2022 |publisher=News18|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/actress-vichithra-talks-about-her-personal-journey|title=அப்போ இப்போ - 9 : ''என் மீதான அந்த எண்ணத்தை மாத்தணும்!'' - ரீ என்ட்ரி கொடுக்கும் விசித்ரா|date=6 December 2022 |publisher=cinema.vikatan.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] plays a father role of Deepa, [[Meera Krishna]] plays a mother role of Karthikeyan. Besides [[Dinesh Gopalsamy]] and Tamilselvi were cast then.

In June 2023, Actor [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] was joined as Raja Sethupathi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-vijaykumar-joins-the-cast-of-karthigai-deepam-says-im-excited-to-work-with-karthik-raj/articleshow/101188210.cms|title=Actor Vijaykumar joins the cast of Karthigai Deepam; says "I'm excited to work with Karthik Raj"|date=22 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/television-senior-actor-vijayakumar-joins-zee-tamil-karthigai-deepam-1032822.html|title=மீண்டும் சின்னத்திரை.. பிரபல சீரியலில் இணைந்த மூத்த நடிகர் விஜயகுமார்.!|date=23 June 2023 |publisher=News18|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> In February 2024, Actress Mounika was joined.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-mounika-joins-the-cast-of-karthigai-deepam/articleshow/107417569.cms|title=Actress Mounika joins the cast of Karthigai Deepam |date=2 February 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=}}</ref> In the following 3 May 2024, Actress [[Nanditha Jennifer]] was cast as Ramya Viswanathan,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/jennifer-joins-the-cast-of-karthigai-deepam/articleshow/109840940.cms|title=Jennifer joins the cast of Karthigai Deepam |date=4 May 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=}}</ref> marking his return after ''[[Amman (2020 TV series)|Amman season 1]]''. In August 2024 Vimal Kumar was cast to play as Ramesh.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ethirneechal-fame-vimal-kumar-joins-the-cast-of-karthigai-deepam/articleshow/112310322.cms|title=Ethirneechal fame Vimal Kumar joins the cast of Karthigai Deepam |date=6 August 2024|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=}}</ref>

====Season 2====
After a 6-month leap, from Season 1 all characters are retained except Deepa and Geetha (both played by Arthika). In season 2, Malayalam actress Vaishnavi Satheesh selected for the female lead.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/zee-tamil-karthikai-deepam-serial-makes-its-way-to-the-village-plot-baakiyalakshmi-fame-reshma-pasupuleti-joined-131730960074263.html|title=இனி ஆட்டமே வேற.. களமிறங்கும் கிளாமர் குடோன்.. தூக்கப்பட்ட ஆர்த்திகா.. புதுப்பொலிவுடன் கார்த்திகை தீபம் சீரியல்|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=7 November 2024|language=ta}}</ref> Some cast members from the first season were retained while, [[Reshma Pasupuleti]] was playing negative role as Chaumundeshwari. Then, Krithika Annamalai, Dhanalakshmi and Ramachandran also joined for the supporting role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/karthigai-deepam-serial-heroine-and-story-changed-suddenly-gan-smkljy|title=பட்டி டிங்கரிங் பார்க்கப்பட்ட கதை; ஹீரோயின் உள்பட கார்த்திகை தீபம் சீரியலில் இவ்வளவு மாற்றமா?|website=Asianet News|language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/arthika-accuses-planned-to-remove-in-karthigai-deepam-2-serial-mma-smo16y|title='கார்த்திகை தீபம் 2' சீரியலில் இருந்து திட்டம் போட்டு நீக்கிவிட்டனர்! ஹீரோயின் அர்த்திகா பகீர் குற்றச்சாட்டு!|website=Asianet News|language=ta}}</ref>

In March 2025, Actor Navin Kishore was joined as Naveen.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sandakozhi-actor-navin-kishore-joins-the-cast-of-karthigai-deepam/articleshow/118880692.cms|title=Sandakozhi actor Navin Kishore joins the cast of Karthigai Deepam|date=11 March 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=}}</ref>

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! style="background:Green; width:20%;"| Language
! style="background:Green; width:24%;"| Title
! style="background:Green; width:13%;"| Original release
! style="background:Green; width:16%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Green; width:13%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Green; width:15%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Krishnakoli]]'' কৃষ্ণকলি
| 18 June 2018
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| 9 January 2022
| Original
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Krishna Tulasi (TV series)|Krishna Tulasi]]'' కృష్ణ తులసి
| 22 February 2021
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 26 November 2022
| rowspan="5"| Remake
|-
| [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| ''Shyam Tulasi'' श्याम तुलसी
| 20 September 2021
| [[Zee Ganga]]
| 29 July 2022
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Karthigai Deepam'' கார்த்திகை தீபம்
| 5 December 2022
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| Ongoing
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Shyamambaram'' ശ്യാമാംബരം
| 6 February 2023
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 29 September 2024
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Savalyachi Janu Savali]]'' सावळ्याची जणू सावली
| 23 September 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| Ongoing
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/karthigai-deepam/0-6-4z5262158 ''Karthigai Deepam''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt32589618}}

{{Zee Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Zee Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Bengali-languages television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language musical television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]

Ladakhis

2026-04-24T00:09:48Z

Bharatman: Done

{{Short description|Group of people native to the Ladakh in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Ladakhis
| native_name = {{Bo-textonly|ལ་དྭགས་པ།}}
| image = Ladakhi old man.jpg
| caption = Ladakhi man at [[Shey Monastery]], Leh
| poptime =
| region1 = India ([[Ladakh]])
| pop1 = 115,089 ([[2011 Census of India|2011]])
| ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Ladakhi|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lbj|website=Ethnologue|access-date=30 Dec 2022}}</ref>
| region2 = China ([[Tibet]])
| pop2 = 12,000 (1995)
| ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Ladakhi|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lbj|website=Ethnologue|access-date=30 Dec 2022}}</ref>
| langs = [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]
| rels = [[ File:Buddhism symbol.PNG|15px]] [[Buddhism]] •
[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px|link=]] [[Islam]]
| related = [[Tibetan people]], [[Balti people]], [[Purigpa]], other [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Tibetic peoples]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ladakhis''', '''Ladakhi people''', or '''Ladakspa''' are an ethnic group and first-language speakers of the [[Ladakhi language]] living in [[Ladakh]] in [[India]] and a small minority in [[Tibet]] in [[China]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Mugdha |last2=Sarkar |first2=Anujit |last3=Kumar |first3=Devinder |last4=Nandineni |first4=Madhusudan R. |date=6 February 2020 |title=The genetic affinities of Gujjar and Ladakhi populations of India |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=2055 |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-59061-9 |pmid=32029844 |pmc=7005309 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.2055S |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ladakhi |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/lbj |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Ethnologue |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main article|History of Ladakh}}[[Ladakh]] has a long history with evidence of human settlement from as back as 9000 B.C.E. It has been a crossroad of high Asia for thousands of years and has seen many cultures, empires and technologies born in its neighbors. As a result of these developments Ladakh has imported many traditions and culture from its neighbors and combining them all gave rise to a unique tradition and culture of its own.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-21 |title=Ladakh Cultural Identity: The Melting Pot Of Cultures {{!}} Discover Ladakh's Diversity {{!}} LIFE On The PLANET LADAKH |url=https://lifeontheplanetladakh.com/blog/ladakh-cultural-identity#:~:text=Situated%20in%20the%20northernmost%20region%20of%20India,%20Ladakh,a%20true%20melting%20pot%20of%20traditions%20and%20heritage. |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main article|Culture of Ladakh}}

The languages, religions, dance, music, architecture, food, and customs of the Ladakh region are similar to [[Tibet]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} Ladakhi is the traditional language of the region. The popular dances in Ladakh include the khatok chenmo, cham, etc. The people of Ladakh also celebrate several festivals throughout the year, some of them are Hemis Tsechu and [[Losar]].

== Religion ==
{{Main article|Ladakh#Religion}}

The region's population is split roughly in half between the districts of [[Leh district|Leh]] and [[Kargil district|Kargil]]. 76.87% population of Kargil is Muslim (mostly [[Shia]]),<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Vijay |first1=Tarun |date=30 January 2008 |title=Endangered Ladakh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tarun-vijay/the-right-view/Endangered-Ladakh/articleshow/2742608.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111202706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tarun-vijay/the-right-view/Endangered-Ladakh/articleshow/2742608.cms |archive-date=11 November 2020 |access-date=27 July 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="census2011-C01">{{cite report |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS |title=C-1 Population By Religious Community – Jammu & Kashmir |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403193730/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW01C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=3 April 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> with a total population of 140,802, while that of Leh is 66.40% Buddhist, with a total population of 133,487, as per the 2011 census.<ref name="census2011-C01" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kargil District Population Census 2011-2020, Jammu and Kashmir literacy sex ratio and density |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/622-kargil.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204204027/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/622-kargil.html |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=25 January 2016 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leh District Population Census 2011-2020, Jammu and Kashmir literacy sex ratio and density |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/621-leh.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124062331/http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/621-leh.html |archive-date=24 January 2016 |access-date=25 January 2016 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> In 2024, 5 new districts were created. Currently Buddhism is the majority faith in five of the districts-[[Leh district|Leh]], [[Changthang district|Changthang]], [[Zanskar district|Zanskar]], [[Sham district|Sham]] and [[Nubra district|Nubra]]; and Islam is the majority faith in [[Kargil district|Kargil]] and [[Drass district|Drass]] district.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gillani |first=Syed Shadab Ali |date=26 August 2024 |title=Will Ladakh's New Districts Have Autonomous Hill Councils Too, Congress Asks |url=https://kashmirlife.net/will-ladakhs-new-districts-have-autonomous-hill-councils-too-congress-asks-364550/ |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=Kashmir Life |language=en-GB}}</ref> The majority of Ladakhis, [[Changpa]] and [[Brokpa]] follow [[Buddhism]] while most [[Purigpa]] and Shina follow Islam. [[Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shin|Brokpa, Drokpa, Dard and Shinu tribes]] and [[Shina people]], the main inhabitants of the [[Dras]] and [[Dah Hanu|Dha-Hanu]] regions, predominantly follow Islam while small minorities follow [[Tibetan Buddhism]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXXIII JK-HP-ST |url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/12/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxiii-jk.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101044658/https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/12/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxiii-jk.html |archive-date=1 November 2021 |access-date=18 May 2020 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tibetans in India]]
==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ladakh]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Ladakh]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Marripadu, Annamayya district

2026-04-20T11:18:05Z

Bharatman: created some place w/ sources - done

{{For|village in Nellore district|Marripadu, Nellore district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Marripadu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.65|N|78.72|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Annamayya district|Annamayya]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gurramkonda mandal|Gurramkonda]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3416
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=636470|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] & [[Urdu]]
}}

'''Marripadu''' is a village in [[Annamayya district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in [[Gurramkonda]] mandal.

== Demographics ==

Telugu is the Local Language here. Total population of Marripadu is 3416. There are 1,747 men and 1,669 women living in 762 houses. Total area of Marripadu is 1331 hectares.

==Geography==
{{coord|13.652|N|78.7161|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Marripadu.html ] Falling Rain Genomics.Marripadu</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Annamayya district]]

{{Annamayya-geo-stub}}

Raghunath Jagadala

2026-04-20T09:04:38Z

Bharatman: started initial info from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Raghunath Jagadala
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Padmanabha Behera
| constituency1 =
| term1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Raghunath Jagadala''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Birmaharajpur Assembly constituency|Birmaharajpur]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Raghunath Jagadala Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=398 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Birmaharajpur Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Raghunath Jagadala of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/birmaharajpur-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916552.html |website=News18 |publisher=Election Results Hub |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=2 October 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jagadala, Raghunath}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kalanwali Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:13Z

Bharatman: New

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Kalanwali Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = Kalanwali Assembly constituency map.svg

| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Shishpal Singh]]
|party = [[Indian National Congress]]
|alliance = 
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|region =
|state = [[Haryana]]
|district =
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = 42
|established = 
| electors = 1,84,398
| reservation = SC
|abolished = 
}}
'''Kalanwali Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 assembly constituencies of [[Haryana]], a northern state of [[India]]. [[Kalan Wali]] is also part of [[Sirsa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sirsa Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is a reserved seat for the [[Scheduled Castes]].<ref name="mapsofindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/haryana/kalanwali.html |title=Kalanwali Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency Map and Election Results | Maps of India |publisher=mapsofindia.com|accessdate=2016-06-26}}</ref>

[[Shishpal Singh]] is the current MLA from Kalanwali.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalanwali Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/kalanwali.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|colspan="4"|{{center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Charanjeet Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Shiromani Akali Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Balkaur Singh]]
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan=2|[[Shishpal Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalanwali<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalanwali">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalanwali |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S0742.htm |accessdate=2 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shishpal Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=66,728 |percentage=47.47% |change={{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh Desujodha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=43,769 |percentage=31.13% |change={{increase}}8.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurtej Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=24,200 |percentage=17.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasdev Singh |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=3,629 |percentage=2.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurjant Singh |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,405 |percentage=1.00% |change={{decrease}}8.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=852 |percentage=0.61% |change={{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,959 |percentage=16.33% |change= {{increase}}1.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,40,583 |percentage=76.32% |change= {{increase}}1.23 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,84,398 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.65 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.71 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalanwali<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |date=21 January 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=14 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/haryana/kalanwali-election-result-s07a042/|title=Kalanwali Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Kalanwali Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News|website=News18|access-date=2020-02-01}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shishpal Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=53,059 |percentage=39.76 |change={{increase}}9.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rajinder Singh Desujodha|party=Shiromani Akali Dal|votes=33,816|percentage=25.34|change={{decrease}}14.95}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Balkaur Singh]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=30,134|percentage=22.58|change={{increase}}9.92}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nirmal Singh Malri|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=12,420|percentage=9.31|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Karnail Singh Odhan|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,401|percentage=1.05|change={{increase}}0.28}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=944|percentage=0.71|change={{increase}}0.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pargat Singh Bhiwan|party=Haryana Lokhit Party|votes=857|percentage=0.64|change={{decrease}}10.84}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,243 |percentage=14.42 |change= {{increase}}4.77 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,33,449|percentage=75.09|change={{decrease}}8.67}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,77,723 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.85 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Shiromani Akali Dal |swing= {{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalanwali<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Balkaur Singh]] |party=Shiromani Akali Dal |votes=54,112 |percentage=40.29 |change={{decrease}}10.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shishpal Keharwala |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,147 |percentage=30.64 |change={{decrease}}9.5 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh Desujodha |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,005 |percentage=12.66 |change={{increase}}11.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Singh Malri |party=Haryana Lokhit Party |votes=15,416 |percentage=11.48 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chain Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,593 |percentage=1.19 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mela Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,548 |percentage=1.15 |change={{decrease}}0.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurjant Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,039 |percentage=0.77 |change={{decrease}}3.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Nagar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=969 |percentage=0.72 |change={{decrease}}0.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=778 |percentage=0.58 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,965 |percentage=9.65 |change= {{decrease}}1.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,34,290 |percentage=83.76 |change= {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,60,330 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.53 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Shiromani Akali Dal |loser=Shiromani Akali Dal |swing= {{decrease}}10.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalanwali}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Charanjeet Singh |party=Shiromani Akali Dal |votes=59,064 |percentage=50.97 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Sushil Kumar Indora |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,520 |percentage=40.14 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Major Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,047 |percentage=4.36 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prof. Rajesh Vaid |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=2,125 |percentage=1.83 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Nagar |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=1,192 |percentage=1.03 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rattan Lal Bamnia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,136 |percentage=0.98 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasvir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=765 |percentage=0.66 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,544 |percentage=10.82 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,15,880 |percentage=83.50 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,38,779 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Shiromani Akali Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Kalan Wali]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.83|74.98|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Sirsa, Haryana]]
[[Category:Sirsa district]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

Kharik, Bhagalpur

2026-04-12T15:12:24Z

Bharatman:

{{Short description|Village in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox place
| name = Kharik
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|22|05|N|87|00|04|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Community development block|Block]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
| subdivision_name3 = Kharik
| government_type = [[Village Panchayat]]
| area_total_km2 = 1594
| elevation_m = 34
| population_total = 42354
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Angika language|Angika]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 853202
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|STD code]]
| area_code = 0641
| registration_plate = BR-10
}}'''Kharik''' is a village and the administrative center of Kharik Block, [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur District]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is located on the northern part of the district, approximately 14 kilometres north of the district capital [[Bhagalpur]]. In 2011, It has 42,354 inhabitants.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073337/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2023-03-02 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Kharik is situated between the [[Kosi River]] and the [[Ganges river|Ganges River]]. Mohanpur-Bihariganj Road is to the north of the village. The average elevation of Kharik is 34 metres above the sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kharik topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-gb.topographic-map.com/map-htc6gp/Kharik/?zoom=14&center=25.36629,87.00799 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 Census of India]], there are 8,344 households within Kharik. Among the 42,354 residents, 22,683 are male and 19,671 are female. The total literacy rate is 53.93%, with 13,523 of the male population and 9,317 of the female population being literate. The census location code of the village is 238921.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Bhagalpur district]]

Gangtok district

2026-04-09T23:54:49Z

Bharatman: new initial place basic info...

{{short description|District in Sikkim, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Gangtok district
| native_name_lang = ne
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Sikkim|District]] of [[Sikkim]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = Changu Lake, Gangtok.jpg
|photo1b = Bird's eye view of Gangtok City from Ganeshtok.jpg
|photo2a = Nathang Pano 1.jpg
|size = 250
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Changu Lake, view of Gangtok, Nathang Valley, Sikkim
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Sikkim
| coordinates = {{coord|27|19|N|88|36|E|region:IN-SK_type:adm2nd|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Headquarters]]
| seat = [[Gangtok]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[District magistrate]]
| leader_name =Tushar Gajanan Nikhare<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Collectors|url=https://sikkim.gov.in/mygovernment/whos-who/district-collectors|website=sikkim.gov.in}}</ref>
| leader_title2 =[[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 =[[Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency|Sikkim Constituency]]
| leader_title3 =[[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = *[[Khamdong-Singtam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khamdong-Singtam]]
*[[Shyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shyari]]
*[[Martam-Rumtek (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Martam-Rumtek]]
*[[Upper Tadong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Upper Tadong]]
*[[Arithang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arithang]]
*[[Gangtok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gangtok]]
*[[Upper Burtuk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Upper Burtuk]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 964
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 610
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 283,583
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major Highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = *[[National Highway 717A (India)|NH 717A]]
*[[National Highway 10 (India)|NH 10]]
*[[National Highway 717B (India)|NH 717B]]
*[[National Highway 310 (India)|NH 310]]
*[[National Highway 310A (India)|NH 310A]]
| blank2_name_sec1 =
[[List of stadiums in India|Largest Stadium]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Paljor Stadium|Paljor Stadium, Gangtok ]]
| registration_plate = '''SK-01, SK-08'''
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-SK]]
| website = {{URL|https://gangtokdistrict.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Gangtok district'''<ref name="Telegraph">{{cite web |title=Sikkim Assembly passes bill to create two more districts |newspaper=The Telegraph (Kolkata) |date=10 December 2021 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/two-new-districts-to-be-created-in-sikkim/cid/1842637 }}</ref> is an administrative district of the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Sikkim]]. It was renamed in 2021 as a result of administrative reorganisation of the state, which also saw three subdivisions of the East Sikkim district spawned off as a separate [[Pakyong district]].<ref name="EastMojo">{{Cite news |title=3 sub-divisions of East Sikkim to form Sikkim's newest district Pakyong |newspaper=Eastmojo |date=21 June 2021 |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/sikkim/2021/06/21/3-sub-divisions-of-east-sikkim-to-form-sikkims-newest-district-pakyong/}}</ref>

The headquarters of the Gangtok district is [[Gangtok]], which is also the state capital. Gangtok is the hub of all administrative activity in the state. The district is bounded by the Pakyong district in the south and southeast, [[Bhutan]] in the east, the [[People's Republic of China]] in the northeast, [[North Sikkim district|Mangan District]] in the north and [[South Sikkim district|Namchi District]] in the west.

The civilian region is administered by a [[district collector]], appointed by the state government. A [[major general]] is assigned to administer military forces in the district. As of 2011 it is the most populous of the six [[districts of Sikkim]].<ref name="districtcensus">{{cite web | url = http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php | title = District Census 2011 | access-date = 30 September 2011 | year = 2011 | publisher = Census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==History==
East Sikkim was part of the [[Kingdom of Sikkim]] for most of its history. In the 19th century, the district was under the rule of the [[Bhutan]]ese. After the Anglo [[Bhutan War]], the territory was virtually under the command of the British forces. After [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] in 1947, the area was part of the Kingdom of Sikkim under the protection of India. During the [[Sino-Indian War]] of 1962, the [[Nathu La|Nathula Pass]] witnessed a few skirmishes between India and China. In 1975, Sikkim formally became part of the Indian Union as India's 22nd state. The district was under the occupation of the Nepalese for 30 years in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

==Geography==
[[File:Kanchengaga View from Gangtok.JPG|right|thumb|View of Kanchenjunga from Gangtok]]
The district occupies an area of {{cvt|560|km2}}.

The two important Mountain Passes of East Sikkim are [[Nathula]] and [[Jelepla]], both passes connects Sikkim with China.

Military-wise, the district is a very sensitive area with the [[Indian army]] having control over most areas east of Gangtok and near its borders with [[People's Republic of China]] and [[Bhutan]]. Visitors to this region are restricted and just a few areas are open to tourists in the areas east of Gangtok.

Popular tourist locales of East Sikkim and [[Pakyong District|Pakyong]] districts are the [[Tsongmo Lake]], [[Lake Menmecho]], [[Dzuluk]], Baba Mandir, Gnathang Valley, [[Kupup|Elephant Lake Kupup]], Lungthung View Point, Tukla Valley, Thambi View Point and the [[Nathu La]] pass. The pass was first opened during the 1904 [[Younghusband Expedition]] to Tibet.<ref>{{citation |last=Waddell |first=L. Austin |title=Lhasa and its Mysteries |publisher=John Murray |location=London |year=1905 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.79988 |via=archive.org |page=106}}</ref> It saw a tremendous boom in trade during 1950–1959 when the Chinese troops occupying Tibet were supplied through the pass.<ref>{{citation |last=Harris |first=Tina |title=Geographical Diversions: Tibetan Trade, Global Transactions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxCotCnoGrUC&pg=PA39 |year=2013 |publisher=University of Georgia Press |isbn=978-0-8203-4512-3 |page=39}}
</ref> The pass and Baba Mandir are open to Indian nationals only. To enter this region a special permit is required; the [[Inner Line Permit]] has to be obtained one day prior to departure. This permit is made through local tourist offices. Other tourist areas include the town of Gangtok, the [[Phodong Monastery]] north of Gangtok and the [[Rumtek Monastery]].

Other special attractions in the Capital City Gangtok are M G Marg, [[Hanuman Tok]], Ranka Monastery, Himalayan Zoological Park, [[Paljor Stadium|Palzor Stadium]], Tashi View Point, Pakyong Airport view Point. Zuluk And Gnathang Valley are famous attractions in East Sikkim.

==Wildlife sanctuaries==

[[Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary]], and [[Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary]] two famous wildlife sanctuaries lies in the East Sikkim district.

==Rivers and lakes==
[[File:Teesta river near Gangtok.jpg|thumb|right|Teesta river near Gangtok]]

[[File:Tsongmo_Lake_or_Changu_Lake_-_East_Sikkim.jpg|thumb|Tsongmo Lake Gangtok District Sikkim]]
[[File:Lake Menmecho.jpg|thumb|Menmecho Lake Gangtok District Sikkim]]

===Rivers===
[[Teesta|River Teesta]], the largest river of state flows in East district from [[Dikchu]] to [[Singtam]].

[[Jaldhaka River|River Jaldhaka]] originates from [[Kupup]] and flows south east towards [[Bhutan]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]].

Other major rivers of east sikkim are [[Ranikhola]], [[Ratey Chu|Ratey River]], [[Roro Chu|Roro River]], Rangchang Khola etc.

===Lakes===
List of important lakes of Gangtok district and [[Pakyong District]] are:
* [[Lake Menmecho]]
* [[Lake Tsomgo]]
* Elephant Lake
* [[Aritar|Aritar Lake]]
* Manju Lake
* Mulkharka Lake
* Nathula Lake
* Gnathang Heart Lake
* Yalk-la Lake. etc.

==Flora and fauna==
Variety of plants and wildlife are found in the East Sikkim and [[Pakyong District]]. The important ones are [[Red panda]] the state animal, [[Blood pheasant]], the state bird, [[Dendrobium nobile]] the state flower and [[Rhododendron]] the state tree are found in the wildlife sanctuaries of East sikkim. Other important wild animals include [[Snow Leopard]], [[Himalayan black bear]], [[Clouded leopard]], [[Large Indian civet]] etc.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Sikkim |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>
Forest Department, Government of Sikkim has also confirmed the presence of [[Royal Bengal Tiger]] in the [[Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary]] of [[Pakyong District]] in January 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/photograph-confirms-presence-of-tiger-in-sikkim/article25952265.ece|title=Caught on camera: Sikkim's Royal Bengal Tiger|newspaper=The Hindu|date=9 January 2019|last1=Singh|first1=Shiv Sahay}}</ref>

==Demographics==
[[File:Singtam Masjid India - Sikkim - Singtam 2013.jpg|thumb|left|Mosque in [[Singtam]]]]
[[File:Viswa vinayaka.jpg|thumb|[[Shri Viswa Vinayaka Mandir Rhenock|Shri Viswa Vinayaka Mandir temple in Rhenock, Pakyong District]]]]

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] East Sikkim district along with [[Pakyong District]] has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 283,583,<ref name="districtcensus"/> roughly equal to the nation of [[Barbados]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Barbados 286,705 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 574th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 295 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 14.79%.<ref name=districtcensus/> East Sikkim has a [[sex ratio]] of 872 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 84.67%.<ref name=districtcensus/>
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Gangtok district (2011)<ref name="Census">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.com/census/district/462-west-sikkim.html|title=East Sikkim District Religion Census 2011|access-date=24 April 2021|archive-date=14 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514153424/https://www.census2011.com/census/district/462-west-sikkim.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|62.74}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|25.55}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|dodgerblue|8.25}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|2.19}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.35}}
}}
{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Gangtok (2011)
|label1 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]] |value1 = 65.59 |color1 = sienna
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 8.63 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]] |value3 = 8.16 |color3 = deepskyblue
|label4 = [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]] |value4 = 3.41 |color4 = darkblue
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value5 = 2.25 |color5 = red
|label6 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value6 = 1.68 |color6 = gold
|label7 = [[Limbu language|Limbu]] |value7 = 1.55 |color7 = lavender
|label8 = [[Tamang language|Tamang]] |value8 = 1.49 |color8 = skyblue
|label9 = [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]] |value9 = 1.14 |color9 = purple
|label10 = Others |value10 = 6.1 |color10 = grey
}}
Hinduism is followed by majority of the people in the Gangtok district. Buddhism followed by a considerable minority, while Christianity is the third largest religion, 40% of its adherents live in Gangtok. Islam is the fourth-largest religion and is mainly found in migrants in urban centres, mainly Gangtok.<ref name="Census"/>

===Languages===

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]], 65.59% of the population in the district spoke [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 8.63% [[Hindi]], 8.16% [[Sikkimese language|Sikkimese]], 3.41% [[Lepcha language|Lepcha]], 2.25% Bhojpuri, 1.68% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 1.55% [[Limbu language|Limbu]], 1.49% [[Tamang language|Tamang]], 1.14% [[Sherpa language|Sherpa]], 0.75% [[Rai languages|Rai]] and 0.51% [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

==Assembly constituencies==
The district is divided into 7 [[assembly constituency|assembly constituencies]].
*[[Khamdong-Singtam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khamdong-Singtam]]
*[[Shyari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shyari]] (BL)
*[[Martam-Rumtek (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Martam-Rumtek]] (BL)
*[[Upper Tadong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Upper Tadong]]
*[[Arithang (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Arithang]]
*[[Gangtok (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gangtok]] (BL)
*[[Upper Burtuk (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Upper Burtuk]]

==Divisions==
===Administrative divisions===
[[File:East Sikkim Subdivisions All.png|thumb|right|Subdivisions of the East Sikkim district]]
East Sikkim is divided into three sub-divisions till June 2021. In June 2021, the two subdivisions of [[Pakyong]] and [[Rongli]] were constituted as [[Pakyong District]]:<ref>{{cite map |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |title=Sikkim Administrative Divisions |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/administrative_maps/SIKIM.pdf |language=en |format=PDF |year=2011 |access-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref>

==Important towns and cities==
[[File:Gangtok night amit mitra.jpg|thumb|right|Gangtok at night]]
The major towns and cities of Gangtok District are
*[[Gangtok]]
*[[Singtam]]
*[[Ranipool]]
*[[Upper Tadong]]
*[[Dikchu]]
*[[Sherathang]]
*[[Makha, Sikkim|Makha]]

==Transport==

===Roadways===
East Sikkim is connected with wide road network managed by [[Border Road Organization]], [[National Highways and Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited]] and State PWD.

East Sikkim has the following [[National highways of India|National Highways]]:

* [[National Highway 10 (India)|National Highway 10]] connecting [[Siliguri]] to [[Gangtok]], lies in East Sikkim from [[Singtam]] to [[Gangtok]] via [[Ranipool]].
* [[National Highway 717A (India)|National Highway-717A]] connecting [[Bagrakote]] to [[Gangtok]], lies in the East Sikkim from Ahopul, [[Ranipool]] to [[Gangtok]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/may/28/doklam-effect-sikkim-to-get-new-all-weather-highway-1820559.html|title = Doklam effect: Sikkim to get new all-weather highway}}</ref>
* Small portion of [[National Highway 717B (India)|National Highway-717B]] connecting [[Rhenock]] and Menla, [[Sherathang]] via [[Zuluk]] and [[Rongli]] lies in East Sikkim. Larger portion lies in [[Pakyong District]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/projects-tenders/15781-nhidcl-floats-tender-for-road-works-in-sikkim | title=NHIDCL floats tender for road works in Sikkim - Construction Week India | date=14 November 2020 }}</ref>
* [[National Highway 310 (India)|National Highway-310]] connecting [[Ranipool]] and [[Nathula]] via [[Gangtok]] lies totally on East Sikkim.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ommcomnews.com/india-news/rajnath-inaugurates-alternate-alignment-on-nh-310-in-sikkim|title = Rajnath Inaugurates Alternate Alignment on NH-310 in Sikkim | Nation|date = 25 October 2020}}</ref>
* [[National Highway 310A (India)|National Highway 310A]] connecting [[Gangtok]] and [[Mangan, India|Mangan]] lies in East Sikkim from Gangtok to Tingda via Penlong.
* Some portions of [[National Highway 510 (India)|National Highway 510]] also lies in East Sikkim in Singtam Sherwani area.

===Airways===
[[Pakyong Airport]] lies on the town of [[Pakyong]] in [[Pakyong District]] is the nearest airport from East Sikkim. The airport has daily direct flight services from [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|New Delhi]], [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]] and [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata]].

===Railway===
[[Rangpo railway station|Rangpo Railway Station]] an under construction railway station of [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] is the nearest railway station that lies on [[Rangpo|Rangpo Town]] of [[Pakyong District]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://eastsikkim.nic.in/ Official district government website]
* [http://www.sikkimlrdm.gov.in/lrd/Maps/Home.html Revenue Maps of Sikkim] (including a map of the Gangtok subdivision), Land Revenue & Disaster Management Department, retrieved 13 September 2022.
*{{Wikivoyage-inline|East Sikkim}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Gangtok
|North = [[Mangan, India|Mangan]]
|Northeast =
|East = {{flag|Bhutan}}
|Southeast =
|South = [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Namchi]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Gangtok district}}
{{Sikkim}}

[[Category:Gangtok district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Sikkim]]

Rafiq Ahmad Naik

2026-04-06T15:49:20Z

Bharatman: started a entry w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Tral Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = 8 October 2024
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Mushtaq Ahmad Shah]]
| party = [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]]
}}
'''Rafiq Ahmad Naik''' is an Indian politician from Jammu & Kashmir. He is a [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Member of the Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Tral Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Tral, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: JKPDP's Rafiq Ahmad Naik with 10710 defeats INC's Surinder Singh |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/tral-jammu-and-kashmir-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612901-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Tral FINAL Election Result 2024: Rafiq Ahmad Naik of PDP Wins by... |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/tral-final-election-result-2024-2-9079330.html |access-date=2024-10-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He is the son of former speaker Ali Mohammad Naik.<ref name="At Least 13 New MLAs In Jammu And Kashmir Are From Political Families">{{cite news |last1=NDTV |date=13 October 2024 |title=At Least 13 New MLAs In Jammu And Kashmir Are From Political Families |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/at-least-13-new-mlas-in-jammu-and-kashmir-are-from-political-families-6779727 |accessdate=13 October 2024}}</ref>

== Electoral performance ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref
|-
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]||[[Tral Assembly constituency|Tral]]||{{party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}||{{Won}}||24.69%||Surinder Singh||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||23.63%||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |date=8 October 2024 |title=J&K Assembly Election Results 2024 - Tral |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0833.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250709155131/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-U0833.htm |archive-date=9 July 2025 |access-date=9 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}
== See also ==
* [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024 Jammu & Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Rafiq Ahmad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Pulwama district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

Nagesh Karmali

2026-04-04T07:32:50Z

Bharatman: created basic bio more to come - done

{{Short description|Indian writer (1933–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Nagesh Ramdas Karmali
| image = Nagesh Karmali, Goa.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|2|5|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Kakoda, [[Quepem taluka]], [[Portuguese India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|2|9|1933|2|5|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Panaji]], Goa, India
| occupation = [[Poet]], writer, [[freedom fighter]]
| movement = [[Goa liberation movement]]
| education =
| genre = Poetry, plays
| notable_works = ''Jot'', ''Zonvar'', ''Vamshkullache Dene''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (1992)
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
}}
'''Nagesh Ramdas Karmali''' (5 February 1933 – 9 February 2023) was an Indian freedom fighter, poet, and writer from [[Goa]]. He was a prominent figure in the [[Goa liberation movement]] and is recognized for his literary contributions to the [[Konkani language]], for which he received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]].<ref name="TOIObituary">{{Cite news |date=2023-02-10 |title=Freedom fighter Nagesh Karmali dies at 90 in Goa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/freedom-fighter-nagesh-karmali-dies-at-90/articleshow/97783102.cms |access-date=2025-12-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Karmali was born on 5 February 1933 in Kakoda, [[Quepem taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]. His father was Ramdas Madhav Nayak Karmali. He received his primary education in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and Portuguese.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999">{{cite wikisource |editor-first1=Tanaji |editor-last1=Halarnkar |editor-link1=Tanaji Halarnkar |others= |title=Konkani Vishwakosh |trans-title=Konkani Encyclopaedia |wslink=Page:Konkani Viswakosh Vol1.pdf/377 |type= |edition= |series= |pages=351 |volume=1 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Goa University]] |location=Goa |language=gom |wslanguage=gom }}</ref> He developed a keen interest in literature during his childhood, influenced by the works of [[B. B. Borkar]], who was also his teacher in primary school.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mauzo |first=Damodar |author-link=Damodar Mauzo |date=2 March 2011 |title=Art & Culture: Nagesh Karmali |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/pages/artAndCulture/konkaniLiteratureOfGoa |access-date=2026-04-04 |website=Department of Art & Culture, Government of Goa}}</ref>

==Goa Liberation Movement and activism==
Karmali became actively involved in the struggle for Goa's independence from Portuguese rule. In 1952, he joined the Goa Vimochan Sahayak Samiti and participated in the Satyagraha movement. He was associated with the National Congress (Goa) and worked to spread nationalist sentiment in southern Goa under the guidance of [[Anthony de Souza (politician)|Anthony D'Souza]].<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

On 16 September 1954, he entered Goa via the Terekhol border without a visa as part of a protest. He was arrested by the Portuguese police and sentenced to ten years of imprisonment by a military court. During his incarceration at Reis Magos and Aguada forts, he continued his literary pursuits and studied the history of freedom struggles. He was released in 1959 after serving approximately four and a half years of his sentence. Following his release, he continued to work underground for the liberation of Goa until 1961.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

Following the liberation, Karmali participated in the [[Goa Opinion Poll]] of 1967, advocating against the merger of Goa with [[Maharashtra]]. He later served as the president of the Goa Freedom Fighters Association.<ref name="TOIObituary" />

==Career and literary work==
After the [[Liberation of Goa]], Karmali worked as a 'Staff Artist' at the [[All India Radio]] (AIR) station in [[Panaji]] from 1966 until his retirement in 1991. He was also involved in the labour movement in 1962.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

As a writer, Karmali contributed significantly to Konkani literature. His notable poetry collections include ''Jot'' (1979), ''Zonvar'' (1979), and ''Vamshkullache Dene'' (1981). In 1992, he was awarded the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for his collection ''Vamshkullache Dene''. He also adapted plays such as ''Kelu Janmejaya'' by Sriranga and ''Adhe Adhure'' by [[Mohan Rakesh]] into Konkani. He served in various capacities within the [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]], was a member of the Goa Konkani Academy, and presided over the 13th Konkani Sahitya Parishad.<ref name="TOIObituary" /> Additionally, he worked on the editorial board of the Goa Gazetteer and the biography project for Goan freedom fighters.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==Death==
Karmali died on 9 February 2023 at his home in Panaji, Goa, at the age of 90.<ref name="TOIObituary" />

==Awards and recognition==
Karmali's literary work has been recognized with several honors:
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Konkani (1992) for ''Vamshkullache Dene''.<ref name="TOIObituary" />
* Goa State Award for literature.<ref name="TOIObituary" />
* State Sahitya Award from the [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]] and the Goa [[Kala Academy]] for his collection ''Jot''.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />
* ''Tamrapatra'' from the [[Government of India]] in 1972 for his role as a freedom fighter.<ref name="Vishwakosh1999" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karmali, Nagesh}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Portuguese India]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:Poets from Goa]]

Kishore Chandra Singh Deo

2026-04-04T01:03:53Z

Bharatman: New

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kishore Chandra Singh Deo
| office = Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Surada Assembly constituency]]
| predecessor = [[Usha Rani Panda]]
| successor = [[Purna Chandra Swain]]
| birth_date = 2 July 1961
| death_date = 28 May 2010
| spouse = [[Nandini Devi]]
| parents = [[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]] and [[Shanti Devi (Odisha politician)|Shanti Devi]]
| image =
}}
'''Kishore Chandra Singh Deo''' was an Indian politician who served as Member of [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Surada Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suruda Assembly Constituency Election Result |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/suruda-odisha-assembly-constituency |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Result University}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
He was born on 2 July 1961 and died on 28 May 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BIO-DATA OF PRESENT MEMBER OF LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY IN ORISSA |url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/pdf/Bio_data_of_MLAs_Orissa.pdf |website=Government of Odisha |access-date=12 December 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728025642/http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissaannualreference/ORA-2005/pdf/Bio_data_of_MLAs_Orissa.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Late Kishore Chandra Singh Deo |url=https://odishaassembly.nic.in/image.aspx?img=1236 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Odisha Legislative Assembly}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal lady enters politics |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/royal-lady-enters-politics/cid/1389149 |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=[[The Telegraph India]]}}</ref> He died from heart attack.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Girl becomes head of Orissa royal family |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/girl-becomes-head-of-orissa-royal-family/631999/ |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> His spouse was [[Nandini Devi]] who served as MLA in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]. He was the son of [[Ananta Narayan Singh Deo]] who served as Ruler of [[Dharakote]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-04-09 |title=Orissa ex-royals in fray |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/orissa-ex-royals-in-fray/story-bfwBnM1luuJVTZHz0HlilL.html |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref> and [[Shanti Devi (Odisha politician)|Shanti Devi]] who served as MLA in [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=With Deo out of poll race, end of road for Khallikote royals? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/with-deo-out-of-poll-race-end-of-road-for-khallikote-royals/articleshow/68661298.cms |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deo, Kishore Chandra Singh }}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Orissa MLAs 2004–2009]]

Fox Crime

2026-03-31T22:14:18Z

Bharatman:

{{Infobox television channel
| name = Fox Crime
| logo = Fox Crime logo.svg
| country = United States
| logo_size = 220px
| launch_date = 17 January 2005 (Russia) 31 October 2005 (Italy) 13 October 2006 ([[Bulgaria]], ex-[[Yugoslavia]]) 28 September 2007 ([[Portugal]]) 15 February 2010 (Spain) 9 July 2013 (Africa)
| closed_date = 30 September 2012 (Russia) 30 June 2013 (Norway) 30 September 2014 (Spain) 17 April 2015 (India) 31 July 2015 (Japan) 1 October 2016 (Africa) 30 June 2021 (Italy) 31 August 2021 (Now TV feed, Hong Kong) 30 September 2021 (Southeast Asia and Hong Kong)<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney to Close 18 TV Channels in Asia |url=https://variety.com/2021/biz/asia/disney-closing-tv-channels-in-asia-1234961166/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=27 April 2021 |access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref> 30 September 2022 (Turkey)<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV Platformlari |url=https://twitter.com/tvplatformlar/status/1573332999432798210 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref> 30 November 2022 (Middle East and North Africa) 30 September 2023 (Albania, Bulgaria and Balkans)<ref>{{Cite news |title=FOX СТАВА STAR CHANNEL В БЪЛГАРИЯ ОТ ОКТОМВРИ |url=https://boulevardbulgaria.bg/articles/fox-stava-star-channel-v-balgariya-ot-oktomvri |date=2023-06-07 |access-date=2023-06-09 |work=Boulevard Bulgaria |language=bg |trans-title=FOX becomes Star channel from October}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fox postaje STAR Channel |url=https://fonet.rs/promo/36317965/fox-postaje-star-channel.html |website=FoNet portal |access-date=19 July 2023 |language=sr |date=7 June 2023 |trans-title=Fox becomes Star Channel}}</ref> February 6, 2024 (Portugal)
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]] {{small|(downscaled to [[16:9]] [[576i]] for the [[SDTV]] feed)}}
| replaced_by = [[Star Crime]] (Bulgaria, Balkans and Portugal) [[Fox Life]] (Africa & Spain) [[Fox (international)|Fox]] (Russia, Baltics & Norway) Star Movies Select HD (India) [[Fox Classics (Japanese TV channel)|Fox Classics]] (Japan)
| sister_channels = [[24Kitchen]], [[Fox Life]], [[Fox Comedy]], [[Fox (international)|Fox]], [[FX (TV channel)|FX]], [[BabyTV]], [[National Geographic Global Networks|National Geographic]], [[Nat Geo Wild]], [[Nat Geo People]]
| website =
}}
'''Fox Crime''' (stylized as '''FOX'''CRIME), was a [[Television broadcasting|television network]], launched by the [[Fox Networks Group]], which aired across several countries of Europe, Africa and Asia such as Italy, [[Portugal]], [[Serbia]], [[Bulgaria]], and [[Turkey]]. Its basic programming including numerous television series, sitcoms and movies, among others, related to crime, horror and investigation.

It was first launched in Italy on 31 October 2004, the Balkans (which includes countries that previously part of [[Yugoslavia]]) and [[Bulgaria]] on 13 October 2006, [[Portugal]] on 28 September 2007, Hong Kong on 3 May 2008, Singapore on 2 October 2006, and in [[Vietnam]] on 29 October 2007. Fox Crime was also launched in the Philippines on 1 January 2008, on Sky Cable. In [[Indonesia]], the channel was made available via [[Indovision]] in the middle of 2010. Later, it was launched in [[Thailand]] on 29 July 2010. Since 2016, Fox crime is available in MENACE Regions via AD Drama HD and via Elife in the [[United Arab Emirates]].

[[FX (TV channel)|FX]] and [[BabyTV]] channel was launched along with in India on March 25, 2009. Fox Channels India had received downlink strikes from the I&B Ministry of Italy for the three channels on March 12, 2009. However India and [[Sri Lanka]] were currently using the Asian Feed. Fox Crime HD was launched in Asia in May, 2016 via AsiaSat 5, in [[Latvia]] it was launched along with [[Fox Life]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/FoxLifeLatvia|title=FOX LIFE LATVIA|work=Facebook|access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref> and [[National Geographic (American TV channel)|National Geographic Channel]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.facebook.com/pages/National-Geographic-Channel-Latvia/221808061214498|title=National Geographic Channel|work=Facebook|access-date=20 August 2015}}</ref> on October 1, 2011. In 2013 the channel was launched in Africa as part of [[StarSat]]. The channel in Africa officially closed on September 30, 2016, but FOX Crime continued broadcasting in Ages and Maindubs with a Portuguese version and in the following years various versions of Fox Crime were closed following [[Disney]]'s [[Acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney|acquisition of]] [[21st Century Fox]] in 2019, were rebranded as Star Crime, based upon the [[Star (Disney+)|Star]] hub on [[Disney+]].

==Fox Crime around the world==
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!Channel
!Country or region
!Launch year
!Replacement / Rebrand
!Shutdown year
|-
| [[Fox Crime (Italy)]]
|Italy
|November 21, 2025
|discontuined
|July 1, 2021
|-
|Fox Crime (Japan)
|Japan
|October 1, 2006
|[[Fox Classics (Japanese TV channel)|Fox Classics]]
|August 1, 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-12 |title=FOXCRIMEが生まれ変わります！爆発的人気を誇った海外ドラマをFOXが厳選してお届けするクラシック・ドラマ・チャンネル“FOXクラシック名作ドラマ” 2015年8月1日始動 |url=https://prtimes.jp/main/html/rd/p/000000126.000003179.html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=プレスリリース・ニュースリリース配信シェアNo.1｜PR TIMES |language=ja-JP}}</ref>
|-
|Fox Crime Adria
|Balkans
| rowspan="2" |October 13, 2006<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Fox Crime в България |url=https://www.predavatel.com/bg/istoriya/rt/telemaniac-2006-1.pdf |journal=TELEmaniac |language=bg |publication-date=2006-10-27 |volume=2006 |issue=1 |page=7}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |Star Crime
| rowspan="2" |October 1, 2023
|-
|Fox Crime (Bulgaria)
|Bulgaria
|-
|Fox Crime (Portugal)
|Portugal
|September 26, 2007<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cruz |first=Bárbara |date=2007-09-25 |title=Fox Crime e FX a partir de hoje |url=https://www.publico.pt/2007/09/26/jornal/fox-crime-e-fx--a-partir-de-hoje-231187 |access-date=2023-11-27 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt}}</ref>
|February 7, 2024
|-
| rowspan="2" |Fox Crime (Russia and Baltics)
|Russia
|January 17, 2005
| rowspan="2" | [[Fox (Russian TV channel)|Fox]]
| rowspan="2" |October 1, 2012
|-
|Baltics
|October 30, 2007<ref>{{Cite web |author=Steve Brennan|agency=Associated Press |date=2007-10-30 |title=Crime time for Fox in Baltic states |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/crime-time-fox-baltic-states-153664/ |access-date=2023-05-16 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Fox Crime (Asia)]]
|Asia
|May 3, 2008
|discontinued
|October 1, 2021
|-
|Fox Crime (Spain)
|Spain
|February 15, 2010
|[[Fox Life]]
|October 1, 2014
|-
|Fox Crime (India)
|India
|July 2, 2010<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Adgully |date=2010-07-02 |title=Fox International launches 7 channels in India |url=https://www.adgully.com/fox-international-launches-7-channels-in-india-43602.html |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=www.adgully.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|Star Movies Select HD
|April 18, 2015
|-
|Fox Crime (Norway)
|Norway
|March 21, 2011<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-18 |title=FOX International Channels Launches FOX Crime In Norway, Its First Entertainment Channel In The Market |url=http://foxinternationalchannels.com/press/fox-international-channels-launches-fox-crime-in-norway-its-first-entertainment-channel-in-the-market |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725083044/http://foxinternationalchannels.com/press/fox-international-channels-launches-fox-crime-in-norway-its-first-entertainment-channel-in-the-market |archive-date=2014-07-25 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=FOX International Channels}}</ref>
|[[Fox (Norwegian TV channel)|Fox]]
|July 1, 2013<ref>{{Cite web |title=Informa Connect – Know more, do more, be more. |url=https://informaconnect.com/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Informa Connect |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Fox Crime (Turkey)
|Turkey
|November 11, 2011
|discontinued
|October 1, 2022
|-
|Fox Crime (Africa)
|Africa
|July 9, 2013<ref>{{Cite web |last=AsuquoE |date=2013-06-18 |title=Fox Crime launches in Africa: Channel premieres Tuesday 9 July on DStv |url=https://talkmediaafrica.com/2013/06/18/fox-crime-launches-in-africa-channel-premieres-tuesday-9-july-on-dstv/ |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=TalkMedia Africa |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[Fox Life]]
|September 28, 2016<ref>{{Cite web |title=FOX Life comes to African TV screens this October |url=https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/75/365/150824.html |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=Bizcommunity |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Fox Crime (Middle East)
|Middle East and North Africa
|September 28, 2017<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-23 |title=Fox taps Ericsson for Middle East broadcast services |url=https://www.digitaltveurope.com/2017/10/23/fox-taps-ericsson-for-middle-east-broadcast-services/ |website=Digital TV Europe}}</ref>
|discontinued
|December 1, 2022
|}

==See also==
* [[Fox Crime (Australian TV channel)]]
* [[Fox Crime (Asian TV channel)]]
* [[Fox Crime (Italian TV channel)|Fox Crime (Italy)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.foxcrime.it/ Fox Crime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608130710/https://www.foxcrime.it/ |date=2019-06-08 }} official Italian website (now redirects to Disney+)
{{Television in Norway}}
{{Television in Turkey}}

[[Category:Fox Networks Group]]
[[Category:Television channels in Norway]]
[[Category:Television channels in North Macedonia]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2005]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2024]]
[[Category:Former subsidiaries of The Walt Disney Company]]

Barauni–Gorakhpur line

2026-03-30T11:12:26Z

Bharatman:

{{Short description|Railway line in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width = 28em
| name = Barauni–Gorakhpur line
| color = 800000
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image = Chhapra junction railway station.jpg
| image_width = 330
| caption = [[Chhapra Junction railway station|Chhapra Junction]] is an important railway station on Barauni–Gorakhpur line
| type =
| system =
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| start = [[Barauni Junction|Barauni]]
| end = [[Gorakhpur Junction|Gorakhpur]]
| stations =
| routes =
| open =
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[East Central Railway zone|East Central Railway]], [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| speed = {{cvt|110|km/h|round=5}}
| electrification = Yes
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Barauni–Gorakhpur line|inline=y}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Barauni–Gorakhpur line''' are connecting [[Barauni]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]] with [[Gorakhpur]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The lines run in an east–west direction between the [[Gandaki River|Gandak]]The lines connects via [[Samastipur]] ,[[Muzaffarpur]] ,[[Hajipur Junction railway station|Hajipur Junction]] , [[Sonpur Junction railway station|Sonpur Junction]] , [[Chhapra Junction railway station|Chhapra]] and [[Siwan Junction railway station|Siwan Junction]] .

==History==
Railway lines in the area were pioneered by Tirhut Railway and the Bengal and North Western Railway lines in the 19th century. In his book ''The Indian Empire, Its People, History and Products'' (first published in 1886) W.W.Hunter, says "The Tirhut State Railway with its various branches intersects Northern Behar and is intended to extend to the Nepal frontier on one side and to Assam on the other."<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yUhvfR1S_UEC&q=Tirhut+Railway&pg=PA547 |title= The Indian Empire, Its People, History and Products |author= W.W.Hunter |year= 2005 | page=547|isbn= 9788120615816 | access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>

The area was developed with [[metre-gauge]] tracks. The {{convert|229|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} Samastipur–Narkatiaganj loop was developed in stages between 1875 and 1907. The Samastipur–Darbhanga line was opened for famine relief in 1874 and opened to the public on 1 November 1875. The {{cvt|72|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Nirmali branch (Darbhanga–Nirmali) between 1883 and 1886. The Barauni–Bachhwara line was opened in 1883. The Bachhwara–Bagaha line was developed in stages between 1883 and 1907. The Sakri–Jainagar branch was opened in 1905. The {{cvt|51|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Hajipur–Muzaffarpur line was opened in 1884. The {{cvt|270|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Tirhut main line from Katihar to Sonpur was developed in stages between 1887 and 1901.<ref name=ner/> The {{cvt|105|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Chhapra–Thawe line was opened in 1910. The {{cvt|320|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Chhapra–Allahabad line was developed between 1891 and 1913. The Maharajganj branch line was opened in 1907. The Siwan–Kaptanganj line was opened between 1907 and 1913. The {{cvt|127|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Bhatni–Varanasi Chord was opened between 1896 and 1899.<ref name=ner/> The Jhanjharpur–Laukaha Bazar line was opened in 1976.<ref name=ner>{{cite web |url= http://indianrailwaynotes.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/north-eastern-railway.pdf|title= Indian Railways line history; 2. North Eastern Railway |access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>

The lines were converted to {{track gauge|1676mm}} [[broad gauge]] in phases starting from early 1980s. Samastipur to Darbhanga (metre to broad gauge) was converted around 1983. Siwan to Thawe (metre to broad gauge) was converted in early 2006. Gauge conversion of the {{cvt|268|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} Jainagar–Darbhanga–Narkatiaganj line that was started in 2011 was completed to Raxaul in February 2014 and to Narkatiaganj in 2017. The Sakri–Laukaha Bazar–Nirmali conversion is under process.<ref name=ner/><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/95563059/Railway-Congestion |title= Fourth Report on Development of Alternative Routes for Decongesting Existing Routes |author= Railway Convention Committee (1999)|publisher= Lok Sabha Secretariat, December 2001| access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>

==Sections==
* [[Barauni–Samastipur section]]
* [[Samastipur–Muzaffarpur section]]
* [[Muzaffarpur–Hajipur section]]
* [[Hajipur–Chhapra Section]]

==New lines==
New lines being constructed in the area include:
{| class=wikitable
! Line !! Length
|-
| [[Sitamarhi–Jaynagar–Nirmali line (via Sursand)]] || {{cvt|188|km}}
|-
| [[Hajipur]]–[[Sagauli]] via [[Vaishali district|Vaishali]] line || {{cvt|148.3|km}}
|-
| [[Chhapra]]–[[Muzaffarpur]] line || {{0}}{{cvt|84.65|km}}
|-
| Sakri–Hasanpur line || {{0}}{{cvt|79|km}}
|-
| [[Darbhanga]]-Kusheshwar Asthan line || {{0}}{{cvt|70.14|km}}
|-
| [[Muzaffarpur]]–[[Darbhanga]] line || {{0}}{{cvt|66.9|km}}
|-
| [[Muzaffarpur]]–Katra–Oral–[[Janakpur Road]] line || {{0}}{{cvt|66.55|km}}
|-
| [[Muzaffarpur]]–[[Sitamarhi]] line || {{0}}{{cvt|63|km}}
|-
| Chhapra–Hajipur line {{small|(existing line being doubled<ref name=ecr>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/RailBudget_11-12/ECR.pdf |title=Assets-Acquisition, Construction and Replacement for 2011-12 |publisher=East Central Railway |access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/finance_budget/Budget12-13/works/ECR/ECR.pdf |title=Assets-Acquisition, Construction and Replacement for 2012-13 |publisher=East Central Railway |access-date=2012-11-06 }}</ref>)}} || {{0}}{{cvt|59|km}}
|}

==Bridge links==
The Ganges divides the state of Bihar in two parts. The construction of the {{cvt|2|km|mi|adj=mid|-long|frac=4}} [[Rajendra Setu]] in 1959 provided the first opportunity to link the railway tracks on the north and south banks of the [[Ganges]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Rlys-begins-bridge-renovation-work/articleshow/6156718.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120905125550/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-12/patna/28311455_1_new-bridge-girder-bridge-kiul |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-09-05 |title=Rlys begins bridge renovation work |location=Patna |access-date=2011-07-06 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2012-11-06}}</ref>

The {{cvt|4.55|km}}-long [[Ganga Rail-Road Bridge]], opened from 3 February 2016, links Sonpur and Parmanandpur to Pahlezaghat Junction on north side of bridge to Patliputra Junction on south side of bridge to [[Patna]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120308/jsp/bihar/story_15185406.jsp#.UJkPQmckPCA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307134409/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120308/jsp/bihar/story_15185406.jsp#.UJkPQmckPCA |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 March 2013 |title=New deadline for rail bridge |work=The Telegraph|date=8 March 2012 |access-date=2012-11-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Purnia Division topics}}
{{Railways in Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{Saran Division topics}}
{{Gorakhpur division topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barauni-Gorakhpur, Raxaul and Jaynagar lines}}
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Sonpur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Lucknow NER railway division|*]]
[[Category:Samastipur railway division|*]]
[[Category:Transport in Jainagar]]
[[Category:Transport in Gorakhpur district]]
[[Category:Transport in Raxaul]]
[[Category:Transport in Barauni]]
[[Category:Railway lines in Uttar Pradesh]]

Siddaramaiah

2026-03-26T19:21:06Z

Bharatman: correct article based on references after review

{{short description|Chief Minister of Karnataka (born 1947)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Siddaramaiah
| image = The Chief Minister of Karnataka Siddaramaiah visits PMO.jpg
| caption = Siddaramaiah in 2014
| order = 20th
| office = Chief Minister of Karnataka
| governor = [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]]
| deputy = [[D. K. Shivakumar]]
| term_start = 20 May 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
| governor1 = {{ubl|[[H. R. Bhardwaj]]|[[Konijeti Rosaiah]]|[[Vajubhai Vala]]}}
| term_start1 = 13 May 2013
| term_end1 = 17 May 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Jagadish Shettar]]
| successor1 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| office2 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency2 = [[Varuna (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Varuna]]
| term_start2 = 13 May 2023
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Yathindra Siddaramaiah]]
| successor2 =
| constituency3 = [[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami]]
| term_start3 = 17 May 2018
| term_end3 = 13 May 2023
| predecessor3 = [[B B Chimmanakatti]]
| successor3 = Bhimsen Chimmanakatti
| constituency4 = [[Varuna (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Varuna]]
| term4 = 2008–2018
| predecessor4 = ''Constituency established''
| successor4 = [[Yathindra Siddaramaiah]]
| constituency5 = [[Chamundeshwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamundeshwari]]
| term5 = 2004–2008
| predecessor5 = A. S. Guruswamy
| successor5 = M. Satyanarayana
| constituency6 = [[Chamundeshwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamundeshwari]]
| term6 = 1994–1999
| predecessor6 = M. Rajasekara Murthy
| successor6 = A. S. Guruswamy
| constituency7 = [[Chamundeshwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamundeshwari]]
| term7 = 1983–1989
| predecessor7 = D. Jayadevaraja Urs
| successor7 = M. Rajasekara Murthy
| office8 = [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
| 1blankname8 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata8 = [[Dharam Singh]]
| term_start8 = 28 May 2004
| term_end8 = 5 August 2005<ref>Special Correspondent: [https://web.archive.org/web/20060302065326/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/06/stories/2005080613530100.htm Siddaramaiah, two others dropped.], ''[[The Hindu]]'', 6 August 2005.</ref>
| predecessor8 = ''Himself''
| successor8 = [[M. P. Prakash]]
| 1blankname9 = Chief Minister
| term_start9 = 16 May 1996
| term_end9 = 22 July 1999<ref name=":2" />
| 1namedata9 = [[J. H. Patel]]
| predecessor9 = [[J. H. Patel]]
| successor9 = ''Himself''
| office10 = [[List of leaders of the opposition in Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start10 = 9 October 2019
| term_end10 = 20 May 2023<ref>{{Cite web|title=Leaders of the Opposition of Karnataka Legislative Assembly since 1962|url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/previousleaderofopposition.htm|access-date=2021-08-09|website=kla.kar.nic.in}}</ref>
| predecessor10 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| successor10 = [[R. Ashoka]]
| term_start11 = 8 June 2009
| term_end11 = 12 May 2013
| predecessor11 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| successor11 = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|08|3|df=y}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Stage set for Karnataka Cong heavyweight Siddaramaiah's 75th birthday bash |url=https://theprint.in/india/stage-set-for-karnataka-cong-heavyweight-siddaramaiahs-75th-birthday-bash/1065520/ |work=ThePrint |date=2 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Around 6 lakh expected to participate in Siddaramaiah's birthday event |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/around-6-lakh-expected-to-participate-in-siddaramaiahs-birthday-event/article65717200.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2 August 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Siddaramanahundi|Siddaramana Hundi]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (present{{endash}}day [[Karnataka]], India)
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2006–present)}}
| otherparty = * [[All India Progressive Janata Dal]] {{small|(2005-2006)}}
* [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] {{small|(1999–2005)}}
* [[Janata Dal]] {{small|(1988–1999)}}
* [[Janata Party]] {{small|(1984–1988)}}
* [[Lok Dal]] {{small|(1983–1984)}}
| spouse = Parvathi Siddaramaiah
| children = 2; including [[Yathindra Siddaramaiah|Yathindra]]
| residence = {{ubl|[[Anugraha]], [[Bengaluru]]}}
| alma_mater = {{plain list|
* [[Yuvaraja's College, Mysore]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BSc]])
* [[Sarada Vilas College]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]])
}}
}}

'''Siddaramaiah''' (born 3 August 1947),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://affidavitarchive.nic.in/Affidavit/AE2004_Affidavits/karnataka/117/Siddaramaiah/Siddaramaiah_SC1.html|title=Siddaramaiah's affidavit|access-date=6 April 2004}}</ref> also referred to by his nickname '''Siddu''' or '''Siddu Mama''',{{Efn|Sources calling the subject Siddu
—{{Cite web|title=CM Siddu confident of winning in coming election – Mysuru Today|url=https://citytoday.news/tag/cm-siddu-confident-of-winning-in-coming-election/|access-date=2021-08-09|language=en-US}} —{{Cite web|title=Vishwanath backs Ibrahim, says many are not happy with CM Siddu|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/vishwanath-backs-ibrahim-says-many-are-not-happy-cm-siddu|access-date=2021-08-09|website=coastaldigest.com – The Trusted News Portal of India|language=en}} —{{Citation|title=Big Kannada push ahead of polls; CM Siddu appeases pro Kannada outfits|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yAUQbqDvPGQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/yAUQbqDvPGQ |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-08-09}}{{cbignore}} —{{Cite web|title=Karnataka CM Siddu's 'Bhagya' budgets swell debt burden to Rs 2.86 lakh crore|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/feb/17/karnataka-cm-siddus-bhagya-budgets-swell-debt-burden-to-rs-286-lakh-crore-1774579.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221175222/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/feb/17/karnataka-cm-siddus-bhagya-budgets-swell-debt-burden-to-rs-286-lakh-crore-1774579.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2018|access-date=2021-08-09|website=The New Indian Express}} —{{Cite web|title=CM Siddu to Modi: Give Bharat Ratna to Siddaganga seer|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/karnataka/cm-siddu-to-modi-give-bharat-ratna-to-siddaganga-seer|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}} —{{Cite web|last=shastri|first=vittal|date=2018-05-06|title=Get famous, elect your next CM: Siddu to Badami|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/060518/get-famous-elect-your-next-cm-siddu-to-badami.html|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}} —{{Cite web|date=2018-02-22|title=Hegde was my political guide, not Deve Gowda, says CM Siddu|url=https://starofmysore.com/hegde-political-guide-not-deve-gowda-says-cm-siddu/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=Star of Mysore|language=en-US}} —{{Cite web|title=UP BJP loses 3rd MLA to Covid – Mysuru Today|url=https://citytoday.news/up-bjp-loses-3rd-mla-to-covid/|access-date=2021-08-09|language=en-US}} —{{Cite web |last1=Kannada |first1=TV9 |date=2021-05-02|script-title=kn:FMR CM Siddu: ಆರೋಗ್ಯ ಸಚಿವರಿಗೇ ಫೋನ್ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದೀನಿ ಆದ್ರೂ ರೆಮ್ಡಿಸಿವರ್ ಇಂಜೆಕ್ಷನ್ ಸಿಗಲಿಲ್ಲ|url=https://tv9kannada.com/karnataka/fmr-cm-siddaramaiah-says-health-minister-dr-k-sudhakar-doesnt-pick-his-calls-anj-220296.html|access-date=2021-08-09|website=TV9 Kannada|language=kn|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809091618/https://tv9kannada.com/karnataka/fmr-cm-siddaramaiah-says-health-minister-dr-k-sudhakar-doesnt-pick-his-calls-anj-220296.html}}}} is an Indian politician and lawyer who has served as the [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|chief minister of Karnataka]] since May 2023.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-18 |title=Karnataka government formation {{!}} Siddaramaiah formally elected Congress Legislature Party leader, stakes claim to form government |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-government-formation-congress-legislature-party-meeting-to-be-held-on-may-18-evening/article66864596.ece |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He had previously held that position from 2013 to 2018 for the first term being only the second person to complete a full five year term. In January 2026 he became the longest-serving [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|chief minister of Karnataka]], surpassing [[D. Devaraj Urs]]'s record.

He belongs to the [[Indian National Congress]] and is presently the leader of the [[Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee|Congress Legislative Party]]. He represented the [[Varuna Assembly constituency]] from 2023, previously from 2008 to 2018, [[Badami Assembly constituency]] from 2018 to 2023, and [[Chamundeshwari Assembly constituency]] from 2004 to 2007, 1994 to 1999, and from 1983 to 1989 in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. He served as the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka|deputy chief minister of Karnataka]] from 1996 to 1999 and from 2004 to 2005 while he was a member of the [[Janata Dal]] and [[Janata Dal (Secular)]].

He also served as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition]] in the Karnataka [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] on two occasions, from 2019 to 2023 and from 2009 to 2013.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/cwc-membership-means-its-a-triple-role-for-siddaramaiah/article24455057.ece|title=CWC membership means it's a triple role for Siddaramaiah|last=Prabhu|first=Nagesh|date=2018-07-19|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2018/jul/18/siddaramaiah-enters-national-stage-with-congress-working-committee-entry-1844934.html|title = Siddaramaiah enters national stage with Congress Working Committee entry| date=18 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/im-sidda-rama-and-100-hindu-karnataka-cm-siddaramaiah/articleshow/59615322.cms|title=I'm Sidda-Rama and 100% Hindu: Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 July 2017 }}</ref> Siddaramaiah was a member of various [[Janata Parivar]] factions for several years.<ref name="dna">{{cite news
| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1833073/report-siddaramaiah-how-a-mysore-boy-made-it-to-the-top
| title=Siddaramaiah: How a Mysore boy made it to the top
| work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]
| date=10 May 2013
| access-date=2013-05-11
| author=Raghuram, M.
| location=[[Mysore]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Siddaramaiah sworn in as Karnataka chief minister|url=http://southmonitor.com/siddaramaiah-sworn-in-as-karnataka-chief-minister|publisher=Southmonitor.com|access-date=13 May 2013|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031185941/http://southmonitor.com/siddaramaiah-sworn-in-as-karnataka-chief-minister|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bs">{{cite news
| url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/siddaramaiah-profiling-the-front-runner-for-k-taka-cm-113050800672_1.html
| title=Siddaramaiah - Profiling the front runner for K'taka CM
| work=[[Business Standard]]
| date=8 May 2013
| access-date=2013-05-09
| author=Kulkarni, Mahesh
| location=[[Bangalore]]}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Siddaramaiah was born to Siddarame Gowda and Boramma at a remote village called [[Siddaramanahundi]] in Varuna Hobli near T. Narasipura of [[Mysore district]] in a farming family.<ref name="headstrong">{{cite web
| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1833203/report-he-was-born-headstrong-siddaramaiah
| title=He was born headstrong: Siddaramaiah
| work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]]
| date=11 May 2013
| access-date=2013-05-11
| author=Raghuram, M.}}
</ref> He is the fourth among six siblings, and he belongs to the [[Kuruba|Kuruba Gowda]] community.<ref name="bennur">{{cite news|author=Bennur|first=Shankar|date=11 May 2013|title=Siddaramanahundi celebrates elevation of its proud son|work=The Hindu|location=Siddaramanahundi|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/siddaramanahundi-celebrates-elevation-of-its-proud-son/article4703483.ece|access-date=11 May 2013}}</ref>

Siddaramaiah studied at Mount Carmel School and completed his schooling from Vidyavardhaka High School, which is managed by [[Vidyavardhaka Sangha Mysuru|Vidyavardhaka Sangha (VVS)]], [[Mysuru]]. He then went on to do his [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]. and [[LL.B]]. from [[Mysore University]].<ref>{{cite web|title=K Siddaramaiah Biography|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/k-siddaramaiah.html|access-date=27 Aug 2021}}</ref>

Siddaramaiah was a junior under a well-renowned lawyer, P M Chikkaboraiah, in Mysore and later taught law for some time at Vidyavardhaka Law College<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siddaramaiahs last election all set to end in Congress defeat, BJP eyes government in Karnataka |url=https://zeenews.india.com/karnataka/congress-leader-siddaramaiahs-last-election-all-set-to-end-in-defeat-as-bjp-eyes-government-in-karnataka-2108170.html |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=September 11, 2023 |author=Sridhar Vivan |title=Notes from the field |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/notes-from-the-field/articleshow/103559542.cms |access-date=2024-02-13 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-11 |title=Profile of Siddaramaiah: From grazing cattle to top job |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/profile-of-siddaramaiah-from-grazing-cattle-to-top-job/articleshow/19997504.cms |access-date=2024-02-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> managed by [[Vidyavardhaka Sangha(VVS) Mysuru|Vidyavardhaka Sangha (VVS)]], [[Mysuru]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-he-was-born-headstrong-siddaramaiah-1833203 |title = He was born headstrong: Siddaramaiah}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Siddaramaiah is [[Mononymous person|mononymous]]. Siddaramaiah is married to Parvathi and had two sons. His elder son, Rakesh, who was seen as his father's heir in politics, died of multiple organ failure in 2016 at the age of 38.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/rakesh-siddaramaiah-karnataka-cm-siddaramaiah-passes-away-2944486/ | title = Rakesh Siddaramaiah, Karnataka CM's son, dies in Belgium | newspaper = [[The Indian Express]] | location = [[New Delhi]] | date = 2016-07-30 | access-date = 2016-07-31 }}</ref> His other son, [[Yathindra Siddaramaiah|Yathindra]], contested the 2018 Legislative Assembly elections and won from the seat of [[Varuna (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Varuna]] in Mysuru, formerly his father's seat, by over 45,000 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/karnataka/varuna-election-result/|title=Varuna Election Result 2018 Live: Varuna Assembly Elections Results (Vidhan Sabha Polls Result)|website=News18|access-date=2020-02-05}}</ref>

Siddaramaiah has stated on record that he is an atheist,<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Siddaramaiah-to-file-defamation-case-against-Yeddyurappa/article15130667.ece | title = Siddaramaiah to file defamation case against Yeddyurappa | newspaper = The Hindu | date = 2011-02-01 | access-date = 2017-11-07 }}</ref> though he has more recently clarified his public stance on the subject: "Word has spread that I am an atheist, which I am not. I am spiritual -- I have participated in festivities as child. I have visited some of the popular pilgrimage centres. But I am definitely against superstition, as I view everything from a scientific point of view".<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/im-not-an-atheist-says-karnata-chief-minister-siddaramaiah-310076-2016-02-23 | title = I'm not an atheist says Karnataka Chief Minister Siddaramaiah | newspaper = Mail Today | date = 2016-02-23 | access-date = 2017-11-07 }}</ref>

==Political career==
Siddaramaiah's political career began when Nanjunda Swamy, a lawyer in [[Mysore]], spotted him at the district courts as a law graduate. He was asked to contest and was elected to the Mysore Taluka. He contested on a [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]] ticket from [[Chamundeshwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamundeshwari constituency]] and entered the 7th [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] in 1983. This was a surprise victory for all and it earned him a name and fame in the Old Mysore region.{{Citation needed|date=August 2021}}

Later he joined the ruling [[Janata Party]] and became the first president of the Kannada Surveillance Committee (Kannada Kavalu Samiti), set up to supervise the implementation of [[Kannada]] as an official language. During the mid-term polls in 1985, Siddaramaiah was re-elected from the same constituency and became Minister for Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services. In Chief Minister [[Ramakrishna Hegde]]'s government, he handled diverse portfolios such as Sericulture, Animal Husbandry and Transport at different stages.<ref>[http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14thWhoSwho/6.pdf Who's Who] kar.nic.in</ref>

He first suffered defeat in the 1989 Assembly elections, beaten by a veteran Congress leader, [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]]. Later in 1992, he was appointed Secretary General of [[Janata Dal]], which [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] had also joined. He was elected again in the 1994 State Elections and became the minister for finance in the Janata Dal government headed by Deve Gowda. He was made Deputy Chief Minister when [[J. H. Patel]] became Chief Minister in 1996. He was sacked as [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister]] and dropped from the Cabinet on 22 July 1999.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: Karnataka CM sacks 8 ministers|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/22dal.htm|access-date=2021-12-09|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> After the split in the Janata Dal, he joined the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] faction of Deve Gowda and became the president of its state unit. However, he lost in the 1999 state elections. In 2004, when the [[Indian National Congress]] and JD (S) formed a coalition government with [[Dharam Singh]] as Chief Minister, he was again appointed Deputy Chief Minister.<ref name="toi">{{cite news
| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Siddaramaiah-journey-so-far/articleshow/4628902.cms
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128055620/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-06-08/bangalore/28158356_1_siddaramaiah-deputy-chief-minister-congress
| archive-date=28 November 2013
| title=Siddaramaiah journey so far
| work=[[The Times of India]]
| date=8 June 2009
| access-date=2013-05-09
| url-status=live
| location=Bangalore}}</ref> He addressed ahinda samavesha in [[Hubli]], which had the huge public gathering. He even challenged Reddy brothers in the house when he was the leader of the opposition that he would come to Bellary through padayatra. It garnered attention of whole state and eventually Siddaramaiah came to power in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|title=It's official: Siddaramaiah is new Karnataka CM|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=173242|access-date=2021-12-09|website=www.daijiworld.com|language=en}}</ref>

Siddaramaiah celebrated his 75th birthday on 3 August 2022 in [[Davanagere]] and called it "Siddaramotsava", where more than 2 million followers of Siddaramaiah had attended the program.<ref>{{cite news |title=Preparations in full swing for 'Siddaramotsava' event in Davanagere, Rahul Gandhi to attend |url=https://www.news9live.com/state/karnataka/preparations-in-full-swing-for-siddaramotsava-event-in-davanagere-rahul-gandhi-to-attend-186584 |work=News 9 Live |date=2 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mega Siddaramotsava today, 16 lakh to attend |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2022/aug/03/mega-siddaramotsava-today-6-lakh-to-attend-2483518.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

===Indian National Congress===
In 2005, after differences with H. D. Deve Gowda, Siddaramaiah was expelled from JD (S). He wanted to revive a regional party "ABPJD" in the state after quitting the JD (S), but he did not because regional parties formed earlier in Karnataka had not survived.<ref name="IANS">{{cite news
| url=http://www.whereincity.com/news/16/6893
| title=Siddaramaiah quits assembly, to join Congress soon
| work=Whereincity
| date=19 July 2006
| access-date=2013-05-18
| location=Bangalore}}</ref> He subsequently garnered mass support from the backward classes and joined the Congress at a large public meeting held in Bangalore, in [[Sonia Gandhi]]'s presence. He won the [[Chamundeshwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamundeshwari]] by polls held in December 2006, by a margin of 257 votes against M. Shivabasappa of JD (S), despite a fierce campaign against him by Deve Gowda, Chief Minister [[H. D. Kumaraswamy|Kumaraswamy]] and Deputy Chief Minister [[Yeddyurappa]] in the constituency.<ref name="toi" /> In the 2008 state Assembly elections, he contested from [[Varuna (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Varuna]] Constituency and was re-elected for the fifth time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri.SIDDARAMAIAH, 22nd Chief Minister of Karnataka is a strong Congressman|url=http://www.karnatakapcc.com/chief-minister/|access-date=27 Aug 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka 2008|url=https://myneta.info/karnatka2008/candidate.php?candidate_id=1837|work= myneta.info|access-date=27 Aug 2021}}</ref>

He won the 2013 election from the same constituency ([[Varuna (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Varuna]]) on 8 May 2013 and was reelected for the 7th time. He was elected as the leader of the Congress legislative party in the Karnataka assembly on 10 May 2013.<ref name="ht">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/KarnatakaElections2013/Siddaramaiah-elected-as-CLP-leader-set-to-be-Karnataka-CM/Article1-1057863.aspx | title=Siddaramaiah elected as CLP leader, set to be Karnataka CM | work=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=10 May 2013 | agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] | access-date=2013-05-10 | location=Bangalore | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511103325/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/KarnatakaElections2013/Siddaramaiah-elected-as-CLP-leader-set-to-be-Karnataka-CM/Article1-1057863.aspx | archive-date=11 May 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> He had previously announced that the 2013 Assembly election would be his last election,<ref name="hindu">{{cite news
| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/a-decadelong-wait-ends-for-siddaramaiah/article4702867.ece
| title=A decade-long wait ends for Siddaramaiah
| work=[[The Hindu]]
| date=10 May 2013
| access-date=2013-05-11
| author=Rajendran, S.
| location=Bangalore}}</ref> but in the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]], he left his safe [[Varuna (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Varuna]] seat for his son, and he himself went on to contest from two constituencies, i.e. [[Chamundeshwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamundeshwari]] and [[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami]], and faced stiff competition against [[GT Devegowda]] of JD (S) and [[B. Sriramulu]] of BJP respectively, both of which were new constituencies for him. He lost in [[Chamundeshwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamundeshwari]], but won in [[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami vidhana sabha seat]] beating BJP heavyweight Sriramulu with a narrow margin of 1,696 votes and he was reelected for the 8th time. Congress under his leadership then supported the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] in forming the government in 2018 to keep [[BJP]] out of power. He was the chairman of coordination committee that coordinated the congress-JDS coalition govt under [[H. D. Kumaraswamy|H. D Kumarswamy]]. After the resignation of 17 MLAs, leading to the downfall of the coalition government, Siddaramaiah took the leadership of the upcoming by-elections in Karnataka.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

The by-polls were held on 5 December 2019 for the 15 assembly seats. Though Siddaramaiah expressed his confidence in winning 12 out of the 15 contested seats, Congress managed to win only 2 seats and the JDS winning none of it.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/karnataka-assembly-bypolls-results-live-updates-bs-yediyurappa-bjp-karnataka-government-congress-jds-siddaramaiah-kumaraswamy/1788185/lite/ |title=Karnataka Bypoll Results 2019 Updates: Big win for Yediyurappa, BJP sweeps 12 of 15 seats |date=9 December 2019 |work=Financial Express|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref> This was a major setback for his leadership and differences arose among his own party members questioning his leadership.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/will-win-a-minimum-of-12-of-15-assembly-seats-in-bypolls-siddaramaiah/articleshow/72026226.cms | title=Will win a minimum of 12 of 15 assembly seats in bypolls: Siddaramaiah | newspaper=The Times of India | date=12 November 2019 }}</ref> Thus Siddaramaiah resigned as the Leader of the CLP and the Leader of opposition of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] on 9 December.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karnataka-bypolls-byelection-results-live-updates-yediyurappa-govt-bjp-1626505-2019-12-09|title=Karnataka bypoll results Live Updates: Siddaramaiah, Dinesh Gundu Rao resign after big loss to BJP|date=9 December 2019|work=India Today|access-date=15 January 2020}}</ref>

In the 2023 Karnataka legislative assembly election, Siddaramaiah contested from Varuna constituency and won. This makes his 9th election win. He was sworn in as chief minister for the second time.<ref name=":0" />

==First term as chief minister (2013–2018)==
{{For|more|First Siddaramaiah ministry}}
[[File:Siddaramaiah.jpg|thumb|Siddaramaiah in 2013]]
[[File:The Chief Minister of Karnataka, Shri Siddaramaiah calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on June 04, 2014.jpg|thumb|Chief Minister of Karnataka, Siddaramaiah calling on the Prime Minister, [[Narendra Modi]]]]
Siddaramaiah was elected as Chief Minister after Congress adopted a secret ballot to select the new chief minister.<ref name="secret_ballot">{{cite news
| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Siddaramaiah-elected-Karnatakas-new-chief-minister-in-secret-ballot/articleshow/19988479.cms
| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511234747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-10/india/39167832_1_congress-mlas-shyamanur-shivashankarappa-defence-minister-ak-antony
| archive-date=11 May 2013
| title=Siddaramaiah elected Karnataka's new chief minister in secret ballot
| date=10 May 2013
| access-date=2013-05-11
| work=[[The Times of India]]
| url-status=live
| location=Bangalore}}</ref><ref name="cnn-ibn">{{cite news
|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-siddaramaiah-elected-clp-leader-set-to-be-cm/390832-37-64.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512183945/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/karnataka-siddaramaiah-elected-clp-leader-set-to-be-cm/390832-37-64.html
|archive-date=12 May 2013
|title=Karnataka: Siddaramaiah elected Congress Legislative Party leader, set to be CM
|work=[[CNN-IBN]]
|date= 10 May 2013
|access-date=10 May 2013
|location=Bangalore}}</ref>
He led the [[Indian National Congress]] to victory by achieving an absolute majority of 122/224 seats in the [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013 Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/bengaluru/siddaramaiah-rated-fourth-most-popular-chief-minister-in-the-country/07052015|title=Siddaramaiah rated fourth most popular Chief Minister in the country|date=7 May 2015|access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

On 15 May 2018, he resigned from his position of [[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|chief minister of Karnataka]], respecting the verdict of the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/siddaramaiah-resigns-after-cong-defeat-in-karnataka-polls/articleshow/64176243.cms|title=Siddaramaiah resigns after Cong defeat in Karnataka polls - Times of India ►|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref> He also became the first chief minister of Karnataka to serve full 5 years term in 40 years, and the second in the history of the southern state after [[D. Devaraj Urs|Devaraj Urs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/siddaramaiah-becomes-first-karnataka-cm-in-40-years-to-finish-full-term-1199645-2018-03-28|title=Siddaramaiah becomes first Karnataka CM in 40 years to finish full term|website=India Today|date=28 March 2018 |language=en|access-date=2018-05-15}}</ref> He also holds the record of presenting state budget 13 times as a finance minister in [[Government of Karnataka]]. Despite allegations of mounting debt on state exchequer by the opposition, he is known for maintaining fiscal prudence within the ambit of Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act of the state.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/siddaramaiah-to-present-record-13th-state-budget-on-friday/amp_articleshow/62921152.cms | title = Latest Business and Financial News: The Economic Times on mobile }}{{dead link|date=April 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Second term as chief minister (2023–present)==
{{For|more|Second Siddaramaiah ministry}}
After the Congress emerged victorious in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023 legislative assembly election]], Siddaramaiah was again elected Chief Minister, and [[D. K. Shivakumar]] was appointed his deputy.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Siddaramaiah Chief Minister,DK Shivakumar Deputy: Congress' 3 AM Breakthrough |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/siddaramaiah-to-be-karnataka-chief-minister-dk-shivakumar-will-be-deputy-will-continue-as-state-party-chief-says-congress-4044515 |work=NDTV.com |date=18 May 2023}}</ref> After the first cabinet meet, Siddaramaiah announced that all "5 guarantees" announced in the party's manifesto had been approved and would be brought into effect in the following cabinet meet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-20 |title=In first cabinet meeting, Karnataka govt gives 'in-principle' nod to 5 'guarantees' {{!}} Details |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-first-cabinet-meeting-karnataka-govt-gives-in-principle-nod-to-5-guarantees-details-101684592574690.html |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> He also insisted that the officers roll back his "zero-traffic" protocol to avoid traffic congestion problems for the public.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=CM Siddaramaiah cancels 'zero traffic' protocol, cites problems faced by citizens |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cm-siddaramaiah-cancels-zero-traffic-protocol-cites-problems-faced-citizens-177491 |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> His [[Second Siddaramaiah ministry|council of ministers]] was named the following week and was reported that he would hold finance, cabinet affairs and all unallocated portfolios.<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka cabinet: Siddaramaiah keeps finance, home goes to Parameshwara. DKS gets this |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/karnataka-cabinet-siddaramaiah-keeps-finance-home-goes-to-parameshwara-dks-gets-this-101685330373436.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=29 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

His cabinet approved reverting changes by the previous BJP government in school textbooks, which included removing lessons on RSS founder [[K. B. Hedgewar]] and Hindutva figure [[Vinayak Damodar Savarkar]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=M |first1=Akram |title=Savarkar out, Ambedkar in as Karnataka scraps revisions to textbooks by BJP govt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karnataka-cabinet-anti-conversion-bill-bjp-govt-8664605/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |work=[[Indian Express]] |date=2023-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230615183734/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/karnataka-cabinet-anti-conversion-bill-bjp-govt-8664605/ |archive-date=2023-06-15 |location=Bengaluru |language=en}}</ref> launched a scheme providing free bus rides to women in the Karnataka state buses<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhillon |first1=Amrit |title=Ticket to freedom: free bus rides for women spark joy for millions in Karnataka |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/26/ticket-to-freedom-free-bus-rides-for-women-spark-joy-for-millions-in-karnataka |access-date=2023-06-29 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=2023-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629070914/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/26/ticket-to-freedom-free-bus-rides-for-women-spark-joy-for-millions-in-karnataka |archive-date=2023-06-29 |location=New Delhi |language=en}}</ref> and announced implementation of other four pre-poll guarantees in the state budget.

In July 2023, he tabled the state budget for the record 14th time in state's history. He increased taxes on [[liquor]], [[beer]], stamp duty and registration of properties, and certain vehicle categories to fund the above-mentioned schemes.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharadwaj |first1=K. V. Aditya |title=Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah presents ₹3.27 lakh crore budget, 5 guarantee schemes to cost ₹52,000 crore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-cm-siddaramaiah-presents-327-lakh-crore-budget-5-guarantee-schemes-to-cost-52000-crore/article67052751.ece |access-date=8 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708092655/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-cm-siddaramaiah-presents-327-lakh-crore-budget-5-guarantee-schemes-to-cost-52000-crore/article67052751.ece |archive-date=8 July 2023 |location=Bengaluru |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-07 |title=Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah to present record 14th budget today |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/siddaramaiah-to-present-record-14th-budget-today/articleshow/101556795.cms |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In July 2024 his cabinet approved a bill to reserve 50% to 75% jobs to native Kannada speakers, and 100% reservation for Group C and D employees in private and IT sectors. This idea received large opposition from people like Mohandas Pai, Kiran Mazumdar and others and hence the passing of the bill was postponed.<ref name=":1" />

=== Challenges ===
In July 2023, the state witnessed series of killings which included an on-duty police constable crushed to death by a sand mafia truck,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka cop crushed to death by sand mafia truck in Kalaburgi, driver held |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/illegal-sand-miner-crush-constable-to-death-in-karnatakas-kalaburagi-arrested-2393755-2023-06-16 |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=India Today |date=16 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Jain monk Nandhi Maharaj from [[Belgaum]], a worker named Venugopal in [[Thirumakudalu Narasipura|T. Narasipur]] and a double murder of CEO and MD of a company in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-11 |title=Double murder in Bengaluru: CEO and MD of private company hacked to death |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/double-murder-in-bengaluru-ceo-and-md-of-private-company-hacked-to-death/article67068728.ece |access-date=2023-07-12 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> This led to criticism of law and order situation within the state.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-10 |title=Jain monk murder: Karnataka BJP demands CBI probe |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/karnataka-politics/jain-monk-murder-karnataka-bjp-demands-cbi-probe-1235644.html |access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In July 2024, his cabinet minister [[B. Nagendra]] was accused of money transfers of around ₹1.87 billion into various bank accounts from the SC-ST Valmiki funds, in a suicide victim's death note.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-12 |title=Valmiki corporation scam: ED detains Karnataka ex-minister B. Nagendra in connection with alleged scam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/ed-detains-former-karnataka-minister-b-nagendra-in-connection-with-alleged-scam-at-maharshi-valmiki-scheduled-tribes-development-corporation/article68395643.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> With these accusations prevailing the minister was asked to step down, and the [[Enforcement Directorate]] instigated the investigation taking him into custody.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |title=Valmiki corporation scam: ED raid on former minister, Congress MLA in Karnataka |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/valmiki-corporation-scam-ed-raid-on-former-minister-b-nagendra-and-corporation-chairman-and-congress-mla-basanagouda-daddal/article68387874.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Siddaramaiah too agreed upon the illegal transactions on the floor of the house, but stated that it was ₹89 crores and not ₹187 crores.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-16 |title=Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah admits in Assembly Rs 90 crore scam in ST development body |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-cm-admits-in-house-rs-90crore-scam-in-st-development-corporation/articleshow/111763758.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=C S |first=Yamini |date=20 July 2024 |title=Four people arrested, ₹85.25 crore recovered': CM Siddaramaiah on Valmiki Corp Scam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/four-people-arrested-rs-85-25-crore-recovered-cm-siddaramaiah-on-valmiki-corp-scam-101721455002849.html |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Corruption allegations and controversies==

The [[Karnataka Lokayukta]] has filed 61 corruption cases, out of which 11 were disposed of as of 2019. Siddaramaiah has 50 cases pending against him in the Lokayukta.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lokayukta-siddaramaiah-1515418-2019-05-02 | title=Former Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah has 50 cases pending against him in Lokayukta | date=2 May 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news| last=Arnimesh | first=Shanker | title=Siddaramaiah & Shivakumar are poster boys of corruption, says IT minister Rajeev Chandrasekhar |work=ThePrint | date=8 May 2023 | url=https://theprint.in/elections/karnataka-assembly-elections/siddaramaiah-shivakumar-are-poster-boys-of-corruption-says-it-minister-rajeev-chandrasekhar/1562297/ | access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref>

=== MUDA Land Allotment Controversy ===
In August 2024, social activist T. J. Abraham filed a formal complaint with the Governor of Karnataka, alleging that Chief Minister Siddaramaiah had misused his position to influence the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA) in allotting 14 residential plots in Mysuru to his wife, B. M. Parvathi.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-26 |title=MUDA scam: Advocate TJ Abraham to seek guv's nod for Karnataka CM's prosecution |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/muda-scam-advocate-tj-abraham-to-seek-guvs-nod-for-karnataka-cms-prosecution/articleshow/112028848.cms |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-17 |title=Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah faces prosecution in MUDA land scam case; What is the scam about? |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/karnataka-cm-siddaramaiah-faces-prosecution-in-muda-land-scam-case-441856-2024-08-17 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> The allegations sparked political uproar, with opposition parties demanding Siddaramaiah's resignation and staging a protest march from Bengaluru to Mysuru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=After Kumaraswamy relents in Delhi, BJP-JD(S) protest march to Mysore is back on track tomorrow |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/kumaraswamy-relents-delhi-bjp-jds-protest-march-mysore-track-9491013/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Further on 17 August the governor [[Thawar Chand Gehlot]] issued a prosecution notice against the chief minister to proceed investigations, based on these alleged irregularities.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prabhu |first=Nagesh |date=2024-08-17 |title=MUDA scam: Karnataka Governor sanctions prosecution of CM Siddaramaiah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-governor-grants-sanction-for-prosecution-against-cm-siddaramaiah-in-muda-scam-case/article68535551.ece |access-date=2024-08-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Belur |first=Rashmi |title=MUDA 'scam': Karnataka Governor sanctions CM Siddaramaiah's prosecution |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/muda-scam-karnataka-governor-grants-sanction-for-prosecution-against-cm-siddaramaiah-3154071 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

In response, Siddaramaiah filed a petition challenging the governor's sanction, arguing that the decision was unconstitutional and lacked due diligence. On 24 September the [[Karnataka High Court|High Court of Karnataka]] issued its judgement dismissing the petition, and stated that the "Governor has the provision to use independent decisions in such exceptional cases, and has used abundant application of mind, while the case would undoubtedly require investigation since the beneficiary is the family of the petitioner Siddaramaiah".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-24 |title=MUDA case LIVE: Karnataka High Court dismisses CM Siddaramaiah's petition, upholds Governor's sanction for prosecution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-muda-case-verdict-reactions-siddaramaiah-live-september-24-2024/article68676298.ece |access-date=2024-09-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-24 |title=Karnataka HC upholds Governor's sanction to prosecute CM Siddaramaiah in MUDA case |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/karnataka-hc-upholds-governor-sanction-to-prosecute-cm-siddaramaiah-in-muda-case/3620153/ |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

On 25 September 2024, the Special Court for People's Representatives ordered a comprehensive investigation into the allegations and transferred the case to the [[Karnataka Lokayukta]] Mysore division. The court also directed that a report be submitted within three months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=MUDA land allotment: Court orders probe against Siddaramaiah after HC upholds prosecution nod |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/muda-land-allotment-probe-siddaramaiah-hc-upholds-prosecution-9587947/ |access-date=2024-09-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-25 |title=MUDA scam: Karnataka court orders Lokyukta investigation against Chief Minister Siddaramaiah |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/muda-scam-karnataka-court-orders-lokyukta-investigation-against-chief-minister-siddaramaiah/articleshow/113660906.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-25 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

Subsequently, on April 16, 2024, the Karnataka High Court issued notices to Siddaramaiah and his wife, B.M. Parvathi, in response to a petition requesting a [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] investigation into the alleged MUDA land allotment scam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-16 |title=Muda 'scam' case: Karnataka HC issues notice to CM Siddaramaiah, wife on plea seeking CBI probe |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/muda-scam-case-karnataka-hc-issues-notice-to-cm-siddaramaiah-wife-on-plea-seeking-cbi-probe/articleshow/120338377.cms |access-date=2025-04-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Valmiki Development Corporation fund misappropriation (2024) ===
In May 2024, the Karnataka government's Valmiki Development Corporation, which focuses on the welfare of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], became embroiled in a financial scandal following the suicide of Chandrasekharan P., an accounts superintendent at the corporation. In a purported suicide note, Chandrasekharan alleged that over ₹1.87 billion had been illegally diverted from the corporation's accounts to private companies, including information technology firms and a cooperative bank based in Hyderabad, without proper approval.<ref name="ITValmiki">{{cite web |title=Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah under fire over Valmiki Corporation case, MUDA scam |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/karnataka-cm-siddaramaiah-muda-scam-valmiki-case-waqf-land-grab-wine-licence-bribe-2629933-2024-11-07 |website=India Today |date=7 November 2024 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="News18Valmiki">{{cite web |title=Valmiki Development Corporation scam: Minister Nagendra resigns |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/minister-nagendra-resigns-amid-valmiki-corporation-scam-567890.html |website=News18 |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

The scandal led to the resignation and subsequent arrest of [[B. Nagendra]], then Minister for Scheduled Tribes Welfare and ex officio chairman of the corporation.<ref name="HinduValmiki">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Minister resigns over Valmiki Corporation scam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-minister-resigns-over-valmiki-corporation-scam/article68512345.ece |website=The Hindu |date=10 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref> Opposition parties, particularly the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and [[Janata Dal (Secular)]], alleged that the misappropriation occurred with the knowledge of senior officials in the government. Union Minister [[Pralhad Joshi]] accused Chief Minister Siddaramaiah and Deputy Chief Minister [[D. K. Shivakumar]] of being aware of the irregularities and called for their resignation.<ref name="HansValmiki">{{cite web |title=Serious Allegations of Corruption Against Siddaramaiah-Led Government |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/serious-allegations-of-corruption-against-siddaramaiah-led-government-891636 |website=The Hans India |date=13 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref><ref name="TimesNow">{{cite web |title=Union Minister Prahlad Joshi demands resignation of Karnataka CM Siddaramaiah |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/union-minister-prahlad-joshi-demands-resignation-of-karnataka-cm-siddaramaiah-article-12345678 |website=Times Now |date=14 May 2024 |access-date=7 June 2025}}</ref>

Siddaramaiah denied any personal involvement or prior knowledge of the alleged misappropriation and ordered an investigation by the Criminal Investigation Department (CID).<ref name="HinduValmiki" /> As of June 2025, the investigation was ongoing, with multiple arrests made.

==Electoral performance==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl.No
! Year
! Election
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
! Votes
! Vote share
! Margin
! Result
|-
|1.
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|8,327
|2.1%
|{{formatnum:187397}}
|{{lost}}<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4117-general-election-1980-vol-i-ii/ | title=General Election, 1980 (Vol I, II) | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606133852/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4117-general-election-1980-vol-i-ii/ | archive-date=2019-06-06}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=2 ಬಾರಿ ಲೋಕಸಭೆ ಸೋತ್ತಿದ್ದು, ಕೇಂದ್ರದ ಆಸೆ ಉಳಿದಿಲ್ಲ : ಸಿದ್ದು |url=https://www.kannadaprabha.in/politics-news/lost-lok-sabha-twice-no-desire-for-central-role-siddaramaiah/articleshow-cscfl9c |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Asianet News Marathi |language=kn}}</ref>
|-
|2.
|[[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
|[[Chamundeshwari Assembly constituency|Chamundeshwari]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|26,614
|43.33%
|3,504
| {{won}}<ref name="resultuniversity.com Chamundeshwari">{{cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chamundeswari-karnataka-assembly-constituency |title=Chamundeswari Assembly Constituency Election Result |publisher=resultuniversity.com |access-date=17 Jan 2023}}</ref>
|-
|3.
|[[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|Chamundeshwari
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|33,725
|43.45%
|8,271
| {{won}}<ref name="resultuniversity.com Chamundeshwari"/>
|-
|4.
|[[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|Chamundeshwari
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|36,483
|36.27%
|6,409
| {{lost}}<ref name="resultuniversity.com Chamundeshwari"/>
|-
|5.
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|{{formatnum:229979}}
|41.96%
|11,197
| {{lost}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web | url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ | title=General Election, 1991 (Vol I, II) | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606133852/https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/ | archive-date=2019-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2024 {{!}} Trivia: Siddaramaiah's First Parliamentary Election |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/lok-sabha-elections-2024-trivia-siddaramaiahs-first-parliamentary-election-2956339 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|6.
|[[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|Chamundeshwari
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|76,823
|54.46%
|32,155
| {{won}}<ref name="resultuniversity.com Chamundeshwari"/>
|-
|7.
|[[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|Chamundeshwari
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|50,907
|30.66%
|6,200
| {{lost}}<ref name="resultuniversity.com Chamundeshwari"/>
|-
|8.
|[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|Chamundeshwari
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
|90,727
|43.43%
|32,345
| {{won}}<ref name="resultuniversity.com Chamundeshwari"/>
|-
|9.
|2006 (by election)
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|Chamundeshwari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{formatnum:115512}}
|47.24%
|256
|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/chamundeshwari.html |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Chamundeshwari Assembly Constituency|publisher=elections.in |access-date=7 Feb 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/byeDetail/166 |title=AC Bye Election: Chamundeshwari 2006|publisher=indiavotes.com |access-date=7 Feb 2023}}</ref>
|-
|10.
|[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|[[Varuna Assembly constituency|Varuna]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|71,908
|50.23%
|18,837
| {{won}}<ref name="resultuniversity.com Varuna">{{cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/varuna-karnataka-assembly-constituency|title=Varuna Assembly Constituency Election Result |publisher=resultuniversity.com |access-date=17 Jan 2023}}</ref>
|-
|11.
|[[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|Varuna
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|84,385
|52.53%
|29,641
| {{won}}<ref name="resultuniversity.com Varuna"/>
|-
|12.
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|Chamundeshwari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|85,283
|37.69%
|36,042
| {{lost}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/chamundeshwari-karnataka-assembly-constituency |title=Chamundeshwari Assembly Constituency Election Result|publisher=resultuniversity.com |access-date=17 Jan 2023}}</ref>
|-
|13.
|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|[[Badami Assembly constituency|Badami]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|67,599
|41.24%
|1,696
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/badami-karnataka-assembly-constituency |title=Badami Assembly Constituency Election Result|publisher=resultuniversity.com |access-date=17 Jan 2023}}</ref>
|-
|14.
|[[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|Karnataka Legislative Assembly
|Varuna
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{formatnum:119430}}
|60.09%[https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10219.htm?ac=219]
|46,006
|{{Won}}
|}

=== Lok Sabha Elections ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan=2|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| [[Mysore Lok Sabha constituency|Mysore]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
| 8,327
| 2.1
| [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}
| {{formatnum:195724}}
| 49.46
| {{no2|Lost}}<ref name=":4" />
| {{formatnum:187397}}
| 47.36
|-
! [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| [[Koppal Lok Sabha constituency|Koppal]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal}}
| {{formatnum:229979}}
| 41.96
| [[Basavaraj Patil Anwari]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{formatnum:241176}}
| 44.00
| {{no2|Lost}}<ref name=":3" />
| 11,197
| 2.04
|-
|}

=== Karnataka Legislative Assembly Elections ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan=2|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Varuna Assembly constituency|Varuna]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
| {{formatnum:119816}}
| 60.09
| [[V. Somanna]]
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| 73,653
| 36.94
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 46,163
| 23.15
|-
! rowspan=2|[[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
| [[Badami Assembly constituency|Badami]]
| 67,599
| 41.24
| [[B. Sriramulu]]
| 65,903
| 40.2
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 1,696
| 1.04
|-
| [[Chamundeshwari Assembly constituency|Chamundeshwari]]
| 85,283
| 37.69
| [[G. T. Devegowda]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| {{formatnum:121325}}
| 53.62
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -36,042
| -15.93
|-
! [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| rowspan=2|[[Varuna Assembly constituency|Varuna]]
| 84,385
| 52.53
| Kapu Siddalingaswamy
| {{Party name with color|Karnataka Janata Paksha}}
| 54,744
| 34.08
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 29,641
| 18.45
|-
! [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| 71,908
| 50.23
| L. Revanasiddaiah
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 53,071
| 37.07
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 18,837
| 13.16
|-
! 2006 (by-elections)
| rowspan=7|[[Chamundeshwari Assembly constituency|Chamundeshwari]]
| {{formatnum:115512}}
| 47.24
| Shivabasappa
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)}}
| {{formatnum:115255}}
| 47.14
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 257
| 0.1
|-
! [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|rowspan=2}}
| 90,727
| 43.43
| Revanna Siddaiah L
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
| 58,382
| 27.95
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 32,345
| 15.48
|-
! [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
| 50,907
| 30.66
| rowspan=2|A. S. Guruswamy
| 57,107
| 34.4
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -6,200
| -3.74
|-
! [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
| 76,823
| 54.46
| 44,668
| 31.67
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 32,155
| 22.79
|-
! [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| 36,483
| 36.27
| [[M. Rajasekara Murthy]]
| 42,892
| 42.64
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -6,409
| -6.37
|-
! [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| {{Party name with color|Janata Party}}
| 33,725
| 43.45
| K. Ranganaika
| 25,454
| 32.8
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 8,271
| 10.65
|-
! [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| {{Party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=Ind}}
| 26,614
| 43.33
| Jayadevaraje Urs D.
| 23,110
| 37.63
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 3,504
| 5.7
|}

==Positions held==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl no. !! Term of office !! Party !! Position
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal}};" | 1.|| 16 May 1996 – 22 July 1999 || [[Janata Dal]] || [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Janata Dal (Secular)}};" | 2.|| 28 May 2004 – 5 August 2005 || [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] || [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Siddaramaiah, two others dropped|work=The Hindu|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/06/stories/2005080613530100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060302065326/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/06/stories/2005080613530100.htm|archive-date=2006-03-02|access-date=2021-05-25|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 3.|| 13 May 2013 – 17 May 2018 || [[Indian National Congress]] || [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite news|title=Siddaramaiah takes oath as 22nd CM of Karnataka|work=One India|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2013/05/13/siddaramaiah-takes-oath-as-22nd-karnataka-cm-1215425.html|access-date=2021-05-25|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};" | 4.|| 20 May 2023–present || [[Indian National Congress]] || [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]<ref name="auto"/>
|}

=== Other positions held ===
* Minister for Finance, Karnataka (1994)
* Minister for Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Services (1985)
* Minister for Sericulture and Animal Husbandry
* [[Minister for Transport]]
* Minister for Higher Education
* Member, [[Congress Working Committee]]
* He has represented [[Chamundeshwari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chamundeshwari]], [[Varuna (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Varuna]], and [[Badami (Vidhana Sabha constituency)|Badami]] Vidhan Sabha seats at various points of his career so far.

== See also ==
*[[Siddaramaiah ministry (disambiguation)|Siddaramaiah ministry]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Siddaramaiah}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[J. H. Patel]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]|years=31 May 1996 – 22 July 1999}}
{{s-aft|after=''Office Vacant''}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=''Office Vacant''}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]]|years=28 May 2004 – 5 August 2005}}
{{s-aft|after={{nowrap|[[M. P. Prakash]]}}}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jagadish Shettar]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister of Karnataka]]|years=13 May 2013 – 15 May 2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[B. S. Yeddyurappa]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Deputy Chief Ministers of Karnataka}}
{{Chief Ministers of Karnataka}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siddaramaiah, Tagaru, K.}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Politicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:Indian socialists]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Lok Dal politicians]]

Mah Laqa Bai

2026-03-26T09:14:01Z

Bharatman: added info

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Mah Laqa Bai

| image = Hyderabad Mah Laqa Bhai 17710 600w.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Portrait of Mah Laqa Bai
| pseudonym = Chanda
| birth_date = 7 April 1768
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death year and age|1824|1768|8}}
| death_place = Hyderabad, India
| occupation = [[tawaif]], [[poet]]
| period = [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| genre = [[Ghazal]]
| subject = [[Love]], [[philosophy]]
| movement =
| signature =
| website =
}}

'''Mah Laqa Bai''' (7 April 1768 – August 1824), born '''Chanda Bai''', and sometimes referred to as '''Mah Laqa Chanda''', was an Indian 18th century [[Urdu language|Urdu]] [[Urdu poetry|poet]], courtesan ([[tawaif]])
and [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] based in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. In 1824, she became the first female poet to have a [[Diwan (poetry)|diwan]] (collection of poems) of her work, a compilation of Urdu [[Ghazal]]s named ''Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa'', published posthumously. She lived in a period when [[Dakhini]] (a version of Urdu) was making its transition into the highly [[Persian and Urdu|Persianized Urdu]]. Her literary contributions provide insight into such linguistic transformations in [[southern India]].

Mah Laqa Bai was an influential courtesan of the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]; the [[Nizam]], ruler of Hyderabad, appointed her to the ''omarah'' (the highest nobility), and as a close affiliate at the court, she was discussed on state policies and accomplished assigned diplomatic engagements. An expert in [[spear throw]]ing, [[tent pegging]] and [[archery]], she accompanied [[Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Nizam II]] in three battles, hunting expeditions and camping. She moved in [[palanquin]] with guards and drummers announcing her arrival.

In 2010, her memorial in Hyderabad, which houses her tomb, [[caravanserai]] and a mosque, was restored using funds donated by the [[Federal government of the United States]].

==Life==
Mah Laqa Bai was born as Chanda Bibi on 7 April 1768 in [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] in the present-day [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="toi-mobil">{{cite news|title=MNC to help restore Chanda tomb charm|url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIH&mydateHid=20-08-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Hyderabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00402&publabel=TOI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715005035/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=4&sectid=edid=&edlabel=TOIH&mydateHid=20-08-2010&pubname=Times+of+India+-+Hyderabad&edname=&articleid=Ar00402&publabel=TOI|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=20 August 2010|access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="susie&ke">{{cite book|title=Women Writing in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC|publisher=[[The Feminist Press]]|last1=Tharu|first1=Susie J|last2=Lalita|first2=ke|year=1991|location=New York|isbn=978-1-55861-027-9}}</ref>{{rp|120}} Her mother was Raj Kunwar (born Mida Bibi) – a courtesan ([[tawaif]]) who migrated from [[Rajputana]],<ref name="toi-raj kunwar">{{cite news|title=The elite performer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-Elite-Performer/articleshow/17813207.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063347/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-30/hyderabad/36063042_1_courtesans-raj-kanwar-worthy-patrons|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|last=Shahid|first=Sajjad|date=30 December 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> and father was Bahadur Khan, who served as a [[Mansabdar]] (military official) at [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Muhammad Shah]]'s court. Khan migrated from [[Delhi]] to Hyderabad Deccan where he met and married Raj Kunwar.<ref name="book">{{cite book|title=Forgotten|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-SCyobP0koC|publisher=Penguin Books|last=Latif|first=Bilkees|year=2010|location=India|isbn=978-0-14-306454-1|access-date=5 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320121949/https://books.google.com/books?id=3-SCyobP0koC&|archive-date=20 March 2018}}</ref>{{rp|107}} Chanda Bibi was adopted by Kunwar's childless sister Mehtaab Ma who was the favored courtesan - almost a regular consort - of Nawab Rukn-ud-Daula, a [[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State|Prime Minister]] of [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].<ref name="Hindustan">{{cite news|title=Latif's Forgotten salutes women|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/Latif-s-Forgotten-salutes-women/Article1-898811.aspx|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=8 March 2011|access-date=13 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608015702/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Books/LiteraryBuzz/Latif-s-Forgotten-salutes-women/Article1-898811.aspx|archive-date=8 June 2013}}</ref>

Nawab Rukn-ud-Daula took a personal interest in Chanda Bibi's training and provided her with the best teachers. While growing up, she had access to a well-endowed library and was exposed to the vibrant [[Culture of Hyderabad, India|culture of Hyderabad]]. By the time she was 14, she excelled in [[horse riding]] and [[archery]].<ref name="Rajendra">{{cite news|title=Glimpse into Mah Laqa's life|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/glimpse-into-mah-laqas-life/article4631904.ece|last=Rajendra|first=Rajani|work=The Hindu|date=19 April 2013|access-date=23 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111232329/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/glimpse-into-mah-laqas-life/article4631904.ece|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> It was second Nizam ([[Mir Nizam Ali Khan, Asaf Jah II|Mir Nizam Ali Khan]]) who conferred her the title "Mah Laqa Bai".<ref name="Tahera Aftab">{{cite book|title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim Women|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIISikCITAgC|publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]]|last=Aftab|first=Tahera|year=2008|isbn=978-9-0-04-15849-8|access-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>{{rp|522}} Due to her skills, she accompanied the Nizam II in three wars; dressed in male attire, she was noted for [[Bow and arrow|bow]] and [[javelin]] skills in the wars. Owing to her contributions, the Nizams awarded her with [[Jagir]] (lands) on various occasions,<ref name="Rajendra"/><ref name="book"/>{{rp|81 & 124}}<ref name="white mughals">{{cite book|title=White Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7BCr-QIWGIC|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|last=Dalrymple|first=William|year=2002|isbn=978-0-14-303046-1|access-date=17 May 2013}}</ref>{{rp|172–3}}<ref name="KL">{{cite journal|title=Hindu temples in Hyderabad: state patronage and politics in South Asia|url=http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Hindu%20temples%20in%20Hyderabad.pdf|year=2011|last=Leonard|first=Karen|journal=South Asian History and Culture|volume=2|issue=3|pages=352–373|doi=10.1080/19472498.2011.577568|s2cid=132551060|access-date=17 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231546/http://www.socsci.uci.edu/~kbleonar/bio/Karen%20Hindu%20temples%20in%20Hyderabad.pdf|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>{{rp|355–6}} that include the neighborhoods of [[Hyderguda]], [[Chanda Nagar]], [[Syedpally|Syed pally]] and [[Adikmet]].<ref name="Ironlady">{{cite news|title=Iron lady Mahlaqa Bai Chanda's haveli reduced to rubble|url=http://www.siasat.com/english/news/iron-lady-mahlaqa-bai-chanda%E2%80%99s-haveli-reduced-rubble|work=[[The Siasat Daily]]|date=18 April 2013|access-date=28 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231646/http://www.siasat.com/english/news/iron-lady-mahlaqa-bai-chanda%E2%80%99s-haveli-reduced-rubble|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> On one occasion, she was conferred the title of ''Mah Laqa'' — meaning "Visage of the Moon". Though she never married, she was in love with [[Raja Ranbha Rao Bahadur|Raja Rao Ranbha Bahadur]] (the Maratha military chief who led a cavalry of 20,000 army men, fought against [[Maratha Empire]] under the second Nizam and became his favourite Amir-ul-Umra), and used to admire [[John Malcolm|Captain Sir John Malcolm]] (an assistant of [[James Achilles Kirkpatrick]], the [[British Resident]] at Hyderabad).<ref name="book"/>{{rp|81 & 124}}<ref name="white mughals"/>{{rp|172–3}}<ref name="KL"/>{{rp|355–6}}<ref name="Govind">{{cite web|title=A poet called Moon|url=https://fountainink.in/reportage/a-poet-called-moon|last=V|first=Govind Krishnan|work=Fountain Ink|date=7 May 2013|access-date=5 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226032311/https://fountainink.in/reportage/a-poet-called-moon|archive-date=26 February 2018}}</ref>

[[File:Mah_Laqa_Bai_playing_Holi_detail_Ragadarshan.png|thumb|right|Mah Laqa Bai (left) and Raja Rao Ranbha (right) playing Holi. All three, including Khushhal Khan, are identified by inscriptions. From the ''Ragadarshan'' (c. 1804).]]

She was an influential woman in the court of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad#List of Nizams of Hyderabad (1724–1948)|second and third Nizam]] of Hyderabad.<ref name="kugle_paper">{{cite journal|title=Mah Laqa Bai and Gender: The Language, Poetry, and Performance of a courtesan in Hyderabad|url=http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/comparative_studies_of_south_asia_africa_and_the_middle_east/v030/30.3.kugle.pdf|publisher=[[Duke University Press]]|last=Scott|first=Kugle|journal=[[Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East]]|year=2010|volume=30|issue=3|issn=1548-226X|access-date=4 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231830/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=%2Fjournals%2Fcomparative_studies_of_south_asia_africa_and_the_middle_east%2Fv030%2F30.3.kugle.pdf|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>{{rp|365–85}} At that time, she was the only woman to be given recognition publicly in Hyderabad State. In addition, she was appointed to the ''omarah'', the highest nobility. Mah Laqa was frequently consulted by the rulers of the state on policy matters.<ref name="book"/>{{rp|81}} As a pride among the nobility in those times, a [[battalion]] of 500 soldiers was reserved to [[Military step|march]] with her while she visits any official.<ref name="Serish">{{cite news|title=Rediscovering Mahalaqa Bai|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/22/stories/2010022250490100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231859/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/22/stories/2010022250490100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2013|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=22 February 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=28 May 2013}}</ref> She was also a [[courtesan]] while the Nizams held court.<ref name="PTI">{{cite news|title=US Consulate funds renovation of Mah Laqa Bai's tomb|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_us-consulate-funds-renovation-of-mah-laqa-bai-s-tomb_1425862|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=19 August 2010|access-date=19 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824051115/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_us-consulate-funds-renovation-of-mah-laqa-bai-s-tomb_1425862|archive-date=24 August 2010}}</ref> She was a [[Mistress (lover)|mistress]] of the Prime Ministers of the Nizams.<ref name="kugle_paper"/> She died in 1824 and bequeathed her properties that included land, gold, silver and diamond-studded jewellery to homeless women.<ref name="susie&ke"/> Her residence, which was located in [[Nampally, Hyderabad]], today had been converted into a Government aided girls degree college.<ref name="Ironlady"/> Mah Laqa of [[South India|Deccan]] was the contemporary of renowned poets like [[Mir Taqi Mir]], [[Mirza Muhammad Rafi Sauda]] and [[Khwaja Mir Dard]] in [[North India]].<ref name="Rekha">{{cite journal|title=Women in the Hyderabad State in 19th and 20th centuries |url=http://www.jhss.org/archivearticleview.php?artid=143 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704054137/http://www.jhss.org/archivearticleview.php?artid=143 |last=Pande |first=Rekha |volume=3 |issue=1 |year=2012 |issn=2229-5798 |access-date=13 April 2013 |archive-date=4 July 2013 |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of History & Social Sciences }}</ref> She died in Hyderabad in August 1824.<ref>{{cite book|title=Paimana-e-Ghazal|url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/paimana-e-ghazal-volume-001-mohammad-shamsul-haq-ebooks|language=Urdu|publisher=[[National Book Foundation]]|last=Haq|first=Mohammad Shamsul|year=2008|isbn=978-969-37-0278-1|access-date=15 March 2021}}</ref>{{rp|178}}

==Accomplishments==
===Poetry===
[[File:The first page of Mah Laqa Chanda's deevan.jpg|thumb|The first page of Mah Laqa Chanda's Dewan]]
Mah Laqa was influenced by the literary work of mystic poet [[Siraj Aurangabadi]] (1715–1763),<ref name="susie&ke"/>{{rp|121}}<ref name="Mohan Lal">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature: sasay to zorgot (Volume 5 of Encyclopaedia of Indian literature)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|last=Lal|first=Mohan|year=1992|volume=5|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723034450/https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C|archive-date=2016-07-23}}</ref>{{rp|4109}} and learned poetry from [[Mir Alam Tank#History|Nawab Mir Alam]] who later became the [[Prime Minister of Hyderabad|Prime Minister of Hyderabad State]]. Her [[first language]] was [[Urdu]], and she was also fluent in [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] languages.<ref name="book"/>{{rp|118 & 123}} She was the first woman poet to author a [[diwan (poetry)|diwan]], a complete collection of Urdu [[ghazal]]s. The collection, named ''Gulzar-e-Mahlaqa'', comprises 39 ghazals, and each ghazal consists of 5 couplets. The collection was published in 1824 after her death.<ref name="susie&ke"/>{{rp|121–2}}<ref name="liveming">{{cite news|title='Wah', once again please|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/5df92p4sSOWa3ZzS1MfxwO/8216Wah8217-once-again-please.html|work=[[Live Mint]]|date=29 April 2011|access-date=4 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111230907/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/5df92p4sSOWa3ZzS1MfxwO/8216Wah8217-once-again-please.html|archive-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> The ''Diwan e Chanda'' is a [[manuscript]] collection of Mah Laqa's 125 Ghazals, compiled and calligraphed by her in 1798. It was signed and gifted to Captain Malcolm on 18 October 1799, during a dance performance at Mir Alam's residence. It is now preserved in the [[British Museum]].<ref name="TH-Mah">{{cite news|title=Towering blunder at Moula Ali dargah|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/04/stories/2009080450300100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231936/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/04/stories/2009080450300100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 November 2013|work=[[The Hindu]]|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=4 August 2009|access-date=5 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="Tahera">{{cite book|title=Inscribing South Asian Muslim Women: An Annotated Bibliography and Research Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIISikCITAgC|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|last=Aftab|first=Tahera|year=2008|isbn=978-90-04-15849-8|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320121903/https://books.google.com/books?id=HIISikCITAgC&|archive-date=2018-03-20}}</ref>{{rp|521–2}}

Her [[pen name]] was Chanda. The Urdu words ''Bulbul'' ([[songbird]]), ''Gul'' (rosebud) and ''Saqi'' (one who serves wine) recurred as themes in her ghazals.<ref name="susie&ke"/>{{rp|121–2}}<ref name="liveming"/> Her popularity in reading poetry made her the first woman poet of the region to participate and present her poetries in a [[mushaira]] (poetic symposium) which was earlier reserved for men. Along with her poetry, sometimes she sang the songs composed by the Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah and [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Sultan of Bijapur]] [[Ibrahim Adil Shah II]].<ref name="book"/>{{rp|81 & 129}} From her Diwan of 39 Ghazal collection, one Ghazal "Hoping to blossom (one day) into a flower" translates as:

{|
|-
|
<div style="padding-left:2em;font-size:1.0em">
<poem>
Hoping to blossom (one day) into a flower,
Every bud sits, holding its soul in its fist.

Between the fear of the fowler and (approaching) autumn,
The ''bulbul’s'' life hangs by a thread.

Thy sly glance is more murderous than arrow or sword;
It has shed the blood of many lover.

How can I like a candle to thy (glowing) cheek?
The candle is blind with the fat in its eyes.

How can Chanda be dry-lipped. O ''Saqi'' of the heavenly wine!
She has drained the cup of thy love.<ref name="susie&ke"/>{{rp|121–2}}
</poem></div>
|}

===Singing and dance===
[[File:Mah Laqa Bai dancing.jpg|right|thumb|Mah Laqa dancing in court]]
[[File:Mah Laqa Bai singing.jpg|right|thumb|Mah Laqa singing poetry]]
Mah Laqa learned singing and [[Indian classical music|classical Indian music]] specialising in [[Thumri]] from [[Khushhal Khan (musician)|Khushhal Khan]] a master musician of her time,<ref name="book2">{{cite book|title=Landmarks of the Deccan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgo97XF0XuYC|publisher=[[Asian Educational Services]]|last=Bilgrami|first=Syed Ali Asgar|year=1992|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-206-0543-5}}</ref>{{rp|16}} and a great-grandson of the [[Tansen]], the maestro of the Mughal court. She excelled in Ghazal singing in multiple [[raga]] ([[Mode (music)|melodic modes]]) and [[Taal (musical instrument)|Taal]] (rhythms); she was adept at the [[Yaman (raga)|Yaman]] raga and [[Tappa|Khayal Tappa]] which she used to sing at special occasions. Mah laqa preferred using [[Bhimpalasi]] raga in romantic Ghazals. When singing [[Sufi]] songs she used [[Dhrupad]] raga mixed with taal [[Ektal|chautala]] and [[Bhairavi (Hindustani)|raga Bhairavi]].<ref name="book"/>{{rp|118 & 128}}

Mah Laqa excelled in singing love lyrics accompanied by Deccani style of [[Kathak#Later court influences|Kathak]] dance which was popular and practised by courtesans in the courts of the [[Viceroy of the Deccan|viceroy's)]] under the [[Mughal emperors|later-Mughal]].<ref name="Ganesh">{{cite news|title=Mad and divine women from India celebrated|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article311816.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317184731/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article311816.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 March 2014|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|last=Ganesh|first=Prashanti|date=27 December 2011|access-date=14 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="narthaki">{{cite web|title=Mad and Divine women; mystic saint poets of India and beyond|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/prv11/prv576a.html|publisher=Kartik Fine Arts|date=25 December 2011|access-date=14 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129023228/http://narthaki.com/info/prv11/prv576a.html|archive-date=29 January 2013}}</ref> According to Pallabi Chakravorty and Nilanjana Gupta suggests in their book ''Dance Matters Too''–(2018), there is no specific written work of Mah Laqa Bai's dance form, various poses captured in her portraits, her miniature paintings and based on the modern research she practised Deccan style of [[Kathak]] dance form, which does not exist in present times. Mah Laqa Bai patronised dance and music training centers, she endowed an institute led by her adopted daughter “Husn Laqa Bai” to continue a lineage of dance performers to learn Deccan style of Kathak.<ref name="Pallabi&Nilanjana">{{cite book|title=Dance Matters Too: Markets, Memories, Identities|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nRUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT25|last1=Chakravorty|first1=Pallabi|last2=Gupta|first2=Nilanjana|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2018|isbn=9781351116169|access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>{{rp|25}} According to the miniature paintings exhibited and displayed by [[Salar Jung Museum]] at [[Google Arts & Culture]] in 2016, Mah Laqa Bai learned dance from master Panna Maharaj and Khushhal Khan.<ref name="SJM">{{cite web|title=Mahlaqabai Chanda: Courtesan Royale from the Deccan|url=https://artsandculture.google.com/exhibit/mahlaqabai-chanda-courtesan-royale-from-the-deccan-salar-jung-museum/5gKSeXibWxmrJg?hl=en|publisher=[[Google Arts & Culture]]|work=[[Salar Jung Museum]]|year=2016|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref>{{rp|5}}
[[File:Painting of Mah Laqa Bai performing at Chandu Lal's court, Hyderabad State, ca.1775–1825.jpg|thumb|Mah Laqa Bai performing at Maharaja Chandu Lal's court ]]

Mah Laqa Bai established a cultural centre in which 300 girls were trained by her along with other masters.<ref name="Hindustan"/> Maha Laqa's library contains manuscripts and books on poetry along with the arts and science collections.<ref name="telegraph">{{cite news|title=India: For the love of a woman|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/725270/India-For-the-love-of-a-woman.html|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=8 Oct 2002|access-date=9 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427090721/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/india/725270/India-For-the-love-of-a-woman.html|archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref> She sponsored and supervised the publication of ''Mahnama'', a historical book about the revival period of Hyderabad State. Although Mah Laqa practiced [[Islam]], she was influenced by the understanding of [[Hindu]] books and philosophy. One author studied her writings and said that "her verses had a distinct darbari ring in which she eulogized the king and nobles, a common style employed by poets during the 17th and 18th centuries."<ref name="book"/>{{rp|81 & 122}}

===Mistress===
After the [[Battle of Kharda]] in 1795, Nizam II was defeated by [[Maratha]] [[Madhavrao II]] which led to the Treaty of Kharda. According to treaty the Nizam II had to cede some of the Maratha territories along with [[Arastu Jah]]—(the then ''[[Kiladar]]'' of [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]) as hostage in [[Poona]]. After his two years of confinement, in the year 1797 Arastu Jah successfully managed to influence some of the Maratha leadership to channel his release and reinstated the ceded territories of Nizam II. This diplomatic success of Arastu Jah had impressed Nizam II and he was made the [[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State|Dewan of Hyderabad]]. Mah Laqa Bai was initially introduced to Nizam II by Arastu Jah to influence the Nizam II and wanted to be aware of his ''herem'', it was under Arastu Jah patronage Mah Laqa began her career as a poet and upon Arastu Jah initiative her collected of poetry was published in the form of Dewan in 1798 AD.<ref name="Kugle">{{cite book|last=Scott|first=Kugle|title=When Sun Meets Moon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMo3CwAAQBAJ|publisher=UNC Press Books|year=2016|isbn=9781469626789|access-date=5 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306022941/https://books.google.ae/books?id=KMo3CwAAQBAJ&dq|archive-date=6 March 2018}}</ref>{{rp|169–70}}<ref name="Haidar&Sardar">{{cite book|last1=Haidar|first1=Navina Najat|last2=Sardar|first2=Marika|title=Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy|url=https://archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/sultansofdeccani1500haid/page/337 337]|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|year=2015|isbn=9780300211108|access-date=5 March 2018}}</ref>{{rp|336–39}}

===Battles and expeditions===
Mah Laqa Bai mastered [[spear throw]], [[tent pegging]] and [[archery]] at the age of fourteen, for which she is known as a brilliant performer and a skilled warrior. She participated in the three battles fought by Nizam II (Battle of Kolar—1781 AD, Battle of Nirmal—1782 AD and Battle of Pangal—1789 AD) mostly dressed up in a male battle attire and showing exceptional spear throw skills. She accompanied Nizam II on multiple hunting expeditions.<ref name="SJM"/>{{rp|1–5}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Nizams|url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/aurangabad/CHAP02/NIZAM.htm|work=[[Government of Maharashtra]]|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="Firstpost1">{{cite news|title=Once Hyderabad's famed courtesan and patron of the arts, Mah Laqa Bai has been forgotten by history|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/once-hyderabads-famed-courtesan-and-patron-of-the-arts-mah-laqa-bai-has-been-forgotten-by-history-5822341.html|work=[[Firstpost]]|last=Thatipalli|first=Mallik|date=5 January 2019|access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref>

Mah Laqa Bai had expertise in diplomatic negotiations, for which the then Prime Minister of Hyderabad [[Mir Alam]] could not overturn her. She was very fond of horses, and her attachment with Maratha General [[Raja Rao Ranbha Bahadur|Raja Rao Ranbha]] was culminated due to both's fondness of horses. Once on a diplomatic mission to the [[Maratha rulers]] court in [[Pune]], Maratha Chief Minister—[[Nana Phadnavis]] was astonished by Mah Laqa Bai's profound understanding of [[Arabian horses]], which she purchased from a French trader for herself and as a gift for [[Raja Rao Ranbha Bahadur|Rao Ranbha]]<ref name="Kugle"/>{{rp|177}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Itihas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1FFQAQAAMAAJ|publisher=[[University of California, Berkeley]]|year=1992|volume=8| isbn=9789854420769 |access-date=23 June 2021}}</ref>{{rp|65}}<ref name="SJM"/>{{rp|1–5}}<ref name="Firstpost1"/>

==Memorial==
Near a hillock in [[Moula-Ali]], Hyderabad, Mah Laqa constructed a walled compound where she frequently held mushairas. Inside this compound, she built a tomb for her biological mother in 1792. After her death, Mah Laqa was buried next to her mother.<ref name="book2"/>{{rp|14}}<ref name="tomb">{{cite news|title=A slice of history|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/16/stories/2010021650200100.htm|last=Nanisetti|first=Serish|date=16 February 2010|access-date=19 September 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153545/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/02/16/stories/2010021650200100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> The tomb was constructed in the [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] and [[Rajasthani architecture]]s style in the [[Charbagh|Char Bagh]] pattern. Along with mausoleum, the complex contains a pavilion in centre that is decorated intricately with stucco work, a [[Caravanserai]], a mosque and two [[stepwell]]s.<ref name="Serish"/><ref name="TH-Mah"/> On a carved teakwood over the door of her mausoleum, an inscription in Urdu can be seen which translates as:<ref name="book2"/>{{rp|13}}
[[File:Mah Laqa Bai Tomb.jpg|thumb|left|View of the campus area that contains the tomb and a mosque.]]
{|
|-
|
<div style="padding-left:2em;font-size:1.0em">
<poem>
Cypress of the garden of grace and rose-tree of the grove of coquetry,
an ardent inamorata of Hydar and suppliant of Panjtan.

When the tidings of the advent of death arrived from God,
she accepted it with her heart, and heaven became her home.

The voice of the invisible speaker called for her chronogram,
Alas! Mah Laqa of the Deccan departed for heaven 1240 [[Anno Hegirae|A.H]].
</poem></div>
|}

Scott Kugle, a professor at [[Emory University]] and a researcher, studied the life of Mah Laqa Bai. During his study, he came across this memorial in a dilapidated condition. Kugle proposed the idea of renovating it. In the year 2010, by using funds from the [[Federal government of the United States]] through the [[Consulate General of the United States, Hyderabad|Consulate General's office in Hyderabad]], the Center for Deccan Studies spearheaded the year-long renovation project.<ref name="PTI"/> The Muslim Educational, Social and Cultural Organization also provided support to the project. In this renovation project, the debris was cleared, water channels were rebuilt, trees, bushes, the buildings and their exquisite decorations were restored.<ref name="PTI"/><ref name="consulate">{{cite web|title=Refurbished Garden Tomb of Mah Laqa Bai Inaugurated by Consul General|url=http://hyderabad.usconsulate.gov/pr030611.html|publisher=[[Consulate General of the United States, Hyderabad]]|date=6 March 2011|access-date=4 April 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502214522/http://hyderabad.usconsulate.gov/pr030611.html|archive-date=2 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="toi-maha laqa">{{cite news|title=Mah Laqa Bai's tomb restored, to be reopened on March 6|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Mah-Laqa-Bais-tomb-restored-to-be-reopened-on-March-6/articleshow/7623168.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105000533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-04/hyderabad/28659295_1_restoration-tomb-exotic-garden|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012|date=4 March 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=4 April 2013}}</ref>
{{clear}}

==Legacy and influence==
[[File:Mah Laqa Bai Hunting journey.jpg|right|thumb|Mah Laqa in Palanquin-(A cutout from a scene of hunting caravan of Nizam II)]]

According to [[Sajjad Shahid]], Mah Laqa Bai was the inspiration for [[Mirza Hadi Ruswa]]'s famed novel ''[[Umrao Jaan Ada]]'' (1899), Umrao Jaan Ada is referred to as the first true novel of Urdu literature.<ref name="TOI Sajjad">{{cite news|title=The Elite Performer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/The-Elite-Performer/articleshow/17813207.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216063347/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-30/hyderabad/36063042_1_courtesans-raj-kanwar-worthy-patrons|url-status=live|archive-date=16 February 2013|last=Shahid|first=Sajjad|date=30 December 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 April 2013}}</ref> [[Abdul Halim Sharar]] presented Mah Laqa Bai in his Urdu novel ''Husan Kay Dakoo'' (the robbers of beauty) (1913–1914) as a well-informed lady who got benefits from the modern educational system.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Modernist trends and varied responses: reflections on Muslim women in Urdu prose by male authors of South Asia (1900-1936)|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/10.%20Gul-i-Hina_V28_no2_12.pdf|publisher=[[University of the Punjab]]|last=Hina|first=Gull i|journal=South Asian Studies|year=2012|volume=27|issue=2|issn=1026-678X|access-date=23 May 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819025451/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/csas/PDF/10.%20Gul-i-Hina_V28_no2_12.pdf|archive-date=19 August 2013}}</ref>{{rp|472}} [[Narendra Luther]], posits that Mah Laqa Bai, the first women poet of India whose anthology was ever published "brought much pride to Hyderabad".<ref name="toi-maha laqa"/> In a seminar "Mad and divine women" (2011) Scott Kugle — a professor at [[Emory University]], expressed that Mah Laqa Bai, besides being an aristocratic tawaif, was a devoted mystic, and was enamored by [[Sufi]] and [[bhakti movement|bhakti]] elements.<ref name="narthaki"/>

In 2013, during the Hyderabad heritage festival, a [[monologue]] stage play "Mah Laqa Bai Chanda" on the life of Mah Laqa was sponsored by [[Andhra Pradesh State Tourism Department]]. The play was directed by Vinay Varma; Ratika Sant Keswani played the role of Mah Laqa Bai.<ref name="Rajendra"/><ref name="Praveen">{{cite news|title=The accidental performer|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130422/lifestyle-offbeat/article/accidental-performer|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321064559/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/130422/lifestyle-offbeat/article/accidental-performer|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 March 2018|last=Praveen|first=Priyanka|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=22 April 2013|access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref> [[EFLU Hyderabad heritage well]] was named after her. It was originally called as ''Mah Laqa Chanda Bai's well''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-07-16 |title=EFLU heritage well in a state of neglect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/issues/eflu-heritage-well-in-a-state-of-neglect/article3645507.ece |access-date=2025-07-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== See also ==
* [[Raja Rao Ranbha Bahadur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|title=Divan-e Mahlaqa Bai Chanda|publisher=Majlis-e-taraqqi-e-adab|language=Urdu|location=Lahore|last=Rizvi|first=Shafqat|year=1990}}

==External links==
{{external media | float = right | width = 210px | video1 = {{YouTube|UGWDo9EQekE|Refurbished tomb of Mah Laqa Bai}}}}

{{commons category}}
* [https://archive.today/20130216063347/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-12-30/hyderabad/36063042_1_courtesans-raj-kanwar-worthy-patrons The Elite Performer.]
* [http://eca.state.gov/files/bureau/afcp2009annual_report.pdf Speech of Katherine Dhanani, U.S. Consul General, Hyderabad, on the day of restoration of tomb.]
* [http://issuu.com/rchakravarti/docs/gulzaar-e-maahlaqa/38?e=0 Gulzaar-e-maahlaqa]
* [https://rekhta.org/poets/mah-laqa-chanda/ Ghazals of Mah Laqa Chanda]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bai, Mah Laqa}}
[[Category:Indian female archers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Hyderabadi Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:1768 births]]
[[Category:1824 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women warriors]]
[[Category:Women in 18th-century warfare]]
[[Category:Indian courtesans]]
[[Category:Indian women poets]]
[[Category:Mistresses]]
[[Category:Poets from Telangana]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian sportspeople]]
[[Category:Archers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Indian female dancers]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:19th-century landowners]]
[[Category:19th-century women landowners]]
[[Category:Indian landowners]]
[[Category:19th-century women poets]]

Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870

2026-03-25T17:45:13Z

Bharatman:

{{Short description|Legislative act in British India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870
| image =
| imagesize = 150
| imagelink =
| imagealt =
| caption =
| long_title = An Act for the Prevention of the murder of Female Infants .
| citation = Act VIII of 1870
| enacted_by = [[Governor-General of India]] in Council
| date_enacted = 18 March 1870
| date_assented =
| date_signed =
| date_commenced = 20 March 1870
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amendments =
| repeals =
| related =
| summary =
| keywords =
|repealed_by = Act 48 of 1952
|status =repealed
}}
The '''Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870'''<ref>"Indian Short Titles Act (XIV), 1897" in {{cite book|author=Government of India, Legislative Department|title=The unrepealed general acts of the Governor General in Council: with chronological tables. From 1834 to 1903, both inclusive, Volume 6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-fIZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA337|accessdate=7 September 2011|year=1899|publisher=Superintendent of Govt. Printing|location=Calcutta|page=337}}</ref> (Act VIII of 1870) was a [[legislative act]] passed in [[British India]], to prevent murder of female infants.

Section 7 of this act declared that it was initially applicable only to the territories of [[Oudh State|Oudh]], [[North-Western Provinces]] and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], but the Act authorized the Governor General to extend the law to any other district or province of the [[British Raj]] at his discretion.<ref name=fipa1>{{Google books|OvYZAAAAYAAJ|The Unrepealed General Acts of the Governor General in Council|page=PA165}}</ref>

==Text==
{{main|Female infanticide in India}}
The British colonial authorities passed the ''Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870'' under pressure of Christian missionaries and social reformers seeking an end to female infanticides in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The law's preamble stated that the murder of female infants is believed to be commonly committed in certain parts of British India, and these were Oudh, North-Western Provinces and Punjab.<ref name=fipa1/> The act initially applied to these regions.<ref>Section 7 of {{Google books|OvYZAAAAYAAJ|The Unrepealed General Acts of the Governor General in Council|page=PA167}}</ref>

The law authorized the creation of a police force to maintain birth, marriage and death registers, to conduct census of the district at its discretion, enforce a special tax on the district to pay for the expenses and entertainment of said police officers.<ref name=fipa1/>

The act also stipulated a prison sentence of six months or a fine of thirty thousand rupees, or both, on anyone who disobeyed or obstructed the police officers enforcing the act.<ref>Section 2-4 of {{Google books|OvYZAAAAYAAJ|The Unrepealed General Acts of the Governor General in Council|page=PA166}}</ref> Section 6 of the act allowed the police officer to seize a child from any person he suspects may neglect or endanger any female child, as well as force collect a monthly fee from that person.<ref>Section 6 of {{Google books|OvYZAAAAYAAJ|The Unrepealed General Acts of the Governor General in Council|page=PA167}}</ref>

==Current status==
The Indian practice of female infanticide and of [[sex-selective abortion]] have been cited to explain in part a gender imbalance that has been reported as being increasingly distorted since the [[1991 Census of India]], although other influences might also affect the trend.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oddie |first=Geoffrey A. |date=December 1994 |title='Orientalism' and British protestant missionary constructions of India in the nineteenth century |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00856409408723204 |journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=27–42 |doi=10.1080/00856409408723204 |issn=0085-6401|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The Act was in force until 1981 in Pakistan, when it was superseded by an ordinance.<ref>Tahir Wasti, The Application of Islamic Criminal Law in Pakistan: Sharia in Practice, p. 140 footnote 137, BRILL Netherlands (2009)</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Legislation in British India]]
[[Category:Sex selection in India]]
[[Category:1870 in India]]
[[Category:1870 in Indian law]]
[[Category:1870 in British law]]
[[Category:Childhood in India]]

Karuppannan Jaishankar

2026-03-25T09:33:12Z

Bharatman: Stub

{{Short description|Indian criminologist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources |date=June 2025}}
{{resume-like|date=June 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| image = JaishankarK.jpg
| honorific_prefix =
| name = K. Jaishankar
| other_names = Jaishankar Karuppannan
| occupation = Teaching, Research, Consultancy
| known_for = Cyber Criminology, Space Transition Theory
| website = {{URL|https://www.jaishankar.org}}
| awards = [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] -[[SCOPUS]] Young Scientist Award -2012
| education = MA PhD (Criminology); PG Diploma in GIS Management
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]] and [[PSG College of Arts and Science]] ([[Bharathiar University]])
| field = [[Criminology]], Crime Science, Cyber Criminology, Victimology and Police Sciences
| workplaces = International Institute of Justice & Police Sciences, [[University of Leeds]]
}}

'''Karuppannan Jaishankar''' is an Indian [[criminologist]]. He is the Founder and Principal Director and Professor of Criminology and Justice Sciences at the International Institute of Justice & Police Sciences,<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Institute of Justice & Police Sciences |url=https://www.icssinstitute.org/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=www.icssinstitute.org}}</ref> a non-profit academic institution and independent policy [[think tank]] in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India and an Adjunct Faculty Member of the [[United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute]], Italy & [[University for Peace|University of Peace]], Italy, and he teaches modules of the Master of Laws (LL.M.) in Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and International Law.<ref>{{cite web |last1=United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute |title=Master of Laws (LL.M.) in Cybercrime, Cybersecurity and International Law |url=https://unicri.it/News//master-laws-llm-cybercrime-cybersecurity-international-law-2023-2024 |website=UNICRI |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref>

He is also a Distinguished Adjunct Professor of Criminology at Saveetha School of Law, [[Saveetha University]], Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saveetha School of Law |title=Saveetha School of Law - Faculty |url=https://saveethalaw.com/faculty |access-date=30 December 2023}}</ref>

He is the founding father of cyber criminology,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Meško |first1=Gorazd |title=On Some Aspects of Cybercrime and Cybervictimization |journal =European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice|date=1 August 2018 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=189–199 |doi=10.1163/15718174-02603006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ndubueze |first1=P. N |title=Cyber Criminology and Technology-Assisted Crime Control: A Reader |date=2017 |publisher=Ahmadu Bello University Press |location=Zaria, Nigeria |isbn=978-978-54894-7-7 |page=xiv |edition=I |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326658340 |access-date=4 January 2019}}</ref> an academic sub-discipline of [[criminology]] and the proponent of the "Space Transition Theory of Cyber Crimes"<ref>{{cite journal
| last1 = Jaishankar
| first1 = Karuppannan
| date = 2007
| title = Establishing a theory of cyber crimes
| url = https://www.cybercrimejournal.com/pdf/Editoriaijccjuly.pdf
| journal = International Journal of Cyber Criminology
| volume = 1
| issue = 2
| pages = 7–9
| doi = 10.5281/zenodo.18792
}}</ref> which holds that people behave differently online than they do in real life.<ref>Jaishankar K., (2008). Space Transition Theory of Cyber Crimes. In Schmallager, F., & Pittaro, M. (Eds.), Crimes of the Internet. (pp.283-301) Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Holt|first1=T.J.|last2=Bossler|first2=A.|last3=Spellar|first3=K.C.S.|title=Cybercrime and Digital Forensics|date=2016|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-1317694786|page=308|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsWgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA308|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He earned a Ph.D. in criminology, an M.A. in criminology, a PG Diploma in [[geographic information systems]] management from the [[University of Madras]], Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India and a B.Sc. in biochemistry from the [[PSG College of Arts and Science]], [[Bharathiar University]], [[Coimbatore]], Tamil Nadu, India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jaishankar.org/experience.html |access-date=15 November 2023 |title=Experience }}</ref>

== Career ==
Before founding the International Institute of Justice & Police Sciences in 2022, Jaishankar held several positions like dean, head of department, syndicate member, professor of criminology and senior assistant professor of criminology at two major public universities [[Manonmaniam Sundaranar University]] and Raksha Shakti University - Now [[Rashtriya Raksha University]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jaishankar.org/experience.html |access-date=15 November 2023 |title=Experience }}</ref>

He was a Commonwealth Academic Fellow during 2009–2010 at the Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law, [[University of Leeds]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=School of Law|first1=University of Leeds|title=Annual Report of Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law|url=http://www.law.leeds.ac.uk/assets/files/research/ccjs/21rep.pdf|publisher=University of Leeds|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

He is the founder and president of the [[South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology]] (SASCV) (founded 2009) which works "to develop criminology and victimology in the South Asian region"<ref>{{cite news|last1=The|first1=Week|title=Globalization has opened Floodgates for Criminals|url=http://www.sascv.org/drjaiweekinterview.jpg|access-date=5 July 2017|work=The Week|agency=The Week|issue=28 November 2010|publisher=SASCV|date=28 November 2010}}</ref> and has organized five international conferences of SASCV as the general chair (Bangalore 2023, Ahmedabad, 2020, Goa, 2016, Kanyakumari, 2013, and Jaipur, 2011).<ref>{{cite web|last1=South Asian Society of Criminology and Victimology (SASCV)|title=Activities - SASCV|url=http://www.sascv.org/activities.html|publisher=SASCV|access-date=7 July 2017}}</ref>

He is the founder and executive director of the [[Centre for Cyber Victim Counselling]] (CCVC) (founded 2009) which works to prevent cyber victimization and protect cyber victims.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Reshmi|first1=Jaimon|title=Online NGO helps Cyber victims|url=http://www.techgoss.com/Story/365S11-Online-NGO-helps-Cyber-victims.aspx|website=Techgoss|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref>

== Publications ==
* {{cite book|last1=Jaishankar|first1=K.|title=Cyber Criminology: Exploring Internet Crimes and Criminal Behavior|date=2011|publisher=CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=9781439829493}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaishankar|first1=K.|last2=Ronel|first2=N.|title=Global Criminology: Crime and Victimization in a Globalized Era|date=2013|publisher=CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group|location=Boca Raton, Florida, USA|isbn=9781439892497}}
* {{cite book|last1=Halder|first1=D.|last2=Jaishankar|first2=K.|title=Cyber Crimes Against Women in India|date=2016|publisher=Sage|location=New Delhi|isbn=9789385985775}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaishankar|first1=K.|title=Interpersonal Criminology: Revisiting Interpersonal Crimes and Victimization|date=2016|publisher=CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group|location=Boca Raton, Florida, USA|isbn=9781498748599}}
* {{cite book|last1=Jaishankar|first1=K.|title=Routledge Handbook of South Asian Criminology|date=2019|publisher=Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group|location=New York, USA|isbn=9781482260458}}

== Awards and honors ==

*He is ranked 16th among the top 25 influential criminologists in the world during 2010–2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Austin|first1=Sara L.|last2=EdD|title=Top Influential Criminologists Today {{!}} Academic Influence|url=https://academicinfluence.com/rankings/people/most-influential-criminologists-today|access-date=2022-02-04|website=academicinfluence.com|date=8 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*He is ranked Number 6 among 639 (Top 3%) law and legal studies scholars in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K Jaishankar - AD Scientific Index 2023 |url=https://www.adscientificindex.com/scientist/k-jaishankar/355913 |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=www.adscientificindex.com}}</ref>
*He is a [[United Nations]] expert on matters related to victims of terrorism (2019).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shastri |first1=Parth |title=Better definition of terrorism needed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/better-definition-of-terrorism-needed/articleshow/68455867.cms |access-date=2 April 2019 |publisher=Times of India |date=18 March 2019}}</ref>
*He is appointed by the [[British Society of Criminology]] (BSC) as an international ambassador (2015).<ref>{{cite web|last1=British Society of Criminology|title=International Ambassadors|url=http://www.britsoccrim.org/whos-who/international-ambassadors/|publisher=British Society of Criminology|access-date=5 July 2017}}</ref>
*He is an invited Keynote Speaker at the 15th [[World Society of Victimology]] (WSV) symposium held during 5 – 9, July 2015, at Perth, Australia.<ref>{{Citation |title=WSV Keynote speaker - K Jaishankar | date=19 November 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wL2yiPom9F8&list=PLWFrQ_uUvpi0ifm0U33cu1Duc2Gb3-4lB |access-date=2023-05-06 |language=en}}</ref>
*He is the first winner of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] (NASI) - [[SCOPUS]] Young Scientist Award in the category "Social sciences" (2012).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elsevier.com/awards/nasi-young-scientist-award#|title=NASI Young Scientist Award|publisher=Elsevier|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jaishankar, Karuppannan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Criminology educators]]
[[Category:Indian academic journal editors]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Academics of the University of Leeds]]
[[Category:Indian social sciences writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian criminologists]]

Akasa Veedhilo

2026-03-23T04:58:28Z

Bharatman: minor edit

{{short description|2001 film by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Akasa Veedhilo
| image = Akasa Veedhilo.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
| producer = [[Ramoji Rao]]
| writer = Singeetam Srinivasa Rao [[Paruchuri Brothers]] (dialogue)
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]] [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] [[Raveena Tandon]] [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]
| music = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cinematography = [[S. Gopal Reddy]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = [[Ushakiran Movies|Usha Kiran Movies]]
| distributor = Mayuri Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2001|8|23}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Akasa Veedhilo''''' ({{translation|In the streets of the sky}}) is a 2001 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-04-06 |title=Flair for the unusual |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/flair-for-the-unusual/article27926449.ece |url-status=live |access-date=14 January 2021 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103130139/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/flair-for-the-unusual/article27926449.ece }}</ref> Produced by [[Ramoji Rao]], under [[Ushakiran Movies|Usha Kiran Movies]] banner. The film stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]], [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]], [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]], with music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref name="idlebrain1">{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |date=2001-08-23 |title=Movie review – Akasa Veedhilo |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-akasa.html |url-status=live |access-date=2016-11-24 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]] |archive-date=27 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127014217/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-akasa.html }}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film begins at [[New Delhi]] flying club, where Chandra Shekar / Chandu, an ace aviator, lives his life jollity by carrying out daredevil antics with flights. Suri, one more pilot, is his sole companion in the world. Chandu is also highly cordial to his mentor, Jagadiswara Rao. Indu is the daughter of tycoon Prasada Rao, and her soulmate is Padma Jagadiswara Rao's daughter. She is fiercely learning to fly and trickly admits the club without her father's knowledge. Jagadiswara Rao assigns Chandu as her instructor, whose acquaintance opens with the altercation, which hikes daily. Parallelly, Suri & Padma are in love, and Jagadiswara Rao decides to knit her Chandu, but the two feel like siblings. Chandu & Indu fray haywire, and he receives a slap from her.

Hence, frenzy Chandu insists on not turning their flight while coaching until Indu apologizes, but she also stays stubborn. Suddenly, the flight crashes because birds attack, out of the zone in the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] Ranges. From there, the two move forward on an adventurous journey. Suri & Padma are tense about their whereabouts and start search operations with [[Aviation in India|Indian Aviation]] support. Besides, Chandu & Indu are in dire straits from absconding from a terrible bear hunt—additionally, the love blossoms between them. Chandu spots a battered jet, gains a [[Parachute]], and the two jump from the mountain's edge, wearing it since they are at the gates of death by the bear. Anyhow, Suri & Jagadiswara Rao secure them, and they return. Soon after, Chandu joined at [[Indian Airforce]] & Suri attached to Civil Aviation. They wed their love interests, which is blissful, and the ladies conceive.

Tragically, Indu becomes a car accident victim, and the doctors remove her uterus. Later, Padma delivers twins Ram & Lakshman when Suri's couple bestow Ram to Chandu & Indu as their friendship's token, showering its eminence. The two pairs lead a life of delight with their kids, and Indu is mollycoddled & overprotective towards Ram. After a few years, they all met to celebrate the duo's birthday. On the eve, with hard luck, Lakshman is diagnosed with [[Acute Leukemia]] and essential to undergo bone marrow transplantation by Ram as the doner. However, clinging, Indu denies it and flees to Delhi with Ram because of Chandu's obstinacy. Forthwith, Chandu provides a final notice to get back when she regrets viewing Ram set foot with the intent to guard his younger, and they are on board. Now, havoc arises by ISI militants hijacking [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] the aircraft. The flip side is that Lakshman's health deteriorates. Thus, the Govt put in place a ''One Man Commando Operation'' to deligated Chandu, who gallantly entered the flight from another. At last, he ceases terrorists safely land the aircraft, and Lakshman recoups via Ram. Finally, the movie ends happily with the family's reunion.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]] as Chandu / Chandra Shekar
* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Indu
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Suri Babu
* [[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] as Padma
* [[Rahul Dev]] as Terrorist
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as G.K.
* [[Sudhakar (actor)|Sudhakar]] as Mohan
* [[Mallikarjuna Rao (actor)|Mallikarjuna Rao]] as Bhajanlal
* [[Giri Babu]] as Jagadiswara Rao
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Airforce chief
* [[Amanchi Venkata Subrahmanyam|A.V.S]] as Advocate
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Flight Passenger
* Lakshmi Ratan as Prasad Rao
* [[Kaushal Manda]] as Terrorist
* [[Raghunatha Reddy]] as Airforce officer
* [[Shankar Melkote]]
* [[Ironleg Sastri|Ironleg Sastry]] as himself
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]] as Kamala's father
* Siva Parvathi as G.K's wife
* [[Sri Lakshmi (actress)|Sri Lakshmi]] as Flight Passenger
* [[Rajitha]] as Kamala
* Madhurisen as Air Hostess
* [[Teja Sajja]] as Ram & Laksham (dual role)
{{colend}}

==Production==
It was reported by the media that Singeetam lost interest in the project midway and that R. R. Shinde completed the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/y2k1/akasa.html|title=Number Five Blooper of the year 2001 - Akasa Veedhilo|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Akasa Veedhilo
| type = film
| artist = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2001
| recorded =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 27:26
| label = Mayuri Music
| producer = [[M. M. Keeravani]]
| prev_title = [[Bava Nachadu]]
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = [[Student No.1]]
| next_year = 2001
}}

Music composed by [[M. M. Keeravani]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aakasa Veedhilo (2001) |url=https://mio.to/album/Aakasa+Veedhilo+%282001%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316200923/https://mio.to/album/Aakasa+Veedhilo+%282001%29 |archive-date=16 March 2016 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=Music India Online}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 27:26
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Vennello Aadapilla
| lyrics1 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra1 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]], [[Ganga Sitharasu]]
| length1 = 4:49
| title2 = Yem Strokichavu Guru
| lyrics2 = [[Bhuvanachandra]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra|Chitra]]
| length2 = 4:48
| title3 = Mallechinukula Vanalle
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra3 = Shashi Preetam, [[Ganga Sitharasu]]
| length3 = 4:16
| title4 = Hottara Bera Bera
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra4 = [[Suresh Peters]]
| length4 = 5:00
| title5 = Babre Babre
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra5 = Shashi Preetam, [[Ganga Sitharasu]]
| length5 = 4:33
}}
==Critical reception==
''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote, "This film was started in the beginning of the year 1999 and is based on the Kandahar Flight hijack incident. A story was woven around it. The first half of the film is boring. The second half is very predictable. This film is recommended only for the Nag's fans".<ref name="idlebrain1" /> ''[[Telugucinema.com]]'' wrote, "It's a lavishly made film not only spending a lot on the outdoors but also on the graphics but poorly treated. Story and screenplay are too ordinary and there is no scope for imagination. Till interval the film doesn't really take off and then the things move too fast, yet in a predictable way".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/akasaveedhilo.html|last=CV|website=[[Telugucinema.com]]|access-date=12 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020605233315/http://www.telugucinema.com/movies/reviews/akasaveedhilo.html|archive-date=5 June 2002|title=Akasaveedhilo}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{Singeetam Srinivasa Rao}}

[[Category:2001 drama films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:2001 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about aviators]]
[[Category:Films directed by Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. M. Keeravani]]
[[Category:Indian aviation films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about cancer]]

Highway (1995 film)

2026-03-19T05:36:22Z

Bharatman: further rework layout and fixed typos for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Highway
| image = Highway (1995) film.jpg
| caption = Pre-release poster
| director = [[Jayaraj]]
| producer = [[Prem Prakash]]
| screenplay = [[Sab John]]
| story = Jayaraj
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Banupriya]] [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] 
[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] [[Sukumari]]
| music = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = [[P. Sukumar]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| studio = Heyday Films
| distributor = Century Release
| released = {{Film date|1995|3|3|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Highway''''' is a 1995 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[action film|action]] [[spy film]] directed by [[Jayaraj]], produced by [[Prem Prakash]], and written by [[Sab John]]. The film stars [[Suresh Gopi]] and [[Bhanupriya]], with [[Vijayaraghavan]], [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] and [[Biju Menon]] in supporting roles. The film's original songs were composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]], while cinematography was handled by [[P. Sukumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aravind |first=C. V. |date=2 May 2018 |title='Bhayanakam' director Jayaraj, Malayalam cinema's non-conformist who treads his own path |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bhayanakam-director-jayaraj-malayalam-cinemas-non-conformist-who-treads-his-own-path-80546 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ഹൈവേ |url=https://m3db.com/film/high-way |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=M3DB.COM }}</ref>

''Highway'' was released in theatres on 3 May 1995. It was a commercial success at the Kerala box office. The film's dubbed Telugu version was also a box office success in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" />

==Plot==
Sreedhar Prasad is a [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] [[field agent]] investigating a bomb blast that killed 30 innocent college students. Sreedhar operates under the name of Mahesh Aravind, a planter from [[Udumbanchola]] and chooses a township, Wintergreen, as his temporary residence during the course of the investigation. Mahesh establishes a friendly relation with [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] George Alexander, who was the official in charge of the criminal investigation. As the investigation proceeds, it is understood that the bomb blast was connected with a chain of crimes that happened in the area including the missing of a scientist Guhan Menon from Baddapur Space Research Organization (BSRO), who is later revealed to be killed. It is revealed that Shankar Dev Rana, an established businessman and educationist in the common front, is actually a traitor and drug lord in his parallel life. Sreedhar Prasad and his subordinate Moorthy finally solves the cases after hurdles and arrest Shankar Dev Rana for orchestrating the bomb blast.

==Cast==
* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Sreedhar Prasad [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]/Mahesh Aravind ([[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] officer)
* [[Bhanupriya]] as Meera
* [[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Moorthy/Unnithaan ([[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] Officer)
* [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police (India)|ACP]] George Alexander IPS
* [[Biju Menon]] as [[Sub Inspector#Kerala|SI]] Pavithran
* [[Jose Prakash]] as Kartha (Meera's father)
* [[Augustine (actor)|Augustine]] as Sukumaran/Sukhbir (Hanuman) Singh
* [[Kunchan (actor)|Kunchan]] as Vasco
* [[Sukumari]] as Vasco's mother
* Eliyas Babu as Shankar Dev Rana/Murikkummuri Velayudhan (Real name, revealed in the climax)
* Kamal Gaur as 'Cobra' Hamza, Chief Henchman of Shankar Dev Rana
* [[Spadikam George]] as [[Inspector-general of police#India|IG]] Ramamurthy IPS
* [[Vineeth]] as Vinod Menon/Apache (One among the students who gets killed in the blast)
* [[Prem Prakash]] as Sivanandan, Fabrication Engineer, BSRO
* [[Kaduvakkulam Antony]] as Kallu Vareeth, Checkpost Registrar
* Pavithran K P as Robinson, Motel Manager and Rana's agent
* [[Silk Smitha]] as [[Dancer]]

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Highway
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. P. Venkatesh]]
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|22:56}}
| label = [[Magnasound Records|Magnasound]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highway Audio CD |url=http://www.indiatowngifts.com/aksharam-manikya-chempazhuka-highway-president-magnasound-omi-cd-malayalam-made-in-canada-1995/ |website=India Town Gifts}}</ref> [[Sony Music India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highway (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/highway-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/657377126 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
}}

The soundtrack album was composed by [[S. P. Venkatesh]] for the lyrics penned by [[Gireesh Puthenchery]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highway (1995) - MSIDb |url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?41 |website=Malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Track !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Length
|-

| 1 || ''Dolo Dolakku'' || [[K. S. Chithra]], [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || 4:53

|-

| 2 || ''Oru Thari Kasthoori'' || [[Swarnalatha]], [[Choir|Chorus]] || 5:15

|-

| 3 || ''Kikkili Kili'' || [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Sangeetha Sajith]] || 4:07

|-

| 4 || ''Kunji Kurumbin'' || K. S. Chithra, Chorus || 4:51

|-

| 5 || ''Adipoli'' || [[Suresh Peters]] || 3:49

|}

==Box office==
The film was a commercial success in Kerala and also in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. According to producer Khader Hassan, it created pre-release hype in Andhra Pradesh due to the successes of Suresh Gopi's previous dubbed films, and after the success of ''Highway'', older Malayalam films in which he appeared in supporting roles too were released in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] industries.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Here is how Suresh Gopi became the 'Supreme Star' of Telugu cinema |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/28/suresh-gopi-supreme-star-telugu-cinema.html |website=[[Malayala Manorama|OnManorama]]}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
A sequel to the film titled ''Highway 2'' was announced in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gandhi |first=Mohak |date=2022-06-26 |title=Highway 2: Suresh Gopi, Jayaraj reunite for sequel of superhit film; Check all about upcoming mystery-thriller |url=https://newsroompost.com/entertainment/highway-2-suresh-gopi-jayaraj-reunite-for-sequel-of-superhit-film-check-all-about-upcoming-mystery-thriller/5126616.html |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=NewsroomPost }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0353534}}

{{Jayaraj}}

[[Category:1995 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films about the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 crime thriller films]]

Chhatrapati Shivaji (1952 film)

2026-03-17T12:04:15Z

Bharatman:

{{short description|Indian historical drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chhatrapati Shivaji
| image = Chhatrapati Shivaji (1952 film).jpg
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Bhalji Pendharkar]]
| producer = Bhalji Pendharkar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Chandrakant Mandare|Chandrakant]]
*Parshwanath Yeshwant Alteka
*[[Prithviraj Kapoor]]
*[[Gajanan Jagirdar]]
*Leela
*Ranjana
*[[Lalita Pawar]]
}}
| cinematography = G. Shinde
| editing = B. Bhosale
| music = [[C. Ramchandra]]
| studio = Prabhakar Chitra
| released = {{Film date|1952}}
| runtime = 170 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi Hindi
}}

'''''Chhatrapati Shivaji''''' is a 1952 Indian historical drama film directed and produced by [[Bhalji Pendharkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Har Har Mahadev To Sinhagad: 5 Indian Movies That Revolve Around The Life of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |url=https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/har-har-mahadev-to-sinhagad-5-indian-movies-that-revolve-around-the-life-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-rc1054469 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=jagrantv |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522090829/https://www.jagrantv.com/en-show/har-har-mahadev-to-sinhagad-5-indian-movies-that-revolve-around-the-life-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-rc1054469 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film chronicles key events in the life of [[Shivaji|Shivaji Maharaj]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]], from his birth to his coronation as "[[Chhatrapati]]" in 1674. Released in both [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]], the film features an [[ensemble cast]], including [[Chandrakant Mandare|Chandrakant]] as Shivaji, Parshwanath Yeshwant Altekar, [[Prithviraj Kapoor]], [[Gajanan Jagirdar]], Leela, Ranjana, [[Lalita Pawar]], and a rare acting appearance by legendary playback singer [[Lata Mangeshkar]]. The music was composed by [[C. Ramchandra]], with lyrics by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]].<ref name=":1" />

==Plot==

The film traces the life of [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]] (1630–1680), depicting his journey from a young warrior to the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]]. It highlights significant events, including his early conquests, battles against regional powers, and his eventual coronation as "Chhatrapati," marking the establishment of a sovereign Maratha state. The narrative emphasizes Shivaji's military strategies, leadership, and commitment to [[Swaraj|Swarajya]] (self-rule), portraying him as a symbol of resistance against oppression. Specific plot details, such as key battles or interactions with historical figures like [[Rai Singh of Bikaner|Raja Jaisingh]] (played by Altekar in the Marathi version and Kapoor in the Hindi version), are included to reflect historical accuracy while dramatizing Shivaji's legacy.

==Cast==

*[[Chandrakant Mandare|Chandrakant]] as [[Shivaji|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=छत्रपती शिवाजी महाराजांची भूमिका सर्वप्रथम कोणत्या अभिनेत्याने साकारली? मराठी आहे नाव |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/photos/who-is-first-actor-to-played-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-role-in-marathi-industry/888866 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr |archive-date=26 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226140122/https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/photos/who-is-first-actor-to-played-chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-role-in-marathi-industry/888866 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Parshwanath Yeshwant Altekar as [[Jai Singh I|Raja Jaisingh]] (Marathi version)
*[[Prithviraj Kapoor]] as Raja Jaisingh (Hindi version)
*[[Gajanan Jagirdar]] as [[Aurangzeb]]<ref name=":0" />
*Leela Chandragiri
*Shakuntala
*[[Lalita Pawar]]
*[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
*[[Baburao Pendharkar]]
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]]
*[[Ratnamala (actress)|Ratnamala]]
*Vasant Thengdi
*Ranjana
*Suresh Nath
*[[Vanamala (actress)|Vanamala]]
*Vasantrao Pahalwan
*[[Master Vithal]]
*Krishnarao Chonkar
*Jaishankar Danve
*Takalkar
*Varne
*Shankar Kulkarni
*Shankarrao Bhosale
*Vinay Kale
*[[Ganpat Patil]]<ref name=":1" />

==Production==
[[File:A still from the film Chhatrapati Shivaji (1952).jpg|thumb|A still from the film.]]
''Chhatrapati Shivaji'' was produced under the banner of Prabhakar Pictures, with [[Bhalji Pendharkar]] serving as both director and producer.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1952-01-01 |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Cast List {{!}} Chhatrapati Shivaji Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhatrapati-shivaji/cast/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |archive-date=21 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250521201945/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/chhatrapati-shivaji/cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was shot in both Marathi and Hindi. The casting of [[Lata Mangeshkar]], primarily known as a playback singer, marking one of her rare on-screen appearances.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-06 |title='Queen Of Melody' Lata Mangeshkar Began Her Career As An Actor, THIS Was Her First Film |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/queen-of-melody-lata-mangeshkar-began-her-career-as-an-actor-this-was-her-first-film-read-on-1511178 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=ABP News |language=en |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206172449/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/queen-of-melody-lata-mangeshkar-began-her-career-as-an-actor-this-was-her-first-film-read-on-1511178 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's music was composed by [[C. Ramchandra]], a prominent composer of the era, with lyrics penned by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji (1952) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AQOF/info |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

==Music==

The soundtrack was composed by [[C. Ramchandra]], with lyrics by [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]].<ref name=":1" /> The film features songs that complement its historical and patriotic themes.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=O87vOKZ5OG8 |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji {{!}} छत्रपति शिवाजी {{!}} Lata Mangeshkar {{!}} Aaj Shivaji Raja Zala {{!}} Full Album |date=2021-06-14 |last=Saregama Marathi |access-date=2025-05-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

==Legacy==
''Chhatrapati Shivaji'' is regarded as one of the earliest cinematic portrayals of [[Shivaji]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-19 |title=Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Jayanti 2025: Films That Bring The Maratha King's Heroism To Life |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!entertainment/chhatrapati-shivaji-maharaj-jayanti-2025-films-that-bring-maratha-kings-heroism-to-life-enn25021901135 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref> [[Chandrakant Mandare|Chandrakant]]'s portrayal of Chhatrapati Shivaji was widely acclaimed and remains iconic in [[Marathi cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrakant Mandare To Mahesh Manjerekar, Marathi Actors Who Played Shivaji Maharaj On Screens |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chandrakant-mandare-to-mahesh-manjerekar-marathi-actors-who-played-shivaji-maharaj-on-screens-8785036.html |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=20 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240220100325/https://www.news18.com/movies/chandrakant-mandare-to-mahesh-manjerekar-marathi-actors-who-played-shivaji-maharaj-on-screens-8785036.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Har Har Mahadev|''Har Har Mahadev'']]
*''[[Fatteshikast]]''
*[[Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior|''Tanhaji: The Unsung Warrior'']]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:1952 films]]
[[Category:1950s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:1952 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Marathi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Hindi-language films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Films about kings]]
[[Category:Films about royalty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Films set in 1674]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Shivaji]]

Suhas Shirvalkar

2026-03-14T23:42:32Z

Bharatman:

{{Short description|Marathi writer}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1156243480|this 2023 copyedit]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in undue emphasis on significance, promotional tone, vocab distro typical of LLM output of the time, etc}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2023}}
'''Suhas Shirvalkar''' (15 November 1948 – 11 July 2003) was a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] writer from [[Maharashtra, India]]. He is known for his diverse literary works, which include [[social novel]]s, [[Detective fiction|detective stories]], [[Short story|short stories]], [[one-act play]]s, newspaper columns, and poems.

Throughout his career, Shirvalkar authored more than 300 books, making him one of the most prolific writers in [[Marathi literature]]. Among his notable works is the widely acclaimed novel ''[[Duniyadari]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-21 |title=Chinmay Mandlekar Shares Special Post As Duniyadari Completes 10 Years |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/chinmay-mandlekar-shares-special-post-as-duniyadari-completes-10-years-8393023.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> which is considered a landmark in his writing. This novel delves into the lives of college students and resonated deeply with readers.

Shirvalkar's expertise in the detective-thriller genre is evident in his creation of memorable characters such as Barrister Amar Vishwas (बॅ. अमर विश्वास), Firoz Irani (फिरोज ईराणी), Mandar Patwardhan (मंदार पटवर्धन), and Dara Buland (दारा बुलंद). Additionally, he skillfully explored subjects like medicine and [[astrology]] in his writings, showcasing his versatility as an author.

Beyond his novels and detective stories, Shirvalkar also displayed his storytelling prowess in the historical novel ''Roopmati'', which provided readers with a glimpse into the past. One of his short stories, ''Devaki'', was adapted into a Marathi film that received a State award for best story.{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}

Shirvalkar's contributions extended to the realm of journalism as well. His newspaper columns, including "Ityadi-Ityadi," "Vartulatim Mansa," and "Phalashruti," garnered significant praise from readers.

Shirvalkar died in [[Mumbai]] due to a [[cardiac arrest]].

== Works ==

=== Social novels ===

* Veshipalikade – वेशीपलीकडे
* Objection your honour – ऑब्जेक्शन, युवर ऑनर
* Wonder Twelve – वंडर ट्वेल्व्ह
* Mukti – मुक्ती
* Kovlik – कोवळीक
* Talkhi – तलखी
* Insaniyat – इन्सानियत
* Saalam – सालम
* Sorry Sir – सॉरी सर
* Jameen-Aasman – जमीन-आसमान
* Vastvik – वास्तविक
* Jai – जाई
* Antim – अंतिम
* Kshanokshani – क्षणोक्षणी
* Swikrut – स्वीकृत
* Thararak – थरारक
* Pahatwara – पहाटवारा
* Duniyadari – दुनियादारी
* Dastan – दास्तान
* Talaash – तलाश
* Barsat Chandnyachi – बरसात चांदण्याची
* Samantar – समांतर<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-14 |title=Swapnil Joshi Starrer 'Samantar' Is A Mind-Boggling Take On 'Fate' Which Had Us Hooked From The Go |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/swapnil-joshi-starrer-samantar-is-a-mind-boggling-take-on-fate-which-had-us-hooked-from-the-go-508336.html |access-date=2023-07-29 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* Asim – असीम
* Kosal – कोसळ
* Pratikar – प्रतिकार
* Prayas – प्रयास
* Bandist – बंदिस्त
* Something – समथिंग
* Rupmati – रूपमती
* Nidan – निदान
* Kateri – काटेरी
* Mhanun – म्हणून
* Sansanati – सनसनाटी
* Tukda Tukda Chandra – तुकडा तुकडा चंद्र
* Jata-Yeta – जाता-येता
* Thodkyat Asa – थोडक्यात असं
* Akher – अखेर
* Mahaparv – महापर्व
* Oh God – ओ गॉsड
* Kshitij – क्षितीज
* Vratasth – व्रतस्थ
* Gadhul – गढूळ
* Kalpant – कल्पांत
* Ammal – अंमल
* Ded End – डेड एन्ड
* SpellBound – स्पेलबाउन्ड
* Hindosta Hamara – हिंदोस्ता हमारा
* Latkanti – लटकन्ती
* Zoom – झूम
* Satr – सत्र
* Rajros – राजरोस
* Madhuchandra – मधुचंद्र
* Nyay-Anyay – न्याय-अन्याय
* Hrudaysparsh – हृदयस्पर्श
* Kshan Kshan Aayushy – क्षण क्षण आयुष्य
* Zal-Gel – झालं-गेलं
* Kalshaar – काळंशार
* Zalak – झलक
* Palmul – पाळंमुळं
* Chuk-Bhul...Dene Ghene – चूक-भूल...देणे घेणे
* Hamkhas – हमखास
* Kramashaa – क्रमश:
* Kalber – काळंबेर
* Savdhaan – सावधाSन
* Sutrabaddha – सूत्रबद्ध
* Nimittmatra -निमित्तमात्र
* Star Hunters – स्टार-हंटर्स
* Varchasv – वर्चस्व
* Kalap – कळप
* Praktan - प्राक्तन

=== Detective stories ===

* Ustad – उस्ताद
* Shally Shally – शॅली शॅली
* Shabdvedh – शब्दवेध
* Jivhari – जिव्हारी
* Solid – सॉलिड
* Afalatun – अफलातून
* Khajina – खजिना
* Chakrvyuah – चक्रव्युह
* Kalank – कलंक
* Khuni Paus – खुनी पाऊस
* Shaitali – शैताली
* Madhyaratrichi Kinkali – मध्यरात्रीची किंकाळी
* GubGub – गुबगुब
* Kill Crazy – किल-क्रेझी
* Maranottar – मरणोत्तर
* Hello-Hello – हॅलो-हॅलो
* Binshart – बिनशर्त
* Janiv – जाणीव
* Matam – मातम
* Madhyam – माध्यम
* Stupid – स्टुपिड
* Jivghena – जीवघेणा
* Atarkya – अतर्क्य
* Silence Please – सायलेन्स प्लीज
* Sanshay – संशय
* Order Order – ऑर्डर-ऑर्डर
* Terrific – टेरेफिक
* Murder House – मर्डर हाऊस
* Adnyat – अज्ञात
* Anubhav – अनुभव
* Yogayog – योगायोग
* Asahya – असह्य
* Nirakar – निराकार
* Saitanghar – सैतानघर
* Challenge – चॅलेंज
* Tharraat – थरराट्
* Bhannat – भन्नाट
* Poladi – पोलादी
* Avadhavya – अवाढव्य
* Ijjat – इज्जत
* Last Bullet – लास्ट बुलेट
* Aakrosh – आक्रोश
* Sannata – सन्नाटा
* Sahaj – सहज
* Dead Shot – डेड शॉट
* Panchali – पांचाली
* Trailer Girl – ट्रेलर गर्ल
* Havyas – हव्यास
* Gafil – गाफील
* Black Cobra – ब्लॅक कोब्रा
* Gold Heaven – गोल्ड हेवन
* Operation Bullet – ऑपरेशन बुलेट
* Safai – सफाई
* To – तो
* Kale Yug – काळे युग
* Bhayanak – भयानक
* Hiravi Nazar – हिरवी नजर
* Not Guilty – नॉट गिल्टी
* Highway Murder – हायवे मर्डर
* Padadyaaad- पडद्याआड
* Dhuk-Dhuk – धुकंधुकं
* Kanakanane – कणाकणाने
* MantraJagar – मंत्रजागर
* Saraeet - सराईत
* Loop Hole – लूप-होल
* Down Level – डाऊन लेव्हल

=== Others ===

* Ek Phakt Ekach – एक ...फक्त एकच
* Thank you Mr Newspaper – थँक यू मि. न्यूज पेपर
* Kathapournima – कथा – पौर्णिमा
* Ithun – Tithun – इथून – तिथून
* Everything So Simple – एवरीथिंग... सोSसिम्पल
* Mahaul – माहौल
* Shads – शेड्स
* Moods – मूड्स
* Ityadi Ityadi – इत्यादी – इत्यादी
* Vartulatil Manas – वर्तुळातील माणसं
* Phalsruti – फलश्रुती
* Aso – असो
* Swargawar Swari – स्वर्गावर स्वारी
* Garvharan – गर्वहरण
* Mattha Aadnyadharak – मठ्ठ आज्ञाधारक
* Murkhancha Pahunchar – मुर्खांचा पाहुणचार
* Haat-Tichya – हाSत-तिच्या
* Maanvay Tasmey Namaha – मानवाय तस्मे नमः
* Aavartan – आवर्तन
* Just Happening – जस्ट हॅपनिंग
* Suhas Shirvalkar Yanchya Kavita – सुहास शिरवळकर यांच्या कविता

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://suhasshirvalkar.blogspot.in/.
* https://www.facebook.com/Suhas-Shirvalkar-194406710654163/<nowiki/>{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shirvalkar, Suhas}}
[[Category:1948 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian crime fiction writers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Maharashtra]]

P. Sreekumar (astrophysicist)

2026-03-10T05:21:37Z

Bharatman: started a bio v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Sreekumar
| employer = [[University of New Hampshire]]
| other_names = Parameshwaran Sreekumar
| occupation = Astrophysicist
| education = [[Doctor of Philosophy]]
| alma_mater = [[University of New Hampshire]]
}}
'''Parameshwaran Sreekumar''' is an Indian astrophysicist and the former Director of the [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]. He has also worked in [[NASA]] and [[ISRO]] and is currently the Director of Manipal Center for Natural Sciences, under [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education]], Manipal.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sreekumar |first1=P |title=Dr. P. Sreekumar |url=https://www.manipal.edu/mcns-manipal/department-faculty/faculty-list/dr--p-sreekumar.html |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>

== Biography ==
P. Sreekumar got his Bachelor of Science degree from the [[University of Kerala]] and Master of Science in Physics from the [[IIT Bombay|Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay]]. He later moved to the United States to pursue his [[PhD]] at the [[University of New Hampshire]], where he worked on [[gamma-ray astronomy]], under John. A. Lockwood in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sreekumar. P - Moon Village Association |url=https://moonvillageassociation.org/team/mva-advisory-council/sreekumar-p/}}</ref> He worked as a post-doctoral researcher with focus on the emerging area of observing the Universe in gamma-rays using NASA's [[Compton Gamma Ray Observatory]]. He continued to work at NASA's [[Goddard Space Flight Center]] as a research scientist, working as a core member of the [[Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope|EGRET payload]] team of NASA's Compton Gamma-ray Observatory until 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=A study of M31, M87, NGC 253, and M82 in high-energy gamma rays |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19950038763 |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref>

Sreekumar returned to [[India]] and joined the [[Indian Space Research Organization]] in 1999, where he headed the astronomy division at the ISRO Satellite Center. He was deputed from ISRO as the Director of [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]] in 2013 on a five-year term.<ref>{{cite book |title=Annual Report 2014-15 |publisher=Indian Institute of Astrophysics |url=https://www.iiap.res.in/IIA50/directors_msg}}</ref> In 2018, he returned to ISRO HQ as the Director of the Space Science Program office until his [[superannuation]] in January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO's Space Science Program - emerging opportunities |url=https://www.tifr.res.in/~aset/talk032219.html |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref> After superannuation, he served as the 'Prof. Satish Dhawan' Professor at ISRO HQ and worked as an Advisor to the Space science Program Office until 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISRO ORGANISES ACADEMIA-INSTITUTE-MINISTRY MEET FOR SPACE-BASED AERONOMY MISSION |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/ACADEMIAINSTITUTEMINISTRYMEET.html |website=ISRO |access-date=20 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=P. Sreekumar |url=https://www.manipal.edu/mcns-manipal/department-faculty/faculty-list/dr--p-sreekumar.html}}</ref>

He was appointed as the Director of the Manipal Center for Natural Sciences, under [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|MAHE]] in 2023. He is currently heading the center.

== Career ==
Dr. Sreekumar is the Co-Principal Investigator of India's first dedicated astronomy observatory, [[AstroSat]]. He has served as the Principal Investigator for payloads on [[Chandrayaan programme|lunar missions]] and is currently a member or Chair of numerous review committees related to ISRO's space science missions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sreekumar. P - Moon Village Association |url=https://moonvillageassociation.org/team/mva-advisory-council/sreekumar-p/}}</ref>

Additionally, Dr. Sreekumar plays a significant role in senior-level management committees for international programs involving Indian collaborations, such as the [[LIGO-India]] program, [[Square Kilometre Array|SKA-India]], and the [[Thirty Meter Telescope|India-TMT]] programs. He is also a life member of the [[Astronomical Society of India]] and the [[International Astronomical Union]].{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Over the years, Dr. Sreekumar’s primary research interests have evolved from studying gamma rays and X-rays from cosmic sources to examining the composition of the Sun’s corona and mapping chemical elements on the lunar surface. As an experimentalist, his recent work has focused on designing and developing X-ray mirrors for future space applications.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

== Awards and recognitions ==
Source:<ref>{{cite web |title=IISER Pune |url=http://www3.iiserpune.ac.in/colloquia-seminars/172}}</ref>
# National Science Talent Scholarship, 1976
# NASA Group Achievement award 1991
# NASA/GSFC Special Act Group award 1992
# Universities Space Research Association Scientific Excellence award 1993
# Hari Om Ashram prerit Vikram Sarabhai Award for Space Sciences 2003
# Chandrayaan-1 payload team award 2009
# Prof. Satish Dhawan Professorship at ISRO.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreekumar, P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian astrophysicists]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Manipal Academy of Higher Education]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:University of New Hampshire alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

ATR 72

2026-03-04T12:44:25Z

Bharatman: fixes

{{short description|Regional turboprop airliner}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox aircraft
| name = ATR 72
| image = File:F-WWEZ (948) ATR.72-212A(500) FlyFireFly TLS 30AUG11 (6097869500) (cropped).jpg
| caption = An ATR 72 belonging to [[Firefly (airline)|Firefly]]
| type = [[Regional airliner#Turboprop regional aircraft|Turboprop regional airliner]]
| national_origin = France/Italy
| manufacturer = [[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]]
| designer =
| first_flight = 27 October 1988
| introduction = 27 October 1989 ([[Finnair]])
| retired =
| status = In production; in service
| primary_user = [[Wings Air]]
| more_users = [[IndiGo]] [[Azul Linhas Aereas]] [[Air New Zealand]]
| produced = 1988–present
| number_built = 1,233{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}
| developed_from = [[ATR 42]]
| variants =
| developed_into = [[ATR 52]] (not built)
}}

The '''ATR 72''' is a twin-engine [[turboprop]], [[Flight length|short-haul]] [[regional airliner]] developed and produced in France and Italy by aircraft manufacturer [[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]].
The number "72" in its name is derived from the aircraft's typical standard seating capacity of 72 passengers.
The ATR 72 has also been used as a [[Business aircraft|corporate transport]], [[cargo aircraft]], and [[maritime patrol aircraft]].

To date, all of the ATR series have been completed at the company's final assembly line in [[Toulouse]], France; ATR benefits from sharing resources and technology with [[Airbus]] SE, which has continued to hold a 50% interest in the company. Successive models of the ATR 72 have been developed. Typical updates have included new avionics, such as a [[glass cockpit]], and the adoption of newer engine versions to deliver enhanced performance, such as increased efficiency and reliability and reductions in operating costs. The aircraft shares a high degree of commonality with the smaller [[ATR 42]], which remains in production as of 2025.

==History==
ATR ({{langx|fr|Avions de transport régional}} or {{langx|it|Aerei da Trasporto Regionale}}) is a [[joint venture]] formed by French aerospace company [[Aérospatiale]] (now part of [[Airbus]]) and Italian aviation conglomerate [[Aeritalia]] (now [[Leonardo S.p.A.]]). During the 1980s, French aerospace company Aérospatiale and Italian aviation conglomerate Aeritalia merged their work on a new generation of regional aircraft. The new jointly owned company, ATR, was established to develop, manufacture, and market their first airliner, later designated the [[ATR 42]]. On 16 August 1984, the first model of the series, designated as the ATR 42-300, performed the type's [[maiden flight]]. During the mid-1980s, the ATR 72 was developed as a stretched variant of the ATR 42. On 27 October 1989, [[Finland|Finnish]] airline [[Finnair]] became the first airline to operate this type in revenue service.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wignall |first=Alec |date=2022-11-07 |title=ATR: the Franco-Italian success story |website=AeroTime |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/32537-atr-the-franco-italian-success-story |access-date=2025-03-13 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Development ==
=== Origins ===
[[File:Finnair ATR-72 OH-KRL at EFHK 20030803.jpg|thumb|An ATR 72 of [[Finnair]], its launch operator]]
During the mid-1980s, [[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]] sought to introduce a larger airliner with increased capacity over its earlier products.<ref name="milestones 2017" /> This new regional airliner, designated as the ATR 72, was directly developed from the earlier ATR 42 and had much in common with it; the principal difference between the two airliners was an increase in the maximum [[seating capacity]] from 48 to 78 passengers. This was principally achieved by stretching the fuselage by {{Convert|4.5|m|abbr=on}}, along with an increase of the [[wingspan]], the use of more powerful engines, and increased fuel capacity by about 10%.

On 15 January 1986, the launch of the stretched ATR 72 programme was announced.<ref name="milestones 2017" /> On 27 October 1988, the prototype performed its maiden flight. One year later, on 25 September 1989, the ATR 72 received [[airworthiness certificate|airworthiness certification]] from the French [[Directorate General for Civil Aviation (France)|Directorate General for Civil Aviation]]. The following month, on 27 October 1989, Finnish airline [[Finnair]] became the first to introduce the aircraft into service.<ref name="milestones 2017">{{cite web |url=http://www.atraircraft.com/about-atr/corporate-overview/milestones.html |title=Milestones |publisher=[[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]] |access-date=9 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209032240/http://www.atraircraft.com/about-atr/corporate-overview/milestones.html |archive-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> Since the ATR 72 is assembled on the same production line as the smaller ATR 42, along with sharing the majority of subsystems, components, and manufacturing techniques, the two types support each other to remain in production. This factor may have been crucial as, by 2015, the ATR 42 was the only 50-seat regional aircraft still being manufactured.<ref name="ain nov 2015">Sheppard, Ian. [https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2015-11-08/atr-continues-drive-turboprop-revolution "ATR Continues To Drive Turboprop Revolution."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730151858/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2015-11-08/atr-continues-drive-turboprop-revolution |date=30 July 2017}} ''AIN Online'', 8 November 2015.</ref><ref name="lease freight ain">Sheppard, Ian. [http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2017-06-07/atr-creates-leasing-asset-management-freighter-unit "ATR Creates Leasing, Asset Management & Freighter Unit."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730203144/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2017-06-07/atr-creates-leasing-asset-management-freighter-unit |date=30 July 2017}} ''AIN Online'', 7 June 2017.</ref>

In 2000, the combined global ATR fleet reached its 10,000,000th flight, during which a distance of around 4 billion km (2.5 billion statute miles) and around 450 million passengers had flown on board ATR-built aircraft.<ref name="milestones arch">{{Cite web |url=http://www.atraircraft.com/milestone2.htm |title=Milestones |publisher = [[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061017034141/http://www.atraircraft.com/milestone2.htm |date=2006 |archive-date=17 October 2006}}</ref> The 2007 production set a new record for the programme's sales; a total of 113 new ATR aircraft had been ordered during a single year.<ref name="milestones 2017" /> By the end of 2014, ATR had received 1,000 orders for the type and delivered 754, leaving a backlog of 246 aircraft.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.atraircraft.com/newsroom/atr-record-year-in-terms-of-sales-deliveries-turnover-and-backlog-1309-en.html |title=ATR: record year in terms of sales, deliveries, turnover, and backlog |date=21 January 2015 |publisher=[[ATR (aircraft manufacturer)|ATR]] |access-date= 9 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030028/http://www.atraircraft.com/newsroom/atr-record-year-in-terms-of-sales-deliveries-turnover-and-backlog-1309-en.html |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2016}}

Various organisational changes were implemented within the ATR company. On 10 July 1998, ATR launched its new Asset Management Department.<ref name="milestones arch" /> In June 2001, [[EADS]] and [[Alenia Aeronautica]], ATR's parent companies, decided to reinforce their partnership, regrouping all industrial activities related to regional airliners into the ATR consortium.<ref name="milestones 2017" /> On 3 October 2003, ATR became one of the first aircraft manufacturers to be certified under [[ISO 9000#2000 version|ISO 9000-2000]] and [[AS9100|EN/AS/JISQ 9100]], the worldwide quality standard for the aeronautics industry. During July 2004, ATR and Brazilian aircraft manufacturer [[Embraer]] announced a co-operation agreement on the AEROChain Portal to deliver improved customer service.<ref name="milestones 2017" /> During April 2009, ATR announced the launch of its 'Door-2-Door' service as a new option in its comprehensive customer services range.<ref name="milestones 2017" />
In 2017, the 72-600 unit cost was US${{#expr:1300/50}} million.<ref name=FG170509>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/indigo-tentatively-signs-for-50-atrs-437012/ |title= IndiGo tentatively signs for 50 ATRs |date= 9 May 2017 |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |work= Flight Global |access-date= 9 May 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170730224552/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/indigo-tentatively-signs-for-50-atrs-437012/ |archive-date= 30 July 2017 |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== Further development ===

[[File:ATR 72-600 - 50505204912.jpg|thumb|The ATR 72-600 was launched on 2 October 2007.]]

As of October 2007, the current production version is the ''ATR 72-600'' series. On 2 October 2007, ATR CEO Stéphane Mayer announced the launch of the -600 series aircraft; the ATR 42-600 and ATR 72-600 featured various improvements to increase efficiency, dispatch reliability, lower fuel burn, and operating costs. While broadly similar to the earlier -500 model, differences include adopting improved PW127M engines, a new [[glass cockpit]], and various other minor improvements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.janes.com/articles/Janes-All-the-Worlds-Aircraft/ATR-42-International.html |title=Defense & Security Intelligence & Analysis: IHS Jane's — IHS | access-date=26 December 2014}}</ref>

Since 2008, ATR has been a participant in the European [[Clean Sky]] Joint Technology Initiative. On 8 July 2015, an ATR 72-600 'green' technology demonstrator performed its first flight; the demonstrator was used for testing new [[composite material|composite]] materials for [[Thermal insulation|insulation]], [[air conditioning]] systems, electrical distribution systems, and energy dispersal modifications to evaluate their effect on the aircraft's overall efficiency as a contribution to the Clean Sky initiative.<ref>Polek, Gregory. [http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2015-07-08/atrs-green-demonstrator-takes-flight "ATR's "Green" Demonstrator Takes Flight."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926202456/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2015-07-08/atrs-green-demonstrator-takes-flight |date=26 September 2015 }} ''AIN Online'', 8 July 2015.</ref> ATR's senior vice-president for engineering Alessandro Amendola indicated that the elimination of all uses of [[bleed air]] was a key aim in the designing of an all-electric architecture as well as improving engine efficiency; the minimising of peak electrical loads was also a stated priority. During March 2016, a second round of flight trials dedicated the testing of all-electric systems architecture using the demonstrator was completed; analysis is set to continue.<ref>Dubois, Thierry. [http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2016-03-22/atr-studies-all-electric-architecture-turboprops "ATR Studies All-Electric Architecture for Turboprops."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730225257/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2016-03-22/atr-studies-all-electric-architecture-turboprops |date=30 July 2017 }} ''AIN Online'', 22 March 2016.</ref>

As a consequence of strong demand for the -600 series, ATR decided to invest in the establishment of a second, more modern final assembly line and acquisition of more hangar space at its Toulouse site, along with a new large completion and delivery area; overall, the manufacturing operation expanded to four times the footprint that it had in 2005.<ref name="ain nov 2015" /> Speaking in October 2015, ATR CEO Patrick de Castelbajac stated that the firm was set to produce in excess of 90 aircraft that year, and that the new manufacturing facilities could support a production rate of up to 120 per year. At the time, the company had a backlog of orders for 300 aircraft, sufficient for three years of production.<ref name="ain nov 2015" /> During 2017, a new in-house financing and leasing division was established by ATR in order to offer customers a greater degree of support and expand the company's range of services.<ref name="lease freight ain" />

In December 2015, the EASA approved a new high-density seating layout, raising the maximum capacity from 74 to 78 seats.<ref name="ainonline.com">Polek, Gregory. [https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2015-12-08/atr-72-600-wins-easa-nod-high-density-cabin "ATe 72-600 Wins EASA Nod for High-density Cabin."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113716/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2015-12-08/atr-72-600-wins-easa-nod-high-density-cabin |date=22 December 2015 }} ''AIN Online'', 8 December 2015.</ref> During the 2021 Dubai Airshow in mid-November 2021, ATR debuted the new ATR 72-600 powered by new PW127XT powerplants with 20% lower maintenance cost and 3% lower fuel consumption than the predecessor PW127M powerplant.<ref name="Buyck">{{Cite web|last=Buyck|first=Cathy|title=ATR Upgrades Turboprops with New Pratt & Whitney Engine|url=https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2021-11-15/atr-upgrades-turboprops-new-pratt-whitney-engine|access-date=2022-01-06|website=Aviation International News|language=en|archive-date=22 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222230000/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2021-11-15/atr-upgrades-turboprops-new-pratt-whitney-engine|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:AZU AT72 F-WWEL!1195 3nov14 LFBO-1.jpg|thumb|left|An ATR prior to painting at Toulouse]]

Considerable emphasis has been placed upon the continuous development of ATR's aircraft models.<ref name="lease freight ain" /> Speaking at the [[Farnborough Airshow]] in July 2016, the CEO of ATR Patrick de Castelbajac stated that the company was currently examining the possibility of replacing the current [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127]] engine with either a new offer from P&WC, or a [[General Electric GE38|GE38]] derivative from [[GE Aviation]].<ref name="reengine 2016" /> Although expressing satisfaction with the PW127 engine and its supplier, Castelbajac noted the design's age and the need to remain competitive with the latest [[regional jet]]s. To be a worthwhile exercise, any re-engine exercise would require a 15 per cent improvement in fuel-burn and 20-25 per cent reduction of direct maintenance costs. Additionally, Castelbajac sees the potential re-engine as a "bridge" to the eventual development of a larger 100-seat aircraft.<ref name="reengine 2016">{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-re-engining-atr-could-be-bridge-to-100-427326/ |title= Re-engining ATR could be bridge to 100-seater – CEO |work= Flight global |date= 12 July 2016 |access-date= 12 July 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160713163514/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/farnborough-re-engining-atr-could-be-bridge-to-100-427326/ |archive-date= 13 July 2016 |url-status= live }}</ref>
[[File:AirSerbia ATR 72-600 fleet.jpg|thumb|AirSerbia ATR 72-600 fleet]]
During the mid-2010s, reports emerged that the development of a further stretched 90-seat ATR model was under consideration as well; allegedly, shareholder Airbus was relatively unenthusiastic on proceeding with such a development, while Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier favoured a focus on resolving manufacturing issues.<ref name="ain nov 2015" /><ref name="chin ain 2014" /> However, in January 2018, ATR's parent company Leonardo announced that the 100-seat program has been formally brought to a close.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/atr-parent-leonardo-rules-out-100-seat-turboprop-445340/|title=ATR parent Leonardo rules out 100-seat turboprop|date=2018-01-30|work=Flightglobal.com|access-date=2018-06-07|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143600/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/atr-parent-leonardo-rules-out-100-seat-turboprop-445340/|archive-date=12 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Design ==
[[File:Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123 retouched.jpg|thumb|left|A [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100]] series engine]]
The ATR 72 is a [[turboprop]]-powered [[regional airliner]], capable of accommodating a maximum of 78 passengers. It is powered by a pair of [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100]] turboprop engines, which drive an arrangement of four or six-bladed [[Propeller (aeronautics)|propellers]] supplied by [[Hamilton Standard]]. Earlier models of the ATR 72 are equipped with the older PW124B engine, rated at {{convert|2400|shp|kW|lk=on|disp=flip}}, while later-built aircraft are powered by the newer PW127 engine, rated at a maximum of {{cvt|2750|shp|disp=flip}} to achieve improved "[[hot and high]]" takeoff performance. It can land and takeoff in high airports with short runways like [[Andorra–La Seu d'Urgell Airport|Andorra Airport]]. It employs carbonfibres for 30% of the wing by weight, for a 20% weight reduction.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1988/1988%20-%200652.PDF |title= ATR72 first with carbon-fibre wing |work= Flight International |date= 19 March 1988 |access-date= 20 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421000337/https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1988/1988%20-%200652.PDF |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |url-status= live }}</ref>

In a standard configuration, the aircraft does not have an [[auxiliary power unit]]; when present it is installed within the C4 cargo section. Most operators of the ATR 72 equip their aircraft with a propeller brake that stops the propeller on the No. 2 (right) engine while allowing the turbine to continue running, to provide both airflow and electrical power to the aircraft while on the ground. (This arrangement is referred to as "Hotel Mode".){{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

In the majority of configurations, passengers board the ATR 72 using the rear door, a relatively unusual configuration for a passenger aircraft, while the front door is typically used for the loading and unloading of cargo; early customer Finnair intentionally ordered its ATR 72s with a front passenger door so that it could utilize the [[jet bridge]]s at [[Helsinki Airport]], while operator [[Air New Zealand]]'s standard rear door aircraft can use jet bridges at airports with this equipment.{{Citation needed|date=July 2017}} While passengers are boarding or disembarking, a tail stand is set into place as standard procedure to guard against the aircraft nose lifting off the ground.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

== Operational history ==
2011 was a record-breaking year for sales at ATR.<ref name="record 2011 AIN">Alcock, Charles. [https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2011-11-11/atrs-record-year-set-get-better "ATR's Record Year Set To Get Better."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730150630/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2011-11-11/atrs-record-year-set-get-better |date=30 July 2017 }} ''AIN Online'', 11 November 2011.</ref> According to ATR's CEO Filippo Bagnato, sales had continued to grow during the [[Great Recession]] despite the downturn experienced by most aviation companies as "fuel consumption that can be half that of the alternatives and [with] lower maintenance costs". Bagnato noted the strength of Africa as a market for the type, as well at the firm's aircraft being capable of serving destinations that would otherwise be inaccessible to other aircraft due to the austere conditions of many airstrips and runways in the region, as well as the ability to operate autonomously without any reliance upon ground support equipment.<ref name="record 2011 AIN" />

For 2013, ATR claimed a 48 percent global market share for regional aircraft deliveries between 50 and 90 seats (comprising both turboprops and jets), making it the dominant manufacturer in this market segment.<ref name="chin ain 2014" /> That same year, during which firm orders for 10 ATR 42-600s and 79 ATR 72-600s were recorded, [[lease|leasing]] companies were responsible for 70 per cent of these; according to ATR's CEO Filippo Bagnato: "Years ago, we were not even considered by the lessors; now they see ATRs as a good investment".<ref name="chin ain 2014" /> Several major leasing companies operate their own ATR fleets, such as [[Dubai Aerospace Enterprise]] (DAE), who placed an order for 20 ATR 72s along with options for another 20 in February 2014,<ref>[http://www.deagel.com/news/Dubai-Aerospace-Enterprise-Orders-up-to-40-ATR-72-600s_n000012369.aspx "Dubai Aerospace Enterprise Orders up to 40 ATR 72-600s."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816220058/http://www.deagel.com/news/Dubai-Aerospace-Enterprise-Orders-up-to-40-ATR-72-600s_n000012369.aspx |date=16 August 2017 }} ''deagel.com'', 12 February 2014. Retrieved: 15 April 2015.</ref> and [[Nordic Aviation Capital]] (NAC), who ordered a fleet of 30 ATR 72s during June 2013, along with options for up to 55 further airliners.<ref>[http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/paris-air-show/2013-06-18/atr-scores-big-order-paris-delivers-avianca-atr-72-600 "ATR scores big order at Paris, delivers Avianca ATR 72-600."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033032/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/paris-air-show/2013-06-18/atr-scores-big-order-paris-delivers-avianca-atr-72-600 |date=29 November 2014 }} ''Aviation International News''. Retrieved: 26 December 2014.</ref> Placing their first order during 2011, by December 2012, [[Singapore]]an leasor [[Avation]] had a combined total of 20 ATR 72s on order;<ref>Francis, Leithen. [http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/singapore-lessor-orders-more-atr-72s "Singapore Lessor Orders More ATR 72s."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731044439/http://aviationweek.com/commercial-aviation/singapore-lessor-orders-more-atr-72s |date=31 July 2017 }} ''Aviation Week'', 19 December 2012.</ref> by February 2016, the number on order for {{Not a typo|Avation}} had risen to 35 aircraft.<ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-singapore-airshow-atr-idUKKCN0VP09I "{{Not a typo|Avation}} places $130 million aircraft order with ATR."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731023826/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-singapore-airshow-atr-idUKKCN0VP09I |date=31 July 2017 }} Reuters, 16 February 2016.</ref>

During May 1997, ATR achieved their first breakthrough sale in China, placed by operator [[China Xinjiang Airlines]] and the [[Civil Aviation Administration of China]] (CAAC).<ref name="milestones arch" /> By 2013, while the Asia Pacific region had comprised the majority of ATR's sales when geographically ranked; however, orders from Chinese airlines remained elusive; Bagnato ascribed this anomaly to local market conditions dictating the typical use of larger aircraft, as well as a Chinese government policy of imposing high [[tariff]]s on the import of foreign-built fixed-wing aircraft.<ref name="chin ain 2014">Dubois, Thierry. [https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2014-02-11/atr-wants-better-access-china-market "ATR Wants Better Access to China Market."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730151846/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/aerospace/2014-02-11/atr-wants-better-access-china-market |date=30 July 2017 }} ''AIN Online'', 11 February 2014.</ref> During late 2014, ATR set up a new office in Beijing and hired several former Airbus sales personnel with the aim of launching the type in the Chinese market. ATR believed that many of the already-flown routes did not suit larger 150-seat aircraft; however, of the roughly 2,600 commercial aircraft flying in China at that time, only 68 had a capacity of less than 90 seats and of these, fewer than 20 were powered by turboprop engines.<ref>Dubois, Thierry. [http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2016-02-14/atr-sets-sights-china "ATR Sets Sights on China."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730150846/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2016-02-14/atr-sets-sights-china |date=30 July 2017 }} ''AIN Online'', 14 February 2016.</ref>

In response to airlines often wanting to replace their early production ATR models with the latest generation ATR series, as well as to answer demand from cargo operators for the type, ATR has operated two separate dedicated freighter conversion programmes, known as the Bulk Freighter (tube version) and the ULD Freighter.<ref name="focus rece conv">Endres, Günter. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/in-focus-recession-woes-continue-at-small-end-of-ca-377346/ "IN FOCUS: Recession woes continue at small end of cargo conversion market."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730210519/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/in-focus-recession-woes-continue-at-small-end-of-ca-377346/ |date=30 July 2017 }} ''Flight International'', 26 October 2012.</ref> Both conversions involve complete stripping of furnishings along with the addition of floor strengthening, new window plugs and 9 g restraining nets, six additional longitudinal tracks for added flexibility, and an E-Class cabin; the ULD model can accommodate standard ULD-packaged cargo, such as LD3 containers or {{convert|88|by|108|in|m|order=flip}} [[pallets]], which were loaded via a large cargo door located on the port forward side. Undertaken by a range of companies, such as Alenia subsidiary [[Aeronavali]], Texas-based [[M7 Aerospace]]; French firms [[Indraéro Siren]] and [[Aeroconseil]], Canadian [[Infinion Certification Engineering]], and Spanish company [[Arrodisa]], by October 2012, in excess of one-fifth of all first-generation ATR 42 and ATR 72 aircraft had already been converted to freighters.<ref name="focus rece conv" />

=== Iran Air ===

During February 2016, ATR signed a deal with flag carrier Iran Air for a batch of 20 ATR 72-600s, along with options for 20 more aircraft and post-purchase services, such as engine maintenance.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-signs-deal-to-buy-20-more-airplanes/2016/02/02/d1432412-c990-11e5-b9ab-26591104bb19_story.html "Iran signs deal to buy 20 more airplanes."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203123320/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iran-signs-deal-to-buy-20-more-airplanes/2016/02/02/d1432412-c990-11e5-b9ab-26591104bb19_story.html |date=3 February 2016 }} ''The Washington Post'', 2 February 2016.</ref> Made possible by a negotiated relaxation of [[Sanctions against Iran#Sanctions relief|international sanctions]] against Iran, during June 2017, a €1 billion Iranian contract was finalized for the firm 20 airliners and 20 options;<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATR signs a major agreement with Iran Air for 40 ATR 72-600s |url=https://www.atr-aircraft.com/presspost/atr-signs-a-major-agreement-with-iran-air-for-40-atr-72-600s/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=ATR |language=en-US |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116081434/https://www.atr-aircraft.com/presspost/atr-signs-a-major-agreement-with-iran-air-for-40-atr-72-600s/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Hepher |first1=Tim |title=Europe's ATR says completes deal selling 20 planes to IranAir |url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/atr-aircraft-idUKL8N1HL2H1 |access-date=13 April 2017 |work=Reuters|date=13 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170413123829/http://uk.reuters.com/article/atr-aircraft-idUKL8N1HL2H1 |archive-date=13 April 2017 }}</ref><ref>Polek, Gregory. [http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2017-04-11/atr-iran-air-seal-536-million-deal-20-atr-72-600s "ATR, Iran Air Seal $536 Million Deal for 20 ATR 72-600s."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730231907/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2017-04-11/atr-iran-air-seal-536-million-deal-20-atr-72-600s |date=30 July 2017 }} ''AIN Online'', 11 April 2017.</ref> the delivery of the first four aircraft occurred within weeks of the deal being completed.<ref>Polek, Gregory. [http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2017-05-16/iran-air-takes-delivery-its-first-four-atr-72-600s "Iran Air Takes Delivery Of Its First Four ATR 72-600s."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730225351/http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/air-transport/2017-05-16/iran-air-takes-delivery-its-first-four-atr-72-600s |date=30 July 2017 }} ''AIN Online'', 16 May 2017.</ref> US sanctions against Iran were reimposed in August 2018, by which time 13 of the order of 20 aircraft had been delivered. In April 2019 the US Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) issued a two-year licence to ATR to allow it to supply spare parts and other essentials to keep the fleet of 13 ATR 72-600s in operation. However, the remaining 7 ATR 72-600s from the 2016 order remain sanctioned and in storage.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Iran Air Receives Vital Spares |journal=Airliner World |volume=October 2019 |page=16}}</ref>

=== Turkish Navy ===
While primarily used as a civil aircraft, some ATR 72s have been adapted to perform in various military functions, such as [[cargo aircraft|utility aircraft]] and [[maritime patrol aircraft]] (MPA). The [[Turkish Navy]], which initially decided to purchase ten ATR 72-500 MPA, later changed its order to eight aircraft: Two ATR 72-600 TMUA (Turkish Maritime Utility Aircraft)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=First P-72 Maritime Patrol Aircraft Delivered to Turkish Naval Forces Under the MELTEM-3 Project |url=https://www.defenceturkey.com/en/content/first-p-72-maritime-patrol-aircraft-delivered-to-turkish-naval-forces-under-the-meltem-3-project-4378 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240816005535/https://www.defenceturkey.com/en/content/first-p-72-maritime-patrol-aircraft-delivered-to-turkish-naval-forces-under-the-meltem-3-project-4378 |archive-date=2024-08-16 |access-date=2021-03-25 |website=Defence Turkey}}</ref> versions, and six ATR 72-600 TMPA (Turkish Maritime Patrol Aircraft for MP/[[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]]/[[Anti-surface warfare|ASuW]] duties)<ref name=":0" /> versions.<ref>[http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/may-2013-navy-world-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-news/1032-atr-72-600-tmpa-the-new-generation-maritime-patrol-aircraft-for-the-turkish-navy-.html "ATR 72-600 TMPA: The new generation maritime patrol aircraft for the Turkish Navy."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922004429/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/may-2013-navy-world-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-news/1032-atr-72-600-tmpa-the-new-generation-maritime-patrol-aircraft-for-the-turkish-navy-.html |date=22 September 2013 }} ''navyrecognition.com'', 11 May 2013. Retrieved: 15 April 2015.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/archives/archives-naval-defense/naval-defense-2014/raytheon-to-provide-torpedo-integration-for-turkish-navy-atr-72-600asw-maritime-patrol-aircraft |title=Raytheon to provide torpedo integration for Turkish Navy ATR-72-600ASW maritime patrol aircraft |date=17 July 2014 |access-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726031324/http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2014-news/july-2014-navy-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-security-global-news/1898-raytheon-to-provide-torpedo-integration-for-turkish-navy-atr-72-600asw-maritime-patrol-aircraft.html |archive-date=26 July 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> The armed ATR 72 TMPA variant was developed in cooperation with [[Turkish Aerospace Industries]] (TAI), and incorporated additional sensors and mission systems to perform its intended combat role.<ref name="p72 del 2016" /> During 2013, the two ATR 72-600 TMUA aircraft were delivered to the Turkish Navy.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/turkish-navy-receives-first-utility-roled-atr-72-600-388689/ "Turkish navy receives first utility-roled ATR 72-600."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005935/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/turkish-navy-receives-first-utility-roled-atr-72-600-388689/ |date=3 December 2013 }} ''Reed Business Information Limited'', Retrieved: 26 December 2014.</ref> The first ATR 72-600 TMPA was delivered in December 2020 and the second one in March 2021 was already in service with Turkish Navy.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=TAI Delivers Second Locally-Converted Leonardo ATR-72 ASW Patrol Aircraft to Navy|url=https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29118/TAI_Delivers_Second_Locally_Converted_Leonardo_ATR_72_ASW_Patrol_Aircraft_to_Navy#.YEjekTiWzIU|access-date=2021-03-25|website=defenseworld.net|archive-date=21 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121004354/https://www.defenseworld.net/news/29118/TAI_Delivers_Second_Locally_Converted_Leonardo_ATR_72_ASW_Patrol_Aircraft_to_Navy#.YEjekTiWzIU|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of May 2021, 3 ATR 72-600 TMUA aircraft are being operated by the Turkish Navy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-10|title=Third Aircraft in MELTEM-3 Project Commenced Service with a Ceremony|url=https://www.raillynews.com/2021/05/The-third-plane-in-the-meltem-3-project-was-put-into-service-with-the-organized-ceremony/|access-date=2021-05-10|website=RayHaber {{!}} RaillyNews|language=en|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060303/https://www.raillynews.com/2021/05/The-third-plane-in-the-meltem-3-project-was-put-into-service-with-the-organized-ceremony/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Italian Air Force ===
The [[Italian Air Force]] selected the ATR 72-600 MP,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Brochure ATR 72MP, sito internet Leonardo|url=https://www.leonardocompany.com/documents/20142/3150764/ATR+72MP_brochure_ENG_new.pdf?t=1602249119946|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210904235017/https://www.leonardocompany.com/documents/20142/3150764/ATR+72MP_brochure_ENG_new.pdf?t=1602249119946 |archive-date=4 September 2021 }}</ref> designated as the ''P-72A'', to serve as a multirole [[maritime patrol]], [[Signals intelligence|electronic surveillance]] and [[Command and control#Derivative terms|C4]] platform. The original Italian requirement for a [[Breguet Atlantic]] replacement had also called for ASW and [[anti-surface warfare]] (ASuW) capabilities, however, during 2014, the contract was renegotiated to a configuration that excluded these capabilities.<ref name="p72 del 2016" /> An anticipated variant for ASW and ASuW operations may later be pursued; accordingly, provisions were made to allow for the four P-72As on order to be adapted to the ASW configuration.<ref name="fli MPA 2015">Perry, Dominic. [https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/alenia-aermacchi-p-72a-mpa-tests-near-completion-417697/ "Alenia Aermacchi P-72A MPA tests near completion."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730223716/https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/alenia-aermacchi-p-72a-mpa-tests-near-completion-417697/ |date=30 July 2017 }} ''Flight International'', 13 October 2015.</ref> In December 2016, the first pair of P-72A aircraft were delivered to the Italian Air Force.<ref name="p72 del 2016">Pocock, Chris. [https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2016-12-20/leonardo-delivers-atr-72-maritime-patrollers-italy "Leonardo Delivers ATR 72 Maritime Patrollers to Italy."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731023850/https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2016-12-20/leonardo-delivers-atr-72-maritime-patrollers-italy |date=31 July 2017 }} ''AIN Online'', 20 December 2016.</ref> The last aircraft was delivered to the Italian Air Force in February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=41° Stormo, Sigonella: consegnato il quarto velivolo P72A|url=http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/comunicazione/notizie/Pagine/consegna-quarto-P72A-a-Sigonella-41%C2%B0-Stormo-Aeronautica-Militare.aspx|access-date=2021-03-25|website=aeronautica.difesa.it|language=it-IT|archive-date=17 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417212938/http://www.aeronautica.difesa.it/comunicazione/notizie/Pagine/consegna-quarto-P72A-a-Sigonella-41%C2%B0-Stormo-Aeronautica-Militare.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Guardia di Finanza ===
A single ATR 72 MP was ordered by Italy's paramilitary [[Guardia di Finanza]] (GdF) in July 2019, followed by an order for a further three ATR 72s in October 2019. The aircraft, called P-72B by Guardia di Finanza,<ref>{{Cite web|title=First two P-72Bs delivered to Italy's Guardia di Finanza|url=https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/27-11-2019-first-two-p-72bs-delivered-to-italy-s-guardia-di-finanza|access-date=2021-03-25|website=leonardocompany.com|language=en-US|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305011212/https://www.leonardocompany.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/27-11-2019-first-two-p-72bs-delivered-to-italy-s-guardia-di-finanza|url-status=live}}</ref> will supplement the GdF's existing force of four ATR-42s in the border surveillance, maritime patrol and search and rescue roles.<ref name="ai1219p13">{{cite magazine |last=Pittaway |first=Nigel |title=Guardia di Finanza orders more ATR 72MPs |magazine=[[Air International]] |date=December 2019 |volume=97 |issue=6 |page=13 |issn=0306-5634 }}</ref>

=== FedEx Express ===
On 8 November 2017, [[FedEx Express]] launched the -600 cargo variant with 30 firm orders plus 20 options, in a freighter configuration from the factory.<ref name=PR8nov2017>{{cite press release |url= http://www.atraircraft.com/newsroom/pressrelease/fedex-express-s-engage-a-acheter-jusqu-a-50-nouveaux-avions-cargo-atr-72-600f-1463-en.html |title= FedEx Express buys up to 50 new ATR 72-600F freighters Wednesday |date= 8 November 2017 |publisher= ATR |access-date= 8 November 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171108205908/http://www.atraircraft.com/newsroom/pressrelease/fedex-express-s-engage-a-acheter-jusqu-a-50-nouveaux-avions-cargo-atr-72-600f-1463-en.html |archive-date= 8 November 2017 |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== Deliveries and prices ===
As of September 2018, 187 early variants had been produced with 172 operated by 55 [[airline|carriers]], 365 -500s were delivered with more than 350 in service at 75 operators, 444 -600s were produced and are operated by 74 carriers with a backlog of {{#expr:675-444}} orders.
By then, with more than 60 -500s and 40 -600s in storage, new aircraft leases fell to $130,000 per month from $170,000.
The -600 list price of $26.8M is typically discounted by 25% for a ${{#expr:26.8*.75round1}}M value, a 2012 aircraft is valued $13.3M and leased $115,000, falling to $10.2M and $100,000 in 2021, a [[D check]] costs $0.5M and the [[engine overhaul]] costs $0.3-1.0M.<ref name=AVN12nov2018>{{cite news |url= http://www.aircraftvaluenews.com/market-for-atr72-600s-weakens-with-age/ |title= Market for ATR72-600s Weakens with Age |author= Aircraft Value News |date= 12 November 2018 |access-date= 14 November 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181114224736/http://www.aircraftvaluenews.com/market-for-atr72-600s-weakens-with-age/ |archive-date= 14 November 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref>

=== Failed bids ===
The ATR 72 was a candidate to replace the [[German Navy]]'s [[Lockheed P-3 Orion|P-3]], at least as a stopgap solution from 2025 to 2032.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Bundeswehr-sucht-neue-Seefernaufklaerer-article21850382.html|title=Bundeswehr sucht neue Seefernaufklärer|access-date=19 April 2021|archive-date=4 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704234210/https://www.n-tv.de/politik/Bundeswehr-sucht-neue-Seefernaufklaerer-article21850382.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Germany ultimately selected the [[P-8A Poseidon]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/germany-five-boeing-p-8a-poseidon-aircraft/|title=Germany signs deal to procure five Boeing P-8A Poseidon aircraft|first=Aninda|last=Chakraborty|date=1 July 2021}}</ref>

== Variants ==
[[File:Aurigny.atr72-200.g-bwda.arp.jpg|thumb|Early ATR 72-200/210 series have four-bladed propellers]]
[[File:ATR 72-212A(500), Air Dolomiti JP7588385.jpg|thumb|Later ATR 72-500/600 series have six-bladed propellers]]
[[File:ATR ATR-72-600 (ATR-72-212A), Royal Air Maroc Express AN1952510.jpg|thumb|An ATR 72-600 cockpit]]
[[File:ATR ATR-72-600 (ATR-72-212A), Royal Air Maroc Express AN2088120.jpg|thumb|ATR 72-600 cabin]]

=== ATR 72-100 ===
Two subtypes were marketed as the 100 series (-100).{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
;ATR 72–101
:Initial production variant with front and rear passenger doors, powered by two PW124B engines and certified in September 1989.
;ATR 72–102
:Initial production variant with a front cargo door and a rear passenger door, powered by two PW124B engines and certified in December 1989.

=== ATR 72-200 ===

Two sub-types were marketed as the 200 series (-200). The -200 was the original production version, powered by [[Pratt & Whitney Canada]] [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100|PW124B]] engines rated at {{convert|2400|shp|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.atraircraft.com/atr72200_210_ok.htm "ATR 72-200."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202065435/http://www.atraircraft.com/atr72200_210_ok.htm |date=2 February 2007 }} ''atraircraft.com''. Retrieved: 15 April 2015.</ref>
;ATR 72-201
:Higher maximum take-off weight variant of the -101, a PW124B-powered variant certified in September 1989.
;{{visible anchor|ATR 72-202}}
:Higher maximum take-off weight variant of the -102, a PW124B-powered variant certified in December 1989.

=== ATR 72-210 ===
Two subtypes were marketed as the 210 series (-210): the -211 (and with an enlarged cargo door, called the -212) is a -200 with [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100|PW127]] engines producing {{convert|2750|shp|abbr=on}} each for improved performance in hot and high-altitude conditions. The subtypes differ in the type of doors and emergency exits.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
;ATR 72-211
:PW127-powered variant certified in December 1992.
;ATR 72-212
:PW127-powered variant certified in December 1992.

=== ATR 72-212A ===
Certified in January 1997 and fitted with either [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW100|PW127F]] or [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127M|PW127M]] engines, the -212A is an upgraded version of the -210 using six-bladed propellers on otherwise identical PW127F engines. Other improvements include higher maximum weights and superior performance, as well as greater automation of power management to ease pilot workload.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

;ATR 72-500
:Initial marketing name for the ATR 72-212A.

;{{vanchor|ATR 72-600}}
:[[File:Wings Air ATR 72-600 with special livery as the 50th delivered aircraft.jpg|thumb|[[Wings Air]] ATR 72-600 with special livery as the 50th delivered aircraft]]Marketing name for ATR 72-212A with different equipment fit. The -600 series aircraft was announced in October 2007; the first deliveries were planned for the second half of 2010.<ref>[http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/170506680.html "ATR 42/72-600."] ''entrepreneur.com.'' Retrieved: 17 November 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625085028/http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/170506680.html |date=25 June 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/atr-72-600-to-fly-early-this-summer/ "ATR 72-600 to fly early this summer."] ''AIN Online'', Retrieved: 17 November 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308120609/http://www.ainonline.com/news/single-news-page/article/atr-72-600-to-fly-early-this-summer/ |date=8 March 2009 }}</ref> The prototype ATR 72-600 first flew on 24 July 2009; it had been converted from an ATR 72-500.<ref name=First>[http://www.flugrevue.de/de/zivilluftfahrt/fluggeraete/atr-72-600-startet-zum-erstflug.12764.htm "ATR 72-600 startet zum Erstflug" (in German).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004044314/http://www.flugrevue.de/de/zivilluftfahrt/fluggeraete/atr-72-600-startet-zum-erstflug.12764.htm |date=4 October 2011 }} ''Flug Revue''. Retrieved: 27 July 2009.</ref>

:The ATR 72-600 features several improvements. It is powered by the new [[Pratt & Whitney Canada PW127M|PW127M]] engines, which enable a 5% increase in takeoff power via a "boost function" used only when called for by takeoff conditions. The flight deck features five wide [[LCD]] screens (improving on the [[EFIS]] of earlier versions). A multi-purpose computer (MPC) aims at increasing flight safety and operational capabilities, and new [[Thales Group|Thales]]-made [[avionics]] provide [[Required Navigation Performance]] (RNP) capabilities. It also features lighter seats and larger overhead baggage bins. In December 2015, the EASA approved a new high-density seating layout, raising the maximum capacity from 74 to 78 seats.<ref name="ainonline.com"/>
:During the 2021 Dubai Airshow in mid-November 2021, ATR debuted the new ATR 72-600 engine which is powered by new PW127XT powerplants with 20% lower maintenance cost and 3% lower fuel consumption than the predecessor PW127M powerplant.<ref name="Buyck"/>

=== ATR 72-600 HighLine Editions ===
The ATR 72-600 HighLine is the same as the ATR 72-600 however it featured an executive cabin layout.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

=== ATR 72MP ===
[[File:P-72A.jpg|thumb|ATR 72MP of Italian Air Force]]
The ATR 72MP is an ATR 72-600 derivative developed by [[Leonardo S.p.A.|Leonardo]] for [[search and rescue]], [[maritime patrol]], [[command and control]], communication, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance ([[Command and control#Derivative terms|C4ISR]]).
Leonardo Electronics designed its ''Airborne Tactical Observation and Surveillance'' (ATOS) backbone to manage its sensors, combine their output in a [[Military tactics|tactical]] situation presented on up to four [[workstation]]s.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

The main sensors are
* a multimode [[radar]], also with [[Active Electronically Scanned Array|active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) like the [[Leonardo Electronics Seaspray 7300]];
* an [[Electro-optical sensor|electro-optical turret]] (EO/IR);
* an [[Automatic Identification System|automatic identification system]] (AIS);
* an airborne search and rescue direction finder (ASARS DF).

A tactical display is added to the [[glass cockpit]] and can be integrated with [[Inertial navigation system|INS]]/[[GPS]] positioning systems and [[IFF transponder]].
Three U/[[Airband|VHF radios]], one [[HF radio]] and a wideband [[Communications satellite|SATCOM]] are used for communications. Other sensors, systems and communications equipment can be integrated, like an [[Electronic warfare support measures|electronic support measure]] (ESM) system. A [[Defensive aids system|defensive aids sub-system]] (DASS) is optionally available for operation in hostile areas.<ref name=":1" />

; ATR 72 ASW
: The ATR 72 ASW integrates the ATR 72 MP ([[Maritime Patrol]]) mission system with similar on-board equipment, but with additional [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) capabilities. A variant of the -600<ref name=":1" /> (itself a version of the maritime patrol model of the ATR 42-600)<ref name=":1" /> is also in production.<ref>[http://www.atraircraft.com/atrasw.htm "ASW variant."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202065333/http://www.atraircraft.com/atrasw.htm |date=2 February 2007 }} ''ATR'', Retrieved: 17 November 2012.</ref> For the ASW and ASuW missions, it is armed with lightweight [[aerial torpedo]]es.<ref>[http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/articles/20081230.aspx "Naval Air: Twins Rule The Seas."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081231125401/http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/articles/20081230.aspx |date=31 December 2008 }} ''Strategypage.com'', 30 December 2008. Retrieved: 20 November 2010.</ref><ref name=":0" /> They are equipped with the [[Thales Group|Thales]] AMASCOS (Airborne Maritime Situation and Control System) surveillance system as well as [[electronic warfare]] and [[reconnaissance]] systems, enabling the type to perform maritime [[search and rescue]] duties.<ref>[http://www.deagel.com/Maritime-Patrol-Aircraft/ATR-72-ASW_a000090004.aspx "ATR 72-500ASW."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120010743/http://www.deagel.com/Maritime-Patrol-Aircraft/ATR-72-ASW_a000090004.aspx |date=20 November 2008 }} ''deagel.com''. Retrieved: 17 November 2012.</ref>

; ATR 72-600 MAR
: The ATR 72-600 MAR is an unarmed maritime surveillance version equipped with ELI-3360MPA system designed by [[Elbit Systems]] for the [[Philippine Air Force]]. Its capabilities are airborne ocean surface surveillance, telemetry recording and relay. Modified with AN/APS-143 Multi-Mode X-Band Maritime Surveillance Radar with Integrated IFF Interrogator to detect objects in the [[South China Sea]] and [[Benham Rise]], the aircraft can detect a person in a life raft up to 128 km away in the water. It downlinks this telemetry data to a ground-based surveillance center which is to be integrated to the National Coast Watch Center system. It has the capability to relay four airborne UHF frequencies over the horizon to ground sites. Additional Mission Management System (MMS), L-3 Wescam MX-20HD electro-optical sensor system for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) capabilities.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 July 2023 |title=Elbit to Supply Two Patrol Aircraft to Asia Pacific Country |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/07/elbit-to-supply-two-patrol-aircraft-to-asia-pacific-country/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230711132254/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2023/07/elbit-to-supply-two-patrol-aircraft-to-asia-pacific-country/ |archive-date=11 July 2023 |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=Naval News}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Boguslavsky |first1=Eyal |date=19 December 2023 |title=Philippine Air Force to Purchase Two Maritime Patrol Aircraft with Elbit Systems |url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/60662 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240816005833/https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/60662 |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=Israel Defense}}</ref>

; -600F
:A purpose-built [[cargo aircraft|freighter variant]] of the -600, 8 November 2017 launch with 30 firm orders from FedEx plus 20 options.<ref name=PR8nov2017 /> The first flight of the variant took place on 16 September 2020;<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.atraircraft.com/newsroom/pressrelease/first-ever-purpose-built-regional-freighter-takes-flight-1597-en.html |title= First Ever Purpose-Built Regional Freighter Takes Flight |date= 16 September 2020 |publisher= ATR |access-date= 6 October 2020 |archive-date= 3 October 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201003045018/http://www.atraircraft.com/newsroom/pressrelease/first-ever-purpose-built-regional-freighter-takes-flight-1597-en.html }}</ref> it was EASA certified by early December.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/easa-certifies-atr-72-600-freighter/141441.article |title= EASA certifies ATR 72-600 freighter |author= David Kaminski-Morrow |date= 3 December 2020 |work= Flightglobal |archive-date= 3 December 2020 |access-date= 3 December 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201203133851/https://www.flightglobal.com/air-transport/easa-certifies-atr-72-600-freighter/141441.article |url-status= live }}</ref> In December 2020, FedEx Express received the first one of its order of 30, to be operated by [[ASL Airlines Ireland]] between [[Paris Charles de Gaulle]] and the [[Czech Republic]].<ref name=Flight15dec2020 /> FedEx should receive six aircraft per year until 2025, later freighters will fly in the US and in Latin America.<ref name=Flight15dec2020 /> Compared to the passenger airliner, windows are removed, the floor is reinforced and a large front cargo door is added to load seven [[LD3]] containers.<ref name=Flight15dec2020 /> ATR forecasts a market for 460 converted or new-build turboprop freighters over 20 years.<ref name="Flight15dec2020">{{cite news |author=Dominic Perry |date=15 December 2020 |title=FedEx takes first line-built ATR 72-600 Freighter |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airframers/fedex-takes-first-line-built-atr-72-600-freighter/141617.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240816010049/https://www.flightglobal.com/airframers/fedex-takes-first-line-built-atr-72-600-freighter/141617.article |archive-date=16 August 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024 |work=Flightglobal}}</ref>

=== Other versions ===
[[File:ATR 3.jpg|thumb|A [[FedEx Express]] Bulk Freighter with its cargo door open and parking tail stand in place]]

; Cargo
: Bulk Freighter (tube versions) and ULD Freighter (Large Cargo Door). ATR unveiled a large cargo door modification for all ATR 72 at [[Farnborough Airshow|Farnborough 2002]], coupled with a dedicated cargo conversion. [[FedEx]], [[DHL Aviation|DHL]], and [[United Parcel Service|UPS]] all operate the type.<ref>[http://www.atraircraft.com/cargo_sol.htm "ATR Cargo Solutions."] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070408082107/http://www.atraircraft.com/cargo_sol.htm |date=8 April 2007 }} ''atraircraft.com''. Retrieved: 17 November 2012.</ref>

[[File:ATR 72-600F (FREIGHTER).jpg|thumb|Purpose-Built ATR 72-600F first flight on 16 September 2020]]

; Corporate
: A VIP version of the -500 is available with a luxury interior for executive or corporate transport.<ref>[http://www.atr.fr/public/atr/html/products/products.php?aid=519&pid=30422 "ATR Corporate Version."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114112534/http://atr.fr/public/atr/html/products/products.php?aid=519&pid=30422 |date=14 November 2008 }} ''atr.fr.'' Retrieved: 17 November 2012.</ref>

; ATR 82
: During the mid-1980s, the company investigated a 78-seat derivative of the ATR 72. This would have been powered by two [[Allison AE2100]] turboprops (turbofans were also studied for a time) and would have had a cruising speed as high as {{convert|330|kn|km/h mph}}. The ATR-82 project (as it was dubbed) was suspended when [[Aero International (Regional)|AI(R)]] was formed in early 1996.{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}

; ATR 82 TF
: ATR also studied a turbofan version of the proposed ATR 82 (stretched version of the ATR 72) in the early 1990s. Powered by either the [[Allison AE 3007|Allison GMA 3007]] or the [[General Electric CF34]], the aircraft would have a range of about {{cvt|1,000|nmi}} and cruise at {{cvt|375|kn|km/h mph}} at an altitude of {{cvt|25,000|ft}}.<ref name="CRAN19920706">{{cite newsletter |issn=1040-5402 |work=Commuter Regional Airline News |title=Aerospatiale/Alenia studies ATR-82 turbofan |publication-date=6 July 1992 |pages=1+ |volume=10 |number=27 |id={{Gale|A12332810}}}}</ref>

; ATR Quick Change
: This proposed version targeted the increasing demand of worldwide cargo and express mail markets, where the aim is to allow operators to supplement their passengers flights with freighter flights. In Quick Change configuration, the smoke detector is equipped alongside other modifications required in order to meet the certification for full freight operations. The aircraft was equipped with a larger cargo door (1.27 m [50 in] wide and 1.52 m [60 in] high) and low door-sill height of an average 1.2 m (4 ft), facilitating containerised freight loading. It takes 30 minutes to convert the ATR 42, and 45 minutes to convert the ATR 72. Each optimized container has {{convert|2.8|m3|abbr=on}} of usable volume and maximum payload is 435 kg (960 lb).<ref>[http://www.atraircraft.com/products/derivatives.html "ATR Quick Change."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120065031/http://www.atraircraft.com/products/derivatives.html |date=20 November 2011 }} ''ATR'', Retrieved: 17 November 2012.</ref>

== Major operators ==
[[File:PK-WFU.jpg|thumb|An ATR 72–500 of [[Wings Air]], the largest operators of the type]]

=== Civilian operators ===
See [[List of ATR 72 operators]].

:
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Airline operators with more than 15 aircraft
! Airline !! 100 !! 200F !! 500 !! 600
!600F!! Total
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Wings Air]] ([[Lion Air Group|Lion Group]])|| – || – || 18 || 59 || – || 77 <ref>{{cite magazine |title=Global Airline Guide 2025 - Wings Air |magazine=Airliner World |date=September 2025 |page=62}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Indigo Air]]|| – || – || – || 48 || – || 48<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.goindigo.in/aircraft-and-fleet.html |title=Seat map and aircraft information {{!}} IndiGo |access-date=29 August 2025 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002011009/https://www.goindigo.in/aircraft-and-fleet.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[FedEx Express]] || – || 19 || – || – || 24 || 43
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Azul Brazilian Airlines]] || – || – || – || 40
| – || 40<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/128817-brazils-azul-orders-three-atr72-600s |title=Brazil's Azul orders three ATR72-600s |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214041809/https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/128817-brazils-azul-orders-three-atr72-600s |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Air New Zealand]] || – || – || – || 31
| – || 31 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.airnewzealand.co.nz/fleet |title=Operating fleet - About Air New Zealand |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213182840/https://www.airnewzealand.co.nz/fleet |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Cebgo]]|| – || – || 7 || 13 || 1 || 21<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cebupacificair.com/en-PH/pages/about/our-story/our-fleet/ |title=Cebu Pacific Air |access-date=17 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]|| – || – || – || 18 || – || 18<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allianceair.in/our-fleet|title=Alliance Air Fleet|website=allianceair.in|access-date=2022-08-01|archive-date=5 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205215323/https://allianceair.in/our-fleet|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Swiftair]] || – || 6 || 3 || 5 || 4 || 18<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Global Airline Guide 2025 - Swiftair |magazine=Airliner World |date=September 2025 |page=75}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Buddha Air]] || – || – || 16 || – || – || 16 <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/buddha-air-adds-19th-atr-aircraft-in-its-fleet-67539d2f8c932.html |title=Buddha Air adds 19th ATR aircraft to its fleet |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214045414/https://www.myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/buddha-air-adds-19th-atr-aircraft-in-its-fleet-67539d2f8c932.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[Air Algérie]]|| – || 12 || – || 3 || – || 15<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://airalgerie.dz/en/travel-experience/our-fleet/ |title=our fleet - Algérie |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317144524/https://airalgerie.dz/en/travel-experience/our-fleet/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | [[UTair Aviation|UTair]]|| – || – || 15 || – || – || 15<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bangkokair.com/about-bangkokairways/our-fleet/ |title=Bangkok Airways - Asia's Boutique Airline |access-date=17 December 2024 |archive-date=14 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214043046/https://www.bangkokair.com/about-bangkokairways/our-fleet |url-status=live }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=November 2025}}
|-
|}

=== Military operators ===
;{{ITA}}
* [[Italian Air Force]]<ref name="World Air Forces 2025">{{cite web |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=106507 |title= World Air Forces 2025 |publisher= Flightglobal Insight |year= 2024 |access-date= 10 December 2024 |archive-date= 4 December 2024 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20241204194054/https://www.flightglobal.com/download?ac=106507 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/aeronautica-militare-p72-italian-air-force|title=Leonardo Delivers First Two P-72As to the Italian Air Force; the Future Guardian of the Mediterranean Is Ready|publisher=Leonardo-Finmeccanica|location=Rome|date=13 December 2016|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217172548/http://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/aeronautica-militare-p72-italian-air-force|archive-date=17 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Guardia di Finanza]]<ref name="ai1219p13" />
;{{MAS}}
* [[Royal Malaysian Air Force]] - [[Maritime patrol aircraft]] on order.<ref name="World Air Forces 2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Leonardo signs contract with Malaysia for two ATR 72 MPA |url=https://www.leonardo.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/25-05-2023-leonardo-signs-contract-with-malaysia-for-two-atr-72-mpa |access-date=2023-10-22 |website=leonardo.com |language=en-US |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125215144/https://www.leonardo.com/en/press-release-detail/-/detail/25-05-2023-leonardo-signs-contract-with-malaysia-for-two-atr-72-mpa |url-status=live }}</ref>

;{{PAK}}
* [[Pakistan Navy]]<ref name="World Air Forces 2025" /><ref name="AFMAPR13">"Pakistan Navy acquires second-hand ATR72." ''[[AirForces Monthly]]'' ([[Key Publishing]] [[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford]], Lincolnshire, England), April 2013, p. 26.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aerodata.de/en/news/news.html|title=News|website=aerodata.de|language=en|access-date=2018-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720110153/https://www.aerodata.de/en/news/news.html|archive-date=20 July 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janes.com/article/89795/pakistan-navy-receives-second-atr-72-mpa |title=Pakistan Navy receives second ATR-72 MPA |access-date=10 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710222416/https://www.janes.com/article/89795/pakistan-navy-receives-second-atr-72-mpa/ |archive-date=10 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2022-09-29 |title=New ATR-77 plane inducted to Pakistan Navy fleet |url=https://arynews.tv/new-atr-77-plane-inducted-to-pakistan-navy-fleet/ |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929185052/https://arynews.tv/new-atr-77-plane-inducted-to-pakistan-navy-fleet/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

;{{PHL}}
* [[Philippine Air Force]] - [[Maritime patrol aircraft]] on order.<ref name="World Air Forces 2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kadidal |first=Akhil |date=25 July 2023 |title=Philippines confirms LRPA acquisition |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/philippines-confirms-lrpa-acquisition |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022010925/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/philippines-confirms-lrpa-acquisition |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Janes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=Elbit and the Long Range Patrol Aircraft (LRPA) Project of the Philippine Air Force |url=https://www.pitzdefanalysis.net/2023/09/Elbit-and-the-LRPA-project-of-Philippine-Air-Force.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022011008/https://www.pitzdefanalysis.net/2023/09/Elbit-and-the-LRPA-project-of-Philippine-Air-Force.html |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Pitz Defense Analysis}}</ref> With Elbit Systems supplying ELI-3360.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://globalnation.inquirer.net/245042/paf-to-get-israeli-made-long-range-patrol-aircraft | title=PAF to get Israeli-made long-range patrol aircraft | date=12 August 2024 | access-date=10 December 2024 | archive-date=10 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210070539/https://globalnation.inquirer.net/245042/paf-to-get-israeli-made-long-range-patrol-aircraft | url-status=live }}</ref>

;{{TUR}}
* [[Turkish Navy]]<ref name="World Air Forces 2025" /><ref name="fiwaf12 p62">Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory". ''[[Flight International]]'', Vol. 182, No. 5370, 11–17 December 2012. ISSN 0015-3710, p. 62.</ref><ref>[http://www.navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/july-2013-navy-world-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-news/1157--alenia-aermacchi-delivers-first-atr72-600-tmua-to-turkish-navy.html "Alenia Aermacchi delivers first ATR72-600 TMUA to Turkish Navy."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819234735/http://navyrecognition.com/index.php/news/defence-news/year-2013-news/july-2013-navy-world-naval-forces-maritime-industry-technology-news/1157--alenia-aermacchi-delivers-first-atr72-600-tmua-to-turkish-navy.html |date=19 August 2013 }} ''navyrecognition.com'', 24 July 2013. Retrieved: 15 April 2015.</ref>

== Accidents and incidents ==
[[File:American Eagle Flight 4184 crashsite.jpg|thumb|Remains of [[American Eagle Flight 4184]], the first fatal accident involving the ATR 72]]
[[File:Yeti Airlines crash in Pokhara 2023.jpg|thumb|Remains of [[Yeti Airlines Flight 691]], the deadliest accident involving the ATR 72]]
The ATR 72 has been involved in 66 [[aviation accidents and incidents]],<ref>{{cite web |url= https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/ATR-72/database |title= Accident list: ATR 72 |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |access-date= 17 January 2023 |archive-date= 17 January 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230117090021/https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/ATR-72/database |url-status= live }}</ref> including 40 [[hull loss]]es,<ref>{{cite web |url= https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/ATR-72/losses |title= Accident list: ATR 72 (losses) |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |access-date= 17 January 2023 |archive-date= 25 February 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190225223547/https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/ATR-72/losses |url-status= live }}</ref> resulting in {{#expr:68+4+2+16+1+68+33+49+48+43+66+72+62}} fatalities.<ref name=ASN-occurrences /> As of August 2024, there have been 13 accidents with at least one fatality reported. The first fatal accident involving the aircraft was [[American Eagle Flight 4184]] on 31 October 1994, with 68 fatalities, while the most recent accident occurred on 9 August 2024 when [[Voepass Linhas Aéreas Flight 2283]] crashed resulting in 62 fatalities.<ref name=ASNstats>{{cite web |url= https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/ATR-72/statistics |title= ATR-72 Statistics |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |access-date= 2 July 2018 |archive-date= 2 July 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175648/https://aviation-safety.net/database/types/ATR-72/statistics |url-status= live }}</ref>

{{incomplete list|date=October 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Accidents involving the aircraft<ref name="ASN-occurrences">{{cite web |url= https://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?sorteer=casualties,datekey&kind=%&cat=A1%&page=1&field=typecode&var=011% |title= occurrences in the ASN safety database |publisher= Flight Safety Foundation |access-date= 17 January 2023 |archive-date= 10 October 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231010040107/https://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?sorteer=casualties,datekey&kind=%&cat=A1%&page=1&field=typecode&var=011% |url-status= live }}</ref>
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 10%" | Date
! scope="col" style="width: 16%" | Flight
! scope="col" style="width: 3%" | Variant
! scope="col" style="width: 3%" | {{Abbr|Fat.|Fatalities}}
! scope="col" style="width: 3%" | {{Abbr|Surv.|Survivors}}
! scope="col" style="width: 22%" | Location
! scope="col" style="width: 43%" | Event
|-
| 31 Oct 1994 || [[American Eagle Flight 4184|American Eagle 4184]] || -212 || 68 || 0 || United States, near [[Roselawn, IN]]
| Atmospheric icing resulting in a loss of control and crash.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/324871 | title=Accident ATR 72-212 N401AM, Monday 31 October 1994 | access-date=11 August 2024 | archive-date=11 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811105221/https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/324871 | url-status=live }}</ref> Inadequate documentation.
|-
| 30 Jan 1995 || [[TransAsia Airways Flight 510A|TransAsia 510A]] || -202 || 4 || 0 || Taiwan, near [[Taipei]]
| Crashed into a hillside, the four crew died.<ref>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19950130-0 "Accident description of TransAsia Airways incident."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314010430/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19950130-0|date=14 March 2014}} ''Aviation Safety Network (ASN)'', 30 January 1995. Retrieved: 6 August 2014.</ref> Failure to maintain situational awareness and cross check navigation.
|-
| 21 Dec 2002 || [[TransAsia Airways Flight 791|TransAsia 791]] || -202 || 2 || 0 || Taiwan, near [[Makung City]]
| Crashed due to icing, both crew died.<ref>[http://www.asc.gov.tw/asc_en/accident_list_2.asp?accident_no=85 "Council-Occurrence Investigations."] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726154359/http://www.asc.gov.tw/asc_en/accident_list_2.asp?accident_no=85 |date=26 July 2014 }} ''Aviation Safety'', Retrieved: 17 November 2012.</ref> Incorrect procedures.
|-
| 6 Aug 2005 || [[Tuninter Flight 1153|Tuninter 1153]] || -202 || 16 || 23 || Italy, near [[Palermo]]
| Ditched due to fuel exhaustion caused by maintenance installing inappropriate indicators.<ref name="Avsafetynetworktuninter">[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050806-0 "ASN Aircraft accident ATR-72-202 TS-LBB Palermo-Punta Raisi Airport (PMO)."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217014053/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20050806-0 |date=17 December 2017 }} ''Aviation-safety.net'', Retrieved: 20 November 2010.</ref>
|-
| 4 Aug 2009 || [[Bangkok Airways Flight 266|Bangkok Airways 266]] || -500 || 1 || 71 || Thailand, [[Koh Samui]] Airport
| Skid into a disused tower, the captain died.
|-
| 4 Nov 2010 || [[Aero Caribbean Flight 883|Aero Caribbean 883]] || -212 || 68 || 0 || Cuba, near [[Guasimal]]
| Crashed due to icing and bad crew decisions.<ref name=ASN041110>[http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20101104-0 "Accident description."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108073633/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20101104-0 |date=8 November 2010 }} ''Aviation-safety.net.'' Retrieved: 5 November 2010.</ref><ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cuban-plane-crash-kills-all-68-aboard-1.969689 "Cuban plane crash kills all 68 aboard."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101106022636/https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/cuban-plane-crash-kills-all-68-aboard-1.969689 |date=6 November 2010 }} ''Cbc.ca,'' 5 November 2010. Retrieved: 20 November 2010.</ref>
|-
| 2 Apr 2012 || [[UTair Flight 120|UTair 120]] || -201 || 33 || 10 || Russia, [[Tyumen Airport]]
| Crashed soon after takeoff.<ref>[https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=ru&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itar-tass.com%2Fc1%2F398286.html " До 33 возросло число жертв авиакатастрофы под Тюменью Increased to 33 the number of victims of the crash near Tyumen."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517125323/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=ru&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itar-tass.com%2Fc1%2F398286.html |date=17 May 2017 }} ''ITAR-TASS News Agency.'' Retrieved: 17 November 2012.</ref> Incorrect deicing procedures.
|-
| 16 Oct 2013 || [[Lao Airlines Flight 301|Lao Airlines 301]] || -600 || 49 || 0 || Laos, near [[Pakse International Airport|Pakse Airport]]
| Crashed into the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] while on approach.<ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24554128 "Laos crash: 49 dead as plane goes down in Mekong River."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180718110502/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-24554128 |date=18 July 2018 }} ''BBC News'', 16 October 2013.</ref> Incorrect procedures.
|-
| 23 Jul 2014 || [[TransAsia Airways Flight 222|TransAsia 222]] || -500 || 48 || 10 || Taiwan near [[Magong Airport]]
| Crashed while landing.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/24/world/asia/taiwan-plane-crash/ "Taiwan plane crash kills 48, injures 10."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726060426/http://www.cnn.com/2014/07/24/world/asia/taiwan-plane-crash/ |date=26 July 2014 }} ''cnn.com'', 24 July 2014. Retrieved: 15 April 2015.</ref> Incorrect procedures.
|-
| 4 Feb 2015 || [[TransAsia Airways Flight 235|TransAsia 235]] || -600 || 43 || 15 || Taiwan, [[Keelung River|Keelung]] near [[Taipei Songshan Airport|Taipei]]
| Engine failed after takeoff, crashed into water upside down after remaining engine shut down by mistake.
|-
| 18 Feb 2018 || [[Iran Aseman Airlines Flight 3704|Iran Aseman 3704]] || -212 || 66 || 0 || Iran, near [[Yasuj Airport]]
| Crashed into [[Dena|Mount Dena]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20180218-0 |title=ASN Aircraft accident ATR 72-212 EP-ATS Yasuj Airport (YES) |website=aviation-safety.net |access-date=25 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220173321/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20180218-0 |archive-date=20 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Incorrect procedures.
|-
|15 Jan 2023
|[[Yeti Airlines Flight 691|Yeti Airlines 691]]
| -500
| 72
| 0
|Nepal, [[Pokhara]]
|Crashed while landing after banking sharply to the left with mistakenly [[Propeller (aeronautics)#Feathering|feathered]] propellers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Gopal |date=2023-01-16 |title=Search resumes for four people missing in Nepal after deadly air crash |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/search-resumes-for-four-people-missing-in-nepal-after-deadly-air-crash-20230116-p5ccvc.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116050200/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/search-resumes-for-four-people-missing-in-nepal-after-deadly-air-crash-20230116-p5ccvc.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 9 Aug 2024 || [[Voepass Linhas Aéreas Flight 2283|Voepass Linhas Aéreas 2283]] || -500 || 62 || 0 || Brazil, near [[Vinhedo]] || Crashed after abruptly falling from cruising altitude, videos show the plane in a [[Flat spin (aviation)|flat spin]] before impact. All 62 passenger and crew bodies were recovered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brazil plane crash: All 62 bodies recovered after disaster |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gzpl2j260o |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB |archive-date=12 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240812121025/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c4gzpl2j260o |url-status=live }}</ref> The preliminary report states "after encountering icing conditions, control of the aircraft was lost and it crashed into the ground".<ref>{{cite web |title=Preliminary Report |url=https://dedalo.sti.fab.mil.br/en/85259 |website=Informações da ocorrência aeronáutica |publisher=Centro de Investigação e Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos |access-date=17 September 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907183759/https://dedalo.sti.fab.mil.br/en/85259 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== Specifications ==
[[File:ATR family v1.0.png|thumb|Line drawings of ATR 72 and shorter ATR 42 aircraft]]
{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
|-
!Model
!ATR 72-200<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATR 72-200 Data Summary |url=https://www.atr-aircraft.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/72-200.pdf |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=ATR |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127231716/https://www.atr-aircraft.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/72-200.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
!ATR-72-210<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATR 72-210 Data Summary |url=https://www.atr-aircraft.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/72-210.pdf |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=ATR |archive-date=3 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003064259/http://www.atr-aircraft.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/72-210.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
!ATR 72-500<ref>{{Cite web |title=ATR 72-500 Data Summary |url=https://www.atr-aircraft.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/72-500.pdf |access-date=15 May 2024 |website=ATR |archive-date=10 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810035453/https://www.atr-aircraft.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/72-500.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
!ATR 72-600<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=ATR 72-600 Data Summary |url=https://www.atr-aircraft.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Factsheets_-_ATR_72-600.pdf |access-date=15 May 2024 |publisher=ATR |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328144518/http://www.atr-aircraft.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Factsheets_-_ATR_72-600.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|'''Crew'''
| colspan="4" | 4
|-
|'''Capacity'''
| colspan="3" |66@31"
|72@29"
|-
|'''Length'''
| colspan="4" |27.17 m
(89 ft 2 in)
|-
|'''Height'''
| colspan="4" |7.65 m
(25 ft 1 in)
|-
|'''Wingspan'''
| colspan="4" |27.05 m
(88 ft 9 in)
|-
|'''Wing area'''
| colspan="4" |61.0 m2(665 sq ft)
|-
|'''Aspect Ratio'''
| colspan="4" |12
|-
|'''Width'''
| colspan="4" |2.57 m
(8 ft 5 in) (cabin, maximum)
|-
|'''Max takeoff'''
'''weight'''
| colspan="3" |22,000 kg
(48,501 lb)
|23,000 kg
(50,265 lb)
|-
|'''Operating'''
'''empty'''
|12,400 kg
(27,337 lb)
|12,450 kg
(27,447 lb)
|12,950 kg
(28,549 lb)
|13,010 kg
(28,682 lb)
|-
|'''Max payload'''
| colspan="3" |7,000 kg
(15,432 lb)
|7,550 kg
(16,645 lb)
|-
|'''Max fuel'''
| colspan="4" |5,000 kg
(11,023 lb)
|-
|'''Engines (2x)'''
|PW124B
|PW127
|PW127F/M
|PW127M/N/XT
|-
|'''Unit power'''
|2,400 SHP
| colspan="3" |2,750 SHP
|-
|'''High speed'''
'''cruise'''
|278 kn
(515 km/h)
|279 kn
(517 km/h)
| colspan="2" |275 kn
(510 km/h)
|-
|'''Ceiling'''
| colspan="4" |7,600 m
(25,000 ft)
|-
|'''Range'''
'''(Max pax)'''
|{{Convert|862|nmi|km|abbr=unit}}
|{{Convert|791|nmi|km|abbr=unit}}
|{{Convert|772|nmi|km|abbr=unit}}
|{{Convert|758|nmi|km|abbr=unit}}
|-
|'''Takeoff'''
'''(MTOW, SL, ISA)'''
|1,409 m
(4623 ft)
|1,211 m
(3973 ft)
|1,224 m
(4,016 ft)
|1,279 m
(4,196 ft)
|-
|'''Landing'''
'''(MLW, SL)'''
|1,036 m
(3,399 ft)
|902 m
(2,959 ft)
|899 m
(2,949 ft)
|915 m
(3,002 ft)
|}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Aviation|Italy|France}}
{{Aircontent
|related=
* [[ATR 42]]
* [[ATR 52]]
|similar aircraft=
* [[De Havilland Canada Dash 8]] Series 400
* [[British Aerospace ATP]]
* [[EADS CASA C-295]]
* [[Fokker 50#Fokker 60|Fokker 60]]
* [[Ilyushin Il-114]]
* [[Xian MA700]]
|lists=
|see also=
}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

*{{cite magazine |last1=Thisdell |first1=Dan |last2=Seymour |first2=Chris |title=World Airliner Census |magazine=[[Flight International]] |date=30 July – 5 August 2019 |volume=196 |issue=5697 |pages=24–47 |issn=0015-3710 |ref={{harvid|Thisdell & Seymour ''Flight International'' 30 July – 5 August 2019}} }}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://www.atr-aircraft.com}}
* {{cite web |url= http://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/atr-72-asw |title= Anti-Submarine Warfare ATR-72 |publisher= Leonardo-Finmeccanica |access-date= 9 December 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20161220073322/http://www.leonardocompany.com/en/-/atr-72-asw |archive-date= 20 December 2016 }}
* {{cite news |url= http://www.globalaviationresource.com/reports/2009/atr72600.php |title= Launch of a New Generation – ATR 72-600 |date= 8 November 2009 |publisher= Global Aviation Resource}}

{{Alenia Aermacchi aircraft}}
{{Sud/Aérospatiale aircraft}}
{{Italian military aircraft}}
{{Thai transport aircraft designations}}

[[Category:ATR aircraft|072]]
[[Category:1980s international cargo aircraft]]
[[Category:1980s international airliners]]
[[Category:France–Italy relations]]
[[Category:High-wing aircraft]]
[[Category:T-tail aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft first flown in 1988]]
[[Category:Twin-turboprop tractor aircraft]]
[[Category:Aircraft with retractable tricycle landing gear]]

Parbat Pe Apna Dera

2026-03-03T23:14:58Z

Bharatman: started basic data v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Parbat Pe Apna Dera
| image = Parbat_Pe_Apna_Dera.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[V. Shantaram]]
| producer = V. Shantaram
| writer = Dewan Sharar
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]] [[Vanamala Pawar|Vanmala]] Shantarin Madan Mohan
| music = [[Vasant Desai]]
| cinematography = V. Avadhoot
| editing =
| studio = [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1944|08|08|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Parbat Pe Apna Dera''''' (On The Mountain We Live) is a [[Bollywood]] film directed by [[V. Shantaram]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1944|1944]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Hindi Movie |url=http://www.gomolo.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302223934/http://www.gomolo.com/ |archive-date=March 2, 2021 |language=en |url-status=unfit}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=978-0-85170-669-6 }}</ref> The story, dialogues and lyrics were written by Dewan Sharar. The music was composed by [[Vasant Desai]]. The film was produced under the [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]] banner and starred the "sensitive actress" Vanmala.<ref name="Gavankar2011">{{cite book|author=Nilu N. Gavankar|title=The Desai Trio and the Movie Industry of India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXrxLp3IxbUC&pg=PA49|accessdate=6 October 2015|year=2011|publisher=AuthorHouse|isbn=978-1-4634-1941-7|pages=49–|chapter=Vasant Desai's Contributions}}</ref> Ulhas, cited as an actor known for his "melodramatic histrionics and a sonorous voice" was chosen to play the lead role of an "ascetic turned playboy".<ref name="Raj2009">{{cite book|author=Ashok Raj|title=Hero Vol.1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tgo9BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|accessdate=6 October 2015|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-02-9|pages=53–|chapter=From Heroes to Character Actors}}</ref> The cast included Shantarin, Madan Mohan, Kanta Kumari and Baby Nalini.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Parbat Pe Apna Dera|url=http://www.citwf.com/film262230.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=6 October 2015}}</ref>

The film revolved around the theme of sexual repression with the complex leitmotif making use of "symbols and icons".<ref name="SN" /> It portrays a young man living in the hills with his belief in all things saintly. He gives up his celibate lifestyle when he falls in love with a blind girl whom he cures and marries. He soon falls a prey to his sexual urges seeking extra-marital quests.<ref name="Ranade2006">{{cite book|author=Ashok Damodar Ranade|title=Hindi Film Song: Music Beyond Boundaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rCfAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=6 October 2015|year=2006|publisher=Promilla & Company Publishers|isbn=978-81-85002-69-9}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Ram Babu (Ulhas) is a devout man living on top of a hill and taking care of a Shiva temple. Meera Devi is a blind heiress who comes to the temple and wants to serve Ram Babu, who takes pity on her and lets her stay in the temple. He cures her eyesight with herbal medication and the two fall in love and marry. Once out of his celibate lifestyle, Ram Babu goes looking for hedonistic pleasure after his wife asks him to leave. On Dusshera, during one of his chases after a young girl, a friend of Meera, he gets blinded by the fire from the effigy. He realises his wrongdoing and once again gives himself up to the service of Shiva helped by his wife. A miracle occurs during the tolling of temple bells where Babu Ram regains his eyesight.

==Cast==
* [[Vanamala Pawar|Vanamala]] as Meera Devi
* Madan Mohan as Mangal
* [[Ulhas (actor)|Ulhas]]
* Shantarin
* Kanta Kumari
* Baby Nalini
* P. L. Samant

==Production and reception==
The film was the second film produced by Shantaram's Rajkamal Kalamandir and was directed by Shantaram. According to a journalist (Sri Panchak) reporting in the magazine ''Roopmancha'', and quoted in the book "Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'", Shantaram spent Rs. 40, 000 on the "settings".<ref name="Gooptu2010">{{cite book|last=Gooptu|first=Sharmistha|title=Bengali Cinema: 'An Other Nation'|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugbGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT166|accessdate=6 October 2015|date=1 November 2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-91216-0|pages=166–}}</ref>

''Parbat Pe Apna Dera'' was one of the successes that followed Kalandir's films after Shakuntala. The film was "extremely popular" and went on to celebrate a jubilee (twenty-five weeks).<ref name="SN">{{cite book|author1=Kiran Shantaram|author2=Sanjit Narwekar|title=V. Shantaram, the legacy of the Royal Lotus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfZkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=6 October 2015|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Rupa & Co.|page=53|isbn=9788129102188}}</ref> The other successful films included ''[[Dr. Kotnis Ki Amar Kahani]]'' (1946), ''[[Lokshahir Ram Joshi]]'' (1947), ''[[Apna Desh (1949 film)|Apna Desh]]'' (1949), ''[[Dahej (film)|Dahej]]'' (1950), ''[[Parchhain]]'' (1952), ''[[Teen Batti Char Raasta]]'' (1953), and ''[[Do Aankhen Barah Haath]]'' (1957) among others.<ref name="SAC">{{cite book|title=South Asian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oeVkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=6 October 2015|series=3-4|volume=1|year=2001|publisher=South Asian Cinema Foundation|page=63}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The film's music was directed by [[Vasant Desai]]. Out of the nine songs he composed, he gave [[playback singing]] for one. He did not make use of Vanmala's voice as she was not an "accomplished singer". Desai made use of echo effects in his composition, which proved to be a success.<ref name="Gavankar2011" /> The singers were [[Amirbai Karnataki]], [[Zohrabai Ambalewali]], Lalita Devulkar, Naseem Akhtar, Vasant Desai, Parshuram and [[Khan Mastana]]. The lyricist was Dewan Sharar.<ref name=PPAD>{{cite web|title=Parbat Pe Apna Dera|url=http://soundsofsonawade.com/hindi-films/parbat-pe-apna-dera-1944/|website=soundsofsonawade.com|publisher=sounds of sonawade|accessdate=6 October 2015}}</ref>

===Songlist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer
|-
| 1
| "Aa Niklo Guiya Meri Gali Se"
| [[Vasant Desai]], Naseem Akhtar
|-
| 2
| "Aankhon Wale Tu Dekh Ke Chal"
| Lalita Devulkar, Parshuram
|-
| 3
| "Aati Hai Ek Baar"
| [[Khan Mastana]]
|-
| 4
| "Humse Kar Le Preet Ri Jogan"
| Naseem Akhtar, Vasant Desai
|-
| 5
| "Is Duniya Se Humko Kya Matlab"
| Parshuram
|-
| 6
| "Jinko Na Kabhi Kuch Aaye Nazar"
| [[Amirbai Karnataki]]
|-
| 7
| "Jo Dard Banke Zamana Pe Chhaye"
| [[Zohrabai Ambalewali]]
|-
| 8
| "Parbat Pe Apna Dera"
| Amirbai Karnataki, Parshuram
|-
| 9
| "Pareshan Hoon Ki Kyun Meri Pareshani Nahi Jaati"
| Amirbai Karnataki
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =2153494 |title =Parbat Pe Apna Dera }}
* Songs Audio, [http://soundsofsonawade.com/hindi-films/parbat-pe-apna-dera-1944/ ''Parbat Pe Apna Dera''] at Songs of Sonawade.

{{V. Shantaram}}

[[Category:1944 films]]
[[Category:1944 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1944 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Shantaram]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:1944 drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Andhra Kesari (film)

2026-03-03T19:03:33Z

Bharatman: made info

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Andhra Kesari
| image = Andhra Kesari (1983).png
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vijayachander]]
| producer = [[Vijayachander]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vijayachander]] [[Murali Mohan]]
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1983|11|01|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget = Rs. 18 lakhs
}}

'''''Andhra Kesari''''' ({{Translation|Lion of [[Andhra]]}}) is a 1983 Indian [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]-language [[Historical drama|period]] [[biographical film]] written, directed, and produced by [[Vijayachander]]. The film is based on the life of [[Tanguturi Prakasam|Tanguturi Prakasam Panthulu]], the first [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister]] of [[Andhra State]], popularly known by the epithet ''Andhra Kesari''. It is a [[Co-production (media)|co-production]] between [[Vijayachander]] and the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]. Vijayachander plays the [[title character]] Prakasam Panthulu, and [[Murali Mohan]] plays [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]]. The film touches upon his contributions to the [[Simon Commission|Simon Go Back]] movement.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Freedom Struggle through the lens of Cinema |url=https://nfai.nfdcindia.com/virtual-poster-exhibition-gallery.php |access-date=2023-04-03 |website=[[National Film Archive of India]]}}</ref> It was released on 1 November 1983, the [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh State formation day]]. The film won two [[Nandi Awards]] - [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor|Best Child Actor]] for [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Master Harish]] and a [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] for Vijayachander.<ref>[https://archive.today/20120712122729/http://picasaweb.google.com/gouthamaraju/uidJID%23slideshow/5267062506684223762 Andhra Kesari film details in a news clipping.]</ref>

==Cast==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Character !! Actor
|-
| [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] || [[Vijayachander]]
|-
| [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] || [[Murali Mohan]]
|-
| [[Chilakamarthi Lakshmi Narasimham]] || [[Sreedhar|Sridhar]]
|-
| Hanumantharao Naidu || [[J. V. Ramana Murthy]]
|-
| [[Kasinadhuni Nageswara Rao]] || [[Singeetam Srinivasa Rao]]
|-
| [[Mahatma Gandhi]] || Subhash
|-
| [[Motilal Nehru]] || A. V. Raju
|-
| [[Pattabhi Sitaramayya]] || Ekambareswara Rao
|-
| || [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
|-
| || [[Raja Babu (actor)|Raja Babu]]
|}

==Production==
The idea of making the film on [[Tanguturi Prakasam]] came to Vijayachander on the motivation by [[Tanguturi Anjaiah]] in one of his speeches, that Government would provide financial assistance to such ventures. After getting the script ready, he met the concerned minister and got his assurance. Later [[Bhavanam Venkatarami Reddy]] became the Chief Minister. The Finance Minister [[Kona Prabhakara Rao]] gave financial assistance of {{Indian Rupee}}6 [[lakh]] on behalf of the Government of Andhra Pradesh in 1982. There is a melodious song ''Vedamla Ghoshinche Godavari Amaradhamamla Sobhille Rajamahendri'' on the historical city [[Rajamundry]].<ref>[http://ilovehyd.com/interviews/interviews-vijaychander-born-to-perform-jesus.html Andhra Kesari film details in Vijayachander interview.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713012531/http://ilovehyd.com/interviews/interviews-vijaychander-born-to-perform-jesus.html|date=13 July 2011}}</ref>

The film was shot in the house of Jammaganti Hanumantha Rao, Rajahmundry and Hyderabad. The production cost was {{Indian Rupee}}18 lakh. After the completion, it was released on 1 November 1983, the formation day of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state. The film was a financial failure. He could not pay the government completely and instead gave them the film copyrights.

==Soundtrack==
* Vinara Bharata Veerakumara (Life of Andhra Kesari - [[Burrakatha]]
Singer: [[P. B. Srinivas]], [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]])
* Vedamla Ghoshinche Godavari Amaradhamamla Sobhille Rajamahendri (Lyrics: [[Arudra]]; Singer: [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]])

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1983<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
* [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] - [[Vijayachander]]
* [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actor|Best Child Actor]] - [[Harish Kumar (actor)|Master Harish]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1983 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1983 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:1983 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:1980s biographical films]]

1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-27T21:35:35Z

Bharatman: basic adjusted information per sources also and updated info based on references

{{Short description|Indian state election}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1967
| next_election = 1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1977
| seats_for_election = All 296 assembly constituencies
| majority_seats = 149
| election_date = 8 March 1972
| registered = {{formatnum:20859747}}
| turnout = 49.83%
| image_size = 100px

| image1 = Hand INC.svg
| leader1 = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| leader_since1 = 1980
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| leaders_seat1 =
| last_election1 = 167
| seats_before1 =
| seats1 = 220
| seats_after1 =
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}53
| popular_vote1 = 52,19,823
| percentage1 = 47.93%
| swing1 =

| image2 = Oil lamp.svg
| leader2 = ''undeclared''
| leader_since2 =
| party2 = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| alliance2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| last_election2 = 78
| seats_before2 =
| seats2 = 48
| seats_after2 =
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}}30
| popular_vote2 = 31,18,832
| percentage2 = 28.64%
| swing2 =

| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Shyama Charan Shukla]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
| posttitle =
| result =
}}

Elections to the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] were held in March 1972. These were the elections to the legislative assembly having 296 seats in undivided Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Election Results in 1972|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html|website=elections.in|accessdate=25 May 2018}}</ref> The [[Indian National Congress]] won a majority of seats and [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]] was sworn in as the new Chief Minister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/loh_.htm |title=मध्‍यप्रदेश के माननीय मुख्‍यमंत्रियों/सदन का नेता की सूची |language=hi |trans-title=List of the honorable Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh |website=mpvidhansabha.nic.in |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

After the [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], the number of constituencies in Madhya Pradesh were increased to 296, following the recommendation of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]].<ref name=delimitation1961>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1961 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=7 December 1961 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

== Results ==
Source:<ref>{{cite web|title=STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1972 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF MADHYA PRADESH|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisReport_MP_72.pdf|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=27 May 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan=10|[[File:India Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly 1972.svg]]
|-
! #
! Party
! Seats Contested
! Seats won
! Seats Changed
! % Votes
|- style="background:cyan;"
| 1
| [[Indian National Congress]]
| 289
| 220
| {{increase}}53
| 47.93%
|-
| 1
| [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
| 260
| 48
| {{decrease}}30
| 28.64%
|-
| 3
| [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]/[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]
| 172
| 7
| N/A
| 6.24%
|-
| 4
| [[Communist Party of India]]
| 30
| 3
| {{increase}}2
| 1.02%
|-
| 7
| [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| 296
| 18
| {{decrease}}4
| 14.73%
|-
|
| '''Total'''
|
| '''296'''
|
|
|}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[Sheopur Assembly constituency|Sheopur]] || None || Lokendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bijeypur || None || Jagmohan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Sabalgarh Assembly constituency|Sabalgarh]] || None || Raghubar Dayal Rasoiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Joura Assembly constituency|Joura]] || None || Ramcharan Lal Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Morena Assembly constituency|Morena]] || None || Maharaj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Dimni || SC || Chhawi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Ambah Assembly constituency|Ambah]] || SC || Raja Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gohad Assembly constituency|Gohad]] || SC || Bhure Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Mehgaon Assembly constituency|Mehgaon]] || None || Rameshwar Dayal Dantre || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| Attair || None || Rameshwar Dayal Arele || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhind Assembly constituency|Bhind]] || None || Navin Chandra Bhoota || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ron || None || Rasal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Lahar Assembly constituency|Lahar]] || None || Raghavram Chaudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gwalior Assembly constituency|Gwalior]] || None || Srrvate Ramchandra || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Lashkar || None || Sitila Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Morar || None || Rajendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gird || None || Vijayaraje Scindhia || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Dabra Assembly constituency|Dabra]] || None || Pahadsingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhander Assembly constituency|Bhander]] || SC || Chaturbhuj Morya || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Seondha || None || Shiv Charan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Datia Assembly constituency|Datia]] || None || Gulab Chand Kannoolal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Karera Assembly constituency|Karera]] || None || Hardas Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Pohri || SC || Babu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Shivpuri Assembly constituency|Shivpuri]] || None || Sushil B. Ashathana || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Pichhore Assembly constituency|Pichhore]] || None || Bhanu Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kolaras Assembly constituency|Kolaras]] || None || Jagadish Prasad Verma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Guna Assembly constituency|Guna]] || None || Shivpratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Chachaura || None || Krishnvallabh Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Raghogarh Assembly constituency|Raghogarh]] || SC || Harlal Shakyawar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Ashoknagar Assembly constituency|Ashoknagar]] || None || Mahendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Mungaoli || None || Gajra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Niwari Assembly constituency|Niwari]] || None || Luxmi Narayan Nayak || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Jatara Assembly constituency|Jatara]] || None || Ram Krishna Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kharagpur Assembly constituency|Kharagpur]] || SC || Baiju Ahirwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tikamgarh Assembly constituency|Tikamgarh]] || None || Sardar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Malehra || None || Dashrath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bijawar Assembly constituency|Bijawar]] || None || Yadvendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Chhatarpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chhatarpur]] || None || Mahendra Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Maharajpur (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maharajpur]] || SC || Nathoo Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Laundi Assembly constituency|Laundi]] || None || Baboo Ram Chaturvedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Panna Assembly constituency|Panna]] || None || Het Ram Dube || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Amanganj || SC || Tatu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pawai Assembly constituency|Pawai]] || None || Jagdish Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Maihar Assembly constituency|Maihar]] || None || Lalji Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nagod Assembly constituency|Nagod]] || SC || Bala Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Satna Assembly constituency|Satna]] || None || Kanta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chitrakoot || None || Ram Chandra Bajpayee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ranpur Baghelan || None || Toshan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Amarpatan Assembly constituency|Amarpatan]] || None || Gulsher Ahmed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rewa Assembly constituency|Rewa]] || None || Muni Prasad Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sirmaur || None || Rajmani Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Teonthar Assembly constituency|Teonthar]] || None || Triveni Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Mangawan Assembly constituency|Mangawan]] || None || Shriniwas Tiwari || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Gurh Assembly constituency|Gurh]] || None || Rampal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Deotalab Assembly constituency|Deotalab]] || SC || Ramkhelavan || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Mauganj Assembly constituency|Mauganj]] || None || Ramdhani Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Churahat || None || Chandra Pratap || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sidhi Assembly constituency|Sidhi]] || None || Arjun Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Deosar Assembly constituency|Deosar]] || ST || Balraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Singrauli Assembly constituency|Singrauli]] || None || Shyamkartik Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gopadbanas || ST || Jagwa || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Beohari Assembly constituency|Beohari]] || None || Ramgopal Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Umaria || None || Ranvijaya Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Naorozabad || ST || Jagan Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jaisingnagar Assembly constituency|Jaisingnagar]] || ST || Kamala Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sohagpur Assembly constituency|Sohagpur]] || None || Krishnapal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pushparajgarh || ST || Dalbir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Kotma Assembly constituency|Kotma]] || None || Mrigendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jaitpur Assembly constituency|Jaitpur]] || ST || Bhagwandin || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Manendragarh Assembly constituency|Manendragarh]] || ST || Dharam Pal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Baikunthpur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Baikunthpur]] || None || Ramchandra Singh Deo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Premnagar Assembly constituency|Premnagar]] || ST || Bhuvneshwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Surajpur || None || Dhirendranath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pal || ST || Deosai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Samri Assembly constituency|Samri]] || ST || Larangsai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Lundra Assembly constituency|Lundra]] || ST || Chamru Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ambikapur Assembly constituency|Ambikapur]] || None || Devendra Khumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lakhanpur || None || Satyanarayan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Sitapur]] || ST || Sukhi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bagicha || ST || Narhari Prasad Sai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Jashpur Assembly constituency|Jashpur]] || ST || Luis Bega || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tapkara || ST || Dineshwar Sai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Pathalgaon Assembly constituency|Pathalgaon]] || ST || Laljit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Dharamjaigarh Assembly constituency|Dharamjaigarh]] || None || Vaidya Begraj Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gharghoda || ST || Surendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Raigarh Assembly constituency|Raigarh]] || None || Ramkumar Agrawal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pussour || None || Kamla Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sarangarh Assembly constituency|Sarangarh]] || SC || Sheo Prasad Gotia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rampur (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampur]] || ST || Pyarelal Sheoprasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kotghora || None || Bodhram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Tanakhar || ST || Lal Kirtikumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Marwahi Assembly constituency|Marwahi]] || ST || Bhavar Singh Porte || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kota || None || Mathuraprasad Dube || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lormi Assembly constituency|Lormi]] || None || Rajendra Prasad Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mungeli Assembly constituency|Mungeli]] || SC || Ganeshram Anant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jarhagaon || None || Mohammad Bashir Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Takhatpur Assembly constituency|Takhatpur]] || None || Rohani Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bilaspur]] || None || Shridhar Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bilha Assembly constituency|Bilha]] || None || Chitrakant Jaiswal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Masturi Assembly constituency|Masturi]] || SC || Godil Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pamgarh Assembly constituency|Pamgarh]] || SC || Kulpatsingh Kupitram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Akaltara Assembly constituency|Akaltara]] || None || Rajendra Kumar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baloda || None || Radheshyam Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Champa || None || Bisahudas Mahant || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sakti Assembly constituency|Sakti]] || None || Pushpendranath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Malkharoda || SC || Pooranlal Jangade || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Chandrapur, Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency|Chandrapur]] || None || Bhawanilal Verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Abhanpur Assembly constituency|Abhanpur]] || None || Chetram Parshottam || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Raipur || None || Sudhirmukherji || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Arang Assembly constituency|Arang]] || SC || Kanhaiyalal Kosariya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dharsiwan || None || Munnalal Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baloda Bazar || None || Dolatram Ramdayal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhatapara Assembly constituency|Bhatapara]] || None || Shivlal Mehta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Palari || SC || Phoolsingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kasdol Assembly constituency|Kasdol]] || None || Kanhaiyalal Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhatgaon Assembly constituency|Bhatgaon]] || SC || Reshamlal Tikaram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Saraipali Assembly constituency|Saraipali]] || None || V. B. Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Basna Assembly constituency|Basna]] || None || Laxman Jaideo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pithora || None || Thamkur Bhanupratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mahasamund Assembly constituency|Mahasamund]] || None || Purushottamlal K. Dhaluram || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Rajim Assembly constituency|Rajim]] || None || Shyamcharan Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bindranawagarh || ST || Parwati K. P. Shah || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Sihawa Assembly constituency|Sihawa]] || ST || Pusauram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhamtari Assembly constituency|Dhamtari]] || None || Keshrimal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kurud Assembly constituency|Kurud]] || None || Yeshwant Rao Meghawale || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Bhanupratappur Assembly constituency|Bhanupratappur]] || ST || Satyanarain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kanker Assembly constituency|Kanker]] || ST || Vishram Dhongai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Keskai || ST || Ganga Ram Rana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kondagaon Assembly constituency|Kondagaon]] || ST || Mankuram Sodi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bakawand || ST || Jhitruram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jagdalpur || ST || Baliram Kashyap Mahadev || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Chitrakote || ST || Ramakonda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Konta Assembly constituency|Konta]] || ST || Beti Harma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Dantewara Assembly constituency|Dantewara]] || ST || Lakshman Karma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bijapur (Chhattisgarh) Assembly constituency|Bijapur]] || ST || Kistaiya Papaiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Narayanpur Assembly constituency|Narayanpur]] || ST || Ratiram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maro || SC || Kishan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bemetara Assembly constituency|Bemetara]] || None || Laxman Prasad Vaidya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhamdha || SC || Tumanlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhilai || None || Phoolchand Bafna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Durg || None || Motilal Vora || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhathagaon || None || Kejouram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Gunderdehi Assembly constituency|Gunderdehi]] || None || Ghanaram Sahu || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Balod || None || Hiralal Sonboir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dondi Lohara || ST || Jhumuklal Bhendia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chowki || ST || Gobardhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Khujji Assembly constituency|Khujji]] || None || Baldev Prasad Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rajnandgaon Assembly constituency|Rajnandgaon]] || None || Kishorilal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dongargaon Assembly constituency|Dongargaon]] || None || S. Jairam Ayyar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dongargarh Assembly constituency|Dongargarh]] || None || Hiraram Ramsewak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Khairagarh Assembly constituency|Khairagarh]] || None || Vijayalal Oswal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bireudranagar || None || Deviprasad Choube || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kawardha Assembly constituency|Kawardha]] || None || Kumar Yashwant Raj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Baihar Assembly constituency|Baihar]] || ST || Sudhanwasingh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Lanji Assembly constituency|Lanji]] || None || Narbada Pd. Shrivastava || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kirnapur || None || Jhankarsingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Waraseoni Assembly constituency|Waraseoni]] || None || Thansingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khairalanjee || None || Madhusudan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Katangi Assembly constituency|Katangi]] || None || Chittor Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Balaghat Assembly constituency|Balaghat]] || None || Nandkishor || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Paraswada Assembly constituency|Paraswada]] || None || Tejlal Tembhre || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mandla Assembly constituency|Mandla]] || None || Narayani Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bichhiya || ST || Darbari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghughri || ST || Shyamlal Ujiyar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Bajag || ST || Mohansingh Daulatsingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dindori (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dindori]] || ST || Sunderlal Ureti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Niwas Assembly constituency|Niwas]] || ST || Anoopsingh Harisingh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Bargi Assembly constituency|Bargi]] || None || Nathusingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Panagar Assembly constituency|Panagar]] || None || Girwar Singh Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jabalpur Cantonment Assembly constituency|Jabalpur Cantonment]] || None || Manmohandas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jabalpur West Assembly constituency|Jabalpur West]] || None || Sawaimal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jabalpur East Assembly constituency|Jabalpur East]] || None || Krishnaawatar Bhanot || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Patan (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patan]] || SC || Motilal Shenkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Katangi Assembly constituency|Katangi]] || None || Satendraprasad Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sihora Assembly constituency|Sihora]] || None || Parmanandbhai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bahoriband Assembly constituency|Bahoriband]] || None || Kunjbihari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Murwara Assembly constituency|Murwara]] || None || Lakhan Singh Solanki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Badwara || None || N. V. Raman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Vijairaghogarh || None || Ramrani Johar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nohata || None || Thakur Neknarayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Damoh Assembly constituency|Damoh]] || None || Anand Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Hatta Assembly constituency|Hatta]] || None || Kunjbiharilal Manmohanlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patharia || SC || Gopal Das Munnilal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Banda, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Banda]] || None || Shri Krishna Selat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bina Assembly constituency|Bina]] || None || Dalchand Bhagwandas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Khurai (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khurai]] || SC || Liladhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sagar (Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sagar]] || None || Jwalaprasad Jyotishi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Surkhi Assembly constituency|Surkhi]] || SC || Gaya Prasad Kabirpanthi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rehli Assembly constituency|Rehli]] || None || Gourishankar Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Deori Assembly constituency|Deori]] || None || Dwarika Prasad Katare || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gadarwara Assembly constituency|Gadarwara]] || None || Hari Shanker Sthapak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bohani || None || Agarwal L. N. Khajanchi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nasimhapur || None || S. S. Narayan Mushram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gotegaon Assembly constituency|Gotegaon]] || None || Narsingdas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Lakhnadon Assembly constituency|Lakhnadon]] || ST || Basantrao Uikey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhapara || ST || Satendrasingh Thakur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Keolari Assembly constituency|Keolari]] || None || Vimla K. P. Verma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barghat Assembly constituency|Barghat]] || None || Jageshwarnath Bisen || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Seoni Assembly constituency|Seoni]] || None || Nityendra Nath Sheel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Chhindwara Assembly constituency|Chhindwara]] || None || Jagdish Prasad Chandrakar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Parasia Assembly constituency|Parasia]] || SC || Barikrao Amrutrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Damua || ST || Rajkumari Gyanda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Amarwara Assembly constituency|Amarwara]] || ST || Udayabhanshah || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chaurai || None || Laxminarayan Lalji Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sausar || None || Manikrao Narayanrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pandhurna Assembly constituency|Pandhurna]] || None || Madhavlal Dube Mikulal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Multai Assembly constituency|Multai]] || None || Radhakrishna Garg Vakeel || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Masod || None || Ramji Chhitraiya Mahajan || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Bhainsdehi Assembly constituency|Bhainsdehi]] || ST || Kalyasingh Balaji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Betul Assembly constituency|Betul]] || None || Maruti Narayanrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ghoradongri Assembly constituency|Ghoradongri]] || ST || Bishram Gurdi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Piparia || None || Ratan Kumari Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Denwa || None || Vinay Kumar Diwan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Hoshangabad Assembly constituency|Hoshangabad]] || None || Sushila Dixit || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Itarsi || None || Hari Prasad Chaturvedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Timarni Assembly constituency|Timarni]] || SC || Kheeprasad Bastabad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Harda Assembly constituency|Harda]] || None || Nanhelal Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sanchi Assembly constituency|Sanchi]] || SC || Dulichand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Udaipura Assembly constituency|Udaipura]] || None || Goutam Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bereli || None || Jaswant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghojpur || None || Gulabchand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Budhni Assembly constituency|Budhni]] || None || Saligram Vakil || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Ashta || SC || Umrao Singh Dariya Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sehore Assembly constituency|Sehore]] || None || Aziz Qureshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhopal || None || [[Khan Shakir Ali Khan]] || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[Govindpura Assembly constituency|Govindpura]] || None || Mohanlal Asthana || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bairagarh || None || Laxmi Narain Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Berasia Assembly constituency|Berasia]] || None || Gauri Shankar Kaushal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Kurwai Assembly constituency|Kurwai]] || None || Awadh Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Vidisha Assembly constituency|Vidisha]] || None || Surya Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Basoda Assembly constituency|Basoda]] || SC || Sita Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Sironj Assembly constituency|Sironj]] || None || I. Khan Tarzi Mashriqul || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Biaora Assembly constituency|Biaora]] || None || Ram Karan Ugra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Narsingarh || None || Mangi Lal Bhandari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sarangpur Assembly constituency|Sarangpur]] || SC || Sajjan Singh Vishnar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Rajgarh Assembly constituency|Rajgarh]] || None || Gulab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Khilchipur Assembly constituency|Khilchipur]] || None || Prabhu Dayal Choube || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Shujalpur Assembly constituency|Shujalpur]] || None || Rameshwar Dayal Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gulana || None || Ramesh Dube || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Shajapur Assembly constituency|Shajapur]] || None || Tara P. Chandra Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Susner Assembly constituency|Susner]] || None || Haribhau Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Agar Assembly constituency|Agar]] || SC || Madhukar Marmat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Tarana Assembly constituency|Tarana]] || None || Lakshminarayan Jain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mahidpur Assembly constituency|Mahidpur]] || None || Narayan Prasad Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ujjain North Assembly constituency|Ujjain North]] || None || Prakash Chand Sethi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ujjain South Assembly constituency|Ujjain South]] || SC || Durgadas Suryavansi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khacharod || None || Kunwar Veerendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| Barnagar || None || Abhyasingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Depalpur Assembly constituency|Depalpur]] || None || Ramchandra Agrawal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mhow || None || Prakash Chand Sethi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore 1 || None || Mahesh Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore 2 || None || Homi Daji || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Indore 3 || None || Chandra Prabhash Shekhar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Indore 4 || None || Narayan Prasad Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sawer || SC || Radhakrishan Malviya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dewas Assembly constituency|Dewas]] || None || Dhirajsingh Mohansingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sonkatch Assembly constituency|Sonkatch]] || SC || Bapulal Kishanlal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bagli Assembly constituency|Bagli]] || None || Kailashchandra Umashankar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Khategaon Assembly constituency|Khategaon]] || None || Manjulabai Vagle || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Harsud Assembly constituency|Harsud]] || None || Kalicharan Sakargaye || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nimarkhedi || None || Raghunath Rao Mandloi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pandhana Assembly constituency|Pandhana]] || SC || Sakharam Deokaran || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Khandwa Assembly constituency|Khandwa]] || None || Gangacharan Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Shahpur (Madhya Pradesh constituency)|Shahpur]] || None || Shivkumarsingh Nawalsingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Burhanpur Assembly constituency|Burhanpur]] || None || Brijmohan D. Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Bhikangaon Assembly constituency|Bhikangaon]] || None || Rana Balbahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barwaha Assembly constituency|Barwaha]] || None || Amolakchand Chajed || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Maheshwar Assembly constituency|Maheshwar]] || SC || Sitaram Sadhuram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Khargone Assembly constituency|Khargone]] || None || Chandrakanta R. Khode || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhulkot || ST || Sobhagsingh Dhyansingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sendhwa || ST || Shobharam Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rajpur || ST || Barku Mahadu Chouhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Anjad || None || Babu G. Solanki || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Barwani Assembly constituency|Barwani]] || ST || Umraosingh Parwatsingh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[Manawar Assembly constituency|Manawar]] || ST || Shivbhanu Solanki || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dharampuri Assembly constituency|Dharampuri]] || ST || Fatebhansingh Ramsingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhar Assembly constituency|Dhar]] || None || Surendrasingh Gangasingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Badnawar Assembly constituency|Badnawar]] || None || Chiranjilal Alawa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sardarpur Assembly constituency|Sardarpur]] || SC || Babusingh Alawa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kukshi Assembly constituency|Kukshi]] || ST || Pratapsingh Baghel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Alirajpur Assembly constituency|Alirajpur]] || ST || Magan Singh Patel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jobat Assembly constituency|Jobat]] || ST || Ajmersingh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jhabua Assembly constituency|Jhabua]] || ST || Gangabai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Thandla Assembly constituency|Thandla]] || ST || Manna || {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[Petlawad Assembly constituency|Petlawad]] || ST || Dileep Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sailana Assembly constituency|Sailana]] || ST || Prabhudayal Gehiote || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ratlam || None || Akbarali Arif || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jaora Assembly constituency|Jaora]] || None || Bankatelal Todi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Alot Assembly constituency|Alot]] || SC || Lila Devi Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Manasa Assembly constituency|Manasa]] || None || Surajbhai Tugnawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Garoth Assembly constituency|Garoth]] || None || Kasturchand Chaudhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Suwasara || SC || Ramgopal Bhartiya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sitamau || None || Dhansukhlal Bhachawat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mandsaur Assembly constituency|Mandsaur]] || None || Shyam Sunder Patidar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Neemuch Assembly constituency|Neemuch]] || None || Raghunandan Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jawad Assembly constituency|Jawad]] || None || Kanhiyalal Nagauri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Madhya Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Madhya Pradesh|1972]]
[[Category:1970s in Madhya Pradesh|1972]]
[[Category:1972 State Assembly elections in India|Madhya Pradesh]]

Kohima Stone

2026-02-27T06:25:21Z

Bharatman: Done

{{Short description|Monument of Gambhir Singh of Manipur kingdom}}
{{Expand Simple English}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Kohima Stone Inscription
| native_name = ({{langx|mni|Kohima Khut-ee Nungpak}})
| native_name_lang = Meitei
| image = The_Kohima_Stone_erected_by_Raja_Gambhir_Singh_of_Manipur.png
| image_size =
| alt =
| image2 =
| image2_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption = The Kohima Stone erected by [[Gambhir Singh|Raja Gambhir Singh]] (Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba) of [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]].
| type = [[Meitei inscription]]
| material = stone
| size =
| height = 
| width = 
| weight = 
| long = 
| writing = Sanskritised [[Meitei language]] (in [[Bengali-Assamese script]])
| symbols = [[Kanglasha]] (dragon lion), a bull and the footprints of [[Gambhir Singh]]
| created = 1833 AD
| discovered = 
| discovered_place = [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]]
| discovered_coords =
| discovered_date =
| discovered_by =
| location = [[Nagaland State Museum]], Kohima, Nagaland
| classification = [[Meitei inscription]]
| culture = [[Meitei culture]]
| id =
| map =
| website =
}}
The '''Kohima Stone''' or '''Gambhir Singh's Stone''' is a historical [[Meitei inscriptions|Meitei stone inscription]] monument, erected by Meitei King [[Gambhir Singh]] (Chinglen Nongdrenkhomba) of [[Manipur (princely state)]] in [[Kohima]], the capital of [[Nagaland]]. It was erected in 1833 as a mark of Manipuri conquest of the Kohima in 1832. It is inscribed in sanskritised [[Manipuri language|Manipuri]] (Meitei) in [[Bengali-Assamese script]]. Manipuri King Gambhir Singh and the powerful [[Manipuri Levy]] conquered the whole of the Naga Hills. The stone was erected after his final victory over the [[Angami people]] of [[Kohima]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kohima+stone+inscriptions+Gambhir+singh+Manipur+jurisdiction+naga+hills&pg=PR77|title=Manipur, Past and Present: The Heritage and Ordeals of a Civilization|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1988|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-853-2|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614194904/https://books.google.com/books?id=-CzSQKVmveUC&dq=kohima+stone+inscriptions+Gambhir+singh+Manipur+jurisdiction+naga+hills&pg=PR77|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Sinha Brigadier. 2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ngtgH9RYB0EC&dq=kohima+stone+Gambhir+singh&pg=PA79|title=Lost Opportunities: 50 Years of Insurgency in the North-east and India's Response|last=Sinha (Brigadier.)|first=S. P.|date=2007|publisher=Lancer Publishers|isbn=978-81-7062-162-1|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614194954/https://books.google.com/books?id=ngtgH9RYB0EC&dq=kohima+stone+Gambhir+singh&pg=PA79|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Singh">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+Gambhir+singh&pg=PA138|title=The Endless Kabaw Valley: British Created Visious Cycle of Manipur, Burma and India|last=Singh|first=Dr Th Suresh|date=2014-06-02|publisher=Quills Ink Publishing|isbn=978-93-84318-00-0|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614194905/https://books.google.com/books?id=kbu_AwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+Gambhir+singh&pg=PA138|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Johnstone">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aQhdDwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+inscription&pg=PA30|title=My Experiences in Manipur and the Naga Hills|last=Johnstone|first=James|date=2018-05-23|publisher=BoD – Books on Demand|isbn=978-3-7326-9966-7|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614194906/https://books.google.com/books?id=aQhdDwAAQBAJ&dq=kohima+stone+inscription&pg=PA30|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=Gambhir+kohima+stone+inscription+Nagaland+Bengali+script&pg=PT125|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last1=Meitei|first1=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614194906/https://books.google.com/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&dq=Gambhir+kohima+stone+inscription+Nagaland+Bengali+script&pg=PT125|url-status=live}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Meitei conquest of Kohima (1832-33)}}
Manipuri influence over the Naga ethnic groups declined during the period before and after the Burmese war of 1819–25. However, it was re-asserted by [[Gambhir Singh]]. At [[Kohima]], he stood on a flat stone and had his footprints sculpted on it as a token of conquest. [[Kohima]] and its surrounding villages were the boundaries of [[Manipur Kingdom]].<ref name="Sinha Brigadier. 2007"/><ref name="Singh"/><ref name="Johnstone"/>

The stone is frequently mentioned in land laws and orders announced by the later [[British raj|British government]] of the [[Naga Hills]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_-YixIgJbSAC&dq=kohima+stone+Gambhir+singh&pg=PA23|title=Documents on North-East India: Nagaland|last=Sharma|first=Suresh K.|date=2006|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-095-6|language=en|access-date=2022-06-14|archive-date=2022-06-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614194946/https://books.google.com/books?id=_-YixIgJbSAC&dq=kohima+stone+Gambhir+singh&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Nagaland}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kohima]]
[[Category:1833 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Meitei language]]
[[Category:History of Nagaland]]
[[Category:19th century in the Manipur Kingdom]]

Anupama Hoskere

2026-02-27T02:50:16Z

Bharatman: made a pg

{{Short description|Indian puppeteer}}
{{Indian patronymic|Anupama|Hoskere}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anupama Hoskere
| birth_name =
| alias =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1964|12|20}}
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| parents =
| spouse = Vidyashankar Hoskere
| children = 3
| occupation = [[Puppeteer]]
| known for = Indian classical string puppetry
| awards = [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2018) [[Padma Shri]] (2024)
}}
'''Anupama Hoskere''' is a [[puppeteer]] from the Indian state of Karnataka. A recipient of Senior Fellowship in Puppetry from the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India, she also received many awards and honors including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for puppetry, and [[Padma Shri]] in arts.

==Biography==
Anupama was born on 20 December 1964, in [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka.<ref name="padma">{{cite web |title=SMT. ANUPAMA HOSKERE |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Document/pdf/CitationsForTickets/2024/202455.pdf |website=www.padmaawards.gov.in}}</ref> She began training in [[Carnatic music]] and [[Bharatanatyam]] dance at a very young age.<ref name="padma"/> She has trained in Bharatanatyam under the late [[Guru Narmada]] and the late V.S. Kaushik.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toy story with a twist |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/toy-story-twist-2523934 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Anupama who graduated with a Bachelor of Engineering degree from [[B.M.S. College of Engineering]] in 1987, completed two post graduate degrees, M.E. in Communication Engineering and M.S. in Electrical and Computer Engineering from [[California State University, Long Beach]], in 1993.<ref name="padma" /> After completing Masters, she worked for a while at an [[Information technology|IT]] company in the United States.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite news |title=Puppets get a new lease of life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/Puppets-get-a-new-lease-of-life/articleshow/18749883.cms |work=The Times of India |date=2 March 2013}}</ref>

Anupama studied traditional Karnataka string puppetry from Guru M.R. Ranganatha Rao.<ref name="SNA">{{cite web |title=ANUPAMA HOSKERE |url=https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1649586499_Anupama%20Hoskere.pdf |access-date=2025-01-19 |archive-date=2023-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218133804/https://sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/1649586499_Anupama%20Hoskere.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> When she came to study, Rao was initially skeptical about whether a middle-class mother who had studied abroad would be suitable for learning puppetry, but later, understanding her interest further, he agreed to teach her how to perform puppet shows and later how to carve wooden puppets.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Orenstein |first=Claudia |date=2015 |title=Women in Indian Puppetry: Negotiating Traditional Roles and New Possibilities |journal=Puppetry International Research Review |volume=1 |issue=1 |url=https://pipreview.commons.gc.cuny.edu/2022/04/19/women-in-indian-puppetry-negotiating-traditional-roles-and-new-possibilities/?format=pdf}} Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International license.</ref> Later, in 2011,she and her husband conducted a puppet-making workshop in [[Prague]] with [[Miroslav Trejtnar]] to learn Czech [[marionette]] carving, jointing and stringing techniques.<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=Ravi |first1=S. |title=Puppets have no ego: Anupama Hoskere |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/puppets-have-no-ego-anupama-hoskere/article29340260.ece |work=The Hindu |date=5 September 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>

===Personal life===
Anupama and her husband Vidyashankar Hoskere have three children, Prakruti Hoskere, Vedhus Hoskere and Divya Hoskere.<ref name="IE"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Anupama Hoskere on puppetry in life and being the creative mum – MumsAndStories.com |url=https://www.mumsandstories.com/2016/03/21/anupama-hoskere-on-puppetry-in-life-and-being-the-creative-mum/ |date=21 March 2016}}</ref>

==Career==
In [[puppetry]], Anupama have experience in all areas, including puppet making, character design, costume design, script writing for puppet plays, music and lyrics for puppet plays, lighting, and sound effects in puppet plays.<ref name="dsource">{{cite web |title=Anupama Hoskere |url=https://www.dsource.in/resource/history-puppetry-india/indian-people-puppetry/anupama-hoskere |website=www.dsource.in |language=en |date=5 August 2021}}</ref> She is the founder director of the Dhaatu Puppet Theatre in Bengaluru.<ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=Unsung Heroes: Meet Anupama Hosakere, an engineer-turned-puppeteer who is keeping an ancient Indian artform alive |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/meet-anupama-hosakere-engineer-turned-puppeteer-ancient-indian-artform-karnataka-8518211/ |work=The Indian Express |date=25 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Anupama is also the Festival Director of the Dhaatu International Puppet Festival, an annual festival held in Bengaluru, which started in the year 2009.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Ranjani |date=2020-01-09 |title=Dolls and strings |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/anupama-hoskere-dhaatu-puppets-bangalore/article30522396.ece |access-date=2025-01-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="hindusthan">{{cite news |last1=Ayushi |first1=Parekh |title=I never even dreamed of this: Anupama Hoskere on Padma Shri |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/i-never-even-dreamed-of-this-anupama-hoskere-on-padma-shri-101706681529245.html |agency=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 Jan 2024}}</ref> She founded the Dhaatu Puppet Museum in Bengaluru, a puppet museum that houses a collection of unique puppets from various states in India and around the world.<ref name="padma"/> Owner of over five thousand of different puppets, Anupama Hoskere is also the owner of the largest puppet collection in India.<ref name="News Minute">{{cite news |last1=Sai |first1=Veejay |title=The Master Puppeteer: Bengaluru queen who owns India's largest puppet collection |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/features/master-puppeteer-bengaluru-lady-who-owns-indias-largest-puppet-collection-50442 |work=The News Minute |date=26 September 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

Anupama also tries to innovate by breaking away from the traditional methods of puppetry. Having practiced Bharatanatyam for years, she has added strings to the legs of some puppets to make them dance.<ref name=":0"/> As per her own design, she has made a large Bharatanatyam dancer puppet with more than eleven strings, which helps in moving eyes and body parts of the puppet.<ref name=":0"/>

Anupama has also won the UN Erasmus Mundus Scholarship to teach Indian classical puppetry to postgraduate students, and taught at the [[Polytech Nice Sophia]] in France, the [[Université libre de Bruxelles]] (ULB), and at the [[University of Paris]].<ref name="SNA"/><ref name="Economic Times">{{cite news |last1=Puranik |first1=Apoorva |title=Puppetry is serious business: Anupama Hoskere, an engineer, breathes life into this traditional art form |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/puppetry-is-serious-business-anupama-hoskere-an-engineer-breathes-life-into-this-traditional-art-form/articleshow/69937377.cms |work=The Economic Times |date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |access-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218140724/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/puppetry-is-serious-business-anupama-hoskere-an-engineer-breathes-life-into-this-traditional-art-form/articleshow/69937377.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She is a visiting faculty of the [[National Institute of Design]], Bengaluru and also [[TED (conference)|TEDx]] speaker at many universities of India.<ref name="SNA"/>

Anupama is an empaneled artist of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="IE"/> She have created about 14 one-hour puppet shows and 8 short puppet shows based on Inian epics and other stories.<ref name="dsource"/> Apart from several venues in India, she have also performed puppetry shows at various international festivals in France, Belgium, Morocco, USA and China.<ref name="dsource"/>

Anupama also held several positions including one of the advisory board members of the Ministry of Culture, Government of India, member of the Central Advisory Board on Culture, India, advisory board member of the Puppetry Cell of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], board member of the [[Kalakshetra Foundation]] in Chennai, and the committee member of the Karnataka Bayalata Akademi.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Master Puppeteer Smt. Anupama Hoskere |url=https://sphoorthitheatre.com/images/2023/Puthalika%20Patrika%20Mar%202023.pdf | magazine=Puthalika Patrika | date=1 April 2023 | accessdate=11 April 2025 | pages=29–39}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Anupama received Senior Fellowship in Puppetry from the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India, to revitalize traditional eachanoor puppetry.<ref name=":0" /> She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for Puppetry in 2018.<ref name="padma"/> In 2024, she received the [[Padma Shri]] in arts.<ref name="hindusthan"/> She has also received many awards including the Vishalakshi Award from the [[Art of Living Foundation]], and the Outstanding Woman Award from the [[Association of Kannada Kootas of America]], San Francisco.<ref name="SNA" />

==Works on her==
A documentary on her life and works has also been released.<ref name="News Minute"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoskere, Anupama}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian puppeteers]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:California State University, Long Beach alumni]]

Hayatpur

2026-02-26T00:36:15Z

Bharatman: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2026}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hayatpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.416312|76.935974|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gurgaon District|Gurgaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 13
| population_total = 3872
| population_as_of = 2004
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 1
| registration_plate = HR
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-HR]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Hayatpur''' is a village in [[Gurgaon]] Mandal, [[Gurgaon District]], [[Haryana]] State. Hayatpur is 11.22&nbsp;km distance from its Mandal Main Town Gurgaon . Hayatpur is 10.88&nbsp;km distance from its District Main City Gurgaon. It has a population of about 3,372 people living in around 652 households as of 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hayatpur Population - Gurgaon, Haryana |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/62828-hayatpur-haryana.html |url-status=live |access-date=February 26, 2026 |website=census2011.co.in |language=en}}</ref> Nearby villages are SikanderPur Badha (1.351&nbsp;km), Badha (1.352&nbsp;km), Wazirpur (2.282&nbsp;km), Harsaru (2.948&nbsp;km), Garhi Harsaru (3.199&nbsp;km), Kankrola (3.461&nbsp;km), Dhorka (3.503&nbsp;km). Hayatpur is located on IMT road crossing [[Pataudi]] road, nearby sectors are 89,94,93 and 91.

==See also==
* [[Yaduvanshi Ahirs]]
* [[Gurgaon]]
* [[Haryana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Gurgaon district topics}}

[[Category:Villages in Gurgaon district]]

Sukh Jiwan Mal

2026-02-22T17:15:23Z

Bharatman:

{{Short description|Raja of Kashmir from 1754 to 1762}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sukh Jiwan Mal
| succession = [[list of monarchs of Kashmir|Raja of Kashmir]]
| reign = June 1754 – October 1762
| image = A King Enthroned on a Terrace, 18th century, Kashmir.jpg
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = ''Position abolished''
| reg-type = [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]]
| regent = [[Abu'l Hasan Bandey]] (1754–1757, 1758) Mir Muqim Kanth (1757–1758) Pandit Mahanand Dhar (1758–1762)
{{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Durrani Empire|Governor of Kashmir]]
| successor = Nur-ud-Din Khan Bamzai (1762)
| predecessor = Abdullah Khan Kabuli
| deputy = Khwaja Kijak Khan
| monarch = [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]
| term_start = 1753
| term_end = June 1754
| office1 = [[Durrani Empire|Deputy Governor of Kashmir]]
| successor1 = Khwaja Kijak Khan
| predecessor1 = Abdullah Khan Kabuli
| governor1 = Abdullah Khan Kabuli
| monarch1 = Ahmad Shah Durrani
| term_start1 = 1752
| term_end1 = 1753
| allegiance = [[File:Durrani Emirate Flag.png|22px]] [[Durrani Empire]] [[File:Saffron flag.png|22px]] [[Kingdom of Kashmir (1754–1762)|Kingdom of Kashmir]]
| branch = [[File:Durrani Emirate Flag.png|22px]] [[Durrani Empire|Durrani Army]] [[File:Saffron flag.png|22px]] [[Kingdom of Kashmir (1754–1762)|Kashmiri Army]]
| rank = [[Lieutenant]] [[Faujdar]] [[Ispahsalar|Naib-Sipahsalar]] [[Subedar]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
*'''[[Mughal–Afghan Wars|Afghan–Mughal War]]'''
**Siege of Srinagar (1748)
**[[Battle of Shopian (1752)]]
*'''[[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Afghan–Kashmir War]]'''
**Baramulla Offensive
**Battle of Poonch (1754)
**Battle of Sialkot (1758)
**[[Battle of Chera Har|Battle of Chera Har (1762)]]
*'''[[Afghan–Maratha War]]'''
**[[Third Battle of Panipat]]
{{tree list/end}}
| birth_date = {{Circa|1720}}
| birth_place = [[Bhera]], [[Subah of Lahore|Lahore Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]<ref name=Parmu/> (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], Pakistan)
| death_date = 1762
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Durrani Empire]] (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)
| blank1 = Religion
| data1 = [[Hinduism]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Soldier|officer|advisor|politician}}
}}
}}
[[Raja]] '''Sukh Jiwan Mal''' was the [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|ruler of Kashmir]] from 1754 to 1762. He rose from the rank of a soldier to a governor ([[emir|''amir'']]) and then finally became a ruler. He was the last independent [[List of monarchs of Kashmir|monarch of Kashmir]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ&q=sukh+jivan+mal|title=History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls|date=Oct 2001|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-215-0165-1|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sukh Jiwan Mal was born and raised in the city of [[Bhera]], then in the [[Subah of Lahore]], into a [[Punjabi Hindus|Punjabi Hindu]] [[Khatri]] family.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Hari Ram |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |title=The Maratha Supremacy |date=2001 |publisher=[[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] |others= |editor-last=Majumdar |editor-first=R. C. |editor-link=R. C. Majumdar |edition=3rd |series=[[The History and Culture of the Indian People]] |volume=VIII |location=Mumbai |pages=164 |chapter=Disruption of the Mughul Empire – (k) Jammu and Kashmir |oclc=664485 |quote= |orig-date=1977 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/marathasupremacy08bhar/page/164/mode/1up}}</ref><ref name=Parmu>{{Cite book |last=Parmu |first=R. K. |url= |title=A History of Muslim Rule in Kashmir, 1320–1819 |date=1969 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn= |location=Delhi |pages=358 |chapter=Kashmir Under the Pathans (1753–1819) |oclc=1129473831 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMuslimRuleInKashmir13201819R.K.Parmu/page/358/mode/1up?q=}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Background ===
Kashmir under Afghan rulers was in a bad state. Locals were tortured and killed during the reign of Afghans. The very first Afghan chief Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi appointed by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah Abdali]] would line up all Kashmiris whom he considered rich and would ask them to either part with their wealth or to face death. The Afghan army would often raid and loot common Kashmiri houses.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Jagmohan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yHj4DwAAQBAJ&dq=sukh+jiwan+mal+parents&pg=PA57|title=My Frozen Turbulence in Kashmir (12th Edition_Reprint 2019)|date=2019-11-15|publisher=Allied Publishers|isbn=978-93-85926-56-3|language=en}}</ref>

=== Rise ===
After the loot and plunder, Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi returned to [[Kabul]] leaving Kashmir under the charge of Abdullah Khan Kabuli. Kabuli appointed Sukh Jiwan as his [[Adviser|chief advisor]].<ref name=":1" /> A local leader of the [[Kashmiri Muslims]], Abu'l Hasan Bandey wanted to get rid of the cruel Afghan rulers.<ref name=":0" /> Bandey convinced Sukh Jiwan to kill Kabuli and become independent. Subsequently, Kabuli was assassinated and Sukh Jiwan became the independent ruler after formally getting the title of ''[[Raja]]'' from the Mughal emperor.<ref name=":1" />

=== Reign ===
{{Main|Kingdom of Kashmir (1754–1762)}}
As the ruler of Kashmir, Sukh Jiwan appointed Bandey as his prime minister. To suppress the rebellion, Ahmad Shah Abdali sent Khwaja Kijak and Abdullah Khan Isk Aquasi to Kashmir. They were both defeated. In another occasion, Afghan [[Prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] were paraded in the streets with Kashmiri crowds spitting at them.<ref name=":1" /> The locals of Kashmir were at large happy with the smooth and efficient administration but the happiness did not last very long. A destructive [[famine]] occurred in 1755 followed by [[Locust|locust attack]]. These natural calamities forced the locals to desperately eat dead locusts.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nanda|first=K. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NL4wBQAAQBAJ&dq=sukh+jiwan+mal&pg=PA37|title=War With No Gains (Prabhat Prakashan)|date=2013-01-01|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-241-7|language=en}}</ref> Sukh Jiwan distributed 80 lakh kg rice for free among the poor people.<ref name=":0" />

According to Schwartz, "Kashmir's only respite from economic and political pressures during the Afghan and [[Sikh rule in Kashmir|Sikh rule]] occurred during the reign of Sukh Jiwan Mal, marked by a flowering of literacy activity attached to patronage." Sukh Jiwan held weekly symposiums to which he invited all the poets. He also employed poets to produce history of Kashmir in the style of [[Books of Kings|Book of Kings]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Schwartz|first=Schwartz Kevin L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHgxEAAAQBAJ|title=Remapping Persian Literary History, 1700-1900|date=2020-03-18|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-1-4744-5087-4|language=en}}</ref> Under the advice of Mahanand Dhar, Sukh Jiwan in order to facilitate his work imported many [[Khatri]] Hindus from Punjab to Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Suri|first=Inderjit Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wCBuAAAAMAAJ&q=khatree+sukh|title=Lest We Forget: A History of Sikhs of Kashmir|date=2006|publisher=Inderjit Singh|language=en}}</ref>

=== Defeat ===
When force did not work, Abdali used wit to get control of Kashmir. He attempted to destroy the good relations between Sukh Jiwan and Bandey by putting a wedge against them. Taking advantage of this situation, Abdali sent an army led by Nur-ud-Din Khan Bamzai to Kashmir. A major portion of Raja Sukh Jiwan's army including his commander-in-chief Bakth Mal betrayed him.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Hari Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcMBAAAAMAAJ&q=sukh+jiwan+mal|title=Studies in Later Mughal History of the Panjab, 1707-1793|date=1944|publisher=Minerva book shop|language=en}}</ref> Eventually, he was captured, blinded and sent to Abdali in [[Lahore]] where he was killed by throwing him under an elephant.<ref name=":1" />

== See also ==

* [[Kabuli Mal]]
* [[Kaura Mal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raja Sukh Jivan Mal}}
[[Category:Kings of Kashmir|Jivan Mal, Raja Sukh]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus|Jivan Mal, Raja Sukh]]
[[Category:Punjabi people|Jivan Mal, Raja Sukh]]
[[Category:Hindu states|Jivan Mal, Raja Sukh]]
[[Category:Hindu dynasties|Jivan Mal, Raja Sukh]]

SCR Public School

2026-02-21T09:51:29Z

Bharatman: started new post w/ sources.

{{unreferenced|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox school
| name = SCR Public School
| image = SCR-Public-School.jpg
| address = Street Number 3, Sheetla Colony Phase 2
| city = [[Gurgaon]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| postal_code = 122017
| country = India
| schooltype = [[Independent school|Independent]]
| founded = 1999
| founder = Chandi Ram Kataria
| school_board = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]]
| district = [[Gurgaon]]
| category = Co-Educational
| school_number = 530968
| principal = Sujesh Kataria
| headmaster = Sujesh Kataria
| staff = More than 100
| faculty = More than 100
| key_people = {{ublist |Kuldeep Kataria}}
| enrolment = 1500
| language = {{ublist |English|Hindi}}
| classrooms = More than 60
| area = 250 m
| colours = {{Color box|blue|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|skyblue|border=darkgray}} Blue and Sky Blue
| slogan = Read, Lead and Succeed
| sports = [[association football|Football]]
| alumni = Sachin Agerwal
| website = {{URL|http://www.scrschools.com/}}
}}
'''SCR Public School''' is a [[Public school (India)|public school]] located in Sheetla Colony Phase 2, [[Gurgaon]], Haryana, India. The school is affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]]. It was founded in 1999 by Chandi Ram Kataria, and has around 1500 students and more than 100 teachers.

The school has a canteen and a library. It also has computer, physics, chemistry, and biology labs.

== SCR Group of Schools ==
*SCR Public School – located at Street Number 3, Sheetla Colony Phase 2, Gurugram, Haryana 122017
* [[SCR Model School]] – located at Block J, Ashok Vihar Phase III, Gurugram, Haryana 122017
* SCR Global School – located at Block C 1, Palam Vihar, Gurugram, Haryana 122017

[[Category:Private schools in Haryana]]
[[Category:Schools in Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Haryana]]

St. Albert's HSS, Ernakulam

2026-02-21T09:48:47Z

Bharatman: Started a article

{{Short description|Secondary school in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = St. Albert's HSS
| logo = Logo_for_St._Albert's_HSS,_Ernakulam_page.jpg
| image = Gothic Building of St. Albert's HSS.jpg
| motto = Knowledge, Work & Service
| established = 1892
| type = Aided school
| address = [[Banerji Road]]
| city = [[Kochi, Kerala]]
| zipcode = 682 018
| country = India
| principal = Bilfy V Sebastian
| headmaster = Joseph Sen
| grades = Classes 1 to 12
| language = English
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9849|76.2786|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| free_label = Sections
| free_text =
| enrolment =
| colours =
| website =
| enrollment = 1800
}}

'''St. Albert's HSS''' (St. Albert's Higher Secondary School) is a boys school at [[Banerji Road]] in [[Kochi]], India. It was popularly known as St. Albert's High School till 1998, when it was upgraded to a higher secondary school. It is the oldest boys school in [[Kochi]]. It has 1800 students and 85 teachers and non teaching staff on a {{cvt|5|acre|adj=on|spell=in}} campus.

==History==
St. Albert's School was established by Fr. Candidus, an Italian missionary with the permission of Archdiocese of Verapoly with 31 students on 1 February 1892. The land was donated by Maharaja of Cochin and it was known as 'Thumbaparambu' for the local people, as it was full of 'Thumba' ([[Leucas aspera]]). In 1896, the school was upgraded into lower secondary school. In 1897, two Gothic styled buildings were constructed and it became an important landmark in [[Kochi]] city. By 1898, the school was upgraded into High School and received recognition from Madras University. In 1963 a Teachers Training Institute was constructed in the campus. In 1984, a new pyramid shaped (Pagoda) building was constructed over the old U-shaped building facing the school ground. As the school celebrated its centenary in 1992, the two old Gothic buildings were refurnished by replacing the wooden first floor with concrete floor and constructed an open stage at the school ground in memory of Msgr. Chakiamury. In 1994, a new nigh school building (Honey Comb) was constructed over old LP building. In 1998 the school was upgraded into higher secondary school.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stalbertsschool.in/about.html|title=St. Albert's HSS, Ernakulam - Alumni - Retired Teachers Association|website=stalbertshss.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/the-gothic-landmark/article5482157.ece | title=The Gothic landmark | date=23 December 2013 | first=Esther | last=Elias | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=6 July 2018 }}</ref>

==Courses and activities==

The school offers the Secondary School Leaving Certificate Examination (SSLC), which is taken at the end of Class X and Higher Secondary course (Plus Two). The courses offered are Science Group: Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology; Humanities Group: History, Economics, Political Science and Sociology; Commerce Group: Business Studies, Accountancy, Economics and Mathematics.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://career.justkerala.in/kerala-schools/dhse-kerala-board-of-higher-secondary-education | title=DHSE Kerala Board of Higher Secondary Education - DHSE Kerala }}</ref> The school has units of [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]], [[National Service Scheme]], [[Student Police Cadet Project]]<ref>[https://kochicity.keralapolice.gov.in/kochi-city-police/innovative-initiatives/student-police-cadet Kerala polica]</ref> and Junior Red Cross. Besides, the school provides good facilities for sports and games to each and every child in the school, especially in Football, Cricket, Hockey and athletics. It has one of the largest grounds for any school in Kochi City.

==Notable alumni==

* [[George Vakayil]] (1883-1931), Saintly Priest
*[[Joseph Attipetty]] (June 25, 1894 – January 21, 1970), The first native Archbishop of Verapoly
* [[M.P. Paul]] (1904-1952), Malayalam Literary Critic.
* [[Edappally Raghavan Pillai]] (1909-1936), Malayalam Poet
* [[Vyloppilli Sreedhara Menon]] (1911-1985), Malayalam Poet
* [[Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar]] (1901-1985), Malayalam Actor, Singer, and Author.
* [[Cornelius Elanjikal]] (1918-2011), Former Archbishop of Verapoly.
* [[Ponjikkara Rafi]] (1924-1992), Malayalam Novelist
* [[Sudhindra Tirtha (Kashi Math)|Sudhindra Thirtha]] (1926–2016), Former Spiritual Head of Kashimath
* [[K. Sukumaran (judge)]], Rtd Judge of High Court of Kerala & Mumbai.
* [[Francis Kallarakal]], Former Archbishop of Archdiocese of Verapoly
* [[Jerry Amaldev]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jerryamaldev.com/about_jerry.php|title=Jerry Amaldev|website=www.jerryamaldev.com}}</ref> Malayalam Music Director
* [[Sebastian Paul]], Former Member of Parliament
* [[Jose (actor)]]
* [[Jude Attipetty]], Malayalam Cinema & Serial Director
* [[Machan Varghese]] (1960-2011) Famous Malayalam Actor.
* [[Tini Tom]], Malayalam Actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-22 |title=Tiny's big dreams |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/tinys-big-dreams/article2738150.ece |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://stalbertshss.in/ St. Albert's HSS, Ernakulam]
* [http://verapoly.in/institutions/ Institutions – Verapoly Archdiocese]
* [https://www.indiastudychannel.com/ Online MBA Admissions 2023 - MBA Admission Notifications]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Albert's Higher Secondary School, Ernakulam}}
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Kochi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1892]]
[[Category:1892 establishments in India]]

Nandi (Hinduism)

2026-02-18T09:34:39Z

Bharatman: Enhanced content and organization

{{short description|Divine animal in Hinduism}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = Nandieshvara.jpg
| caption = Nandi in a zoo-[[Anthropomorphism|anthropomorphic]] form
| name = Nandi
| affiliation = Mount of [[Shiva]]
| god_of =
| abode = [[Mount Kailash]]
| mantra =
| consort = Suyasha<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gopinatha Rao|first1=T. A.|title=Elements of Hindu Iconography, Volume 2|date=1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=9788120808775|page=213|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e7mP3kDzGuoC}}</ref>
}}
{{Saivism}}
'''Nandi''' ({{langx|sa|नन्दि}}), also known as '''Nandikeshvara''' or '''Nandideva''', is the bull ''[[vahana]]'' (mount) of the [[Hindu god]] [[Shiva]]. He is also the [[Dvarapala|guardian]] deity of [[Kailasha|Kailash]], the abode of Shiva. Almost all Shiva temples display stone images of a seated Nandi, generally facing the main shrine.

[[File:Lord Nandi.jpg|thumb|Idols of Nandi Maharaj at the premises of the ''Shree Kalleshwar Mahadev Mandir'' in Koparkhairane, Navi Mumbai.]]

== Etymology ==
The Sanskrit word ''nandi'' ({{langx|sa|नन्दि}}) means happy, joy, and satisfaction, which are the properties of Nandi, the divine guardian of Shiva.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/cgi-bin/tamil/recherche | title=Monier Williams' Sanskrit-English
| access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref>

The application of the name Nandi to the bull (Sanskrit: ''Vṛṣabha'') is a development of recent [[syncretism]] of different regional beliefs within Shaivism.<ref>Gouriswar Bhattacharya, (1977), [https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/dmg/periodical/pageview/125374 "Nandin and Vṛṣabha"], ''Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft'', Supplement III,2, XIX. Deutscher Orientalistentag, pp. 1543–1567.</ref> The name Nandi was widely used instead for an anthropomorphic [[Dvarapala|door-keeper]] of Kailash, rather than his mount in the oldest Shaivite texts in Sanskrit, Tamil, and other Indian languages. [[Shaiva Siddhanta|Siddhanta]] texts distinguish between Nandi and ''Vṛṣabha''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sabaratnam Sivacharyar|first1=S.P.|title=Shrimat Kamigagamah Purva Pada (Part One)|publisher=The Himalayan Academy, Kauai Adheenam|location=USA|pages=4:471–500|url=http://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/kamika-agama-purva-pada-part-1|access-date=14 February 2018|archive-date=5 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200705211638/https://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/kamika-agama-purva-pada-part-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Legend ==

Nandi is described as the son of the sage Shilada. Shilada underwent severe penance to have a boon– a child with immortality and blessings of Shiva, and received Nandi as his son. [[Shiva Purana]] says that Nandi was born from a ''[[yajna]]'' performed by Shilada.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_1OAQAAIAAJ |title=The Sacred Scriptures of India |date=2009 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-261-3630-8 |pages=77–79 |language=en}}</ref> Nandi grew up as an ardent devotee of Shiva and he performed severe penance to become his gate-keeper, as well as his mount, on the banks of river [[Narmada River|Narmada]]. According to [[Sthala purana|regional legend]], this site is identified with the Tripur Tirth Kshetra in present-day Nandikeshwar Temple, in [[Jabalpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].

According to [[Saivism|Shaiva]] [[Shaiva Siddhanta|Siddhanta]], Nandi is considered to be chief among the [[Siddhar]]s, initiated by [[Parvati]] and [[Shiva]]. He is regarded to have passed on what he had learned to his eight disciples, namely, the [[Four Kumaras]], [[Tirumular]], [[Vyagrapada]] (also known as Pullipani),<ref>{{Cite web |title=IN THE LAND OF THE SIDDHAS |url=http://www.sutrajournal.com/in-the-land-of-the-siddhas-by-john-weddepohl |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=www.sutrajournal.com}}</ref> [[Patanjali]], and Sivayoga Muni. They were sent out in eight different directions to spread his wisdom. His teachings are held by the [[Nandinatha Sampradaya]], a line of [[guru]]s who claim descent from Nandi.<ref>{{cite book |author=The Swamis of Kauai Hindu Monastery |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/the-guru-chronicles |title=The Guru Chronicles: Making of the First American Satguru |date=2011 |publisher=[[Himalayan Academy Publications]] |isbn=978-1-934145-40-1 |pages=19}}</ref><ref name="sivay">{{cite book |author=Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/view/dancing-with-siva |title=Dancing with Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Catechism |date=2003 |publisher=[[Himalayan Academy Publications]] |isbn=978-0-945497-89-9}}</ref>

Many [[Puranas|Puranic]] legends are available about Nandi. One describes his conflict with [[Ravana]], the antagonist of the ''[[Ramayana]]''. Nandi cursed Ravana, the [[rakshasa]] king of [[Lanka]], that his kingdom would be burnt by a forest-dweller monkey ([[vanara]]), since he behaved in a restless manner, just like a monkey, while waiting to meet [[Shiva]]. Later, [[Hanuman]] burned Lanka when he went in search of [[Sita]], who was imprisoned by Ravana in the grove called the [[Ashok Vatika|Ashoka Vatika]].<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8170172284 | title=Epic Scenes in Indian Plastic Art | publisher=Abhinav Publications | author=Jayantika Kala | pages=37 | isbn=9788170172284| year=1988 }}</ref>

The ancient Tamil text ''[[Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam|Tiruvilaiyadal Puranam]]'' mentions another story in which Nandi is incarnated as a whale.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ge5ZAAAAMAAJ | title=The Indian Journal of English Studies, Volume 34 | publisher=Orient Longmans | author=Indian Association for English Studies | pages=92| year=1995 }}</ref> According to this legend, Parvati lost her concentration while Shiva was explaining the meaning of the ''[[Vedas]]'' to her. Parvati, then incarnated as a fisher-woman to atone for her lack of concentration. To unite his master and his beloved-wife, Nandi took the form of a whale and started to trouble the people. [[Himavat|Parvati's father]] declared that the man who would kill the whale would marry his daughter. Later, Shiva took the form of a fisherman and killed the whale, and received Parvati in her previous form.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ge5ZAAAAMAAJ |title=The Indian Journal of English Studies |date=1995 |publisher=Orient Longmans. |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Hinduism in Vietnam|Cham Hindus of Vietnam]] believe that when they die, [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] takes their soul to the holy land of India from Vietnam.

== Iconography ==
The [[Āgama (Hinduism)|''Agamas'']] describe Nandi in a zoo-anthropomorphic form, with the head of bull and four hands, with [[antelope]], axe, mace, and [[abhayamudra]]. In his mount form, Nandi is depicted as a seated bull in all Shiva temples, all over the world. This form has been found even in [[Southeast Asia]]n countries including [[Cambodia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shiva and Uma on the Bull Nandi |url=http://art.thewalters.org/detail/6687 |publisher=[[The Walters Art Museum]]}}</ref>

The white color of the bull symbolizes purity and justice. Symbolically, the seated Nandi faces the sanctum in Shiva temples and represents an individual [[Ātman (Hinduism)|''jiva'']] (soul) and the message that the jiva should always be focused on the [[Parameshwara (god)|Parameshvara]]. From the yogic perspective, Nandi is the mind dedicated to Shiva, the absolute. In other words, to understand and absorb light, the experience, and the wisdom is Nandi, who is the guru within.<ref>{{cite book |author=Vanamali |url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1620552493 |title=Shiva: Stories and Teachings from the Shiva Mahapurana |year=2013 | publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-1-62055-249-0}}</ref>

=== Nandi Flag ===
[[File:NandiFlag.svg|thumb|Nandi Flag, the official flag of Hindu Shaivas all over the world.<ref name="rev">{{cite book |author=DBS.Jeyaraj |url=http://dbsjeyaraj.com/dbsj/archives/17929 |title=Reviving Practice of Hoisting 'Nandi' (Crouched Bull) Flag As Hindu Festivals and Functions |year=2013}}</ref><ref name="zurich">{{cite web |author=Kalabooshanam Chelvathamby Manickavasagar |date=2008 |title=Fourth International Saiva Siddhantha Conference and the Glory of Nanthy Flag |url=http://www.island.lk/2008/03/21/features6.html |access-date=5 March 2017 |publisher=The Island}}</ref>]]
Nandi flag or Vrshabha flag, a flag with the emblem of seated bull is recognized as the flag of Shaivism, particularly among Tamil community all over the world. Nandi was the emblem of historical Tamil Shaiva monarchs, such as [[Pallava dynasty]] and [[Jaffna Kingdom]].<ref>Rasanayagam, Mudaliyar (1926). Ancient Jaffna, being research into the History of Jaffna from very early times to the Portuguese Period. Everymans Publishers Ltd, Madras (Reprint by New Delhi, AES in 2003). பக். 390. {{ISBN|81-206-0210-2}}.</ref> Several campaigns to aware the Shaivas about their Nandi flag is carried out continuously during the [[Shivaratri]] session, particularly among [[Tamil People|Tamil community]] of [[Sri Lanka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Tamil diaspora|diaspora]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hiduism Today, (2008), Hindu Campaigns for Restoration of Nandi Flag Tradition |url=https://www.hinduismtoday.com/blogs-news/hindu-press-international/hindu-campaigns-for-restoration-of-nandi-flag-tradition/7481.html |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref>

The Nandi flag used nowadays was designed by Ravindra Sastri of [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], according to the request and guidance of S. Danapala, a [[Sri Lanka]]n Shaiva personage, in the 1990s. The first Nandi flag was hoisted in 1998, at [[Colombo Hindu College]] at [[Ratmalana]], Sri Lanka.<ref name="dana1">{{cite book |title=Taṉapālā, kalāniti., Ciṉṉatturai., (2013), "Nantikkoṭi ēṟṟīr! Koṭikkavi pāṭīr!", Omlanka Publication}}</ref><ref name="dana2">{{cite book |title=Ciṉṉatturai taṉapālā, (2008), "nantikkoṭiyiṉ mukkiyattuvamum perumaikaḷum", Manimekalai Publication.}}</ref> Following years, it was declared as the official Shaiva flag in fourth International Saiva Siddhanta Conference, held in Zurich in 2008.<ref name="zurich" /> Nowadays, Tamil Shaivas, especially in [[Sri Lanka]], [[Canada]], [[Australia]], [[UK]], [[South Africa]], and [[Switzerland]], hoist the flag in all religious and cultural festivals.<ref name="zurich" /><ref name="dana1" /><ref name="dana2" /> Nandi flag was declared as the official Hindu flag of Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nanthi Flag to Maithripala Sirisena |url=http://www.omlanka.net/news/other-news/588-nanthi-flag-to-maithripala-sirisena.html |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Minister Swaminathan urged to Provide Nanthi Flags to Temples, Societies |url=http://www.omlanka.net/news/other-news/1686-minister-swaminathan-urged-to-provide-nanthi-flags-to-temples-societies.html |access-date=5 March 2017}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Isha Yoga Center - Bull.jpg|Statue of Nandi, [[Coimbatore]], India
File:Nandi - Shiva's bull in front of Hindu temple, Rewalsar, HP, India.jpg|Nandi in front of a Hindu temple in [[Rewalsar, India|Rewalsar]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
File:Decorated Nandhi.jpg|The tallest statue of Nandi at the [[Brihadisvara Temple]] in [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
File:Nandibull.jpg|17th-century CE sculpture of a Nandi in [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
File:BullTemple1.jpg|The second-tallest Nandi statue at the [[Dodda Basavana Gudi]] temple in [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
File:Nandi-Gongakondaicholapuram.jpg|Nandi at the [[Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram|Brihadeeshwara Temple]] in [[Gangaikonda Cholapuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
File:Nandi Dev at Tungnath.jpg|Nandi at the [[Tungnath]] Temple
File:Nandi at chamundi mysore.jpg|Nandi at the [[Chamundeshwari Temple]], [[Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
File:6th century Ladkhan temple, Nandi in lower mandapa, Aihole Hindu monuments Karnataka.jpg|Nandi statue in the [[Aihole]] monuments, [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
File:Nandi90 4 4.jpg|Nandi at [[Prambanan]], [[Java]], [[Indonesia]]
File:The bull Nandi.JPG|decorated
File:Nandi statue at Aimury Shiva temple, Perumbavoor (16).jpg|at Aimury Sri Mahadeva Temple, Koovappady
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Kamadhenu]]
* [[Cattle in religion]]
* [[Gavaevodata]], the primordial cow in [[Zoroastrianism]]
* [[Kao (bull)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*''Dictionary of Hindu Lore and Legend'' 2004 ({{ISBN|0-500-51088-1}}) by Anna Dallapiccola
{{Commons category|Nandi}}

{{Shaivism|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Legendary creatures in Hindu mythology]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Mythological bulls]]
[[Category:Hinduism and cattle]]
[[Category:Sacred bulls]]
[[Category:Shaivism]]
[[Category:Cattle deities]]

Lodha Mathematical Sciences Institute

2026-01-29T10:27:41Z

Bharatman: created new data initial version - done

{{Short description|Mathematical Institute located in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Lodha Mathematical Sciences Institute
|image = Lodha Mathematical Sciences Institute.svg
|image_size = 210px
|motto =
|endowment =
|head_label = Director
|head = [[V. Kumar Murty]]
|type = [[Private University|Private]]
|established = {{Start date and age|2025|08|17}}
|city = [[Mumbai]]
|coor = {{coord|19.0379737|72.876273|display=inline,title}}
|state = [[Maharashtra]]
|country = India
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|faculty =
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
|website = [https://lmsi.org www.lmsi.org]
}}

'''The Lodha Mathematical Sciences Institute''' ('''LMSI''')<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-08-18 |title=India gets its first privately funded institute for maths research |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-gets-its-first-privately-funded-institute-for-maths-research/articleshow/123352435.cms |location=Mumbai |publisher=The Times of India}}
</ref> is a mathematical [[research centre]] located in [[Mumbai]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/lodha-foundation-unveils-privately-funded-mathematical-sciences-institute-in-mumbai/article69943928.ece|title=Lodha Foundation unveils privately funded Mathematical Sciences Institute in Mumbai|website=The Hindu |date=17 August 2025 }}
</ref> It is India's only private mathematics research institute,<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-08-08 |title=The arithmetic of philanthropy: Lodha Foundation to set up India’s first private maths institute in Mumbai |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/the-arithmetic-of-philanthropy-lodha-foundation-to-set-up-india-s-1st-privately-funded-maths-institute-in-mumbai-101754594180256.html |location=Mumbai |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2025-08-17 |title=Mumbai gets India’s first private maths research institute, Indian Fields Medalist on advisory board |url=https://theprint.in/india/education/mumbai-gets-indias-1st-private-maths-research-institute-indian-fields-medalist-on-advisory-board/2722690/ |location=New Delhi |publisher=ThePrint}}
</ref> inaugurated on August 17, 2025, in Mumbai.

== Mission and Vision ==
'''Mission''' - LMSI fosters an inclusive, collaborative, and meritocratic environment where mathematical ideas - from India and across the world - are explored, advanced, and shared for the greater good of humanity.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lmsi.org/|title=Mission and Vision}}</ref>

'''Vision''' - LMSI<ref>{{cite news |date=2025-08-19 |title=India’s first private mathematics research institute launched in Mumbai |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/indias-first-private-mathematics-institute-launched-in-mumbai-2773439-2025-08-19 |location=New Delhi |publisher=India Today}}
</ref> aspires to be a global leader in mathematical research - both fundamental and applied - to help build a better world.

==Leadership==
The institute is led by [[V. Kumar Murty]], an esteemed mathematician known for his contributions to number theory and arithmetic geometry. Dr. Murty holds a Ph.D. from Harvard and has served as the Director of the Fields Institute as well as a professor at the University of Toronto.<ref>{{cite web |date=August 2025|title=India's first private maths research institute comes up in Mumbai, Fields Medal winner Manjul Bhargava on advisory council|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/india-first-private-maths-research-institute-mumbai-fields-medal-winner-manjul-bhargava-advisory-council-10196319|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

== Scientific Advisory Panel ==

LMSI is guided by a distinguished advisory panel of leading international researchers, including:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lmsi.org/scientific-advisory-panel|title=Scientific Advisory Panel}}</ref>

# [[Manjul Bhargava]] (Princeton University)
# [[Vikraman Balaji]] (Chennai Mathematical Institute)
# [[Sourav Chatterjee]] (Stanford University)
# [[Ravi Vakil]] (Stanford University; President-Elect of AMS)
# [[Yakov Eliashberg]] (Stanford University)
# [[Alexander Lubotzky]] (Weizmann Institute of Science)
# [[Kavita Ramanan]] (Brown University)
# [[François Labourie]] (Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis)
# Siddhartha Mishra (ETH Zurich)
# [[Mahan Mj]] (TIFR)
# [[Ngô Bảo Châu]] (University of Chicago)
# [[Raman Parimala]] (Emory University)

==References==

<references/>

== External links ==
*[https://lmsi.org Official website]

{{Indian mathematics}}
{{Mumbai topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mathematical institutes]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Mathematics education in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2025]]

Punjab women's football team

2026-01-27T13:41:12Z

Bharatman:

{{About|the women's team|the men's team|Punjab football team (India)}}
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| nickname =
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| ground = Various
| capacity =
| owner = [[Punjab Football Association]]
| chrtitle =
| chairman =
| mgrtitle = Head coach
| manager = Hardeep Singh
| league = [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]
| season = [[2025–26 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2025–26]]
| position = Final round
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The '''Punjab women's football team''' is an Indian women's [[association football|football]] team representing [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/association/496|title=Punjab Football Association}}</ref>

==History==
They were the silver medalists in their only senior major final appearance at the national level at the 2001 [[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]] held at Punjab.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nationalgames-w.html |title=List of Winners/Runners-Up of the National Games Women's Football Tournament |publisher=indianfootball.de |access-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180503074224/http://www.indianfootball.de/data/nationalgames-w.html |archive-date=3 May 2018 }}</ref>

While they have qualified for the quarterfinal group stages and final rounds of the [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|Senior Women's National Football Championship]] multiple times, their best performance at the nationals was the quarter-final appearance at the [[2018–19 Rajmata Jijabai Trophy|2018–19]] edition.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-wom2019.html#state |title=India (Women) 2018/19 |publisher=Rsssf.com |access-date=2021-12-30}}</ref>

==Honours==
===State (senior)===
*'''[[Football at the National Games of India|National Games]]'''
** Silver medal (1): 2001

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.punjabfootball.com/ Punjab Football Association website]

{{Rajmata Jijabai Trophy}}
{{Indian state football teams}}

[[Category:Football in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rajmata Jijabai Trophy teams]]
[[Category:Organizations with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-footyclub-stub}}

Philip Howell

2026-01-20T14:20:35Z

Bharatman: updated details

{{Short description|British Army general (1877–1916)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2020}}
{{Multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=August 2014}}
{{primary sources|date=August 2014}}}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Philip Howell
| image = PHILIP HOWELL.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1877|12|07}}
| birth_place = [[Surbiton]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1916|10|07|1877|12|07}}
| death_place = [[Authuille]], France
| placeofburial = Varennes Military Cemetery, France
| allegiance = United Kingdom
| branch = [[British Army]]
| serviceyears =
| rank = [[Brigadier General]]
| unit =
| commands = [[4th Queen's Own Hussars]]
| battles = [[First World War]]
| awards = [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Mentioned in Despatches]] (6)
| relations =
| laterwork =
}}
[[Brigadier-General (British Army)|Brigadier-General]] '''Philip Howell''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100|CMG}} (7 December 1877 – 7 October 1916) was a senior [[British Army]] staff officer during the [[First World War]]. He was, successively, Brigadier General, General Staff (BGGS) to the [[Cavalry Corps (United Kingdom)|Cavalry Corps]] and then to [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]]. In October 1915 he was posted as BGGS to the [[British Salonika Army]] before appointment as BGGS and second-in-command to [[II Corps (United Kingdom)|II Corps]], then forming part of the [[Fifth Army (United Kingdom)|Fifth Army]] at the [[Battle of Somme]] in 1916.

Howell was [[List of generals of the British Empire who died during the First World War|killed in action]] at [[Authuille]] by shrapnel on 7 October 1916, after making a personal reconnaissance of the frontline near [[Thiepval]] during the later Somme offensives. Howell had been in action on the front line since the outbreak of the war, serving with the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]], and commanding the [[4th Queen's Own Hussars]] through the [[retreat from Mons]], the [[Battle of Le Cateau]], the [[Marne 1914|Marne offensive]], [[Battle of Hill 60 (Western Front)|Hill 60]], and the [[First Battle of Ypres]]. He was [[mentioned in despatches]] six times, and made a [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] in 1915 for "meritorious service".

Howell came from a military family. After education at [[Lancing College]] and passing out from the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst]] with honours, he joined the elite [[Queen's Own Corps of Guides]] as a subaltern in 1900. Aged 25, he was made [[brigade major]] by Major General [[Douglas Haig]], when Haig was Inspector-General of Cavalry, India. This was the start of a lifelong friendship between Haig and Howell. Howell's interests were more extensive than soldiering, and he travelled throughout the [[Balkan]] region, becoming a correspondent for ''[[The Times]]'' and an expert on the local politics of the [[Near East]]. This experience and a formidable intellect led to his becoming a senior instructor at the [[Staff College, Camberley]]. He had himself attended the [[Staff College, Quetta]], in India in 1903–04.

It was expected, even amongst the highest military circles,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title = The Fourth (Queen's Own) Hussars in The Great War 1914–1918|last = Evans, Capt H.K.D. &|orig-year = 1920|year = 1975|location = London|pages = Ref. Howell, Lt-Col}}</ref> that had Howell not been killed in action he would have reached the highest command in the British Army. This was certainly the view of many of his contemporaries and peers.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title = Obituary|last = London Military Correspondent|date = October 1916|journal = Civil and Military Gazette}}</ref> At the age of 37, he was gazetted as brigadier general in September 1915 and, rather than holding "temporary" rank, was the youngest fully promoted [[general officer]] in the British Army during the First World War.<ref name=":5" /> Of military significance was his direct role in the strategic planning of the later conclusive actions of the [[Somme Offensive]]; the successful battles of [[Battle of Thiepval Ridge|Thiepval Ridge]] and [[Battle of the Ancre Heights|Ancre Heights]]. These used more sophisticated planned attacks using techniques such as synchronised barrages, the use of a limited number of tanks and proper briefing of field commanders. Lieutenant General [[Claud Jacob|Sir Claud Jacob]], is quoted as saying that much of what his [[II Corps (United Kingdom)|II Corps]] achieved during the Somme was owed to Howell's efforts, and in fact he had left much of the daily command to Howell, who was a man of exceptional capability.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title = Philip Howell – A Memoir by His Wife|last = Howell|first = Rosalind Upcher|publisher = George Allen & Unwin Ltd.|year = 1942|location = London|pages = Obituary Letters}}</ref>

==Early life==
Philip Howell was born in England on 7 December 1877, the second son of Lieutenant Colonel Horace Howell, late the [[Punjab Irregular Force|Punjab Frontier Force]], and Ella Howell, from Shepshed, Leicestershire. Between the age of six and ten Howell, and his family, joined his father in India and Kashmir, living in places such as Kohat, Murree, and Dera Ismail Khan. He returned to England for schooling in 1887, at Miss Gilzean's school in Clifton, and for two years as a day-boy at [[Shrewsbury House School|Shrewsbury House Preparatory School]], Surbiton (his paternal grandfather, John Howell lived in Surrey.) Following this he went to [[Lancing College]] from January 1891, joining the fourth form under R.D. Budworth and attended until December 1896. His mother had died prematurely from a long illness in August 1889. Shortly after, his father had retired to Brighton, after a long service in the Indian Army.

==Sandhurst and early military career==
Howell attended the [[Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst]], passing out with honours (first in fencing, second in riding), and was commissioned [[second lieutenant]] on the unattached list of the Indian Army on 4 August 1897. He then served as a subaltern in his father's former regiment, the [[5th Punjab Cavalry]], in India, from 1898 to 1900. He was promoted [[Lieutenant (British Army and Royal Marines)|lieutenant]] on 4 November 1899,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27168|page=1264|date=23 February 1900}}</ref> and transferred in June 1900 to the [[Queen's Own Corps of Guides]] ("Lumsden's Horse") – an elite cavalry unit of the Punjab Frontier Force which at the time operated entirely in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North-West Frontier]]. Howell blended well with this environment. He was a natural with the native troops, taking the trouble to know their language and culture, and respected by them for his professionalism as a soldier. He equally gained the confidence of the local [[Pathan]] tribesmen, of whom he had a natural curiosity and talent for dialogue. He had an inherent instinct for exploring different views and cultures, born out of an engaging charm, as well as an instinct for both understanding and treating all on an equal footing – but still able to retain his own authority. These unusual qualities remained with him throughout his career. In 1902 the [[Corps of Guides (India)|Corps of Guides]] won the Cavalry Reconnaissance Competition, in which Howell was the patrol commander.

During his time as a cavalry subaltern, Howell developed through regimental life a deep love of polo, although a contemporary was later to write that his interest in training and love for his polo ponies exceeded his skill on the playing field. The same officer, Major General [[Llewelyn Alberic Emilius Price-Davies]], VC also described him as a fine horseman who could "tent peg or pickup a handkerchief off the ground on a big horse barebacked at the gallop".<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|title = Philip Howell – A Memoir by His Wife|last = Howell|first = Rosalind Upcher|publisher = George Allen and Unwin Ltd.|year = 1942|location = London|pages = 9–10}}</ref> He had a lifelong love of animals, and "adored mischief in animals, as he did children".<ref name=":3" />

In December 1903 Howell's military professionalism was recognised when Major General [[Douglas Haig]], who had just been appointed [[Inspector general|Inspector-General of Cavalry, India]] spotted some manoeuvres performed by Howell during an exercise. Haig selected Howell, then twenty-five years old, as his brigade major during further field exercises held in India and up to 1905. This was the start of a lifelong friendship and correspondence between Howell and Haig. Ever loyal, Howell never deflected from his support for Haig in his enterprise during the First World War, whom he perceived to be the best man for the job and infinitely better suited to lead than most of the contemporary generals of the time. However, although one of Haig's champions he was also able to criticise.

==Pre-war career==
Howell had also begun to use his leave for travel, extensively in the [[Balkan]] region since 1903. He became a special correspondent for ''[[The Times]]'', sending in contributions to [[Charles Frederic Moberly Bell|Charles Moberly Bell]], the editor. In its obituary of 14 October 1914, ''[[The Spectator]]'' mentions Howell's correspondence with ''The Times'' during the [[Ilinden Uprising|Macedonian Uprising]] of 1903, in which his letters "brushed" with those of Prime Minister [[Arthur Balfour]] on the "balance of criminality", and describes these as "admirably written and illuminating".<ref name=":1" /> This set the form for later Balkan and Near East exploits, and he became a leading expert on the military and political affairs of the region.

Howell was promoted to [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] in August 1906, and was given the job of Intelligence Officer (as Staff Captain) for the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North West Frontier]] region, where his intuitive knowledge of local Pathan politics played their part. On his own initiative he set up a network of "spies" in the local villages extending across to Turkestan and Kashgar, as resembling characters from [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s contemporary novel,"[[Kim (novel)|Kim]]".<ref name=":4" />

In 1909, Howell was brigade major to Major General [[Malcolm Henry Grover|Sir Malcolm Grover]] in India. Between 1909 and 1911 Howell served as a GSO3 staff officer<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28294|date=5 October 1909|page=7354}}</ref> to the Inspector-General of Cavalry, British Army (Major General [[Edmund Allenby]]) at the [[War Office]] in London, with frequent intermittent visits to the Balkans, as special correspondent with ''The Times''. The latter brought him into contact with notable figures and other journalists in the region, including [[James David Bourchier|James Bourchier]] and [[Compton Mackenzie]].

Shortly before this, in 1908, Howell first met his future wife, Rosalind Upcher Buxton, at her family home at Fritton Hall, Lowestoft, Norfolk. She was a member of the notable slave trade abolitionist [[Buxton]] family (also known for banking and brewing), and had travelled extensively in Turkey and the Levant. The mutual interest in Near Eastern affairs and culture drew them together, and led to marriage on 11 September 1911.

In December 1911, Howell was appointed by Major General [[Sir William Robertson, 1st Baronet|William Robertson]] as a senior instructor at the [[Staff College, Camberley]] with the additional title of "Professor of Military Studies". He was promoted to temporary major while employed in this role.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28580|page=1066|date=13 February 1912}}</ref>

In the Christmas vacation of 1912, Howell was sent to [[Thrace]], both by ''The Times'' (as special correspondent) and the War Office as " military observer" attached to the Bulgarian Army of [[Mihail Savov|General Savov]] during the [[First Balkan War]]. His observations, which included an early favourable assessment of the capabilities of the Bulgarian Army, were turned into a series of military lectures for the Staff College, and published as a book, "Campaign in Thrace – 1912".<ref>{{cite book |title= The Campaign in Thrace 1912; Six Lectures by Major P. Howell |place=London |publisher= Hugh Rees, Ltd. |year=1913 |url= http://reader.ekt.gr/bookReader/show/index.php?lib=GRSER&path=GRSER_00000000000001115_#page/10/mode/2up|access-date= 29 July 2018 |via= EKT.Gr}}</ref>

On 14 May 1913 Howell was promoted major in the [[4th Hussars]],<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=28718|page=3439|date=13 May 1913}}</ref> as second-in-command, then based at [[The Curragh]] in Ireland. It was during the [[Curragh Incident]] of March 1914, propagated by the forthcoming Home Rule Bill and some confusion amongst high command, that Howell's writing skills and diplomatic abilities came to the fore. The question was posed to officers serving in Ireland (individually) whether they would resign their commissions if asked to march on Ulster – where [[Edward Carson, Baron Carson|Carson]] proposed resisting the Home Rule Bill. Almost all the officers offered to resign their commissions, creating an internal crisis. Howell drafted a letter to the [[Army Council (1904)|Army Council]], on behalf of the officers, and its brigade commander, Hubert Gough. The content of the letter helped defuse the issue. His efforts were further extended by his writing a personal letter to ''The Times'' in which he denounced the fact that soldiers had been asked to choose between their own political conscience and their duty to serve, in an impossible ultimatum. He posed the question that there had been a deliberate effort by the politicians to pass off the decision on to the Army. The letter was signed "A Soldier Serving in Ireland". Both these efforts contributed in some small way to common sense being applied and the order being rescinded.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Curragh Incident|last = Fergusson|first = James|publisher = Faber & Faber|year = 1964|location = London}}</ref>

==British Expeditionary Force==
At the outbreak of war with Germany in 1914, the 4th Hussars was mobilized as part of the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|British Expeditionary Force]] (BEF) making its way to Dublin for embarkation to France. The regiment travelled with its horses aboard the {{SS|Atlantus}} , arriving in Le Havre on 15 August 1914. The 4th Hussars formed part of the [[3rd Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|3rd Cavalry Brigade]] commanded by Brigadier General [[Hubert Gough]], and quickly became embroiled in the Battle and subsequent Retreat from Mons. During these actions the commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Ian Hogg, died from wounds received in a rearguard action on 1 September. Howell assumed command of the 4th Hussars through the [[Battle of Le Cateau]], until relieved by the appointment of Lieutenant Colonel [[Tom Bridges]] on 27 September. However, Bridges appointment lasted three days, before he was promoted brigadier general and sent to become chief military adviser to the [[Albert I of Belgium|King of Belgium]]. Howell resumed command of the 4th Hussars, being promoted [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] on 18 October. He led the 4th Hussars throughout the remainder of the advance of [[First Battle of Marne]], and then in the following ten months through the frontline carnage of the [[First Battle of Ypres]], [[Battle of Hill 60 (Western Front)|Hill 60]], and [[Neuve-Chappelle|Neuve Chappelle.]]

Howell was respected by his men as a gallant and able regimental commander, and these were quoted as saying that "if the Colonel was there, everything was alright."<ref name=":0" /> On one occasion during the battle of Ypres, when his regiment were ordered to take a tactically useless obstacle (a stable block) that had been retaken several times at considerable human cost, Howell was able to countermand on the pretext that as the order was being made the telephone line had been cut. Afterward he stated that "a deaf ear at the telephone may be as useful as a blind eye at the telescope".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title = The Story of the Fourth Queen's Own Hussars|last = Daniel|first = David Scott|year = 1959|location = Aldershot|pages = Chapters on "The Great War 1914–1918"}}</ref> He was appointed a [[Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George]] in February 1915 for "meritorious service during the war"<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=29074|page=1688|date=16 February 1915|supp=y}}</ref> and had by this stage of the war been mentioned in despatches no less than four times.

==Staff appointments during the war==
In March 1915 Howell was appointed Brigadier General, General Staff (BGGS) to the [[Cavalry Corps (United Kingdom)|Cavalry Corps]] under Lieutenant General [[Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby|Edmund Allenby]]. His promotion to brigadier general was approved and gazetted in September 1915. He was 37 years old.

Both Allenby and Howell were quick to point out that cavalry largely became ineffective in trench warfare impeding much of the point of a Cavalry Corps, although this view was not as pessimistic as some observed at the time. It was simply a reality of trench warfare and way the war was now being conducted. In July 1915 the Cavalry Corps was broken up into its former divisional and brigade structure (redistributed as dismounted battalions to support the infantry in the trenches, although in 1916 it was reinstated). Howell was transferred to the more active role of Chief of Staff of [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]] under the command of Lieutenant General [[Thomas Morland]]. Howell approved of Morland, who he perceived to be one of the youngest Corps commanders and therefore more receptive to new more practical ideas. However, Howell's time with X Corps on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] was short lived, as matters developed on a wider geographical scale.

The [[Dardanelles Campaign]] had been launched in April 1915. Once this had failed in its early objective of surprise, and the British (more particularly the [[Anzac]] and Indian forces) began to count the heavy cost, Howell was amongst the earliest voices calling for withdrawal – but this was largely dissipated amongst those wanting to save face and prolong the campaign. On leave in London, Howell dined on one occasion with [[Winston Churchill]] – an interesting confrontation of minds, as both were of a similar age and had both served with the 4th Hussars, although at different times. The Dardanelles featured much in the dialogue, and Churchill remonstrated with Howell not to be too harsh about a project that he (Churchill) referred to as "his child".<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title = Philip Howell – A Memoir by His Wife|last = Howell|first = Rosalind Upcher|publisher = George Allen and Unwin Ltd|year = 1942|location = London|pages = 166–167}}</ref>

Politically, moves had been started to launch a Balkan campaign via the port of [[Salonica]]. This was a motion largely promoted by the French. Howell could see no logic to a widened Balkan expedition unless Bulgaria was brought either on to the side of the allies or persuaded to remain neutral thereby allowing allied forces to pass through their territory unimpeded to attack the [[Central Powers|Central]] flanks – using the promise of territorial gain. He knew and appreciated from direct experience that Bulgaria had a better equipped and trained army than neighboring forces, especially those of a depleted Serbia or an indiscipline military "rabble" from within a Greece split between a pro-German monarchy and nationalist government loyalists.

Encouraged by higher command to take up an appointment in the region because of his expert knowledge, Howell was wary of a Balkan enterprise, partly that because of a lack of allied initiative, the Bulgarians were persuaded to side with German ambitions. Later his earlier views on Bulgaria were deliberately taken out of context (and timing), but these "pro-Bulgar" opinions were largely based on finding the best practical solution for this sector of the First War. He himself said "take away Bulgaria and the whole German pack of cards falls to pieces", referring to German ambitions in the Near East, but also in a wider context.

==Salonica campaign==
[[File:Brig Gen Philip Howell, 1916.jpg|thumb|left|Brigadier General P. Howell and two other unnamed officers on an inspection, Salonika, 1916.]]

Because of his expert pre-war knowledge of the Balkans, Howell was a natural choice to be sent to assist in the gathering momentum for a [[Macedonian campaign|Salonica campaign]]. A significant part of this momentum stemmed from the French. With the defection of Bulgaria to the German cause, this pace quickly increased. In October 1915, Howell was sent to Salonica as BGGS to [[XII Corps (United Kingdom)|XII Corps]] under Lieutenant General Wilson. However, as matters progressed towards a Balkan offensive the British Salonica Army was created from XII Corps and the new [[XVI Corps (United Kingdom)|XVI Corps]], under the leadership of Lieutenant General [[Bryan Mahon|Sir Bryan Mahon]], and Howell was appointed as his chief of staff. General Sarrail commanded the French contingent, which largely comprised French colonial forces.

The first months of the campaign were, as predicted, entangled with political wrangling, not least of which concerned Greek internal politics, primarily the ongoing rift between the pro-German monarchists and the government led by Prime Minister [[Eleftherios Venizelos|Venizelos]]. These required much negotiation and diplomacy, which included dealing with the difficult King Constantine of Greece, apart from military matters. Other issues included the logistics of having an ultimate command structure based at GHQ in Alexandria, Egypt, a distance of 1800 miles – rather than the closer Malta. Eventually the new offensive was launched, and Howell was conveyed to the new front line by a Royal Navy motor torpedo boat to Kavalla. Also as predicted, the new offensive came almost immediately up against strong Bulgaro-German resistance, and stalled. Indeed, the stalemate continued until 1918 tying down the vital resource of six Allied divisions.

As a result of what some considered as a distorted publication (in [[Christabel Pankhurst]]'s ''Britannia'') of some private notes Howell had sent to a few individual generals and politicians outlining his views on Bulgaria before that country had even entered the war, Howell became embroiled in some controversy as being "pro-Bulgar", which eventually resulted in a call for his recall by a few "pro-Serbian" MPs. Although Howell was not in the least anti-Serbian or a defeatist, he was happy to be released from a campaign he was not convinced would succeed. Legal action for libel against ''Britannia'' was considered, but because of his early death never concluded.

==Battle of the Somme==
Howell returned to the Western Front during the impending build up for the Battle of the Somme, which had been brought forward in time, and with a reduced French role, by French pressure on the new British commander in chief, General Douglas Haig, to relieve the attrition being sustained at [[Verdun]]. He was appointed chief of staff and second-in-command to II Corps which after being held in reserve on the first day became part of General Sir Hubert Gough's Reserve (later renamed Fifth) Army. His corps commander was Lieutenant General Sir Claud Jacob, with whom he forged a strong partnership of command. Jacob later wrote "He was the most capable staff officer I have ever come across in all my service."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title = Philip Howell – A Memoir by His Wife|last = Howell|first = Rosalind Upcher|publisher = George Allen and Unwin Ltd.|year = 1942|location = London|pages = 219}}</ref>

Howell took advantage of the lesser role played by Gough's Fifth Army (compared to Henry Rawlinson's Fourth Army) in July on the Somme to conduct an entire survey of the battlefield as it developed, and whilst disappointed that once again "lessons had not been learned",<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title = Philip Howell – A Memoir by His Wife|last = Howell|first = Rosalind Upcher|publisher = George Allen and Unwin Ltd|year = 1942|location = London|pages = 220}}</ref> sought to find positives from which later actions would benefit. As a result of this, Douglas Haig requested that he compile a confidential report.

Earlier in the war, Howell had actively sought to prevent the sending of battalions made up and commanded entirely by "green" conscripts. In one letter he outlines this in an annotated argument in which he points out that an army created from mixing new raw arrivals with experienced non-commissioned officers and soldiers to create a unit that was "fairly good throughout" was preferable to one made entirely of untrained conscripts in which "a small part was very good whilst the remainder were indifferent."<ref>{{Cite book|title = Philip Howell – A Memoir by His Wife|last = Howell|first = Rosalind Upcher|publisher = George Allen and Unwin Ltd.|year = 1942|location = London|pages = 85–86}}</ref> He was, therefore, opposed to "pals" battalions in essence, and after the initial Somme offensive reorganized some of the decimated remnants of some of these into the more experienced units of his command. More particularly he was adamant that divisional, brigade, and battalion commanders be properly briefed prior to any engagement.

During August and into September 1916, Howell was given the opportunity to implement his tactical ideas in some relatively small engagements. These included afternoon offensives, synchronized barrages – including the wider use of creeping barrages – and the limited use of tanks. The purpose of afternoon attacks was that the enemy had less to time to reorganize before darkness fell (the German Army in both World Wars hardly ever engaged during the night) and this gave more time for the British attackers to regroup overnight. II Corps had already achieved better results with afternoon attacks. Importantly, he held detailed briefing for all commanders immediately before any attack, insuring that these understood all elements of the ongoing attack, and their role in it. The success of these small operations, although not perfect, began to unravel some initial objectives leading eventually (and after his death) to the success of the battles of Thiepval Ridge and thereon to Ancre Heights (a shared objective.) More particularly his efforts contributed to the taking of the enemy strongholds of the Schwaben Redoubt, and other "anchors" which the Germans used to keep a hold on the territory.

Howell was never to see the completion of these offensives which included the final capture of Thiepval. He was a frequent visitor to frontline trenches, and to make personal observations so that he could be sure of undistorted facts. It was on one of these visits on 7 October 1916 that he was killed by shrapnel from a stray shell on the track leading from Authuilles. He was alone at the time. The previous day he had visited the front line trenches of his regiment the 4th Hussars at Dernancourt.

==Obituaries==
Howell received some approbation in the published obituaries and letters published in journals. Some of these defended him from the personal attacks made on him by Christabel Pankhurst's pamphlet ''Britannia'' whilst he served in Salonica. Howell said of himself that his own abilities stemmed from "the want of shaping up a muddle."<ref name=":2" />

General Sir Bryan Mahon wrote: "Howell was a brilliant General Staff Officer, self-reliant, quick to grasp the situation, full of energy and enterprise. He performed exceptionally good service at Salonica under difficult and complicated conditions."<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|title = Philip Howell – A Memoir by His Wife|last = Howell|first = Rosalind Upcher|publisher = George Allen and Unwin Ltd|year = 1942|location = London|pages = 245–252 (Appendix - Extracts from Letters)}}</ref>

The ''[[Westminster Gazette]]'' said of him: "In the difficult times to come Howell's constructive mind would have brought him to a high place in the Army or the State. A few such men, with that rare combination of zeal with breadth, that absorption in giving rather than getting, that power of keeping the mind fresh and elastic in official harness, would be of infinite value to the nation."<ref name=":6" />

==Influence==
At the time of his death Howell was 38, and one of the youngest British generals of the time. Although he was too young to have overall authority, or to make immediate the changes he desired to outmoded military practices, at times his influence extended beyond his years. His military career and journalistic travels brought him into contact with all manner of people, some of considerable influence. He corresponded with Douglas Haig throughout his life, but also had enjoyed the friendship of [[Lloyd George]], a future prime minister. He was a regular correspondent with [[Gertrude Bell]], and also counted many literary and artistic figures as his friends.

==Personal life==
Howell was one of five brothers and one sister. Neither rich nor poor, he came from a family with strong trading and business enterprise in South East London. The family business, Hayter, Howell & Co, was a successful firm of military packers and merchants based in south-east London. One Howell ancestor, Sir Thomas Howell, had as a result of family business connections risen to prominence as Director of Contracts to the War Office (1855–1874) during the [[Crimean War]]. Earlier ancestors had been prominent guild merchants in Oswestry in Shropshire, several generations being Mayor of this market town in the Welsh Marches. Howell's military ambitions were not conceived from any compelling financial reasons (as argued by Robbins)<ref>{{Cite book|title = British Generalship on the Western Front 1914–1918 – Defeat into Victory|last = Robbins|first = Simon|publisher = Frank Cass & Son|year = 2005|location = London & New York|pages = 7}}</ref> but more directly from the fact of his father's career as a soldier in the Punjab, and a direct interest in military affairs, as well as an enormous sense of adventure - which characteristics he shared with most of the successful soldiers of his generation.

Howell married Rosalind Upcher Buxton of Fritton Hall, Lowestoft, Norfolk. She came from a family of means (Barclays Bank), firmly embedded in the liberal establishment. She was also a close friend of many literary and artists of that generation including [[Christopher Nevinson|Nevinson]], both [[Paul Nash (artist)|Nash]] brothers, and [[George Bernard Shaw]] (whose Fabian meetings she regularly attended.)

They had two children; a daughter, Deborah Howell, an eminent international veterinary surgeon (an expert on mastitis in cattle) and a son born posthumously, Paul Philip Howell, civil servant, overseas development expert, anthropologist and Cambridge academic.

Howell is buried in the War Cemetery at Varennes, France. His gravestone bears the insignia of the 4th Queen's Own Hussars and the inscription "Fellowship is heaven and the lack of fellowship is hell."

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Howell, Rosalind Upcher ''Philip Howell – A Memoir by His Wife'' (1942) George Allen & Unwin Ltd, London
* Daniel, David Scott ''The Story of The 4th Queen's Own Hussars'' (1959) Aldershot
* Howell, Philip ''Campaign in Thrace – 1912'' (1913) Hugh Rees, London
* Liddle Hart Military Archives ''Howell, Brig-Gen (1877–1916) Letters & Papers'' King's College, London
* Evans, Capt. H K D & Laing, Major N O ''The Fourth (Queen's Own) Hussars in the Great War'' (1920, reprinted 1999)
* Robbins, Simon ''British Generalship on the Western Front 1914 – Defeat into Victory'' (2005) Frank Cass, London
* Robinson, Peter ''The Letters of Major General Price Davies VC CB CMG DSO – From Captain to Major General 1914–1918'' (2013) The History Press, London
{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{succession box|title=Brigadier-General, General Staff, [[Cavalry Corps (United Kingdom)|Cavalry Corps]]|years=March–August 1915|before=[[James Frederick Noel Birch|J. F. N. Birch]]|after=[[Archibald Fraser Home|A. F. Home]]}}
{{succession box|title=BGGS, [[X Corps (United Kingdom)|X Corps]]|years=August–October 1915|before=[[George de Symons Barrow|G. de S. Barrow]]|after=[[Archibald Rice Cameron|A. R. Cameron]]}}
{{succession box|title=BGGS, [[XII Corps (United Kingdom)|XII Corps]]|years=October–November 1915|before=[[Louis Jean Bols|L. J. Bols]]|after=[[Claude John Perceval|C. J. Perceval]]}}
{{succession box|title=BGGS, [[British Salonika Army]]|years=November 1915–May 1916|before=New post|after=[[Webb Gillman|W. Gillman]]}}
{{succession box|title=BGGS, [[II Corps (United Kingdom)|II Corps]]|years=June–October 1916|before=[[Percy Pollexfen de Blaquière Radcliffe|P. P. de B. Radcliffe]]|after=[[Samuel Herbert Wilson|S. H. Wilson]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Howell, Philip}}
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Jayant Sinha

2026-01-05T17:34:59Z

Bharatman: update citations also and updated info after review

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Like resume|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = JayantSinha.JPG
| alt = Jayant Sinha
| caption = Sinha in November 2014
| office1 = [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Union Minister of State for Civil Aviation]]
| minister1 = [[Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati]] (till 2018) [[Suresh Prabhu]] (from 2018)
| term_start1 = 5 July 2016
| term_end1 = 30 May 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Mahesh Sharma]]
| successor1 = [[Hardeep Singh Puri]] ''(as MoS independent charge)''
| office2 = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Union Minister of State for Finance]]
| minister2 = [[Arun Jaitley]]
| term_start2 = 9 November 2014
| term_end2 = 5 July 2016
| predecessor2 = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| successor2 = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]] [[Santosh Gangwar]]
| constituency3 = [[Hazaribagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hazaribagh, Jharkhand]]
| office3 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start3 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor3 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| residence = [[New Delhi|4, Kamraj Lane, New Delhi]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|04|21}}
| birth_place = [[Giridih]], [[Bihar]], India (present-day [[Jharkhand]])
| alma_mater = {{nowrap|[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]] ([[BTech]]) [[University of Pennsylvania]] ([[M.S.|MS]]) [[Harvard Business School]] ([[MBA]]) }}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Punita Kumar Sinha<ref name="Being Mrs Sinha">{{cite news |title=Being Mrs Sinha |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/being-mrs-sinha/297525 |accessdate=30 August 2022 |work= |date=4 February 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830172616/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/being-mrs-sinha/297525 |archivedate=30 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>|1986}}
| children = 2
| father = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| term_end3 = 4 June 2024
| successor3 = [[Manish Jaiswal]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|businessperson}}
}}

'''Jayant Sinha''' (born 21 April 1963; {{IPA|hi|d͡ʒəjən̪t̪ sɪn̪ɦaː}}) is an Indian politician and a former [[First Modi ministry|Union Minister of State for Finance]] and [[First Modi ministry|Union Minister of State for Civil Aviation]] in the [[Council of Ministers|Government of India]], and served as the [[Standing Committee on Finance (India)|Chairperson of the Standing Committee on Finance]] and as a member of the [[Public Accounts Committee (India)|Public Accounts Committee]] from 2019 to 2024. He served as the [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament (Lok Sabha)]] for [[Hazaribagh]] from 2014 to 2024. He is currently the President of [[Everstone Capital Asia|Everstone Group]] and [[Everstone Capital Asia#Environmental, social, and governance|Eversource Capital]], and a Visiting Professor at the [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics (LSE)]]. He is also a Distinguished Fellow at the [[Observer Research Foundation]] (ORF) <ref>{{cite web | title=Jayant Sinha - ORF Profile | url=https://www.orfonline.org/people-expert/jayant-sinha | website=Observer Research Foundation | access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref> and a Senior Advisor at the [https://www.ivca.in/ Indian Venture Capital Association]. He has worked as an investment fund manager and management consultant.

In May 2014, he was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] as a [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from the [[Hazaribagh|Hazaribagh Parliamentary constituency]] in Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Election commission of India|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2714.htm?ac=14 |access-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521023031/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2714.htm?ac=14 |archive-date=21 May 2014 }}</ref> In the 2019 general election, Sinha was re-elected as Member of Parliament from the same constituency with a record majority.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hazaribagh-lok-sabha-election-results-2019-jharkhand-bjp-s-jayant-sinha-wins-by-478209-votes-2751534 | title=Hazaribagh Lok Sabha election results 2019 Jharkhand: BJP's Jayant Sinha wins by 4,78,209 votes| date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

During his time as a two-term [[Member of Parliament]], Sinha represented over 3 million people in a region with a significant coal-mining economy and persistent development needs. During his tenure, he worked on various infrastructure improvements, including upgrading transportation systems, enhancing healthcare and educational facilities, and supporting initiatives like the [[Akshaya Patra]] food program.<ref>{{cite web | title=Jayant Sinha's Support for Akshaya Patra | url=https://www.akshayapatra.org/news/governor-inaugurates-akshaya-patra-s-new-kitchen-in-hazaribagh | website=Akshaya Patra Foundation | date=19 January 2024 | access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

Before entering public office, Sinha worked as a [[Management consulting|management consultant]] and investment professional. He spent twelve years at [[McKinsey & Company]] as a Partner in the [[Boston]] and [[Delhi]] offices, where he co-led the global Software and IT Services practice. He later served as a Managing Director at Courage Capital Management. Until 2013, he was a Partner at [[Omidyar Network]] and the Managing Director of [[Omidyar Network|Omidyar Network India Advisors]], where he led overall investment strategy and operations in India.

==Personal life==
He was born in a [[Chitraguptvanshi Kayastha]] family in [[Giridih]], Jharkhand, where his father, [[Yashwant Sinha]], was stationed as an IAS officer.{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} In his youth, Jayant lived in Bihar, Delhi and Germany. He was educated at [[St. Michael's High School, Patna]] and [[St. Columba's School, Delhi]].{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}} In 1980, Jayant passed the JEE while in the 11th grade on his first attempt, and was admitted to [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi]]. He was awarded the IIT Delhi's Distinguished Alumni Award in October 2015. While at IIT, Sinha met his future wife Punita, and they were married in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4768|access-date=2021-10-09|website=164.100.47.194}}</ref> They have two sons.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members : Lok Sabha|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4768|access-date=2021-10-09|website=164.100.47.194}}</ref>

After graduating from IIT Delhi in 1985, Sinha enrolled at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], and completed a Master of Science in Energy Management & Policy in 1986. Later, Sinha also attended [[Harvard Business School]], and obtained an MBA with Distinction in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vccircle.com/news/general/2014/05/16/former-omidyar-network-head-jayant-sinha-gets-elected-hazaribagh |title=Former Omidyar Network head Jayant Sinha gets elected from Hazaribagh |publisher=VCCircle |date=2014-05-16 |access-date=2015-06-18 |archive-date=19 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519224051/http://www.vccircle.com/news/general/2014/05/16/former-omidyar-network-head-jayant-sinha-gets-elected-hazaribagh |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Cabinet reshuffle: Modi government's got talent but is it being fully utilised? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cabinet-reshuffle-modi-governments-got-talent-but-is-it-being-fully-utilised/articleshow/53132757.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] |date=10 July 2016 |last1=Layak |first1=Suman }}</ref>

==Political career==

Jayant Sinha has participated in Indian politics and policy-making since the 1990s. When his father became Finance Minister under [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] (1998-2002), Sinha provided policy inputs on several new initiatives such as the mortgage interest tax deduction and the Saral form to file income tax returns with ease and improve tax compliance.<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jayant-sinha-rides-into-hazaribagh-114022501346_1.html |title=Jayant Sinha rides into Hazaribagh | Business Standard News |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2014-02-25 |access-date=2015-06-18|newspaper=Business Standard India |last1=Subramanian |first1=N. Sundaresha }}</ref>

Sinha has been active in Hazaribagh, assisting his father's election campaigns since 1998. He has also worked on a variety of projects in [[Hazaribagh]] and [[Ramgarh district]]s such as fostering self-help groups, distributing solar lanterns, improving drinking water quality, and getting village roads built.{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}

During the 2014 election campaign, Sinha worked with Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] to help frame national economic policy, including organizing and hosting an international business leaders' forum with Mr. Modi in February 2014. Sinha has been an active contributor to the BJP's efforts to develop new campaign management technologies and systems.<ref name="business-standard2">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/modi-to-woo-financial-elite-next-week-114022000842_1.html |title=Modi to woo financial elite next week | Business Standard News |publisher=Business-standard.com |date=2014-02-21 |access-date=2015-06-18|newspaper=Business Standard India |last1=Phadnis |first1=Aditi }}</ref>

In 2014, Sinha contested Lok Sabha elections from the Hazaribagh seat in his home state of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web|last=Crabtree |first=James |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/ddbc7f9c-cb43-11e3-ba95-00144feabdc0.html#axzz32BunvMnu |title=India's new politics |publisher=FT.com |date=2014-04-25 |access-date=2015-06-18}}</ref> He won the elections with a huge margin of 1,59,128 votes, getting a total of 4,06,931 in his favour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS27.htm?st=S27 |access-date=4 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118092956/http://eciresults.nic.in/statewiseS27.htm?st=S27 |archive-date=18 January 2015 |title=Constituencywise Trends }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140517/jsp/jharkhand/story_18351291.jsp#.U4GDHvmSw_Q |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522183920/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140517/jsp/jharkhand/story_18351291.jsp#.U4GDHvmSw_Q |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 May 2014 |title=Jayant's ek-ka-teen formula scores big |publisher=Telegraphindia.com |date=2014-05-17 |access-date=2015-06-18}}</ref> After joining parliament, Sinha was a member of four parliamentary committees - Public Accounts Committee, Standing Committee on Finance and Subordinate Committee on Legislation and of the Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology.

In 2019, Sinha contested for the second time from Hazaribagh constituency and registered 728,798 votes out of the 1,070,929 votes cast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-hazaribagh-lok-sabha-election-results-2019-jharkhand-bjp-s-jayant-sinha-wins-by-478209-votes-2751534|title=Hazaribagh Lok Sabha election results 2019 Jharkhand: BJP's Jayant Sinha wins by 4,78,209 votes|date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

In the lead-up to the 2024 [[Lok Sabha]] elections, [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Member of Parliament|MP]] Jayant Sinha announced his decision to step back from direct electoral duties to concentrate on combating global climate change.<ref>{{cite web | title=Unjustly targeted by BJP: Jayant Sinha on party's show-cause notice | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/unjustly-targeted-by-bjp-says-jayant-sinha-101716433443177.html | website=Hindustan Times | date=26 August 2024 | access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref> While Sinha remains dedicated to working with the party on economic and governance issues, he expressed deep gratitude for the opportunities he has had over the past decade, serving the people of Bharat and [[Hazaribagh]]. Sinha also acknowledged the support he received from Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], and the BJP leadership.<ref>{{cite web | title=After Gambhir, BJP MP Jayant Sinha makes exit from LS polls | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-gautam-gambhir-bjp-mp-jayant-sinha-requests-party-to-release-him-from-electoral-responsibilities/articleshow/108163748.cms | website=The Times of India | date=26 August 2024 | access-date=26 August 2024}}</ref>

From 2019 to 2024, Sinha served as the Chairperson of the [[Standing Committee on Finance (India)|Standing Committee on Finance]], where he led the 31-member Parliamentary panel that had oversight of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministries of Finance]], [[Ministry of Corporate Affairs (India)|Corporate Affairs]], [[Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation|Statistics & Program Implementation]], and the [[NITI Aayog]]. The panel also had parliamentary responsibility for the [[Reserve Bank of India]], the [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]], the [[Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India]], and the [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority|Insurance and Pension regulators]].

Sinha introduced India’s first net zero legislation as a private bill in Parliament in 2021. He has also pioneered research on the economic, public health, and national security impact of net zero development for India.

==Ministerial career==
===Ministry of Finance===

Sinha was sworn in as Minister of State in the [[Union Council of Ministers]] on 9 November 2014. Subsequently, he assumed charge at the Ministry of Finance in the Indian Government, working with Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]]. There, he helped in driving initiatives such as PM Mudra Yojana, Social Security Platform, devising the Indradhanush package for public sector banks, launching the India Aspiration Fund to promote entrepreneurship, and strengthening India's capital markets.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://alumni.iitd.ac.in/home/index.php/2015/11/19/mr-jayant-sinha/ | title=Mr. Jayant Sinha - Alumni Relations, IITD | work=Alumni Relations, IITD - your home forever | date=19 November 2015 }}</ref> Legislation he was involved with included the Insurance Bill, Bankruptcy Bill, Negotiable Instruments Act and Regional Rural Banks Bill in the Parliament. He also helped in preparing the Union Budgets of 2015-16 and 2016–17.

===Ministry of Civil Aviation===

[[File:The Minister of State for Civil Aviation, Shri Jayant Sinha addressing the inaugural session of the 187th Annual General Meeting of Calcutta Chamber of Commerce, in Kolkata on October 01, 2018.JPG|thumb|Sinha, as Minister of State for Civil Aviation, addressing the inaugural session of the 187th Annual General Meeting of Calcutta Chamber of Commerce, October 01, 2018.]]
After the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], Sinha moved to the [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Ministry of Civil Aviation]] on 6 July 2016. His appointment came just after the government unveiled the first-ever National Civil Aviation Policy (NCAP). His work in the Ministry of Civil Aviation has been widely appreciated and has led to the complete transformation of India's aviation ecosystem.

The Regional Connectivity Scheme was formulated under Sinha's guidance and is the flagship scheme of the NCAP. On 27 April 2017, PM [[Narendra Modi]] launched the Regional Connectivity Scheme [[UDAN]] (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) scheme from the Jubbarhatti airport in [[Shimla]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/pm-to-launch-udan-scheme-on-april-27-from-shimla/articleshow/58265251.cms |title=PM to launch UDAN scheme on April 27 from Shimla|newspaper=The Economic Times|publisher=indiatimes.com |date=2017-04-19 |access-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> At the launch of the scheme, Mr Sinha said the citizens would reap the benefit of development of remote areas, enhance trade and commerce and more tourism expansion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/jayant-sinha-takes-charge-of-civil-aviation-ministry-116070600868_1.html |title=Jayant Sinha takes charge of civil aviation ministry |publisher=BusinessStandard.Com |date=2016-07-06 |access-date=2016-12-14|newspaper=Business Standard India }}</ref> [[UDAN]] has already added more than 35 airports to the existing 70 operational airports thus dramatically expanding the Indian aviation network and bringing air travel to Tier 2 and 3 cities such as [[Bikaner]], Adhampur, and [[Kanpur]]. UDAN operates at three levels to ensure route profitability: reducing operating costs as much as possible, providing a market discovered subsidy for half the seats and guaranteeing a three-year exclusivity on routes. The second bidding round (UDAN 2) prioritized helicopters leading to bids for more than 50 heliports in hilly areas and islands. The focus in UDAN 3 is on tourism destinations such as Kajuraho and on international routes for cities such as [[Guwahati]].

Sinha worked with security and customs agencies to reduce the use of unnecessary forms, eliminate baggage stamping, and enable e-boarding. Sinha developed the AirSewa grievance redressal and flight information mobile app. With this app, air passengers can register their complaints about any member of the aviation ecosystem including airlines, airports, security, immigration, or customs. Passengers get an acknowledgement of their complaint and the government monitors satisfactory closure of their complaint.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/air-sewa-app-aviation-ministry-4401921/ |title=Lost baggage? 'Air Sewa' app at your service |publisher=IndianExpress.com |date=2016-11-29 |access-date=2016-12-14}}</ref>The AirSewa concept originated from his handling of passenger grievances on various social media channels. Under his leadership, a Passenger Charter has been released to strengthen and formalize passenger rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/new-passenger-charter-no-charges-on-cancellation-of-ticket-within-a-day-of-booking-5603954/ |title=New passenger charter: No charges on cancellation of ticket within a day of booking |publisher=IndianExpress.com |date=2019-02-28 |access-date=2019-02-28}}</ref> A safety-oriented National No-Fly list has been formulated to prevent unruly behaviour during flights.

Sinha led the preparation of the NABH (Next Gen Airports for BHarat) Nirmaan program which was announced in Budget FY 18-19 and aims to strengthen airport infrastructure for a billion passenger trips. This would represent a five-fold capacity increase from the approximately 200 million trips in FY 17–18. He has been instrumental in introducing a revised public-private-partnership model for airport privatization and six airports have been offered for PPP. As part of the NABH Nirmaan program, over $15 billion of airport investments are currently underway in India. To ensure that Indian airports reflect local art and culture, Sinha worked with the [[Airports Authority of India]] to constitute a Design Council comprising India's top architects and artists. The Design Council provides a Design Brief incorporating a strong ‘sense of place’ for the design of airport terminals.

Sinha also played a role in conceptualising the framework for the strategic privatization of [[Air India]] including the creation of an SPV structure to manage Air India's non-core assets. Sinha has also worked with the Air India Board to formulate the MaharajahDirect strategy for Air India to become a competitive global airline.

Sinha led the formulation of the [[DigiYatra]] technology standards which utilizes facial recognition to verify passenger identities at airports. DigiYatra was implemented in Bengaluru airport in January 2019 and several AAI airports in March 2019. Sinha chairs the Drone Task Force and led the efforts to introduce India's world-leading drone regulations, which are based on his DigitalSky framework. The next set of drone regulations are intended to expand drone usage to cross the Beyond Visual Line of Sight (BVLOS), payload, and automation thresholds. The DigitalSky framework went live on 1 December 2018. The goal of the Drone Task Force is to ensure that India becomes a world leader in the design, manufacture, and safe usage of drones.

In October 2016 Jayant Sinha signed an MoU between the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship for training of people in the various trades associated with the civil aviation sector to meet the potential of 60 lakh jobs in the next ten years. Later on 28 February 2017, MoS for Civil Aviation Jayant Sinha inaugurated India's first ever integrated heliport in Rohini, New Delhi along with the then Union Minister for Civil Aviation Ashok Gajapathi Raju.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/jayant-sinha-urges-start-ups-to-explore-scope-of-developing-drone-rickshaws/articleshow/61936955.cms|title=Jayant Sinha urges start-ups to explore scope of developing drone-rickshaws|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/business/aviation/indias-first-heliport-inaugurated-in-delhis-rohini-4547718/ |title=Delhi: India's first heliport inaugurated in Rohini|publisher=indianexpress.com |date=2017-02-28 |access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref>

In September 2018 Jayant Sinha announced the digital sky policy that will enable the government of India to digitise the entire sky and control the drone ecosystem. This policy under the tenure of Jayant Sinha was in two phases. In the first phase, the platform will register pilots, devices and services providers. The second phase will include automation, bi-modal control and setting up of dedicated air corridors. Jayant Sinha Minister of State for Civil Aviation added that once we digitise the sky, we will be able to give people rights to use certain slices of it for some period of time. Industry experts believed that the policy has broken new ground with digital sky platform and NPNT (no permission, no take-off).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/drones-the-next-business-frontier-118090100813_1.html|title=Drones, the next business frontier|publisher=business-standard.com |date=2018-09-01 |access-date=2019-01-12|newspaper=Business Standard India|last1=Sinha|first1=Jayant}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/the-hub/drone-takeoff/story/307515.html|title=Drone Takeoff |publisher=www.businesstoday.in |date=2019-01-11 |access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref>

==Development of Hazaribagh==
On 23 February 2017 MP from [[Hazaribagh]] Jayant Sinha laid the foundation stone for three medical colleges in [[Dumka]], [[Palamau]] and [[Hazaribagh]] along with the Chief Minister of [[Jharkhand]] Mr. [[Raghubar Das]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/8438512_Foundations-laid-for-three-medical-colleges-in-Jharkhand.html |title=Foundations laid for three medical colleges in Jharkhand |publisher=ptinews.com |date=2017-02-23 |access-date=2017-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/jharkhand-chief-minister-raghubar-das-foundations-laid-for-three-medical-colleges-in-jharkhand/ |title=Foundations laid for three medical colleges in Jharkhand
|publisher=indianexpress.com |date=2019-01-27 |access-date=2019-01-12}}</ref>

==Professional career==
After his graduation from Harvard Business School, Sinha joined [[McKinsey & Company]] in [[Boston]], and was elected Partner in 1999. At McKinsey, Sinha co‐led the Global Software & IT Services Practice.<ref>{{cite web|author=Jayant Sinha |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=78829002&privcapId=11356122 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140519204726/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=78829002&privcapId=11356122 |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 May 2014 |title=Jayant Sinha: Executive Profile & Biography - Businessweek |publisher=Investing.businessweek.com |access-date=2015-06-18}}</ref> Sinha returned to India in 2002 with McKinsey, before leaving to join Courage Capital, a global special- situations hedge fund, to lead their India tech and investing efforts. At Courage Capital, he led Global Technology and India-related investing for a billion-dollar global special situations hedge fund.

After Courage Capital, Sinha joined [[Omidyar Network]], founded by Pam and [[Pierre Omidyar]]. Till December 2013, he was a partner at ON and the managing director of Omidyar Network India Advisors. He also served on Omidyar Network's five - member global executive committee. During his time there, Omidyar's India portfolio grew to over 35 companies and organizations totaling investments worth over $100 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.medianama.com/2014/02/223-omidyar-network-india-chief-jayant-sinha-quits-firm-startupcentral/ |title=Omidyar Network India Chief Jayant Sinha Quits Firm – StartupCentral |publisher=MediaNama |date=2014-02-14 |access-date=2015-06-18}}</ref> At Omidyar, Sinha made venture capital investments in a variety of companies of which three went on to become unicorns: DailyHunt, Quikr, and Tata1mg. Several others were semi-unicorns including d.light, Aspiring Minds, Neogrowth, Vistaar Finance, and HealthKart. He also helped in funding the Indian Impact Investing Council.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayant Sinha – Keynote Speaker|url=https://londonspeakerbureau.com/speaker-profile/jayant-sinha/|access-date=2021-10-28|website=London Speaker Bureau|language=en-GB}}</ref>

Sinha has served on the boards of several companies and organizations, including Daily Hunt, d.light, iMerit and Janaagraha. He was invited to serve on the International Advisory Board of the [[International Finance Corporation]], Washington DC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jayant Sinha – Keynote Speaker|url=https://londonspeakerbureau.com/speaker-profile/jayant-sinha/|access-date=2021-10-28|website=London Speaker Bureau|language=en-GB}}</ref>

==In the media==
Sinha was recognized as the Best Lok Sabha MP of the Year 2021<ref>{{cite web | url=https://challengers.skoch.in/awardees/2022/jayant-sinha | title=Jayant Sinha has participated in Indian politics and policy-making as Minister of State for Civil Aviation; Minister of State for Finance and as a Member of Parliament. He has piloted key legislations and introduced several private member's bills in Parliament. He now chairs an important Parliamentary Committee on Finance which is the foremost parliamentary authority addressing several areas of great importance and growth impetus for India such as the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, NPAs of Financial Institutions, Policy on New Licenses in the Banking Sector, Transformation towards a Digital Economy, and Financing the Start-up Ecosystem. It was him, who during Atal Bihari Vajpayee government (1998-2002) took initiatives such as the mortgage interest rate deduction and introduction of Saral form to file income tax returns with ease }}</ref> while the Standing Committee on Finance was awarded the Best Parliamentary Committee in 2022, 2023, and 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sansadratna.in/2023/12/four-lok-sabha-mps-and-three.html | title=Four Lok Sabha MPS and three Parliamentary Standing Committees nominated for the 'Sansad Maha Ratna Awards' based on their consistency of performance in the 17th Lok Sabha }}</ref> Based on his five year record, he was awarded as a top Parliamentarian by the President of India.

Sinha has been quoted in the global media for his views on business and economic policy, including in The Economist, the Wall Street Journal, Business Week, the New York Times, CNN, Bloomberg, and CNBC. His essays and op-eds have been published in several major publications, including the Harvard Business Review and the Financial Times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theindianrepublic.com/tbp/can-unite-nation-100026328.html |access-date=24 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140520091449/http://www.theindianrepublic.com/tbp/can-unite-nation-100026328.html |archive-date=20 May 2014|title=Who can unite the nation?}}</ref>

== Social media ==

In 2018, Jayant Sinha found himself at the center of a controversy when he was allegedly seen garlanding individuals convicted by a Fast-Track Court in connection with a lynching case. The case, which had drawn significant public attention, involved the tragic death of a Muslim man. Sinha's actions were interpreted by some as supportive of the convicts, leading to public criticism, including from his father, [[Yashwant Sinha]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Union minister Jayant Sinha garlands 8 lynching convicts, faces opposition flak | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/union-minister-jayant-sinha-garlands-8-lynching-convicts-faces-opposition-flak/articleshow/64901863.cms | website=The Times of India | date=8 July 2018 | access-date=23 September 2019}}</ref>

However, Sinha clarified his position through multiple statements and a series of tweets,<ref>{{cite tweet |user=jayantsinha |title=I unequivocally condemn all acts of violence and vigilantism. The rule of law is supreme, and justice must be ensured for all. |number=1015453505803472896 |date=7 July 2018 |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> emphasizing that his actions were misunderstood. He strongly condemned all forms of violence and vigilantism, reaffirming his belief in the [[rule of law]]. Sinha highlighted that his intention was never to condone any unlawful behavior but to ensure that justice was served fairly. He expressed deep regret if his actions were misinterpreted as support for vigilantism.<ref>{{cite web | title=It's a matter of justice, not lynching: Jayant Sinha | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/regret-garlanding-ramgarh-lynching-convicts-jayant-sinha/story-JYadtspAUurWZ8vRLaCcwI.html | website=Hindustan Times | date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

Sinha's involvement in the case began in April 2018, after the Fast-Track Court sentenced the accused to life imprisonment. Concerned about the legal process, Sinha and local [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leaders facilitated legal assistance for the convicts, who were later granted bail by the Hon'ble Ranchi [[High Court]]. The High Court, in its order, noted a lack of specific evidence against the accused and thus released them on bail.<ref>{{cite web | title=Alimuddin Lynching Case: Jharkhand HC Suspends Life Sentence of BJP Leader Nityananda Mahto and 7 Others | url=https://www.livelaw.in/alimuddin-lynching-case-jharkhand-hc-suspends-life-sentence-of-bjp-leader-nityananda-mahto-and-7-others-read-order/ | website=LiveLaw | date=July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Nityanand Mahto vs The State of Jharkhand on 29 June, 2018 | url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/185512325/ | website=Indian Kanoon | access-date=26 September 2023}}</ref>

Through media interviews and public statements, Sinha emphasized that his efforts were aimed at ensuring justice for all, seeking to prevent wrongful punishment of the innocent while also holding the guilty accountable.<ref>{{cite web | title=It's a matter of justice, not lynching: Jayant Sinha | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/regret-garlanding-ramgarh-lynching-convicts-jayant-sinha/story-JYadtspAUurWZ8vRLaCcwI.html | website=Hindustan Times | date=23 July 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/jayant-sinha Jayant Sinha - Profile]

{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}
{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{16th LS members from Jharkhand}}
{{17th LS members from Jharkhand}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Jayant}}
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Indian management consultants]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:University of Pennsylvania alumni]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Hazaribagh district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:McKinsey & Company people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People named in the Paradise Papers]]

Aabavanan

2025-11-13T18:00:17Z

Bharatman: made new data

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}

'''Aabavanan''' is an Indian screenwriter, associate music director, lyricist, director and producer of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.

{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Chinnasamy
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| citizenship = Indian
| occupation = [[Film producer|Producer]], [[Film director|Director]], [[Screenwriter]], [[Lyricist]], [[Music Director]]
| spouse = Thenmozhi
| children =
| father = Arumugam
| mother = Pavayee
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1982 to present
}}

== Personal life ==
Aabavanan is married to Thenmozhi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-01 |title=Five year RI for Aabavanan in cheating case |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010616/five-year-ri-for-aabavanan-in-cheating-case.html |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |archive-date=5 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505053717/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/010616/five-year-ri-for-aabavanan-in-cheating-case.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''[[Oomai Vizhigal]]'' (1986)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=oomai%20vizhigal|title=Filmography of oomai vizhigal|accessdate=2011-11-28|publisher=cinesouth.com|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209070804/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=oomai%20vizhigal|archive-date=9 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=2003-03-19 |title='Set' to make waves ? |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/19/stories/2003031900290400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040530123910/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/19/stories/2003031900290400.htm |archive-date=2004-05-30 |accessdate=2012-01-13 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
*''[[Uzhavan Magan]]'' (1987)
*''[[Senthoora Poove]]'' (1988)
*''[[Thaai Naadu]]''(1989) (co-music)
*''[[Inaindha Kaigal]]'' (1990)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=inaindha%20kaigal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420110858/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/newfilmdb.cgi?name=inaindha%20kaigal|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2010|title=Filmography of inaindha kaigal|accessdate=2012-01-19|publisher=cinesouth.com}}</ref>
*''[[Annan Ennada Thambi Ennada]]'' (1992) (co-music)
*''[[Kaviya Thalaivan (1992 film)|Kaviya Thalaivan]]'' (1992)
*''[[Mutrugai]]'' (1993)
*''[[Karuppu Roja]]'' (1995)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/11/stories/2007021117540200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213060700/http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/11/stories/2007021117540200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 February 2007|title=From piano to oboe, he has played it all|author=|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-02-11|accessdate=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/specials/tamilcinema-75.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215181033/http://www.cinesouth.com/specials/specials/tamilcinema-75.shtml|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 February 2006|title=டோடோவின் ரஃப் நோட்டு|accessdate=26 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://groups.google.com/group/soc.culture.tamil/browse_thread/thread/50dd8471a23a5649/c6ec67a72b74fb2f|title=Google Groups|publisher=|accessdate=26 May 2016|archive-date=13 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813165059/https://groups.google.com/g/soc.culture.tamil/c/UN2EcaI6Vkk|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |title=Mahadevan\HTMLS\1996 cinema awards |accessdate=2009-08-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19990203152338/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/1996awards.htm |archivedate=1999-02-03 }}</ref>
;Lyrics
*All songs (Oomai Vizhigal)
*All songs (Uzhavan Magan)
*Varapu Thalaiyane, Muthu Mani Pallakku, Aathukulle Yelelo (Senthoora Poove)
*All songs (''Thaai Naadu'')
*All songs (Inaintha Kaigal)
*All songs (Annan Ennada Thambi Ennada)
*All songs (Kaaviya Thalaivan)
*All songs (Mutrugai)
*All songs (Karuppu Roja)

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Kuldeep Dhankad

2025-10-29T08:43:55Z

Bharatman: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kuldeep Dhankad
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Viratnagar Assembly constituency|Viratnagar]]
| term_start = 15 December 2023
| predecessor = Indraj Singh Gurjar
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| assembly = [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Kuldeep Dhankad''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Viratnagar Assembly constituency]] in the [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]], defeating the incumbent Indraj Singh Gurjar of the Indian National Congress with a margin of 17,589 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/Viratnagar-41|title=Viratnagar Assembly Rajasthan Election 2023 Results Live: Rajasthan constituency Results, Winner list and vote share|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-2023/rajasthan-viratnagar-constituency-41.html|title=Viratnagar Election Result 2023 Live, Viratnagar Elections Vote Counting, Rajasthan Results 2023 |website=ABP News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-election/viratnagar-constituency/|title=Viratnagar Election 2023: Get Latest News Updates of the Viratnagar Constituency Seat in Rajasthan Assembly Election 2023.|website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="timesofindiaindiatimes">{{Cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/rajasthan-assembly-elections/viratnagar-constituency-41|title=Rajasthan Viratnagar Assembly Election Result 2023 Live: Date, Candidates, Vote Percentage, राजस्थान विराटनगर विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम 2023|website=Navbharat Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/viratnagar|title=Viratnagar Constituency Election Results 2023: Viratnagar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="aajtakrajasthan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/rajasthan/viratnagar-assembly-result-20041 |title=Viratnagar Assembly Election Results 2023: Viratnagar Election Candidates List, Chunav Results, Vote Share News in Hindi |website=Aaj Tak |publisher=TV Today Network |language=hi |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/rajasthan/viratnagar-assembly-result-20041|title=Viratnagar assembly election results 2023: Viratnagar Winning Candidates List and Vote Share|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2023/viratnagar|title=Viratnagar (Rajasthan) Elections Results 2023 LIVE: Constituency Details, List of Candidates, Last Winner and more|website=NDTV}}</ref>

==Political life==
Kuldeep Dhankad entered electoral politics as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). In the 2023 elections, he contested from the [[Viratnagar Assembly constituency]] and secured a decisive victory. Dhankad defeated the sitting MLA Indraj Singh Gurjar of the [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 17,589 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/rajasthan/constituency-show/viratnagar|title=Viratnagar Constituency Election Results 2023: Viratnagar Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Following the election, he assumed office as a Member of the [[16th Rajasthan Assembly]] on 15 December 2023.

==Election results==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2023 Viratnagar Assembly Election Results <ref name="timesofindiaindiatimes"/><ref name="aajtakrajasthan"/>
|-
! Year !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Party !! Votes !! Percentage !! Result
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || rowspan="3" | Viratnagar || Kuldeep Dhankad || {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} BJP || 83,262 || 46.88% || Elected
|-
| Indraj Singh Gurjar || {{flagicon image|Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg}} INC || 65,673 || 36.98% || Runner-up
|-
| Ramchandra Saradhana || ASPKR || 18,897 || 10.64% || Lost
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ 2018 Viratnagar Assembly Election Results <ref name="timesofindiaindiatimes"/><ref name="aajtakrajasthan"/>
|-
! Year !! Constituency !! Candidate !! Party !! Votes !! Percentage !! Result
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || rowspan="3" | Viratnagar || Indraj Singh Gurjar || {{flagicon image|Indian_National_Congress_Flag.svg}} INC || 59,427 || 38.43% || Elected
|-
| Kuldeep Dhankad || IND || 40,060 || 25.91% || Runner-up
|-
| Dr. Phoolchand Bhinda || {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}} BJP || 23,058 || 14.91% || Lost
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhankad, Kuldeep}}
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028}}
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Kolkata Poetry Confluence

2025-10-13T13:39:20Z

Bharatman: New

{{Short description|International multilingual literary festival}}{{Infobox literary festival
| name = Kolkata Poetry Confluence
| genre = Poetry, Translation, Literature
| frequency = Annual (presumably)
| location = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], {{flag icon|India}} [[India]]
}}

'''Kolkata Poetry Confluence''' is an international multilingual literary fest bringing together poets, translators, poetry publishers and poetry lovers at [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.frontlist.in/kolkata-poetry-confluence-announces-international-multilingual-literary-fest|title= Kolkata Poetry Confluence announces International Multilingual Literary Fest| publisher= Times of India|date= 19 April 2022| access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> The event is organised by Antonym Magazine and [[Bhasha Samsad]] also includes a poetry book fair.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://businessnewsweek.in/news/kolkata-poetry-confluence-announces-first-of-its-kind-international-multilingual-literary-fest-along-with-a-poetry-book-fair-in-june/|title= Kolkata Poetry Confluence announces first of its kind international literary fest with book fair| publisher= Business Newsweek|date= 18 April 2022| access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

==Organisers==
The main organisers of the Confluence are [[Antonym Magazine]] and [[Bhasha Samsad]] publishers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-14 |title=3-day poetry confluence celebrates inclusivity in Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/3-day-poetry-confluence-celebrates-inclusivity/articleshow/92190983.cms |access-date=2025-10-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborthy |first=Biswadip |date=2022-02-19 |title=Kolkata Poetry Confluence - Multilingual Poetry Translation Competition |url=https://www.theantonymmag.com/kolkata-poetry-confluence-multilingual-poetry-translation-competition/ |access-date=2025-10-13 |website=The Antonym |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Participants==
The Confluence is attended by poets and translators in different languages from all over the world. Participants also included leading film and media persons like [[Sudeshna Roy]], [[Anindya Chatterjee]], [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]], and [[Srijato]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/kolkata/poetry-confluence-to-be-held-in-kolkata-with-international-poets-and-translators/articleshow/91022385.cms|title= Poetry Confluence in Kolkata with International Poets and Translators| publisher= Times of India|date= 14 June 2022| access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref>

==The 2022 Event==
The Kolkata Poetry Confluence 2022 was organised from June 11-13, 2022 on the theme of "inclusivity". Professor Chaiti Mitra was Director of the Confluence.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/3-day-poetry-confluence-celebrates-inclusivity/articleshow/92190983.cms|title= Three Day Poetry Confluence Celebrates Inclusivity in Kolkata| publisher= Times of India|date= 14 June 2022| access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> :-

==Award winners==
Kolkata Poetry Confluence gave away [[Jibanananda Das Award]] and Sonali Ghoshal Award for outstanding works of poetry translation from Indian languages into English.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.theantonymmag.com/kolkata-poetry-confluence-multilingual-poetry-translation-competition/|title=Kolkata Poetry Confluence : Jibanananda Das Awards|publisher= Antonym Magazine|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> The following are the Jibanananda Das award winners<ref>{{cite web|url= https://kolkatapoetryconfluence.org/announcements/ |title=Kolkata Poetry Confluence : Translation Awards Announced|publisher= Kolkata Poetry Confluence|access-date=31 August 2022}}</ref> :-

* [[Assamese language|Assamese]] :- [[Harshita Hiya]] for translating [[Sameer Tanti]]
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]] :- Indrani Bhattacharya for translating [[Mohammad Nurul Huda]]
* [[Hindi]] :- [[Pallavi Singh]] for translating [[Anamika (poet)|Anamika]]
* [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] :- [[Mohammad Zahid (poet)|Mohammad Zahid]] for [[Naseem Shafaie]]
* [[Marathi language|Marathi]] :- Santosh Rathod for translating [[Santosh Pawar]]
* [[Odia language|Odia]] :- [[Snehaprava Das]] for translating [[Saroj Bal]]
* [[Tamil language|Tamil]] :- Deepalakshmi Joseph for translating [[Sukirtharani]]
* [[Urdu]] :- [[Tapan Kumar Pradhan]] for translating [[Munawwar Rana]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian poetry]]
[[Category:Indian literature websites]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]
[[Category:Literary awards by language]]
[[Category:Translation awards]]

{{India-lit-stub}}

Vinayak Raut

2025-09-29T05:32:30Z

Bharatman:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vinayak Raut
| image = Vinayak Raut in 2022.png
| image_size = 150px
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2014
| term_end1 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor1 = [[Nilesh Rane]]
| successor1 = [[Narayan Rane]]
| constituency1 = [[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg]]
| office2 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start2 = 28 July 2012
| term_end2 = 16 May 2014
| constituency2 = elected by Legislative Assembly members
| office3 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = 1999
| term_end3 = 2004
| predecessor3 = Gurunath Desai
| successor3 = Ashok Jadhav
| constituency3 = [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|03|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sindhudurg]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| residence = New Delhi
| party = [[Shiv Sena (UBT)]]
| nationality = {{flagicon|India}} [[Indian people|Indian]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Shamal Raut|1984}}
| children = 2
| father = Bhaurao Raut
| mother = Rukmini Raut
| website = [http://vinayakraut.dudaone.com vinayakraut.dudaone.com]
| source = http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4765
}}

'''Vinayak Raut''' (born 15 March 1954) is an Indian politician & former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament, Loksabha]]. He is leader of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] in [[Lok Sabha]] and he represented [[Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg constituency]] in the [[17th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://abpmajha.abplive.in/maharashtra/loksabha-election-results-2019-winning-candidate-list-of-maharashtra-667510| title=Loksabha Election Results 2019 : राज्यातील विजयी उमेदवारांची यादी| date=23 May 2019| access-date=25 May 2019| archive-date=25 May 2019| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525052539/https://abpmajha.abplive.in/maharashtra/loksabha-election-results-2019-winning-candidate-list-of-maharashtra-667510| url-status=dead}}</ref> Originally from Mumbai, Raut was previously elected as a member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Vile Parle (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Vile Parle]] of [[Mumbai]] for 1999-2004 as a Shiv Sena candidate.<ref name=eci04>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S13/partycomp38.htm |title=Maharashtra Assembly Election - Partywise Comparison Since 1978|publisher=Election Commission of India website|access-date=25 April 2014 }}</ref> He was also elected as a member of Maharashtra Legislative Council from Shiv Sena Party in 2012.<ref name="et.14july">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-14/news/32674954_1_day-of-filing-nominations-candidates-maharashtra-legislative-council |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218034306/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-07-14/news/32674954_1_day-of-filing-nominations-candidates-maharashtra-legislative-council |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2014 |title=11 candidates set to get elected unopposed to Maharashtra Council|publisher=The Economic Times, Mumbai}}</ref> He resigned on 27 May 2014 from the Maharashtra Legislative Council.<ref name=Lok>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PressNoteNo.36dated28.7.2014.pdf|title= Press note 36|publisher=Election Commission of India|date=28 July 2014|access-date=28 July 2014}}</ref> Raut was elected as MP for Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg constituency in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 elections]]. He lost in 2024 to BJP leader [[Narayan Rane]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628133450/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1346.htm?ac=46|title=Maharashtra - Ratnagiri-Sindhudurg|publisher=Election Commission of India|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1346.htm?ac=46|access-date=7 July 2014|archive-date=28 June 2014}}</ref>

==Positions held==
[[File:Shri Vinayak Raut, MP, Sindudurg, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, calling on the Minister of State for Culture (Independent Charge), Tourism (Independent Charge) and Civil Aviation, Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on August 05, 2015.jpg|thumb|left|Shri Vinayak Raut, MP, Sindudurg, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, calling on the Minister of State for Culture (Independent Charge), Tourism (Independent Charge) and Civil Aviation, Dr. Mahesh Sharma, in New Delhi on August 05, 2015]]
* 1985-1992: Councillor, B.M.C., Mumbai
* 1999-2004: Member, Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
* 2005: All India Party Secretary, Shiv Sena<ref>{{cite web | url=http://shivsena.org/m/admin-wing/#toggle-id-3 | title=Shiv Sena Secretary | publisher=shivsena.org | access-date=21 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912020036/http://shivsena.org/m/admin-wing/#toggle-id-3 | archive-date=12 September 2015 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
* 2012-2014: Member, Maharashtra Legislative Council <ref>{{cite web | url=http://infoelections.com/infoelection/index.php/maharashtra/827-list-of-member-of-legislative-council-mlc-from-maharashtra.html | title=Member of Maharashtra legislative council | publisher=infoelections.com}}</ref>
* 2014: Elected to 16th Lok Sabha
* 2019: Elected to 17th Lok Sabha
*2019: Leader Of Lok Sabha Shivsena

==See also==
* [[List of members of the 16th Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Members]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shivsena.org/ Shiv Sena Home Page]
* [http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/Biography.aspx?mpsno=4765 Lok Sabha MP Biodata]
{{17th LS members from Maharashtra}}
{{Shiv Sena}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raut, Vinayak}}
[[Category:People from Mumbai Suburban district]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:People from Sindhudurg district]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena (UBT) politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]

Dodda Jakkana Halli

2025-09-25T19:12:02Z

Bharatman: new first stub initial version

{{moresources|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Padaladamma Temple.jpg|thumb]]
'''Dodda Jakkanahalli''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is located in the Nagamangala taluk of [[Mandya district]] in Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dodda Jakkana Halli Village Population - Nagamangala - Mandya, Karnataka |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/613907-dodda-jakkana-halli-karnataka.html |access-date=2025-09-23 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>
[[File:Anganwadi.jpg|thumb|Govt primary school]]
In 2011, 65 families lived in Dodda Jakkana Halli. The main source of income is through agriculture and dairy farming. [[Coconut]]s and vegetables are shipped from this village to [[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] and [[Mysore]].

Institutions within the village include the milk dairy, Anganwadi, veterinary hospital, Library and Government Primary School.

Cricket is a popular sport in the village.

The village Dodda Jakkana Halli is also known for its temples. The Padaladhamma Temple and the shani mahatma temples are popular in the region. There is also an [[Hanuman|Anjaneya]] temple and Maramma temple in the village.

The main icon of the village is Govina Katte which is located entrance of the village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|12.8903|76.8548|type:landmark_globe:earth_region:IN|display=title}}
{{Settlements in Mandya district}}
[[Category:Villages in Mandya district]]

{{Mandya-geo-stub}}

Seth Kishan Dass

2025-09-18T10:34:19Z

Bharatman: small cleaned up details per sources and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1896}}
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1989|1896}}
| death_place = [[Bootan Mandi]], Jalandhar, Punjab
| occupation = politician, dalit activist, social reformer
| party = [[Republican Party of India]]
| movement = [[Ad-Dharm| Ad-Dharm movement]]
| mother =
| father =
}}

'''Seth Kishan Dass''' was a leather trader, propagator of the [[Ad-Dharm]] movement, and a [[politician]].

== Biography ==
Seth Kishan Das was born in Mohalla Ramdaspura, Jalandhar. He was born with the Klare surname of the Chamar caste. He established himself as a prosperous leather merchant.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kshīrasāgara |first1=Rāmacandra |title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956 |date=1994 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-85880-43-3 |page=328 |url=https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Dalit_Movement_in_India_and_Its_Leaders/Wx218EFVU8MC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=seth+kishan+das&pg=PA328&printsec=frontcover |access-date=18 September 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
Being an [[Ambedkarite]], he was instrumental in bringing [[B. R. Ambedkar|Babasaheb Ambedkar]] at [[Bootan Mandi]] in Jalandhar for the campaign in the 1951 Punjab elections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=डॉ. अंबेडकर को जालंधर बुलाने वाले सेठ किशन दास|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/punjab/jalandhar/news/PUN-JAL-OMC-MAT-latest-jalandhar-news-033539-3137880-NOR.html|date=2015-12-03|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref>

He was elected in the first [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] elections in 1937 and won from [[Adampur, Punjab Assembly constituency|Jullundur Assembly Constituency]] (now Adampur) by beating [[Master Gurbanta Singh]], another Ad-Dharm member.<ref>https://www.bhaskar.com/haryana/rohtak/news/haryana-news-tribute-paid-to-former-minister-seth-kishan-das-on-his-death-anniversary-083539-6039359.html</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ashutosh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTIlDwAAQBAJ&q=1937+jalandhar+assembly+elections+punjab&pg=PA389|title=Rethinking State Politics in India: Regions Within Regions|date=December 2016|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-315-39145-8|language=en}}</ref> But he lost in [[1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly election|1946 Punjab Provincial Assembly elections]]. He was a member of the [[Scheduled Castes Federation|All India Scheduled Castes Federation]] and President of the Punjab unit of [[Scheduled Caste Federation|SCF]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kshīrasāgara|first=Rāmacandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wx218EFVU8MC&q=chamar+social+reformers+maharashtra&pg=PA328|title=Dalit Movement in India and Its Leaders, 1857-1956|date=1994|publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-85880-43-3|language=en}}</ref>

His sons were Seth Prem Raj and Seth Mool Raj who became the Director of Punjab Mega Leather Cluster. Ltd and Avinash Tanneries at [[Jalandhar]]. His grandsons, [[Steven Kaler]] and [[Avinash Chander]], are, respectively, an MLA from Phillaur and chief parliamentary secretary for Higher Education & Languages Dept.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Former SAD leader Avinash Chander to join Congress on November 29|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/former-sad-leader-avinash-chander-to-join-congress-on-november-29/story-AKqGgYkpxKtw3DaKYPz64H.html|date=2016-11-25|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-05-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=It's Hell For Leather |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/its-hell-for-leather/297775|website=Outlook India Magazine |first1=S.P. |last1=Sharma |date=25 August 2016 |access-date=2020-05-24 |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181002130907/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/its-hell-for-leather/297775 |archive-date= Oct 2, 2018 }}</ref>

Seth Kishan Das provided financial support to construct the 'Ad Dharam' building, which later became Guru Ravidass High School.<ref name="Ravidass High School">{{cite web |last1=Ram |first1=Ronki |title=Ad-Dharm Movement and Dalit Consciousness in Punjab |url=https://www.ambedkartimes.com/page6.html |website=Ambedkar Times |access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Dalit politicians]]
[[Category:Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:1896 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]

24th Indian Infantry Brigade

2025-08-27T22:14:22Z

Bharatman: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}.
{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name=24th Indian Infantry Brigade
|abbreviation=
|image=
|caption=
|dates= 1941–1945
|country={{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|British India]]
|allegiance= {{flag|British Empire}}
|branch= [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|23px]] [[British Indian Army]]
|type= [[Infantry]]
|role=
|size= [[Brigade]]
|command_structure=
|equipment=

|Past Commanders=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|notable_commanders= Brigadier [[Roger Eustace Le Fleming]]

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_2=

|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[World War II]] [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}
The '''24th Indian Infantry Brigade''' was an [[infantry]] [[brigade]] formation of the [[Indian Army during World War II]]. The brigade was formed in February 1941, in [[British Raj|India]] and at first assigned to the [[10th Indian Infantry Division]], and fought in the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]]. The brigade was transferred to the [[8th Infantry Division (India)|8th Indian Infantry Division]] in June 1941, seeing service in the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]]. The brigade remained in this theatre for the rest of the war as part of the [[6th Infantry Division (India)|6th Indian Infantry Division]].<ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2009-10-19|publisher=Order of Battle|title=24 Brigade|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=1403&Tab=Uhi}}</ref> The current GOC is

==Formation==
*5th Battalion, [[1st Punjab Regiment]] February to April 1941
*2nd Battalion, [[6th Rajputana Rifles]] April 1941 to January 1944 and March 1944 to July 1945
*[[19th Hyderabad Regiment|The Kumaon Rifles]] April 1941 to February 1945
*5th Battalion, [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] April 1941 to January 1943
*2nd Battalion, [[Royal Sussex Regiment]] April 1943 to July 1945
*25th Battalion, [[Sikh Light Infantry]] January to March 1944 and January 1945 to July 1945
*14th Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] April 1944 to May 1945
*2nd Battalion, [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]] September 1944 to August 1945
*[[Jodhpur Sardar Risala]] January to June 1945
*14th Battalion, [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] February to July 1945
*1st Battalion, [[10th Baluch Regiment]] June to August 1945
*4th Battalion, [[8th Punjab Regiment]] June to August 1945
*87th Field Artillery Regiment [[Royal Artillery]] July to October 1942 <ref>{{cite web|accessdate=2009-10-19|publisher=Order of Battle|title=24 Infantry Brigade Subordanates|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=1403&Tab=Sub}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[List of Indian Army Brigades in World War II]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:British Indian Army brigades]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1941]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1945]]

{{India-mil-unit-stub}}
{{WWII-stub}}

Sadpur

2025-07-26T21:01:41Z

Bharatman: quick update

{{other uses|Sadpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sadpur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.86|N|88.75|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1.63
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7,773
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| website = {{URL|north24parganas.nic.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sadpur''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Habra I]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Barasat Sadar subdivision]] in the [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=500| height=500| zoom=11
| coord={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|36|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Barasat subdivision, North 24 Parganas''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|48|55|N|88|37|48|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Anarbaria | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Anarbaria]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|44|26|N|88|31|20|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Bamangachhi| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Bamangachhi]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|48|49|N|88|36|1|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Bara Bamonia| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Bara Bamonia]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|50|51|N|88|44|54|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Betpuli| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Betpuli]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|47|13|N|88|34|24|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Bira| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Bira, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|44|4|N|88|28|29|E}} | label-pos6=top|label6= Chak Barbaria| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Chak Barbaria]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|48|N|88|32|8|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Chandrapur| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Chandrapur, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|46|42|N|88|33|45|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Chatta Baria| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chatta Baria]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|38|25|N|88|29|15|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Deara| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Deara]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|41|40|N|88|41|4|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Deulia| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Deulia]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|54|40|N|88|32|4|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Dhania| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Dhania, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|45|19|N|88|31|29|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Digha| numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Digha, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|46|32|N|88|33|10|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Duttapukur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Duttapukur]] (CT)
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|47|10|N|88|32|22|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Gangapur| numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Gangapur, North 24 Parganas]] (CT)
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|54|13|N|88|44|28|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Gobardanga| numbered15=M| mark-title15=[[Gobardanga]] (M)| shape-color15= #800000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|49|20|N|88|36|36|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Guma| numbered16=CT| mark-title16=[[Guma, India]] (CT)
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|46|15|N|88|34|10|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Joypul| numbered17=CT| mark-title17=[[Joypul]] (CT)
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|48|23|N|88|35|47|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18= Khorddabamonia| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Khorddabamonia]] (CT)
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|45|35|N|88|26|34|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Kokapur| numbered19=CT| mark-title19=[[Kokapur, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|42|22|N|88|32|28|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Koyra| numbered20=CT| mark-title20=[[Koyra, West Bengal]] (CT)
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|45|5|N|88|31|2|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Kulberia| numbered21=CT| mark-title21=[[Kulberia]] (CT)
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|51|20|N|88|44|40|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Maslandapur| numbered22=CT| mark-title22=[[Maslandapur]] (CT)
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|52|23|N|88|44|22|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Nokpul| numbered23=CT| mark-title23=[[Nokpul]] (CT)
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|47|50|N|88|35|0|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Purbba Narayanpur| numbered24=CT| mark-title24=[[Purbba Narayanpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|51|46|N|88|45|0|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Sadpur| numbered25=CT| mark-title25=Sadpur (CT)|shape-color25=black| label-size25=13|label-color25=black 
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|46|0|N|88|31|10|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Shibalaya| numbered26=CT| mark-title26=[[Shibalaya]] (CT)
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|42|40|N|88|29|10|E}}| label-pos27=left|label27= Barasat| numbered27=M| mark-title27= [[Barasat]] (M)| shape-color27= #800000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|49|58|N|88|37|58|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Ashoknagar Kalyangarh| numbered28=M| mark-title28=[[Ashoknagar Kalyangarh]] (M) | shape-color28= #800000
|mark-coord29={{coord|22|50|42|N|88|39|1|E}} | label-pos29=left|label29= Habra| numbered29=M| mark-title29=[[Habra]] (M) | shape-color29= #800000
|mark-coord30={{coord|22|42|0|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30= Madhyamgram| numbered30=M| mark-title30=[[Madhyamgram]] (M) | shape-color30= #800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|22|42|37|N|88|41|18|E}} | label-pos31=left|label31=Chandraketugarh| numbered31=H| mark-title31= [[Chandraketugarh]] (H)| shape-color31=#AA6666
|mark-coord32={{coord|22|48|18|N|88|30|23|E}} | label-pos32=left|label32=Amdanga| numbered32=R| mark-title32= [[Amdanga, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color32=#C40000
|mark-coord33={{coord|22|45|0|N|88|27|0|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Barbaria| numbered33=R| mark-title33= [[Barbaria (village)]] (R) |shape-color33=#C40000
|mark-coord34={{coord|22|42|5|N|88|41|24|E}} | label-pos34=left|label34=Berachampa| numbered34=R| mark-title34= [[Berachampa]] (R) |shape-color34=#C40000
|mark-coord35={{coord|22|43|41|N|88|27|12|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35=Berunanpukuria| numbered35=R| mark-title35= [[Berunanpukuria]] (R) |shape-color35=#C40000
|mark-coord36={{coord|22|44|50|N|88|32|7|E}} | label-pos36=right|label36=Chhota Jagulia| numbered36=R| mark-title36= [[Chhota Jagulia]] (R) |shape-color36=#C40000
|mark-coord37={{coord|22|41|39|N|88|38|58|E}} | label-pos37=left|label37= Deganga| numbered37=R| mark-title37= [[Deganga, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color37=#C40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|22|40|11|N|88|31|16|E}} | label-pos38=left|label38= Krishnapur Madanpur| numbered38=R| mark-title38= [[Krishnapur Madanpur]] (R) |shape-color38=#C40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|22|50|39|N|88|34|5|E}} | label-pos39=left|label39= Sabdalpur| numbered39=R| mark-title39= [[Sabdalpur]] (R) |shape-color39=#C40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|22|39|56|N|88|34|57|E}} | label-pos40=right|label40= Shasan| numbered40=R| mark-title40= [[Shasan, North 24 Parganas]] (R) |shape-color40=#C40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|22|38|30|N|88|37|0|E}} | label41= Bidyadhari River| label-color41 = #77A1CB| label-angle41= 10| label-pos41=right| label-size41=10| mark-size41=0| mark-title41 =none
|mark-coord42={{coord|22|54|0|N|88|43|30|E}} | label42= Jamuna |labela42=River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42= 60| label-pos42=right| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none}}

===Location===
Sadpur is located at {{coord|22.86|N|88.75|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://maps.yahoo.com/#mvt=m&lat=22.855169&lon=88.74984&zoom=15&q1=Sadpur%252C%2520North%2520Twenty%2520Four%2520Parganas%252C%2520West%2520Bengal%252C%2520India
|title = Yahoo maps location of Sadpur
|publisher = Yahoo maps
|access-date = 7 December 2008
}}</ref>

Sadpur, [[Maslandapur]], [[Nokpul]] and Betpuli form a cluster of census towns, south of [[Gobardanga]]. The [[Jamuna River (West Bengal)|Jamuna]] separates Gobardanga from this cluster.<ref name=blockmap>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Page 289 -Map of Habra I CD Block | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 1 June 2018}}</ref> [[Habra#Police station|Habra]] police station serves this area.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 June 2018 |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Area overview===
The area covered in the map alongside is largely a part of the north Bidyadhari Plain. located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 16 April 2018}}</ref> The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7Hkj2xOrEwkC&q=24+parganas+district+gazetteer&pg=PA1|title = Bengal District Gazetteers: 24 Parganas|last = LSS O’Malley|work= p 1-4|year = 2009| publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn = 9788172681937| access-date = 3 May 2018 }}</ref>54.67% of the people of the densely populated area lives in the urban areas and 45.33% lives in the rural areas.<ref name=handbook2013>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 2 May 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 2019-01-21 |url-status = dead }}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Sadpur had a total population of 7,737, of which 3,946 (51%) were males and 3,827 (49%) were females. The population in the age range 0-6 years of age was 641. The total number of literate persons in Sadpur was 6,325 (88.68% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 23 March 2016}}</ref>

At the 2001 [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Sadpur had a population of 6,742. Males constituted 51% of the population and females 49%. Sadpur has an average literacy rate of 78%, higher than the then national average of 59.5%: male literacy was 83% and female literacy 73%. 10% of the population were under 6 years of age.

==Infrastructure==
As per District Census Handbook 2011, Sadpur covered an area of 1.63 km2. It had 2 primary schools, the nearest middle, secondary and senior secondary schools were 1 km away at [[Maslandapur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf | title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803: Statement IV: Medical Facilities 2009, Pages 803-805 Section: Educational, Recreational and Cultural Facilities | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal |access-date = 31 May 2018}}</ref>

==Transport==
Sadpur is beside [[State Highway 3 (West Bengal)|State Highway 3]].<ref name=google>Google maps</ref>

[[Machhalandapur railway station]], located nearby at [[Maslandapur]], on the [[Sealdah-Hasnabad-Bangaon-Ranaghat line|Sealdah-Bangaon branch line]], is 53.5 km from Sealdah and is part of the [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] system.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/sealdah-bangaon-local-33811/17298/325/7814#st | title = 33811 Seldah Bangaon Locl | work= Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo |access-date = 1 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=google/>

==Education==
[[Gobardanga Hindu College]] at [[Gobardanga]] is located nearby.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ghcollege.ac.in/ | title = Gobardanga Hindu Coleege | publisher = GHC | access-date = 3 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/GobardangaHinduCollege/Gobardanga_Hindu_College.shtml | title = Gobardanga Hindu College | publisher = College Admission | access-date = 3 June 2018}}</ref><ref name=google/>

==Healthcare==
Maslandapur Rural Hospital at [[Maslandapur]] with 30 beds, located nearby, functions as the main medical facility in Habra I CD Block.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 May 2018 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=google/>

==See also==
[http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf Map of Habra I CD Block] on Page 289 of District Census Handbook.<ref name=blockmap/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in North 24 Parganas district]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Padma Awards

2025-07-22T13:02:43Z

Bharatman: Started new info.

==Participants==
#{{User|Solomon7968}}
#{{User|Tachs}}
#{{User|Pharaoh of the Wizards}}
#{{User|WeWake}}

==Articles==
===Padma Bhushan===
====List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1954–59)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1954–59)]]
;1954
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Radha Krishan Gupta]]
* [[R. R. Handa]]
* [[Pandyala Satyanarayana Rau]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1955
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Attur Rangaswami Venkatachari]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1956
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Triuvadi Sambasiva Venkataraman]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1957
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[K. Covilagam Kutti Ettan Raja]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1959
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Jal Gawashaw Paymaster]]
{{Div col end}}

====List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–69)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–69)]]
;1961
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Tridib Nath Banerjee]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1962
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Ramaswamy Duraiswamy Ayyar]]
* [[Raghunath Saran]] ([[User:Dharmadhyaksha/Raghunath Saran]])
* [[Gyanesh Chandra Chatterjee]]
* [[Sudhindra Nath Mukherjee]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1963
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Mohan Lal Soni]]
* [[Narendra Nath Berry]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1964
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Mohd. Abdul Hai]]
* [[Anil Bandhu Guha]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1965
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Jogesh Chandra Banerjee]]
* [[Shiv Sharma Malik]]
* [[Krishnaswami Balasubramanai Iyer]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1966
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Bhabani Charan Mukharji]]
* [[T. S. Ramaswami Aiyer]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1967
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Tulsi Das (physician)]]
* [[C. Kottieth Lakshmanan (physician)]]
* [[Kaikhushru Ruttonji P. Shroff]]
* [[Kalyanji Vithalbhai Mehta]]
* [[Mulk Raj Chopra]]
* [[Vasantrao Banduji Patil]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1968
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Jyotis Chandra Ray]]
* [[Sudhir Ranjan Sengupta]]
* [[Gopalan Narasimhan]]
* [[Sarda Prasad Varma]]
* [[Shamaprasad Rupshanker Vasavada]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1969
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Vallabhadas Vithaldas Shah]]
* [[Kasturiswamy Sreenivasan]]
* [[Krishna Chandar]]
* [[Raman Madhavan Nair]]
{{Div col end}}

====List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–79)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1970–79)]]
;1970
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Birender Nath Ganguli]]
* [[Gainedi Narasimha Rao]]
* [[M. R. Brahman]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1971
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Madan Mohan Singh]]
* [[Santosh Kumar Mukherji]]
* [[Devchand Chhaganlal Shah]]
* [[Jogesh Chandra De]]
* [[Kadar Nath Mookerjee]]
* [[Kasturi Lal Vij]]
* [[Manindra Nath Chakravarti]]
* [[P. Thiruvillvmalai Seshan M. Iyer]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1972
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Pran Nath Chhutani]]
* [[Krishnaswamy Swaminathan]]
* [[Amrut V. Mody]]
* [[Benoy Bhushan Ghosh]]
* [[Kayalath Pothen Philip]]
* [[Baldev Singh (physician)]]
* [[Maheshwar Dayal]]
* [[Mohd. Hayath]]
* [[S. S. Sahi|Sirtaz Singh Sahi]]
* [[Surinder Singh Bedi]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1973
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Ramakanth Maheshwar Majumder]]
* [[Sudhir Krishna Mukherjee]]
* [[Gosasp Maneckji Sorabji]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1974
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Bishop John Richardson]]
* [[Moti Chandra]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1975
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[P. Ardeshir Narielwala]]
* [[Raj Kumar Khanna]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1976
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Devendra Sen]]
* [[Ram Mehta]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1977
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Chackachanveedu Krishnan Nair]]
* [[Pramasukh J. Pandya]]
{{Div col end}}

====List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–89)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1980–89)]]
;1981
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Prabhat Kumar Mukherjee]]
* [[Makhala Jha]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1982
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Arnee Sreenivasan Ramakrishnan]]
* [[Atam Prakash]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1983
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Nagendra]]
* [[Suraj Parkash Malhotra]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1984
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Ganda Singh (writer)]]
* [[Narayan Chaturvedi]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1985
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Amarjit Singh (civil servant)]]
* [[Gurbaksh Singh (civil Servant)]]
* [[Rais Ahmed]]
* [[Surinder Singh Gill]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1986
{{Div col|cols=2}}
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1987
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Srinivasa Anandaram]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------

====List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1990–99)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1990–99)]]
;1990
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Mohammad Khalilullah]]
* [[Sattaiyappa Dhandapani Desikar]]
* [[Inder Mohan]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1991
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Amala Shankar (scientist)]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1992
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Adusumalli Radha Krishna]]
* [[Goro Koyama]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1998
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Maligali Ram Krishna Girinath]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;1999
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Jag Parvesh Chandra]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------

====List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–09)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (2000–09)]]
--------------
;2001
* [[Sundaram Ramakrishnan (social worker)]]
--------------
;2003
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Madurai Narayanan Krishnan]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2005
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Hari Mohan]]
* [[Gopichettipalayam Venkataramana Iyer Ramakrishna]](UTC)
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2006
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Gunter Kruger (industrialist)]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2007
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Shriram Sharma (physician)]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2008
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Inderjit Kaur]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
{{Div col end}}

===Padma Shri===
====Padma Shri award recipients (1954–59)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1954–59)]]
;1954
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Mathura Das]]
* [[S. P. Patil Thorat]]
* [[Akhil Chandra Mitra]]
* [[Bhag Mehta]]
* [[Mirnamayee Ray]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1955
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Sidda Nath Kaul]] ([[Draft:Siddha Nath Kaul]])
* [[Digamber Vasudev Joglekar]]
* [[Habibur Rahman (scientist)]]
* [[Humayun Mirza]]
* [[Manak Jehangir Bhickaji Maneckji]]
* [[Zarina Currimbhoy]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1956
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Satish Chandra Majumdar]]
* [[Sukhdav Pande]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1957
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Atmaram Ramchand Chellani]]
* [[Jaswantrai Jayantilal Anjaria]]
* [[Narayan Swami Dharmarajan]]
* [[Samarendranath Sen]]
* [[Thackkadu Natesasastrigal Jagadisan]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1958
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Brig. Ram Singh]]
* [[Argula Nagaraja Rao]]
* [[Balwant Sing Puri]]
* [[Lakshminarayana Pulram Ananthakrishnan Ramdas]]
* [[Magan Lal Tribhuvandas Vyas]]
* [[Punamalai Ekambaramanthan]]
* [[Ram Chandra Varma]]
* [[Fatima Ismail]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1959
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Mary Ratnamma Issac]]
* [[Badri Nath Uppal]]
* [[Shivaji Ganesh Patwardhan]] ([[Draft:Shivajirao Patwardhan]])
* [[Balwant Singh Nag]]
* [[Ganesh Gobind Karkhanis]]
* [[Manchar Balvant Diwan]]
* [[Mathew Kandathil Mathulla]]
* [[Onkar Srinivasa Murthy]]
* [[Parameswaran Kuttappa Panikkar]]
* [[Parixitalal Lallu Bhai Majumdar]]
* [[Pratapri Girdhari Lal Mehta]]
{{Div col end}}

====Padma Shri award recipients (1960–69)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1960–69)]]
;1960
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Kalpathy Ram Iyer Doraisamy]]
* [[Vaidyanatha Subrahmanyan]]
* [[Dahyabhai Jivaji Naik]]
* [[Har Krishna Lal Sethi]]
* [[Rustomji Marwanji Alpaiwala]]
* [[H. Kusum Sayani]]
* [[Vir Vati]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1961
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Baibi Harparkash Kaur]]
* [[Mithuban Petit]]
* [[Evengeline Lazarus]]
* [[Agram Krishnamachar]]
* [[Amal Shah]]
* [[Bhagwat Sinha Mehta]]
* [[Kartar Singh Dewana]]
* [[Marthhand Ramchandra Jamadar]]
* [[Muni Jinvijayaji]]
* [[Veerangouda Veerbasangouda Patel]]
* [[Vishnukant Jha]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1962
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Krishnarao Shripat Mhaskar]]
* [[Sarda Nand Singh]]
* [[Chanapatha Krishnappa Venkataramayya]]
* [[Joseph Durai Raj]]
* [[N. Ramaswami Iyer]]
* [[Natthi Singh]]
* [[Santosh Kumar Mukherjee]]
* [[Santu Javhermal Shahaney]]
* [[Shanti Kumar Tribhuvandas Raja]]
* [[Shridhar Sharma]]
* [[V. Ramchandra Vajramushti]]
* [[Vellore Ponnurangam Appadurai]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1963
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Nani Chandra Bordoli]]
* [[Sohrab Pestonji Shroff]]
* [[Joel K. Lakra]]
* [[Bishan Man Singh]]
* [[Krishna Chandra Johore]]
* [[Nashir Framroz Suntook]]
* [[Rana Krishnadev Narain Singh]]
* [[Sisir Kumar Lahiri]]
* [[Sumant Kishore Jain]]
* [[Pilloo Maneck Maneckiji]]
* [[Wing Sultan Singh Yadav]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1964
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Gadde Ramakoteswar Rao]]
* [[Ramesh Chandra Bhaskar Sule]]
* [[Santosh Kumar Mazumdar]]
* [[Krishna Chandra Shukla]]
* [[Thapfoorya Haralu]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1965
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Dwijendra Nath Mukherjee]]
* [[Mritanjaya Vaidyanathan]]
* [[Vishnu Namdeo Adarkar]]
* [[Panavelil Thomas Chandi]]
* [[Rt. John Richardson]]
* [[Gordhandas Bhagwandas Narotamdas]]
* [[Hanumanbax Kanoi]]
* [[Jashbhai Shankarbhaiu Patel]]
* [[Kruthartha Acharya]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1966
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Earnest Joachin Joseph Borges]]
* [[Robert Breokssby Davis]]
* [[Sardar Mohan Singh]]
* [[Arun Ramavtar Poddar]]
* [[B. Silvamurthy Siva Sastry]]
* [[Eswara Iyer Krishna Iyer]]
* [[Kuldip Singh Virk]]
* [[Kundal Lal Bery]]
* [[Mohammed Din Jagir]]
* [[Rajeshwar Nath Zutshi]]
* [[Ramprasad Ramchand Khandelwal]]
* [[Sanganbasappa Mallangouda Patil]]
* [[Stanislaus Joseph Coelho]]
* [[Surinder Singh Bedi]]
* [[Swami Bichitranada Das]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1967
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[A. Ramaswami Ayengar Gopal Ayengar]]
* [[Lal Singh (scientist)]]
* [[Balbir Singh Saigal]]
* [[Chandidan Detha]]
* [[Frank Sathyarajan Dewars]]
* [[Harishchandra Gopal Patil]]
* [[Kiran Chandra Banerjee]]
* [[Prasad Pande]]
* [[Priya Ranjan Sen]]
* [[Shanti Prasad]]
* [[Syed Fareeduddin]]
* [[Vithaldas Hakamohand Shah]]
* [[Prabjot Kaur]]
* [[Syed Abdul Quadir]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1968
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Abhin Chandra Rao]]
* [[S. Narasimhan]]
* [[Govind Pandurang Kane]]
* [[Rajkumar Sumitra Devi]]
* [[Amar Nath Gupta]]
* [[Balasaheb Amgonda Patil]]
* [[Devchand Chaggan Lal Shah]]
* [[Donty Naranappa Krishnaia Setty]]
* [[Harold Joseph (artist)]]
* [[Jehangir Shapurji Bhownagary]]
* [[Kedar Ghosh]]
* [[Krishna Swaroop Mullick]]
* [[Lakshman Dev Pathak]]
* [[Man Singh M. Rana]]
* [[Narendra Singh Dev]]
* [[Narinder Nath Mohan]]
* [[S. Ramaswamy Balasubramanyam]]
* [[Shambu Nath Mukheerjee]]
* [[Shamrao Sakaramrao Kadam]]
* [[Sudheer Sojwal]]
* [[Sudha Venkatasiva Reddy]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1969
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Nand Kishore Verma]]
* [[Pandurang Rajaram Ghorgrey]]
* [[R. Basappagowda Patil]]
* [[Ramakrishna Ananthakrishna]]
* [[Bishan Lal Raina]]
* [[T. Varadachari Ramanujam]]
* [[Brahm Nath Qasir Datta]]
* [[Chand Chhabra]]
* [[Dhyan Pal Singh]]
* [[Gopaldas Neogi Chowdhry]]
* [[H. Govindarao Sreenivasa Murthy]]
* [[K. S. A. Khader Ghulam Mohideen]]
* [[Kaviraj Ashuthosh Majumdar]]
* [[Kishandas Bhagwandas Kapadia]]
* [[Kumar Nandan Prasad]]
* [[N. Balakrishna Reddy]]
* [[Pandurang Vasudeo Gadgil]]
* [[Ram Lal Rajgarhia]]
* [[Sadashiv Rath Sharma]]
* [[Srinivasa Natarajan]]
* [[Subodh Chandra Muk Dev]]
* [[Sudhir Krishna Mukherjee]]
* [[Sukhdev Singh (artist)]]
* [[Surendera Nath Ghosh]]
* [[Thiagarajan Muthia]]
* [[V. Subbiah Pillai]]
* [[Lila Indrasen]]
* [[Rajam Ramaswamy]]
* [[Roshan Phooken]]
* [[Savitri Sahani]]
{{Div col end}}

====Padma Shri award recipients (1970–79)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1970–79)]]
;1970
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Chandra David Devenasan]]
* [[Cudonalore Subramania Chetty Sadasiva]]
* [[Ghulam Ahmad Bandey]]
* [[P. Narasimhayya]]
* [[Prem Prakash Sahani]]
* [[Rajendra Vir Singh]]
* [[Ramesh Tribhuvandas Doshi]]
* [[Sunil Kumar Bhattacharya]]
* [[Vadalmudi Venkata Rao]]
* [[Dattatraya Mahadeo Dahanukar]]
* [[Devendra Nath Samanta]]
* [[Devram Sayaji Wagh Alias Kakasaheb Wagh]]
* [[Din Dayal]]
* [[G. Venkateswara Rao]]
* [[Ghanshyam Das Goyal]]
* [[Govind Ram Hada]]
* [[Gurudas Mal]]
* [[Jiwan Lal Jairamdas]]
* [[Karl Jamshed Khandalawala]]
* [[Lakshman Swarup Darbari]]
* [[Narayan Singh]]
* [[Phul Chand Deoralia Agarwal]]
* [[Purshottam Pandurang Gokhale]]
* [[Shantilal B. Pandya]]
* [[Alice Wilma Khan]]
* [[Sumathiben Nemchand Shah]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1971
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Coor NarasimhaiengarKrishna Murthy]]
* [[Hari Mohan]]
* [[R. Krishnamurthi]]
* [[Sadasiv Misra]]
* [[Sistha Venkata Seetharama Shastry]]
* [[Subasini Jhunu Dasgupta]]
* [[Suresh Chandra Dutta]]
* [[Roy Mother Mary Theodosia]]
* [[Amya Bhushan Das Gupta]]
* [[Anand Raj Surana]]
* [[Chandi Prasad Misra]]
* [[Chingamban Kalachand Shastri]]
* [[Devan Venkata Reddy]]
* [[Gopal Narayan Thakkar]]
* [[Harnam Das Wahi]]
* [[Katty Venkataswami Naidu]]
* [[Krishan Swarup Pathak]]
* [[Palaniandi Kandaswamy]]
* [[Prabhashankar ramachandra Bhatt]]
* [[Qadri Ragi Aziz Ahmed Khan Warai]]
* [[Ram lal Mehta]]
* [[Ramanath Iyer Mathrubutham]]
* [[S. G. Mahalingayyar Subramaniam]]
* [[Sakharam Abaji Pawar Patil]]
* [[Satchindanand Keshav Nargundkar]]
* [[Subramanyam Parmanandan]]
* [[Sudhansu Kumar Chakraborty]]
* [[Surya Deo Singh]]
* [[Syed Mohamed Mirza Mohazzab]]
* [[Tiruvadi Venkataraman Ramamurti]]
* [[Trivandrum Kannusami Pillai Shanmugam]]
* [[Vaidyanatha Vaidyasubramanya Iyer]]
* [[Adhya Jha]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1972
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Brig. Harish Chandra]]
* [[Amiya Bhuson Kar]]
* [[Dattatraya Nagappa Pai]]
* [[K. Kripal Singh]]
* [[Prithvi Nath Khosho]]
* [[Sant Kaur]]
* [[Shyam Nandan Prasad Kishore]]
* [[Vassala Samant Chowdhry]]
* [[Leelavati Vinayak Pathak]]
* [[Prem Nath Mehra]]
* [[Bhawani Prasad Tiwari]]
* [[Chander Sekhar Samal]]
* [[Debdulal Bandopadhyaya]]
* [[Hari Prasad Jaiswal]]
* [[Homi Cawas Sethnas]]
* [[Jagannath Krishna Kate]]
* [[K. C. Sengupta]]
* [[Kamal Manti Naskar]]
* [[Karachur Lingappa Nanjappa]]
* [[Moreshwar Man-Gesh Wagle]]
* [[Narayan Krishna Reddy]]
* [[Om Prakash Bahl]]
* [[P. Ramanathan Rajagopal]]
* [[Palahalli Sitarmaiah]]
* [[Phool Chand Chowdhary]]
* [[Prabhu Dayal Dabriwala]]
* [[Puran Lal Batra]]
* [[Ramamurthi Badrinath]]
* [[Shalil Ghosh]]
* [[Sheikh Gulab]]
* [[Surjit Singh Gujral]]
* [[Swaran Singh Boparai]]
* [[T. A. Mudon Sharma]]
* [[Vadakantara Subramania Krishnan]]
* [[Ved Prakash Agnihotri]]
* [[Vishveshwar Nath Langer]]
* [[Mali Mali]]
* [[Savitri Indrajit Parikh]]
* [[Surender Bansi Dhar Gupta]]
* [[Surindera Nath Banerjee]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1973
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Atam Prakash]]
* [[Bhola Nath]]
* [[M. K. Malik Mohammad]]
* [[Maddali Gopala Krishna]]
* [[Nandlal Lachmilal Bordia]]
* [[Narendra Singh Jain]]
* [[Ramchand Kishindas Menda]]
* [[Ramesh Nigam]]
* [[Sridhar Upadhyay]]
* [[Trilokinath Sharma]]
* [[Codanda Rohini Poovaiah]]
* [[R. V. Ramaswami]]
* [[Koka Simhadri Baboo]]
* [[Balasubramanian Ramadorai]]
* [[Bhagwant Javhermal Shahaney]]
* [[Chinnaswamy Rajan Subramania]]
* [[Dalip Kumar Sengupta]]
* [[Debi Prasad Mukherjee]]
* [[Fateh Chand Gera]]
* [[Harischandra Kashnath Karve]]
* [[Ijwant Singh]]
* [[Jayantha Kumar Bagchi]]
* [[Kamal Krishna Sinha]]
* [[P. N. Bhaskaran Nair]]
* [[Penimangalore Appraya Bhatt]]
* [[Prabhakar Bhikaji Chitnis]]
* [[Prabhaskar Oghadbhai Sompura]]
* [[Raghavachari Krishinan]]
* [[Raghunath Singh Gahlot]]
* [[Ranjit Ramachandra Rao Desai]]
* [[Rasipuram Machhlisheshri]]
* [[Shakoor Khan]]
* [[Shankar Ramachandra Panhale]]
* [[V. B. Shastrigal]]
* [[Venkataraman Krishnan Vengurlekar]]
* [[Cooverbai Jahangir Vakil]]
* [[Sulochana Mohan Lal Modi]]
* [[Yamunabai Vinayakarao Khadilkar]]
* [[Keshavamurthy Ramachandra Rao]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1974
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Jagmohan Lal Karoli]]
* [[Jogindra Lal Gupta]]
* [[Venkatarama Narayana Swamy]]
* [[Sitimon Sawain]]
* [[Raj Raj Kumar Khanna]]
* [[Ali Hasan @ Kallo Hafiz]]
* [[Anant Gopal Sheorey]]
* [[Deviki Nandan Pande]]
* [[Gopal Chandra Dutt]]
* [[Gulam Qadir Lala]]
* [[Hanamant Narhar 'Sudhanshu' Joshi]]
* [[Himanshu Kumar Banerjee]]
* [[Indra Kumar Gupta]]
* [[Kooram Chakravthy Kannan]]
* [[Kalluri Gopal Rao]]
* [[Mysore Shrikanta Pandit Nilkanta Rao]]
* [[Ram Prasad Choudhary Jaiswal]]
* [[Subramanya Iyer Balakrishnan]]
* [[Maryam Begum (civil servant)]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1975
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Dhanpati Rai Nagpaul]]
* [[Mahadev Lalji Shahare]]
* [[Pranab Rehatriranjan Dastidar]]
* [[Sekharipuram Narayana Aiyar Seshadri]]
* [[Ivy Khan]]
* [[Kalapati Ganapathi Subrahmanyan]]
* [[Anil Kumar Ganguly]]
* [[Bachubai Rawat]]
* [[Bhishan Saroop Bansal]]
* [[Gundu Bandopent Meemamsi]]
* [[Jatindra Mohan Dutta]]
* [[N. S. Venkatesan]]
* [[Pradip Ranjan Roy]]
* [[Sudhakar Dwarka Nath Soman]]
* [[Suraj Mal Agarwal]]
* [[Syed Hussain Ali Jaffri]]
* [[Arjumand Wahabuddin Ahmed]]
* [[Jagdamba Devi]]
* [[Lhingioneng Gangte]]
* [[Malati Barua]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1976
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Begum Mumtaz Jehan Mirza]]
* [[Brig. Ajit Singh]]
* [[Bhikhubhai Khushalbhai Naik]]
* [[Brajendra Kishore Banerjee]]
* [[Gurbachan Singh Sindhu]]
* [[Krishna Pai Pai]]
* [[Muni Inder Dev Sharma]]
* [[Ravindra Santram Dharkar]]
* [[Army Dhunji Bhoy Engineer]]
* [[Hakim Saifuddin Ahmed Hakim Saif]]
* [[Syed Bashiruddin]]
* [[Seth Sri Krishan Dass]]
* [[Govinda Pillai UnniKrishna Menon]]
* [[Hari Kant Dang]]
* [[Kailash Chand]]
* [[Mukut Dhar Pandeya]]
* [[Nand Kumar Avasthi]]
* [[Nimai Charan Harichandan]]
* [[Om Prakash Mittal]]
* [[Rakhaldas Sengupta]]
* [[Ram Narain Nagu]]
* Satya Dev
* [[Satya Prasad Chaterjee]]
* [[Tekur Kashi Nath]]
* [[Jai Hormusjee Vakil]]
* [[Kalabati Devi]]
* [[Subashini (social worker)]]
* [[Swami Pranavanda]]
* [[Ustad Faiyyaz Ahmed Khan]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1977
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Habeeb Abdullah Modehij]]
* [[Ram Narain Bagley]]
* [[Ramamoorthi Belagaje]]
* [[Rana Moti Singh]]
* [[Sheikh Mohd. Rafique]]
* [[Mohd. Fayazuddin Nizami]]
* [[Sri Ram Bharatya]]
* [[Goel Kaikobad Sorabji Shavaksha]]
{{Div col end}}

====Padma Shri award recipients (1980–89)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1980–89)]]
;1981
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Dhanwant Singh]]
* [[Dinkar Gangadhar Kelkar]]
* [[Krishan Dutta Bharadwaj]]
* [[Vishwanath Hari Salaskar]]
* [[Abid Ali Khan]]
* [[Sita Ram Pal]]
* [[Bakulaben Mohphai Patel]]
* [[Chubalemla AO]]
* [[Sita Devi (artist)]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1982
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Ghanshyam Das]]
* [[Gopal Krishna Saraf]]
* [[Niranjan Das Aggarwal]]
* [[Rajendra Tansukh Vyas]]
* [[Sher Singh Sher]]
* [[Rear Francis Leslie Fraser]]
* [[E. Srinivasan Parthasarthy]]
* [[Madhav Kashinath Dalvi]]
* [[Palligarnai Thirumalai Venugopal]]
* [[Prem Chandra Luthar]]
* [[Ramaswamy M. Vasagam]]
* [[Narpati Datta]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1983
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Ar. V. Ma Harkrishan Lal Kapur]]
* [[Dada Shewak Bhojraj]]
* [[Dara Kaikhuswrao Karanjavala]]
* [[Dharam Veer Sachdeva]]
* [[K. V. S. J. Peter]]
* [[Nekibuz Zaman]]
* [[R. Ganapati]]
* [[Pamela Cullen]]
* [[Addepalli Sarvi Chetty]]
* [[Amitabha Chaudhri]]
* [[Anselm Sawihlira]]
* [[Chhattra Pati Joshi]]
* [[Gulam Rusull Khan]]
* [[Hundraj Lial Ram Dukhayal Manik]]
* [[Jivanlal Moti Lal Thakore]]
* [[Kanwaljit Singh Bains]]
* [[Liarenmayum Damu Singh]]
* [[Narain Singh Thapa]]
* [[Raghu Raj]]
* [[Sidhu Randhawa]]
* [[Sardar Sohan Singh]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1984
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Basantibala Jena]]
* [[Awadhesh Prasad Pandey]]
* [[Jai Singh Pal Yadav]]
* [[Mohmmed Khalilullah]]
* [[Mukti Prasad Goggi]]
* [[Satya Pal Jagota]]
* [[Syed Nasaar Ahmed Shah]]
* [[Dharamchand Patni]]
* [[Hari Krishan Wattal]]
* [[Krishna Murari Tiwari]]
* [[Kshem Suman Chandra]]
* [[Prem Nath Dhawan]]
* [[Zeinulabudin Gulam Hussain Rangoonwala]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1985
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Bharat Mishra]]
* [[Biswas Ranjan Chatterjee]]
* [[Erasmus Lyngdoh]]
* [[Gopal Krishna Vishwakarama]]
* [[Satish Chandra Kala]]
* [[Som Nath Bhaskar]]
* [[Dinamani Sridhar Kamat]]
* [[Arvind Navranglal Buch]]
* [[Harbans Singh Jolly]]
* [[Haridas Thongram]]
* [[Jai Rattan Bhalla]]
* [[Jamesh Dokhuma]]
* [[Krishan Dev Bali]]
* [[Namagundlu Venkata Krishnamurthy]]
* [[Shital Raj Mehta]]
* [[Nelly Homi Sethna]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1986
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Somasundaram Subramanian]]
* [[Viswanathan Shantha]]
* [[Raghunath Sharma]]
* [[Gokuldas Shivaldas Ahuja]]
* [[Govind Bhimachary Joshi]]
* [[Sheik Nazar]]
* [[Swarup Krishna Rau]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1987
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Hormazdiar Jamshedi Muncherji Desai]]
* [[Prem Kumar Kakar]]
* [[Saroj Kumar Gupta]]
* [[Abdus Sattar (writer)]]
* [[Harangaia]]
* [[Joginder Paul Birdi]]
* [[Vaidya Amar Nath Shastri]]
* [[Khawl Kungi]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1988
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Vithalbhai Chhotabhai Patel]]
* Chaman Lal
* [[Jadeng Buana]]
* [[Ramanatha Venkata Ramani]]
* [[Shivanarayan Motilal Rathi]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1989
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Barsane Lal Chaturvedi]]
* [[Shiv Raj Kumar Malik]]
* [[Shamsuddin Sheikh]]
{{Div col end}}

====Padma Shri award recipients (1990–99)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (1990–99)]]
;1990
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Anutosh Datta]]
* [[Ashok Chimanlal Shroff]]
* [[Rajinder Singh (civil servant)]]
* [[Shanmugam Kameshwaran]]
* [[Shriniwas]]
* [[Guru Aribam Surchand Sharma]]
* [[Anjan Kumar Banerji]]
* [[Ashim Dasgupta]]
* [[Mallappa Krishna Bhargava]]
* [[Barjinder Singh]]
* [[Chavaly Srinivasa Sastry]]
* [[Inder Sharma]]
* [[Ishwarbhai Jivaram Patel]]
* [[Jagdish Chandra Mittal]]
* [[Jatish Chandra Bhattacharyya]]
* [[Madurai Ponnusamy Sethuraman Natesan]]
* [[Mohammad Swaleh Ansari]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1991
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Shareefunnisa Begum Ansari]]
* [[Hosagrahar Chandrashekhariah]]
* [[Mahendra Kumar Goel]]
* [[Neelkantha Anneppa Kalyani]]
* [[Ravinder Kumar Bali]]
* [[Rustom Phiroze Soonawala]]
* [[Dinabandhu Banerjee]]
* [[Ashok Kumar Patel]]
* [[Bimal Prashad Jain]]
* [[Chiranjilal Gograj Joshi]]
* [[Dhera Ram Shah]]
* [[Hari Govindrao]]
* [[Maharaj Krishan Kumar]]
* [[Namdeo Dhondo Manohar]]
* [[Padamanur Ananda Rau]]
* [[R. K. Lelhluna]]
* [[R. S. Narayan Singhdeo]]
* [[Ram Ganpati]]
* [[Ramanarayan Upadhyaya]]
* [[Rudraradhya Muddu Basavardhya]]
* [[Shadi Lal Dhawan]]
* [[Shreekrishna Mahadeo Beharay]]
* [[Sonam Paljor]]
* [[Surendra Y. Mohanty]]
* [[Venkatasan Padmanabhan]]
* [[Mani Narayan]]
* [[Shila Jhunjhunwala]]
* [[Ujwala Patil]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1992
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Burjor Cavas Dastur]]
* [[Esther Abrham Solomon]]
* [[Lovelin Kumar Gandhi]]
* [[Mahamaya Prasad Dubey]]
* [[Rathindra Datta]]
* [[Vijayakumar Swarupchand Shah]]
* [[Zal Sohrab Tarapore]]
* [[Hony Shriram Singh]]
* [[Laxmi Narayan Dubey]]
* [[(Mir) Mushtaq Ahmed]]
* [[Alfred Georg Wuerfel]]
* [[Chittu Tudu]]
* [[Chuauhang Rokhuma]]
* [[Dharam Pal Saini]]
* [[Gjanardhana Puranik Narayana Rao]]
* [[Jagjit Singh Hara]]
* [[Maadari Bhagya Gautam]]
* [[Madurai Narayanan Krishnan]]
* [[Mahipatrai Jadavji]]
* [[Mathura Nath Bhattacharyya]]
* [[Nilkanth Yeshwant Khadilkar]]
* [[Ramsing Fakiraji Bhanavat]]
* [[Shanti Lal Jain]]
* [[Tadepalli Venkanna]]
* [[Vaman Balkrishna Naique Sardesai]]
* [[Felisa Garbala]]
* [[Rukmini Baburao Pawar]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1998
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Naushad Ismail Padamsee]]
* [[Pradhan Shambu Saran]]
* [[Ralte Vanlawma]]
* [[Shambu Nath Khajuria]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;1999
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Rehmath Beegum Sailaniyoda]]
* [[Tsering Wangdus]]
* [[Virendra Singh Sethi]]
{{Div col end}}

====Padma Shri award recipients (2000–09)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2000–09)]]
;2000
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Gopalasamy Govindarajan]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;2001
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Mulanakuzhiyil Abraham Thomas]]
* [[Krishna Prasad Singh Verma]]
* [[Mool Chand Maheshwari]]
* [[Gouri Sen]]
* [[Mohammad Shafi (scientist)]]
* [[Narayan Patkar]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;2002
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Harshel Sawi Luaia]]
* [[Dimitris C. Velissaropoulos]]
* [[Hirebettu Sadananda Kamath]]
* [[Taro Nakayama (public affairs)]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;2003
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Chawngthu Lalhmingliana]]
* [[Francis Dore]]
* [[Gopal Chandra Mitra]]
* [[Kishorebhai Ratilal Zaveri]]
* [[Manthiram Natarajan]]
* [[Nokdenlemba]]
* [[Vadiraj Raghavendra Katti]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;2004
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Arun Trimbak Dabke]]
* [[Shyam Narain Panday]]
* [[Siddhartha Mehta]]
* [[Meher Jehangir Banaji]]
* [[Premlata Puri]]
* [[Damodar Keshav Datar]]
* [[Aubakir Dastanuly Nilibayev]]
* [[Batchu Lutchmiah Srinivasa Murthy]]
* [[Kantibhai Baldevbhai Patel]]
* [[Nampally Divakar]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;2005
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Raasacha Swami Ram Swaroop Sharma]]
* [[K. C. Reddy (scientist)]]
* [[Sushil Sahai]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;2006
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Devappagowda Chinnaiah]]
* [[Ghanashyam Mishra]]
* [[Suwalal Chhaganmal Bafna]]
* [[Sheikh Abdul Rahman Bin Abdullah Al-Mahmoud]]
* [[J. N. Chaudhry]]
* [[P. S. Bedi]]
* [[Rajendra Kumar Saboo]]
* [[Abhinesh Michael Fernandez]]
* [[Hari Govind Maharaj]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;2007
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Balbir Singh (physician)]]
* [[Mahadev Prasad Pandey]]
* [[Devindra Rahinwal]]
* [[Ravindra Dayal]]
* [[Lama Thup Phuntsok]]
* [[Adya Prasad Mishra]]
* [[Khalid Zaheer]]
* [[Rabinder Gokaldas Ahuja]]
* [[S. Dhakshinamurthy Pillai]]
* [[Sonam Skalzang]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;2008
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Sentila T. Yanger]]
* [[Kailash Chandra Agrawal]]
* [[John Martin Nelson]]
* [[Deepak Sehgal]]
* [[A. Jayanta Kumar Singh]]
* [[Surendra Singh Yadav]]
{{Div col end}}
---------------
;2009
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Prakash N. Dubey]]
* [[Tafazzul Ali]]
* [[S. B. Ghosh Dastidar]]
* [[Norden Tshering]]
* [[Ravindra Nath Shrivastava]]
* [[A. K. Gupta]]
* [[Ashok Kumar Grover]]
* [[R. Sivaraaman]]
* [[Bansilal Rathi]]
* [[Shyam Sunder Maheshwari]]
* [[Arunmugam Sakthivel]]
{{Div col end}}

====Padma Shri award recipients (2010–19)====
For detailed list [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2010–19)]]
;2010
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Lal Bahadur Singh Chauhan]]
* [[Ranganathan Parthasarathy]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2011
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Mahesh Haribhai Mehta]]
* [[Narayan Singh Bhati Zipashni]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2013
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Ram Krishan (social worker)]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2014
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Tashi Tondup]]
* [[Hasmukh Chamanlal Shah]]
* [[Ramaswamy Iyer]]
* [[Chhakchhuak Chhuanvawram]]
* [[Anwar Jalapuri]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2015
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Jayakumari Chikkala]]
* [[Manu Sharma (writer)]]
* [[Vasant Shastri]]
* [[H. Thegtse Rinpoche]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2016
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Sabya Sachi Sarkar]]
* [[T. V. Narayana (social work)|T. V. Narayana]]
* [[Jai Prakash Lekhiwal]]
* [[Ravindra Nagar (writer)]]
* [[Sribhas Chandra Supakar]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2017
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Nivedita Raghunath Bhide]]
* [[Mohan Reddy Venkatrama Bodanapu]]
* [[Tripuraneni Hanuman Chowdary]]
* [[Baoa Devi]]
* [[Tilak Gitai]]
* [[Madan Madhav Godbole]]
* [[Mapuskar]]
* [[Birkha Bahadur Limboo Muringla]]
* [[Akkitham Achyuthan Namboothiri]]
* [[Wareppa Naba Nil]]
* [[Devendra Dayabhai Patel]]
* [[Genabhai Dargabhai Patel]]
* [[Chandrakant Pithawa]]
* [[Aekka Yadagiri Rao]]
* [[Ajoy Kumar Ray]]
* [[Laishram Birendrakumar Singh]]
* [[Mohammed Abdul Waheed]]
{{Div col end}}
--------------
;2018
{{Div col|cols=2}}
* [[Mohan Swaroop Bhatia]]
* [[Sudhanshu Biswas]]
* [[Jose Ma Joey Concepcion III]]
* [[Langpoklakpam Subadani Devi]]
* [[Yeshi Dhoden]]
* [[Ramli Bin Ibrahim]]
* [[Anwar Jalapuri]]
* [[Bounlap Keokanga]]
* [[Narayan Das Maharaj]]
* [[Krishna Bihari Mishra]]
* [[Somdet Phra Maha Muniwong]]
* [[Keshav Rao Musalgaonkar]]
* [[I Nyoman Nuarta]]
* [[Gobaradhan Panika]]
* [[Chandra Sekhar Rath]]
* [[Pankaj M Shah]]
* [[Lentina Ao Thakkar]]
* [[Nguyen Tien Thien]]
* [[Panatawane Gangadhar Vithobaji]]
{{Div col end}}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | accessdate=July 21, 2015}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2015|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards-2015_0.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2015|accessdate=18 October 2015|format=PDF|pp=1}}
* {{cite web|title=Padma Awards: 2016|url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/PadmaAwards_25012016.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=25 January 2016|accessdate=25 January 2016|format=PDF|pp=1}}

===Templates===
*{{tl|Padma Shri Awards}}
*{{tl|Padma Bhushan Awards}}
*{{tl|Padma Vibhushan Awards}}

====By state====
*{{tl|Padma Award winners of Kerala}}
*{{tl|Padma Award winners of Odisha}}

====By year====
*{{tl|PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
*{{tl|PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
*{{tl|PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1970–79}}
*{{tl|PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
*{{tl|PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
*{{tl|PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
*{{tl|PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wikipedia missing topics]]
[[Category:India-related WikiProjects|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

Basavanagudi inscriptions and hero stones

2025-06-16T04:46:02Z

Bharatman: made a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Coord|12.941986|N|77.568273|E|type:landmark|display=title}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2024}}

[[File:Dodda Ganeshana Gudi Hindu temple, Basavanagudi, Karnataka, India.jpg|thumb|407x407px|Dodda Basavana Gudi]]
The [[Basavanagudi]] Inscriptions are a set of three [[Kannada script|Kannada]] and one [[Tamil language|Tamil]] inscriptions that can be found in the locality of Basavanagudi. Of the four, three Kannada inscriptions are physically present and the fourth Tamil inscription's physical status remains unknown. The available Kannada inscriptions can be found in Bugle rock park and Dodda Basavana Gudi or Big bull temple. Two inscriptions found in the vicinity of [[Dodda Basavana Gudi]] or Big bull temple, both describe the Vrishabhavati river's origin as coming from the feet of the [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Basava]] idol in the temple's sanctum and flowing westwards thereon as Paschimavahini. The two inscriptions can be found: one on the pedestal of the Basava deity in the sanctum and the other on a boulder in the shrubbery surrounding the temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ಡಾ. ಸೂರ್ಯನಾಥ ಕಾಮತ್‌ |url=http://archive.org/details/kia.itihasadarshanas0000drsusmput-11 |title=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಶನ, ಸಂಪುಟ ೧೧ |date=1996 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ |others=Servants of Knowledge |language=Kannada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> Two more inscriptions that are published, one is a one line Tamil inscription in Grantha script published in [[Epigraphia Carnatica]] and is about possible donatory inscription to the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy Temple]] in [[Domlur]], a locality in Bengaluru, its physical status is not known at present and the other is a one line Kannada inscription in the Kannada script published in Itihasa Darshana Journal and is present on a boulder in the [[Bugle Rock|Bugle rock park]] in Basavanagudi is about one Deevatige Soma .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ಡಾ. ಸೂರ್ಯನಾಥ ಕಾಮತ್‌ |url=http://archive.org/details/kia.itihasadarshanas0000drsusmput-11 |title=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಶನ, ಸಂಪುಟ ೧೧ |date=1996 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ |others=Servants of Knowledge |language=Kannada}}</ref>

== Discovery and dating ==
The inscription on the pedestal of the Basava idol was documented in [[Epigraphia Carnatica]], a compendium of Inscriptions in Karnataka by [[B. Lewis Rice|B.L Rice]]. The second inscription on the boulder is located in the shrubbery surrounding the temple and was documented by Vemagal Somashekar and published in Itihasa Darshana Journal in the year 1996, both inscriptions are dated to c.1600CE on the basis of [[Palaeography|paleography]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ಡಾ. ಸೂರ್ಯನಾಥ ಕಾಮತ್‌ |url=http://archive.org/details/kia.itihasadarshanas0000drsusmput-11 |title=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಶನ, ಸಂಪುಟ ೧೧ |date=1996 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ |others=Servants of Knowledge |language=Kannada}}</ref> The third inscription, a one line Tamil inscription is published in Epigraphia Carnatica is undated.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> The fourth inscription dated to the 16th century is located on a boulder in Bugle Rock Park was documented by Vemagal Somashekar in 1996 and published in Itihasa Darshana Journal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ಡಾ. ಸೂರ್ಯನಾಥ ಕಾಮತ್‌ |url=http://archive.org/details/kia.itihasadarshanas0000drsusmput-11 |title=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಶನ, ಸಂಪುಟ ೧೧ |date=1996 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ |others=Servants of Knowledge |language=Kannada}}</ref>

== Basavanagudi 1600CE birth of Vrishabhavathi river Peeta inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Basavanagudi 1600CE Birth of Vrishabhavathi River Peeta Inscription
| image = Digital Image With Texture of the Basavanagudi Vrishabhavathi River Peeta Inscription by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation team.png
| image_caption = Digital image of the Basavanagudi 1600CE Birth of Vrishabhavathi River Peeta inscription obtained by 3d scanning of the inscription.
| material = [[Stone]]
| height = {{convert|24|cm|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|133|cm|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada script of that time.
| discovered_date = 1905
| discovered_by = B L Rice and team of the Mysore Archaeological Department
| location = {{coord|12.941986|77.568273}}
| created = {{start date and age|1600|p=yes|br=yes}}
| language = Kannada language of that time
| image_size = 350
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115104
}}[[File:3D Digital Scanning of the Basavanagudi Vrishabhavathi River Peeta Inscription by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation team.jpg|thumb|324x324px|3D Digital Scanning of the Basavanagudi Vrishabhavathi River Peeta Inscription. |left]]
The Inscription is on the pedestal/peeta of the [[Nandi (Hinduism)|Basava]] idol in the sanctum of the temple, written in the [[Kannada]] script and the same language and dated c.1600CE. It records the birth of the river [[Vrishabhavathi River|Vrishabhavati]] as being under the feet of the idol.{{citation needed|date= April 2024}}

=== Physical characteristics ===
The inscription is 24 cm tall and 133 cm wide and the Kannada characters are 6.5 cm tall, 6.2 cm wide & 0.32 cm deep.
=== Transliteration of the inscription in [[international alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration|IAST]] ===
The full reading of the inscription as published in [[Epigraphia Carnatica]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಕರ್ ನಾಡೂರ್ |url=http://archive.org/details/karnatakalochana0000chan |title=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಲೋಚನ |date=2022 |publisher=ಬಿ. ಎಂ. ಶ್ರೀ. ಸ್ಮಾರಕ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನ |others=Servants of Knowledge}}</ref>

Digital Images of each of the characters of this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary and the other information about the inscription have been shared via [https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115104 Akshara Bhandara software]
[[File:Digital Image of the Basavanagudi Vrishabhavathi River Peeta Inscription by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation team.png|thumb|416x416px|Digital Image of the Basavanagudi 1600CE Birth of Vrishabhavathi River Peeta Inscription. ]]
{| class="wikitable"
|
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|<nowiki>ಯೀ ಬಸವೇಶ್ವರನ | ಪಾದದಲ್ಲಿ ವ್ರಿಶಭಾವತಿ ಯೆನಿ</nowiki>
|<nowiki>yī basaveśvarana | pādadalli vriśabhāvati yĕni</nowiki>
|-
|2
|<nowiki>ಸಿಕೊಂಬ ನಧಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿ | ಪಶ್ಚಮವಾಹಿನಿಯಾಗಿ ನಡೆಯು</nowiki>
|<nowiki>sikŏṃba nadhi huṭṭi | paścamavāhiniyāgi naḍĕyu</nowiki>
|-
|3
|<nowiki>ತು | ಶ್ರೀ .</nowiki>
|<nowiki>tu | śrī .</nowiki>
|}

=== Translation ===
The inscription is literally translated as,

"At the feet of Basaveshwara, the river Vrishabhavati rose and flows westwards."

== Basavanagudi 1600CE Birth of Vrishabhavathi river boulder inscription ==
{{Infobox artifact
| name = Basavanagudi 1600CE Birth of Vrishabhavathi River Boulder Inscription
| image = Digital Image of the Basavanagudi 1600CE Birth of Vrishabhavathi River Boulder Inscription.png
| image_caption = Digital image of the Basavanagudi 1600CE Birth of Vrishabhavathi River Boulder Inscription obtained by 3d scanning of the inscription
| material = [[Stone]]
| height = {{convert|51|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|174|cm|in|abbr=on}}
| writing = Kannada script of that time
| created = {{start date and age|1600|p=yes|br=yes}}
| discovered_by = B L Rice and team of the Mysore Archaeological Department
| location = {{coord|12.942444| 77.568056}}
| website = https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115106
| language = Kannada language of the time
| image_size = 300
}}
[[File:3D Digital Scanning of the Basavanagudi Vrishabhavathi River Boulder Inscription.jpg|thumb|262x262px|3D Digital Scanning of the Basavanagudi Vrishabhavathi River Boulder Inscription. |left]]
The inscription is found on the boulder in the vicinity of the temple, written in the Kannada script and language, dated to the c.1600CE.

=== Physical characteristics ===
The inscription is 51 cm tall and 174 cm in width, the characters inscribed are 11.5 cm tall, 10.2 cm wide & 0.29 cm deep.

=== Transliteration of the inscription in [[international alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration|IAST]] ===
The inscription as published in Itihasa Darshana Journal by Vemagal Somashekhar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ಡಾ. ಸೂರ್ಯನಾಥ ಕಾಮತ್‌ |url=http://archive.org/details/kia.itihasadarshanas0000drsusmput-11 |title=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಶನ, ಸಂಪುಟ ೧೧ |date=1996 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ |others=Servants of Knowledge |language=Kannada}}</ref> A rereading of the same has also been published by S Karthik in Karnataka Lochana Journal.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ಚಂದ್ರಶೇಕರ್ ನಾಡೂರ್ |url=http://archive.org/details/karnatakalochana0000chan |title=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಲೋಚನ |date=2022 |publisher=ಬಿ. ಎಂ. ಶ್ರೀ. ಸ್ಮಾರಕ ಪ್ರತಿಷ್ಠಾನ |others=Servants of Knowledge}}</ref>

Digital Images of each of the characters of this inscription, images of the inscription itself, summary and the other information about the inscription have been shared via [https://mythicsociety.github.io/AksharaBhandara/#/learn/Shasanagalu?id=115106 Akshara Bhandara software]
[[File:Digital Image of the Basavanagudi Vrishabhavathi River Boulder Inscription by the Mythic Society Bengaluru Inscriptions 3D Digital Conservation team.png|thumb|412x412px|Digital Image of the Basavanagudi Vrishabhavathi River Boulder Inscription. ]]
{| class="wikitable"
!
![[Kannada script|Kannada]]
![[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]
|-
|1
|ದೊಡ್ಡ ಬಸವೇಶ್ವರನ ಪಾ
|dŏḍḍa basaveśvarana pā
|-
|2
|<nowiki>ದದಲ್ಲಿ | ವ್ರಿಶಭಾವತಿಯೆಂಬ ನದಿ ಹು</nowiki>
|<nowiki>dadalli | vriśabhāvatiyĕṃba nadi hu</nowiki>
|-
|3
|<nowiki>ಟ್ಟಿ | ಪಶ್ಚಮ ವಾಹಿನಿಯಾಗಿ ನಡೆಯಿತು |</nowiki>
|<nowiki>ṭṭi | paścama vāhiniyāgi naḍĕyitu |</nowiki>
|}

=== Translation ===
The inscription is literally translated as,

"At the feet of Dodda Basaveshwara, the river vrushbhavati rose and flows westwards."

=== Sunkenahalli Undated Domlur Chokkanathaswamy donation inscription ===
The inscription is documented in the [[Epigraphia Carnatica]], mention sunkenhalli in the [[Basavanagudi]] locality and is a one line inscription in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Language and the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] script and a possible donatory inscription to the [[Domlur Chokkanathaswamy temple|Chokkanathaswamy temple]] in Domlur and is undated, its present physical status is not known.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mysore. Dept. of Archaeology |url=http://archive.org/details/epigraphiacarnat09myso |title=Epigraphia carnatica. By B. Lewis Rice, Director of Archaeological Researches in Mysore |last2=Rice |first2=B. Lewis (Benjamin Lewis) |last3=Narasimhacharya |first3=Ramanujapuram Anandan-pillai |date=1894 |publisher=Bangalore Mysore Govt. Central Press |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref>

==== Transliteration of the inscription in modern [[international alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration|IAST]] ====

# Tombaluril S'okkapperumalukku ivar.....

==== Translation ====
The translation is read as,

"In domlur, to chokkaperumal...."

=== Basavanagudi 16th century Dīvaṭige Soma inscription ===
The [[Bugle Rock|bugle rock park]] as it is presently known is also called as Kahale Bande, according to folklore it was said to be the place from where Kempegowda's military would sound the war trumpet from the boulders of the place, [[Kombu (instrument)|Kahale]] in Kannada is a musical instrument like the trumpet and Bande meaning boulder, hence its name. The inscription is located on one of the boulders and is inscribed facing the east, it is a one line Kannada inscription about one Deevatige Soma and is dated to the 16th century CE paleographically.<ref>{{Cite book |last=ಡಾ. ಸೂರ್ಯನಾಥ ಕಾಮತ್‌ |url=http://archive.org/details/kia.itihasadarshanas0000drsusmput-11 |title=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಶನ, ಸಂಪುಟ ೧೧ |date=1996 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ |others=Servants of Knowledge |language=Kannada}}</ref>

==== Transliteration of the Inscription in modern [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]] ====

# Dīvaṭige sōmanu....kula guruliṅga

==== Transliteration of the inscription in modern [[Kannada script|Kannada]] ====
# ದೀವಟಿಗೆ ಸೋಮನು....ಕುಲ ಗುರುಲಿಂಗ <ref>{{Cite book |last=ಡಾ. ಸೂರ್ಯನಾಥ ಕಾಮತ್‌ |url=http://archive.org/details/kia.itihasadarshanas0000drsusmput-11 |title=ಇತಿಹಾಸ ದರ್ಶನ, ಸಂಪುಟ ೧೧ |date=1996 |publisher=ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ಇತಿಹಾಸ ಅಕಾದೆಮಿ |others=Servants of Knowledge |language=Kannada}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Inscription stones of Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Kannada inscriptions]]

Title Badge (India)

2025-05-28T10:51:03Z

Bharatman: further updated intro per standard format and updated info for clarity

#REDIRECT [[Title Badge]]

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State Highway 14 (West Bengal)

2025-05-20T07:11:35Z

Bharatman: Started article.

{{Short description|Road in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|state = West Bengal
|type=SH
|route=14
|alternate_name =
|maint =
|length_km = 226
|direction_a =
|terminus_a = Junction with [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] at Dubrajpur
|junction = Bamunara-Joydeb Road at Joydeb Morh Bolpur-Kabi Joydeb Road at Ilambazar Ilambazar-Ausgram-Guskhara Road at Radhamohanpur [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]] from Panagarh to Bud Bud Ilamabazar-Ausgram-Guskhara Road at Guskhara [[National Highway 114 (India)|NH 114]] at Guskhara [[State Highway 7 (West Bengal)|SH7]] at Muratipur Bardhaman-Katwa Road at Balgona Dainhat Road at Balgona [[State Highway 6 (West Bengal)|SH 6]] from Jajigram to High Road Morh [[State Highway 15 (West Bengal)|SH 15]] at High Road Morh [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]] from Debagram to Palashi
|b =
|terminus_b = Junction with [[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)|SH 11]] at Betai
|districts= [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]], [[Nadia District|Nadia]]
}}
'''State Highway 14 (West Bengal)''' is a [[State highways in India|state highway]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Route==
SH 14 originates from junction with [[National Highway 14 (India)|NH 14]] at [[Dubrajpur]] and passes through [[Ilambazar]], [[Debipur, India|Debipur]], [[Kanksa]], [[Panagarh]], [[Mankar]], [[Amrargar]], [[Jamtara, Bardhaman|Jamtara]], [[Dwariapur, Bardhaman| Dwariapur]], [[Guskara]], [[Balgona]], [[Katwa]], Natungram, (there is no bridge across the [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]]), [[Debagram]], [[Palashi]] and terminates at the junction with [[State Highway 11 (West Bengal)|SH 11]] at [[Betai]] (in Nadia district).<ref>Google maps</ref>

The Dubrajpur-Panagarh sector is part of [[Panagarh-Morgram Highway]].

The total length of SH 14 is 226 km.<ref name=police>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | accessdate = 23 February 2017}}</ref>

West Bengal Traffic Police shows the route as terminating at Betai in Nadia district, the Public Works Department shows it as terminating at Katwa in Bardhaman district.<ref name=police/><ref name=pwd>{{cite web| url = http://www.pwdwb.in/road/state_highway |title = Road - Highway | publisher= Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 23 February 2017}}</ref>

==Road sections==
It is divided into different sections as follows:<ref name=police/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/birbhum.html |title = Birbhum Tehsil/ CD Block Map | publisher= Maps of India | accessdate = 23 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/barddhman.html |title = Bardhaman Tehsil/ CD Block Map | publisher= Maps of India | accessdate = 23 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/nadia.html |title = Nadia Tehsil CD Block Map | publisher= Maps of India | accessdate = 23 February 2017}}</ref><ref name=pwd/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Road Section ||District || CD Block ||Length (km)
|-
| Dubrajpur-Ilambazar-Panagarh||Birbhum||[[Dubrajpur (community development block)|Dubrajpur]], [[Ilambazar (community development block)|Ilambazar]]||70
|-
|Ilambazar-Bolpur-Santiniketan (branch route)||Birbhum||[[Bolpur Sriniketan (community development block)|Bolpur-Sriniketan]]||28
|-
|Panagarh-Mankar (via [[National Highway 19 (India)|NH 19]])||Paschim Bardhaman|| [[Kanksa (community development block)|Kanksa]]|| 49
|-
|Mankar-Guskara-Balgona||Purba Bardhaman||[[Ausgram I]], [[Ausgram II]], [[Bhatar (community development block)|Bhatar]] [[Galsi I]], [[Galsi II]]|| 50
|-
|Balgona-Katwa-Hooghly River Ghat||Purba Bardhaman||[[ Mongalkote (community development block)|Mongalkote]], [[Katwa I]]||30
|-
|Hooghly River Ghat-Debagram||Nadia|||[[Kaliganj (community development block)|Kaliganj]]|| 18
|-
|Debagram-Palashi (via [[National Highway 12 (India)|NH 12]])||Nadia|| - ||-
|-
|Palashi-Betai||Nadia||[[Tehatta II]], [[Tehatta I]]||30
|}

==See also==
*[[List of state highways in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{National and State Highways in West Bengal}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:State Highway 14}}
[[Category:Transport in Birbhum district]]
[[Category:Transport in Durgapur]]
[[Category:State highways in West Bengal]]

Shamal Bhatt

2024-11-27T18:07:32Z

Bharatman: cleanup

{{Short description|Gujarati Poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
'''Shamal Bhatt''' was a [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] narrative poet of the medieval [[Gujarati literature]]. He is known for his "padya-vaarta" (narrative poetry).<ref name="Lal1992">{{cite book|author=Mohan Lal|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: sasay to zorgot|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&pg=PA3967|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1221-3|page=3967}}</ref>

==Life==
The dates of his birth differ according to sources. He was born either in 1694 or in 1766. His father's name was Vireshwar and mother's name was Anandibai. Nana Bhatt was his teacher. He was born in Veganpur (Now Gomtipur in [[Ahmedabad]]). He had difficulty in earning due to competition of traditional story-teller ''Purani''s and Bhavaiyas who performed [[Bhavai]]. Thus he has drawn stories from his predecessors and reinterpreted them in popular form to captivate his audience. He later moved to Sinhuj (near [[Mahemdavad]] now) on request and help of Rakhidas, a landlord. He died either in 1769 or in 1765.<ref name="Lal1992"/><ref name="Schouten2008">{{cite book|author=Jan Peter Schouten|title=Jesus as Guru: The Image of Christ Among Hindus and Christians in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIoKdTH7KPsC&pg=PA134|year=2008|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2443-4|page=134}}</ref><ref name=ngs>{{cite news|url=http://m.navgujaratsamay.com/celebrating-gujarat/art-culture/first-gujarat-story-writer-shamal-was-from-ahmedabads-gomtipur-area/articleshow/31290076.cms|work=Navgujarat Samay|date=2 March 2014|title=પહેલો ગુજરાતી વાર્તાકાર શામળ ગોમતીપુરનો રહેવાસી હતો (English: The first Gujarati story teller Samal was from Gomtipur)|accessdate=29 August 2014|language=Gujarati|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035734/http://m.navgujaratsamay.com/celebrating-gujarat/art-culture/first-gujarat-story-writer-shamal-was-from-ahmedabads-gomtipur-area/articleshow/31290076.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Works==
Shamal has composed 26 works. His narrative poetry was based on many Sanskrit works of his predecessors and folk tales. He adapted them in narrative poetry and added his imagination. Some of those Sanskrit works are ''Simhasana Dvatrinshika'', ''Vetalpanchvinshanti'', ''Shukasaptati'', ''Bhojaprabandha''. His prominent works are ''Simhasana Battisi'', ''Vetal Pachchisi'', ''Suda Bahoteri''. All three of these works had format of tales within tales. They have many magical and imaginative things like transportation of souls, flying shoes and speaking animals. Vikram was the lead character in them. They also contained riddles and [[aphorism]]s. His other works include ''Nand-Batrisi'', ''Shukadevakhyan'', ''Rakhidas Charitra'', ''Vanechar ni Varta'', ''Panch-danda'', ''Bhadra-Bhamini'', ''Rewa-Khand'', ''Chandra-Chandraawati'', ''Madan-Mohana'', ''Padmavati'', ''Baras Kasturi''. Chhappas (six stanza epigrams) are incorporated in these tales which describe wisdom and wit.<ref name="Lal1992"/><ref name=ngs/><ref name="Maniar1969">{{cite book|author=Umedbhai M. Maniar|title=The Influence of English on Gujarati Poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HG_RAAAAMAAJ|year=1969|publisher=Faculty of Arts, M. S. University of Baroda|pages=26–27}}</ref>

''Angada-vishti'', ''Ravana-Mandodari Samvad'', ''Draupadi-Vastraharan'', ''Shivpuran'' are [[akhyana]]s based on [[Hindu mythology]] and epics. Other works are ''Patai Raval no Garbo'', ''Ranchhodji na Shloko'', ''Bodana-akhyan'', ''Udyam-Karma-Samvad''.<ref name="Lal1992"/><ref name=ngs/><ref name="Maniar1969"/>

One of his poems inspired [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to adopt the philosophy of [[satyagraha]], the resistance to authority through mass civil disobedience.<ref name="Schouten2008"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Mahatma Gandhi|last=Ghose|first=Sankar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cS5U7JkYXN8C&pg=PA72|date=January 1991|publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=9788170232056}}</ref><ref name="Gandhi2007">{{cite book|author=Rajmohan Gandhi|title=Mohandas: True Story of a Man, His People|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FDI8LkGsIAC&pg=PT22|date=9 October 2007|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-317-2|pages=22–}}</ref>

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Trivedi |first=Navalram Jagannatha |title=Shamalnu Vartasahitya |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.411286 |year=1948 |publisher=[[Gujarat Vidhya Sabha]] |location=Ahmedabad |oclc=7247331}}
* {{cite book|last=Parikh|first=Dhiru|authorlink=Dhiru Parikh|title=Shamal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XQhAAAAMAAJ|year=1990|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|oclc=24012510}}

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{GujLit author}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Shamal}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language writers]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian poets]]