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Bijni Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T04:52:43Z

Bharat: new new article basic info!

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian state legislative Assembly constituency
| type=SLA
| constituency_no = 20
| map_image = Bijni Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| name = Bijni
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam Division|Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Chirang district|Chirang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors =
}}

'''Bijni Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 [[Assam Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in [[Northeast India|North Eastern]] India. It forms part of the [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Town Details==
Following are details on Bijni Assembly constituency:

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Chirang.
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency.
* Area Includes: Bijni Municipal Board, Boro Bazar Dev. Block(Part), Manikpur Dev. Block(Part)

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
Following is the list of past members representing Bijni Assembly constituency in Assam legislature.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Member
! colspan="2"|Political Party
! Tenure
|-
|2021
|[[Ajoy Kumar Ray]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|2021-''[[Incumbent]]''
|-
|2016
|rowspan=3|[[Kamal Singh Narzary]]
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Bodoland People's Front}}
|rowspan=3|2006-21
|-
|2011
|-
|2006
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|2001
|Romio Brahma
|2001-06
|-
|1996
|Rohini Basumatary
|1996-01
|-
|1991
|Kamal Brahma
|1991-96
|-
|1985
|Ganesh Bora
|{{Full party name with color|Plain Tribals Council of Assam}}
|1985-91
|-
|1983
|Padmalochan Boro
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|1983-85
|-
|1978
|Lakhyadhar Choudhury
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|1978-83
|-
|1973
|rowspan=2|Golak Chandra Patgiri
|{{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan=2|1967-78
|-
|1967
|-
|1962
|Ram Prasad Das
|{{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|1962-67
|-
|1951
|Swami Krishnananda Brahmachari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1951-62
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bijni}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arup Kumar Dey|party=BJP|votes=71708 |percentage=43.44 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=KAMAL SING NARZARY|party=UPPL |votes=37781 |percentage=22.89 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= KHALILUR RAHMAN|party=Independent |votes=26758 |percentage=16.21 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Rajat Kanti Saha|party=INC |votes= 9456|percentage=5.73 |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=2150 |percentage=1.3 |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=33927 |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes=165075|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=BJP|loser= |swing=Hold }}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bijni<ref>{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/2021/form21E_2021.html |title=AC_Wise Final Result as per Form 21E |work=CEO Assam |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Ajoy Kumar Ray]]|votes=45,733|percentage=32.69%|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bodoland People's Front|candidate=[[Kamal Singh Narzary]]|votes=44,730|percentage=31.97%|change=+7.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=United People's Party Liberal|candidate=Phanin Boro|votes=35,582|percentage=25.43%|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Assam Jatiya Parishad|candidate=Rupam Kumar Das|votes=9,951|percentage=7.11%|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,388|percentage=0.99%|change=-0.10}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 1,003
|percentage = 0.72%
|change =-0.68
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=138,527|percentage=85.90%|change=-3.15}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bodoland People's Front
|swing =+32.69
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Bijni}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bodoland People's Front
|candidate = [[Kamal Singh Narzary]]
|votes = 29,240
|percentage = 24.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = BGP
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Ray
|votes = 27,562
|percentage = 23.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Santosh Khakhlary
|votes = 19,350
|percentage = 16.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Kamaleswar Ray
|votes = 18,197
|percentage = 15.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Khalilur Rahman
|votes = 12,619
|percentage = 10.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gajendra Barman
|votes = 5,991
|percentage = 5.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Biswajit Ray
|votes = 3,861
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Disom Party
|candidate = Philip Marandi
|votes = 1,236
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,306
|percentage = 1.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,678
|percentage = 1.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,19,362
|percentage = 89.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,34,032
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bodoland People's Front
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Chirang district]]
* [[Bijni]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Chirang district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

R. Ajay Gnanamuthu

2026-05-05T03:52:05Z

Bharat: started a article.

{{short description|Indian film director and screenwriter (born 1988)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ajay Gnanamuthu
| image = R. Ajay.jpg
| birth_name = R. Ajay Gnanamuthu
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1988|09|15}}<ref name="bio">{{cite news
|orig-date=5 February 2019
|title=R. Ajay Gnanamuthu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/R.-Ajay-Gnanamuthu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215052832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/R.-Ajay-Gnanamuthu
|archive-date=15 February 2019 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Tiruchirappalli]],
[[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]<ref name="bio"/>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for = ''[[Demonte Colony]]'' ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]''
| education = [[Loyola College, Chennai]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|Screenwriter}}
| spouse = Shimona Rajkumar
| parents =
}}

'''R. Ajay Gnanamuthu''' (born 15 September 1988)<ref name="bio"/> is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works primarily in [[Tamil cinema]]. In 2015, he debuted as director with the horror-thriller film ''[[Demonte Colony]]'', which received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Review: Demonte Colony is a gripping tale of horror|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-demonte-colony-is-a-gripping-tale-of-horror-south/20150522.htm|access-date=2015-05-22 |work=Rediff}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Gnanamuthu completed his schooling at [[St. John's High School, Bangalore|St. John's High School]] and [[St. Patrick's Anglo Indian Higher Secondary School]] and later joined [[Loyola College, Chennai|Loyola College]]. During his college days as a student of the visual communications department, he enjoyed making short films.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Making of Demonte Colony: A Chat With Director Ajay GnanaMuthu |url=http://www.studentfilmer.com/2015/05/29/deconstructing-demonte-colony-interview-with-director-ajay-gnanamuthu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328021611/http://www.studentfilmer.com/2015/05/29/deconstructing-demonte-colony-interview-with-director-ajay-gnanamuthu/ |archive-date=2017-03-28 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.studentfilmer.com}}</ref>

On 19 January 2025, he married Shimona Rajkumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Director Ajay Gnanamuthu marries Shimona. Chiyaan Vikram and celebs attend |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/photo/ajay-gnanamuthu-marries-shimona-chiyaan-vikram-hiphop-adhi-ashok-selvan-attend-2667903-2025-01-21 |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="పెళ్లి పీట‌లెక్కిన స్టార్ డైరెక్ట‌ర్ అజ‌య్ జ్ఞాన‌ముత్తు.. ఇంత‌కీ అమ్మాయి ఎవ‌రో తెలుసా..?">{{cite news |last1= |title=పెళ్లి పీట‌లెక్కిన స్టార్ డైరెక్ట‌ర్ అజ‌య్ జ్ఞాన‌ముత్తు.. ఇంత‌కీ అమ్మాయి ఎవ‌రో తెలుసా..? |url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/ajay-gnanamuthu-ties-the-knot-with-shimona-do-you-know-who-is-she-1858879 |access-date=22 January 2025 |work= |publisher=NT News |date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122073846/https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/ajay-gnanamuthu-ties-the-knot-with-shimona-do-you-know-who-is-she-1858879 |archive-date=22 January 2025 |language=te}}</ref>

==Career==
Gnanamuthu was selected to contest in the short film making show, ''Naalaya Iyakunar'' Season-1 in 2010 where he finished as one of the finalists. He then joined filmmaker [[A. R. Murugadoss]] as an assistant director,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Arulnithi-in-horror-film-Demonte-Colony/articleshow/45033629.cms |title=Arulnithi in horror film 'Demonte Colony' |work=The Times of India |accessdate=4 November 2014}}</ref> and worked in films such as ''[[7 Aum Arivu]]'' (2011) and ''[[Thuppakki]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150523/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-demonte-strong-foundation-brilliant-technical |title='Demonte Colony': Strong foundation with brilliant technical execution |date=23 May 2015 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>

Gnanamuthu made his directorial debut in 2015 with the horror film ''[[Demonte Colony]]'', which received critical acclaim and became a blockbuster at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Demonte Colony' 6 Days Box Office Collection: Arulnidhi Starrer Does Excellent Business in Tamil Nadu |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/demonte-colony-6-days-box-office-collection-arulnidhi-starrer-does-excellent-business-tamil-nadu-633995 |access-date=2015-05-29 |work=Ibtimes}}</ref> His second film was the 2018 thriller film ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]'', which received positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Imaikkaa Nodigal' review: Nayanthara, Anurag Kashyap are great, but script is lacking |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/imaikkaa-nodigal-review-nayanthara-anurag-kashyap-are-great-script-lacking-87573 |access-date=2018-08-31 |work=the News Minute}}</ref> In 2022, saw him directing [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] in ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Cobra' movie review: A solid Vikram anchors a plot that goes around in circles |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/Aug/31/cobra-movie-review-a-solid-vikram-anchors-a-plot-that-goes-around-in-circles-2493425.html |access-date=2022-08-31 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

In 2024, Ajay Gnanamuthu and actor [[Arulnithi]] have reunited for ''[[Demonte Colony 2]]'', nearly a decade after their successful 2015 horror thriller. The sequel received positive reviews upon its global release, with praise for its screenplay and performances.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Demonte Colony 2' social media review: Arulnithi starrer a masterclass in horror drama, say netizens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/demonte-colony-2-social-media-review-arulnithi-starrer-a-masterclass-in-horror-drama-say-netizens/articleshow/112542423.cms |access-date=2024-08-15 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Notes !! Ref
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Demonte Colony]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Demonte Colony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/demonte-colony/movie-review/47390492.cms |access-date=2016-05-13 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Imaikkaa Nodigal]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Imaikkaa Nodigal
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/imaikkaa-nodigal/movie-review/65606123.cms |access-date=2018-08-30 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=When Sivakumar turned makeup man for actress Ambika for the climax of a film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/when-sivakumar-turned-makeup-man-for-actress-ambika-for-the-climax-of-a-film/articleshow/77371176.cms |access-date=2020-08-05 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Demonte Colony 2]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=Demonte Colony 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/demonte-colony-2/movie-review/112546080.cms |access-date=2024-08-15 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2026 || ''[[Demonte Colony 3]]'' || Filming ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=7342819}}

{{Authority control}}

{{R. Ajay Gnanamuthu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gnanamuthu, R Ajay}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil-language film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Artists from Madurai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]

Sonali Kulkarni filmography

2026-04-26T00:24:49Z

Bharat: Biography

{{Short description|Filmography of Indian actress}}
{{Indian name|Sonali|Kulkarni}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
[[File:Sonali Kulkarni attends 10th-anniversary bash of Viacom 18 Motion Pictures (04) (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1|alt=Vidya Balan poses for the camera|Kulkarni in 2017]]

Indian actress [[Sonali Kulkarni]] made her screen debut in 1992 with [[Girish Karnad]]'s Hindi film ''[[Cheluvi]]'', and soon entered Marathi cinema with [[Jabbar Patel]]'s ''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]'' (1994). Throughout the 1990s, she balanced film and television, delivering notable early performances in the award-winning ''[[Doghi]]'' (1995), [[Amol Palekar]]’s internationally acclaimed ''[[Daayraa]]'' (1996), and the political drama ''[[Gharabaher]]'' (1999). Kulkarni gained wider recognition with [[Vidhu Vinod Chopra]]'s ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' (2000), which brought her multiple Best Supporting Actress nominations, followed by successful roles in the romantic thriller ''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (film)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]'' and [[Farhan Akhtar]]'s coming-of-age film ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (both 2001).<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards 2001 – 2nd International Indian Film Academy Awards - Electrolux IIFA |url=https://www.awardsandshows.com/features/iifa-awards-2001-397.html |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.awardsandshows.com}}</ref> Though she experienced a few commercial failures thereafter, she continued to receive critical praise for her performances in Marathi cinema, including ''[[Chaitra (2002 film)|Chaitra]]'' (2002), ''[[Devrai]]'' (2004), and the 2005 Gujarati hit ''Love Is Blind,'' the first of which earned her a [[National Film Award – Special Mention (non-feature film)|National Film Award Special Mention]].

Kulkarni won Best Actress at the [[Milan International Film Festival]] for her performance in the Italian film ''Fuoco Su di Me''. Her versatility was further evident in films such as ''[[Taxi No. 9211]]'' (2006), ''[[Gandha (film)|Gandha]]'' (2009), ''[[Gabhricha Paus]]'' (2009), and ''[[Singham]]'' (2011). She earned significant acclaim for her roles in ''[[Deool]]'' (2011), in which she portrayed Vahini Saheb, the thriller ''[[Pune 52]]'' (2013), and the Gujarati film ''[[The Good Road]]'' (2013), the first Gujarati feature to be selected as India's entry to the 86th Academy Awards.{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}} From the mid-2010s, Kulkarni delivered some of her most celebrated performances in ''[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero]]'' (2014), ''[[Kachcha Limboo]]'' (2017), and ''[[Gulabjaam]]'' (2018), earning multiple [[Filmfare Awards Marathi|Filmfare Marathi Awards]] and [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]].

In the 2020s, she continued working across films and web series, appearing in ''[[Pension (film)|Pension]]'' (2021), ''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]'' (2021–present), ''[[The Whistleblower (web series)|The Whistleblower]]'' (2021), ''[[Dharavi Bank]]'' (2022), and ''Ticha Shahar Hona'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-01 |title=6th Planet Filmfare Marathi Awards 2021: Complete winners’ list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/6th-planet-filmfare-marathi-awards-2021-complete-winners-list/articleshow/90561300.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Her 2024 performance in the crime thriller ''[[Manvat Murders]]'' was highly praised and earned her the NDTV Marathi Entertainment Award for Best Actress.

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!class="unsortable"| Notes
!class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|1992
|''[[Cheluvi]]''
|Cheluvi
|[[Hindi cinema|Hindi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-details/cheluvi/movieshow/65853237.cms |title=Cheluvi Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |access-date=2025-11-16 |via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1994
|''[[May Maadham]]''
|Sandhya
|[[Tamil cinema|Tamil]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-19 |title=Karuthamma, Nammavar, Kadhalan, Nattamai – Tamil cinema offered its best in the watershed year of 1994 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karuthamma-nammavar-kadhalan-nattamai-tamil-cinema-offered-its-best-in-the-watershed-year-of-1994-4775931.html |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]''
|Mukta
|[[Marathi cinema|Marathi]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gokulsing |first=K. Moti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&q=mukta+marathi+movie+jabbar+patel&pg=PA83 |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |last2=Dissanayake |first2=Wimal |date=2013-04-17 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
|''Gulabari''
|Gulabari
|Hindi
|Television film
|
|-
|''[[Doghi]]''
|Krishna
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-01 |title=National Film Archive of India receives collection of films by Sumitra Bhave and Sunil Sukthankar |url=https://theprint.in/features/national-film-archive-of-india-receives-collection-of-films-by-sumitra-bhave-and-sunil-sukthankar/853240/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1996
|''[[Daayraa]]''
|The Girl
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-04-25 |title=Amol Palekar's Daayraa is a daring, original road movie |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/amol-palekar-s-daayraa-is-a-daring-original-road-movie/story-qQtTcf8As4unqA7sqTVLqO.html |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Vrindavan Film Studios''
|Radha
|[[English language|English]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1999
|''[[Jahan Tum Le Chalo]]''
|Namrata Shorey
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT, Movies: Sad, very sad |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/jan/15jah.htm#15jaha4 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Gharabaher]]''
|Vasudha
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-08-29 |title=Mohan Joshi: Movies of the actor you should not miss watching |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/mohan-joshi-movies-of-the-actor-you-should-not-miss-watching/photostory/64173021.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |''Kairee''
| rowspan="2" |Kamli's daughter
|Marathi
| rowspan="2" |Bilingual film
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
|''[[Mission Kashmir]]''
|Neelima Khan
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reviews Bollywood |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsmissionk.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010820225348/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewsmissionk.shtml |archive-date=2001-08-20 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.go4i.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|''Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar'']]
|[[Ramabai Ambedkar]]
|English
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Damini |date=2018-01-07 |title=Classics revisited: Jabbar Patel’s Ambedkar biopic is a portrait of both the man and the legend |url=https://scroll.in/reel/864097/classics-revisited-jabbar-patels-ambedkar-biopic-is-a-portrait-of-both-the-man-and-the-legend |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2001
|''[[Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya (film)|Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya]]''
|Geeta Bhatt
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2001-04-27 |title=Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya Review 3/5 {{!}} Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya Movie Review {{!}} Pyaar Tune Kya Kiya 2001 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya/critic-review/pyaar-tune-kya-kiya-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
|Pooja
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watkins, Beth |date=27 September 2011 |title=Bollywood Journal: The Enduring Appeal of 'Dil Chahta Hai' |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/09/27/bollywood-journal-the-enduring-appeal-of-dil-chahta-hai/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927175603/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/09/27/bollywood-journal-the-enduring-appeal-of-dil-chahta-hai/ |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=22 September 2015 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Maya (2001 film)|Maya: The Reality]]''
|Maya
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2002
|''[[Kitne Door Kitne Paas]]''
|Jaya Patel
|
|{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}
|-
|''[[Chaitra (2002 film)|Chaitra]]''
|Krati
|Marathi
|Short film
|
|-
|''[[Dil Vil Pyar Vyar]]''
|Gauri Shahapukar
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dil Vil Pyar Vyar - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=634 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|''Junoon''
|Sonali
|
|
|-
|''[[Agni Varsha]]''
|Nittilai
|
|
|-
|2003
|''Danav''
|Lakshmi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |2004
|''1:1.6 An Ode to Lost Love''
|Asha
|English
|
|
|-
|''[[Devrai]]''
|Seena
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2004-07-19 |title='Devrai': a moving story of a schizophrenic youth |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Devrai-a-moving-story-of-a-schizophrenic-youth/articleshow/782930.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[White Rainbow (film)|White Rainbow]]''
| Priya Giri
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=stacy@hmbreview.com |first=Stacy Trevenon-[ |date=2007-05-23 |title=India's widows, philosophy mix in Coastside film night |url=https://www.coastsidenews.com/community/indias-widows-philosophy-mix-in-coastside-film-night/article_e8e2ee47-59cb-56d4-9a6b-4a9e6cd74f5d.html |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Coastside News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bride & Prejudice]]''
|Chandra Lamba
|English
|
|
|-
|''Hanan''
|Devi Bhagwati / Pagli
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Silence Please... The Dressing Room''
|Aparna Sen
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2005
|[[Love Is Blind (2005 film)|''Love Is Blind'']]
|Amisha
|[[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati]]
|
|
|-
|''Dansh''
|Maria
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Fuoco su di me''
|Graziella
|[[Italian language|Italian]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2006
|''Adharm''
|Kuldeep's love interest
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
|
|-
|[[Taxi No. 9211|''Taxi Number 9211'']]
|Sunita Shastri
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taxi 9 2 11: Surprise of the year? |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/feb/15milan.htm |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Darna Zaroori Hai]]''
|Mrs. Talegaonkar
|Segment: "Accidents are Never Predicted"
|
|-
|[[I See You (2006 film)|''I See You'']]
|Kuljeet
|Special appearance
|
|-
|''[[Restaurant (2006 film)|Restaurant]]''
|Janhavi
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
|''Brinda''
|Brinda
|
|
|-
|[[Sakhi (2008 film)|''Sakhi'']]
|Nishi Surve
|
|
|-
|[[Strangers (2007 Hindi film)|''Strangers'']]
|Nandini Rai
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''Ek Krantiveer: Vasudev Balwant Phadke''
|Bhawani
|Marathi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|[[Sirf (film)|''Sirf'']]
|Namita
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirf.... - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=1324 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mumbai Cutting]]''
|Sona
|Segment: "Parcel"
|
|-
|''[[Via Darjeeling]]''
|Rimli Sharma / Sangeeta
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Via Darjeeling |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27vd.htm |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |2009
|[[Gulmohar (2009 film)|''Gulmohar'']]
|Vidya
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|
|-
|[[The Damned Rain|''Gabhricha Paus'']]
|Alka
|
|
|-
|[[Mohandas (2008 film)|''Mohandas'']]
|Meghna
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2009-09-04 |title=Mohandas Review 2/5 {{!}} Mohandas Movie Review {{!}} Mohandas 2009 Public Review {{!}} Film Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/mohandas/critic-review/mohandas-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gandha (film)|''Gandha'']]
|Raavi
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|Segment: "Aushadh Ghenara Manus"
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sonalikulkarni.org/latest.htm |title=Gandha Marathi |author=Sonali Kulkarni |author-link=Sonali Kulkarni |accessdate=24 Mar 2012 |archive-date=21 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421153057/http://www.sonalikulkarni.org/latest.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

|-
|''Tya Ratri Paus Hota''
|Gayatri
|
|
|-
|[[Shadow (2009 Hindi film)|''Shadow'']]
|Inspector Sanjana Singh Rajpoot
| rowspan="3" |Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Love Khichdi]]''
|Shanta Bheemrao Bhansode
|
|
|-
|''[[Well Done Abba]]''
|Malti Jha
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title='Well Done Abba' to release on 370 screens-Entertainment-Media/Entertainment -News By Industry-News-The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com:80/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/Well-Done-Abba-to-release-on-370-screens/articleshow/5716058.cms |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20100605234345/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com:80/news/news-by-industry/media/entertainment-/entertainment/Well-Done-Abba-to-release-on-370-screens/articleshow/5716058.cms |archive-date=2010-06-05 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010
|''[[Ringa Ringa]]''
|Mansi Nayak
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-21 |title=Ringa Ringa (Marathi Movie) Review |url=https://thecommonmanspeaks.com/ringa-ringa-marathi-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=The Common Man Speaks |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|''The Camp''
|Sonali Manthe
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2011
|''[[Singham]]''
|Megha Kadam
|
|
|-
|''[[Deool]]''
|Vahini Saheb
| rowspan="5" |Marathi
|
|
|-
|''Pratibimba''
|Gauri / Vasumati
|
|
|-
|''Dubhang''
|Anjali
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|''[[Pune 52]]''
|Prachi Apte
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=Pune 52 is a story of a private detective |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Pune-52-is-a-story-of-a-private-detective/articleshow/15598656.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Konkanastha''
|Mrs. Gokhale
|
|
|-
|''[[The Good Road]]''
|Kiran
|Gujarati
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tsering |first=Lisa |date=2013-10-25 |title=The Good Road: Film Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/good-road-film-review-651081/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|[[Dr. Prakash Baba Amte – The Real Hero|''Dr. Prakash Baba Amte - The Real Hero'']]
|[[Mandakini Amte|Dr. Mandakini Amte]]
| rowspan="3" |Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-13 |title=Nana loves pairing up with Sonali |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Nana-loves-pairing-up-with-Sonali/articleshow/44501761.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Aga Bai Arechyaa 2]]''
|Shubhangi Hemant Kudalkar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Look Of 'Aga Bai Arechha 2' Released Zee Talkies latest Gossip online at ZeeTalkies.tv |url=http://www.zeetalkies.tv/gossip/first-look-of-aga-bai-arechha-2-released.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416222119/http://www.zeetalkies.tv/gossip/first-look-of-aga-bai-arechha-2-released.html |archive-date=2015-04-16 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=www.zeetalkies.tv}}</ref>
|-
|''Sugar Salt Ani Prem''
|Aditi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|''Rahenge Sadaa Gardish Mein Taare''
|Bhavna Dutt
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Ti Ani Itar]]''
|Naina Godbole
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Kachcha Limboo]]''
|Shaila Katdare
|
|
|-
|''[[Poster Boys (2017 film)|Poster Boys]]''
|Sunita Chaudhary
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''[[Gulabjaam]]''
|Radha Agarkar
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Hope Aur Hum]]''
|Aditi Srivastava
|Hindi
|
|
|-
|''[[Ani... Dr. Kashinath Ghanekar]]''
|[[Sulochana Latkar]]
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|
|-
|[[Madhuri (2018 film)|''Madhuri'']]
|Madhuri
|
|
|-
|2019
|[[Bharat (film)|''Bharat'']]
|Janki Devi Kumar
|Hindi
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|[[Pension (film)|''Pension'']]
|Vimal
|Marathi
|
|
|-
|''[[Toofaan]]''
|Sumati Prabhu
|Hindi
|Special appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2019-06-03 |title=The evolution of Farhan Akhtar from Dil Chahta Hai to Toofan : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/evolution-farhan-akhtar-dil-chahta-hai-toofan/ |access-date=2025-11-21 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''Dil Dimag Aur Batti''
|Jaya Desai Gadgill / Hema Mhatre / Rekha
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-22 |title='Dil Dimag Aur Batti': Sonali Kulkarni and Dilip Prabhavalkar starrer is all set to hit screens on 22nd April 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/dil-dimag-aur-batti-sonali-kulkarni-and-dilip-prabhavalkar-starrer-is-all-set-to-hit-screens-on-22nd-april-2022/articleshow/90368947.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Ticha Shahar Hona''
|Archana
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=आंतरराष्ट्रीय महोत्सवात 'तिचं शहर होणं' चा दबदबा, सोनाली कुलकर्णीने शेअर केलंं नवं पोस्टर |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/sonali-kulkarni-share-her-new-marathi-movie-ticha-shahar-hona-directed-by-rasika-agashe/articleshow/89130211.cms |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Gajra''
|Mrs. Agarwal
|Hindi
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Filmfare Short Films 2022 Finalist Gajra |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/short-films-2022/finalists/gajra/3999 |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Sshort And Ssweet]]''
|Tanvi
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-28 |title='Sshort & Ssweet' teaser: Ganesh Kadam gives us sneak peek into Sonali Kulkarni and Shridhar Watsar starrer-Watch |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/sshort-ssweet-teaser-ganesh-kadam-gives-us-sneak-peek-into-sonali-kulkarni-and-shridhar-watsar-starrer-watch/articleshow/104019027.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2024
|''[[Chandu Champion]]''
|Journalist
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-13 |title='Chandu Champion' movie review: Kartik Aaryan delivers an earnest performance in Murlikant Petkar's inspiring story |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chandu-champion-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-delivers-an-earnest-performance-in-murlikant-petkars-inspiring-story-13781903.html |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628164752/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/chandu-champion-movie-review-kartik-aaryan-delivers-an-earnest-performance-in-murlikant-petkars-inspiring-story-13781903.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai]]''
|Rukmini Meghani
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jo-tera-hai-woh-mera-hai-ott-release-date-paresh-rawal-film-jiocinema/72da809d0b787|title=Jo Tera Hai Woh Mera Hai OTT release date: Stream Paresh Rawal's film on THIS platform|date=9 September 2024|work=OTT Play|access-date=9 September 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Love, Sitara]]''
| Hema Chechi
|
|
|-
|''Out House''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=Outhouse movie review: Sharmila Tagore's small film aspires for a big heart |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/outhouse-movie-review-sharmila-tagores-small-film-aspires-for-a-big-heart-9735791/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''[[SuSheela SuJeet]]''
|Susheela
|Marathi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-20 |title=दरवाजाच्या आड काय आहे गुपित? 'सुशीला- सुजीत' सिनेमाचं पोस्टर चर्चेत, पहिल्यांदाच एकत्र झळकणार 'ही' फ्रेश जोडी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/susheela-sujeet-new-marathi-movie-starring-swapnil-joshi-and-sonali-kulkarni-release-on-this-date-sva-00-4780182/ |access-date=2024-12-21 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Hello Knock Knock Kaun Hai?''
|Pooja
|Hindi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yadav |first=Priyanka |title=Dayanand Àditya, Sonali और Barkha Bisht के साथ लेकर आ रहे हैं Hello Knock Knock- Kaun Hai? |url=https://mayapuri.com/photos/entertainment/dayanand-aditya-along-with-sonali-and-barkha-bisht-brings-hello-knock-knock-kaun-hai-10504073 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=mayapuri.com |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|The Paradise}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Filming
| <ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=NkZFnpDhdCk |title=The Paradise Glimpse : RAW STATEMENT - Telugu {{!}} Nani {{!}} Srikanth Odela {{!}} Anirudh {{!}} SLV Cinemas |date=2025-03-02 |last=SLV Cinemas |access-date=2025-03-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |TBA
| {{Pending film|Hazaar Vela Sholay Pahilela Manus}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Marathi
| Completed
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2024 |title=Hazaar Vela Sholay Pahilela Manus : 'हजार वेळा शोले पाहिलेला माणूस'; सिद्धार्थ जाधवचा नवा हटके चित्रपट! |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/hazaar-vela-sholay-pahilela-manus-siddharth-jadhav-and-dilip-prabhavalkar-s-new-marathi-movie-poster-141705985520139.html |access-date=30 May 2024 |work=Hindustan Times Marathi}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|Ravan Calling}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Marathi
| Filming
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 September 2023|title=Abhishek Gunaji to make his directorial debut with Marathi film 'Ravan Calling'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/milind-gunajis-son-abhishek-gunaji-to-make-his-directorial-debut-with-marathi-film-ravan-calling/articleshow/103566375.cms|access-date=10 February 2024|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| {{Pending film|italic=no|''The Wives''}}
| {{TableTBA}}
| Hindi
| Filming
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Madhur Bhandarkar's The Wives starring Sonali Kulkarni, Mouni Roy and Regina Cassandra goes on floors |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Jul/08/madhur-bhandarkars-the-wives-goes-on-floors
|work=Cinema Express |date=8 July 2025 |access-date=26 July 2025}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
!class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
|1995
|''Badalte Rishtey''
|Ulka Verma
|Hindi
|
|-
|1996
|''Kata Rute Kunala''
|Meera
|Marathi
|
|-
|1998
|''Rishtey''
|Episodic role
| rowspan="9" |Hindi
|
|-
|1999–2000
|''[[Star Bestsellers]] (Kya Yahi Pyaar Hai)''
|Episodic role
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |date=2019-03-24 |title=‘Star Bestsellers’ revisited: The TV show where Anurag Kashyap, Sriram Raghavan and more started out |url=https://scroll.in/reel/916569/star-bestsellers-revisited-the-tv-show-where-anurag-kashyap-sriram-raghavan-and-more-started-out |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2007
|[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa|''Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 2'']]
|Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2007 |title=Dancing dreams |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dancing-dreams-1130609 |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2008
|[[Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi|''Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 1'']]
|Contestant
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sonali Kulkarni - 'Khatron Ke Khiladi': Bollywood celebs who were a part of the show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/khatron-ke-khiladi-bollywood-celebs-who-were-a-part-of-the-show/sonali-kulkarni/photostory/59683741.cms |access-date=23 June 2021 |website=The Times of India|date=20 July 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|2010–2011
|''[[Kaali – Ek Agnipariksha]]''
|Narrator
|
|-
|2016
|[[Tamanna (TV series)|''Tamanna'']]
|Dhara's Advocate
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2016 |title=Sonali Kulkarni excited about cameo on TV show Tamanna |url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/sonali-kulkarni-excited-about-cameo-on-tv-show-tamanna-936532/ |access-date= |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|''Crime Patrol - Satark'']]
|Host
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonali Kulkarni back on TV with Crime Patrol, was a little skeptical taking over from Anoop Soni {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/sonali-kulkarni-back-on-tv-with-crime-patrol-was-a-little-skeptical-taking-over-from-anoop-soni/videoshow/81989562.cms |access-date=23 June 2021 |website= [[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11]]''
|Mrs. Kelkar
|
|-
|[[The Whistleblower (web series)|''The Whistleblower'']]
|Zainab Parkar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sonali Kulkarni and Ritwik Bhowmik on The Whistleblower: A student is not a marksheet |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/interviews/2021/dec/29/sonali-kulkarni-and-ritwik-bhowmik-on-the-whistleblowera-student-is-not-a-marksheet-28692.html |access-date=2022-09-10 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=29 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
|''[[Bus Bai Bas]]''
| Herself
|Marathi
|
|-
|''[[Half Pants Full Pants]]''
|Padma Subbarao
| rowspan="5" |Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Dharavi Bank]]''
|Janvi Surve
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-20 |title=Dharavi Bank review: Suniel Shetty, Vivek Oberoi's archaic gangster drama is all style, no substance and lots of gore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/dharavi-bank-review-suniel-shetty-s-gangster-drama-is-all-style-no-substance-101668935836369.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Crackdown (TV series)|Crackdown Season 2]]''
|Avantika Shroff
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Crackdown Season 2 Review : Saqib Saleem and Shriya Pilgaonkar steal the show in this high-octane espionage thriller |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/crackdown/season-2/seasonreview/100435711.cms |access-date=2023-10-05 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[School of Lies]]''
|Pallavi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nimrat Kaur, Sonali Kulkarni to star in thriller show 'School of Lies' |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/bollywood/nimrat-kaur-sonali-kulkarni-to-star-in-thriller-show-school-of-lies20230515195623/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mumbai Diaries 26/11|Mumbai Diaries 26/11 – Season 2]]''
|Mrs. Kelkar
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai Diaries Season 2: Mohit Raina Rules The Screen As Dr Kaushik In This Medical-Drama |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/web-series/mumbai-diaries-season-2-mohit-raina-rules-the-screen-as-dr-kaushik-in-this-medical-drama-2670750.html |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Manvat Murders]]''
|Rukmini
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2024-09-26 |title=Human sacrifice, blood offerings, greed for gold: Why the 1970s Manwat murders continue to shock |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1073418/human-sacrifice-blood-offerings-greed-for-gold-why-the-1970s-manwat-murders-continue-to-shock |access-date=2025-11-21 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|''Oops Ab Kya?''
|Pakhi Jani
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oops Ab kya? Trailer: Shweta Basu Prasad, Sonali Kulkarni, Aashim Gulati and Amy Aela Starrer Oops Ab kya? Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/hindi/oops-ab-kya-trailer-shweta-basu-prasad-sonali-kulkarni-aashim-gulati-and-amy-aela-starrer-oops-ab-kya-official-trailer/videoshow/118239329.cms |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[The Trial (Indian TV series)|''The Trial'' ''Season 2'']]
|Narayani Dhole
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Apurva |date=2025-08-27 |title='द ट्रायल'मुळे सोनाली कुलकर्णीची सर्वत्र चर्चा, प्रभावी राजकारणीच्या अभिनयात काजोलशी टक्कर |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/the-trial-season-2-trailer-sonali-kulkarni-powerful-politician-role-vs-kajol-drama-on-hotstar-sept-19-amk08 |access-date=2025-11-16 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Sonali Kulkarni]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm0006764}}
*[https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrity/sonali-kulkarni/ Sonali Kulkarni] on [[Bollywood Hungama]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Sonali filmography}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

T. Aliba Imti

2026-04-21T23:09:48Z

Bharat: Done...

{{Short description|Indian politician (1919–1988)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=January 2024}}
{{Lead too short|date=May 2024}}
{{More citations needed|date=May 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = T. Aliba Imti
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Temjenliba Imti
| birth_date = 27 September 1918
| death_date = 1988
| birth_place = Impur Mission Compound, [[Naga Hills District, British India|Naga Hills District]], [[Assam Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (Now in [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]], [[Nagaland]], [[India]])
| death_place = [[Mokokchung]], [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung District]], [[Nagaland]], India
| order =
| office1 = Founder of NNC
| term_start1 = 1945
| office2 = Indian Frontier Service
| term_start2 =
| office3 = Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
| term_start3 = 1980
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Naga National Council|NNC]], [[NNDP]]
| spouse = Asangla Imlong
| alma_mater = [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong]], [[Gauhati University]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''T. Aliba Imti''' (also, Temjenliba Imti) was a [[Naga people|Naga]] leader from [[India]] who was instrumental in the development of the post-independence Naga Identity. He was the founding president of the [[Naga National Council]] (NNC).

His first order as president was to boycott the 15th of August, Indian independence day as he and his fellow NNC workers had declared the 14th of August as Naga Independence Day. He was also president of the Ao Students Conference (i.e.AKM) for 1944-46. During his tenure a resolution was passed to create a combined Naga Students body. He did the ground work to contact the other student bodies and this led to the formation of the Naga Students Federation (NSF) on the 29 of Oct 1947 with Z.Ahu as the first president.

He was also a member of the constitution making body representing the tribals of the north east. During these times he also edited and published a newspaper for the NNC under the banner "The Naga Nation" . He entered civil service as assistant political officer (IFAS) in 1950. He was elected president of the regional party (UDF/ NNDP/ NPC in 1976) and continued till his death in 1988.

He was the first chairman of the Hills Regional Parties of North east India 1979. He was elected to the Rajya Sabha 1980. During his tenure as an MP he created the forum of Christian MPs. Again during his tenure on General Budget discussions on 21-03-83 he stated that "India must recognise Israel". As at that time India didn't have full fledged diplomatic relations with the latter.

== Early life and family ==

Aliba was born on 27 September 1918 at the Impur Mission Centre. He was the second eldest son of Imtilepden, a teacher the Impur Mission School who later became a pastor, and Amakjungla; both from Longjang village, [[Naga Hills District, British India]], in the present-day [[Mokokchung district]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Ao |first=N. Mar |last2=Imchen |first2=I. Tongpang |date=1 November 2017 |title=Significant achievement on Indo-Naga issue under Lt T Aliba Imti, 1st President of NNC |url=https://morungexpress.com/significant-achievement-indo-naga-issue-under-lt-t-aliba-imti-1st-president-nnc |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720033844/https://morungexpress.com/significant-achievement-indo-naga-issue-under-lt-t-aliba-imti-1st-president-nnc |archive-date=20 July 2023 |access-date=13 September 2025 |work=[[The Morung Express]]}}</ref>

Aliba did his early studies at the mission school, and later, matriculated from Shillong Government School in first division. He joined [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong|St. Edmund's College]] in [[Shillong]] and completed his B.A. (Hons.) from [[University of Calcutta]] in 1946.<ref name=":2" />

He married Asangla Imlong, the eldest child of OBE [[Imlong Chang]] (Civil Division - Merchant 1939 [[British Empire Medal]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34633/supplement/3873/data.pdf|title=1939 Birthday Honours|access-date=2024-05-14|archive-date=2021-09-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913163527/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/34633/supplement/3873/data.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> who was a Naga pioneer, founding father of the modern Nagas under the British rule and one of the founders of Mokokchung town and Fazal Ali College.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fazl Ali College |date=13 April 2022 |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/nagaland/oldest-college-in-nagaland-fazl-ali-college-mokukchung-accredited-grade-a-naac.html |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514213320/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/nagaland/oldest-college-in-nagaland-fazl-ali-college-mokukchung-accredited-grade-a-naac.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aliba was from the second generation of Christian Nagas and from the first generation to be educated to Bachelors level.

== Student leader ==
In 1939 as a student in Shillong, he founded the Naga Students Union, and was its first Secretary.

It was here that he came in contact with several personalities like Subhash Chandra Bose, and [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. He interacted with them and also attended their public meetings. These activities were reported to the British S.D.O at Mokokchung. This in turn led to his father being summoned to the headquarters of the S.D.O. Where he was warned to inform his son to avoid contact with such personalities, or else lose his job.

=== Naga Student Federation===
Aliba was President of the 'Ao Students Conference' from 1944 to 1946. During his tenure the resolution to create a combined Naga Students body was passed. He was entrusted by the Ao Students Conference to contact leaders of various student bodies for the same. Thus, he contributed towards the formation of the Naga Students Federation which came into being at Kohima on the 29th of October, 1947 with Z. Ahu as President.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KfyktgAACAAJ | title=Reminiscence: Impur to Naga National Council | last1=Aliba Imti | first1=T. | date=1988 | access-date=2024-01-24 | archive-date=2024-05-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520061126/https://books.google.com/books?id=KfyktgAACAAJ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Naga National Council ==

=== Foundation of NNC ===

After his graduation, in September 1946, T. Aliba Imti was elected as the First joint Secretary of the Naga National Council (NNC) where by the 7th of November, 1946 he opened the NNC office in Kohima.

At the Kohima meeting in August 1947 he was elected the First President of the NNC. His first order as President, was a call to the Nagas to boycott the 15th August Independence Day of India (Nagas declared Independence on 14 August).

T. Aliba Imti was a pacifist and fought for the Nagas on the principle of Non-violence and non-cooperation with India.

Some of his political activities and interactions with Mildred Archer are accounted in her book 'Journey to Nagaland', which is an account of her time in the Naga Hills in 1947.<ref name=":0">https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/nagas/coll/81/records/list/coll/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124121547/https://wwwe.lib.cam.ac.uk/nagas/coll/81/records/list/coll/index.html |date=2024-01-24 }}></ref>

=== Rejection of the Coupland Plan - British Crown Colony proposal ===
Under the leadership of T. Aliba Imti, the Nagas on 19th Dec' 1946 made a strong appeal to the three member British Cabinet Mission; Who had had come to India to make further plans for the post independence of India. Aliba appealed to the Cabinet Mission that the British Parliament must not make any arbitrary decision nor make any future plan for Nagas without proper consultation with the NNC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland's Founding Fathers|url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/nagaland-s-founding-fathers/ |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=nagalandpost.com |archive-date=2024-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520061131/https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2021/11/30/nagaland-s-founding-fathers/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The British had a plan to make the Naga Hills a "British Crown Colony" under a name called Coupland Man. However, owing to strong resistance by NNC leaders that plan could not be materialised.<ref>{{cite news |last=V. B. |first=Ganesan |date=12 May 2014 |title=The secret British plan that fell through |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-secret-british-plan-that-fell-through/article6002139.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730142636/https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-secret-british-plan-that-fell-through/article6002139.ece |archive-date=30 July 2023 |access-date=30 July 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854650 | jstor=41854650 | title=Creation of Nagaland: Triumph of Ebuillient Infra-Nationalism | last1=Johari | first1=J. C. | journal=The Indian Journal of Political Science | date=1975 | volume=36 | issue=1 | pages=13–38 | access-date=2023-07-30 | archive-date=2023-07-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730142636/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41854650 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Imti and his colleagues did not compromise on the proposal. During the course of that discussion Jawaharlal Nehru was fully aware of the aspiration of Nagas that Nagas and Indian are two separate neighboring nations thus he himself declined the 'Coupland plan" in support of Nagas saying. "The tribal areas (Nagas) are defined as being that long frontier of India, which are neither part of India nor Burma nor of any foreign power". Thus T. Aliba Imti played a most significant and diplomatic role in regards to Nagas right to independence and freedom from being subjected to any outside nation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland's Founding Fathers |url=https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/nagaland-s-founding-fathers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520061131/https://nagalandpost.com/index.php/2021/11/30/nagaland-s-founding-fathers/ |archive-date=2024-05-20 |access-date=2023-07-20 |website=nagalandpost.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web | url=https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_jul00kod01.html | title=The Naga Insurgency: The Past and the Future | access-date=2023-07-30 | archive-date=2023-07-30 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730142641/https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_jul00kod01.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== The Ten Year Guardianship Plan ===
From 9th Dec' 1946, the Indian constituency assembly begun to make their own constitution to be applied after their independence in the same way the Nagas also begun to prepare their own constitution apart from customary law. However owing to lack of peer knowledge in making of written constitution, the NNC leader led by T. Aliba Imti had resolved to set up an interim Government and live with India for a period of 10 years, during that period the Indian Government would act as a guardian power over the interim government of Nagaland.

As per the resolution of NNC T. Aliba Imti signed and submitted a memorandum to the Government of British India on 20th Feb' 1947, in regards to live with Government of India for the period of 10 years.<ref name=":2" />

After that during May 1947 the Indian constituent assembly delegation had appealed the NNC Leader to join with Indian union. However T Aliba Imti and his colleague stood firm on the 20th Feb' memorandum. Therefore the Indian delegates went back without any concrete decision.

=== Hydari Agreement - Nine Point Agreement ===
After that, Sir. Akbar Hydari the Governor of Assam held a meeting with T. Aliba Imti and his fellow NNC Leaders from 27–29 June 1947. However despite repeated request to the NNC leaders to join with the Indian union the NNC did not agree to the appeal of the Indian leaders, therefore an agreement called 9 point agreement was made on mutual term where as T. Aliba Imti signed on behalf of the Interim Government of Nagaland and Sir. Akbar Hydari signed on behalf of Government of India. This agreement was made with the wider scope. So as to unite the entire displaced Naga inhabited area under the common National umbrella of NNC (Nagaland).

It was the dream of T. Aliba Imti that every Naga inhabited area including illegally displaced Nagas living in Myanmar be brought under the common national jurisdiction of Nagaland and to integrate the entire Nagas inhabited areas as one nation and one people.

When the Nagas declared independence on 14 August 1947 this declaration was also specially conveyed to U.N.O. who acknowledged and felicitated the proclamation put the name of Naga country in the member list of nation under U.N.O. on the same date.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/everything-you-need-to-know-about-nagaland-insurgency-and-the-efforts-to-solve/ | title=Explained: Everything you need to know about Nagaland insurgency | date=4 August 2015 | access-date=20 July 2023 | archive-date=20 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720075310/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/everything-you-need-to-know-about-nagaland-insurgency-and-the-efforts-to-solve/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0392192106070349 | doi=10.1177/0392192106070349 | title=Wars without End: The Case of the Naga Hills | date=2006 | last1=Franke | first1=Marcus | journal=Diogenes | volume=53 | issue=4 | pages=69–84 | s2cid=145812817 | access-date=2023-07-20 | archive-date=2023-07-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720075315/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0392192106070349 | url-status=live | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume3/fault3-genpillaif.htm | title=Anatomy of an Insurgency Ethnicity & Identity in Nagaland | access-date=2023-07-20 | archive-date=2023-07-20 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720075312/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume3/fault3-genpillaif.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/1325214.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2023-07-20 |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326162432/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/1325214.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/naga-students-federations-call-to-oneness-embarks-its-journey-towards-new-destination/ | title=Naga Students' Federation's 'call to oneness'; Embarks its journey towards new destination - the Frontier Manipur | date=25 October 2022 | access-date=20 July 2023 | archive-date=20 July 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720075312/https://thefrontiermanipur.com/naga-students-federations-call-to-oneness-embarks-its-journey-towards-new-destination/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

==North East India Sub-Committee of Indian constituent Assembly==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
After the formation of the NNC T. Aliba Imti was selected as a member of the North East India Sub-Committee of Indian constituent Assembly. During his tenure, he toured various parts of the present day North-east and parts of present day Bangladesh (Sylhet and surrounding areas) to get the views and opinions of the people. During this time, he also edited and published a newspaper for the NNC under the banner "The Naga Nation".

The members of the said committee held several rounds of talks and meetings in regard to the [[constitution of India]]. The majority of the members of the North East Sub-Committee met at Shillong and agreed to join the Indian union when India got its independence from British Empire, however Aliba refused to sign up.

He wrote - "However as being the committed patriot and responsible president of the NNC over swelteringly appointed on the mandate of Nagas who had the veto power to decide the future of Nagas political status, strongly defended the rights of the freedom of Nagas bravely stood firm on the legitimate rights of the freedom of Nagas and said "that' we the Nagas cannot sign our names to be under India. We do not agree with it and we resign. I cannot return to my people as a Traitor."

== Civil service ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
T. Aliba Imti entered Indian civil services under the Indian Frontier Administrative Service (IFAS) as Assistant Political Officer in 1950. He served in North East Frontier Agency (NEFA) present day Arunachal Pradesh for 11 years.

Bomdila, the present headquarters of Kameng district was literally carved out of virgin forest by Imti with the help of 30 local porters.

While at Tawang, he also had to meet clandestinely with the representatives of the Tibetan Government, before the Dalai Lama fled from his country to India. During which time he was the Political Officer directly responsible for welcoming the Holiness into India.

He was also involved in the survey and drafting of the borders and map of the region.

===Indian Frontier Administrative Service===
He was posted to the following places from 1950 until he retired as Secretary to the Government of Nagaland in 1971:

* Charduar
* Tawang
* Bomdila
* Tuensang
* Shillong
* Ziro
* Kohima
* Zunheboto
* Mon
* Tuensang
* Kohima
* Mokokchung

== Rajya Sabha==
Aliba Imti was also appointed as Member of Parliament for the Upper House or the Rajya Sabha from 1980 till 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2024 |title=Rajya Sabha Members Biographical Sketches 1952-2019 |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |access-date=14 May 2024 |archive-date=21 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221061816/https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2025}}
Imti died after a short illness in 1988 at his home in Mokokchung town. He had three children and numerous grandchildren at the time of his death.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imti, T. Aliba}}
[[Category:1919 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Mokokchung district]]
[[Category:Naga nationalism]]
[[Category:British Indian history]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Nagaland]]
[[Category:Indian educators]]

Thoongaavanam

2026-04-21T04:21:52Z

Bharat: Done...

{{Short description|2015 Indian film by Rajesh M. Selva}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thoongaavanam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster in Tamil
| director = [[Rajesh M. Selva]]
| screenplay = [[Kamal Haasan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Sleepless Night (2011 film)|Sleepless Night]]''|[[Frédéric Jardin]]}}
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Kamal Haasan
* [[Chandrahasan]]
* Gokulam Gopalan
}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|Kamal Haasan|[[Prakash Raj]]|[[Trisha Krishnan]]|[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]]|[[Sampath Raj]]}}
| cinematography = [[Sanu John Varghese]]
| editing = [[Shan Mohammed]]
| music = [[M. Ghibran]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
* Sree Gokulam Movies
* [[Suresh Balaje|Wide Angle Creations]]
* RG Entertainment
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
* [[Escape Artists Motion Pictures]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=10 October 2015 |title=They're still on top |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/the-buzz-around-rajinikanths-underproduction-kabali-and-kamal-haasans-thoongavanam-an-official-remake-of-french-thriller-sleepless-night-nuit-blanche-is-huge/article7747094.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128060757/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/the-buzz-around-rajinikanths-underproduction-kabali-and-kamal-haasans-thoongavanam-an-official-remake-of-french-thriller-sleepless-night-nuit-blanche-is-huge/article7747094.ece |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>
* Wide Angle Creations
* [[Global United Media]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|11|10|Tamil|ref1=|2015|11|20|Telugu|ref2=}}
| runtime = 127 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thoongaavanam |url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=RElMLzI4OS8yMDE1LUNIRQ== |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260421041749/https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=RElMLzI4OS8yMDE1LUNIRQ== |archive-date=21 April 2026 |access-date=21 April 2026 |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = {{ ubl | Tamil | Telugu }}
| budget = 
| gross = {{estimated}} {{INR|link=yes}}50 [[crore]]<ref name="BO" />
}}

'''''Thoongaavanam''''' ({{translation|Sleepless forest}}) is a 2015 Indian [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Rajesh M. Selva]]. The film stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Trisha Krishnan]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]], [[Sampath Raj]], [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Yugi Sethu]], Aman Abdullah, [[Asha Sharath]], [[Madhu Shalini]] and [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]]. It was filmed [[multiple-language version|simultaneously]] in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] languages, the latter titled '''''Cheekati Rajyam''''' ({{translation|Kingdom of darkness}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=3 November 2015 |title=My focus is to give quality films at great speed |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kamal-haasan-my-focus-is-to-give-quality-films-at-great-speed/article7837607.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912074259/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/kamal-haasan-my-focus-is-to-give-quality-films-at-great-speed/article7837607.ece |archive-date=12 September 2019 |access-date=19 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Both versions were produced by [[Raaj Kamal Films International]] and Sree Gokulam Movies. The film is a remake of the French film ''[[Sleepless Night (2011 film)|Sleepless Night]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2015 |title=Thoongaavanam to Oru Naal Iravil: Films remade in Tamil in 2015 that stayed with the audience |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/yearender-2015/photo/heres-the-list-of-remakes-made-in-tamil-in-2015-36-vayathinile-papanasam-thoongaavanam-memories-bangalore-days-premam-377021-2015-12-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914023858/https://www.indiatoday.in/yearender-2015/photo/heres-the-list-of-remakes-made-in-tamil-in-2015-36-vayathinile-papanasam-thoongaavanam-memories-bangalore-days-premam-377021-2015-12-20 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |access-date=5 May 2020 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> ''Thoongaavanam'' was released on 10 November 2015 coinciding with [[Diwali]] while the Telugu version ''Cheekati Rajyam'' was released on 20 November 2015.

==Plot==
C.K. Diwakar is an [[Indian Revenue Service|IRS]] officer in the [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]], who along with his deputy Mani, steals a narcotics shipment but gets stabbed in the process. In retaliation, Vittal Rao, a drug lord, who was due to receive the shipment, kidnaps Diwakar's son Vasu. He is willing to release Vasu if Diwakar can return to him the bag of [[cocaine]] that he stole earlier. With no other option at hand, Diwakar agrees and proceeds to Vittal's [[nightclub]], with the bag of cocaine, where Vasu is held hostage. His act of hiding the bag in the men's toilet is noticed by [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]] agent Mallika, who becomes suspicious. Thinking that Diwakar is involved in [[drug smuggling]], she informs her superior Dhiraviyam / Mohan.

Dhiraviyam / Mohan begin to pursue Diwakar, taking away the bag of cocaine from the toilet in the process. When Diwakar realises that the bag of cocaine has gone missing, he decides to return to Vittal a bag containing packets of [[Powdered milk|milk powder]] instead, thinking that he and his cronies, including a gangster named Pedha Babu, will not realise the difference. Unfortunately, Vittal and Pedha soon find out that Diwakar had cheated them and decide to kill him. Diwakar's wound gets worse and starts bleeding. Caught between Vittal's gang on one side and Mallika and Dhiraviyam / Mohan on the other side, Diwakar confronts Mallika and tells her that contrary to her suspicions, he has been working undercover and had planned the entire operation to expose cops such as Dhiraviyam / Mohan and Mani, who are involved in drug smuggling.

Diwakar then rescues Vasu without Vittal's knowledge, and Vittal is also arrested by Mallika and Dhiraviyam / Mohan. While taking Vittal to prison, Mallika finds out that she has Mani's mobile phone, and on reading the messages in it, she finds out that Diwakar had been speaking the truth all along, realising that Dhiraviyam / Mohan and Mani are involved in drug smuggling and had tried to frame Diwakar. Though Dhiraviyam tries to resist arrest, killing Vittal in the process, he is eventually brought to justice. Diwakar falls unconscious due to the constant bleeding of his wound and Vasu takes him to the hospital. Diwakar recovers. Three months later, Mallika is now Diwakar's deputy, and the duo is shown thwarting the attempted murder of a police officer.

==Cast==
''Adapted from the closing credits''{{efn|The closing credits mentioned several character names that are not used in the narrative including Duraipandian, Maheswari, Jagan, Mandhiramoorthy and Gelusil Babu.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Thoongaa Vanam |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=[[Raaj Kamal Films International]] |year=2015 |time=1:55:24 to 1:59:56 |time-caption=From |via=[[Amazon Prime Video]]}}</ref>}}
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as C. K. Diwakar, [[Narcotics Control Bureau|NCB]] Officer<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Vittal Rao<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as Mallika, NCB Agent<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Dhiraviyam (Tamil)<ref name="BM">{{Cite web |last=Prakash |first=R S |date=13 November 2015 |title=Movie Review: Thoongavanam |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kamal-hassan-trisha-prakashraj-sampath-yugi-sethu-kishore-somasundaram-asha-sarath-madhu-shalini-santhana-bharathi-and-master-amman-abdulla/articleshow/49773075.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260326100355/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kamal-hassan-trisha-prakashraj-sampath-yugi-sethu-kishore-somasundaram-asha-sarath-madhu-shalini-santhana-bharathi-and-master-amman-abdulla/articleshow/49773075.cms |archive-date=26 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |language=en}}</ref> / Mohan (Telugu), NCB Officer<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Pedha Babu<ref name="autogenerated1"/>
* [[Yugi Sethu]] as T. I. Mani, NCB Inspector<ref name="BM"/>
* [[Asha Sharath]] as Dr. Sujatha<ref name="BM"/>
* Aman Abdullah as Vasu<ref name="BM"/>
* [[Madhu Shalini]] as Esther
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Vittal Rao's assistant
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Thandapani (Tamil)<ref name="TH"/>
* [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] as Subba Rao (Telugu)<ref name="TH"/>
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] as the bartender<ref>{{Cite news |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=11 November 2015 |title='Thoongaavanam' review: The movie is uninspiring and a tame thriller |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thoongaavanam-review-the-movie-is-uninspiring-and-a-tame-thriller-1163162.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613122300/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/thoongaavanam-review-the-movie-is-uninspiring-and-a-tame-thriller-1163162.html |archive-date=13 June 2022 |access-date=26 March 2026 |work=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Vittal Rao's gang member
* [[Chaams]] as a [[Busser|busboy]]
* [[Rajesh M. Selva]] as the head chef
* Suka (Tamil) / [[Abburi Ravi]] (Telugu) as another drunkard<ref name="AR"/>
* Sandeep as Vittal Rao's gang member
}}

==Production==
In May 2015, [[Kamal Haasan]] announced that his next project, a bilingual thriller titled ''Thoongaa Vanam'' in Tamil, would be directed by his former assistant [[Rajesh M. Selva]] and produced by himself. The film was initially titled as ''Ore Iravu'', before going through a change of title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2015 |title=Kamal's next action-thriller gets new title |url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/kamals-next-action-thriller-gets-new-title-article20106.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241128053149/https://www.desimartini.com/news/tamil/kamals-next-action-thriller-gets-new-title-article20106.htm |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[Desimartini]] |language=en}}</ref> Haasan added that the film would be shot simultaneously and with the same cast and crew as ''Cheekati Rajyam'' in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language.<ref name="CR">{{Cite web |date=24 May 2015 |title=Kamal Haasans Next Film Titled Cheekati Rajyam in Telugu |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/kamal-haasans-next-film-titled-cheekati-rajyam-in-telugu-765660 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526194922/http://movies.ndtv.com/regional/kamal-haasans-next-film-titled-cheekati-rajyam-in-telugu-765660 |archive-date=26 May 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> Sanu Varghese and Shan Mohammed were named as the cinematographer and editor, respectively,<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan next project 'Thoongavanam' is bilingual thriller |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kamal-haasan-next-project-thoongavanam-is-bilingual-thriller-2086649 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519234358/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kamal-haasan-next-project-thoongavanam-is-bilingual-thriller-2086649 |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |website=[[DNA India]]}}</ref> while [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]] was recruited as the film's composer, working on his fourth successive Haasan film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan's next titled Cheekati Rajyam' in Telugu |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/479417/kamal-haasans-next-titled-cheekati.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604105332/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/479417/kamal-haasans-next-titled-cheekati.html |archive-date=4 June 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref name="CR" /> Writer Suka was chosen to write the Tamil dialogues,<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2015 |title=Suka is the dialogue writer for Kamal's 'Thoongaa Vanam' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/suka-is-the-dialogue-writer-for-kamals-thoongaa-vanam-news-tamil-pf1k3Iaeahdgb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527135631/http://www.sify.com/movies/suka-is-the-dialogue-writer-for-kamals-thoongaa-vanam-news-tamil-pf1k3Iaeahdgb.html |archive-date=27 May 2015 |access-date=6 June 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> while [[Abburi Ravi]] was assigned to work on the dialogues for the Telugu version besides making a cameo.<ref name="AR">{{Cite news |last=CH |first=Murali Krishna |date=15 October 2019 |title=Abburi Ravi: I agreed to play a terrorist in Operation Gold Fish because of my friendship with Sai Kiran Adivi |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Oct/15/abburi-ravi-i-agreed-to-play-a-terrorist-operation-gold-fish-because-riendship-with-sai-kiran-adivi-14932.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429135617/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/Oct/15/abburi-ravi-i-agreed-to-play-a-terrorist-operation-gold-fish-because-riendship-with-sai-kiran-adivi-14932.html |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=19 March 2026 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Kamal Haasan was reported to be play CK Diwakar, an [[Indian Revenue Service]] officer in [[Narcotics Control Bureau]].<ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=28 September 2015 |title='Thoongaa Vanam' characters' names revealed! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thoongaa-vanam-characters%E2%80%99-names-revealed-news-tamil-pj2pzOddbiceg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929052518/http://www.sify.com/movies/thoongaa-vanam-characters%E2%80%99-names-revealed-news-tamil-pj2pzOddbiceg.html |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] and [[Prakash Raj]] were the first actors to be cast and reported to play the female lead and an important supporting role respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2015 |title=Manisha Koirala for Kamal's 'Thoonga Vanam' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Manisha-Koirala-for-Kamals-Thoonga-Vanam/articleshow/47278218.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617111314/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Manisha-Koirala-for-Kamals-Thoonga-Vanam/articleshow/47278218.cms |archive-date=17 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2015 |title=Manisha Koirala approached for Kamal Haasan's next |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/manisha-koirala-approached-for-kamal-haasans-next/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708041726/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/manisha-koirala-approached-for-kamal-haasans-next/ |archive-date=8 July 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> This film marks Trisha's 50th film and completes her 15 years in the industry.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 September 2015 |title=Why is Thoongavanam special for Trisha? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Why-is-Thoongavanam-special-for-Trisha/article59842378.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726131657/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Why-is-Thoongavanam-special-for-Trisha/article59842378.ece |archive-date=26 July 2024 |access-date=26 July 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> While Prakash Raj was said to portray a drug dealer named Vital Rao, Trisha's role was Mallika, a police officer.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> In June 2015, [[Asha Sarath]], was announced as part of the cast.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manohar |first=Niveda |date=29 June 2015 |title=Asha Sharath Joins Thoongavanam |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/asha-sharath-joins-thoongavanam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241128061140/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/asha-sharath-joins-thoongavanam/ |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=Silverscreen India}}</ref> [[Uma Riyaz Khan]] was signed for an "important role" <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 May 2015 |title=Uma Riyaz Khan in Kamal's 'Thoonga Vanam' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/uma-riyaz-khan-in-kamals-thoonga-vanam-news-tamil-pfqkusjihaiig.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519012008/http://www.sify.com/movies/uma-riyaz-khan-in-kamals-thoonga-vanam-news-tamil-pfqkusjihaiig.html |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> and [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] informed that had been selected for a "key role" in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2015 |title=Kishore in Kamal Haasan's Thoongavanam |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kishore-in-Kamal-Haasans-Thoongavanam/articleshow/47460106.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601033651/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Kishore-in-Kamal-Haasans-Thoongavanam/articleshow/47460106.cms |archive-date=1 June 2015 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In June 2015, it was reported that [[Madhu Shalini]] was part of the film and had starting filming,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 June 2015 |title=Madhu Shalini in Kamal Haasan's 'Thoongaavanam' |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/madhu-shalini-in-kamal-haasan-s-thoongaavanam-115060600172_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612024457/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/madhu-shalini-in-kamal-haasan-s-thoongaavanam-115060600172_1.html |archive-date=12 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> while [[Sampath Raj]] was also added to the cast.<ref>{{Cite news |last=CR |first=Sharanya |date=6 June 2015 |title=Sampath to work with Kamal in Thoonga Vanam |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sampath-to-work-with-Kamal-in-Thoonga-Vanam/articleshow/47553975.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613232048/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Sampath-to-work-with-Kamal-in-Thoonga-Vanam/articleshow/47553975.cms |archive-date=13 June 2015 |access-date=11 June 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sampath's character was revealed to be that of a local gangster called Pedha Babu.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> Aman Abdullah played Kamal Haasan's son, making his acting debut.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gowri |first=Devika |date=10 November 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan is Aman's favourite! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151109/entertainment-kollywood/article/kamal-haasan-aman%E2%80%99s-favourite |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020232835/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/151109/entertainment-kollywood/article/kamal-haasan-aman%E2%80%99s-favourite |archive-date=20 October 2017 |access-date=20 August 2020 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> [[Ramajogayya Sastry]] wrote the lyrics for the Telugu version apart from making a cameo.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2015 |title=Kamal Haasan's Cheekati Rajyam all set for Telugu release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/kamal-haasans-cheekati-rajyam-all-set-for-telugu-release/articleshow/49710953.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609233350/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/kamal-haasans-cheekati-rajyam-all-set-for-telugu-release/articleshow/49710953.cms |archive-date=9 June 2025 |access-date=26 March 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began in late May at [[Ramoji Film City]] in [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishnamoorthy |first=Suresh |date=25 May 2015 |title=With Cheekati Raajyam, Kamal returns to Telugu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/with-cheekati-raajyam-kamal-returns-to-telugu/article7242870.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713102025/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/with-cheekati-raajyam-kamal-returns-to-telugu/article7242870.ece |archive-date=13 July 2017 |access-date=4 June 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and was completed in 38 working days by early August 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2015 |title=Thoongavanam wrapped up in 38 days |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150808/entertainment-kollywood/article/thoongavanam-wrapped-38-days |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930030342/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150808/entertainment-kollywood/article/thoongavanam-wrapped-38-days |archive-date=30 September 2022 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thoongaavanam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ghibran]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|2015|10|07|df=y|}} (Tamil) {{start date|2015|11|03|df=y|}} (Telugu)
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 4:33
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = [[Ghibran]]
| prev_title = [[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Babu Bangaram]]
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|pi2LHhSons8|Official Video Song (Tamil)}}
| audio2 = {{YouTube|ad3AkFP_kSY|Official Video Song (Telugu)}}
}}
}}

The soundtrack album for ''Thoongaavanam'' composed by [[Ghibran Vaibodha|Ghibran]], features only one song, "Neeye Unakku Raja" in the [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal genre]], written by [[Vairamuthu]] and sung by [[Kamal Haasan]], with backing vocals by [[Yazin Nizar]] and model-turned-singer [[C. Aishvarrya Suresh|Aishvarrya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Mrinalini |date=11 October 2015 |title=I have never sung metal before: Aishvarrya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-have-never-sung-metal-before-aishvarrya/articleshow/49300398.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523034247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/i-have-never-sung-metal-before-aishvarrya/articleshow/49300398.cms |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song was released on 7 October 2015,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title='Thoongaavanam' team's birthday gift for Kamal Haasan – a single! |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/thoongaavanam-teams-birthday-gift-for-kamal-haasan-a-single/ |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009004020/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/thoongaavanam-teams-birthday-gift-for-kamal-haasan-a-single/ |archive-date=9 October 2015 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> and the Telugu version, "Cheekati Raajyam" on 3 November.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2015 |title=Cheekati Raajyam (From "Cheekati Raajyam") – Single |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/cheekati-raajyam-from-cheekati-raajyam-single/1055576853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260401060405/https://music.apple.com/in/album/cheekati-raajyam-from-cheekati-raajyam-single/1055576853 |archive-date=1 April 2026 |access-date=1 April 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing (Tamil)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Neeye Unakku Raja
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]], [[C. Aishvarrya Suresh|Aishvarrya]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length1 = 4:33
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing (Telugu)
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Cheekati Raajyam
| lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Kamal Haasan]], [[C. Aishvarrya Suresh|Aishvarrya]], [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length1 = 4:32
}}

==Reception==

===''Thoongaa Vanam''===
Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a rating of 4/5 stars, calling it "an absolute slick crime adventure".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhaskaran |first=Gautaman |date=10 November 2015 |title=Thoongaavanam review: A better Kamal film, pacy and slick |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/thoongaavanam-review-a-better-kamal-film-pacy-and-slick/story-rrbDsdxAIsN6fIF8PjNohI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110110300/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/thoongaavanam-review-a-better-kamal-film-pacy-and-slick/story-rrbDsdxAIsN6fIF8PjNohI.html |archive-date=10 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars mentioning Thoongaa Vanam as a slick, well-made film that takes you through the course of happening over one night to the police officer and appreciated Rajesh Selva for directing a film that broke from the regular Tamil films. They also appreciated the performance of Kamal Haasan, Trisha and Ghibran for the excellent background score.<ref name="dnatvanamreview">{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=10 November 2015 |title='Thoongaavanam' review: This Kamal Haasan-Trisha starrer is more Hollywood than Kollywood |url=http://tamilplex.com/article/eng/2014/03/13/503/aadama-jeyichomada-cricket-scam.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031324/http://tamilplex.com/article/eng/2014/03/13/503/aadama-jeyichomada-cricket-scam.html |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

Rating it 3/5 stars, S. Saraswathi of [[Rediff.com|''Rediff'']] appreciated the performances of the lead cast as well as the film's technical aspects but criticised the lack of pace in the film's screenplay before concluding "the intriguing plot, good performances, Ghibran's innovative background score and camera angles of Sanu Varghese make director Rajesh M. Selva's {{sic|''Thoonga Vanam''|nolink=y}} worth a watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=10 November 2015 |title=Review: Thoonga Vanam is worth a watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thoonga-vanam-is-worth-a-watch/20151110.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112195251/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thoonga-vanam-is-worth-a-watch/20151110.htm |archive-date=12 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times of India]]'' also rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "even though the film cleverly spreads the action across various areas in the club [...] it isn't enough to shake off the feeling of claustrophobia. By the time the film gets over, we feel exhausted."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=11 November 2015 |title=Thoongaavanam Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thoongaavanam/movie-review/49744186.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151114074757/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Thoongaavanam/movie-review/49744186.cms |archive-date=14 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Karthik Keramalu of ''[[IBNLive]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote, "Actors move in and out of rooms, run this way and that, plot and fail, hide and seek. Yet all the effort of the cast and crew is shaken and not stirred enough as the screenplay gets a few nods wrong."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keramalu |first=Karthik |date=11 November 2015 |title='Thoongaavanam' review: The movie is uninspiring and a tame thriller |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/%E2%80%AA%E2%80%8Ethoongaavanam-review-the-movie-is-uninspiring-and-a-tame-thriller-1163162.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113030741/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/%E2%80%AA%E2%80%8Ethoongaavanam-review-the-movie-is-uninspiring-and-a-tame-thriller-1163162.html |archive-date=13 November 2015 |access-date=11 November 2015 |website=[[IBNLive]]}}</ref>

[[Baradwaj Rangan]], writing for ''[[The Hindu]]'', stated that the film picks up in the post-interval portions "the kitchen-sink action choreography, the sounds of things breaking and clattering, the bursts of background score, the jittery camerawork", concluding the film as "an okay thriller", but criticised Rajesh Selva for not giving the output to the dazzle of [[Brian De Palma]] films.<ref name="thehindureview">{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=10 November 2015 |title=Thoongavanam: An okay thriller, with goodies for fans |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thoongavanam-an-okay-thriller-with-goodies-for-fans/article7865210.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111094029/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/thoongavanam-an-okay-thriller-with-goodies-for-fans/article7865210.ece |archive-date=11 January 2016 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Sify]]'' described the film as a "classy thriller that gives an edge of the seat ride with world class action sequences and no-nonsense execution!". Kamal Haasan, Prakash Raj, Sampath Raj, Kishore and Trisha were appreciated for their performances, while they concluded mentioning about the technical aspects like music, action, editing and camera work that gave an edge to the film.<ref name="sifyreview">{{Cite web |title=Thoonga Vanam |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thoonga-vanam-review--plkkQcbiadhaj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110225931/http://www.sify.com/movies/thoonga-vanam-review--plkkQcbiadhaj.html |archive-date=10 November 2015 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

===''Cheekati Rajyam''===
Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''The Hindu'' stated, "though the film isn't really exceptional, makes for an engaging watch". She also mentioned the performance of Kamal Haasan, Prakash Raj and Trisha as good, concluding the film as a stylish cop drama as attention is paid even to little details of the film making.<ref name="TH">{{Cite web |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=20 November 2015 |title=Cheekati Rajyam: The night is sinister |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cheekati-rajyam-the-night-is-sinister/article7899886.ece |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309043146/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cheekati-rajyam-the-night-is-sinister/article7899886.ece |archive-date=9 March 2017 |access-date=22 November 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Suresh Kaviyarani of the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "Though the second half is a bit slow, overall the movie is good as it is a nice departure from the regular masala films".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaviyarani |first=Suresh |date=20 November 2015 |title=Movie Review 'Cheekati Rajyam': A good adaptation |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151121/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-cheekati-rajyam-good-adaptation |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713065600/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151121/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-cheekati-rajyam-good-adaptation |archive-date=13 July 2024 |access-date=18 March 2026 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film grossed over ₹50 crore worldwide. Its box office shortcomings were attributed by journalists to the [[2015 South India floods]].<ref name="BO">{{Cite news |date=3 June 2022 |title='Vikram': Kamal Haasan's last five movies' box office stats |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-kamal-haasans-last-five-movies-box-office-stats/photostory/91988285.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603182252/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-kamal-haasans-last-five-movies-box-office-stats/photostory/91988285.cms |archive-date=3 June 2022 |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|thoongaavanam_2015|Cheekati Rajyam}}
{{Raaj Kamal Films International}}
{{Kamal Haasan}}
{{Rajesh M. Selva}}

[[Category:2010s crime action films]]
[[Category:2015 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 multilingual films]]
[[Category:2015 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Films about child abduction in India]]
[[Category:Films about cocaine]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about hostage takings]]
[[Category:Films about human trafficking in India]]
[[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]
[[Category:Films about police corruption]]
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]
[[Category:Films about the Narcotics Control Bureau]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajesh M. Selva]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghibran Vaibodha]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Kamal Haasan]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of French films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language crime thriller films]]

Lalkuan Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:40:06Z

Bharat: Creating A Entry First Draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttarakhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lalkuan
| latest_election_year = 2022
| mla = [[M. S. Bisht]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = Uttarakhand
| district = [[Nainital district|Nainital]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nainital–Udhamsingh Nagar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:120392}}<ref name="ceouk">{{cite web |url=https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf |title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Election - 2022 - AC wise Voter Turnout |website=ceo.uk.gov.in |date=1 March 2022 |accessdate=8 April 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=1 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301040631/https://www.ceo.uk.gov.in/files/VS-2022/VoterTurnout-2022.pdf}}</ref>{{update after|2027|03}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 56
| map_image = Lalkuan Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Lalkuan Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 70 [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttarakhand]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ceo.uk.gov.in/files/Election2012/Constituencies_Division_Wise-1.pdf |title=Uttarakhand Assembly constituencies |access-date=16 January 2021}}</ref> It includes the [[Lalkuan]], Halduchaur and Bindukhatta area in Lalkuan tehsil and Gaulapar and Chorgallia in Haldwani tehsil. It also includes wards from 55 to 60 of [[Haldwani Municipal Corporation]].

It is part of [[Nainital district|Nainital]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || [[Harish Chandra Durgapal]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2017]] || Naveen Chandra Dumka || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election|2022]] || [[M. S. Bisht|Dr. Mohan Singh Bisht]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lalkuan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[M. S. Bisht|Dr. Mohan Singh Bisht]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=46,307 |percentage=53.23% |change={{decrease}}1.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Rawat]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,780 |percentage=33.08% |change={{increase}}11.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sandhya Dalakoti |party=Independent politician |votes=3,908 |percentage=4.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=2,339 |percentage=2.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kundan Singh Mehta |party=Independent politician |votes=1,552 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashpal Arya |party=Independent politician |votes=901 |percentage=1.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Sekhar Pandey |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=898 |percentage=1.03% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=689 |percentage=0.79% |change={{decrease}}0.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virenderpuri Maharaj |party=Independent politician |votes=527 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,527 |percentage=20.15% |change= {{decrease}}13.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=86,996 |percentage=71.61% |change= {{decrease}}0.76 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,488 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lalkuan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Naveen Chandra Dumka |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=44,293 |percentage=54.66% |change={{increase}}30.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Chandra Durgapal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,185 |percentage=21.21% |change={{increase}}0.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harendra Singh Bora |party=Independent politician |votes=14,709 |percentage=18.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the above |party=None of the above |votes=1,216 |percentage=1.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajeev Mohan |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=964 |percentage=1.19% |change={{decrease}}4.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Purushottam Sharma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=793 |percentage=0.98% |change={{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Virendra Puri Maharaj |party=Independent politician |votes=592 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandan Singh Rana |party= Shivsena |votes=407 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=27,108 |percentage=33.45% |change= {{increase}}20.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=81,029 |percentage=72.37% |change= {{decrease}}2.41 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,965 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.05 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}17.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Lalkuan<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harish Chandra Durgapal]] |party=Independent politician |votes=25,189 |percentage=37.32% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nawin Chandra Dumka |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,341 |percentage=24.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harendra Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,863 |percentage=20.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devki Nandan Suyal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=3,719 |percentage=5.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basant Joshi |party=Uttarakhand Kranti Dal |votes=1,849 |percentage=2.74% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhuwan Chandra Pokhariya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,803 |percentage=2.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamal Joshi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,218 |percentage=1.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Singh Pal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=945 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prakash Joshi |party=Independent politician |votes=654 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=627 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Verenderpuri |party=Independent politician |votes=569 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,848 |percentage=13.11% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=67,494 |percentage=74.78% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,260 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Nainital district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Uttarakhand Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/93-uttarakhand/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=17 January 2024}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand}}
{{coord|29.07|79.52|display=title}}

[[Category:Nainital district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2012]]

Sahibabad Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:26Z

Bharat: Stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sahibabad
| constituency_no = 55
| map_image = 55-Sahibabad.svg
| mla = [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Uttar Pradesh)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:10,20,386}} (2022)
| type= SLA
}}

'''Sahibabad Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency]]. The first election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed, and the constituency was constituted in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 55.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 1 October 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|url-status= dead|archive-url= http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20111113000000/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|df= dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=1 October 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=1 October 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sahibabad.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=1 October 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Sahibabad Assembly constituency is PC Arthala, Makanpur of Loni KC, Ward Nos. 1, 8, 9, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 30, 33, 38, 41, 50, 55 & 60 in Ghaziabad (M Corp.) of Ghaziabad Tehsil.<ref name=" Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 "/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Sahibabad Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/sahibabad.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Amarpal Sharma]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Uttar Pradesh)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Sahibabad]]<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:322882}}
|percentage = 67.03
|change = +5.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Amarpal Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:108047}}
|percentage = 22.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajit Kumar Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:24136}}
|percentage = 5.01
|change = -4.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sangeeta Tyagi
|votes = {{formatnum:10273}}
|percentage = 2.13
|change = -24.18
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Dr. Chhavi Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:6965}}
|percentage = 1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2945}}
|percentage = 0.61
|change = -0.11
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:214835}}
|percentage = 44.6
|change = +9.21
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:481686}}
|percentage = 47.18
|change = -2.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Sahibabad]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |date=2018-08-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Sunil Kumar Sharma (Uttar Pradesh)|Sunil Kumar Sharma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:262741}}
|percentage = 61.7
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Amarpal Sharma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:112056}}
|percentage = 26.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Jalaluddin
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:41654}}
|percentage = 9.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3057}}
|percentage = 0.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:150685}}
|percentage = 35.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:425868}}
|percentage = 49.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Sahibabad]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Amarpal Sharma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:124332}}
|percentage = 37.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Sharma
|votes = 99,984
|percentage = 29.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Satish Chandra Tyagi
|votes = 51,195
|percentage = 15.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Prahlad Sharma
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 36,266
|percentage = 10.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Harprasad Gupta
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 5,195
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Tejpal Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,385
|percentage = 1.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 24,348
|percentage = 6.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:333656}}
|percentage = 49.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Ghaziabad district, India]]
*[[Ghaziabad Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Ghaziabad district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Arnesh Kumar Guidelines

2026-04-17T18:51:29Z

Bharat: Created a biography

{{Short description|Indian Supreme Court ruling of 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox court case
|name = Arnesh Kumar Guidelines
|court = [[Supreme Court of India]]
|image =
|imagesize =
|imagelink =
|imagealt =
|caption =
|full name = Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar
|date decided = 2014
|citations = 2014 8 SCC 273
|ECLI =
|transcripts =
|judges = [[Chandramauli Kumar Prasad]], [[Pinaki Chandra Ghose]]
|number of judges = 2
|decision by = Chandramauli Kumar Prasad
|concurring = Chandramauli Kumar Prasad, Pinaki Chandra Ghose
|dissenting =
|concur/dissent =
|prior actions =
|appealed from = Judgement of [[Patna High Court]]
|appealed to =
|subsequent actions =
|related actions =
|opinions =
|keywords = 
|italic title =
}}
'''''Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar (2014)''''', also known as '''Arnesh Kumar Guidelines''', is a [[List of landmark court decisions in India|landmark judgement]] of the [[Indian Supreme Court]],<ref name="Vij RK" /><ref name="JamesSebin" /> stating arrests should be an exception, in cases where the punishment is less than seven years of imprisonment.<ref name="MP HC Wire" /> The guidelines asked the police to determine whether an arrest was necessary under the provisions of Section 41 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure (India)|Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC)]]. Police officers have a responsibility to guarantee that the principles established by the Supreme Court in its numerous decisions are followed by the investigating officers. Before authorising further detention, the judicial magistrate must read the police officer's report and make sure they are satisfied.<ref name="Vij RK" />

The decision was welcomed by men's right activists but was criticised by women rights activists.<ref name=why_single_out>{{cite news|author1=Pallavi Polanki|title=Activists on SC ruling: Why single out dowry harassment law as case of misuse?|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/activists-sc-ruling-single-dowry-harassment-law-case-misuse-1601823.html|accessdate=23 July 2014|work=First Post|date=4 July 2014}}</ref>

Legal proceedings can be initiated against the police officials if the procedure for arrest under Section 41A CrPC and Arnesh Kumar Guidelines are violated.<ref name="JamesSebin" />

== Background ==
In 1983, Section 498A was enacted, together with Section 304B on [[Dowry system in India|dowry deaths]], to combat the threat of rising dowry deaths and violence against married women by their in-laws.<ref name="Vij RK">{{cite news |last1=Vij |first1=R. K. |title=On dealing with false criminal cases |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/on-dealing-with-false-criminal-cases/article37330776.ece |access-date=21 November 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=3 November 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

In 2010, the Supreme Court asked the government to amend the dowry law to stop its misuse. The dowry laws, particularly the section 498A of the [[Indian Penal Code]] is observed by many in India as being prone to misuse because of mechanical arrests by the police. The criticism of these laws has been growing.<ref>{{cite news
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Amend-dowry-law-to-stop-its-misuse-SC-tells-govt/articleshow/6321987.cms
| title = Amend dowry law to stop its misuse, SC tells govt
| date = 17 August 2010
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20120707105152/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-17/india/28308729_1_dowry-law-section-498a-complaints
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| archive-date = 7 July 2012
}}</ref> According to the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] statistics, in 2012, around 200,000 people including 47,951 women, were arrested in dowry related cases but only 15% of the accused were convicted.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news
| url = https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/07/03/women-misusing-indias-anti-dowry-law-says-supreme-court/
| title = Women Misusing India's Anti-Dowry Law, says Supreme Court
| date = 3 July 2014
| url-status = live
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150109124113/http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2014/07/03/women-misusing-indias-anti-dowry-law-says-supreme-court/
| archive-date = 9 January 2015
}}</ref> The period between 2006 and 2015, has seen a continuous fall in the conviction rate for cases, filed under this section. It has the lowest conviction rate among all the crimes under [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref name="Dubbudu">{{cite news |last1=Dubbudu |first1=Rakesh |title=Debate I Low Conviction Rate in Dowry Cases, No Proof of Misuse |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/conviction-rate-lowest-domestic-violence-cruelty-498a-ipc |access-date=21 November 2021 |work=TheQuint |date=29 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2005, Section 498A IPC was upheld by the [[Supreme Court of India]] when it was challenged.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sushil Kumar Sharma vs Union Of India And Ors on 19 July, 2005|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1172674/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130211024028/http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1172674/|archive-date=11 February 2013|access-date=18 February 2013|publisher=Indiankanoon.org}}</ref> In 2010, the Supreme Court spoke about the misuse of anti-dowry laws in ''Preeti Gupta & Another v. State of Jharkhand & Another'' and more detailed investigation was recommended.<ref>''Preeti Gupta & Another v. State of Jharkhand & Another,'' AIR
2010 SC 3363</ref> Following the observations of the Supreme Court [[Indian parliament]] set up a committee headed by [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Par Panel recommends review of Dowry Act|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/par-panel-recommends-review-of-dowry-act_728110.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518174820/http://zeenews.india.com/news/delhi/par-panel-recommends-review-of-dowry-act_728110.html|archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref>

== Judgement ==
On 2 July 2014, the Supreme Court framed the guidelines the response to a Special Leave Petition (SLP) filed by one Arnesh Kumar challenging his arrest and of his family under this law.<ref name="arnesh vs bihar">{{cite court |litigants=Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar |vol= |reporter= |opinion= |pinpoint= |court= [[Supreme Court of India]]|date=2014 |url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=41736 |accessdate=21 July 2014 |quote=}}</ref><ref name=no_auto>{{cite news|title=No automatic arrests in dowry cases, says SC|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/no-automatic-arrests-in-dowry-cases-says-sc/article6171561.ece|accessdate=23 July 2014|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 July 2014}}</ref> In the case of ''Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar & Anr.'',<ref name="arnesh vs bihar"/> a two-judge bench of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] reviewed the enforcement of section 41(1)(A) of CrPC which instructs state of following certain procedure before arrest. The bench observed that the Section 498A had become a powerful weapon for disgruntled wives, where innocent people were arrested without any evidence due to non-bailable and [[Cognisable offence|cognizable]] nature of the law.<ref name=":4" /><ref>''Arnesh Kumar v. State of Bihar & Anr.,'' AIR 2014 SC 2756</ref> The Supreme Court said that the anti-dowry law (Section 498A) is being used by some women to harass their husbands and in-laws. The court prohibited the police from making arrests on the mere basis of a complaint. The court asked the police to follow Section 41 of the [[Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973]], which provides a 9-point checklist which must be used to decide the need for an arrest. The court also said that a magistrate must decide whether an arrested accused is needed to be kept under further detention.<ref name=noarrest_SC>{{cite news|title=No arrests under anti-dowry law without magistrate's nod: SC|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-arrests-under-anti-dowry-law-without-magistrates-nod-SC/articleshow/37661519.cms|accessdate=23 July 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=3 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="arnesh vs bihar"/>

== Reaction ==
Others welcomed the decision as landmark judgment to uphold the [[human right]]s of innocent people.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dhulia|first1=Virag|date=6 July 2014|title=Supreme Court judgment restricting automatic arrests in dowry cases well within the Constitution|publisher=MeriNews|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/supreme-court-judgment-restricting-automatic-arrests-in-dowry-cases-well-within-the-constitution/15898982.shtml|url-status=live|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722160751/http://www.merinews.com/article/supreme-court-judgment-restricting-automatic-arrests-in-dowry-cases-well-within-the-constitution/15898982.shtml|archive-date=22 July 2015|ref=scjudgmwithinconsti}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Abha|date=3 July 2014|title=Abha Singh calls Supreme Court decision on Section 498A a landmark judgement|publisher=India.com|agency=ANI|url=http://www.india.com/loudspeaker/abha-singh-calls-supreme-court-decision-on-section-498a-a-landmark-judgement-89250/|url-status=live|access-date=22 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034356/http://www.india.com/loudspeaker/abha-singh-calls-supreme-court-decision-on-section-498a-a-landmark-judgement-89250/|archive-date=24 September 2015|ref=scjudgemlandmark}}</ref> The decision received criticism from feminists because it weakened the negotiating power of women.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaising|first=Indira|date=July 2014|title=Concern for the Dead, Condemnation for the Living|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|volume=49|issue=30}}</ref><ref>Why Women need 498A, ''Economic & Political Weekly'', vol. XLIX no. 29 (July 2014)</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prashant K. Trivnd Smriti Singh|date=December 2014|title=Fallacies of a Supreme Court Judgment: Section 498A and the Dynamics of Acquittals|journal=Economic & Political Weekly|volume=44|issue=52}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
In 2014, it was reported that due to the lack of communication to police stations, the Arnesh Kumar Guidelines by Supreme Court of India were not followed.<ref>{{cite news|title=False complaints to be punished|url=http://epaper.navodayatimes.in/c/3889772|accessdate=26 November 2014|publisher=Navodaya Times|date=23 November 2014}}</ref>

In May 2021, the [[amicus curiae]] submitted that the [[Madhya Pradesh Police]] were not following the Arnesh Kumar guidelines. [[Madhya Pradesh High Court]] ordered that the [[Director general of police|Director general of police (DGP)]] must issue directions to Police to follow the Arnesh Kumar Guidelines. The accused who were arrested without following the Arnesh Kumar Guidelines were entitled to apply for regular bail citing the violation of the guidelines. The court also asked the State Judicial Academy to spread awareness of the Arnesh Kumar Guidelines among the police officers and judicial magistrates.<ref name="MP HC Wire">{{cite news |title=DGP Must Issue Directions to Police To Adhere to SC Guidelines in Arnesh Kumar: Madhya Pradesh HC |url=https://thewire.in/law/madhya-pradesh-high-courts-prisons-covid-19-arnesh-kumar|date=20 May 2021 |access-date=21 November 2021 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

In 2021 due to the overcrowding of prisons during the second wave of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the Supreme Court said no arrests should be made in violation of the Arnesh Kumar Guidelines.<ref name="MP HC Wire" />

In November 2021, while hearing a petition from a Hyderabad resident, [[Telangana High Court]] granted the petitioner, liberty to start legal proceedings against the police officials if the procedure for arrest under Section 41A CrPC and Arnesh Kumar Guidelines are violated.<ref name="JamesSebin">{{cite news |last1=James |first1=Sebin |title=Police Officials To Face Action If Arrest Procedure Under Sec 41A CrPC & 'Arnesh Kumar' Guidelines Are Violated : Telangana High Court |url=https://livelaw.in/news-updates/telangana-high-court-arnesh-kumar-guidelines-proceedings-against-erring-police-officials-41a-crpc-185990 |access-date=21 November 2021 |work=www.livelaw.in |date=21 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The bench noted, "Hence, police are directed to adhere to the procedure Contemplated under Section 41-A Cr.P.C. and also the guidelines issued by the Apex Court in Arnesh Kumar's case (supra) scrupulously. Any deviation in this regard will be viewed seriously."<ref>{{cite web |title=Police Officials To Face Action If Arrest Procedure Under Section 41A CrPC & Arnesh Kumar Guidelines Are Violated - Others |url=https://www.lawyersclubindia.com/judiciary/police-officials-to-face-action-if-arrest-procedure-under-section-41a-crpc-arnesh-kumar-guidelines-are-violated-5618.asp |website=lawyersclubindia |access-date=29 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

In a significant judgment on 4 January, the [[Delhi High Court]] held a police officer guilty of contempt of court for arresting a man in violation of the principles laid down by the Supreme Court in the case ''Arnesh Kumar vs State of Bihar''. The Court sentenced the police officer to one-day imprisonment for contempt of court.

In August 2022 Allahabad HC Holds Police Officer Guilty Of Contempt For Violating 'Arnesh Kumar Guidelines', Sentences Him To 14 Day Imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/allahabad-hc-holds-police-officer-guilty-contempt-violating-arnesh-kumar-guidelines-sentences-him-to-14-day-imprisonment-207071 | title=Allahabad HC Holds Police Officer Guilty of Contempt for Violating 'Arnesh Kumar Guidelines', Sentences Him to 14 Day Imprisonment | date=21 August 2022 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Men's movement in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Criminal Procedure Code Sections]]
[[Category:2014 in India]]

{{SCI-cases}}

Vasantha Krishna Prasad

2026-04-16T08:50:21Z

Bharat: Done...

{{Short description|Indian politician and businessman}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = Vasantha Krishna Prasad.png
| caption = Prasad in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1970|4|9|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Ithavaram]], [[Krishna district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Mylavaram Assembly constituency|Mylavaram]]
| predecessor = [[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]]
| term_start = 2019
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]] (2024–present)
| other_party = * [[Indian National Congress]] (1999–?)
* [[YSR Congress Party]] (2018–2024)
| occupation = * [[Politician]]
* [[Businessman]]
| children = 3
}}

'''Vasantha Venkata Krishna Prasad''' (born 8 April 1970)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=YSRCP MLA 2019 List For Krishna District {{!}} Krisgna District MLA Candidates List For AP Assembly Elections 2019 – Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-assembly-candidates-krishna-district-1171039 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518195610/https://www.sakshi.com/news/andhra-pradesh/ysrcp-assembly-candidates-krishna-district-1171039 |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian politician and businessman from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He contested the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] and won as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing the Mylavaram Assembly constituency on behalf of [[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP) and has been serving as the MLA since 2019. In 2024, he left the YSRCP and joined the [[Telugu Desam Party]] (TDP) and contested the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing Mylavaram constituency on behalf of the TDP. He had unsuccessfully contested from [[Nandigama Assembly constituency]] on behalf of [[Indian National Congress]] in 1999.

== Early life ==
Prasad was born to Nageswara Rao and Hymavathi. He hails from [[Ithavaram]] village of [[Nandigama mandal]], [[Krishna district]] (now in [[NTR district]]).<ref name=":4" /> Prasad's father, Nageswara Rao, is a politician, former Home Minister and one of the proponents of the [[Jai Andhra movement]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 September 2018 |title=Police book case against Vasantha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/police-book-case-against-vasantha/article24922276.ece |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518195602/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/police-book-case-against-vasantha/article24922276.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2 March 2024 |title=YSRCP MLA Vasantha Krishna Prasad joins TDP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/ysrcp-mla-vasantha-krishna-prasad-joins-tdp/article67906651.ece |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323145829/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly/ysrcp-mla-vasantha-krishna-prasad-joins-tdp/article67906651.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Prasad is married to Sirisha and has three children.<ref name=":4" />

== Career ==
Prasad is a businessman – a realtor and an industrialist.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2014 |title=Race begins for UDA Chairman's post |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/race-begins-for-uda-chairmans-post/article6112434.ece |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518195612/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/race-begins-for-uda-chairmans-post/article6112434.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Boda |first=Tharun |date=26 March 2019 |title=Most crorepati candidates have assets in Telangana |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/most-crorepati-candidates-have-assets-in-telangana/article26646450.ece |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518195610/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/most-crorepati-candidates-have-assets-in-telangana/article26646450.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He is a promoter of Vasantha Projects Ltd.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=B. Chandrashekhar |date=9 September 2014 |title=CBI files fresh charge-sheet against Jagan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/CBI-files-fresh-charge-sheet-against-in-Quid-Pro-quo-case-against-Y.S.-Jagan-in-Hyderabad/article60465690.ece |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518195613/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/CBI-files-fresh-charge-sheet-against-in-Quid-Pro-quo-case-against-Y.S.-Jagan-in-Hyderabad/article60465690.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

He contested the [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Nandigama Assembly constituency]] on behalf of [[Indian National Congress]] but lost to [[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]] by a margin of more than 13,000 votes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=G. Venkataramana |date=29 March 2019 |title=Novice all set to take on a titan here |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/novice-all-set-to-take-on-a-titan-here/article26681765.ece |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518195612/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/novice-all-set-to-take-on-a-titan-here/article26681765.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1999 |title=Statistical Report On General Election, 1999 To The Legislative Assembly Of Andhra Pradesh |url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Archives/StasticalReports/StatRep_AP_1999.pdf |access-date=18 May 2024 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |publication-place=New Delhi |archive-date=3 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603121247/https://ceotelangana.nic.in/Archives/StasticalReports/StatRep_AP_1999.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dara |first=Gopi |date=10 May 2018 |title=Andhra Pradesh: TDP's Krishna Prasad joins YSR Congress |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-tdps-krishna-prasad-joins-ysr-congress/articleshow/64113935.cms |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903171811/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/andhra-pradesh-tdps-krishna-prasad-joins-ysr-congress/articleshow/64113935.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2014, he was named as one of the accused in the charge-sheet filed by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] (CBI) as part of the disproportionate assets probe against [[Y. S. Jagan Mohan Reddy]], the YSRCP president. Prasad was included in the charge-sheet since he is the promoter of the firm Vasantha Projects which was allocated a housing project – which the CBI accused was a result of the firm's shareholder, who is a close relative of Reddy, influencing the government.<ref name=":2" />

On 10 May 2018, he joined the YSRCP party.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Srikanth |date=10 May 2018 |title=Eminent industrialist joins YSRCP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Latest-News/2018-05-10/Eminent-industrialist-joins-YSRCP/380228 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=The Hans India |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903171540/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Latest-News/2018-05-10/Eminent-industrialist-joins-YSRCP/380228 |url-status=live }}</ref> He worked as the party's in-charge for the Mylavaram constituency during 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2019 |title='Bribe offer': two YSRCP leaders booked |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bribe-offer-two-ysrcp-leaders-booked/article26208086.ece |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518195610/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bribe-offer-two-ysrcp-leaders-booked/article26208086.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He contested the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on behalf of YSR Congress Party representing the Mylavaram Assembly constituency and won as the Member of the Legislative Assembly defeating the incumbent, and his principal opponent and a long-term political rival,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 February 2024 |title=YSRC MLA Vasantha faces hurdle from former minister Devineni Umamaheswara Rao |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Feb/05/ysrc-mla-vasantha-faces-hurdle-from-former-minister-devineni-umamaheswara-rao |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420175213/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Feb/05/ysrc-mla-vasantha-faces-hurdle-from-former-minister-devineni-umamaheswara-rao |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Devineni Uma Maheswara Rao]] of the Telugu Desam Party.<ref name=":0" /> Prasad secured 114,940 votes representing 49.44% of the total votes polled and won by a margin of about 13,000 votes against Rao of TDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mylavaram Constituency Election Results 2019: Mylavaram Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/mylavaram |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518195602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/mylavaram |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Prasad declared assets valued at {{INRConvert|111.89|c|lk=on}} and stood as the richest candidate from the erstwhile [[Krishna district]] contesting the election.<ref name=":1" />

After being denied the candidacy to the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=YSRC BC candidate hopeful of changing poll equations in kamma bastion |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Apr/09/ysrc-bc-candidate-hopeful-of-changing-poll-equations-in-kamma-bastion |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518195602/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2024/Apr/09/ysrc-bc-candidate-hopeful-of-changing-poll-equations-in-kamma-bastion |url-status=live }}</ref> Prasad announced on 5 February 2024 that he would leave the YSRCP.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameen |first=Md |date=6 February 2024 |title=Mylavaram MLA Krishna Prasad to quit YSRCP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/mylavaram-mla-krishna-prasad-to-quit-ysrcp-856771 |access-date=20 May 2024 |website=Tha Hans India |language=en |archive-date=20 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240520085521/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/mylavaram-mla-krishna-prasad-to-quit-ysrcp-856771 |url-status=live }}</ref> Subsequently, he joined the TDP on 2 March.<ref name=":0" /> He contested the 2024 Assembly election representing the Mylavaram constituency on behalf of the TDP. As part of the nomination, he declared movable assets valued at {{INRConvert|81.18|c|lk=on}} and immovable assets valued at {{INRConvert|58.15|l|lk=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ameen |first=Md |date=24 April 2024 |title=Vasantha Krishna Prasad has movable assets of Rs 81.18 cr |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/vasantha-krishna-prasad-has-movable-assets-of-rs-8118-cr-874427 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=The Hans India |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518195610/https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/vasantha-krishna-prasad-has-movable-assets-of-rs-8118-cr-874427 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:People from NTR district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

MCGS Huravee (2023)

2026-04-12T12:44:11Z

Bharat: Creating The Stub V1

{{Short description|Indian navy fast attack craft}}
{{other ships|MCGS Huravee|INS Tarmugli}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|display_title=MCGS ''Huravee'' (2023)
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Tarmugli (T91) near Visakhapatnam port.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = ''Tarmugli''
| namesake = [[Tarmugli Island]]
| owner =
| operator = {{navy|India}}
| registry =
| route =
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]]
| original_cost =
| yard_number = 2109
| way_number =
| laid_down =
| launched = 30 June 2015
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 23 May 2016
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned = 7 April 2023
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport =
| identification = *{{MMSI Number|419001107}}
| motto =
| nickname =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate = Transferred to [[Maldivian Coast Guard]] as MCGS ''Huravee'' on 2 May 2023
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header = title
| country = Maldives
| flag = {{shipboxflag|Maldives}}
| name = MCGS ''Huravee''
| namesake =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 2 May 2023
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport =
| identification =
| motto =
| nickname =
| honours =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate =
| status = In active service
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = [[Car Nicobar-class patrol vessel|''Car Nicobar''-class]]
| type = [[Patrol vessel]]
| tonnage =
| displacement = 320 tonnes
| length = 48 meters
| beam =
| height =
| draught =
| draft =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|30|knots|kph}}
| range =
| endurance = {{convert|2000|nmi|km}}
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = 45
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament = 1 X 30 mm CRN 91 gun, 2 X 12.7 mm [[Heavy machine gun|HMG]], multiple [[Medium machine gun|MMG]], [[9K38 Igla]] [[Surface-to-Air missile]]
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''MCGS Huravee''', formerly INS ''Tarmugli'', is a [[fast attack craft]]<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Indian Navy commissions Water Jet Fast Attack Craft at Mumbai - 26 Sep 17|date=2017-09-26|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1504043&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=2026-04-01|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401143140/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1504043&reg=3&lang=1|archive-date=2026-04-01}}</ref> of the {{sclass|Car Nicobar|fast attack craft|4}} in the [[Indian Navy]] and the first ship in the series of four Follow On Water Jet Fast Attack Craft (FOWJFAC). The [[ship]] was commissioned by [[Vice Admiral]] HCS Bisht AVSM, Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Naval Command.<ref>{{Cite web|title=INS Tarmugli Commissioned Into Indian Navy In Visakhapatnam|url=http://www.ndtv.com/andhra-pradesh-news/ins-tarmugli-commissioned-into-indian-navy-in-visakhapatnam-1409280}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=INS Tarmugli Joins the Indian Navy|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=145547}}</ref> The indigenously conceived, designed and built ship, named after an [[island]] of same name in the [[Andaman Islands|Andaman]] [[archipelago]] is capable of operating in shallow waters at high speeds. Built for extended coastal and off-shore surveillance and patrol duties the [[warship]] is fitted with advanced MTU engines, water jet propulsion as well as latest communication equipment.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Navy commissions new fast attack ship INS Tarmugli|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/navy-commissions-new-fast-attack-ship-ins-tarmugli/story-a6sdxKMT7L9Yi4f1ueE24M.html}}</ref>

She was donated to the [[Maldivian Coast Guard]] on 2 May 2023, and commissioned as MCGS ''Huravee'', replacing an older [[Trinkat-class patrol vessel|Trinkat-class]] vessel.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/eastern-naval-command-bids-farewell-to-ins-tarmugli-in-visakhapatnam/article66711727.ece|title=Eastern Naval Command bids farewell to INS Tarmugli in Visakhapatnam|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajnath-singh-hands-over-fast-patrol-vessel-landing-craft-assault-ship-to-maldives/articleshow/99936343.cms?from=mdr|title=Rajnath Singh hands over Fast Patrol Vessel, Landing Craft Assault ship to Maldives|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=2 May 2023}}</ref> The ship underwent refits at the Mumbai dockyard in April 2025.<ref>[https://www.newsonair.gov.in/indian-navy-completes-refit-of-maldivian-ship-huravee-under-mahasagar-vision/ Indian Navy Completes Refit of Maldivian Ship Huravee Under ‘MAHASAGAR’ Vision | DD News On Air]</ref> A supply of spare parts was made by India in late-December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/indian-navy-hands-over-spares-for-mcgs-huravee-to-maldives-in-male/ar-AA1SpCCv?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=8bba6f77ca7d44fde3a23a1938653706&ei=68 |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Chief of Naval Staff of Indian Navy hands over operational spares for MNDF Coast Guard Ship Huravee to Maldives CDF |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/world/deputy-chief-of-naval-staff-of-indian-navy-hands-over-operational-spares-for-mndf-coast-guard-ship-huravee-to-maldives-cdf/ |access-date=2025-12-16 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]] in [[India]] in February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peri |first=Usha |date=2026-02-13 |title=Foreign naval ships arrive in Visakhapatnam ahead of IFR, MILAN, IONS 2026 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2026/Feb/13/foreign-naval-ships-arrive-in-visakhapatnam-ahead-of-ifr-milan-ions-2026 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Huravee (2023)}}
[[Category:Car Nicobar-class patrol vessels]]
[[Category:2015 ships]]

Samhita (film)

2026-03-26T11:43:20Z

Bharat: Stub

{{Short description|2013 Indian film by Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Samhita
| image = Samhita poster.jpg
| alt = Samhita poster
| caption = Samhita poster
| director = [[Sumitra Bhave]] [[Sunil Sukthankar]]
| producer = [[Mukta Arts]] Ashokk Movies
| writer = Sumitra Bhave
| screenplay = Sumitra Bhave
| story = Sumitra Bhave
| starring = [[Devika Daftardar]] [[Milind Soman]] [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]]
| music = Shailendra Barve
| cinematography = Sanjay K. Memane
| editing = [[Mohit Takalkar]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|10|18}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Marathi
}}

'''''Samhita: The Script''''' (or simply '''''Samhita''''') is a 2013 Indian [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]] directed by duo [[Sumitra Bhave]]{{mdash}}[[Sunil Sukthankar]] and produced by [[Mukta Arts]] in association with Ashokk Movies. The film stars [[Devika Daftardar]], [[Milind Soman]], and [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] along with [[Uttara Baokar]] and [[Jyoti Subhash]] in supporting roles. The film had its theatrical release on 18 October 2013 and won several awards including two [[National Film Awards]] at the [[60th National Film Awards]]; the [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for [[Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction (Songs)]] for [[Shailendra Barve]]. The director-producer [[Subhash Ghai]], the founder of Mukta Arts, was not initially part of the film and was approached when the director duo faced financial problems.<ref>{{cite news|title=Marathi cinema gets a boost|author=Palit, Debarati|date=13 January 2013|newspaper=Sakal Times}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Revati Sathe is a [[National Film Awards|National Award]] winning documentary maker who is approached by producer Shirin Dastane to direct a film based on a short story ''Darpan – The Mirror'' written by Tara Deuskar. It was Shirin's husband Dinkar's wish to direct a film on this story but being paralysed since a decade is unable to fulfill his dream. Shirin narrates the story in short to Revati stating that it is a story of a woman's surrender. The story is of king Satyasheel whose step-mother puts him in a wedlock with her niece Maalvika. The king however finds his love in a court singer whose reflection is formed in his soul's mirror and she surrenders to the king in love. Revati accepts the project as a challenge from her routine documentary making and sets to write the script with help of the original writer. Deuskar, the original writer contradicts with Shirin and calls it a story of oppression and begins narration. ''Darpan'' starts in 1946 at the palace of the princely state of Herwad where on the occasion of Satyasheel's son's [[thread ceremony]] singer Raina-bi from [[Banaras]] arrives and presents her singer daughter Bhairavi. Impressed by Bhairavi's soulful singing, Satyasheel falls in love with her. While Maalvika is a feminist and avid reader of English literature, she cares nothing about the increasing closeness of the two. On one occasion, Satyasheel takes Bhairavi on a hunting trip and they spend night together while Maalvika is on Europe trip. The following day Satyasheel also leaves for Europe and Bhairavi assuming it as desertion and leaves to Banaras. Upon return, Satyasheel is heart-broken and loses interest in administration. Years later, he attends a meeting in Mumbai related to the [[Privy Purse in India|privy purse privileges]] and accidentally meets Bhairavi and brings her to the palace along with her 7-years old daughter Nisha who has a birthmark on her face just like that of Satyasheel.

In present day, Revati is struggling with a divorce from her husband as she wants to pursue her career, Hemangini is finding it hard to adjust with the daughter of her lover and Shirin lives with a sorrow of not having her own kids for keeping her promise to Dinkar's family after he took her as his wife in his second marriage. All the four ladies, Revati, Hemangini, Shirin, and Deuskar have different endings of the film in their mind. While Shirin's end involves separation of all three characters, Hemangini believes that they all would stay together. Revati brings in different end suggesting that Satyasheel stays with Bhairavi and queen Maalvika on the other hand takes the young Nisha to Europe and looks after her well-being. It is hinted that author Deuskar is Nisha, the real life
daughter of Satysheel and Bhairavi. The film ends with Hemangini settling her issues with her lover's daughter, Dinkar dying, and Revati deciding to not divorce Ranveer.

== Cast ==
* [[Devika Daftardar]] as writer-director Revati Sathe and Queen Maalvika
* [[Milind Soman]] as businessman Ranveer Shinde and King Satyasheel of Herwad
* [[Rajeshwari Sachdev]] as actress Hemangini and singer Bhairavi
* [[Uttara Baokar]] as writer Tara Deuskar and Satyasheel's step-mother
* [[Jyoti Subhash]] as producer Shirin Dastane and Bhairavi's mother singer Raina-bi of Banaras
* [[Sharad Bhutadia]] as producer Dinkar Dastane and Maalvika's father
* Ashwini Giri as Revati's sister and Maalvika's widow sister
* Sarang Sathye as editor Darshan and Prince Dhairyasheel

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing

| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| all_music = [[Shailendra Barve]]
| title1 = Alfazon Ko Manzoor Hain
| extra1 = [[Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar]]
| lyrics1 = [[Sunil Sukthankar]]
| length1 = 6:10

| title2 = Bhairavi
| extra2 = Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar
| lyrics2 = {{dash}}
| length2 = 1:27

| title3 = Palakein Naa Moondon
| extra3 = Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar
| lyrics3 = Sunil Sukthankar
| length3 = 5:40

| title4 = Loota Do Jaan Yahi Armaan
| extra4 = Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar
| lyrics4 = Sunil Sukthankar
| length4 = 3:50

| title5 = Pal Pal Beete Din
| extra5 = Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar
| lyrics5 = Sunil Sukthankar
| length5 = 1:23

| title6 = Kya Yehi Tha Jurm
| extra6 = Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar
| lyrics6 = Sunil Sukthankar
| length6 = 4:05

| title7 = Baaki Hain Kuch Sawaal
| extra7 = Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar
| lyrics7 = Sunil Sukthankar
| length7 = 1:10

| title8 = Man Dubhanga
| extra8 = Makarand Deshpande
| lyrics8 = Sunil Sukthankar
| length8 = 1:30
}}

== Reception and awards ==

''Samhita'' was released theatrically on 18 October 2013 and received positive reviews for its story, direction, music, and performances.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta-news/samhita-a-marathi-movie-tells-melodious-but-complex-love-story-228490/2/|title=नेत्रसुखद, कर्णमधुर गुंतागुंतीची प्रेमकथा|newspaper=Loksatta|trans-title=Visually stunning, melodious, yet complicated love story|language=Marathi|date=20 October 2013|accessdate=11 January 2017|author=Nandgaokar, Sunil}}
* {{cite news|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/cine-review/sanhita-review/articleshow/24359398.cms|title=संहिता: नात्यांच्या उलगड्याची सोपी गोष्ट|newspaper=Maharashtra Times|trans-title=Samhita: Complicated relationships in a simple tale|language=Marathi|date=20 October 2013|accessdate=11 January 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film received two awards at the [[60th National Film Awards]]; the [[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] for the song "Palakein Naa Moondon" rendered by [[Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar]] and the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction (Songs)]] for [[Shailendra Barve]]. The citation for the singer reads that the "gifted with an earthy and haunting voice the singer gives ample evidence of her classical moorings, without any instrumental embellishments" whereas the composer was awarded for the "versatile and soulful presentation of songs based on Raagas, backed by Indian instrumentation arranged in a manner that enhances the film".<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|accessdate=18 March 2013}}</ref> Ankalikar-Tikekar had won this award earlier in 2006 at the [[54th National Film Awards]] for all the songs rendered by her in the [[Konkani language]] film ''[[Antarnad]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-pune-s-arati-ankalikar-tikekar-bags-national-award-for-second-time-1812927 |title=Pune's Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar bags National Award for second time |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=19 March 2013 |accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref> Bhave was awarded for the Best Screenplay at the 11th [[Pune International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Award-for-Kaksparsh-at-Pune-International-Film-Festival/articleshow/18067204.cms|title=Award for 'Kaksparsh' at Pune International Film Festival|date=18 January 2013|accessdate=11 January 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|location=Pune}}</ref> The film also received four nominations at the [[20th Screen Awards]] but did not win any award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news/marathi-film-samhita-the-script-nominated-for-4-screen-awards/|title=Marathi film Samhita{{dash}}The Script nominated for 4 Screen Awards!|author=Rashma Shetty Bali|date=13 January 2014|accessdate=11 January 2017|publisher=Bollywood Life}}
* {{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/20th-annual-life-ok-screen-awards-list-of-winners/|title=20th Annual Life OK Screen Awards: List of winners|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=11 January 2017|newspaper=The Indian Express|location=New Delhi}}</ref> The film won five awards at the first Prabhat Film Awards; Best Actress for Daftardar, Best Sound Recording, Best Make Up, Best Costume, and Best Art direction for Bhave.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/royal-challenge/1124240/|title=Royal Challenge|author=Hebbar, Prajakta|date=3 June 2013|accessdate=11 January 2017|work=The Indian Express}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/pune/report-dhag-bhartiya-rule-at-first-prabhat-awards-1842693|title='Dhag', 'Bhartiya' rule at first Prabhat awards|author=Rege, Omkar|date=2 June 2013|accessdate=15 January 2017|publisher=Daily News Analysis}}</ref>

The film was Indian Panorama selection of Feature & Non-Feature Films at the 43rd [[International Film Festival of India]].<ref>{{cite press release|title=Indian Panorama selection of Feature & Non-Feature Films for 43rd International Film Festival of India, 2012|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/Indian%20Panorama,%202012_%20Feature%20&%20Non-Feature%20films%20-Press%20Release%20001.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|accessdate=11 January 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403185650/http://dff.nic.in/Indian%20Panorama%2C%202012_%20Feature%20%26%20Non-Feature%20films%20-Press%20Release%20001.pdf|archivedate=3 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It was screened at 14th [[Mumbai Film Festival]] in "India Gold 2012" section and at the 17th [[International Film Festival of Kerala]] in the "Indian Cinema Today section" and got a standing ovation at both the film festivals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/marathi-film-samhita-selected-for-international-film-festival-of-india-imagegallery-2-bollywood-mltpsIebjbfsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111182106/https://www.sify.com/movies/marathi-film-samhita-selected-for-international-film-festival-of-india-imagegallery-2-bollywood-mltpsIebjbfsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2020|title=Marathi film Samhita selected for International Film Festival of India|accessdate=11 January 2017|website=[[Sify]]}}
* {{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/iffk-seven-films-in-indian-cinema-now-section/story-sf0nsgyhiiX9Z4papBpt9O.html|title=IFFK: Seven films in 'Indian Cinema Now' section|date=7 November 2012|accessdate=11 January 2017|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}
* {{cite web|url=http://m.screendaily.com/5046975.article|title=Mumbai film festival unveils competition sections|date=25 September 2012|accessdate=11 January 2017|work=Screen Daily|author=Shackleton, Liz}}</ref>

== References ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.muktaarts.com/Movies/Samhita.php Samhita@Mukta Arts]
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar}}
{{Subhash Ghai}}

[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar]]
[[Category:2013 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Mukta Arts films]]

Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act, 2003

2026-03-25T18:34:11Z

Bharat:

{{short description|Indian law restricting religious conversions}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2020}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2020}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act, 2003
| legislature = Gujarat Legislature
| long_title = An act to provide for freedom of religion by prohibition of conversion from one religion to another by the use of force or allurement or by fraudulent means and for the matters incidental thereto.
| image = Seal of Gujarat.svg
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/4660/1/freedomofreligion.pdf Gujarat Act No. 22 of 2003.]
| territorial_extent = Gujarat
| enacted_by = [[Government of Gujarat]]
| date_enacted = 2003
| date_assented = 7 April 2003
| date_signed = [[Governor of Gujarat]]
| date_commenced = 8 April 2003
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| related_legislation = Orissa Freedom of Religion Act, 1967 Arunachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act, 1978 Himachal Pradesh Freedom of Religion Act 2006 Uttarakhand Freedom of Religion Act, 2018 Madhya Pradesh Freedom of Religion Bill, 2020 [[Prohibition of Unlawful Religious Conversion Ordinance, 2020]]
| summary =
| keywords = Unlawful Conversion, Unlawful inter-faith marriages, Allurement, Convincing for Conversion, Force, Fraudulent, Coercion, Undue Influence,
Minor, Religion, Mass Conversion, Religion Convertor
| status = In force
}}

The '''Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act, 2003''' requires [[religious conversion]]s in [[Gujarat]], India, to be approved by a [[district magistrate]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shimron |first1=Yonat |title=A Dalit community looks to escape the caste system by converting to Buddhism |url=https://religionnews.com/2017/05/11/a-dalit-community-looks-to-escape-the-caste-system-by-converting-to-buddhism/ |website=[[Religion News Service]] |accessdate=17 November 2020 |date=11 May 2017}}</ref>

==Key points==
The act in itself is alleged to go against the article 25 of the constitution of India (i.e. Right to freedom of religion) in addition to the constitutional right to freedom of speech and expression and to gather peacefully. The parts of it described are as below:

"(1) Whoever converts any person from one religion to another either by
performing any ceremony by himself for such conversion as a religious priest
or takes part directly or indirectly in such ceremony shall take prior permission
for such proposed conversion from the District Magistrate concerned by
applying in such form as may be prescribed by rules.
(2) The person who is converted shall send an intimation to the District
Magistrate of the District concerned in which the ceremony has taken place of
the fact of such conversion within such period and in such form as may be
prescribed by rules.
(3) Whoever fails, without sufficient cause, to comply with the provisions
of sub-sections (1) and (2) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term,
which may extend to one year or with fine which may extend to rupees one
thousand or with both."

The above clauses prevent common people from gathering peacefully at any private function, and also attending the function requires a prior permission from the Magistrate.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2015-01-21|title=Petition challenges Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/petition-challenges-gujarat-freedom-of-religion-act-115012101464_1.html|access-date=2020-07-13}}</ref>

From 2011 to 2016, 94.4% of the applications for religious conversion in Gujarat were from [[Hinduism]] to another religion, and approximately half of the applications were declined by the state.<ref name="TOI conversions">{{cite web|title=In Gujarat, 94.4% of those seeking to convert are Hindu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/In-Gujarat-94-4-of-those-seeking-to-convert-are-Hindu/articleshow/51419977.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 March 2016|accessdate=17 November 2020}}</ref>

==Supreme Court of India's opinion==
In 2005, the [[Supreme Court of India]] declined to issue a [[writ of mandamus]] to grant Jains the status of a religious minority throughout India, and left it to the individual states to decide on the minority status of the Jain religion.<ref>Appeal (civil) 4730 of 1999, Decided on 8 August 2005 Bal Patil & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors.[http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=27098 Bal Patil & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors. Indian Supreme Court Case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502180453/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=27098 |date=2 May 2008 }}</ref>

However, the Supreme Court had recently observed that "The Jain Religion is indisputably not a part of Hindu Religion".<ref>Judgment, Supreme Court of India, Per Dalveer Bhandari J., Civil Appeal No. 9595 of 2003, para 25, decided On: 21.08.2006
Committee of Management Kanya Junior High School Bal Vidya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors.[http://www.judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=27962 Committee of Management Kanya Junior High Bal Vindya Mandir, Etah, U.P. v. Sachiv, U.P. Basic Shiksha Parishad, Allahabad, U.P. and Ors. Indian Supreme Court Case] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311225548/http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=27962 |date=11 March 2007 }}</ref>

==Gujarat Freedom of Religion (Amendment) Bill 2006==
In order to regulate religious conversions, the Gujarat government is proposing an amendment<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=416861|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502140758/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=416861|url-status=dead|archive-date=2008-05-02|title=Wired|publisher=Outlookindia.com|accessdate=2012-02-20}}</ref> that will group [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] along with [[Hinduism]], and thus the adoption of any faith within the group will not be considered a conversion. The bill was passed by voice vote in the Gujarat assembly on 29 September 2006.

All India [[Digambar Jain Mahasabha]] opposed the decision on 20 September 2006. Their leader stated, "Any government, as per their convenience and agenda cannot afford to curb our right of a religious identity".<ref>{{cite news| url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2011955.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Minorities protest against Gujarat's conversion law | date=21 September 2006}}</ref>

Bhartiya Dharma Rakshak Sena (BDRS), a small organisation said to be run by Jains, maintains that all religions in India are a part of Hinduism, "which is not a religion but a culture." In a press release, on 22 September 2006, Jasmin Shah, Piyush Jain and Abhay Shah of BDRS stated that the controversy is being promoted by forces who want to weaken Hinduism by creating minorities. They state that "Jainism is independent of Vedic religion, known as 'Hinduism'".<ref>[http://in.news.yahoo.com/060922/48/67tny.html]{{dead link|date=February 2012}}</ref> The BDRS members claimed that there four sub-sects in Jainism, out of which one, the [[Digambara]] sect, is demanding a minority status.

On 3 October 2006 the predominant Jain sect in Gujarat, the Shwetambar Murtipujak Jain Sangh, held a meeting with state's solicitor-general to assert that Jainism is a distinct religion and not a Hindu denomination. Shrenik Shah, Gujarat's leading industrialist and president of the All India Shwetambar Murtipujak Jain Sangh, said that they had held a meeting with Gujarat's solicitor-general and expressed their view to recognise Jainism as a distinct religion. "We are not primarily concerned with the conversion aspect of the bill. But we have asserted our view that Jainism is a distinct religion," said Shah<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=203711 |title=Religion Bill stirs up an unholy mess |access-date=3 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502163701/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=203711 |archive-date=2 May 2008 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

The bill was withdrawn in March 2008.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarat withdraws Freedom of Religion Amendment Bill - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/gujarat-withdraws-freedom-of-religion-amendment-bill/282818/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |accessdate=17 November 2020 |date=11 March 2008}}</ref>

== Gujarat Freedom of Religion (Amendment) Bill, 2021==
The [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] amended the Freedom of Religion Act to penalizes forcible or fraudulent religious conversion by marriage.

The law made provisions for 3–10 years in jail and a fine of up to ₹500,000 if the accused is found guilty. The amendments a 2003 was sought to curb the emerging trend in which women were being lured to marriage for the purpose of religious conversion.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghanghar|first=Gopi Maniar|title=Love Jihad: After MP and UP, Gujarat to bring anti-conversion law with 5-year-jail term|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/gujarat-govt-to-bring-love-jihad-law-religious-freedom-bill-1785361-2021-03-31|access-date=14 June 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>

The bill was passed by the assembly on 14 June 2021<ref>{{Cite news|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|title=Gujarat Assembly passes 'love jihad' law|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/gujarat-assembly-passes-love-jihad-law/article34217780.ece|access-date=2021-06-14|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujarat Freedom Of Religion Bill}}
[[Category:Jainism and other religions]]
[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]
[[Category:Gujarat state legislation]]

T P Sundararajan

2026-03-21T17:30:10Z

Bharat: Created...

{{short description|Indian lawyer}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
|name = T.P. Sundararajan
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|04|20|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Ambasamudram]], [[Tirunelveli]], [[India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age |2011|07|17 |1941|04|20 |df=yes}}
|death_place = Trivandrum, Kerala
|alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Trivandrum]] 
[[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
|occupation = Lawyer
|family = Adv. T.K. Anandapadmanabhan (Nephew)
|signature = Signature TPS.jpg
}}

'''T.P. Sundararajan''' (20 April 1941{{spaced ndash}}17 July 2011) was an Indian lawyer. Sundararajan was a born in the town of [[Ambasamudram]] in [[Tirunelveli]] district of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was a prolific student and earned his [[Indian Police Service]], IPS. He went on to graduate in law from [[Government Law College, Trivandrum]]. Early in his career he had held key positions in the [[Government of India|national]] [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] and [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].

==Life and education==
He was born into an orthodox Tamil [[Brahmin]] Hindu family from Southern part of Tamil Nadu and living in [[Trivandrum]], [[Kerala]]. Born to Seshalakshmi and T.K. Padmanabha [[Iyengar]], he was the youngest of four children. He had one older brother and two older sisters. He was mentored by his father who was a school Headmaster from a very early age. He was prolific in [[Sanskrit]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]] & [[English language|English]]. He remained a bachelor throughout his life, living along with his brother [[TP Krishnan]] and his family. He was recruited into [[Indian Police Service]], IPS on the basis of [[All India Services]], IAS etc. Examination in 1963. He worked as an [[Indian Police Service]], IPS for over 5 years in the State. He was the Assistant Director of [[Intelligence Bureau (India)]]. He also worked in the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]], [[Government of India]]. He later resigned from [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], IPS to be closer to family and to take care of his ailing father. He enrolled as an advocate in 1970. He obtained his master's degree in Law (ML) majoring in Crimes and Torts. He also went on to obtain another master's degree in Law (LLM) in [[Constitutional Law]] and [[International Law]].

==Academic career==
Sundararajan taught law in [[Trivandrum]] for over 15 years as a part-time lecturer and as a visiting professor.

==Judicial career==
Sundararajan's career as a lawyer spanned three decades. He practiced as an advocate in the Courts of [[Thiruvananthapuram]], in the [[High Courts]] and in the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He was registered as an Advocate on Record of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He was familiar with all branches of law at the Original, Trial, Appellate and Special-Leave Jurisdiction in all Courts and Tribunals. He has been on the panel of Advocates for the [[Canara Bank]] and [[Syndicate Bank]]. He fought on the side of [[Nalini Netto]] on the famous sexual harassment case in 1999, against Transport Minister Neelalohitadasan Nadar, when the former was the Transport Secretary, leading to the resignation of the latter, though Nadar was later acquitted in the case.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2012/04/30/the-secret-of-the-temple|title=The Secret of the Temple|website=The New Yorker|access-date=2017-05-01}}</ref>

==Religion and belief==
Sundararajan was known for his simple living and strong beliefs. His faith and belief in the foundation of ancient Hindu scriptures was remarkable. His devotion to Lord Padmanabha at [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] was unshakable. It was oftentimes quoted that the Lord would only wake up to his smiling face. He was born in a higher upper middle class Tamil [[Brahmin]] scholarly family. Having learnt the [[Sanskrit]] texts and ancient philosophies from his parents at an early age, he held it his utmost duty to follow them in all circumstances. He would go days on a fast without water or food while continuing his routine seamlessly.
He belonged to the Hindu subsect of [[Sri Vaishnavism]], whose roots are based on the teachings of Bhagawad [[Ramanuja]]. Sundararajan maintained the austerities of a sage throughout his life in thought, discipline, simplicity and truth. He was well-versed and fluent in scriptures of [[Vedanta Desika]] as he was in Law.

==Later years, illness and death==
Travel throughout India for professional and religious reasons coupled with religious austerities had weakened Sundararajan over the years. Although he had delegated his professional work to his junior and nephew [[T.K. Ananda Padmanabhan]] he was occasionally traveling despite ailing health. Rigorous fasting and being on a meager diet slowly lead him to his death. He suffered from fever for over a couple of days followed by a heart attack in the early hours of 17 July 2011 when he died amidst his family members.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sundararajan, T P}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

Matrimandir

2026-03-21T03:54:11Z

Bharat: quick updated information based on references further and corrected details after review

{{Short description|Spiritual building in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Matrimandir
| native_name = Auroville Matri Mandir
| former_names =
| alternate_names =
| image = The Matrimandir in Auroville, Tamil Nadu, India.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Matrimandir
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| altitude =
| building_type = stainless steel sphere gold plated
| architectural_style = spherical
| structural_system =
| cost = 1250 crores
| client =
| owner =
| location =
| address =
| location_town = [[Auroville]], Tamil Nadu
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.007208|79.810658|display=inline,title}}
| groundbreaking_date = 21 February 1971
| completion_date = February 2008
| inauguration_date =
| renovation_date =
| height = 23.5 meters
| diameter =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| main_contractor =
| architect = [[Mirra Alfassa]] [[Roger Anger]]
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| awards =
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20050617084623/http://www.auroville.org/thecity/matrimandir/mm_main.htm Description of the Matrimandir from Auroville's website]
| references =
}}

The '''Matrimandir''' is an edifice of spiritual significance for practitioners of [[integral yoga]] in the centre of [[Auroville]], India established by [[Mirra Alfassa]] of the [[Sri Aurobindo Ashram]], Auroville's spiritual co-founder, known to her followers as The Mother or ''La Mère''. It is called ''Soul of the City'' ([[French language|French]]: ''L'âme de la Ville'') and situated in a large open space called "Paix" (French for ''Peace''). The Mandir was conceived of in late 1965 as a gleaming sphere rising amid twelve gardens by, who marked a lone banyan tree as the heart of the city. Its foundation stone was laid at sunrise on her 93rd birthday, 21 February 1971, and the four supporting pillars were concreted on 17 November 1973; she died that evening. After decades of work by Aurovilians and craftsmen, the Inner Chamber opened in 1994 and the gold‑clad sphere was completed in May 2008.

== History ==
The Matrimandir, a "Temple of the Mother" was conceived as a shining sphere rising from twelve surrounding gardens by Alfassa in late 1965, when she designated a lone [[Banyan|banyan tree]] as the city's spiritual center.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Matrimandir Gardens|publisher=Auroville |url=https://auroville.org/page/the-matrimandir-gardens |access-date=2025-07-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Balakumar .M |date=2020-01-02 |title=Matrimandir, the Temple of the Mother, Auroville, Pondicherry: the Soul of the city |url=https://casualwalker.com/matrimandir-the-temple-of-the-mother-auroville-pondicherry-the-soul-of-the-city-visit-travel-guide/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=Casual Walker|language=en-US}}</ref> Its foundation stone was laid on 21 February 1971, and excavation of the 14,000 m³ pit by Aurovilians and hired laborers began three weeks later. Concreting of the four supporting pillars was completed at 7:25 pm on 17 November 1973, coinciding with Alfassa's death, after which construction proceeded steadily.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-29 |title=Matrimandir: The Soul of Auroville by Paulette Hadnagy – Overman Foundation |url=https://overmanfoundation.org/matrimandir-the-soul-of-auroville-by-paulette-hadnagy/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief History of Matrimandir’s Conception {{!}} Auroville |url=https://auroville.org/page/brief-history-of-matrimandir-s-conception-375 |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=auroville.org}}</ref> The Inner Chamber opened to visitors in 1994, and the main golden sphere was finished in 2008, with the surrounding twelve gardens and peripheral lake completed later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Matrimandir - Auroville Puducherry (Entry Fee, Timings, History, Images & Location) - Puducherry Tourism |url=https://pondicherrytourism.co.in/matrimandir-auroville-puducherry |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=pondicherrytourism.co.in}}</ref>

==Structure and surroundings==
{{Sri Aurobindo}}

The Matrimandir took 37 years to build, from laying the foundation stone at sunrise on 21 February 1971 Alfassa's 93rd birthday to its completion in May 2008. It is in the form of a huge sphere surrounded by twelve petals. Golden discs cover the [[geodesic dome]] and reflect sunlight, which gives the structure its characteristic radiance. Inside the central dome is a meditation hall known as the ''inner chamber''. This contains the largest optically perfect glass globe in the world. The Matrimandir and its surrounding gardens in the central "Peace area" are open to the public by appointment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Visiting the Matrimandir|publisher=Auroville |url=https://auroville.org/page/visiting-the-matrimandir |access-date=2024-04-04}}</ref>

The four main pillars that support the structure of Matrimandir and carry the inner chamber have been set at the four main directions of the compass. These four pillars are symbolic of and named after the four aspects of Alfassa as described by [[Sri Aurobindo]]. The North pillar, Mahakali, represents strength, swiftness, warrior resolve, and overwhelming will; the South pillar, Maheshwari, symbolizes tranquil compassion, boundless wisdom, and majestic calm; the East pillar, Mahalakshmi, reflects intricate opulence, grace, and compelling attraction; and the West pillar, Mahasaraswati, stands for deep knowledge, flawless creativity, and precise perfection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=In sync, ahead of its times! – You and I |url=https://www.youandi.com/sync-ahead-its-times/ |access-date=2025-07-15 |website=www.youandi.com}}</ref>

{{cquote|''Four great Aspects of the Mother, four of her leading Powers and Personalities have stood in front in her guidance of this Universe and in her dealings with the terrestrial play''<ref name="q1">Aurobindo, Sri. ''The Mother'' p36-37 (Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust, 1987, {{ISBN|81-7058-059-5}})</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable"
| width=20% | '''Name''' || '''Symbolism'''
|-
||[[Ishwari|Maheswari]] (south pillar)||"...her personality of calm wideness and comprehending wisdom and tranquil benignity and inexhaustible compassion and sovereign and surpassing majesty and all-ruling greatness".<ref name="q1" />
|-
||[[Mahakali]] (north pillar)||"...her power of splendid strength and irresistible passion, her warrior mood, her overwhelming will, her impetuous swiftness and world-shaking force".<ref name="q1" />
|-
||[[Mahalakshmi]] (east pillar)||"...vivid and sweet and wonderful with her deep secret of beauty and harmony and fine rhythm, her intricate and subtle opulence, her compelling attraction and captivating grace".<ref name="q1" />
|-
||[[Mahasaraswati|Mahasaraswathi]] (west pillar)||"...equipped with her close and profound capacity of intimate knowledge and careful flawless work and quiet and exact perfection in all things".<ref name="q1" />
|}

==Gallery==

<gallery mode="packed" heights="thumb">
File:Matrimandir1.JPG|Matrimandir and the banyan tree, the centre of [[Auroville]]
File:Matrimandir.JPG|The Matrimandir in Auroville, Tamil Nadu, India
File:Matrimandir Auroville Dome.jpg|The golden discs that build up the Matrimandir dome
File:Human-sized golden disc of Matrimandir.jpg|An Auroville volunteer posing next to one of the golden discs used in Matrimandir's dome.
File:Golden_Mosaic.jpg|Closeup of one of the golden discs.
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Matrimandir}}
*[http://www.auroville.org/contents/252 Visiting the Matrimandir] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524154959/https://auroville.org/contents/252 |date=24 May 2022 }}
*[http://matacom.com Chronicles of the Inner Chamber] - by the 'Matrimandir Action Committee'
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}

{{Integral Yoga|state=expanded}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Sri Aurobindo]]
[[Category:Meditation]]
[[Category:Tourism in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Visionary environments]]
[[Category:1971 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Auroville]]
[[Category:Geodesic domes]]

Central Research Institute, Kasauli

2026-03-20T21:24:35Z

Bharat: new new pg needs work!

The '''Central Research Institute''' ('''CRI'''), [[Kasauli]] is a research institute in the [[Solan district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], India. Since its inception the institute has developed into a premier institute in research in the field of [[Immunology|immunobiology]] and [[microbiology]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Directorate General Of Health Services |url=https://dghs.gov.in/content/1419_1_CRIKasuali.aspx |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=dghs.gov.in}}</ref>

Currently, the institute serves as a subordinate office of [[Directorate General of Health Services (Bangladesh)|Directorate General of Health Services]], under the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] of [[Government of India]].<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
CRI Kasauli was established in year 1904/5 as Pasteur Institute for India, founded by [[Sir David Semple]].<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1940-07-01 |title=Pasteur Institute of India, Kasauli |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=146 |issue=3688 |pages=23 |doi=10.1038/146023a0 |issn=1476-4687|doi-access=free }}</ref> Ranbir Singh, son of [[Maharaja of Patiala|Maharaja]] [[Rajinder Singh of Patiala|Rajinder Singh]] of [[Patiala State|Patiala]] and a member of the [[Imperial Legislative Council]], donated his land and estates in [[Kasauli]] for the institute.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Buckland |first=Charles Edward |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Dictionary_of_Indian_Biography/wvMRAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv |title=Dictionary of Indian Biography |date= |publisher=S. Sonnenschein |year=1906 |location=Bloomsbury |page=330 |language=en}}</ref> It was originally established with a mandate of research work in the field of [[Medicine|medical]] and [[public health]], manufacturing of vaccines and antisera, and to act as a national referral center for public health problems. The building was reconstructed under [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sir Sobha Singh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dayal |first=Mala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DVJwAjsOBz0C&dq=%22sujan+singh%22+%22lodge%22&pg=PA9 |title=Celebrating Delhi |date=2010 |publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=978-0-670-08482-1 |language=en}}</ref>

== Teaching ==
CRI Kasauli also developed as a [[Higher education in India|higher education institute]] after the Independence of India. In April 1961, the institute was affiliated to [[Panjab University]] for conducting BSc (Hons) and MSc (Hons) courses in the subject of Microbiology. In 1973 the Institute got affiliated to [[Himachal Pradesh University]] for conducting BSc, MSc and MPhil courses in Microbiology.

Presently, CRI Kasauli intakes 20 students for MSc (Microbiology) out of which 15 seats are filled through combined entrance test conducted by Himachal Pradesh University and 5 seats are for in-service candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |title=M.Sc (Microbiology) {{!}}{{!}} Central Research Institute |url=https://crikasauli.nic.in/MSc-Microbiology |access-date=2023-06-14 |website=crikasauli.nic.in}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]]
* [[Central Health Service|Central Health Service (CHS)]]

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* [https://crikasauli.nic.in/ Official website] of CRI Kasauli

[[Category:Scientific organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 1904]]
[[Category:Solan district]]

{{India-org-stub}}

Jhanjhaar

2026-03-20T14:20:09Z

Bharat: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jhanjhaar
| image = Jhanjhaar_(1987).jpg
| caption =
| director = [[V. Shantaram]]
| producer = V. Shantaram
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Siddharth Ray|Sushant Ray]] [[Padmini Kolhapure]] [[Ranjana Deshmukh]] [[Sudhir Pandey]]
| music = [[Kalyanji Anandji]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1987||}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''''Jhanjhaar''''' (Fire) is a 1987 [[Hindi]] social drama film directed by [[V. Shantaram]]. Made under [[Rajkamal Kalamandir]] banner it was a V. Shantaram Productions film.<ref name=Gomolo>{{cite web|title=Jhanjhaar|url=http://www.gomolo.com/jhanjhaar-movie/6084|website=gomolo.com|accessdate=16 February 2015|archive-date=8 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208192617/http://www.gomolo.com/jhanjhaar-movie/6084|url-status=dead}}</ref> It had music by [[Kalyanji Anandji]]. The film starred [[Siddharth Ray|Sushant Ray]] (Shantaram's grandson), with [[Padmini Kolhapure]],<ref name="Somaaya2003">{{cite book|author=Bhawana Somaaya|title=The Story So Far|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mK4aAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=16 February 2015|year=2003|publisher=Indian Express Group}}</ref> and the rest of the cast included Yunus Parvez, [[Sudhir Pandey]] and [[Ranjana Deshmukh]] (niece of Hindi film actress [[Sandhya Shantaram|Sandhya]] who was [[V. Shantaram]]'s wife). Ranjana's career came to a halt when she met with a car accident on the way to the shooting of this film in Bangalore.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Jhanjhaar|url=http://www.citwf.com/film173818.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=Cineplot>{{cite web|title=Ranjana II Profile and films|url=http://cineplot.com/data/ranjana-2.php|website=cineplot.com|accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref>

Culminating the end of a career that "spanned" nearly seventy years in Indian cinema, ''Jhanjhaar'' was Shantaram's last released film, and a commercial failure at the box-office.<ref name="LimcaBookofRecords">{{cite book|title=Limca Book of Records|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IP1tAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=16 February 2015|year=1999|publisher=Bisleri Beverages Limited}}</ref><ref name=TheHindu>{{cite news|last1=Ravindranathan|first1=Sugandhi|title=A navrang of Shantaram's films|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/02/stories/2002050200380100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021019173247/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/02/stories/2002050200380100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2002|accessdate=16 February 2015|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2 May 2002}}</ref> Shantaram was 85 years at the time of making Jhanjhaar.<ref name=Glamsham>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Rajesh Kumar|title=Filmmakers don't retire Yash Ji - An open letter to Yash Chopra|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/12/oct/01-news-filmmakers-dont-retire-yash-ji-an-open-letter-to-yash-chopra-101208.asp|website=glamsham.com|publisher=A Fifth Quarter Infomedia Pvt. Ltd.|accessdate=16 February 2015|ref=Scoop and News-editorial}}</ref>

The film is set in a village where a man claiming to be a freedom-fighter takes advantage of the villagers for his own evil purposes. The story then follows the rise of the villagers against him.

==Plot==
Pushpa and Gayatri are the daughters of an ex-army man, Veer Bahadur, now retired to his village. He fights against the atrocities inflicted by Nagoji, a man pretending to be a freedom fighter. Nagoji uses this as a way of fuelling wrongdoings in the village. When Veer Bahadur opposes Nagoji, he is killed. Bahadur's daughters vow to avenge their father and save the village from Nagoji. They are helped by Nagoji's son, Santosh, who despises the evil ways of his father and more so when Nagoji attempts to molest Pushpa. Gayatri, Pushpa and Santosh together with the help of the villagers manage to bring an end to Nagoji's wicked ways.

==Cast==
* [[Siddharth Ray|Sushant Ray]] as Shantesh
* [[Padmini Kolhapure]] as Pushpa
* [[Ranjana Deshmukh]] as Gayatri
* [[Sudhir Pandey]] as Nagoji
* [[Aruna Irani]] as Neeta
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Yeshwant Deshmukh
* [[Yunus Parvez]] as Saxena
* [[Pallavi Joshi]] as Munni

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Kalyanji–Anandji]] and released by [[Sony Music India]]. All lyrics were penned by Vishwamitra Adil.

{{Infobox album
| name = Jhanjhaar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1987
| recorded = 1987
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 37:58
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = [[Kalyanji–Anandji]]
| prev_title = [[Imaandaar]]
| prev_year = 1987
| next_title = [[Kalyug Aur Ramayan]]
| next_year = 1987
}}

{{track listing
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:58
| title1 = Shantu Re
| extra1 = [[Suresh Wadkar]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length1 = 4:20
| title2 = Dekho Humse
| extra2 = Suresh Wadkar, Sadhana Sargam
| length2 = 4:53
| title3 = Boli Boli Pinjre Ki
| extra3 = Sadhana Sargam
| length3 = 5:18
| title4 = Dekh Khudara
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length4 = 2:59
| title5 = Sun Mera Yaar
| extra5 = Suresh Wadkar
| length5 = 5:48
| title6 = Bada Haath Aage
| extra6 = [[Alka Yagnik]], Suresh Wadkar
| length6 = 8:01
| title7 = Aage Bhi Dushman
| extra7 = Suresh Wadkar, Sadhana Sargam
| length7 = 2:24
| title8 = Dekh Khudara (Excerpt)
| extra8 = [[Udit Narayan]]
| length8 = 1:07
| title9 = Dekh Khudara (Sad Version)
| extra9 = Udit Narayan
| length9 = 2:08
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt0386551|title=Jhanjhaar (1987 film)}}

{{V. Shantaram}}

[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1987 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Shantaram]]
[[Category:1980s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]

History of Coimbatore

2026-03-13T21:42:09Z

Bharat: put up post

{{Short description|History of a city in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{See also|Timeline of Coimbatore history}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
'''[[Coimbatore]]''' is the second largest city in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="CensusPop">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/tn_towns.pdf |title=Tamil Nādu - City Population - Cities, Towns & Provinces |publisher=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=27 July 2011}}</ref><ref name="citypop">{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |title=Tamil Nādu - City Population - Cities, Towns & Provinces - Statistics & Map |publisher=Citypopulation.de |access-date=23 September 2009}}</ref><ref name="citylimits">{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/bill-expand-madurai-kovai-566 |title=Tamil Nādu - Bill to expand madurai and kovai |publisher=Deccan Chronicle.de |access-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110210204542/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/chennai/bill-expand-madurai-kovai-566 |archive-date=10 February 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It is a major commercial centre and an industrial hub of Tamil Nadu and is known as the '''Manchester of South India'''.<ref name="theindianexpress_19360627">{{cite news|title=Governor congratulates "Manchester of South India"|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=EMA-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=XkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6189,9133960&dq=manchester+of+south+india+coimbatore&hl=en|access-date=9 May 2011|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=27 June 1936}}</ref>

== Early and medieval history==
[[File:PERUR_PATTEESHWARAR_TEMPLE.jpg|thumb|The [[Perur Pateeswarar Temple]] was built by [[Karikala Chola]] in the 2nd century CE.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}]]
The region was called Kongunadu ruled by semi-independent chieftains who owed nominal allegiance to the [[Chera dynasty|Chera kingdom]] and [[Kongu Nadu|Kongu]] kings. Large quantities of [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] coins and other artifacts discovered in the region attest to the presence of Roman traders. The Coimbatore region is in the middle of the "Roman trail" that extended from [[Muziris]] to [[Arikamedu]].<ref>{{cite news|title= Kovai's Roman connection |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/01/08/stories/2009010850970100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125005240/http://hindu.com/mp/2009/01/08/stories/2009010850970100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2009|access-date=9 June 2010|work= [[The Hindu]] |date=8 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= On the Roman Trail |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150370500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110160411/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/01/21/stories/2008012150370500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2012|access-date=9 June 2010|newspaper= [[The Hindu]] |date=21 January 2008}}</ref> At the end of the Sangam period, the region became a part of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty|Western Ganga kingdom]].<ref name="adigap97">[[#Adiga|Adiga]], p 97</ref><ref name="adigap100">[[#Adiga|Adiga]] p 100</ref><ref name="insc">From the Cakra-Kedara grant, Kodunjeruvu grant (Adiga 2006, p99</ref>

The [[Medieval Cholas]] conquered the region in the 9th century CE. They constructed a highway called "Rajakesari Peruvazhi".<ref>{{cite news|last=Vanavarayar|first=Shankar|title=Scripting history|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/06/21/stories/2010062151120400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110160431/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2010/06/21/stories/2010062151120400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2012|access-date=9 May 2011|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=M|first=Soundariya Preetha|title=Tale of an ancient road|date=30 June 2007}}</ref> During the 9th century CE, Coimbatore was ruled by [[Irulas|Irula]] chief Kovan or Covan during whose reign the city of Coimbatore was constructed, allegedly at the behest of a Chera king who accompanied [[Sundarar]] on a [[pilgrimage]] to the [[Perur Temple|Patteswarar Temple]], Perur.<ref name="thehindu_20050519">{{cite news|title=Know more about Coimbatore|first=M.|last=Allirajan|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/05/19/stories/2005051901310300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060818183230/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2005/05/19/stories/2005051901310300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2006|access-date=9 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 May 2005}}</ref> Following the decline of the Cholas, Coimbatore was ruled for brief periods by the [[Pandyas]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Playne|first=Somerset |title=Southern India: its history, people, commerce, and industrial resources|year= 2004|isbn= 978-81-206-1344-7|page= 397|publisher=Asian Educational Services |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WNEcgMr11kC&pg=PA397}}</ref>


== Anglo-Mysore Wars and Polygar Wars (1768-1802 CE) ==

Coimbatore was coveted by the Mysore sultans as well as British troops during the Anglo-Mysore Wars.<ref name="imperial">{{cite book|title=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]|pages=371–372|volume=10|year=1908|publisher=Clarendon Press}}</ref> The city was taken by the forces of the British East India Company in 1768 but were forced to abandon it due to treachery.<ref name="imperial" /> Colonel Fullarton occupied the city in 1783 but later returned to [[Tipu Sultan]] as per the [[Treaty of Mangalore]].<ref name="imperial" /> At the beginning of the [[Third Mysore War]], Coimbatore was, once again, taken by the British.<ref name="imperial" /> Tipu Sultan besieged the city twice and repulsed in the first, he was successful in the second and Coimbatore surrendered in October 1791. The commanders of the garrison, Lieutenant Chalmers and Lieutenant Nash were taken as prisoners to [[Seringapatnam]].<ref name="imperial" /> Coimbatore fell to the British at the end of the [[Third Mysore War]] but was restored to Tipu Sultan at the cessation of hostilities.<ref name="imperial" /> Coimbatore was eventually annexed by the British on the defeat and death of Tipu Sultan in 1799. Coimbatore was taken by the ''Polygars'' in 1800 and was an important stronghold in the [[Polygar Wars]]. It was made capital of [[Coimbatore District (Madras Presidency)|Coimbatore district]] in 1865.<ref name="imperial" />

== British Colonial period (1802-1947 CE) ==
[[File:Page 553 Life in India or Madras, the Neilgherries, and Calcutta.png|thumb|350px|1855 illustration of Bazaar in Coimbatore]]
[[File:Sir Robert Stanes.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Sir Robert Stanes]]
The municipality of Coimbatore was created in 1866 as per the Town Improvements Act 1865 with [[Robert Stanes]] as the first Chairman.<ref name="imperial" /><ref>{{cite news|last=S. Muthiah|author-link=S. Muthiah|title= 'Golden Tips' in the Nilgiris |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/14/stories/2003041400090300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701133607/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/04/14/stories/2003041400090300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2003|access-date=9 June 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 April 2003}}</ref> Stanes pioneered the industrialization of Coimbatore, establishing a number of [[textile mills]]. As per the 1871 census, the first in India, Coimbatore had a population of 35,310 and was the tenth largest town in the [[Madras Presidency]].<ref name="imperial" />

Coimbatore was severely affected by the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]] and the [[Famine of 1891-92]]. An earthquake on 8 February 1900 killed nearly 30 inhabitants damaging the Coimbatore jail, a [[Roman Catholic]] chapel and many other buildings.<ref name="thehindu_20050528">{{cite news|title=The perils of the past |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/05/28/stories/2005052802450300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110161035/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/05/28/stories/2005052802450300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2012|access-date=29 December 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 May 2005}}</ref>

Coimbatore experienced a textile boom in the 1920s and 1930s partly abetted by the decline of the textile industry in [[Bombay]]. Growth of the city was also fostered by the construction of the [[Mettur Dam]] in 1934. During this period, road and rail connectivity with Coimbatore was improved considerably facilitating easier transportation of goods. The period 1911-1921 also witnessed the construction of over 15,000 irrigation wells with government loans bringing large chunks of barren land under cultivation.<ref name="frontline_200401">{{cite journal|last=Krishnakumar|first=Asha|date=17–30 January 2004|title=The cotton classic|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2102/stories/20040130004511000.htm|volume=21|issue=2|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 5, 2010 |title=Coimbatore's rich history |url=https://coimbatorejunction.in/coimbatore-history/ |access-date=2010-07-05 |website=The Coimbatore |language=en}}</ref> Coimbatore was also home to some of the earliest film studios in South India. Rangaswamy Naidu established the [[Central Studios]] in 1935 while [[S. M. Sriramulu Naidu]] set up the [[Pakshiraja Studios]] in 1945.<ref name="reeltime">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/17/stories/2003111700890100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040414162717/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/17/stories/2003111700890100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2004|title=Reel-time nostalgia|author=M. Allirajan|date=17 November 2003|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>

In 1922, Narayanaswamy Naidu started a workshop to repair cane crushers and cotton ginning machines. Two years later, he established the Dhandayuthapani Foundry to manufacture Agricultural Pumps and Motors.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20081229082917/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/02/stories/2004020201050100.htm Coimbatore's wealth creators]}}, The Hindu</ref> Around the same time, [[Gopalswamy Doraiswamy Naidu|G. D. Naidu]] started his unique bus service. He is also credited for manufacturing the first electric motor in India. Apart from that, he started a series of Engineering companies and Industrial training institute. In the 1940s, a [[Sheffield University]] graduate, D. Balasundaram Naidu ([[Textool Balasundaram]]) from [[Avarampalayam]] in Coimbatore, started his company Textool to manufacture textile machines of his design. Textool in 50s and 60s was one of the largest companies in South India that designed and manufactures indigenous machines and industrial products. In 1965, another textile family of VLB Naidu group set up [[Mopeds India Ltd]] after a technical collaboration with [[Motobécane]] of France to manufacture their legendary [[Motobécane]] [[Mobylette]] 50 cc [[moped]] under the name [[Suvega]], but, only the central office was in Coimbatore while the plant was set up in [[Tirumala - Tirupati|Tirupathi]].

The Kall Mills and the Somasundra mills were established in 1910. [[Lakshmi Mills|Lakshmi Mills Company]] commenced their operations in 1911 in Papanaickenpalayam. By the 1930s, several textile mills had been established around Coimbatore due to the cheap power offered by the Pykara power station.

[[File:Coimbatore-Junction-1930-Aerial-View.jpg|thumb|right|Railway station, Gopalapuram and Lanka Corner area in 1960s]]

== Post-Independence (1947 CE - present) ==
{{Empty section|date=May 2019}}

==See also==
* [[Timeline of Coimbatore history]]

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==

* {{cite book |last= Adiga|first= Malini|title= The Making of Southern Karnataka: Society, Polity and Culture in the early medieval period, AD 400-1030|orig-year=2006|year= 2006|publisher= Orient Longman|location= Chennai|ref=Adiga}}

{{Coimbatore}}
{{History of India by City}}

[[Category:History of Coimbatore| ]]
[[Category:Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Histories of cities in India]]

Edavela Babu

2026-03-12T03:28:38Z

Bharat: fix section after review and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Edavela Babu
| image = Itavela babu.JPG
| caption = Edavela Babu at [[IFFK]] 2011
| birth_name = Ammanath Babu Chandran
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1963|08|11}}
| birth_place = [[Irinjalakuda]], [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
| othername =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1981–present
| spouse =
| children =
| website = {{URL|http://www.edavelababu.com}}
| awards =
}}

'''Ammanath Babu Chandran''' (born 11 August 1963), better known by his [[stage name]] '''Edavela Babu''', is an Indian actor who appears in the [[Malayalam cinema]]. He made his acting debut in 1982 with ''[[Idavela]]'', from which he got his stage name.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Here's why Edavela Babu is still unmarried|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/11/12/edavela-babu-reveals-why-he-is-unmarried.html|access-date=2021-06-16|website=OnManorama}}</ref> Since then, he has worked in over 200 films. Babu has served as general secretary of [[Association of Malayalam Movie Artists]] (AMMA).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-amma-cannot-investigate-any-oral-complaints-edavela-babu/articleshow/64930188.cms|title= AMMA cannot investigate oral complaints: Edavela Babu|author= Anjana George|date=10 July 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=10 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Malayalam actress Minu Muneer claims she faced sexual abuse from 4 Mollywood heavyweights |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/former-actress-minu-muneer-accuses-4-malayalam-heavyweights-of-sexual-abuse/articleshow/112799175.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-26 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> Currently, he is a part of the [[Indian National Congress]] political party.

==Early life and education==
Babu was born on 11 August 1963 to Raman and Shantha at [[Irinjalakuda]] in [[Thrissur district]] of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=411030&u=|title = 'I was referring to actress' character that died in Twenty 20, yet to receive Parvathy's resignation letter': Edavela Babu}}</ref> He completed his schooling from Govt. Model Boys Higher Secondary School, Irinjalakuda. He was graduated in Commerce from the [[Christ College, Irinjalakuda]]. He is also a postgraduate in Commerce.<ref>{{cite web |title=Edavela Babu |url=https://www.edavelababu.com/Profiles.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205183726/http://www.edavelababu.com/Profiles.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=5 December 2007 |website=www.edavelababu.com}}</ref>

===Sexual Assault case===

Edavela Babu was arrested after a round of questioning by the Special Investigation Team in a case of sexual abuse against him based on a complaint of a former actress, but released on bail.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam actor Edavela Babu arrested in sexual assault case, later released on bail |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-malayalam-actor-edavela-babu-arrested-in-sexual-assault-case-later-released-on-bail-3109782 |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-25 |title=Malayalam actor Edavela Babu held for rape, released on bail |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/malayalam-actor-edavela-babu-arrested-on-rape-charges-9587318/ |access-date=2024-09-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor 'Edavela' Babu held, released on bail for sexual assault; weird food habits prove costly for Siddique |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/actor-idavela-babu-arrested-in-actress-assault-case-released-on-bail-3206074 |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Idavela]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1985 || ''[[Puli Varunne Puli]]'' || Babu ||
|-
|| ''Ayanum'' || Lizy's Brother ||
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Neram Pularumbol]]'' || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Sreedharante Onnam Thirumurivu'' || Babu ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1989 || ''[[Peruvannapurathe Visheshangal]]'' || Suresh ||
|-
|| ''[[The News (1989 film)|The News]]'' || Albert ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1991 || ''[[Meena Bazaar]]'' || Anil || Hindi film
|-
|| ''[[Ganamela]]'' || Babu ||
|-
|| ''[[Ottayal Pattalam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 1992 || ''[[Ennodishtam Koodamo]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Kasarkode Khaderbai]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Thalasthanam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Aayushkalam]]'' || Gopi ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 1993 || ''Agnishalabhangal'' || ||
|-
|| ''Kulapathy'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Ghazal (1993 film)|Ghazal]]'' || Nambeesan kutty ||
|-
|| ''[[Samagamam]]'' || Babu ||
|-
|| ''[[Oru Kadankatha Pole]]'' || Unni ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1994 || ''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Cabinet'' || Sudhakaran ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1995 || ''Keerthanam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mazhavilkoodaram]]'' || Supru ||
|-
|| ''[[Samudhayam]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=6 | 1996 || ''K. L. 7/95 Ernakulam North'' || Babu ||
|-
|| ''Hitlist'' || Murali ||
|-
|| ''Ishtamanu Nooru Vattam'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]'' || Chandru ||
|-
|| ''Mookkilla Rajyathu Murimookkan Rajavu'' || Rahul ||
|-
|| ''Mimics Super 1000'' || Babu ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[The Good Boys]]'' || Susheelan ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1998 || ''Gloria Fernandez From USA'' || ||
|-
|| ''Mayajalam'' || Vishwan ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 1999 || ''[[Aakasha Ganga]]'' || Ravi ||
|-
|| ''[[Pranaya Nilavu]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''Auto Brothers'' || ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Priyankari'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2003 || ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'' || 'Kuruvi' Kuruvilla ||
|-
|| ''Kalavarkey'' || Vishnu ||
|-
|| ''[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]]'' || Krishna Panikkar ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2004 || ''Masanagudi Mannadiyar Speaking'' || ||
|-
|| ''Nirappakittu'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2005 || ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' || Paramu ||
|-
|| ''[[Boyy Friennd]]'' || Arumukhan ||
|-
|| ''[[Udayon]]'' || Itti ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2006 || ''[[Pachakkuthira]]'' || Subair - Travel Agent ||
|-
|| ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]'' || Pathrose ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2008 || ''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]'' || Josuttan ||
|-
|| ''[[De Ingottu Nokkiye]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2009 || ''[[Swantham Lekhakan]]'' || Bijuraj ||
|-
|| ''[[Evidam Swargamanu]]'' || Peethambaran ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2010 || ''Brahmasthram'' || A B P ||
|-
|| ''[[Pranchiyettan & the Saint]]'' || Yusuf ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2012 || ''[[Father's Day (2012 film)|Father's Day]]'' || Abeed Ali ||
|-
|| ''[[Da Thadiya]]'' || Jose Prakash ||
|-
|| ''[[Friday (2012 film)|Friday]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2013 || ''[[Isaac Newton S/O Philipose]]'' || Sexton ||
|-
|| ''[[Kadal Kadannu Oru Maathukutty]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
|| ''[[Tourist Home]]'' || Chackochan ||
|-
|| ''[[Ithu Pathiramanal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' || K. C. Mathews ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2014 || ''[[How Old Are You? (film)|How Old Are You?]]'' || Bhaskaran, Superintendent ||
|-
|| ''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]'' || Babu ||
|-
|| ''[[Ormayundo Ee Mukham]]'' || Hema's Father ||
|-
| rowspan=4 | 2015 || ''[[She Taxi (film)|She Taxi]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Love 24x7]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]'' || School Manager ||
|-
|| ''[[Chirakodinja Kinavukal]]'' || Thayyalkaran's Friend ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2016 || ''[[10 Kalpanakal]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Dooram]]'' || Priest ||
|-
|| ''[[Anyarku Praveshanamilla]]'' || Chako ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Kayamkulam Kochunni (2018 film)|Kayamkulam Kochunni]]'' || Menon ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Mamangam (2019 film)|Mamangam]]'' || Chandroth family member ||
|-
|| ''[[Driving License (2019 film)|Driving License]]'' || Himself || Cameo
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Vellam (2021 film)|Vellam]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2022 || ''[[CBI 5: The Brain]]'' || Mammen Varghese ||
|-
|| ''[[Monster (2022 film)|Monster]]'' || Adv. Vasavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Gold (2022 Indian film)|Gold]]'' || Shop owner ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Maheshum Marutiyum]]'' || Jacob ||<ref>{{Cite web |title='Maheshum Maruthiyum' to release on March 10 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2023/feb/28/maheshum-maruthiyumto-release-on-march-10-2551489.html |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 February 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[DNA (2024 film)|DNA]]'' || Eenasu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-05-11 |title=Raai Laxmi's DNA gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/May/11/raai-laxmis-dna-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''Aap Kaise Ho'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-04 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Aap Kaiso Ho gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/04/dhyan-sreenivasans-aap-kaiso-ho-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-02-04 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
*''Kerala Samajam : Oru Pravasi Kadha ''([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''Ayyappa Saranam'' ([[Amrita TV]])
*''Panchavadippalam'' (flowers TV)
*''Kayamkulam Kochunnide Makan'' ([[Surya TV]])
*''Mizhi Randilum'' ([[Surya TV]])
*''[[Bharya (TV series)|Bharya]]'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''Kunjali Marakkar'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''Sthree - Part 2'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''[[Swami Ayyappan (TV series)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])
*''Kayamkulam Kochunni'' ([[Surya TV]])
*''Swantham Malootty'' ([[Surya TV]])
*''Sayanna Swapangal'' (DD)
*''Chillu (Tele Cinema)'' (DD)
*''Sthree (Asianet)''
*''Unnimoolam''
*''Brammannyam''
*''Neeharam''
*''Innocent Stories''
*''Gokulam''
*''Charulatha''
*''Ishtamayi''
*''Pravesam''
*''Mizhiyoram''
*''Sparsam''
*''Periyattin Theerathu''
*''Ela Pozhiyum Kalam''
*''Muttathu Varkey Stories''
*''Desadanakilikal''
*''Ashtambandham''
*''O.Hendy Stories''
*''Kaliyalla Kallyanam''
*''Tele Cinema''
*''Sayanna Swapangal''
*''Andherdhar''

==Controversy==

Following the [[Hema Committee report|Hema Committee]] report on harassment in the Malayalam film industry, actor has been arrested for a sexual assault case but will be released on anticipatory bail. The investigation began after Minu Muneer accused seven individuals, including Babu and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], of abuse.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Idavela Babu got Arrested for sexual assault charges |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/malayalam-actor-edavela-babu-arrested-on-sexual-assault-charges/articleshow/113666715.cms |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.edavelababu.com/}}
* {{IMDb name|1434433}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Idavela%20Babu&limit=28 Idavela Babu at MSI]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Idavela}}
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:People from Irinjalakuda]]
[[Category:Actors from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]

C. K. Nayudu Trophy

2026-03-11T21:13:28Z

Bharat: new basic data and citations

{{Short description|Under 23 first class cricket tournament in India}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament main
| name = C.K. Nayudu Trophy
| image =
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|Under-23 First Class Cricket]]
| first = 1973-74
| last = 2024–25

| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]], then [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]

| participants = 38
| qualification =
| champions = [[Punjab Cricket Association|Punjab]]
| most successful = Mumbai
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| headquarters=NCA, [[Bengaluru]]
| TV=[[YouTube]]
|longest continuous champion=[[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]]
|next=
|website={{URL|https://www.bcci.tv}}
| current = [[C.K. Nayudu Trophy|2024–25]]
}}

The '''Colonel C. K. Nayudu Trophy''' is a domestic cricket championship played in [[India]] between 38 under-23 teams<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2024-05-11 |title=Domestic cricket reforms: BCCI eliminates toss in CK Nayudu Trophy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/domestic-cricket-reforms-bcci-eliminates-toss-in-ck-nayudu-trophy/articleshow/110038670.cms |access-date=2024-10-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> representing various state and regional cricket associations. It is organised by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) and is named after India's first [[Test cricket]] captain [[C. K. Nayudu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Raiji |first=Vasant |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7MyAAAAIAAJ&q=C.+K.+Nayudu+Trophy+under |title=C.K. Nayudu, the Shahenshah of Indian Cricket |date=1989 |publisher=Marine Sports |isbn=978-81-85361-00-0 |pages=62 |language=en |author-link=Vasant Raiji}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhushan |first=Aditya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eiTyDwAAQBAJ&q=C.+K.+Nayudu+Trophy+under |title=A Colonel Destined To Lead |date=2019 |publisher=StoryMirror |isbn=978-93-87269-27-9 |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref> Each match is played over four-days. Over its history, it has been played with various age-limits including under-22, under-23, under-25.<ref name=":3" /> The current champions are [[Tamil Nadu]] who defeated [[Maharashtra]] in 2026 at Dindigul.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=S. Prasanna |date=2026-03-10 |title=Col. C.K. Nayudu Trophy Final {{!}} TN holds the edge after taking first innings lead against Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/col-ck-nayudu-trophy-final-tn-holds-the-edge-after-taking-first-innings-lead-against-maharashtra/article70726844.ece |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== History ==
In 1973–74, BCCI named a tournament for under-22 cricketers after India's first [[Test cricket]] captain, C. K. Nayudu. It was initially called 'Junior Tournament of India for the Colonel Nayudu Trophy'.<ref name=":1" /> The trophy was donated by the [[Mumbai Cricket Association|Bombay Cricket Association]] from the funds collected to perpetuate the memory of Nayudu.<ref name=":1" /> Until 2003–04 season, the tournament was played in zonal format.

From 2014 to 2015 season onwards, BCCI lowered the age-limit for the tournament from 25 to 23 and restricted the number of Ranji Trophy cricketers in the playing XI to only three.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Sudatta |date=29 July 2014 |title=BCCI's changes age-limit to 23 for CK Nayudu Trophy |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/bccis-resolution-to-lower-age-limit-for-ck-nayudu-trophy-has-created-fuss-among-few-state-cricket-associations-164456 |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=[[Cricket Country]] |language=en}}</ref> The age-limit of 23 continued till the 2019–20 season. From 2021 to 2022 season onwards, the BCCI brought back the age-limit to 25 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol |date=5 March 2022 |title=CK Nayudu Trophy to begin on March 22 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/ck-nayudu-trophy-to-begin-on-march-22-indian-domestic-cricket-news/article38449603.ece |access-date=27 April 2023 |website=[[Sportstar]] |language=en |quote=The tournament that is reverted from U-23 to U-25 from this season was postponed due to the COVID-19 surge in January.}}</ref> in 2024 BCCI changed it to Under-23 Tournament again.<ref name=":5" />

== Winners ==
[[File:CK Nayudu 1930s scan.jpg|thumb|[[C. K. Nayudu]], after whom the tournament is named]]The following teams have won the tournament:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Season
!Winner
!Runner-up
!Note
!{{Abbr|Ref|Reference(s)}}
|-
|2007–08
|Mumbai
|Maharashtra
|U-22
|<ref name="win">{{cite web |date=22 December 2007 |title=Mumbai win CK Nayudu Trophy |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22919210/mumbai-win-ck-nayudu-trophy |access-date=28 September 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
|2014–15
|Uttar Pradesh
|Himachal Pradesh
|U-23
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014-15 Col C K Nayudu Trophy |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/7/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy |access-date=26 April 2023 |publisher=BCCI |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2015–16
|Mumbai
|Madhya Pradesh
|U-23
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=CK Nayudu Trophy 2015-16: Mumbai U-23 wins title |url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ck-nayudu-trophy-2015-16-mumbai-u-23-wins-title-409993 |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=Cricket Country |date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2016–17
|Punjab
|Andhra
|U-23
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016-17 Col C K Nayudu Trophy |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/73/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy |access-date=26 April 2023 |publisher=BCCI}}</ref>
|-
|2017–18
|Delhi
|Mumbai
|U-23
|<ref>{{cite web |date=20 December 2017 |title=क्रिकेट में दिल्‍ली टीम की एक और बड़ी सफलता, मुंबई को हराकर इस ट्रॉफी पर जमाया कब्‍जा |url=https://ndtv.in/cricket/anuj-rawats-75-helps-delhi-trounce-mumbai-by-five-wickets-to-lift-ck-nayudu-trophy-1790187 |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=[[NDTV]] |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2018–19
|Punjab
|Bengal
|U-23
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018-19 Col C K Nayudu Trophy |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/149/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=BCCI |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2019–20
|Vidarbha
|Madhya Pradesh
|U-23
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019-20 Col C K Nayudu Trophy |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/196/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=BCCI |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020–21
| colspan="4" |Not held due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Gaurav |date=5 March 2022 |title=CK Nayudu Trophy to begin from March 17 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/ck-nayudu-trophy-to-begin-from-march-17/articleshow/90017805.cms |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021–22
|Mumbai
|Vidarbha
|U-25
|<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=27 April 2022 |title=Shams Mulani helps Mumbai U-25 lift Col CK Nayudu Trophy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/shams-mulani-helps-mumbai-u-25-lift-col-ck-nayudu-trophy-7890418/ |access-date=28 September 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022–23
|Gujarat
|Mumbai
|U-25
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Mayure |first=Subodh |date=16 March 2023 |title=CK Nayudu Trophy final: Mumbai succumb to Gujarat in just 12 minutes |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/cricket/article/mumbai-succumb-to-gujarat-in-12-mins-23275511 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[Mid-Day]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=2022-23 Col C K Nayudu Trophy |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/250/col-c-k-nayudu-trophy |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=BCCI |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023–24
|Karnataka
|Uttar Pradesh
|U-23
|<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|2024–25
|Punjab
|Mumbai
|U-23
|<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" />
|-
|2025-2026
|Tamil Nadu
|Maharashtra
|U-23
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Venkatesan |first=S. Prasanna |date=2026-03-10 |title=Col. C.K. Nayudu Trophy Final {{!}} TN holds the edge after taking first innings lead against Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/col-ck-nayudu-trophy-final-tn-holds-the-edge-after-taking-first-innings-lead-against-maharashtra/article70726844.ece |access-date=2026-03-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
<references />

==External links==
* [http://www.bcci.tv Official website of the BCCI]

{{Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian domestic cricket competitions]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Karunam

2026-03-03T21:38:31Z

Bharat: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karunam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Jayaraj]]
| producer = Jayaraj
| writer = [[Madambu Kunjukuttan]]
| screenplay = Madambu Kunjukuttan
| starring = [[Biju Menon]] Eliyamma Madambu Kunjukuttan Vavachan
| music = Sunny Stephen
| cinematography = [[M. J. Radhakrishnan]]
| editing = [[A. Sreekar Prasad]]
| studio = Harvest International
| distributor = Harvest International
| released = {{Film date|2000|04|07|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Karunam''''' is a [[Malayalam films of 2000|2000]] [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed and produced by [[Jayaraj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralatalkies.com/movies/moviereviews2.htm |title=Archived copy |website=www.keralatalkies.com |access-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010303203840/http://www.keralatalkies.com/movies/moviereviews2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2001 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The film stars [[Biju Menon]], Eliyamma, [[Madambu Kunjukuttan]] and Vavachan in lead roles, with music composed by Sunny Stephen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3283|title=Karunam|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3548|title=Karunam|accessdate=2014-10-13|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref> The film is the second installment in Jayaraj's "Navarasa Series".

==Cast==
*[[Biju Menon]]
*[[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
*Eliyamma
*[[Madambu Kunjukuttan]]
*Vavachan

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by Sunny Stephen and the lyrics were written by Mariamma John and C. J. Kuttappan.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Aaraariro" || Mariamma John || Mariamma John ||
|-
| 2 || "Achan Kuzhithondi" || C. J. Kuttappan || C. J. Kuttappan ||
|-
| 3 || "Anthakathe Vayalile" || Chorus, C. J. Kuttappan || C. J. Kuttappan ||
|-
| 4 || "Kannodum Kaalayodum" || Mariamma John || Mariamma John ||
|-
| 5 || "Maanam Neranja" || C. J. Kuttappan || C. J. Kuttappan ||
|-
| 6 || "Mannu Thediya" || C. J. Kuttappan || C. J. Kuttappan ||
|-
| 7 || "Potamalayammakku" || C. J. Kuttappan || C. J. Kuttappan ||
|}

==Awards==
*[[IFFI Best Film Award|Golden Peacock (Best Film)]] at the [[31st International Film Festival of India]].
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Malayalam]] received by [[Jayaraj]] (2000)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Vishnuvardhan-Sudharani-win-Filmfare-awards-/articleshow/35261957.cms|title=Vishnuvardhan, Sudharani win Filmfare awards | Bengaluru News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 March 2001 }}</ref>
* [[John Abraham Award for Best Malayalam Film]] (1999)<ref>[http://ffsikeralam.in/awards.html "John Abraham Awards for Best Malayalam Cinema - Looking Back"]. [[Federation of Film Societies of India]] (Kerala). Retrieved 27 January 2023.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0256852|Karunam}}

{{IFFI Best Film Award|state=collapsed}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam}}
[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]

{{2000s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Pelli Kani Prasad

2026-03-03T09:08:52Z

Bharat: started new pg

{{Short description|2025 Indian Telugu-language film by Abhilash Reddy Gopidi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pelli Kani Prasad.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Abhilash Reddy Gopidi
| writer =
| screenplay = {{plain list|
* Abhilash Reddy Gopidi
* Akhil Varma
* Y. N. Lohit
}}
| story = {{plain list|
* Akhil Varma
* Y. N. Lohit
}}
| producer = {{plain list|
* K. Y. Babu
* Bhabu Prakash Goud
* Sukka Venkateshwar Goud
* Vaibhav Reddy Mutyala
}}
| starring = {{plain list|
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
* Priyanka Sharma
}}
| cinematography = Sujatha Siddharth
| editing = Madhu
| music = [[Shekar Chandra|Sekar Chandra]]
| studio = Thama Media
| distributor = [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| released = {{Film date|2025|3|21|df=y}}
| runtime = 118 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Pelli Kani Prasad''''' ({{Translation|Unmarried Prasad}}) is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy drama]] film co-written and directed by Abhilash Reddy Gopidi.<ref>{{Cite web |title='పెళ్లికాని ప్రసాద్‌' మూవీ రివ్యూ {{!}} Pelli Kani Prasad Movie Review And Rating In Telugu {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/pellikani-prasad-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2401195 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te |archive-date=21 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250321073728/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/pellikani-prasad-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-2401195 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2025-03-21 |title=Pelli Kani Prasad Review: సప్తగిరి పెళ్లి కానీ ప్రసాద్ ఏం చెప్పాడంటే... {{!}} Saptagiri Starrer Pelli Kani prasad movie review avm |url=https://www.chitrajyothy.com/2025/film-reviews/saptagiri-starrer-pelli-kani-prasad-movie-review-avm-61757.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Chitrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref> The film features [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] and Priyanka Sharma in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-20 |title='Pelli Kani Prasad' is a film that the whole family can enjoy together, says actor Saptagiri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pelli-kani-prasad-is-a-film-that-the-whole-family-can-enjoy-together-says-actor-saptagiri/articleshow/119225047.cms |access-date=2025-03-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The film was released on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-21 |title=New Telugu releases this week in theaters: Sapthagiri's Pelli Kani Prasad, Nihal Kodhaty's Tuk Tuk and more |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/new-telugu-releases-this-week-in-theaters-sapthagiris-pelli-kani-prasad-nihal-kodhatys-tuk-tuk-and-more-1378521 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=March 2025}}

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Katnam Prasad
* Priyanka Sharma as Priya
* [[Muralidhar Goud]] as Prasad’s father
* Prabhavati Varma as Prasad’s mother
* Vadlamani Srinivas as Priya’s father
* Pramodini Pammi as Priya’s mother
* [[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Priya’s grandmother
* Mahaboob Basha as Priya’s household helper
* Laxman Meesala as Bossu, Prasad’s friend
* Kittayya as Prasad’s uncle
* Rohini Reddy as Prosecutor
* Jabardasth Ramprasad as Defence Lawyer
* Rakesh Rachakonda as Marriage Broker
* Shaking Seshu as Police Officer
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pelli Kani Prasad'' was released on 21 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-03 |title=Prabhas launches Pelli Kaani Prasad's teaser |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/prabhas-launches-pelli-kaani-prasads-teaser |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US |archive-date=13 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250313130109/https://telugucinema.com/news/prabhas-launches-pelli-kaani-prasads-teaser |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aditya Devulapally of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave a rating of 2.5 out of 5 and wrote that "''Pelli Kani Prasad'' does attempt some level of social satire. It doesn’t just mock Prasad’s father’s dowry obsession; it also pokes fun at Priya’s family’s desperation for a foreign visa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-03-21 |title=Pelli Kani Prasad review: A goofy comedy that leans too much on memes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Mar/21/pelli-kani-prasad-review-a-goofy-comedy-that-leans-too-much-on-memes |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Giving the same rating, ''[[OTTPlay]]'' stated "Pelli Kani Prasad is a film packed with humor—though loud and rushed at times. The storyline is decent, but its lack of emotional depth weakens the impact".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pelli Kani Prasad Review: Sapthagiri's film is loud but a passable comedy |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/pelli-kani-prasad-review-sapthagiris-film-is-loud-but-a-passable-comedy/621c7f0826623 |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=35918041|title=Pelli Kani Prasad}}
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language drama films]]
[[Category:Films set in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]

Apurva (2023 film)

2026-03-02T04:43:05Z

Bharat: Created page

{{Short description|2023 Indian film directed by Nikhil Bhat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Apurva
| image = Apurva film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| director = [[Nikhil Nagesh Bhat]]
| producer = [[Murad Khetani]]
| writer = Nikhil Nagesh Bhat
| based_on =
| starring = [[Tara Sutaria]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]] '''Score:''' Ketan Sodha
| cinematography = Anshuman Mahaley
| editing = Shivkumar V. Panicker
| studio = {{Ubl|[[Star Studios]]|Cine1 Studios Production}}
| distributor = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| released = {{Film date|2023|11|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 95 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Apurva''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Survival film|survival]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Nikhil Nagesh Bhat]] and produced by [[Murad Khetani]]. It stars [[Tara Sutaria]] in the eponymous role alongside [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] and [[Dhairya Karwa]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2022|title=Tara Sutaria to headline edge-of-the-seat thriller Apurva|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tara-sutaria-headline-edge-seat-thriller-apurva/|access-date=31 October 2023|work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031153235/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tara-sutaria-headline-edge-seat-thriller-apurva/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 November 2022|title=Apurva: Gehraiyaan actor Dhairya Karwa to star opposite Tara Sutaria in Star Studios and Cine1 Studios' edge-of-the-seat thriller|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/apurva-gehraiyaan-actor-dhairya-karwa-star-opposite-tara-sutaria-star-studios-cine1-studios-edge-seat-thriller/|access-date=31 October 2023|work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031153236/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/apurva-gehraiyaan-actor-dhairya-karwa-star-opposite-tara-sutaria-star-studios-cine1-studios-edge-seat-thriller/|url-status=live}}</ref> Set in [[Chambal river|Chambal]], the film follows an ordinary woman who faces extraordinary circumstances and will do anything to survive.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-10-27 |title=Tara Sutaria admits that shouldering a film is a 'huge responsibility', says she is lucky for her 1st solo project 'Apurva' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tara-sutaria-admits-that-shouldering-a-film-is-a-huge-responsibility-says-she-is-lucky-for-her-1st-solo-project-apurva/articleshow/104756988.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110222143/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/tara-sutaria-admits-that-shouldering-a-film-is-a-huge-responsibility-says-she-is-lucky-for-her-1st-solo-project-apurva/articleshow/104756988.cms |archive-date=10 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-10 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

The film was released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 15 November 2023 to mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Tara Sutaria's 'Apurva' to stream on Disney+ Hotstar from November 15; first-look posters out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tara-sutarias-apurva-to-stream-on-disney-hotstar-from-november-15-first-look-posters-out/article67451786.ece/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031154319/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tara-sutarias-apurva-to-stream-on-disney-hotstar-from-november-15-first-look-posters-out/article67451786.ece |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Today's ENT Wrap: Tara Sutaria's Apurva Gets Mixed Reviews, Salman Khan's Tiger 3 Grosses Rs 240 Crore Worldwide And More |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/todays-ent-wrap-tara-sutarias-apurva-gets-mixed-reviews-salman-khans-tiger-3-grosses-rs-240-crore-worldwide-and-more-article-105235345 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118171150/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/todays-ent-wrap-tara-sutarias-apurva-gets-mixed-reviews-salman-khans-tiger-3-grosses-rs-240-crore-worldwide-and-more-article-105235345 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
== Plot ==

In a rural area, a car is ambushed by a gang of four men—Jugnu, Sukha, Balli, and Chota—who kill its occupants and loot their jewellery. Planning their next target, the gang sets their sights on a nearby truck. Meanwhile, Apurva Kashyap, a young woman, travels by bus to surprise her fiancé, Siddharth “Sid.” When the bus driver refuses to yield to Jugnu's car, the gang escalates the situation, killing the driver and conductor. During a phone call between Apurva and Sid, Sukha argues with Sid, ultimately deciding to abduct Apurva.

The gang takes Apurva to an abandoned village, where Chota threatens her. In a moment of desperation, Apurva pushes him away, but Chota retaliates, knocking her unconscious. An [[Astrology|astrologer]], Tara Chand, soon arrives and is also captured by the gang. Regaining consciousness, Apurva escapes with Tara, who becomes her ally.

As they try to evade capture, Apurva confronts and kills Chota in self-defense. Blaming Tara for Chota’s death, the gang hunts him down, eventually killing him while Apurva narrowly escapes. She manages to call Sid on Tara's phone, informing him of the gang’s identities, but is left to survive alone until morning as the police advise Sid to wait to intervene.

Balli soon discovers Apurva and attempts to sexually assault her. Pretending to submit, she seizes an opportunity to overpower and stab him. Jugnu and Sukha, finding Balli gravely injured, continue their pursuit. Apurva lures Jugnu into a well, pushing him in and killing him, and later dispatches the injured Balli.

In a final confrontation, Apurva attempts to run down Sukha with a stolen car, but a crash leads to a struggle near a railway. Overpowered, Apurva finally pushes Sukha away, who expresses a twisted desire to marry her. In a decisive moment, Apurva kills Sukha and seeks refuge in a nearby railway crossing cabin, where she manages to contact Sid, ending her night of survival.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Tara Sutaria]] as Apurva Kashyap
* [[Rajpal Yadav]] as Jugnu
* [[Abhishek Banerjee (actor)|Abhishek Banerjee]] as Sukha
* [[Dhairya Karwa]] as Siddharth "Sid", Apurva's fiancé
* Sumit Gulati as Balli
* Aaditya Gupta as Chhota
* Rakesh Chaturvedi Om as Astrologer Tara Chand
* [[Navni Parihar]] as Apurva's Mother
* [[Rajesh Jais]] as Apurva's Father
* Geeta Modi as Siddharth's Mother
* Vinod Sharma as Siddharth's Father
* Gagan Bhasin as Sub-inspector
* Aashish Dubey as Rajiv
* Madhvendra Jha as Insp. Manohar}}

==Production==
[[Principal photography]] commenced in October 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 October 2022|title=Tara Sutaria begins shooting for Apurva; calls it 'a tale of the true strength'|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tara-sutaria-begins-shooting-apurva-calls-tale-true-strength/|access-date=31 October 2023|work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031152852/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/tara-sutaria-begins-shooting-apurva-calls-tale-true-strength/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2022|title=Tara Sutaria-starrer Apurva starts filming|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-starrer-apurva-starts-filming-8238940/|access-date=31 October 2023|work=The Indian Express|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031154010/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/tara-sutaria-starrer-apurva-starts-filming-8238940/|url-status=live}}</ref> Production [[wrap (filming)|wrapped]] in December 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2022|title=It's a wrap! Tara Sutaria-Dhairya Karwa starrer Apurva concludes the shoot|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wrap-tara-sutaria-dhairya-karwa-starrer-apurva-concludes-shoot/|access-date=31 October 2023|work=Bollywood Hungama|archive-date=31 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031152851/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/wrap-tara-sutaria-dhairya-karwa-starrer-apurva-concludes-shoot/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 December 2022|title= It's a wrap for Tara Sutaria's 'Apurva'|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/dec/30/its-a-wrap-for-tara-sutarias-apurva-2533217|access-date=31 October 2023|work= The New Indian Express}}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The title role was originally offered to [[Kiara Advani]], however, she rejected it, deeming it "a major risk in her career at this point".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=Kiara Advani rejects Kabir Singh producers woman centric film titled Apurva : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kiara-advani-rejects-kabir-singh-producers-woman-centric-film-titled-apurva/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103193204/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kiara-advani-rejects-kabir-singh-producers-woman-centric-film-titled-apurva/ |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Apurva
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| released = 20 November 2023
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| recorded = 2022
| length = 10:03
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio|{{YouTube|NpPKm-10IxA|Apurva - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The film’s music was composed by [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], with lyrics by Mishra and Kaushal Kishore. The soundtrack, distributed by [[Zee Music Company]], consists of three original tracks: "Diwali",<ref>{{cite news |date=31 October 2023 |title='Diwali': First track of Tara Sutaria and Dhairya Karwa's 'Apurva' is out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/diwali-first-track-of-tara-sutaria-and-dhairya-karwas-apurva-is-out-now/articleshow/104854232.cms |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> "Hai Khuda"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apurva {{!}} Song - Hai Khuda {{!}} Hindi Video Songs - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/apurva-song-hai-khuda/videoshow/105093716.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113205705/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/apurva-song-hai-khuda/videoshow/105093716.cms |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> and "Tujhse Pyaar Hai"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-11-15 |title=Apurva Movie Music {{!}} Apurva Movie Songs {{!}} Download Latest Bollywood Songs Music - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/apurva/songs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228141955/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/apurva/songs/ |archive-date=28 December 2023 |access-date=2023-11-29 |language=en}}</ref>—all of which were released as singles leading up to and coinciding with the film’s release.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 10:03
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Diwali
| extra1 = [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]]
| lyrics1 = Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
| length1 = 3:20
| title2 = Hai Khuda
| extra2 = Vishal Mishra
| lyrics2 = Vishal Mishra, Kaushal Kishore
| length2 = 3:40
| title3 = Tujhse Pyaar Hai
| length3 = 3:03
| lyrics3 = Vishal Mishra
| extra3 = Vishal Mishra
}}

== Release ==
The film was released on the streaming platform, [[Disney+ Hotstar]] on 15 November 2023.<ref>{{cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=Tara Sutaria starrer Apurva to directly release on Disney+ Hotstar on November 15; see the first intriguing posters |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tara-sutaria-starrer-apurva-directly-release-disney-hotstar-november-15-see-first-intriguing-posters/ |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029122614/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tara-sutaria-starrer-apurva-directly-release-disney-hotstar-november-15-see-first-intriguing-posters/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Apurva'' received mixed reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today's ENT Wrap: Tara Sutaria's Apurva Gets Mixed Reviews, Salman Khan's Tiger 3 Grosses Rs 240 Crore Worldwide And More |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/todays-ent-wrap-tara-sutarias-apurva-gets-mixed-reviews-salman-khans-tiger-3-grosses-rs-240-crore-worldwide-and-more-article-105235345 |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Zoom TV |language=en |archive-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118171150/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/todays-ent-wrap-tara-sutarias-apurva-gets-mixed-reviews-salman-khans-tiger-3-grosses-rs-240-crore-worldwide-and-more-article-105235345 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=17|average=6|count=6|consensus=|ref=yes|access-date=9 January 2024}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apurva - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/apurva |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |language=en |archive-date=9 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109222610/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/apurva |url-status=live }}</ref>

Dhaval Roy of [[The Times of India|''Times of India'']] rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "If your are looking for a movie that thrills, shocks and makes you hold your breath, this one's definitely for you as it ticks these boxes. Watch out for the ultimate face off between Apurva and one of the antagonists!"<ref>{{Cite news |title=Apurva Review : A hostage drama that thrills, shocks, and impresses with its treatment |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/apurva/ottmoviereview/105217685.cms |access-date=2023-11-21 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121132643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/apurva/ottmoviereview/105217685.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Writing for ''[[The Indian Express]],'' Alaka Sahani wrote "had the makers of ''Apurva'' not harboured the ambition of being gritty and realistic, this probably would have come close to being a ‘slasher’ movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-15 |title=Apurva movie review: Tara Sutaria headlines a predictable tale of brutality and bravery |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/apurva-movie-review-tara-sutaria-headlines-a-predictable-tale-of-brutality-and-bravery-9027156/ |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121132642/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/apurva-movie-review-tara-sutaria-headlines-a-predictable-tale-of-brutality-and-bravery-9027156/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote "''Apurva'' is a well-made gripping thriller."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apurva Movie Review |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/apurva/critic-review/apurva-movie-review/on-the-whole-apurva-is-a-well-made-gripping-thriller/ |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=15 November 2023 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228141952/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/apurva/critic-review/apurva-movie-review/on-the-whole-apurva-is-a-well-made-gripping-thriller/ |url-status=live }}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

[[Hindustan Times]]'s Prannay Pathak wrote, "Despite the unappetising lingering over the lead character’s body and the gratuitous violence punctuating the goings-on, ''Apurva'' never scares you or makes your skin crawl".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-17 |title=Apurva movie review: Tara Sutaria's predictable survival thriller needed more brainstorming and less head clobbering |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/apurva-movie-review-tara-sutaria-predictable-survival-thriller-101700188784443.html |access-date=2023-11-21 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=21 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121133016/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/apurva-movie-review-tara-sutaria-predictable-survival-thriller-101700188784443.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Despite otherwise disliking the film, [[Deepa Gahlot]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' opined, "If at all the film does anything, it is to offer Tara Sutaria a role that allows her to act, rather than just dress up and play pretty love interest to the leading man''"''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |title=Apurva Review: Give It A Miss |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/apurva-review/20231115.htm |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=[[Rediff]] |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117092926/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/apurva-review/20231115.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

In a scathing review for ''[[Film Companion]]'', Rahul Desai reviewed, "''Apurva'' is predictable, tasteless and frighteningly dull, ticking genre boxes because they're cool and not because there's a story to be told"''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desai |first=Rahul |date=2023-11-16 |title=Apurva Review: Predictable, Performative and Frighteningly Dull |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/trending/tv/reviews/apurva-review-predictable-performative-and-frighteningly-dull-tara-sutaria-disney-hotstar |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117080457/https://www.filmcompanion.in/trending/tv/reviews/apurva-review-predictable-performative-and-frighteningly-dull-tara-sutaria-disney-hotstar |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[The Free Press Journal]]'' had a similar take stating, "Nagesh, although creates a world that is close to reality sans newness. [[Anushka Sharma]]’s [[NH10 (film)|''NH10'']], and [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]]’s [[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|''Highway'']] had similar tone, vibe, and atmosphere, a way better screenplay for that matter, ''Apurva'' looks stale in every aspect".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apurva Review: Tara Sutaria Manages To Impress A Bit In This Run-Of-The-Mill Survival Drama |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/apurva-review-tara-sutaria-manages-to-impress-a-bit-in-this-run-of-the-mill-survival-drama |access-date=2023-11-16 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117231722/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/apurva-review-tara-sutaria-manages-to-impress-a-bit-in-this-run-of-the-mill-survival-drama |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Viewership ===
''Apurva'' garnered 4,800,000 views in its initial week of debut on Disney+ Hotstar, securing the fourth position among the most-watched Indian content across all streaming platforms during the same week.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=2023-11-03 |title=The Five Most-Viewed Streaming Shows And Movies Of The Week |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/best-shows-on-web-ott-november-week-3-koffee-with-karan-disney-hotstar-apurva-the-railway-men-netflix-masterchef-india-sonyliv |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203010813/https://www.filmcompanion.in/streaming/best-shows-on-web-ott-november-week-3-koffee-with-karan-disney-hotstar-apurva-the-railway-men-netflix-masterchef-india-sonyliv |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
* {{IMDb title|25434258|Apurva}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Star Studios films]]

Mandi Municipal Corporation

2026-03-01T01:46:51Z

Bharat: Created entry!

{{Short description|Local civic body in Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Mandi Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| house_type =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2020}}
| budget =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor of Mandi]]
| leader1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 =
| seats =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
|political_groups1 =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Distt Mandi, Himachal Pradesh.PIN Code 175001.Phone (O): +91-1905-225201
Fax: +91-1905-225213.Email: dc-man-hp@nic.in
| website = [https://hpmandi.nic.in/public-utility/municipal-council-mandi/ Official website]
| motto =
|last_election1=}}
'''Mandi Municipal Corporation''' (MMC) is the municipal corporation of [[Mandi District]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], and is the chief nodal agency for the administration of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Himachal to have 5 MCs, 3 new for Solan, Palampur & Mandi|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/himachal-to-have-5-mcs-3-new-for-solan-palampur-mandi-422383|access-date=2020-10-29|website=millenniumpost News Service|language=en}}</ref> Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Sitamarhi Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]. Mandi Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

== History and administration ==

Mandi Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.
Mandi Municipal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.<ref name="ma1">{{cite news |title=Congress, BJP councillors spar over works in Mandi |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/congress-bjp-councillors-spar-over-works-in-mandi-388943 |access-date=21 June 2022 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=23 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

Mandi Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor Deepali Jaswal<ref name="ma2">{{cite news |title=Mandi: Week-long Shivratri fest ends |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/mandi-week-long-shivratri-fest-ends-376286 |access-date=21 June 2022 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=9 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and administered by Municipal Commissioner.

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the Income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Ma11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ma12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ma13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://hpmandi.nic.in/public-utility/municipal-council-mandi/ Official website]

{{Mandi district}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Himachal Pradesh]]

Ajayapala (Chaulukya dynasty)

2026-02-28T07:17:32Z

Bharat: Created new stub

{{Short description|King of Gujarat from 1171 to 1175}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = King of Gujarat
| reign = {{circa|1171–1175}}
| predecessor = [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]
| successor = [[Mularaja II]]
| dynasty = [[Chaulukya]]
| spouse = [[Naiki Devi]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}
'''Ajayapala''' (reigned {{circa|1171}}–1175) was an Indian king from the [[Chaulukya]] (Solanki) dynasty of [[Gujarat]]. He ruled the present-day Gujarat and surrounding areas for a short period, from his capital [[Anahilapataka]] (modern Patan).

== Early life ==
Ajayapala succeeded [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] on the Chaulukya throne.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=126}} According to ''Surathotsava'' written by the poet [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]], Ajayapala was a son of Kumarapala. Someshvara was a contemporary of Ajayapala's son [[Bhima II]] (and probably Ajayapala).{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=127}}

However, some later Jain writers describe Ajayapala as a nephew of Kumarapala and a son of Mahipala. The earliest of these is Abhayatilaka Gani, who wrote a commentary on [[Hemachandra]]'s ''Dvyashraya'' in 13th century.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=126}} The 14th century chronicler Merutunga also repeats this claim in his ''Theravali'', but describes Ajayapala as a son of Kumarapala in his ''[[Prabandha-Chintamani]]''.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=126–127}} The later Jain chroniclers such as Jayasimha Suri, ''Rajashekhara''{{sfn|Sūri|1932|p=200}} and ''Jinamandana'' repeat the claim that Ajayapala was a nephew of Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=126}} It seems more likely that Ajayapala was a son of Kumarapala. The later Jain writers probably branded him as a nephew of Kumarapala and portrayed him negatively, because he did not patronize the Jain faith.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=126–127}}

== Ascension ==

The later Jain chroniclers claim that Ajayapala killed [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] to gain the throne. According to Jayasimha Suri's account, Kumarapala wanted to appoint either his [[nephew]] Ajayapala or his daughter's son ''Pratapamalla'' as his successor. He sought advice from his preceptor, the Jain leader ''[[Hemachandra]]''. Hemachandra told Kumarapala that Ajayapala was not fit to be a king, and recommended Pratapamalla instead. Balachandra, a wicked disciple of Hemachandra and a friend of Ajayapala, overheard this conversation. He informed Ajayapala, who promised to make him the royal preceptor upon becoming the king. After Hemachandra's death, Kumarapala fell ill with grief. Ajayapala mixed poison in his milk, and hid the only known [[antidote]]. Kumarapala died of [[poisoning]], and Ajayapala succeeded him.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=124–125}} This legend has been repeated by other chroniclers such as ''Rajashekhara Suri'' and ''Jinamandana'' with minor variations.{{sfn|Sūri|1932|p=200}}

This account does not appear to be true, as it has not been mentioned in the writings on the earlier Jain chroniclers, such as Prabhachandra and Merutunga. The later chroniclers seem to have invented these stories to portray Ajayapala in negative light, as he did not patronize Jainism.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=126}}

== Military career ==

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Ajayapala seems to have retained the territory he inherited from Kumarapala. This included [[Malwa]], as attested by an inscription found at [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)|Udaipur, Madhya Pradesh]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=130}}

=== Chahamanas of Shakambhari ===

According to one theory, Ajayapala subdued a [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Shakambhari Chahamana]] ruler of [[Sapadalaksha]], possibly [[Someshvara (Chahamana dynasty)|Someshvara]]. This is suggested by the epithet ''Karadikrita-Sapadalaksha-Kshmapala'', which has been bestowed upon him in the copper-plate inscriptions of his son Bhima. The 13th century text ''Kirti-Kaumudi'' states that the king of Jangala-desha (that is, Sapadalaksha) had to give a gold pavilion and some elephants to Ajayapala as a punishment. Another writer Arisimha states that the king of Sapadalaksha sent a silver pavilion to Ajayapala. The chronicler Balachandra states that the king of Jangala used to send gifts to Ajayapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=127}}

Based on these statements, historians Asoke Majumdar and [[Dasharatha Sharma]] theorize that Ajayapala defeated Someshvara, and extracted tribute from him.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=127}}{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=70}} Historian R. B. Singh, on the other hand, theorizes that the supposed 'tribute' was merely a gift sent by Someshvara to Ajayapala's on latter's ascension to the throne; the event was exaggerated into a claim of victory by the Gujarat poets. To support his theory, Singh argues that the Chaulukya power had weakened considerably after Kumarapala's death, and they could not have subdued the powerful Chahamanas at this time.{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=157–158}}

=== Guhilas of Medapata ===

Ajayapala fought a war against [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]], the [[Guhilas of Medapata|Guhila]] ruler of [[Medapata]] (modern Mewar). The Guhilas had been subdued by the Chaulukyas in the preceding years, and [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]] appears to have made an attempt to throw off the Chaulukya suzerainty. It appears that [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]] achieved some success against Ajayapala, but was ultimately defeated by Ajayapala's feudatory Prahladana, the [[Paramara dynasty#Branches and claimed descendants|Paramara]] chief of [[Mount Abu|Abu]]. This is suggested by the 1231 CE Abu ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription, which states that Prahladana defended the [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara]] king (that is, Ajayapala) after [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]] had broken the king's power on the battlefield.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=128}}

The text ''Sukrita-Kirti-Kallolini'' mentions an incident in which Ajayapala narrowly defeated an enemy king. This is probably a reference to his conflict with [[Samantasimha (Guhila)|Samantasimha]].{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=128}}

=== Death ===

Ajayapala died in 1175 CE, sometime between 25 March and 7 April. The 14th century chronicler Merutunga states that a [[Parihar (clan)|Pratihara]] named Vayajaladeva stabbed Ajayapala to death. The accuracy of this claim is doubtful, as Merutunga's account of Ajayapala is generally unreliable.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=131}}

[[Mularaja II]], the son of Ajayapala and [[Naiki Devi|Naikidevi]], succeeded him on the Chaulukya throne. After Mularaja's death, Ajayapala's younger son [[Bhima II]] ascended the throne.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=138}} According to the [[Prabandha Kosha|''Prabandha Kośa'']], he was killed by an agent of [[Naiki Devi|his wife]] and son with an iron knife or scissors due to his dictatorial rule. A king named Keertipala ascended the throne without [[Rājyābhiṣeka|''rajyabhisheka'']], which is likely the name of his son and murderer, [[Mularaja II]], who also died in the [[Mularaja II#Rebellion in Malwan|Malwa rebellion]] and succeeded by [[Bhima II|Bhima Deva]].{{sfn|Sūri|1932|p=202}}

== Religion ==
Ajayapala patronized the [[Brahmanism|Brahmanical faith]], unlike his predecessor Kumarapala who also patronized Jainism, especially during the later part of his life. The [[Prabhas Patan|Devapattana]] ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription of the Chaulukya general Sridhara boasts that Ajayapala caused the tree of the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] to grow again.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=129}}

The inscriptions of Ajayapala, as well as those of his sons, describe him as a ''Parama-Maheshvara'' ("devotee of [[Shiva]]"), which is unusual for Chaulukyas. According to the contemporary poet Someshvara, during his reign, Shiva was worshipped daily, and the [[Brahmin]]s were rewarded well.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=129}} According to [[Someshvara (13th-century poet)|Someshvara]]'s ''Surathotsava Mahakavya'', his father Kumara II served as a priest (''purohita'') to Ajayapala. Someshvara claims that Kumara healed the battle wounds of Ajayapala with prayers to Shiva, and refused to accept gifts of jewels from the king.<ref>{{cite book |author=B.J. Sandesara |author-link=Bhogilal Sandesara |title=Literary Circle of Mahāmātya Vastupāla and its Contribution to Sanskrit Literature |series=Singhi Jain Series |year=1953 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5tljAAAAMAAJ |page=46 }}</ref>

=== Portrayal in Jain accounts ===

The later Jain chroniclers accuse Ajayapala of persecuting the Jains. This claim does not appear to be historically correct: these Jain authors probably painted Ajayapala in a negative light, because he did not support Jainism as much as Kumarapala did.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=126}}

The 14th century chronicler Merutunga was the earliest Jain writer to present Ajayapala in a negative light. He gives the following account of Ajayapala's misdeeds: Ajayapala began destroying the temples constructed by Kumarapala, although he stopped such activities after hearing sarcastic remarks of a jester. Amrabhata (or Ambada), the general who had led a successful military campaign against the [[Shilahara]] king [[Mallikarjuna (Shilahara dynasty)|Mallikarjuna]] during Kumarapala's reign, refused to accept Ajayapala as the new king. As a result, Ajayapala's soldiers killed Amrabhata. Ajayapala also ordered his newly appointed chief minister Kapardin to be roasted alive. He also had Hemachandra's pupil Ramachandra killed by placing him on a heated copper plate.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|pp=128–129}}

The post-Merutunga chroniclers, starting with Jayasimha Suri, go on to accuse Ajayapala of poisoning Kumarapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=130}}

The Jain writers before Merutunga, including those contemporary to Ajayapala, do not mention any anti-Jain activities of Ajayapala. For example, Yashahapala describes Ajayapala as a great king, and describes himself as a "swan on the lotus-like feet of Ajayadeva" (that is, Ajayapala). Somaprabha, in his ''Satartha-Kavya'', also lauds Ajayapala.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=129}} Arisimha and Balachandra also praise Ajayapala. Udayaprabha compares him to the deity [[Indra]]. The [[Vastupala]]-Tejapala ''[[prashasti]]'' inscription applauds his self-control. Manikyachandra, in his ''Parshvanatha-Charita'' (c. 1219 CE), explicitly states that the Jain scholar Vardhamana was a jewel of the courts of Kumarapala and Ajayapala, and brightened their courts with his discussions on the Jain doctrine.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=130}}

== Cultural activities ==

Narapati wrote ''Narapati-jayacarya'', a work on [[astronomy and astrology]], at Vallinagara during the reign of Ajayapala. Later, Aditya-deva wrote ''Bala-tantra-maharnava'' or ''Narapati-vijayiya'' based on Narapati's work.<ref>{{cite book |editor=David Pingree |editor-link=David Pingree |title=Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit Series A |volume=1 |publisher=American Philosophical Society |year=1970 |page=48 |url=https://archive.org/details/PingreeCESS/Pingree_CESS_A1_1970/ }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 }}
* {{Cite book |last=Sūri |first=Rājaśekhara |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.407280/page/n235/mode/1up?view=theater |title= Prabandha Kosha |publisher=Harsiddhabhai Vajubhai Divetia |year=1932 |editor-last=Kapadia |editor-first=Prof. Hiralal Rasikdas |series=The Forbes Gujarati Sabhā series no. 12 |location=Bombay |language=sa }}

{{Chaulukya dynasty}}

[[Category:12th-century Indian Jains]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Chaulukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Jain monarchs]]

Hindu Mela

2026-02-23T03:22:30Z

Bharat:

{{Short description|Former political and cultural festival in Kolkata}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}

The '''Hindu Mela''' ({{Translation|Hindu Fair}}) was an annual political and cultural festival ([[mela]]) that took place in [[British Raj|India]] during the late 19th century. Initially established in 1867 by Nabagopal Mitra, [[Rajnarayan Basu]], and [[Manomohan Bose]] as the Chaitra Mela, it was intended to establish unity amongst Indians. It was known for promoting sports, indigenous arts and crafts, nationalistic poetry, and songs. The mela met regularly until 1880, after which it lost its importance due to the establishment of other institutions such as the [[Indian National Congress]].{{sfn|Sen|2010|p=235}}

== History ==
===Founding and objectives===
[[File:Gaganendranath Tagore.png|thumb|[[Ganendranath Tagore]], the first secretary of the Hindu Mela|alt=A black and white picture of a man sitting in a chair dressed in a white robe]]

In 1867, the National Paper published the ''Prospectus of a Society for the Promotion of National Feeling among the Educated Natives of Bengal'' by Rajnarayan Basu. Inspired by this booklet, [[Nabagopal Mitra]] and [[Debendranath Tagore]] collaborated with Basu and Manomohan Bose to found the Hindu mela in 1867.{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1578}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|p=7, 23}} The mela was initially called the ''Chaitra Mela''{{sfn|Gupta|2009|p=52}} because it was celebrated on the last day of [[Chaitra]], the last month of the [[Bengali calendars|Bengali calendar]].{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1578}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|pp=16-17}} The founding of the mela was financially supported by the [[Tagore family]] of [[Jorasanko|Jorashako]], some of whom were involved in organising and promoting the event. Certain members of the family recited poetry and composed songs for the mela.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|pp=7-8}}

The mela was initially led by Nabagopal Mitra as the Assistant Secretary and [[:bn:গণেন্দ্রনাথ_ঠাকুর|Ganendranath Tagore]], Debendranath's first son, as the Secretary. After Ganendranath died at the age of 28, his nephew [[Dwijendranath Tagore]] took over the post of secretary during the third session, helping the mela run for four more years.{{sfn|Datta|1988|p=1578}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|p=62}} During these four years, Dwijendranath and Mishra are credited with having established the Hindu Mela as a national event. Due to the annual nature of the event, a National Society was also established during this time to further the mela's goals during the period when the mela was not in session.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|pp=62-63}}

During the second meeting of the Hindu mela in 1878, Mishra and Gaganendranath Tagore had laid out six objectives that the mela would aim to achieve. A primary objective was the creation of a national council that would promote unity and brotherhood amongst Indians.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|p=27}} The council was further tasked with uplifting the status of Indians amongst the colonial population and decreasing Indian's reliance on British services and products.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|p=27}}{{sfn|Gupta|2009|p=21}} To further this, the organisers established the practice of preparing an annual report regarding the council's work that was to be presented every year at the mela.{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1578-1579}} Amongst the other objectives laid out during this event was the promotion of indigenous education, arts, crafts, and sports; support was to be provided for anyone who was working towards this goal. To further these objectives, six committees were set up in collaboration with the leaders of the Hindu society.{{sfn|Datta|1988|pp=1578-1579}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|pp=28-29}}

=== Later years ===
[[Satyendranath Tagore]], Debendranath's second son, was also deeply associated with the Hindu Mela. He was not present for the founding session in April 1867 as he was in [[western India]], but he was present for the second session.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|p=16}} He composed a song, "''mile sabe Bharat santan, ektan gaho gaan''" (unite, India's children, sing in unison), which was hailed as the first national anthem of India.{{sfn|Bandopadhyay|1966|pp=98–104}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|p=105}} [[Rabindranath Tagore]], Satyendranath's youngest sibling, became deeply involved in the mela. At the age of 15, one of his first contributions to the mela was a poem titled "A Gift to the Hindu Mela," which he wrote and recited during its ninth session. The poem was subsequently circulated in the ''[[Amrita Bazar Patrika]]'' and is considered to be one of the first poems that was published under Tagore's name.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|p=11}}

During his association with the Hindu mela, Rabindranath was exposed to anti-British sentiments for the first time.{{sfn|Hogan|Pandit|2003|pp=31}} On the tenth anniversary of the mela, Rabindranath recited a poem titled "''Dillir Durbar''" where he attacked the then newly appointed [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Viceroy Lord Lytton]]'s decision to hold a lavish [[Delhi Durbar|Durbar in Delhi]]. He was particularly dissatisfied by the durbar's decision to proclaim [[Queen Victoria]] as the "[[Empress of India]]" while famine raged across the country. The poem denounced this action and called for his fellow Indians to "sing a different tune".{{sfn|Renganathan|Bhattacharya|2020|p=13}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|pp=57}} This was among his first acts of publicly attacking the [[British Raj]].{{sfn|Hogan|Pandit|2003|pp=30-31}}

Several organisers of the Hindu mela came together to form a secret society, the Sanjivani Sabha, which manufactured ''[[swadeshi]]'' matchsticks and cloth woven in ''swadeshi'' looms.{{sfn|Hogan|Pandit|2003|p=30}} The Hindu mela also provided considerable exposure to indigenous physical sports. In the first session of the mela, renowned wrestlers in Calcutta were invited and awarded medals.{{sfn|Raha|Chattopadhyay|2017|p=126}} In the following session, competitions for indigenous physical sports such as wrestling and [[Lathi khela|''lathi''-play]], a game that revolved around dueling with bamboo sticks, were organised. Various displays of [[Indian martial arts]] and survival techniques were also prominently featured at the mela.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2000|pp=27-28}} As a result of this exposure, many schools introduced physical education into their curriculum. Physical education was also included into the syllabus of [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Indian Civil Service examinations]].{{sfn|Raha|Chattopadhyay|2017|p=126}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bandopadhyay |first=Hiranmay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qRuTYgEACAAJ |title=Thakurbarir katha |publisher=RB.|date=1966 |language=bn}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Renganathan |first1=Mala |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nurwDwAAQBAJ |title=Rabindranath Tagore's Drama in the Perspective of Indian Theatre |last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Arnab |date=2020-08-03 |publisher=Anthem Press |pages=13 |isbn=978-1-78527-395-7 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C&pg=RA1-PA1883|title=An Advanced History of Modern India|last=Sen|first=Sailendra Nath|date=2010|publisher=Macmillan India|isbn=9780230328853|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1578|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1988|isbn=9788126011940}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AGSuVgPH9T4C&pg=PA105|title=Notions of Nationhood in Bengal: Perspectives on Samaj, C. 1867–1905|last=Gupta|first=Swarupa|date=2009|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004176140|language=en|doi=10.1163/ej.9789004176140.i-414}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lyr2gZZnWl8C&pg=PA30|title=Rabindranath Tagore: Universality and Tradition|last1=Hogan|first1=Patrick Colm|last2=Pandit|first2=Lalita|date=2003|publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press|isbn=9780838639801|language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Suvendushekhar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265531 |title=Hindu Melar Itibritta |publisher= Gautam Sengupta|date=2000|isbn=9789383014224 |language=bn}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SCtEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99|title=Mapping the Path to Maturity: A Connected History of Bengal and the North-East|last1=Raha|first1=Bipasha|last2=Chattopadhyay|first2=Subhayu|date=2017-12-22|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351034128|language=en|doi=10.4324/9781351034142}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_fptAAAAMAAJ|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|last=Islam|first=Sirajul|date=2003|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|isbn=9789843205803|pages=85|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|url=https://ochs.org.uk/lectures/facets-hinduism-cultural-nationalist-programme-hindu-mela|title=Facets of Hinduism in the Cultural-Nationalist Programme of the Hindu Mela|date=2012-10-01|website=The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies|language=en|access-date=2019-11-11|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111133719/https://ochs.org.uk/lectures/facets-hinduism-cultural-nationalist-programme-hindu-mela|url-status=dead}}

[[Category:1867 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1881 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:19th century in India]]
[[Category:Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindu festivals]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Culture of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Defunct festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals of Indian culture]]
[[Category:History of Kolkata]]

Thrissur Motor Show

2026-02-11T05:45:06Z

Bharat:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Thrissur Motor Show
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ger
| logo =
| image =
| caption =
| status = Active
| genre = [[Auto show]]
| begins =
| ends =
| frequency = Annual
| venue = [[Thekkinkkadu Maidanam]]
| coordinates = 
| country = {{flag|India}}
| years_active = 2000-present
| prev =
| next =
| participants =
| attendance = Around 50,000
| area =
| budget =
| activity =
| patron =
| organised =Department of Mechanical Engineering, [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur ]]
| filing = 
| people =
| member =
| website = {{URL|http://www.thrissurmotorshow.com//}}
}}

The '''Thrissur Motor Show''' is [[South India]]’s largest student organized [[motor show]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141017/nation-current-affairs/article/thrissur-motor-show
|title=Thrissur motor show on
|publisher=Deccan Chronicle
|access-date=2014-10-19}}</ref> held annually in [[Thrissur]] city, [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The show is an exhibition of luxury, vintage and modified cars and motor bikes . The expo is organized at [[Thekkinkadu Maidan]] and organized by Mechanical Engineering Department of [[Government Engineering College, Thrissur]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thrissur-motor-show-begins/article5199424.ece
|title=Thrissur Motor Show begins
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thrissur-motor-show-begins/article1388891.ece
|title=Thrissur Motor Show begins
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thrissur-motor-show-begins/article6509217.ece?textsize=large&test=1
|title=Thrissur Motor Show begins
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-10-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/thrissur-motor-show-draws-huge-crowd/article6516110.ece
|title=Thrissur Motor show draws huge crowd
|publisher=The Hindu
|accessdate=2014-10-19}}</ref>

==Government Engineering College Thrissur==
Government Engineering College [[Thrissur]] is an engineering college situated in Thrissur city of Kerala, India. It is the second oldest engineering college established in Kerala and the first engineering college to be established after the formation of Kerala state. The college is affiliated to the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]].

==Milestones==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|- class="unsortable" style="width:150px;"
! Year !! Highlight
|-
| 2000 || First ever student organised Motor Show in [[South India]]
|-
| 2001 || Parade of DC Designs fleet
|-
|2002
|Largest show in Kerala
|-
|2003
|Largest vintage car collection
|-
| 2005 || Stunt performance by national dirt bike champion Jinan C.D.
|-
| 2008 || The [[Hindu]]'s "best student organised show." Inauguration by [[Narain Karthikeyan]]
|-
| 2012 || First public exhibition of [[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars|Rolls-Royce]] in [[Kerala]]
|-
| 2013 || A trio of [[Ferrari 458 Italia]], [[Audi R8]] and [[Maserati Gran Turismo]] as main attraction
|-
| 2014 || [[Porsche Panamera]] 2015 first public appearance in Kerala; [[KTM]] Duke 390 launch in [[Thrissur]]
|-
| 2017||Public exhibition of Formula Racecar. Interaction with Formula four racer Mira Erda who is the first Indian woman to enter Euro JK series
|-
|2019
|[[Lamborghini Huracán]], [[Chevrolet Biscayne]]. Interaction with various automobile influencers like Arun Smoki and Venom, Bike and car rallies
|-
|2022
| High-profile exhibits including [[Boby Chemmanur’s gold-wrapped Rolls-Royce Phantom]], the iconic [[Mazda Miata]], and a [[Lamborghini Huracán]], alongside professional bike stunts and the department's signature "Engine Mortuary."
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Culture of Thrissur]]
[[Category:Auto shows in India]]
[[Category:Entertainment events in India]]
[[Category:Automotive industry in India]]

Rabisankar Bal

2026-02-10T02:43:06Z

Bharat: small improve layout to improve readability also and updated info

{{Short description|Indian writer (1962–2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Rabisankar Bal
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date = 8 May 1962
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], india
|death_date = {{death date and age|2017|12|12|1962|||df=y}}
|death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
|nickname =
|citizenship = [[India]]
|alma_mater =
|occupation = Writer, journalist
|organization =
|known_for = Novelist, [[short story writer]], journalist
|children = 2
|relatives =
|awards = [[Bankim Puraskar]] (2011)
|notable_works = Dōjakhanāmā, Āẏanājībana
|website =
}}
'''Rabisankar Bal''' (1962–2017) was an Indian writer and journalist.

== Career ==
Over his career, he published more than twenty works, including novels, short stories, poetry, and essays. His notable works include ''Dozakhnama'' (Conversations in Hell) and ''Aynajibon'' (A Mirrored Life), both translated into English by [[Arunava Sinha]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alam |first=Shahrukh |date=2013-07-19 |title=That voice in the darkness |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/that-voice-in-the-darkness/story-Wow4mBs64USlDNuiUkybKI.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-09 |title=When Ghalib and Manto woke up in hell |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/when-ghalib-and-manto-woke-up-in-hell/articleshow/18790181.cms |access-date=2025-10-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratnam |first=Dhamini |date=2015-03-21 |title=Book review {{!}} A Mirrored Life |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/PS8hU2BOjgBl7ql1Tj1IdK/Book-review--A-Mirrored-Life.html |access-date=2025-10-05 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Bal is recognised as an important figure in contemporary [[Bengali literature]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=মানুষ গল্পটাই চায় : রবিশংকর বল |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/literature/news/272311/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2}}</ref> He received several literary awards in recognition of his contributions.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 December 2018 |title=শনিবার ।। রবিশংকর বল |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/literature/news/271869/শনিবার-।।-রবিশংকর-বল |access-date=20 May 2019 |website=[[Bangla Tribune]] |language=bn}}</ref>

During his career, Bal authored 15 novels and edited five collections of short stories. He also translated works of [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] into [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=13 December 2017 |title=Journalist, author Rabisankar Bal dead |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/journalist-author-rabisankar-bal-dead-117121300020_1.html |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=Business Standard India}}</ref> His novel ''The Biography of Midnight'' earned him the Sutapa Roy Chowdhury Memorial Prize from the [[Government of West Bengal]]. Rabisankar Bal died at the age of 55 after a brief illness at B. R. Singh Hospital in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Journalist, author Rabisankar Bal dead|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2017/dec/13/journalist-author-rabisankar-bal-dead-1725772.html|access-date=2021-09-29|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Works==
===Collection of Stories (গল্পগ্রন্থ)===
# দারুনিরঞ্জন
# রবিশঙ্কর বল এর গল্প
# আর্তোর শেষ অভিনয়
# জীবন অন্যত্র
# ওই মণিময় তার কাহিনী
# সেরা ৫০ টি গল্প

===Novels (উপন্যাস)===
# নীল দরজা লাল ঘর
# পোখরান ৯৮
# পাণ্ডুলিপি করে আয়োজন
# বাসস্টপে একদিন
# মিলনের শ্বাসরোধী কথা
# নষ্টভ্রষ্ট
# এখানে তুষার ঝরে
# দোজখনামা
# আয়নাজীবন
# আঙুরবাগানে খুন
# জিরো আওয়ার
# মধ্যরাত্রির জীবনী

===Collection of Poems (কবিতা)===
# হেমন্তের এলিজি
# ত্রস্ত নীলিমা
# ঊনপঞ্চাশ বায়ু

===Non Fiction (প্রবন্ধ)===
# সংলাপের মধ্যবর্তী এই নীরবতা
# কুষ্ঠরোগীদের গুহায় সংগীত
# মুখ আর মুখোশ
# জীবনানন্দ ও অন্যান্য

===Edited and Translated Books (সম্পাদিত গ্রন্থ)===
# সাদাত হোসেইন মন্টো রচনাসংগ্রহ

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://penguin.co.in/book_author/rabisankar-bal/ Rabisankar Bal] at [[Penguin India]]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bal, Rabisankar}}
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali-language novelists]]
[[Category:Bengali male poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Indian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Poets from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Novelists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian essayists]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Athiyamān Nedumān Añci

2025-12-31T14:34:07Z

Bharat: Created entry

{{Short description|Velir king}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image = Adhiyaman avvaikku nellikani vazhanguthal.jpg
| caption = Athiyaman Neduman Anci giving gift to [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]]
| reign = c. [[1st century|1st century CE]]
| birth_name = Anci
| issue = Athiyamaṉ Pokuṭṭeḻiṉi
| dynasty = [[Athiyaman]]
}}
'''Athiyaman Neduman Anci''' was one of the [[velir]] kings of the [[Sangam period]] who ruled the [[Mazhanadu]] region.<ref name="Śrī puṣpāñjali, page 125">''Śrī puṣpāñjali, page 125''</ref> Belonging to the [[Athiyaman]] clan,<ref name="Tamil Literature, page 92">''Tamil Literature, page 92''</ref><ref name="Madras district gazetteers, page 201">''Madras district gazetteers, page 201''</ref> he was the contemporary and the patron of poet [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]].<ref name="The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1, page 295">''The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1, page 295''</ref> He ruled over the area encompassing present day [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]], [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]], and [[Salem district|Salem]] with the capital at Tagadur.<ref name="The culture and history of the Tamils, page 17">''The culture and history of the Tamils, page 17''</ref> They were one of the [[Last seven great patrons|kadai ezhu vallal]] (''last seven great patrons'') of the [[ancient Tamil country]].<ref name="Historical heritage of the Tamils, page 256">''Historical heritage of the Tamils, page 256''</ref>

==Patron of Avvaiyar==

When poet [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] visited the court of Athiyamān Nedumān Añci, he liked her so much that he deliberately delayed in giving her gifts to prolong her stay. The poet at first not realizing the game, got angry and condemned him and then later when she realized the true motive, became so fond him that she decided to stay and became his close friend. On another occasion, he gave her a rare [[gooseberry]](''nelli in'' Tamil) that was considered to improve one's life expectancy.<ref name="The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1, page 295"/>

==A warrior==

[[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] described her patron as a hardened warrior, [[Purananuru]], song 87:

{{Cquote|{{center|''Enemies! take care, when you enter the field of battle, Among us is a warrior, who is like a chariot wheel, made painstakingly by a carpenter, who tosses off eight chariots in a day!<ref name="Poems of Love and War, page 137">''Poems of Love and War, page 137''</ref>''}}}}

In 118 CE, another king [[Malaiyamān Thirumudi Kāri]] of the ''Kadai ezhu vallal'' waged war on [[Dharmapuri|Thagadoor]] against Athiyamān Nedumān Añci. It was an attempt fuelled by his longtime desire to become an emperor equivalent in power to the Cholas. After a fierce battle, Kāri lost Kovalur to Athiyamān and only regained it much later after Peruncheral Irumporai sacked Tagadur.<ref name="History of Tamilnad:to A.D. 1565, page 66">''History of Tamilnad:to A.D. 1565, page 66''</ref>

==Friendship with the Cholas==

Athiyamān Nedumān Añci lived in one of the most turbulent periods and was looking at an imminent invasion by the [[Chera Dynasty|Cheras]] and the [[Chola]]s. He sent [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] as an envoy to the court of [[Ilantiraiyan]] of [[Kanchi]] who was a viceroy of the [[Chola]] sovereign and later allied himself with the latter to deter the [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]] king.<ref name="Studies in Tamil Literature and History, page 66">''StudiesBut in Tamil Literature and History, page 66''</ref> [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] was given a grand welcome by Tondaimān who then went on to proudly show her his archery. Though impressed, [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] refused to give up her patron by subtly hinting that the king's weapons sparkled as they were probably never used whereas the arsenal of her patron were all worn out as they had seen numerous wars.<ref name="The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1, page 295"/><ref name="Studies in Tamil Literature and History, page 66"/>

==Valiant opponent of Peruñcēral Irumporai==

But this congregation of Nedumān Añci with the [[Chola]] and [[Pandya]] did not deter the [[Chera Dynasty|Chera]] emperor, Peruñcēral Irumporai who finally arrived and sacked Tagadur. In spite of his small army, Nedumān Añci, led from the front and valiantly went down fighting in the battle field. AricilKilār, the war bard of Peruñcēral Irumporai, paid due homage to the opponent of his patron as he eulogised his king in ''Tagadur-Yāttarai''.<ref name="Epigraphia Indica, Volume 36, Part 4, page 134">''Epigraphia Indica, Volume 36, Part 4, page 134''</ref>

Upon his death, a distressed [[Avvaiyar (Sangam poet)|Avvaiyar]] sang a number of elegies:

*an excerpt from [[Purananuru]], song 235:

{{Cquote|{{center|''If he had a little liquor, he would give it to us Where is he now? ..if he had even a little rice, he shared it in many plates Where is he now? ..He gave us all the flesh on the bones Where is he now? Wherever spear and arrows flew, he was there Where is he now? ..father, mainstay, king Where is he now?.<ref name="Poems of Love and War, page 170">''Poems of Love and War, page 170''</ref>''}}}}

*an excerpt from [[Purananuru]], song 231:

{{Cquote|{{center|''..The fame of our sun-like king his white umbrellas cool as the moon will not blacken will not die!<ref name="Poems of Love and War, page 167">''Poems of Love and War, page 167''</ref>''}}}}

==Inscriptions==

A good number of inscriptions in [[Tirukkoyilur taluk|Jambai]] in [[Tirukkoyilur]] taluk have been discovered which help us identify the Satyaputras of the [[Ashoka|Ashoka's]] edicts:
[[File:Jambai inscription on Adhiyamaan Nedumaan Anji.jpg|thumb|Tamil Inscription at Jambai, Tirukovilur, Tamil Nadu]]
{{Cquote|{{center|''Satyaputō Athiyan Nedumān Añji itta Pali<ref name="Kongu Nadu, a history up to A.D. 1400, page 152">''Kongu Nadu, a history up to A.D. 1400, page 152''</ref>''}}}}

{{Cquote|{{center|''The abode given by Athiyan Nedumān Añji, the Satyaputō<ref name="Saptar̥ṣīśvara temple in the lower Kaveri Delta, page 13">''Saptar̥ṣīśvara temple in the lower Kaveri Delta, page 13''</ref>''}}}}

These put to rest any speculation regarding the identity of Satyaputras as being non-[[Tamil people|Tamil]] and goes on to show the greatness of this line as they are mentioned on par with the other three [[Tamil people|Tamil]] kingdoms.<ref name="Saptar̥ṣīśvara temple in the lower Kaveri Delta, page 13"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Śrī puṣpāñjali: recent researches in prehistory, protohistory, art, architecture, numismatics, iconography, and epigraphy : Dr. C.R. Srinivasan commemoration volume
* The Encyclopaedia Of Indian Literature (Volume One (A To Devo), Volume 1 By Amaresh Datta
* The culture and history of the Tamils By Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta Sastri
* Tamil Literature By M. S. Purnalingam Pillai
* Madras district gazetteers, Volume 1, Part 2
* Historical heritage of the Tamils By Ca. Vē Cuppiramaṇiyan̲, Ka. Ta Tirunāvukkaracu, International Institute of Tamil Studies
* Poems of Love and War from the Eight Anthologies and the Ten Long Poems of Classical Tamil By A. K. Ramanujan
* Studies in Tamil Literature and History By Ramachandra Dikshitar
* Epigraphia Indica, Volume 36, Part 4 Volumes 13-14 of [Reports]: New imperial series, India Archaeological Survey By Devadatta Ramakrishna Bhandarkar
* Kongu Nadu, a history up to A.D. 1400, Makkal Veliyeedu, 2001
* Saptar̥ṣīśvara temple in the lower Kaveri Delta: a study of history, architecture, and sculpture By R. Ramasamy

{{Last seven great patrons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Athiyaman Neduman Anci}}
[[Category:Tamil monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Kadai ezhu vallal]]

Diksha

2025-12-30T07:58:43Z

Bharat: minor edit

{{Short description|Practice in Hinduism}}
{{Italic title}}
[[File:दीक्षा3 Deeksha.gif|thumb|350px|Initiation (dīkṣā) of a sacrficer (yajamāna) in a Vedic Soma-yajña]]

'''Diksha''' ([[Sanskrit]]: दीक्षा, [[IAST]]: dīkṣā) also spelled '''diksa''', '''deeksha''' or '''deeksa''' in common usage, translated as "preparation or consecration for a religious ceremony",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://students.washington.edu/prem/mw/d.html |title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary |publisher=[[University of Cologne]] |pages=d |access-date=2009-04-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110100238/http://students.washington.edu/prem/mw/d.html |archive-date=January 10, 2009 }}</ref> is giving of a mantra or an initiation by the guru (in [[Guru–shishya tradition]]) of [[Indian religions]] such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[Jainism]]. Diksha is given in a one-to-one ceremony, and typically includes undertaking a serious spiritual discipline.{{sfn|Coward|Goa|2004}}

''Dīkṣā'' can be of various types, through the teacher's sight, touch, or word, with the purpose of purifying the disciple or student. Initiation by touch is called ''sparśa dīkṣā''. The bestowing of divine grace through diksa is sometimes called [[shaktipat|''śaktipāta'']].{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=117}} Another type of ''dīkṣā'', into a [[monastic order]], involves a vow of [[celibacy]], the renunciation of personal possessions, and the abandonment of worldly duties, including family ties. ''Dīkṣā'' has the same meaning in Jainism. ''Dīkṣā'' is also called ''Charitra'' or ''Mahanibhiskraman'' in Jainism.

In Hinduism, [[initiation]] takes the form of one of several rituals, depending on the individual and the tradition involved.

[[Vishnu]] Yamala ([[tantra]]) says:
"The process that bestows ''divya jñānaṃ'' (transcendental, spiritual knowledge) and destroys [[sin]] (''pāpa''), the seed of sin and ignorance, is called ''dīkṣā'' by the spiritual persons who have seen the Truth (''desikais tattva-kovidaih'')."{{sfn|Pandey|2007}}

== Etymology ==
The word is derived from the Sanskrit root ''dā'' ("to give") plus ''kṣi'' ("to destroy") or alternately from the verb root ''dīkṣ'' ("to consecrate").{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=117}}{{sfn|Kanta|1954|p=10}}

== Shaivism ==
In [[Shaivism]], ''dikṣā'' (initiation) takes various forms. ''Cākṣuṣī dīkṣā'' involves the guru imparting energy through a spiritually charged gaze. ''Sparṣa dīkṣā'' is given by placing the right hand on the initiate's head, while ''Vācikī dīkṣā'' involves chanting the ''saṃhitāmantra'' aloud, preceded by withdrawal of the guru's senses in meditation. ''Mānasī dīkṣā'' is the mental equivalent of ''Vācikī dīkṣā''. ''Śāstrī dīkṣā'' occurs during the study of the scriptures. ''Yoga dīkṣā'' is bestowed when the disciple realizes ''Śiva-tattva'' through yoga. ''Hautrī dīkṣā'' is initiation through ''agnikārya'' (sacred fire ritual), which, when internal, is ''Jñānavatī dīkṣā'' and when external, ''Kriyāvatī dīkṣā''. ''Kriyāvatī dīkṣā'' is further divided: ''sabīja'' and ''nirbīja'', with ''nirbīja'' having subcategories of ''sadyo nirvāṇada'' and ''dehapātānte nirvāṇada'', and ''sabīja'' into ''loka dharminī'' and ''śiva dharmini'', with ''loka dharminī'' further divided into ''nirādhikāra'' and ''sādhikāra''.{{sfn|Deepa|2014|p=132-134}}

== Tantra ==
[[Tantra]] mentions five types of ''dīkṣā'': initiation by a ritual or ''samaya-diksa''; ''sparsa-diksa'' is an initiation by touch and is done without a ritual; ''vag-diksa'' is done by word or mantra; ''sambhavi-diksa'' is arising from perception of external appearance of the guru; ''mano-diksa'' refers to initiation performed in the mind.{{sfn|McDaniel|1989|p=106}}

The Bengali saint [[Anandamayi Ma]] often gave ''sparśa dīkṣā'' (divine touch) or ''dṛk dīkṣā''(through her look), through which she bestowed ''śaktipāta'' (divine grace).{{sfn|Hallstrom|1999|p=140-144}}

== Shakta ==
''Dīkṣā'' for [[Shakta]]s is described in various texts such as ''Śāradātilaka Tantra'' (chapters 3–5), ''Prapañcasāra Tantra'' (chapters 5–6), and ''Śrītattva-Cintāmaṇi'' (chapters 2–5).{{sfn|Kanta|1954|p=10}} These works describe four types of diksha rituals: ''Kriyāvatī'', ''Varṇamayī'', ''Kalāvatī'', and ''Vedhamayī''.{{sfn|Prajnananda|2006}}{{sfn|Kanta|1954|p=14}}

* ''Kriyāvatī dīkṣā'' involves the guru taking the ''caitanya'' of the disciple into himself and uniting with his own, purifying it, and then returning it to the disciple. The guru then offers the ''pūrṇāhuti'' and recites the ''mūlamantra''.{{sfn|Kanta|1954|p=17-18}}
* ''Varṇamayī dīkṣā'' involves the guru putting the letters (''varṇa'') into the body of the disciple and withdrawing them from the various parts of the body. The elements of the body dissolve and the disciple then attains a divine body. With the ''caitanya'' of the disciple having had become one with the [[Paramatma]], the guru transfers the ''varṇa'' back into the disciple completing the ''dīkṣā''. {{sfn|Kanta|1954|p=18-19}}
* ''Kalāvatī dīkṣā'' involves the guru uniting the 5 ''kalā'' (which are the powers of the ''bhūta''), namely ''nivṛtti'', ''pratiṣṭhā'', ''vidyā'', ''śānti'', and ''śāntyatīta'', with the appropriate parts of the disciples body.{{sfn|Kanta|1954|p=19}}
* ''Vedhamayī dīkṣā'' involves the piercing of the mystical lotuses present in different parts of the body. The guru meditates on the deities and transfers different letters of the alphabet to the deity at each stage, uniting that deity with that lotus. This is successively done until ''Śakti'' is penetrated into the ''Paramatma'' along with the self of the disciple, resulting in the disciple gaining knowledge and becoming [[Shiva]].{{sfn|Kanta|1954|p=19}}

=== Ramakrishna Mission ===
{{see also|Ramakrishna Mission}}
The [[Ramakrishna Mission]], originating from [[Ramakrishna]] and [[Swami Vivekananda]], gives its initiation through ''mantra-dīkṣā''.{{sfn|Bhuteshananda|2001}} The initiate is expected to be knowledgeable about the sect, its practices and its history. To accomplish that, the initiate is made to read 4 books (namely Sri Ramakrishna – Life and Teachings, Sri Sarada Devi – Life and Teachings, Swami Vivekananda – His Life and Legacy, and The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna) that encompass these aspects.{{sfn|Jnanadananda}} If the initiate is deemed worthy, then the leader of the mission gives ''mantra-dīkṣā'' using the ''Ramakrishna Mantra'', resulting in the initiate leading the life of a renunciant.{{sfn|Bhuteshananda|2001}}

== Vaishnav ==
=== Pushtimarga ===
{{Image frame|width=250|content=[[File:Varta of Damodardas Harsani painting (closeup).jpg|250px]]
|caption=[[Vallabha]] (left) giving [[Krishna|Kr̥ṣṇa]] (center) a sacred thread after having received the [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya#Brahmsambandha and Initiation|''Brahmasambandha mantra'']].|align=right}}
{{Main|Pushtimarga Sampradaya#Brahmsambandha and Initiation}}

The [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya]] initiates its devotees through a two-step process. The first part, known as ''śaraṇa mantropadeśa'', is administered in infancy or at a later age if requested. A descendant guru of [[Vallabhacharya]] has the initiate repeat the ''aṣṭākṣara mantra'' 3 times, and is given a [[Kanthi mala|''kaṇṭhī'']]. The second part, known as ''Brahma-sambandha'', takes place before marriage or once the initiate is considered mature enough to grasp its significance. The guru administers the ''brahma-sambandha mantra'', completing the initiation.{{sfn|Bennett|1983|p=130-131}}

=== Gaudiya ===
{{see also|International Society for Krishna Consciousness#Four Regulative Principles}}
For members of [[ISKCON]] (part of the [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition]]) the first ''dīkṣā'', or ''harināma-dīkṣā'' initiation, is performed as part of a fire sacrifice where grains, fruit, and ghee are offered into the sacred fire.{{sfn|Gallagher|Ashcraft|2006|p=23}}

=== Swaminarayana ===
{{see also|Swaminarayan Sampradaya}}
''Dīkṣā'' takes place in the [[Swaminarayan Sampradaya]] in three ways: (1) ''brahmachari'', (2) ''sadhu/bhagvati'', and (3) ''parshadi''. This diksha is administered by the ''acarya'' for the [[Lakshmi Narayan Dev Gadi|Vadtal]] and [[Nar Narayan Dev Gadi|Ahmedabad dioceses]] and the guru for the other sects. The initiate bathes, has the hair cut, and comes before the guru. As part of a vedic ritual, the initiate receives the ''guru mantra'', which translates to "I take refuge in [[Swaminarayana]]". The initiate is then given the sacred thread, new clothes, a ''pagh'', a bowl for eating, along with a new name.{{sfn|Williams|1984|p=97}}{{sfn|Vivekjivandas|2010|p=207-208}}

== Jainism ==
{{Image frame|width=250|content=[[File:The Initiation Ceremony of Mahavira, Folio from the Kalpa Sutra and Kalacharyakatha.jpg|250px]]
|caption=The Initiation Ceremony of [[Mahavira]], Folio from the [[Kalpa Sūtra|Kalpa Sutra]] and Kalacharyakatha.|link=Hello world|align=right}}
{{Main|Jain monasticism}}
{{see also|Śvetāmbara|Sthānakavāsī|Śvetāmbara Terapanth|Digambara|Digambara Terapanth}}

To join the [[Jain monasticism|Jain ascetic community]], novices initially undergo a period of training where they memorize key texts and learn the principles of ascetic life. During the initiation ceremony, the presiding senior ascetic bestows a new name and symbolic implements: ''[[Śvetāmbara]]s'' receive robes, an alms bowl, a whisk, a staff, and sometimes a mouth-shield (in the case of ''[[Sthānakavāsī|Sthānakvāsī]]'' and ''[[Śvetāmbara Terapanth|Terāpanthī]]'' initiates), while ''[[Digambara]]s'', who adopt nudity, are given only a whisk and a water pot. Traditionally, novices pulled out their hair as a sign of renunciation, though shaving the head is now customary. After initiation, ascetics join a lineage tracing back to [[Mahavira|Mahāvīra]] (for ''Digambaras'') or his disciple [[Sudharmaswami|Sudharman]] (for ''Śvetāmbaras'') and are guided by senior ascetics who oversee their conduct and scriptural learning.{{sfn|Dundas|2002|p=155-157}}{{sfn|Jaini|1998|p=243-245}}

== Other living examples ==
Other living traditions and sects approach ''dīkṣā'' in various ways.
* [[Transcendental Meditation]] (TM) began initiation under the guidance of [[Maharishi Mahesh Yogi]] in the late 1950s. New members were initiated through a "devotional ritual (puja) whose focus was [[Brahmananda Saraswati]] and the [[Shankaracharya|Shankara]]charya lineage. Initiates were given a specially suited ''mantra'', and taught how to practice meditation."{{sfn|Humes|Forsthoefel|2005}}
* [[Nandinatha Sampradaya|The Saiva Siddhanta Yoga Order]] (of [[Hinduism Today|Hinduism Today's Himalayan Academy]]) invites spiritually inclined young men under 24 (or under 23 outside the USA) to pursue a monastic path. The initiation process begins with a written introduction to the [[Bodhinatha Veylanswami|Satguru]], followed by a guided aspirancy and supplicancy period involving celibacy, spiritual study, and temple service, progressing to renewable two-year vows and ultimately, lifetime monastic vows under the guidance of the Satguru.<ref>{{cite web |title=Become a Monk At Kauai's Hindu Monastery |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/become-a-monk/ |website=Kauai's Hindu Monastery |publisher=Himalayan Academy |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Refbegin | 30em | indent=yes}}
* {{cite thesis | last=Bennett | first=Peter John | date=1983 | title=Temple Organisation and Worship Among the Puṣṭimārgīya Vaiṣṇavas of Ujjain | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28618/1/10672778.pdf | degree=PhD | chapter= | publisher=University of London | docket= | oclc= | access-date= | page=130-131}}
* {{cite magazine | last = Bhuteshananda | first = Swami | date = 2001 | title = Spiritual Initiation Requires Preparation | url = https://www.hinduismtoday.com/magazine/september-october-2001/2001-09-spiritual-initiation-requires-preparation/ | magazine = Hinduism Today | location = Hawaii | publisher = Himalayan Academy Publications | access-date = 20 December 2024}}
* {{cite book | last1=Coward | first1=Harold G. | author-link1=Harold Coward | last2=Goa | first2=David J. | title=Mantra: hearing the divine in India and America | publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] | year=2004 | isbn=978-0-231-12960-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3s1-8SFrrDMC&pg=PA56}}
* {{cite thesis | last=Deepa | first=D. | date=2014 | title=Temple Management in the Āgamas | url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/200379 | degree=PhD | chapter= | publisher=University of Madras | docket= | oclc= | access-date= | page=132-134| hdl=10603/200379 }}
* {{cite book | last1=Dundas | first1=Paul | title=The Jains | date=2002 | publisher=Psychology Press | isbn=978-0-415-26605-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdjNkZoGFCgC | language=en}}
* {{cite book | last1=Gallagher | first1=Eugene V. | last2=Ashcraft | first2=W. Michael | title=Introduction to new and alternative religions in America | date=2006 | publisher=Greenwood Press | location=Westport, Conn | isbn=0-275-98713-2 | page=23}}
* {{cite book | last=Grimes | first=John A. | title=A concise dictionary of Indian philosophy | publisher=SUNY Press | year=1996 | isbn=978-0-7914-3067-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC&pg=PA117}}
* {{cite book | last=Hallstrom | first=Lisa Lassell | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9WnAXqkzkAC&pg=PA140 | title=Mother of Bliss: Ānandamayī Mā (1896-1982) | publisher=Oxford University Press US | year=1999 | isbn=978-0-19-511647-2 | pages=140–144}}
* {{cite book | last1=Humes | first1=Cynthia | last2=Forsthoefel | first2=Thomas | title=Gurus in America | date=2005 | publisher=State Univ. of New York | location=New York | isbn=9780791465745 | chapter=Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Beyond the TM Technique}}
* {{cite book | last1=Jaini | first1=Padmanabh S. | title=The Jaina Path of Purification | date=1998 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | isbn=978-81-208-1578-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wE6v6ahxHi8C | language=en}}
* {{cite web | url = https://rkmath.org/mantra-diksha/ | last = Jnanadananda | first = Swami | title = Spiritual Initiation or Mantra-Diksha | website = Ramakrishna Math Hyderabad | access-date = 20 December 2024}}
* {{cite journal | last1=Kanta | first1=Surya | title=Tāntric Dīkṣā | journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute | date=1954 | volume=35 | issue=1/4 | pages=10–19 | jstor=41784913 | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784913 | issn=0378-1143}}
* {{cite book | last=McDaniel | first=June | title=The madness of the saints: ecstatic religion in Bengal | date=1989 | publisher=Univ. of Chicago Press | location=Chicago | isbn=0-226-55723-5}}
* {{cite book | last=Pandey | first=Vraj Kumar | title=Encyclopaedia of Indian philosophy | publisher=Anmol Publications | year=2007 | isbn=978-81-261-3112-9}}
* {{cite book | last=Prajnananda | first=Paramahamsa | title=Jnana Sankalini Tantra | date=2006 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House | isbn=978-81-208-3145-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bq-LDHAYbzAC&pg=PA51 | language=en}}
* {{cite book | last = Vivekjivandas | first = Sadhu | title = Hinduism: an Introduction | date = 2010 | publisher = Swaminarayan Aksharpith | location = Ahmedabad | edition = 1 | isbn = 978-81-7526-434-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/hinduismintroduc00unse}}
* {{cite book | last = Williams | first = Raymond B. | title = The New Face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan Religion | date = 1984 | publisher = Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge | location = Cambridge | edition = 1 | isbn = 0-52127473-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/williams-raymond-b.-1984.-the-new-face-of-hinduism-the-swaminarayan-religion}}
{{Refend}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=10em}}
* [[Abhisheka]]
* [[Brahmin]]
* [[Dvija]]
* [[Initiation]]
* [[Rite of passage]]
* [[Parampara]]
* [[Prana Pratishtha]]
* [[Ordination]]
* [[Shakti]]
* [[Shaktipata]]
* [[Tantra]]
{{div col end}}

{{Jainism topics}}

[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Buddhist rituals]]
[[Category:Rites of passage]]

1950 IFA Shield final

2025-12-23T21:17:53Z

Bharat:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1950 IFA Shield final
| image = 16 September 1950 - East Bengal 3-0 Services - IFA Shield Final - PBA Saleh receiving Shield trophy from West Bengal Governor Dr. Kailashnath Katju.jpg
| caption = PBA Saleh receiving the IFA Shield trophy from West Bengal Governor Dr. Kailashnath Katju
| event = [[IFA Shield|1950 IFA Shield]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 3
| team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
| team2score = 0
| details =
| date = 16 September 1950
| stadium = [[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal–Mohun Bagan Ground]]
| city = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee = Alok Ray
| attendance =
| weather =
| previous = [[1949 IFA Shield final|1949]]
| next = [[1951 IFA Shield final|1951]]
}}

The '''1950 IFA Shield final''' was the 58th final of the [[IFA Shield]], the second oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Services football team|Services]] on 16 September 1950 at the [[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal–Mohun Bagan Ground]] in Kolkata.

East Bengal won the final 3–0 to claim their 4th IFA Shield title. [[K. P. Dhanraj]] scored twice and [[P. B. A. Saleh]] scored the third as East Bengal lifted their fourth IFA Shield title.<ref name=rsssf>{{cite web|first=Arunava|last=Chaudhuri|date=10 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html|title=India - List of IFA Shield Finals|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
!Round
!colspan="2"| [[Services football team|Services]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|Round
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Howrah Union]]
|colspan="1"|4–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|First Round
|style="text-align:left"|[[Eastern Railway FC|Eastern India Railway]]
|colspan="1"|2–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Munger Town
|colspan="1"|4–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Second Round
|style="text-align:left"|''bye''
|colspan="1"|–
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta F.C.]]
|colspan="1"|3–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Third Round
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|colspan="1"|3–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bhawanipore FC|Bhawanipore]]
|colspan="1"|1–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Quarter–Final
|style="text-align:left"|Kalighat
|colspan="1"|0–0; 4–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|Sporting Union
|colspan="1"|2–1
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohun Bagan]]
|colspan="1"|2–1
|-
|}

==Match==
===Summary===
[[File:East Bengal FC 1949 IFA Shield.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the Pancha Pandavas with the IFA Shield |East Bengal team with the 1950 [[IFA Shield]] trophy.|250x250px|left]]
The IFA Shield final began at the [[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal–Mohun Bagan Ground]] in Kolkata on 16 September 1950 in front of a packed crowd as Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] faced [[Services football team|Services]]. East Bengal, the defending champions, reached their seventh final, having won thrice in 1943, 1945 and 1949, after defeating Sporting Union 2–1 in the semi-final. Services made their first appearance in the final after they defeated Kolkata giants [[Mohun Bagan]] 2–1 in the semi-final.<ref name=rsssf/> This was the first time that the IFA Shield final was being held at the [[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal–Mohun Bagan Ground]].

East Bengal started as the favorites in front of their home crowd as the defending champions and with a star-studded forward line consisting of the famous [[Pancha Pandavas]], East Bengal dominated the game from the beginning and scored the first goal in the eighth minute of the match after [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]] and Apparao interchanged between themselves and put a forward pass for [[K. P. Dhanraj]] who scored through a powerful grounded shot to make it 1–0. East Bengal doubled their lead just five minutes before the half time after [[P. B. A. Saleh]] scored with a grounder, after he was set through on goal by [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]]. East Bengal scored their third goal just ten minutes before the end of the play after Apparao again played Dhanraj through on goal, who got his second of the match as East Bengal won their fourth IFA Shield title and thus became the first-ever club to win the coveted ''Double'' – League and Shield champions for the third time (previously: 1945 and 1949), surpassing the record held by [[Gordon Highlanders]] (1908 and 1909), [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta FC]] (1922 and 1923) and [[Mohammedan S.C. (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]] (1936 and 1941); who had won the double twice.<ref name=final>{{cite news |date=17 September 1950 |title= ফুটবল খেলার ইতিহাসে ইষ্টবেঙ্গল ক্লাবের গৌরবময় অধ্যায় রচনা |trans-title=East Bengal creates history in Indian football |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref name=final1>{{cite news |date=17 September 1950 |title= তৃতীয়বার যুগপৎ লীগ ও শিল্ড বিজয় |trans-title=Third League and Shield Double |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Debayan|last=Sen|date=1 August 2020|url=https://www.espn.in/football/east-bengal/story/4139529/a-century-of-excellence-east-bengals-greatest-hits|title=A century of excellence: East Bengal's greatest hits|work=ESPN|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=16 September 1950
|time=16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|report=
|team2=[[Services football team|Services]]
|score= 3–0
|goals1=* [[K. P. Dhanraj|Dhanraj]] {{goal|8||40}}
* [[P. B. A. Saleh|Saleh]] {{goal|20}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal–Mohun Bagan Ground]], [[Kolkata]]
|attendance=20,000 (est.)
|referee=Alok Ray}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = ffffff
| body = ffffff
| rightarm = ffffff
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Services
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Manilal Ghatak
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} N. Guha
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Rakhal Mazumdar
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dhirendranath Chanda
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Biren Ray
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} G. R. Gokul
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Pansanttom Venkatesh]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} M. Apparao
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[K. P. Dhanraj]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ahmed Khan (footballer)|Ahmed Khan]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[P. B. A. Saleh]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Khem Bahadur
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} John
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Ranbir Singh
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Lal Bahadur (Jr.)
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chandan Singh Rawat|Chandan Singh]]
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[D. N. Devine Jones|Cpt. Jones]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dil Bahadur (Sr.)
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Lal Bahadur (Sr.)
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Tikaram
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Simon
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Puran Bahadur Thapa|Puran Bahadur]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*50 minutes.
*Joint winners if both finals ends in a draw
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india-ifahist.html IFA Shield Finals]

{{IFA Shield}}
{{East Bengal Club}}

[[Category:IFA Shield finals]]
[[Category:1950–51 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in Kolkata]]
[[Category:September 1950 sports events in Asia|IFA Shield Final]]

Chudasama (surname)

2025-12-20T05:27:28Z

Bharat:

'''Chudasama''' is an Indian surname of Hindu origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pearce |first=Karen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aYBvpmgCBbIC&dq=Chudasama+last+name&pg=PA81 |title=Multicultural Matters: Names and Naming Systems |date=2002 |publisher=Building Bridges |isbn=978-0-9543632-0-8 |pages=81 |language=en}}</ref> It is found caste groups of the [[Gujarat]] state in India, including the [[Rajput]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tambs-Lyche |first1=Harald |title=The Good Country: Individual, Situation, and Society in Saurashtra |date=2004 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-417-5 |page=131 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82luAAAAMAAJ&q=Chudasama |language=en}}</ref> [[Mer (community)|Mer]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=K. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bfAMAQAAMAAJ&dq=Chudasama+surname+of&pg=PA1580 |title=Communities, Segments, Synonyms, Surnames and Titles |date=1996 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-0-19-563357-3 |pages=1580 |language=en}}</ref> [[Mochi (Hindu)|Mochi]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Shibani Roy |author2=S. H. M. Rizvi |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Surnames |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgAdAAAAYAAJ |year=2002 |publisher=B.R. |isbn=978-81-7646-247-1 |page=92 }}</ref> and [[Bhangi|Bhangi (Chuhra)]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah |first=Popatlal Govindlal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFHRAAAAMAAJ&q=Chudasama+surname+of+Bhangi |title=Ethnic History of Gujarat |date=1968 |publisher=Gujarat Research Society |pages=112 |language=en |quote=Their surnames Chohan, and Chudasama, Jethvs, Solanki, Kumhar, etc. suggest mixture of castes.}}</ref>{{Cn|date=December 2025}}

== People with surname ==
Some individuals with Chudasama surname include:
* [[Bhupendrasinh Chudasama]], Indian [[politician]]
* [[Nehal Chudasama]], Indian model
* [[Manul Chudasama]], Indian actress
* [[Dipak Chudasama]], Cricketer
* [[Rajesh Chudasama]], Indian politician
* [[Nana Chudasama]], Mayor of Mumbai
* [[Vimal Chudasama]], Indian politician
* [[Abhay Chudasama]], Indian police officer
* [[Krishna Chudasama]], Norwegian politician
* [[Shaina Nana Chudasama]], Indian fashion designer, politician, and social worker.
* [[Yuvraj Chudasama]], Indian Cricketer
* [[Chandrika Chudasama]], Indian politician

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Surnames|Chudasama}}
{{India-stub}}
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language surnames]]

List of Tulu films of 2024

2025-12-07T08:23:21Z

Bharat: Creating Some Entry W/ Infobox

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The list of [[Tulu language|Tulu]] films that are scheduled to be released in 2024.

== Releases ==

=== January – June ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:9%;" | Opening
! Name
! Director
! Cast
! Ref
|- January!
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdabf;" |'''{{Vertical text|JANUARY}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffdacc;" |'''12'''
|''Mr. Madimaye''
|Naveen Poojary
|Saikrishna Kudla, Shwetha Suvarna, Ravikanth Poojary
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mr-madimaye/ET00379943|title=Mr. Madimaye (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|- February!
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ede4fe;" |'''{{Vertical text|FEBRUARY}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ede3ef;" |'''23'''
|''Mr. Bori''
|Ravi Kumar Boloor
|Dheekshith Shetty, Pavitra Kotian, Pushpa Raj, Pinky Rani, Ravi Kunja, Ranjan Bolar, Pratheek Attavar, Anusha Shetty, Naveen Chandra
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/mr-bori/ET00388359|title=Mr. Bori (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavithra Kotian's Coastalwood debut 'Mr Bori' hits screens |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1175590 |access-date=2024-06-24 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#f64a8a;" | '''{{Vertical text|MAY}}'''
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''3'''
|''Gabbar Singh''|| Pradeep B|| Sharan Shetty, Wencita Dias, [[Aravind Bolar]], [[Naveen D. Padil|Naveen D Padil]], [[Bhojaraj Vamanjoor]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Much-awaited Tulu movie 'Gabbar Singh' releases in Mangaluru, Udupi |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1188470 |access-date=2024-05-14 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/one-and-only-gabbar-singh/ET00395053|title=Watch One And Only Gabbar Singh Movie Online | Buy Rent One And Only Gabbar Singh On BMS Stream}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#ffb5da;"|'''24'''
|''Balipe''
|Prasad Poojary Arva
|Harshith Bangera, Ankita Patla, [[Aravind Bolar]], Aishwarya Acharya, Pavitha Hegde
Pran shetty
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/balipe/ET00398798|title=Balipe (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref>
|- June!
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#50c878; textcolor:#000;" | '''{{Vertical text|JUNE}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''14'''
|''Tthudarr''
|Elton Mascarenhas
|Siddharth Shetty, Deeksha Bhise, [[Aravind Bolar]], Roopa Vorkady
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/tthudarr/ET00400599|title=Tthudarr (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/grand-premiere-of-tulu-movie-tthudarr-in-qatar-leaves-audience-in-awe|title=Grand premiere of Tulu movie "Tthudarr" in Qatar leaves audience in awe | Udayavani – ಉದಯವಾಣಿ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangaluru: Tulu movie 'Tthudarr' completes 16 days of shooting |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1083199 |access-date=2024-09-09 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== July – December ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="2" style="width:10%;" | Opening
! Name
! Director
! Cast
! Ref
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:plum; textcolor:#000;" |'''{{Vertical text|JULY}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f1daf1;" |'''5'''
|''Dharma Daiva''
|Nithin Rai Kukkuvalli
|Ramesh Rai, Chetan Rai, Greshal Kaliyanda, Deeksha Rai, Roopa Vorkady, Deepak Panaje
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/dharma-daiva/ET00398838|title=Dharma Daiva (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulu movie 'Dharma Daiva' set for July 5 release, makers interact with media |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1204219 |access-date=2024-07-02 |website=www.daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#ff91af; textcolor:#000;" | '''{{Vertical text|AUGUST}}'''
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#f4c2c2;" |'''23'''
|''Anarkali''
|Harshith Someshwara
|Vijay Shobaraj, Madhura R J, Vathsalya Salian, Naveen D Padil, Aravind Bolar, Deepak Rai Panaje, Ravi Ramakunja
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/anarkali/ET00408568|title=Anarkali (2024) - Movie | Reviews, Cast & Release Date - BookMyShow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulu movie 'Anarkali' to be released on Aug 23 |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1207736 |access-date=2024-08-23 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref>
|- December!
| rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:#50c878; textcolor:#000;" | '''{{Vertical text|DECEMBER}}'''
|rowspan="1" style="text-align:center;background:#a8e4bc;" |'''13'''
|''Daskath''
|Aneesh Poojary
|Naveen Bondel, Deekshith Andinje, Bhavya Poojary, Mohan Shenvi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daskath Tulu film |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/daskath/ET00423384}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-14 |title=Tulu movie 'Daskath' hits theaters with grand launch |url=https://newskarnataka.com/entertainment/tulu-movie-daskath-hits-theaters-with-grand-launch/14122024/ |access-date=2024-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[Tulu cinema]]
* [[List of Tulu films of 2023]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list|state=collapsed}}
{{2024 films|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Lists of 2024 films by language|Tulu]]
[[Category:Lists of Tulu films by year]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cinema|Tulu]]

List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka Part II

2025-11-17T18:40:51Z

Bharat: Creating First Post W/ Infobox

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
This is a list of [[State Protected Monuments of India|State Protected Monuments]], as officially reported by and available through the website of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in the [[India]]n state [[Karnataka]].<ref name="ASI MNI">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp List of State Protected Monuments as reported by the Archaeological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523134605/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp |date=23 May 2013 }}.</ref> The monument identifier is a combination of the abbreviation of the subdivision of the list (state, ASI circle) and the numbering as published on the website of the ASI. 747 State Protected Monuments have been recognized by the ASI in Karnataka. Subsequently location details for the monuments has been made available by the Department of Archeology Museums and Heritage of Government of Karnataka as a report which lists 844 Monuments.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of |first1=Karnataka |title=Monument list Final |url=https://archaeology.karnataka.gov.in/storage/pdf-files/monument%20list%20final%20english.pdf |website=Department of Archeology Museums and Heritage |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref> and a digital map.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of |first1=Karnataka |title=Karnataka Digital Heritage |url=https://damh-kdh.github.io/KDH-GIS/ |website=Department of Archeology Museums and Heritage |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=17 September 2025}}</ref>

The list for State Protected Monuments in Karnataka is long, so it has been split into two parts. Monuments No. S-KA-1 to S-KA-352 are in [[List of State Protected Monuments in Karnataka]] and Monuments S-KA-353 to S-KA-747 are in this part.

Besides the State Protected Monuments, also the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka|Monuments of National Importance in this state]] might be relevant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_karnataka.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Karnataka – Archaeological Survey of India|website=asi.nic.in|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref>
{{GeoGroup}}

== List of state protected monuments ==
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-KA}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-353
| description = Kirtinarayana temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Kirtinarayana temple.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-354
| description = Govindeshwara and Nageshwara temples
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-355
| description = Prasanna Channakeshava Temple and Image
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-356
| description = Vishnu temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-357
| description = Parsvanatha Basadi
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-358
| description = Chennakeshava Swami
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = View of Chennakeshava temple at Hullekere.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-359
| description = Yoganarasimha temple (Markali)
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-360
| description = Yoganarasimha Temple (Mudigere)
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-361
| description = Trikunteshwara temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-362
| description = Veerabhadra Temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-363
| description = Inscriptions
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-364
| description = Chatteshwara temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-365
| description = Keshava temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-366
| description = Someshwara temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Someshvara temple at Haranahalli.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-367
| description = Narasimha temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Lakshminarasimha temple at Haranhalli.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-368
| description = Chennakeshava temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Belooru halebidu 058.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-369
| description = Mahalingeshwara temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-370
| description = Narasimha temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Profile of Lakshminarasimha temple at Javagal.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-371
| description = Keshava temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-372
| description = Shanthinatha Basadi
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Rear view of Shantinatha basadi at Jinanathapura.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-373
| description = Lakshminarayana temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image
|image=Lakshminarayana temple, Javagal.jpg
}}
|
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-374
| description = Singeshwara temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-375
| description = Rameshwara temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-376
| description = Lakshmaneshwara temple
| location = [[Hassan, Karnataka|Hassan]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-377
| description = Temples of Basappa and Somanatha with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-378
| description = Temples of Kalleshwara, Mahadeva with inscription and 2 other inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-379
| description = Old temple of Sri Jakkanacharya
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-380
| description = Kalleshwara temple with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-381
| description = Fort
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-382
| description = Kallappa temple with Inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-383
| description = Three Inscriptions in old Kannada
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-384
| description = Several temples and old inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-385
| description = Temple of Kalleshwara with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-386
| description = Temple of Vishaparihareshwara and Basava with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-387
| description = Temple of Mailaradeva Mallikarjuna and 11 inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-388
| description = Temple of Ramalinga with inscription; Virgal
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-389
| description = Temple of Dharvaraya with inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-390
| description = Inscribed slab
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-391
| description = Three inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-392
| description = Black stone temple of Gokuleshwara with carved walls and 5 inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-393
| description = Kalmeshwara temple with 4 inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-394
| description = Inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-395
| description = Sangameshwara temple with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-396
| description = Rameshwara temple with inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-397
| description = Hanuman temple, inscribed slab
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-398
| description = Four inscriptions outside Amritalinga temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-399
| description = Temple of Banashankari, Hanumanta, Someshwara with inscription; Virgals
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-400
| description = Temples of Chickeshwara; cave; two inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-401
| description = Temple of Hanuman, Basavanna, Yellamma; inscription; copper plates
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-402
| description = Temples of Banashankari, Basavanna and Bhogeshwara, inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-403
| description = Temples of Gargeshwara, Hanumantha with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-404
| description = Large carved ceiling panel showing the 8 regents of the points of compass
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-405
| description = Basaveshwara Temple with 2 inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-406
| description = Temple of Mailara; Shrines to goddess Mallasanna and Mallaridevi
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
|image=Murals in Lepakshi temple.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-407
| description = Inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-408
| description = Chandrashekhara temple with 2 inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-409
| description = Ranganatha temple with inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-410
| description = Temples of Someshwara, Kaleshwara and Udehamma; inscriptions, copper plate
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-411
| description = Harihara temple with numerous inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-412
| description = Inscribed tablet
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-413
| description = Hanuman temple with worn inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-414
| description = Virgal dated 1206; Eshwara temple with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-415
| description = Temple of Siddeshwara Halevur Basavanna, Kalappa
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-416
| description = Kalappa temple with inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-417
| description = Old temple with 3 inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-418
| description = Basappa temple with Virgal bearing inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-419
| description = Temple of Vishveshwara and Hanuman with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-420
| description = Old temple of Ganapathi and inscribed slab
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-421
| description = Temples of Durga, Totada Veerabhadra. Varah Kaleshwara, Vishaparihareshwara; 11 inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-422
| description = Inscriptions in the field of Badgunds
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-423
| description = Sangama Basaveshwara temple with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-424
| description = Kalappa temple with inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-425
| description = Some temples with many inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-426
| description = Mallappa temple with 2 inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-427
| description = Two temples of Rameshwara with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-428
| description = Eshwara temple with inscription, 3 inscriptions in village
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-429
| description = Broken inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-430
| description = Hanuman temple with two inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-431
| description = Kalleshwara temple with inscription; Sati stone
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-432
| description = Temple of Maruti Kantesha with inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-433
| description = Temples of Bhimeshwara and Ganappa with Viragal and inscription respectively
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-434
| description = Temple inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-435
| description = Temples of Adikeshava, Kalahasteshwara, Lakshminarasimha, Sangameshwara, Someshwara, Veerabhadra; inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-436
| description = Tomb of Muslim saint with inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-437
| description = Lingayat temple of Basaveshwara, Temples of Lakshmi, Saraswati, Someshwara
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-438
| description = Inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-439
| description = Kanvi Siddeshwara temple with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-440
| description = Kannappa temple with 2 inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-441
| description = Old temples of Parameshwara and Bhogesh; 3 inscriptions in villages
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-442
| description = Stone temple, Jakkanacharya style
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-443
| description = Narayana temple with inscriptions; inscribed stone with Brahmadeva image
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-444
| description = Hanuman temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-445
| description = Hanuman temple with old Kannada inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-446
| description = Temples of Bayala Basappa and Siddarameshwara with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-447
| description = Basavanna temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-448
| description = Sangameshwara temple with inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-449
| description = Basappa temple with inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-450
| description = Inscriptions; Virgal
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-451
| description = Large artificial tank
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-452
| description = Inscribed pillar called Guruda gamba
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-453
| description = Kalleshwara temple with inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-454
| description = Stone temple of Jakkanacharya style
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-455
| description = Inscription dated 1165
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-456
| description = Three inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-457
| description = Vishwanatha Temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-458
| description = Ramadeva temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-459
| description = Temples of Billeshwara and Basappa with hero-stone and inscriptions respectively
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-460
| description = Unique megalithic structure of rough unhewn stones
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-461
| description = Brahma temple with Virgal and inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-462
| description = Inscription in Kalleshwara temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-463
| description = Three inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-464
| description = Shiva temple with virgal and inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-465
| description = Inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-466
| description = Inscription dated 1120
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-467
| description = Naryanadeva temple; 5 inscribed stones
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-468
| description = Kaleshwara temple, 15 carved stones
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-469
| description = Two inscriptions dated 1109 and 1110
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-470
| description = Inscriptions near Ramalinga temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-471
| description = Siddeshwara temple, Tomb of Muslim saint
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-472
| description = Eshwara temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-473
| description = Inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-474
| description = Eshwara temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-475
| description = Inscription in Kaleshwara temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-476
| description = Temples of Ramlingadeva, Basavadeva, Shantideva
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-477
| description = Temples of Kalmeshwara and Basappa 10 Inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-478
| description = Eshwaradeva temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-479
| description = Temples of Kalleshwara and Eshwara with Virgal and inscription respectively
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-480
| description = Inscribed stone; Sati Stone
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-481
| description = Four inscription slabs
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-482
| description = Santeshwara temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-483
| description = Kalleshwara Temple with old Kannada Inscription slab
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-484
| description = Inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-485
| description = Inscribed stone.
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-486
| description = Eshwara temple with inscription
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-487
| description = Kalleshvara temple with Virgal and Inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-488
| description = Rameshwara temple with carvings; Jaina temple inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-489
| description = Inscriptions and viragals
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-490
| description = Dyamavva temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-491
| description = Kallaoppa temple with Inscriptions
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-492
| description = Ramalinga temple
| location = [[Haveri]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-493
| description = Raja's Tombs
| location = [[Kodagu]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Tomb of Lingarajendra, Gaddige.jpg
|commonscat=Raja's Tomb, Madikeri
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-494
| description = Nalakanadu Palace
| location = [[Kodagu]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Nalaknad (6).jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-495
| description = Bara Iman Makhan
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-496
| description = Sripathishwara temple
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-497
| description = Markandeshwara temple
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-498
| description = Eshwara temple
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Profile of Someshwara temple at Kurudumale.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-499
| description = Ranganatha Temple
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-500
| description = Swayambhuveshwara Temple
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-501
| description = Vijayendra temple
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Vijayendra temple in Betamangala, Kolar district.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-502
| description = Venkataramanaswami temple
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-503
| description = Bhimeshwara and Nakuleshwara temples
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-504
| description = Someshwara Temple and Inscriptions
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Rear view of shrine, sikhara, mantapa and gopura of Someshwara temple at Kolar.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-505
| description = Vinayaka temple
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-506
| description = Vittalanarayana Temple
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-507
| description = Someshwara temple, Sripadaraya's Brindavana
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Someshvara Temple at Mulbagal.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-508
| description = Hydar Ali Dargah
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = From the West..JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-509
| description = Hussain Shah Dargah
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-510
| description = Garudashayana Big Garudashayana Small Agnistomas, Huge rock Thope well, Brindavan, Adjacent to Thope well, Brindavan, Adjacent to Thope well Garabhavi. Mantapa towards western side of Garabhavi Anjaneyaswamy temple
| location = [[Kolar, Karnataka|Kolar]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-511
| description = Venkateshwara Govindaraja temple
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-512
| description = Mahadeva temple
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-513
| description = Someshwara Gurudeshwara temple
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-514
| description = Chandralinga temple
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-515
| description = Fort
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Koppal Fort.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-516
| description = Mahadeva(Rameshwara) temple
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-517
| description = Someshwara Temple (Pura)
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-518
| description = Someshwara Temple (Puratgeri)
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-519
| description = Somanath Temple
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-520
| description = Mosque
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-521
| description = Avenues
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-522
| description = Pre-historic site
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-523
| description = Bahadurbanda Fort
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-524
| description = Koppal Fort
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Panoramic view of koppal fort 1.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-525
| description = Hindu Temple and Inscriptions
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-526
| description = Pre-historic site
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-527
| description = Hindu Temple
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-528
| description = Fort
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-529
| description = Artefacts
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-530
| description = Pre-historic site (Agoli)
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-531
| description = Pre-historic site (Siddapura)
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-532
| description = An old Hindu temple
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-533
| description = Balaji's Temple
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-534
| description = Remains of Hindu temple and inscriptions
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-535
| description = Hindu Temple with Inscriptions
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-536
| description = Old Mosque
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-537
| description = Kanaka Chalani Temple and remains of other Hindu temples
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-538
| description = An old Hindu Temple (Sindur)
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-539
| description = An old Hindu Temple (Venkatagiri)
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-540
| description = Eshwara Temple
| location = [[Koppal]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-541
| description = Ananthapadmanabha Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-542
| description = Kashi Vishveshwara Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-543
| description = Brahmeshwara Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Brahmeshvara Temple (1171 AD) at Kikkeri, Mandya district.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-544
| description = Mahalingeshwara Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Mahalingeshwara temple at Sante Bachalli.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-545
| description = Malleshwara Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-546
| description = Basaveshwara Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-547
| description = Tippu's Inscriptions
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Tippu Sultans Death Place, Mandya.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-548
| description = Webb's Monument
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-549
| description = Place where Ramanujacharya held a controversy with the Jaina Gurus
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-550
| description = The Kalyani and Bhuvaneshwari Mantapa and the ancillary shrines
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-551
| description = Narasimhaswamy Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
|image=Sri YogaNarasimha Temple , Melkote.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-552
| description = Narayanaswamy Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
|image=Cheluva Narayana Swamy Devasthana.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-553
| description = Madhavaraya Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-554
| description = MoolesingeshwaraTemple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-555
| description = Krishnamurti's Bungalow
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-556
| description = Rayagopura
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Rayagopura 1.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-557
| description = Venugopalaswamy Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Venugopalaswamy temple (Side).jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-558
| description = Mummadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar Birth Place
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
|image=Mumudi Krishnaraja Wodiyar Birth Place , Srrirangapatna.JPG
|commonscat=Mumudi Krishnaraja Wodiyar Birth Place
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-559
| description = Srirangapatna Fort, Smarakagalu, 17 SI. No. Maddinamane, Mirsaddiq Palace, Thugu Bridge, Thuppada Kola, Koteya Suthalu Eruva Kandakagalu −2 Ranagambha
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Decorated during dasara festival 3.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-560
| description = Kodandaramaswamy Temple
| location = [[Mandya]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-561
| description = Shwetavarahaswamy Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Shveta Varahaswami Temple in the Mysore Palace grounds, rear view.JPG
|commonscat=Varahaswamy Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-562
| description = Lakshmiramana Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Lakshmi Ramanaswami Temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-563
| description = Trinayaneshwaraswamy Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Trinayaneshwara Swamy temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-564
| description = Prasanna Krishnaswamy Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Shrines in the Prasanna Krishna Swamy temple in the Mysore Palace grounds.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-565
| description = Kodi Someshwara and Kodi Bhairaveshwara Temples
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-566
| description = Chamundeshwari Temple and Mahabaleshwara Temple on hill
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Chamundesvari Temple and Mahabalesvara Temple on hill2.JPG
|commonscat=Chamundeswari Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-567
| description = Colossal Bull
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Bull statue on Chamundesvari Hill in Mysore.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-568
| description = Mahalingeshwara Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-569
| description = Talakadu Temples
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = A Temple in Talakadu.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-570
| description = Rameshwara Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-571
| description = Varadaraja Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-572
| description = Lakshmikanta Temple and adjoining Temples, Mantapas and Sandalwood door of Sati Shrine
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-573
| description = Someshwara Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-574
| description = Narayana Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-575
| description = Lakshmikanta Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Lakshmikaantha Swami Temple.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-576
| description = Nageshwara Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-577
| description = Ramanujacharya Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-578
| description = Adinatha Basadi
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-579
| description = Arkeshwaraswamy Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
|image=Arakeshwara temple at Hale Yadatore in Mysore district.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-580
| description = The Temples and the Gomateshwara figure at Gomateshwara Hill
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Statue of Bahubali at Gommatagiri, Mysore.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-581
| description = Keshava Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Chennakeshava temple at Somanathapura, a top view.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-582
| description = Agastheshwara Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-583
| description = Hanumantheswara Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-584
| description = Amrutheshwara Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-585
| description = Wellington Lodge
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Wellington Lodge, Mysore (01).jpg
|commonscat=Wellington Lodge
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-586
| description = Gunjanarasimhaswamy Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = View from the rear in the Gunjanarasimhaswamy temple at Tirumakudal Narasipura.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-587
| description = Yoganarasimhaswamy Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-588
| description = Mulastaneshwara Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-589
| description = Talakadu Maralu Dibbagalu
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = A temple buried in the sand, Talakadu.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-590
| description = Chennakeshava Temple
| location = [[Mysore]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
|image=Tourists walking into the Chennakeshava temple at Belur.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-591
| description = Fort
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Fort 2012-09-14 10-49-39.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-592
| description = Jain Sculptures and inscriptions
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-593
| description = [[Ek Minar Mosque, Raichur|Ek Minar Masjid]]
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Ek Minar Masjid, Raichur.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-594
| description = Gateways of the Town: Maccal Darwaza, Naurangi Darwaza, Kati Darawaza etc.
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-595
| description = Pre-historic site
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-596
| description = Venkateshwara Temple with Devanagari inscription
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-597
| description = Fort
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-598
| description = Iron slag and artifacts
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Iron Cannon On Hill Top Raichur.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-599
| description = Cairns
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-600
| description = Ash-mound
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-601
| description = Fort
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-602
| description = Neolithic implements
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-603
| description = Natural Cavern, artifacts, Iron slag and pieces of ancient pottery
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-604
| description = Avenues
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-605
| description = Stone Axes, Hammers, Flakes, Cores and Pottery.
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-606
| description = Hindu Temple
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-607
| description = Pygmy Flakes and Stone Celts
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-608
| description = Ash- Mounds, Gold Crushers, Chert and Agate Flakes
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-609
| description = Neolithic implements (Machnur)
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-610
| description = Neolithic Implements (Bellamarayanagudda)
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-611
| description = Artifacts
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-612
| description = Ash – mound and Chert flakes
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-613
| description = Remains of old smelting factories
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-614
| description = Ash-mound and Artifacts
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-615
| description = Hindu-Temple
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Sai Baba Temple.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-616
| description = Venkateshwara Temple
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-617
| description = Mosque
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-618
| description = Jain Temple and Inscription
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-619
| description = Fort
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-620
| description = Neolithic implements
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-621
| description = Hindu Temples with Inscriptions
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-622
| description = Iron slag, Artifacts and old Crushers
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-623
| description = Neolithic Implements (Gorebal)
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-624
| description = Neolithic Implements (Anandagal)
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
|image=ANANDAGAL.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-625
| description = Pre-historic Site (Manvi)
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-626
| description = Pre-historic Site (Haranahalli)
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-627
| description = Artifacts
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-628
| description = Iron slag, ancient pottery and Artifacts
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-629
| description = Natural Cavern and Artifacts
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-630
| description = Hindu Temple
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-631
| description = Ruined Temples and Inscriptions
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-632
| description = An Old Mosque with an Inscription in Persian
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-633
| description = Fort
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-634
| description = An old Mosque: [[Jami Masjid, Raichur]]
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = An old Mosque- Jami Masjid 2012-09-20 10-44-41.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-635
| description = An old Hindu Temple and Inscriptions
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-636
| description = Fort
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-637
| description = Hindu Temple
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-638
| description = Fort
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-639
| description = Artifacts
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-640
| description = Bangara Basappa's Temple
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-641
| description = Vishveshwara Temple
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-642
| description = Hindu Temple
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-643
| description = Eshwara Temple, Ganjigudi mutt
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-644
| description = Venkateshwara Temple
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-645
| description = Chudi Gate Temple, Hanuman Temple, Temple near Jami Masjid
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-646
| description = Mel Shankara's Temple
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-647
| description = Neolithic Implements
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-648
| description = Flackes, Cores, etc.
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-649
| description = Neolithic Implements
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-650
| description = Artifacts
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-651
| description = Pre-historic Site
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-652
| description = Lakshmi Narayana Temple with the Inscriptions in it
| location = [[Raichur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-653
| description = Lakshminarasimha Temple
| location = [[Shimoga]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-654
| description = Basadigalu
| location = [[Shimoga]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-655
| description = Jain Basadigalu
| location = [[Shimoga]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-656
| description = Temples and Inscriptions
| location = [[Shimoga]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Kedaresvara Temple Balligavi.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-657
| description = Umapathi Temple
| location = [[Shimoga]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-658
| description = Shivappa Nayaka Palace
| location = [[Shimoga]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Shivappa Nayaka Palace and garden.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-659
| description = Kote Anjaneyaswamy Temple
| location = [[Shimoga]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Front view of Kote Seetharamanjaneya Temple, Shimoga.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-660
| description = Bheemeshwara Swamy Temple
| location = [[Shimoga]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Bheemeshwara Temple, Kote road, Shimoga.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-661
| description = Rameshwara Temple
| location = [[Shimoga]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Temple profile - Rameshwara Temple Kudli.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-662
| description = Varadarajaswamy Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-663
| description = Chennigaraya Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-664
| description = Gangadhareshwara Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Gangadeshvara Temple at Turvekere.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-665
| description = Veerabhadra and Chokkanathswamy Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-666
| description = Viragals
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-667
| description = Lakshminarasimha Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Lakshmi Narasimha temple at Vignasante.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-668
| description = Ranganatha Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-669
| description = Malleshwara Temple (Huliyaru)
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-670
| description = Malleshwara Temple (Madhugiri)
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-671
| description = Venkataramana Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-672
| description = Malleshwara Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-673
| description = Venkataramana Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-674
| description = Kalleshwara Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-675
| description = Balalingeshwara Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
|image=View from inside the temple compound.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-676
| description = Narasimha Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-677
| description = Yoga- Mahadeva Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Profile of Yoga Madhava temple at Settikere.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-678
| description = Nandi in front of the Gangadhareshwara Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Nandi (bull) in Gangadeshvara Temple at Turvekere.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-679
| description = Chennigaraya Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-680
| description = Shankareshwara Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Moole Shankara temple at Turuvekere.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-681
| description = Chennakeshava Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Chennakeshava temple at Turuvekere,Tumkur district.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-682
| description = Kalleshwara Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Kalleshvara Temple at Aralaguppe (10th century AD).JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-683
| description = Narasimha Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Gopura of Narasimhaswamy temple at Seebi.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-684
| description = Padmeshwara Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-685
| description = Byatarayaswamy Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
|image=The main gopura of Beteraya Swami Temple.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-686
| description = Jumma Masjid (Megalapete)
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-687
| description = Malik Rahan Darga
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-688
| description = Kumara Ramaswamy Temple
| location = [[Tumkur]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-689
| description = Suralu Palace
| location = [[Udupi]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-690
| description = Bana Teertha
| location = [[Udupi]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-691
| description = Gadha Teertha
| location = [[Udupi]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-692
| description = Parasu Teertha, [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha|Sri Krishna Temple]] with [[kanakana kindi]].
| location = [[Udupi]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Parasu teertha, Sri Krishna Temple in Udupi.JPG
|commonscat=Udupi Krishna temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-693
| description = Dhanusha Teertha
| location = [[Udupi]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-694
| description = Hanumantha Gopura
| location = [[Udupi]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-695
| description = Pajaka Matha
| location = [[Udupi]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-696
| description = Birthplace of Sri Madhavacharya, Sri Anathapadmanabhaswamy Temple
| location = [[Udupi]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-697
| description = Nagabana
| location = [[Udupi]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-698
| description = Durga Temple
| location = [[Udupi]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-699
| description = Idols
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-700
| description = Temples of Rameshwara, Mahadeva and Ganapati
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-701
| description = Inscribed Stones
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-702
| description = Kaithabheshwara Temple with Inscriptions
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-703
| description = Fort Rudreshwara Temple
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-704
| description = Fortress
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-705
| description = Ship-shaped shrine of Kantradevi
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-706
| description = Lakshmidevi Temple
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-707
| description = Carved Stones
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-708
| description = Jain Temple of Parsvanatha with inscribed stone
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-709
| description = Sadashivagad, Savargad
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-710
| description = Mahadeva temple with 4 inscribed tablets
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-711
| description = Temples of Ganga, Kameshwara
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-712
| description = Temple of Mahabaleshwara several shrines and ponds
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-713
| description = Sacrificial Altars
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-714
| description = Temples
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Asia Tallest Shiva idol in Murudeshwara.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-715
| description = Ramatirtha and temple of Ramalinga, Basavarajadurga
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-716
| description = Rameshwara Temple
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-717
| description = Loose stone sculptures near Jaina Temple
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-718
| description = Old European graves
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-719
| description = Forty ponds, Temple of Kallamma
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-720
| description = Inscriptions
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-721
| description = Narasimha Temple
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-722
| description = Old and Small Temple
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-723
| description = Venkataramana Devasthana Muttinakere Shankaranarayana Devasthana
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-724
| description = Temple of Marikamba
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-725
| description = Fort: 2 Inscriptions, figure of Tiger
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-726
| description = Inscribed stones (Sadashivagad)
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-727
| description = Inscribed stones (Samvargad)
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-728
| description = Temple of Naganath
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-729
| description = Temple of Promontory called Kandugiri. 30 virgals and inscriptions
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-730
| description = Fort (Sadashivagad)
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-731
| description = Fort (Samvargad)
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-732
| description = Basaveshwara Idol at Shirve Hill
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-733
| description = Haider Ghat
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-734
| description = Fort
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-735
| description = Inscriptions
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-736
| description = Old forts, two stone walls
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-737
| description = Mahanti math, Gaddige math, Venkataramana Devasthana Hundehom for kings of Sedhar
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-738
| description = Inscribed stones
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-739
| description = Ramalinga Veerbhadradeva Temple with two inscriptions
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-740
| description = One big stone called Rama Khan
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-741
| description = Ramalinga Temple
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-742
| description = Banaveshwara temple
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-743
| description = Inscribed stones
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-744
| description = Shrines of Mahadeva and Parvati, Cave with Bronze female figure
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-745
| description = Durga Temple
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-746
| description = Dharesvar: Dharanath Temple
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KA-747
| description = Musukina Bhavi
| location = [[Uttara Kannada]]
| address =
| district =
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Solah Kambh Mosque.jpg
}}
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Karnataka]]
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|State Protected Monuments in Karnataka}}
{{Monuments of NI in India}}

[[Category:Lists of State Protected Monuments in India|Karnataka]]
[[Category:Lists of tourist attractions in Karnataka|State Protected Monuments]]
[[Category:State Protected Monuments in Karnataka| *List]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Karnataka|State Protected Monuments]]

Yagya Narayan Singh

2025-11-13T21:41:17Z

Bharat: Stub

{{short description|Maharaja of Kishangarh (1926 - 1939)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Yagya Narayan Singh
| title = Umdai Rajhai Buland Makan
| image =
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| reign = 16 November 1926 – {{awrap|3 February 1939}}
| coronation = 24 November 1926
| predecessor = [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]]
| successor = [[Sumer Singh (ruler)|Sumer Singh]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1896|01|26|df=y}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1939|02|03|1896|01|26|df=yes}}
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Bhanwar Kumari|1915}}|{{marriage|Pratap Kumari|1931}}}}
| issue = {{ubl|Yatendra Singh|Kalyan Kanwar|Govardhan Kanwar}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Kishangarh.svg}} [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]
| father = {{ubl|Dixit Jawan Singh (biological)|[[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]] (adoptive)}}
| mother = Shekhawatji (biological)
| module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes
| education = [[Mayo College]]
}}
}}
'''Yagya Narayan Singh''' was the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]] from 1926 until his death in 1939.
==Early life, family, and education==
He was born on 26 January 1896 to Dixit Jawan Singh and his wife Shekhawatji, the daughter of Anand Singh, [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Mandawa]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36587 |title=The Ruling Princes Chiefs And Leading Personages In Rajputana And Ajmer |date=1924 |pages=44–47}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127533 |title=Rajputana And Ajmer List Of Ruling Princes, Chiefs And Leading Personages |date=1931 |pages=120–121 |edition=six }}</ref> His father had performed a [[somayajna]], and he was born nine months after the final oblation of that yajna.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sumahendra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPPqAAAAMAAJ |title=Splendid Style of Kishangarh Painting |date=1995 |publisher=Jaipur Printers, Publication Division |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> Upon the death of his father in September 1903, he succeeded him as Maharaj of Karkeri.<ref name=":0" /> He was educated at [[Mayo College]], [[Ajmer]], where he passed the Diploma Examination, standing second in order of merit.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35887 |title=Report On The Administration Of The Kishangarh State |date=1938 |pages=1}}</ref> During his time there, he also served as the troop leader of the Mounted Squadron.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wingate |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35145 |title=Report On The Mayo College Ajmer, Rajputana For 1916-17 |date=1918 |pages=10}}</ref> He accompanied his first cousin, [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]], to attend the [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WxBAQAAMAAJ |title=Coronation Durbar, Delhi 1911: Official Directory, with Maps |date=1911 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=219 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1915, he married Bhanwar Kumari, a daughter of the [[Raja]] of Madhusudangarh.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=KISHANGARH |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kishangarh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515223816/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/k/kishangarh.html |archive-date=2017-05-15 |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> In 1933, he married Pratap Kumari, a daughter of the [[Raja]] of Madhusudangarh and the niece of his first wife.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> He had three sons, including Yatendra Singh by his first wife, but all of them died in childhood.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He also had two daughters, named Kalyan Kanwar and Govardhan Kanwar.<ref name=":2" />

He was a [[Rajput]] of the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] clan.<ref name=":1" />

== Reign ==
As [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]] had no male issue to succeed him, he adopted Yagya Narayan Singh and declared him [[Heir apparent|heir-apparent]] to the [[throne]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mathur |first=Vijay Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfjqAAAAMAAJ |title=Marvels of Kishangarh Paintings: From the Collection of the National Museum, New Delhi |date=2000 |publisher=Bharatiya Kala Prakashan |isbn=978-81-86050-43-9 |pages=17 |language=en}}</ref> However, when [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]] died on 25 September 1926, Yagya Narayan Singh's succession was postponed due to the possibility of a posthumous heir being born to [[Madan Singh (ruler)|Madan Singh]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.6493 |title=A collection of treaties engagements and sanads relating to India and neighbouring countries |date=1932 |publisher=Government of India Central Publication Branch, Calcutta |pages=63–64}}</ref> On medical advice, the [[Governor-General of India]] approved his succession on 16 November 1926.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.34582 |title=Memoranda On The Indian States 1930 |date=1933 |pages=148}}</ref> Nonetheless, it was not until 24 November 1926 that the Resident at [[Jaipur]], in a special durbar held at [[Kishangarh]], formally announced his succession.<ref name=":6" />

== Personal interests ==
He was a [[Hindu]] of the [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Vallabhkul]] sect of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name=":0" /> He was a skilled polo player, poet, and singer.<ref name=":2" />

== Death ==
He died on 3 February 1939.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=McClenaghan |first=Tony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC |title=Indian Princely Medals: A Record of the Orders, Decorations, and Medals of the Indian Princely States |date=1996 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> According to his wishes, he was cremated at the site where his father had performed the [[somayajna]].<ref name=":2" /> No meal was served on the twelfth day following his death, as he had also requested.<ref name=":2" /> He left no male issue to succeed him but instructed that [[Sumer Singh (ruler)|Sumer Singh]] of Zorawarpura be adopted and succeed him.<ref name=":4" /> Accordingly, [[Sumer Singh (ruler)|Sumer]] was adopted and succeeded him as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]].<ref name=":4" />

== Titles and styles ==
His full style was: "[[His Highness]] Umdai Rajahai Buland Makan [[Maharaja]] [[Shri]] Yagya Narayan Singh, [[Maharaja]] of [[Kishangarh State|Kishangarh]]."<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K_YvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely States in colonial India |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=255 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
[[Category: 1896 births]]
[[Category: 1939 deaths]]
[[Category: People from British India]]
[[Category:Maharajas in Rajputana]]
[[Category: Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category: Indian Hindus]]
[[Category: Rathore (clan)]]
[[Category:Mayo College alumni]]
[[Category:Kishangarh]]

Mahākāśyapa

2025-10-12T14:25:35Z

Bharat: Creating New Entry And Citations

{{short description|Principal disciple of Gautama Buddha and leader at the First Council}}
{{redirect|Mahakassapa|other uses|Kassapa (disambiguation){{!}}Kassapa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|honorific-prefix = [[Thero|The elder]]
|name = Mahākāśyapa
|image = File:China, Hebei province, Southern Xiangtangshan caves, Northern Qi dynasty - Standing Disciple Mahakasyapa Holding a Cylindrical Reliquary - 1972.166 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif
|alt =
|caption = Mahākāśyapa holding a reliquary, sixth century CE, [[Hebei province]], China
|birth_name = Pippali
|birth_date = {{circa|603 BC}} or 520 BC
|birth_place = Mahātittha, [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] (present-day [[Bihar]], India)
|death_date = {{circa|460 BC}} or 380 BC
|death_place = In [[Gurpa hill|Kukkuṭapāda]] Mountain, [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. According to many hagiographic accounts, undecomposed body still there
|nationality = Magadha
|religion = Buddhism
|school = all, but most honored in [[Theravada|Theravāda]] and [[Chan Buddhism]]
|known_for = Leader of the [[First Buddhist Council]]; foremost in [[dhutanga|ascetic practices]] ({{langx|pi|dhutavādānaṃ|italic=yes}})
|other_names = ''Dhutaraja''{{sfn |Tournier |2014 |p=27}}
|teacher = [[Gautama Buddha]]
|education=
|successor = [[Ānanda]]
|students = Śroṇa-Koṭikarṇa; Bhadra-Kapilānī
|parents = Father Nyagrodha, Kapila or Kosigotta; mother Sumanādevī
}}

'''Mahākāśyapa''' ({{langx|pi|Mahākassapa}}) was one of [[The ten principal disciples|the principal disciples]] of [[Gautama Buddha]].{{sfn |Tambiah |1984 |p=22}} He is regarded in Buddhism as an [[arhat|enlightened disciple]], being [[Śrāvaka#Foremost disciples|foremost]] in [[dhutanga|ascetic practice]]. Mahākāśyapa assumed leadership of the [[Sangha|monastic community]] following the ''[[Parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]]'' (death) of the Buddha, presiding over the [[First Buddhist council|First Buddhist Council]]. He was considered to be the first [[Zen lineage charts#The Indian Lineage From Shakyamuni to Bodhidharma|patriarch]] in a number of [[Early Buddhist schools]] and continued to have an important role as patriarch in the [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]]/[[Zen]] tradition. In Buddhist texts, he assumed many identities, that of a renunciant saint, a lawgiver, an anti-establishment figure, but also a "guarantor of future justice" in the time of [[Maitreya]], the future Buddha{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=117}}{{em dash}}he has been described as "both the anchorite and the friend of mankind, even of the outcast".{{sfn |Rhys Davids |1914 |p=160}}

In canonical Buddhist texts in several traditions, Mahākāśyapa was born as '''Pippali''' in a village and entered an arranged marriage with a woman named [[Bhadda Kapilani|Bhadra-Kapilānī]]. Both of them aspired to lead a celibate life, however, and they decided not to consummate their marriage. Having grown weary of the agricultural profession and the damage it did, they both left the lay life behind to become mendicants. Pippali later met the Buddha, under whom he was [[upasampada|ordained as a monk]], named ''Kāśyapa'', but later called ''Mahākāśyapa'' to distinguish him from other disciples. Mahākāśyapa became an important disciple of the Buddha, to the extent that the Buddha exchanged his [[Kasaya (clothing)|robe]] with him, which was a symbol of the transmittance of the [[Buddha's Dispensation|Buddhist teaching]]. He became foremost in [[dhutanga|ascetic practices]] and attained [[enlightenment in Buddhism|enlightenment]] shortly after. He often had disputes with [[Ānanda]], the attendant of the Buddha, due to their different dispositions and views. Despite his ascetic, strict and stern reputation, he paid an interest in community matters and teaching, and was known for his compassion for the poor, which sometimes caused him to be depicted as an anti-establishment figure. He had a prominent role in the cremation of the Buddha, acting as a sort of eldest son of the Buddha, as well as being the leader in the subsequent First Council. He is depicted as hesitatingly allowing Ānanda to participate in the council, and chastising him afterwards for a number of offenses the latter was regarded to have committed.

Mahākāśyapa's life as described in the early Buddhist texts has been considerably studied by scholars, who have been skeptical about his role in the cremation, his role toward Ānanda and the historicity of the council itself. A number of scholars have hypothesized that the accounts have later been embellished to emphasize the values of the Buddhist establishment Mahākāśyapa stood for, emphasizing [[vinaya|monastic discipline]] and ascetic values, as opposed to the values of Ānanda and other disciples. Regardless, it is clear that Mahākāśyapa had an important role in the early days of the Buddhist community after the Buddha's ''[[Parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]]'', to help establish a stable monastic tradition. He effectively became the leader for the first twenty years after the Buddha, as he had become the most influential figure in the monastic community. For this reason, he was regarded by many early Buddhist schools as a sort of first patriarch, and was seen to have started a [[lineage (Buddhism)|lineage]] of patriarchs of Buddhism.

In many post-canonical texts, Mahākāśyapa decided at the end of his life to enter a state of [[Nirodha-samāpatti|meditation and suspended animation]], which was believed to cause his physical remains to stay intact in a cave under a mountain called [[Gurpa hill |Kukkuṭapāda]],{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Kukkuṭapāda, p.450}} until the coming of Maitreya Buddha. This story has led to several [[cult (religious practice)|cults]] and practices, and affected some Buddhist countries up until early modern times. It has been interpreted by scholars as a narrative to physically connect Gautama Buddha and Maitreya Buddha, through the body of Mahākāśyapa and Gautama Buddha's robe, which covered Mahākāśyapa's remains. In Chan Buddhism, this account was less emphasized, but Mahākāśyapa was seen to have received a special mind-to-mind transmission from Gautama Buddha outside of orthodox scripture, which became essential to the identity of Chan. Again, the robe was an important symbol in this transmission. Apart from having a role in texts and lineage, Mahākāśyapa has often been depicted in Buddhist art as a symbol of reassurance and hope for the future of Buddhism.

== In early Buddhist texts ==
In the [[Early Buddhist Texts]] of several textual traditions, a dozen [[sutra|discourses]] attributed to Mahākāśyapa have been compiled in a distinct section within several collections of texts. In the [[Pali Canon|Pāli tradition]], this is part of the collection called the ''[[Saṃyutta Nikāya]]'', and in [[Chinese Buddhist canon|Chinese Buddhist texts]], the collection is called the ''[[Āgama (Buddhism)#Saṃyukta Āgama|Saṃyukta Āgama]]''. The latter collection contains two versions of the section on Mahākāśyapa, numbered [[Taisho Tripitaka|Taishō]] 2:99 and 2:100.{{sfn |Mun-keat |2017 |p=295}} The Chinese ''[[Ekottara Agama|Ekottara Āgama]]'' also contains a passage that runs parallel to the Pāli ''Saṃyutta'', T2:99 and T2:100, describing a meeting between the Buddha and Mahākāśyapa,{{sfn |Analayo |2015 |pp=12–21}} and another passage about him and the monk Bakkula.{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |p=1}} Finally, there are also [[Vinaya]] texts from the [[Mūlasarvāstivāda]] tradition about Mahākāśyapa in the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon|Tibetan language]].{{sfn |Clarke |2014 |p=110}}

=== Early life ===
[[File:Pipphali.jpg|thumb|Pippala Cave in [[Rajgir]], where Mahākāśyapa is recorded to have stayed{{sfn |Bapat |1956 |p=319}}]]
Pāli accounts relate that Mahākāśyapa was born Pippali in a ''brahmana'' family in a village called Mahātittha, in the kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], present-day [[Bihar]], India.<ref name=Princeton>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Lopez |first=Donald |date=2014 |title=Mahākāśyapa |url= https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-2507|encyclopedia= Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism|location= |publisher= Princeton University Press |access-date=}}</ref>{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=435}} His father was a wealthy landlord who in some sources is named Nyagrodha, and in other sources Kapila or Kosigotta; his mother was Sumanādevī.{{refn |For the father's occupation, see {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Bhadra-Kapilānī}}. For Nyagrodha, see {{harvtxt |Clarke |2014 |p=110}}. For the other names, see {{harvtxt |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=435}}.}} His body had some of the [[Physical characteristics of the Buddha#The 32 Signs of a Great Man|thirty-two characteristics of a Great Man]] ({{langx|sa|Mahāpuruṣalakṣaṇa|italic=yes}}; {{langx|pi|Mahāpurissalakkhaṇa|italic=yes}}), which in Buddhism are seen as the characteristics of a future Buddha.{{refn |{{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Bhadra-Kapilānī; Mahāpuruṣalakṣaṇa}} state he had seven characteristics, referring to Pāli sources; {{harvtxt |Kim |2011 |pp=135–136}} refers to sources that state he had thirty.}} From his youth onward, he was inclined toward living a spiritual life rather than marrying, but his father wanted him to wed. To send his father on a wild goose chase, he agreed to marry but then produced a perfect golden statue of a woman, and asked his father to find him a woman that matched the statue. Four copies of the image were taken throughout the country to find the right woman. A ''brahmin'' from Kapila{{refn |group=note |Pāli sources have [[Sagala|Sāgala]] instead, which is in present-day Pakistan. The ''brahmin'' is called Kosigotta in the Pāli sources, though in some of these sources this name is used for Pippali's father.{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=435}}}} had a daughter called [[Bhadda Kapilani|Bhadra-Kapilānī]] ({{langx|pi|Bhaddā-kapilānī}}), who had no interest in a family life either. However, her parents wanted her to marry, and to please her mother, she agreed to pay her respects to a shrine of a goddess known for granting a marriage in a high-class family. When she approached the image, however, people noticed that the image appeared ugly compared to her. Her reputation of beauty spread, and soon after Pippali's family learned about her, she was offered in marriage to Pippali.{{sfn |Clarke |2014 |pp=110–111}}

Next, in the Pāli version of the story, the two exchanged letters to indicate their lack of interest, only to find their letters intercepted by their parents and being forced to marry anyway.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}} In the Mūlasarvāstivāda version of the story, however, Pippali went to visit Bhadra, and without revealing his identity, told her that her future husband would be a bad choice for her, because he had no interest in sensual pleasures. She replied she also did not care for such matters, whereupon he revealed that he was her future husband.{{sfn |Clarke |2014 |p=111}} Both versions relate that the two agreed to marry and to live celibately, to the chagrin of Pippali's parents.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}}{{sfn |Clarke |2014 |p=111}}

Pippali is depicted in the Pāli version as very wealthy, using much perfume and possessing much land and chariots.{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=435}} Later, in the Pāli version, Pippali and Bhadra saw animals eating each other on the fertile fields as they were plowed by their workers. The sight brought pity and fear to them, and they determined to live mendicant lives instead, and leave the agricultural business behind.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}} In the Mūlasarvāstivāda version, it was the pitiful sight of the workers instead which brought Pippali to leave his lay life.{{sfn |Clarke |2014 |p=112}} The two went their separate ways, as not to grow any attachment to each other, and to prevent gossip and disrepute.{{refn |For the attachment, see {{harvtxt |Clarke |2014 |p=112}}. For the gossip, see {{harvtxt |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=436}}.}}

=== Meeting the Buddha ===
Shortly after that,{{refn |group=note |Later texts such as the ''[[Mahavastu|Mahāvastu]]'' state this was a year after he left his household life.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=106}}}} Pippali met the Buddha, was struck with devotion when [[Darśana|seeing him]], and asked to be ordained under him. Thenceforth, he was called ''Kāśyapa''.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Bhadra-Kapilānī}}. {{harvtxt |Ray |1994 |p=115}} connects this event with ''darśana''. }}{{refn |group=note |Malalasekera hypothesized that ''Kāśyapa'' probably was his ''[[gotra]]'' name.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1937 |loc=volume 2, [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/maha/maha_kassapa_th.htm Mahākassapa]}}}} As he ordained him, the Buddha gave three directives to practice: Kāśyapa should develop a [[Repentance#Buddhism|"lively sense of fear and regard"]] towards his fellow monastics, regardless of their status; Kāśyapa should attentively listen and practice the [[dharma (Buddhism)|teachings of the Buddha]] ({{langx|sa|Dharma}}; {{langx|pi|Dhamma}}); and he should live in [[mindfulness (Buddhism)|mindfulness]].{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=436}}

[[File:가섭존자상 조선-迦葉尊者像朝鮮-Kashyapa MET DP105204.jpg|A young Mahākāśyapa, wood, eighteenth century, Korea|thumb |alt=Monk in Chinese-style robes, bowing in respect with hands clasped and smiling]]
When the two met, (or in some versions, some time later) Mahākāśyapa exchanged his fine and expensive [[Kasaya (clothing)#Saṃghāti|robe]] with that of the Buddha, a [[Buddhist funeral#Pansukula|robe made of rags]]. The exchange came to be seen as a gesture of great respect the Buddha had made.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |pp=182–183 note 25, 185}} It was unprecedented, and a sign that Mahākāśyapa would preside over the First Council after the Buddha's demise.{{refn |For the sign, see {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}}. For the exchange being unprecedented, see {{harvtxt |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=436}}.}} Texts from different traditions suggest that only a person with the great [[merit (Buddhism)|merit]] as Mahākāśyapa would be able to wear the robe. The only reason the robe was highly valuable was that it had been worn by the Buddha. In itself it was not valuable, because it came from the lowest source, that is, a female slave's corpse discarded in a [[charnel ground]]. This also echoed an earlier exchange that took place after the Buddha's [[Great Renunciation]], when he swapped his lay robes with a hunter in the forest. Finally, the fact that it was a rag-robe contributed to the ascetic identity of the figure of Mahākaśyapa.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |pp=187, 189–190, 195}}

Throughout cultures, "inalienable possessions", often textiles, were symbols of authority and continuity in a family.{{sfn |Adamek |2011 |p=24}} Gautama Buddha giving his robe to Mahākāśyapa in the latter's early monastic years demonstrated a deep sense of respect for this disciple. Mahākāśyapa was seen to safeguard this robe to pass on to the future Buddha. Thus, the robe came to represent a passing on of the [[Dharma transmission|transmission of Buddhist teachings]], and Mahākāśyapa became a symbol of the continuity of the [[Buddha's Dispensation|Buddha's dispensation]].{{refn |See {{harvtxt|Sanvido |2017 |p=343}}. For the symbol of continuity, see {{harvtxt |Adamek |2011 |loc=Bodhidharma's Robe}} and {{harvtxt |Analayo |2015 |p=21}}.}} In this context, the rag-robe was also associated in several Asian cultures with gestation, birth, rebirth, impermanence and death.{{sfn |Strong |2007 |pp=220–221}}{{sfn |Faure |1995 |pp=361–362}}

=== Monastic life ===
The Buddha exhorted Mahākāśyapa that he should practice himself [[Bahujana sukhaya bahujana hitaya cha#In Buddhism|"for the welfare and happiness of the multitude"]] and impressed upon him that he should take upon himself [[dhutanga|ascetic practices]] ({{langx|sa|dhūtaguṇa|italic=yes}}, {{langx|pi|dhutaṅga|italic=yes}}).{{sfn |Kim |2011 |p=137}} Accordingly, Mahākāśyapa took upon him the thirteen ascetic practices (including living in the wilderness, living only from [[alms#Buddhism|alms]] and wearing rag-robes){{sfn |Silk |2003 |p=179}} and became an enlightened disciple (''[[arahat]]'') in nine days.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=106}} He was then called 'Kāśyapa the Great' ({{langx|sa|Mahākāśyapa}}), because of his good qualities, and to distinguish him from other monks with the same name.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Clarke |2014 |p=112}} and {{harvtxt |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=435}}. Only Karaluvinna explains the reason.}}{{refn |group=note |Buddhist studies scholar [[Jonathan Silk]] raises the question whether this epithet may have only become current later, and was not yet used by the Buddha himself.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |pp=175–176 note 5}}}}

Mahākāśyapa was one of the most revered of the Buddha's disciples, the renunciant par excellence.{{sfn |Clarke |2014 |p=107}}{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=438}} He was praised by the Buddha as foremost in ascetic practices ({{langx|pi|dhutavādānaṃ|italic=yes}}) and a foremost forest dweller.{{refn |For the Pāli term, see {{harvtxt |Malalasekera |1937 |loc=vol. 2, [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/maha/maha_kassapa_th.htm Mahākassapa]}}. For being a forest dweller, see {{harvtxt |Kim |2011 |p=131}}.}} He excelled in [[Ṛddhi|supernatural accomplishments]] ({{langx|pi|iddhi|italic=yes}}; {{langx|sa|ṛddhi|italic=yes}}) and was equal to the Buddha in [[jhana|meditative absorption]] ({{langx|pi|jhāna|italic=yes}}; {{langx |sa|dhyāna |italic=yes}}).{{refn |{{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}} says he was second to the Buddha in this, whereas {{harvtxt |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=438}} and {{harvtxt |Ray |1994 |p=113}} state he was equal to the Buddha.}} He is depicted as a monk with great capacity to tolerate discomfort and contentment with the bare necessities of life.{{sfn |Wilson |2003 |pp=59–60}} In one discourse found in the Pāli and Chinese collections, the Buddha advised Mahākāśyapa that having grown old, he should give up ascetic practices and live close to the Buddha. Mahākāśyapa declined, however. When the Buddha asked him to explain, Mahākāśyapa said he found the practices of benefit to himself. He also argued he could be an example for incoming generations of practitioners. The Buddha agreed with him, and affirmed the benefits of ascetic practices,{{sfn |Mun-keat |2017 |p=300}}{{sfn |Analayo |2015 |p=14}} which he had himself praised for a long time.{{sfn |Mun-keat |2017 |p=301}} A second discourse found in the Pāli and two Chinese collections has Mahākāśyapa meet the Buddha as he was wearing simple rag-robes and, according to the Chinese versions, his hair and beard long. Other monks criticized Mahākāśyapa for not looking appropriate when meeting his master. The Buddha responded by praising Mahākāśyapa, however. In the Chinese versions, the Buddha even went so far as to allow Mahākāśyapa to share his seat, but Mahākāśyapa politely declined.{{sfn |Mun-keat |2017 |pp=302–303}} When Mahākāśyapa fell ill once, the Buddha went to visit him and reminded him of his efforts in practicing the Buddhist teaching.{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=440}}

=== Relation with Ānanda ===
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction =
| width = 160
| header = Two [[Companion statues: Kashyapa and Ananda|companion statues]], eighth century, China
| image1 = Kashyapa and Ananda, Southeast Asia Gallery, Royal Ontario Museum, Ananda front.JPG
| caption1 = Mahākāśyapa
| image2 = Kashyapa and Ananda, Southeast Asia Gallery, Royal Ontario Museum, Kashyapa front.JPG
| caption2 = Ānanda
}}
Mahākāśyapa and [[Ānanda]] were fellow disciples of the Buddha. Ānanda was the Buddha's close attendant. Mahākāśyapa is often depicted in the early texts as acting critically toward Ānanda. For example, one time Mahākāśyapa chastised Ānanda in strong words, criticizing the fact that Ānanda was travelling with a large following of young monks who appeared untrained and who had built up a bad reputation.{{sfn |Malalasekera |1937 |loc=vol. 1, [http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/aa/aananda.htm Ānanda]}} According to the early texts, Ānanda's role in founding the ''[[bhikkhuni|bhikṣunī]]'' (nun) order made him popular with the ''bhikṣunīs''. Ānanda often taught them,{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Ānanda}}{{sfn |Findly |2003 |p=384}} often encouraged women to ordain, and when he was criticized by Mahākāśyapa, several ''bhikṣunīs'' tried to defend him.{{sfn |Ambros |2016 |page=209}}{{sfn |Hinüber |2007 |pages=233{{en dash}}4}} Another time, shortly after the death of the Buddha, Mahākāśyapa gave a teaching to ''bhikṣunīs'' in the presence of Ānanda, to which one ''bhikṣunī'', called Sthūlanandā ({{langx|pi|Thullanandā}}),{{refn |group=note |In the Pāli texts, this is another ''bhikṣunī'', called Thullatissā, not Thullanandā.{{sfn |Mun-keat |2017 |p=303 note 41}}{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=439}}}} responded by criticizing Mahākāśyapa. She felt it inappropriate that Mahākāśyapa should teach in Ānanda's presence, whom she thought of as the superior monk. Mahākāśyapa asked whether Ānanda agreed with her, but he dismissed her as a foolish woman.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Mun-keat |2017 |pp=303–304}} and {{harvtxt |Ohnuma |2013 |pp=48–49}}. For the time period, see {{harvtxt |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=438}}.}} Then Mahākāśyapa proceeded to have Ānanda admit that the Buddha publicly had acknowledged Mahākāśyapa for numerous attainments.{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |p=15}} Sri Lankan scholar Karaluvinna hypothesizes that Mahākāśyapa did this to dispel doubts about his role as leader of the ''saṃgha'' ({{langx|pi|saṅgha|italic=yes}}; monastic community).{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=438}} In a similar event, Mahākāśyapa reprimanded Ānanda for not taking responsibility for his pupils. In this case, Sthūlanandā heavily criticized Mahākāśyapa for doing so, and accused him in a hateful rush for having been an adherent of a non-Buddhist religious sect.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2013 |p=47}} In some accounts, she even undressed herself in front of him to insult him.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=107}} He tried to convince her that he was a legitimate disciple of the Buddha but to no avail. Shortly after, she left the nun's life.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2013 |p=48}}

According to Indologist [[Oskar von Hinüber]], Ānanda's pro-''bhikṣunī'' attitude may well be the reason why there was frequent dispute between Ānanda and Mahākāśyapa. This disputes eventually led Mahākāśyapa to charge Ānanda with several offenses during the [[First Buddhist Council]], and possibly caused two factions in the ''saṃgha'' to emerge, connected with these two disciples.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2013 |page=51}}{{sfn |Findly |1992 |pages=253{{en dash}}4}}

In general, Mahākāśyapa was known for his aloofness and love of solitude. But as a teacher, he was a stern mentor who held himself and his fellow renunciates against high standards. He was considered worthy of reverence, but also a sharp critic who impressed upon others that respect to him was due. Compared to Ānanda, he was much colder and stricter, but also more impartial and detached, and religion scholar Reiko Ohnuma argues that these broad differences in character explain the events between Mahākāśyapa and Ānanda better than the more specific idea of pro- and anti-''bhikṣunī'' stances.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2013 |pp=57, 59}}{{refn |group=note |Silk follows Buddhist studies scholar [[Gregory Schopen]] in noting an important difference between the two disciples with regard to the Buddha's robes. Whereas Mahākāśyapa exchanged his robes with that of the Buddha, Ānanda requested when he became the Buddha's attendant that the Buddha should never give him a robe, lest he should be accused of attending to him for personal gain.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |p=195 note 70}} Moreover, during the First Council, Ānanda was accused of an offense for having stepped on the Buddha's robe.{{sfn |Deeg |1999 |p=164 note 63}}}} Pāli scholar Rune Johansson (1918–1981) argued that the events surrounding Mahākāśyapa, Ānanda and the ''bhikṣunīs'' prove that in Buddhism, enlightened disciples can still be seen to make mistakes. Going against this, however, [[Buddhist studies]] scholar [[Bhikkhu Analayo]] hypothesizes that Mahākāśyapa chose to teach Ānanda to abandon favoritism and left the ''bhikṣunīs'' for Ānanda himself to deal with.{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |p=16}}

=== Teacher and mentor ===
[[File:Kizil Caves Mahakasyapa, carbon dated to 422-529 CE.jpg|thumb|[[Mahakasyapa]] in the [[Kizil Caves]], carbon dated to 422–529 CE]]
Pāli texts state that the Buddha regarded Mahākāśyapa as his equal in exhorting monks to lead active and zealous lives, and the Buddha praised him for his capacity to instill faith in lay people by teaching. Karaluvinna believes that the Buddha may have been grooming Mahākāśyapa for his later role as leader of the ''saṃgha''.{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=438}} In the Saṃyutta discourses featuring Mahākāśyapa in the Pāli and its Chinese parallels, Mahākāśyapa is raised as an example of teaching doctrine from a pure and compassionate intention.{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |pp=14–15}}{{sfn |Aronson |1996 |p=11}} Religion scholar Shayne Clarke argues that the aloof and austere ascetic as he is presented in most texts does not provide a complete picture.{{sfn |Clarke |2014 |pp=107, 109}} Anālayo notes that he did take an active concern in community matters, spent time teaching doctrine and persuaded fellow monastics to practice [[asceticism]]. This is also shown in his role as leader of the First Council.{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |pp=16–19}} The Sanskrit ''Mahākarmavibhaṅga'' states that Mahākāśyapa carried out important teaching work, and was able to bring Buddhism to the people in the northwest, starting with [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]].{{sfn |Ray |1994 |pp=109, 116}}

However, because of his stern tone of teaching and his being selective in people to teach, his teaching style came under criticism by other monks and ''bhikṣunīs'':{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |p=16}} he was not popular, especially among ''bhikṣunīs''.{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=439}} This caused him to gradually withdraw from teaching, Anālayo argues. Such an ideal of an enlightened disciple with ascetic values, as depicted in Mahākāśyapa and in a more extreme form in the disciple Bakkula, could reflect sentiments and inclinations among some groups of early Buddhists.{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |p=19}}

Clarke argues that the image of Mahākāśyapa as a detached ascetic was the way he was "branded" by the early Buddhists to the public in general. Studying Mūlasarvāstivāda texts of [[Vinaya|monastic discipline]], Clarke points out that there is also an "in-house" perspective on Mahākāśyapa, which shows that he interacted with his former wife turned ''bhikṣunī'' frequently to mentor her. Shortly after Mahākāśyapa became ordained under the Buddha, he met his former wife Bhadra, who had joined an order of [[History of nudity#India|naked ascetics]] led by [[Purana Kassapa|Nirgrantha Pūraṇa]] ({{langx |pi|Pūraṇa Kassapa}}). She was regularly targeted for rape by her fellow ascetics, however. Mahākāśyapa pitied her and persuaded her to become ordained as a Buddhist ''bhikṣunī'' instead.{{refn |group=note |However, in some accounts she is only ordained five years after having met the Buddha, after the ''bhikṣunī'' order was founded.{{sfn |Bodhi |2000 |p=388}}}} Nevertheless, she was still harassed often, but now only when going outside. Since this happened when Bhadra went out in villages to obtain alms, Mahākāśyapa requested the Buddha's permission to daily give half of the alms food he had gained to her, so she did not need to go out anymore. His actions came under criticism, however, from a group of monks called the Group of Six, as well as Sthūlanandā. Although these monastics were known for their misbehavior, Clarke thinks their criticism was probably indicative of "the general monastic ambivalence toward those of an ascetic bent".{{refn|{{harvtxt |Clarke |2014 |pp=107, 112–113}}. Quote is on page 113.}} Writing about Sthūlanandā, Ohnuma says that Sthūlanandā went against the idea of detachment and renunciation as generally advocated in early Buddhist monasticism, which is why she hated Mahākāśyapa and Bhadra. She expressed criticism of Mahākāśyapa often, even when he did not act with typical ascetic detachment.{{sfn |Ohnuma |2013 |p=32}} Regardless, Mahākāśyapa continued to guide his former wife and she attained ''[[arhat]]'' ({{langx|pi|arahant|italic=yes}}) afterwards.{{sfn |Clarke |2014 |p=113}} In a poem attributed to her, she praises her ex-husband's gifts, shared vision of the truth and [[kalyanamitta|spiritual friendship]]. Mahākāśyapa did not mention her in his poems, though.{{sfn |Rhys Davids |1914 |p=160}}

[[File:Dinastia tang, testa del grande discepolo mahakasyapa, grotte di mogao, VII-VIII sec.JPG|thumb |Mahākāśyapa. Seventh-eighth century, [[Mogao Caves]], China. |alt=Elderly man smiling, with shaved hair, a slight protrusion in the skull and long earlobes |left]]
Mahākāśyapa was sometimes consulted by other leading monks on points of doctrine. After some [[Tirthika|teachers from non-Buddhist sects]] asked the elder [[Sariputta|Śāriputra]] about [[the unanswered questions]], he consulted with Mahākāśyapa as to why the Buddha had never given an answer to these questions.{{sfn |Mun-keat |2017 |pp=305–306}} At another occasion, Śāriputra consulted him about developing efforts in the practice of Buddhist teachings.{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=439}} Mahākāśyapa was also Śroṇa-Koṭikarṇa's ({{langx|pi|Soṇa-Koṭikaṇṇa}}) teacher and friend of the family, and later his ''[[Upadhyay#In Buddhism|upādhyāya]]'' ({{langx|pi|upajjhāya|italic=yes}}).{{refn |group=note |An ''upādhyāya'' is a preceptor in Buddhist ordinations.}} He taught the ''[[Atthakavagga|Aṭṭhakavagga]]'' to him, and later Śroṇa became well known for the recitation of it.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Soṇa-Koṭikaṇṇa}}

Another aspect of Mahākāśyapa's role as teacher was his compassion for the poor.{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=440}}{{sfn |Wilson |2003 |p=57}} Numerous accounts describe how he went out of his way to give impoverished donors the chance to give to him and support him in his livelihood. Such donors would typically provide him with secondhand food, which in the culture of [[Brahminism]] at the time was considered impure. By receiving food from these donors, Mahākāśyapa was considered a [[field of merit]] for them, or, in other words, an opportunity for them to make merit and "vanquish their bad [[karma in Buddhism|karma]]". In one case, he sought out a very poor woman who was at the end of her life, just to give her an opportunity to give a little. At first she did not dare to because she felt the food's quality was too low, but when Mahākāśyapa kept waiting, she eventually realized he had just come for her, and gave. Religion scholar Liz Wilson argues that these accounts of generosity have been influenced by pre-Buddhist beliefs of [[Vedic sacrifice]], in which the sacrificer and the sacrificed are connected, and the offering contains something of the person offering. By giving something of themselves, the donors acquire a new self, and purify themselves by means of the monastic recipient. In one account, a leprose person accidentally lets her finger fall off in a bowl of food she is offering. Mahākāśyapa accepts and consumes the offering anyway. Further, Mahākāśyapa's choice for poor people to make merit is further amplified by having supernatural or extraordinary donors like [[deva (Buddhism)|deities]] or a wealthy merchant compete with the poor, and Mahākāśyapa accepting only the poor as donor.{{sfn |Wilson |2003 |pp=57–58, 60, 62, 65–66, 68}} In one discourse, he even advises other monastics against visiting "high-born families".{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=93}} The poor donors making an offering to Mahākāśyapa thus become empowered with a high status and power through their [[merit-making]]. Wilson surmises, "[t]he perfect donor, in Mahakassapa's eyes, is the donor who has the least to give...".{{refn |{{harvtxt |Wilson |2003 |pp=58, 63, 68}}. Quote is on page 63.}}

Mahākāśyapa's insistence on accepting offerings from the poor and refusing those from high-standing or supernatural donors was part of the anti-establishment character with which Mahākāśyapa is depicted. This also includes his long hair and beard. In one text, Mahākāśyapa's refusal of high-profile donors led to the Buddha issuing a rule that donations must not be refused.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=110}}

=== Final respects to the Buddha ===
[[File:Burma, mid 19th century, Mahākassapa paying homage to the Buddha's feet.jpg|thumb|Burma, mid 19th century. Mahākassapa meeting the ''ājīvika'' ascetic (above) and paying homage to the Buddha's feet before the funeral pyre is lit (below). |alt=Monk holding hands in the air, standing next to nearly naked man holding flower (above). Funeral pyre with feet sticking out, two monks holding hands clasped facing the feet (below)]]
According to [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta|the early Pāli discourse about the Buddha's last days and passing into Nirvāṇa]] ({{langx|pi|Mahāparinibbāna Sutta|italic=yes}}), Mahākāśyapa learnt about the Buddha's ''[[Parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]]'' ({{langx|pi|parnibbāna|italic=yes}}; death and attainment of final Nirvāṇa) after seven days.{{sfn |Lee |2010 |p=57}} He was resting from a journey with a following of monks when he met an ''[[ājīvika]]'' ascetic who was carrying a flower from a [[coral tree]] which originated from [[heaven (Buddhism)|heaven]]. He asked him about the flower, and it turned out that the entire area of [[Kushinagara|Kuśinagara]] ({{langx|pi|Kusinara}}), where the Buddha had died, was covered in it.{{refn |See {{harvtxt|Gethin |2008 |p=135}}; {{harvtxt|Harvey |2013 |p=222}} and {{harvtxt |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=437}}. Karaluvinna mentions the name of the flower and its origin. {{harvtxt |Franke |1908 |p=10 footnote}} mentions that it covered Kuśinagara.}} According to some Tibetan sources, however, Mahākāśyapa knew of the Buddha's death because of an earthquake.{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=437}}{{sfn |Oldenberg |1899 |p=658 note 1}} In the Pāli texts, Mahākāśyapa then rushed back from the [[Pava|Pāva Mountain]] to arrive in Kuśinagara seven days later. But in the Tibetan texts, Mahākāśyapa was concerned that King Ajātaśatru might die of shock when he heard of the Buddha's death. He therefore warned a ''brahmin'' who worked at the court, who was able to prevent the king from dying. Only then did he proceed to Kuśinagara.{{sfn |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=437}}

It turned out the [[Malla (tribe)|Malla]] people from Kuśinagara had attempted to light the funeral pyre of the Buddha but were unable to.{{sfn |Gethin |2008 |p=135}} Pāli accounts state that the monk [[Anuruddha]] explained to them that deities prevented the funeral pyre from being lit until the arrival of Mahākāśyapa,{{sfn |Gethin |2008 |p=135}}{{sfn |Kim |2011 |p=131}} although sixth-century Chinese Buddhist texts say it was the spiritual power of the Buddha instead which caused the delay.{{sfn |Lee |2010 |p=94}} The accounts continue that Mahākāśyapa paid "deep and tender homage" at the Buddha's feet. The Buddha's feet miraculously emerged from the coffin, in which the Buddha's body was enshrouded with many layers of cloth. As soon as he had finished, the pyre lit spontaneously, although in some versions, Mahākāśyapa lit the pyre himself in the traditional Indian role of the eldest son.{{refn |For the Chinese accounts, see {{harvtxt |Lee |2010 |pp=57–58, 91}}. For the Pāli accounts, see {{harvtxt |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=437}}. For the eldest son, see {{harvtxt |Strong |2007 |p=115}}. For the quote, see {{harvtxt |Ray |1994 |p=107}}. Also see {{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |p=138}}.}}

Buddhologist [[André Bareau]] (1921–1993) regarded the episode of Mahākāśyapa learning of the Buddha's ''parinirvāṇa'' and his lighting of the pyre as an embellishment that was inserted by authors of monastic discipline over the fifth, fourth and third centuries BCE, to emphasize the person of Mahākāśyapa. Bareau reasoned that Mahākāśyapa did not attend the Buddha's cremation in the original version, and that Mahākāśyapa could have taken a route of just a few hours via Pāva to Kuśinagara.{{sfn |Bareau |1979 |pp=74–75}} Regardless, the story of the delay and of Mahākāśyapa eventually lighting the funeral pyre indicates how much Mahākāśyapa was respected,{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}}{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=115}} as he was regarded as the most important heir to the Buddha's dispensation.{{sfn |Deeg |1999 |p=160 note 46}}

=== First Buddhist Council ===
==== Narratives ====

[[File:Wat Tham Khao Rup Chang - 100 75 sa po he (14665768295).jpg|thumb |Mahākāśyapa, Tham Khao Rup Chang Temple, [[Songkhla Province]], Thailand |alt=Monk in robes, stern face, bushy eyebrows, holding staff and prayer beads]]

When the Buddha had attained ''[[parinirvana|parinirvāṇa]]'' (death), and when Mahākāśyapa was reportedly 120 years old, the number of disciples that had once met the Buddha or had attained enlightenment was shrinking.{{refn |For the number of people seeing the Buddha decreasing, see {{harvtxt |Powers |2016 |p=19}}. For the enlightened decreasing, and the age of Mahākāśyapa, see {{harvtxt |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=440}}.}} Some monks, among them a monk called Subhadra ({{langx|pi|Subhadda}}), expressed satisfaction that they could now do as they pleased, because their teacher the Buddha was no longer there to prohibit them from anything.{{sfn |Mun-keat |2017 |p=295}}{{sfn |Analayo |2016 |pp=170–171}} Some Chinese and Tibetan texts state that there was "doubt and consternation" among many disciples.{{sfn |Bapat |1956 |pp=35–36}} The Sanskrit ''[[Asokavadana|Aśokavadāna]]'' and the Chinese ''[[Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra]]'' say that many enlightened disciples wished to stop teaching, leave the world behind and attain ''paranirvāṇa''. This alarmed Mahākāśyapa, and he successfully attempted to stop his fellow disciples from leaving the world.{{sfn |Strong |1994 |p=62}} To record the Buddha's discourses and preserve monastic discipline,{{sfn |Mun-keat |2017 |p=295}}{{sfn |Analayo |2016 |pp=170–171}} Mahākāśyapa set up the First Buddhist Council.{{sfn |Powers |2016 |p=19}}{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Council, 1st}} According to the texts, the First Buddhist Council was held in a cave called Saptaparṇaguhā in Rājagṛha ({{langx|pi|Sattapaṇṇaguhā; Rājagaha}}, present-day [[Rajgir]]), which was the site of many Buddhist discourses.{{refn |For the city, see {{harvtxt |Powers |2016 |p=19}}. For the cave, see {{harvtxt |Deeg |1999 |pp=160–161}}.}} In the first [[vassa|rains retreat]] ({{langx|sa|varṣa|italic=yes}}, {{langx|pi|vassa|italic=yes}}) after the Buddha had died, Mahākāśyapa called upon Ānanda to recite the discourses he had heard, as a representative on this council.{{sfn |Keown |2004 |page=12}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thorp |first1=Charley Linden |title=The Evolution of Buddhist Schools |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1043/the-evolution-of-buddhist-schools/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829212020/https://www.ancient.eu/article/1043/the-evolution-of-buddhist-schools/ |archive-date=29 August 2018 |url-status=live |website=[[World History Encyclopedia]] |date=3 April 2017}}</ref>{{refn |group=note |Ānanda was known for his ability to remember the many teachings of the Buddha, and was described as foremost in "having heard much".{{sfn |Findly |2003 |page=375}}}} There was a rule issued, however, that only ''arhats'' were allowed to attend the council, to prevent bias like favoritism or sectarianism from clouding the disciples' memories. Ānanda had not attained enlightenment yet.{{sfn |Powers |2007 |p=56}}{{sfn |Prebish |2005 |pages=225{{en dash}}6}} Mahākāśyapa therefore did not yet allow Ānanda to attend. Although he knew that Ānanda's presence in the council was required, he did not want to be biased by allowing an exception to the rule.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}}{{sfn |Witanachchi |1965 |p=532}} The Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition adds that Mahākāśyapa initially allowed Ānanda to join as a sort of servant assisting during the council, but then was forced to remove him when the disciple Anuruddha saw that Ānanda was not yet enlightened.{{sfn |Witanachchi |1965 |p=532}}{{sfn |Ohnuma |2013 |pp=49–50}}

Nevertheless, that night, Ānanda was able to attain enlightenment.{{sfn |Prebish |2005 |p=231}} When the Council began the next morning, Mahākāśyapa questioned [[Upali|Upāli]], to establish the texts on monastic discipline for monks and ''bhikṣuṇis''.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Council, 1st}} Ānanda was consulted to recite the discourses and to determine which were authentic and which were not.{{sfn |Keown |2004 |page=164}}{{sfn |MacQueen |2005 |page=314}} Mahākāśyapa asked of each discourse that Ānanda listed where, when, and to whom it was given.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Ānanda}}{{sfn |Zurcher |2005 |page=378}} Then the assembly agreed that Ānanda's memories and recitations were correct,{{sfn |Powers |2007 |pp=57{{en dash}}8}} after which the [[Sutta Pitaka|discourse collection]] ({{langx|sa|Sūtra Piṭaka|italic=yes |link=no}}, {{langx|pi|Sutta Piṭaka|italic=yes |link=no}}) was considered finalized and closed.{{sfn |MacQueen |2005 |page=314}} In some versions of the account, the [[Abhidharma]] ({{langx|pi|Abhidhamma}}) was also standardized during this council, or rather its precursor the ''Mātṛka''. Some texts say it was Mahākāśyapa who reviewed it, and other texts say it was Ānanda or Śāriputra.{{refn |For Ānanda, see {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Council, 1st}}. For Śāriputra, see {{harvtxt |Migot |1954 |p=525}}. For the ''Mātṛka'', see Migot and {{harvtxt |Morrison |2010 |p=21}}.}} During the recitations, one problem was raised. Before the Buddha's ''parinirvāṇa'', he had mentioned to Ānanda that, if required, minor rules could be abolished after his death. Now the question remained what the Buddha had meant when he said ''minor rules''.{{sfn |Prebish |2005 |p=226}} The monks present at the council discussed several possibilities, but it was not resolved.{{sfn |Tsukamoto |1963 |p=57}} To prevent disrepute of the ''saṃgha'' and criticism from non-Buddhists, Mahākāśyapa opposed to abolish any rules of discipline.{{refn |{{harvtxt |Prebish |2005 |p=226}}. For the non-Buddhists, see {{harvtxt |Tsukamoto |1963 |p=57}}.}} After the council, Mahákáyapa attempted to have the monks [[Gavampati (Buddha's disciple)|Gavāmpati]] and Purāṇa approve the results of the council, but both preferred not to give their opinion about the matter.{{sfn |Dutt |1941 |p=331}}

During the same council, Ānanda was charged for an offense by Mahākāśyapa and other members of the ''saṅgha'' for having enabled women to join the monastic order.{{sfn |Keown |2004 |page=164}} Besides this, he was charged for having forgotten to request the Buddha to specify which offenses of monastic discipline could be disregarded; for having stepped on the Buddha's robe; for having allowed women to honor the Buddha's body after his death, which was not properly covered, and during which his body was sullied by their tears; and for having failed to ask the Buddha to continue to live on. Ānanda did not acknowledge these as offenses, but he conceded to do a formal confession anyway, "... in faith of the opinion of the venerable elder monks".{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Ānanda; Cāpālacaitya; Council, 1st}}{{sfn |Hinüber |2007 |pp=235{{en dash}}6}}

==== Historicity ====
[[File:Luohan Kashyapa, China, Liao dynasty, 1000 AD, wood, Prague NG Vp 2886, 151194.jpg|thumb|Mahākāśyapa sitting, holding a staff (missing). Wood, China, {{circa}} 1000. |alt=Monk with stern face and slight protrusion in skull, sitting and holding his hand as though he is holding a staff]]

The most well-known version of the First Council is that of Mahākāśyapa being the head. However, texts of the Sarvāstivāda, Mūlasarvāstivāda, and Mahīśāsaka traditions relate that this was [[Kaundinya|Ājñāta Kauṇḍinya]] ({{langx |pi|Añña-Koṇḍañña}}) instead, as Kauṇḍinya was the most senior disciple.{{sfn |Prebish |2005 |p=230}} Buddhologist [[Jean Przyluski]] (1885–1944) argued that the earliest accounts placed Kauṇḍinya at the head of the ''saṃgha'', and that originally, Mahākāśyapa was a conventional figure, with no administrative or leading role. However, because of his unquestioned ascetic saint-like reputation, Mahākāśyapa came to replace Kauṇḍinya's role as leader during the cremation and the First Council.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=118}} Przyluski's theory has been criticized, however, on the grounds that it is difficult to maintain that the three textual traditions he mentioned are the oldest.{{sfn |Prebish |2005 |p=230}} Still, Bareau argued that the incident with Subhadra leading to Mahākāśyapa summoning the council is a later insertion, though early enough to be found in all traditions of early Buddhist texts. He believed it was the authors of texts of monastic discipline that inserted it shortly after the Buddha's death, at the end of the fifth century BCE, to glorify Mahākāśyapa.{{sfn |Bareau |1979 |pp=71, 74}}

Tradition states that the First Council lasted for seven months.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Council, 1st}} However, many scholars, from the late 19th century onward, have considered the historicity of the First Council improbable. Some scholars, such as Orientalist [[Ivan Minayev]] (1840–1890), thought there must have been assemblies after the Buddha's death, but considered only the main characters and some events before or after the First Council historical, and not the council itself.{{sfn |Prebish |2005 |page=226}}{{sfn |Mukherjee |1994 |pp=453}} Other scholars, such as Bareau and Indologist [[Hermann Oldenberg]] (1854–1920), considered it likely that the account of the First Council was written after the [[Second Buddhist Council|Second Council]], and based on that of the Second, since there were not any major problems to solve after the Buddha's death, or any other need to organize the First Council.{{sfn |Prebish |2005 |page=231}}{{sfn |Mukherjee |1994 |pp=454{{en dash}}6}} On the other hand, archaeologist [[Louis Finot (archaeologist)|Louis Finot]] (1864–1935) and Indologist {{ill|E. E. Obermiller|ru|Обермиллер,_Евгений_Евгеньевич}} (1901–1935) thought the account of the First Council was authentic, because of the correspondences between the Pāli texts and the [[Agama (Buddhism)|Sanskrit traditions]].{{sfn |Mukherjee |1994 |p=457}} Orientalist [[Louis de La Vallée-Poussin]] (1869–1938) and Indologist Nalinaksha Dutt (1893–1973) thought it was historical, but in the form of a simple [[patimokkha|recitation of discipline]] ({{langx|sa|prātimokṣa|italic=yes}}, {{langx|pi|pātimokkha|italic=yes}}; according to Dutt, in order settle the "minor rules") not a complete council with a full review of the discourses.{{sfn |Dutt |1941 |pp=339–340}} Indologist [[Richard Gombrich]], following Bhikkhus [[Bhikkhu Sujato|Sujato]] and Brahmali's arguments, considers that the Council "makes good sense". They argue that the Council was historical, because all the known versions of monastic discipline relate it. Some of those, such as the Theravāda discipline, do not include the recitation of the Abhidharma in their account, even though it was an important part of their identity{{em dash}}this shows the historical nature of the accounts.{{sfn |Sujato |Brahmali |2015 |pp=126–127}}{{sfn |Gombrich |2018 |p=73}}

Indologist [[Erich Frauwallner]] (1898–1974) noted that in the earliest Buddhist discourses little mention is made of Mahākāśyapa, especially when compared to Ānanda. However, in the accounts about the First Council, Mahākāśyapa appears very prominent, whereas Ānanda is humbled and given far less credit. Frauwallner argued this points at "a deep reaching modification and revaluation of the tradition" concerning the position of these two figures.{{sfn |Frauwallner |1956 |pp=161–162}}{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |p=17 note 52}} On a similar note, Buddhist studies scholar [[Jonathan Silk]] remarks that the earliest Chinese translations hardly mention Mahākāśyapa.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |pp=176–177 note 7}} Ray argues there is a difference in this between Pāli texts and texts from other early schools: the Pāli version of Mahākāśyapa is a much more ordinary person, depicted with far less supernatural powers and moral authority than in texts such as those from the Mūlasarvāstivāda discipline and in the ''Mahāvastu''. Although there are some Pāli texts that do emphasize forest renunciation, these are fragmented elements that stand in stark contrast with Mahākāśyapa's general role in the Pāli history of the monastic establishment.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |pp=110–114, 137}}

[[File:2015-09-27-104022 - Kasyapa und Ananda (Song, 960-1279 n. Chr.).jpg|Mahākāśyapa (left) and Ānanda (right), China, [[Song Dynasty]] (960–1279) |thumb |left |alt=Two monks, one holding hands in front of chest, the other hands folded in front of belly]]

Von Hinüber, Przyluski and Bareau have argued that the account of Ānanda being charged with offenses during the council indicate tensions between competing [[Early Buddhist schools]], i.e. schools that emphasized the discourses and schools that emphasized monastic discipline. These differences have affected the scriptures of each tradition:{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Findly |1992 |pages=253}}. For Bareau, see {{harvtxt |Analayo |2016 |p=172, note 75}}}} e.g. the Pāli and [[Mahisasaka|Mahīśāsaka]] textual traditions portray a Mahākāśyapa that is more critical of Ānanda than that the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivāda]] tradition depicts him,{{sfn |Findly |1992 |page=254}}{{sfn |Tsukamoto |1963 |p=821}} reflecting a preference for discipline on the part of the former traditions, and a preference for discourse for the latter.{{sfn |Findly |1992 |page=254}} Analyzing six [[recension]]s of different textual traditions of the ''[[Mahāparinibbāna Sutta]]'' extensively, Bareau distinguished two layers in the text, an older and a newer one, the former, fifth century BCE, belonging to the compilers that emphasized discourse, the latter, mostly fourth and third century BCE, to the ones that emphasized discipline; the former emphasizing the figure of Ānanda, the latter Mahākāśyapa.{{sfn |Bareau |1979 |page=70}} Buddhologist [[André Migot]] (1892–1967) argued, too, that the oldest texts (fifth century BCE) mostly glorify Ānanda as being the most well-learned ({{langx|sa|bahuśruta|italic=yes}}, {{langx|pi|bahussutta|italic=yes}}); a second series of newer texts (fourth century-early third century BCE) glorify Mahākāśyapa as being eminent in [[śīla|discipline]] ({{langx|sa|śīla|italic=yes}}, {{langx|pi|sīla|italic=yes}}); and the newest texts (mid third century BCE) glorify Śāriputra as being the [[paññā|wisest]] ({{langx|sa|prajñā|italic=yes}}, {{langx|pi|paññā|italic=yes}}). Mahākāśyapa was mostly associated with the texts of monastic discipline, during the fourth century until early third century BCE when Buddhism was prominent in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaiśālī]].{{sfn |Migot |1954 |pp=540–541}} Bareau, Przyluski and Indologist [[I. B. Horner]] (1896–1981) therefore argued that the offenses Ānanda were charged with were a later interpolation. Scholar of religion Ellison Banks Findly disagrees, however, because the account in the texts of monastic discipline fits in with the ''Mahāparinibbāna Sutta'' and with Ānanda's character as generally depicted in the texts.{{sfn |Findly |1992 |p=268}} Minayev thought the charges were an ancient tradition, because they are not usually the material of legends, because the Chinese pilgrim [[Xuanzang]] (602–664) reported a ''[[stupa|stūpa]]'' ({{langx|pi|thūpa|italic=yes}}; a memorial mound or monument) that was erected in memory of the event, and because the ambiguity about what constitutes major and minor rules would have been typical for that period.{{sfn |Minayev |1894 |pp=31–32}}

Expanding on the theory of the two factions, Przyluski noted that the figure of Ānanda represents Buddhism in an early form, whereas Mahākaśyapa represents a Buddhism that had undergone reform. Ānanda represents a "religion of love", whereas Mahākaśyapa represents "a rough ascetic spirit".{{sfn |Przyluski |1926 |p=297}}{{sfn |Analayo |2016 |p=172, note 75}} Migot interpreted Ānanda's figure as a devotionalist form of Buddhism focused on the guru, replaced by Mahākāśyapa's established monasticism with less focus on devotion.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=147 note 57}}

Although the Buddha did not appoint a formal successor, Mahākāśyapa's leading role and seniority effectively made him the head of the ''saṃgha'' during the first twenty years after the Buddha's ''parinirvāṇa''.{{sfn |Heim |2004 |p=468}} After the death of the Buddha and his close disciples Śāriputra and [[Maudgalyayana|Maudgalyāyana]], he had become the most influential figure in the Buddhist order.{{sfn |Hirakawa |1993 |pp=84–85}} In the Early Buddhist Texts, Mahākāśyapa's death is not discussed. This is discussed in post-canonical texts, however.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}}

== In post-canonical texts ==
=== Patriarch ===
[[File:วัดไตรมิตรวิทยารามวรวิหาร เขตสัมพันธวงศ์ กรุงเทพมหานคร %2841%29.jpg|thumb|Thai statue of Mahākāśyapa, [[Wat Traimit]]]]
In many Indian Sanskrit and East Asian texts, from as early as the second century CE, Mahākāśyapa is considered the first patriarch of the [[Lineage (Buddhism)|lineage]] which transmitted the teaching of the Buddha, with Ānanda being the second.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Damoduoluo chan jing; Madhyāntika}} and {{harvtxt |Welter |2004 |pages=462–463}}. For the second century, see {{harvtxt |Morrison |2010 |p=20}}.}} One of the earliest motifs of a tradition of patriarchs is that of the Five Masters of the Dharma ({{langx|sa|dharmācārya|italic=yes}}), found in Sanskrit texts from the second century CE, including the ''Aśokāvadāna'' and the ''[[Mahāyāna Mahāparinirvāṇa Sūtra]]'',{{sfn |Morrison |2010 |p=20}} and many archaeological findings.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=148 note 70}} This tradition may in itself be based on early Buddhist accounts about the First Council, but further expanded on the idea of the preservation of the teachings. The accounts about the Five Masters seems to derive not so much from a concern about the transmission of the teaching though, but rather a concern regarding the absence of the Buddha himself.{{sfn |Morrison |2010 |pp=21–22}} The texts gave the Masters of the Dharma each a similar role and charisma as the Buddha, or, as Buddhist studies scholar [[John S. Strong]] puts it, "all, in a sense, Buddhas in their own time". This fit in with the concept of inheritance in ancient India, in which a son would not only inherit his father's possessions, but also his position and identity.{{refn |For Strong's quote, see {{harvtxt |Morrison |2010 |p=22}}. {{harvtxt |Silk |2003 |pp=180–181}} discusses similar tendencies, but with regard to the patriarchs in general, not specifically the Five Masters.}} Several early Buddhist schools would expand on the idea of the Five Masters of the Dharma, including the Sarvāstivadins, the Mūlasarvāstivādins and the [[Sthavira|Sthāviras]],{{refn |group=note |Nevertheless, the idea of transmission of the [[Dharma (Buddhism)|Dharma]] (Buddhist doctrine) through a list of patriarchs is not found in Pāli sources.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=148 note 70}}{{sfn |Lamotte |1988 |p=210}}}} each of which extended the list to include their own masters as patriarchs.{{sfn |Morrison |2010 |p=23}}

There is an account dating back from the Sarvāstivāda and Mūlasarvāstivāda textual traditions which states that before Mahākāśyapa died, he bestowed the Buddha's teaching on Ānanda as a formal passing on of authority, telling Ānanda to pass the teaching on to his pupil [[Shanavasa|Śāṇakavāsī]] ({{langx|pi|Saṇavāsī}}; {{aka}} Śāṇakavāsin or Śāṇāvasika).{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Baruah |2000 |pp=9, 453}}. For the period being just before Mahākāśyapa's death, see {{harvtxt |Strong |1994 |page=62}} and {{harvtxt |Karaluvinna |2002 |p=439}}. For the Mūlasarvāstivāda, see {{harvtxt |Hirakawa |1993 |page=85}}.}} Mahākāśyapa made a prediction that later would come true that a lay person called Śāṇakavāsī would make many gifts to the ''saṅgha'' during a feast. After this event, Ānanda would successfully persuade him to become ordained and be his pupil.{{sfn |Strong |1994 |p=65}}{{sfn |Baruah |2000 |pages=8, 453}} Later, just before Ānanda died, he passed the teaching on to his pupil as Mahākāśyapa had told him to.{{sfn |Witanachchi |1965 |p=532}} Ray notes that Mahākāśyapa is depicted here as choosing not only his successor, but also the successor of his successor, which emphasizes the preeminent position that Mahākāśyapa was seen to have.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=108}}

Buddhist studies scholars Akira Hirakawa (1915–2002) and Bibhuti Baruah have expressed skepticism about the teacher{{en dash}}student relationship between Mahākāśyapa and Ānanda. They have argued that there was discord between the two, as indicated in the early texts.{{sfn |Baruah |2000 |p=10}}{{sfn |Hirakawa |1993 |page=85}} Hirakawa has further hypothesized that Mahākāśyapa and Ānanda were co-disciples, with the same teacher being Gautama Buddha, so there would be no need for a transmission between the two.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |p=204 note 81}} East Asian religion scholar Elizabeth Morrison cites a tract by the Zen scholar Qisong (1007–1072) about the tradition of patriarchs in Buddhism. He noted the problem of a transmission between co-disciples who are not master and student. He resolved the problem by comparing Mahākāśyapa and Ānanda to siblings who inherit according to birth order.{{sfn |Morrison |2010 |p=212 note 50}} Responding to Hirakawa's arguments, Silk further argues that the unilinear nature of the transmission made it impossible for both Mahākāśyapa and Ānanda to receive the transmission from the Buddha, so Ānanda had to receive the transmission from Mahākāśyapa instead.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |p=204 note 81}}

=== Preserving the Buddha's relics ===
The fifth-century [[atthakatha|commentary]] to the ''[[Dīgha Nikāya]]'' relates that after the Buddha's ''paranirvāṇa'', Mahākāśyapa was concerned that the [[Relics associated with Buddha|Buddha's remains or relics]] would become too dispersed, since they were now divided in eight portions.{{refn |For the exact motivation, see {{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |p=141}}. For the text, see {{harvtxt |Lagirarde |2006 |p=84}}.}} He gathered the portions of the Buddha's relics, by requesting them from the families who had preserved them, though he left a token amount of relics with the families.{{refn |For the families, see {{harvtxt |Lagirarde |2006 |p=84}}. For the token amount, see {{harvtxt |Strong |2007 |p=121}}.}} With the help of King Ajātaśatru, he then preserved them in an underground chamber called the "shrine for the [[Śrāvaka#Foremost disciples|eighty disciples]]" to the east of Rājagṛha.{{refn |For the chamber, see {{harvtxt |Bautze-Picron |2010 |p=12}}. For Rājagṛha, see {{harvtxt |Lagirarde |2006 |p=84}}.}} Because of the name, Southeast Asia scholar François Lagirarde raises the question whether this chamber may also have been intended for the burial of relics of foremost disciples,{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |p=85}} but Strong interprets that it was a ruse: the whole operation was done in secrecy because Mahākāśyapa feared for the safety of the Buddha's relics.{{sfn |Strong |2007 |p=128}} Later, according to [[post-canonical Buddhist texts]] such as the Theravāda ''Paṭhamasambodhi'', the remains thus enshrined in one place were taken out and divided by emperor [[Ashoka|Aśoka]] ({{circa}}268–232 BCE) throughout India in 84,000 portions.{{refn |For the texts, see {{harvtxt |Swearer |2010 |pp=43, 47}}. For the number of portions, see {{harvtxt |Strong |2001 |p=141}}.}} Instead of the relics being hid away somewhere, they were now accessible to the population at large.{{sfn |Strong |2007 |p=236}}

The earliest accounts have Mahākāśyapa merely visit and pay his respects to each of the eight portions of the relics; later accounts have him gather the relics as well. There is a parallel here with the First Council, in which Mahākāśyapa gathered the [[Dharmakāya#Theravāda|entire body of the Buddha's teachings]] ({{langx|sa|dharmakāya|italic=yes}}; {{langx|pi|dhammakāya|italic=yes}}) in one place, as he is depicted gathering the Buddha's remains ([[Sanskrit]] and {{langx|pi|rūpakāya|italic=yes}}) in one place. Still, there may be a historical basis to the motif of the single place with the Buddha's relics. Przyluski and Bareau have argued on textual and other grounds that the Buddha's relics were originally kept in one single place, in a sepulcher (Przyluski) or a ''stūpa'' (Bareau).{{sfn |Strong |2007 |pp=121, 128}}

=== Awaiting Maitreya ===
==== Accounts ====
[[File:Gurpa5.png|thumb|[[Gurpa hill|Mount Kukkuṭapāda]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]] where Mahākāśyapa is said to have died]]
Post-canonical Sanskrit texts such as ''[[Avadana|Avadānas]]'', as well as the travelogues of medieval Chinese pilgrims, numerous Chinese translations, and Southeast Asian vernacular texts, relate Mahākāśyapa's death.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Strong |2007 |page=45–46}}. For the Sanskrit texts, see {{harvtxt |Tournier |2014 |pp=11–12}}. For the travelogues and the translations, see {{harvtxt |Kim |2011 |pp=131, 135}}. For the Southeast Asian texts, see {{harvtxt |Lagirarde |2006 |loc=passim.}}}} Some of the earliest of these are a Chinese translation from the fourth century CE and the ''Aśokavadāna'', which is dated to the second century CE.{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |pp=89–90}} They state that Mahākāśyapa's body was enshrined underneath the mountain [[Gurpa hill|Kukkuṭapāda]] ({{aka}} Gurupādaka, in Magadha) where it remains until the arising of the next Buddha, [[Maitreya]] ({{langx|pi|Mettiya}}).{{sfn |Strong |2007 |page=45–46}}{{sfn |Tournier |2014 |pp=11–12}}
[[File:Kasagi Mandala (Yamato Bunkakan).jpg|Painting of an image with Maitreya and Mahākāśyapa offering him Gautama Buddha's robe. [[Kasagidera]] Temple, Kasagi, [[Kyoto]]. The original eight-century colossal cliff-face image depicted here was destroyed by fire at an uncertain date.|thumb |alt=Painting with temple tower, a huge image on a cliff and two people looking at it.]]
A Thai text relates that Mahākāśyapa knew through his meditation that he was about to die and attain ''paranirvāṇa'' on the next day. The day after, he informed his pupils of his death and taught them, then went for alms, wearing the robe he had received from the Buddha. In the texts on discipline from the Mūlasarvāstivāda tradition, it says he also went to pay his respects to the Buddha's relics. In several texts, he attempted to visit King Ajātaśatru, but the king was asleep. Mahākāśyapa then cleaned the monastery, and proceeded to [[Gurpa hill |Kukkuṭapāda]],{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Kukkuṭapāda, p.450}} the place of burial he had selected. He gave a final teaching to the lay people, and performed supernatural accomplishments.{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |pp=86, 88–89}}

Having settled in a cave there in the middle of three peaks, he covered himself in the robe he had received from the Buddha.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Tournier |2014 |p=12}}; {{harvtxt |Kim |2011 |p=131}} and {{harvtxt |Lagirarde |2006 |p=86}}. For the covering, see Tournier. For the cave, see Kim. For the three peaks, see Lagirarde.}} The texts then state he took a [[adhiṭṭhāna|vow]] that his body would stay there until the arriving of Maitreya Buddha, which is an uncountable number of years. His body would not decay in that time, but become visible and disintegrate in the time of Maitreya Buddha.{{refn |{{harvtxt |Tournier |2014 |pp=13, 16}}. For the uncountable number, see {{harvtxt |Adamek |2011 |loc=Bodhidharma's Robe}}. For the visibility, see {{harvtxt |Lagirarde |2006 |p=88}}.}}{{refn |group=note |The Sanskrit ''Sūtra on Maitreya's Birth'' has it that it was Gautama Buddha who told him to do so.{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |p=89}} Ray explains that this state of meditation, called ''[[Nirodha-Samapatti|nirodha-samāpatti]]'', is associated with the prolonging of life, invulnerability to fire, and the attainment of Nirvana.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=372}}}} Though Mahākāśyapa died after the vow, his body remained intact according to his resolution.{{sfn |Tournier |2014 |pp=15 notes 49, 51}} The three mountain peaks then closed in on the body. Later, King Ajātaśatru heard about the news of Mahākāśyapa's passing, and fainted of grief. He wanted to visit Mahākāśyapa once more.{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |p=87}} Ānanda and King Ajātaśatru went to the mountain, which slightly opened, just enough for the two to see Mahākāśyapa's body.{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |p=87}} In the Mūlasarvāstivāda discipline and the ''Aśokāvadāna'', the king wanted to cremate the body, but Ānanda told him it would remain until the time of Maitreya Buddha. When they left, the mountain closed up again.{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |p=89}}{{sfn |Kim |2011 |p=134}} Later, emperor Aśoka would also visit the mountain with the monk [[Upagupta]], after the latter took him to see the ''stūpa'' of the Buddha's disciples.{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |p=90}}

The accounts then continue that in the future, in the time of Maitreya Buddha, the mountain opens upon his visit, in "the way a ''[[cakravartin]]'' opens a city gate". However, people in Maitreya Buddha's time are much taller than during the time of Gautama Buddha.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}}{{sfn |Strong |2007 |page=220}} In one text, Maitreya Buddha's disciples are therefore contemptuous of Mahākāśyapa, whose head is no larger than an insect to them. Gautama Buddha's robe barely covers two of their fingers, making them marvel how small Gautama Buddha was.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Strong |2007 |page=220}}. {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Maitreya}} also mention the two fingers.}} Eventually, in several accounts, Maitreya Buddha takes Mahākāśyapa's body in his hands, explains to his pupils what great person he was, and sees the body miraculously burn in his hands, according to Mahākāśyapa's vow.{{refn |For the Pāli account, see {{harvtxt |Strong |2007 |p=220}}. For the Thai account, see {{harvtxt |Lagirarde |2006 |p=86}}. For a Chinese account, see {{harvtxt |Deeg |1999 |p=158}}. For Maitreya Buddha's explanation, see Larigarde and Deeg.}} But in the well-known account of Xuanzang, as well as the [[Tocharian languages|Tocharian]] ''[[Maitreyasamitināṭaka]]'' and other accounts, Mahākāśyapa is alive and waiting in his "cavern of meditation", until the time of Maitreya: he hands over the robe to Maitreya Buddha explaining who it is from, and expresses his joy at having met two Buddhas. He then hovers in the air, displays supernatural accomplishments that are reminiscent of Gautama Buddha, and bursts miraculously into flames.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Kim |2011 |p=135}} and {{harvtxt |Adamek |2011 |loc=Bodhidharma's Robe}}. Kim mentions the supernatural accomplishments; Adamek says that Xuanzang's account is well-known. {{harvtxt|Kumamoto|2002|p=5}} mentions the Tocharian text. For the words of Mahākāśyapa and the mention of other accounts, see {{harvtxt |Strong |2007 |p=219}}. For the expression "cavern of meditation", see {{harvtxt |Ray |1994 |p=114}}. For the reminiscence, see {{harvtxt |Deeg |1999 |p=158 note 39}}.}} In the Mūlasarvāstivāda discipline and the ''Aśokāvadāna'', the account ends with Maitreya Buddha's disciples attaining ''arhat'', as the encounter has caused their pride to be humbled.{{refn |For the Mūlasarvāstivāda texts, see {{harvtxt |Lagirarde |2006 |p=89}}. For the ''Aśokāvadāna'' and the pride, see {{harvtxt |Ray |1994 |p=109}}.}}

==== Cults and practices ====
[[File:Sculptures at Sheh, image of Maitreya.png|thumb|left |Image of Maitreya, Tibet, 10th century. {{harvtxt |Deeg |1999 |p=167 note 76}} identifies the image at the right with Mahākāśyapa.]]
The Kukkuṭapāda Mountain was identified by traditional authors with several places in North India, and some of these places had become famous place of pilgrimage and [[cult (religious practice)|cult]] by the time the Chinese pilgrim [[Faxian]] (337–{{circa}}422 CE) and later Xuanzang visited.{{refn |For pilgrimage, see {{harvtxt |Strong |2007 |p=219}}. For the [[cult (religious practice)|cult]], see {{harvtxt |Ray |1994 |pp=114–115}}.}} These pilgrimage places, featuring depictions of Mahākāśyapa, have been connected by Buddhist studies scholar Vincent Tournier with an aspiration to be born in Maitreya's following.{{sfn |Tournier |2013 |p=375}}

In sixth-century Chinese steles, Mahākāśyapa is often depicted waiting for Maitreya Buddha in the cave, cloaked in the robe and a hood. He is given a role as successor of the Gautama Buddha. Buddhist studies scholar Miyaji Akira proposes that Mahākāśyapa waiting in the cave became the basis of a theme in [[Korean Buddhist art]] featuring monks meditating in caves. [[Korean studies]] scholar Sunkyung Kim does point out, however, that similar motifs can already be found in earlier Buddhist art, showing Buddha Gautama sitting.{{sfn |Kim |2011 |pp=126, 131, 133, 135}} The story of Mahākāśyapa awaiting Maitreya Buddha had an important impact in Japan, up until early modern times. Jikigyō (1671–{{circa}}1724), the leader of a [[chiliastic]] religious movement, locked himself in his monastic cell to starve to death, and have his [[Buddhist mummification|mummified corpse]] meet with Maitreya Buddha in the future.{{sfn |Deeg |1999 |p=168}}

With regard to South- and Southeast Asia, the interest in the relationship between Maitreya and Mahākāśyapa spread to [[Ceylon]] during the reign of [[Kassapa II of Anuradhapura|Kassapa II]] (652–661) and [[Kassapa V of Anuradhapura|Kassapa V]] (929–939). They most likely honored Mahākāśyapa for his role in the Abhidharma recitations at the First Council. Kassapa V identified with Mahākāśyapa ({{langx|pi|Mahākassapa}}) and aspired to be reborn with Maitreya as well.{{sfn |Deeg |1999 |p=153 note 30}} Presently, the account of Mahākāśyapa's ''parinirvāṇa'' is not widely recognized in dominant Buddhist traditions in Thailand, but Lagirarde raises the question whether this is only a recent development. It is still a common belief among the Thai that the body of a [[Luang Por|very pure and venerated monk]] will not decompose.{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |pp=87, 91}}

==== Scholarly analysis ====
[[File:Rajgir - 062 Mahakasyapa (9244726682).jpg|Mahākāśyapa, woodblock print by [[Munakata Shiko]], Japan, 1939 |thumb |alt=Abstract woodblock print in black ink with monk, holding his arms crossed in front of his chest]]
In the early texts, Mahākāśyapa is depicted as the keeper of the Buddhist teaching during the First Council; in the story of him awaiting Maitreya Buddha this role is extended. In some early Chinese texts, Mahākāśyapa is seen stating to Ānanda that all devotees present at the ''parinirvāṇa'' of the Buddha Gautama will be reborn in [[Tusita]] heaven and meet Maitreya; in the story of the cave this association with Maitreya is further extended. Since the end of Mahākāśyapa's life after the First Council was not discussed in the early texts, his demise, or the postponement thereof, naturally gave rise to legends.{{sfn |Deeg |1999 |pp=161, 165}}

Tournier speculates that the story of Mahākāśyapa resolving that his body endure until the next Buddha is a "conscious attempt to dress the ''arhat'' in a ''[[bodhisattva]]'' (Buddha-to-be) garb".{{sfn |Tournier |2014 |pp=44–45}} On a similar note, Strong argues the story shows sentiments that are at the root of the ''bodhisattva'' ideal, and may have led to the idea of the [[Eighteen Arhats]] ({{zh|p=lo-han}}) that "postpone" their death to protect the Buddhist teaching till the arrival of Maitreya.{{sfn |Strong |1994 |pp=62, 64}} Indologist [[Padmanabh Jaini]] argues that the story was created by the Mūlasarvāstivādins to connect Maitreya Buddha to Gautama Buddha, through a line of transmission. In this, they may have been influenced by the [[Indo-Greeks]] and Persians, who ruled the area where the Mūlasarvāstivādins lived.{{refn |group=note |Just like Jaini, Silk mentions there may be influence from Iranian traditions.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |pp=181–182 note 18}} Buddhist studies scholar [[Jan Nattier]] notes the resemblance with the Iranian figure [[Gershasp (gladiator)|Kərəsaspa]], a similar name, who waits in suspended animation for his savior [[Saoshyant|Saošyant]].{{sfn |Nattier |1988 |p=46 note 60}}}} Historian Max Deeg raises the question, however, that if Jaini is correct, why no traces of an early development of the legend can be found.{{sfn |Deeg |1999 |p=159 note 43}} Silk also hypothesizes that the story was developed by Mahāyāna authors to create a narrative to connect the two Buddhas physically through Mahākāśyapa's ''paranirvāṇa'' and the passing on of the robe. Lagirarde notes, however, that not all Āgama sources insist on connecting the two [[Buddha (title)|Buddhas]]. Furthermore, Pāli, Thai and Laotian sources do not mention the passing on of the robe, yet the meeting is still narrated as significant.{{refn |{{harvtxt |Lagirarde |2006 |p=91}}. Lagirarde cites {{harvtxt |Jaini |1988 |p=75}}. Silk explains his ideas in {{harvtxt |Silk |2003 |pp=175–176}}.}} Silk also notes that the Sanskrit texts the ''[[Dharmaguptaka#Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra|Abhiniṣkramaṇa Sūtra]]'', the ''[[Mahāprajñāpāramitōpadeśa]]'' and the ''[[Divyavadana|Divyāvadāna]]'' contain the story of Mahākāśyapa under the mountain, and do not mention the robe of the Buddha at all. But in every version of the account there is a physical connection between Gautama Buddha, Mahākāśyapa and Maitreya Buddha. He concludes that Mahāyāna authors used Mahākāśyapa as a way to legitimize the Mahāyāna teachings, by affirming that there were more authentic teachings which had not yet come.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |pp=200, 207}}

Translator Saddhatissa, and with him Silk, argue that there is no equivalent account about Mahākāśyapa waiting in the cave that can be found in the Pāli tradition apart from a single reference in a post-canonical text. But Lagirarde points out that the reference found by Saddhatissa and Silk (called the ''Mahāsampiṇḍanidāna'', which Saddhatissa dates to the twelfth century) does indicate the story was known in the Pāli tradition.{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |p=80}}{{sfn |Silk |2003 |p=182 note 19}} Lagirarde also lists several later vernacular texts from Theravāda countries that mention the account, in the [[Thai language|Siamese]], [[Lanna language|Northern Thai]] and [[Laotian language|Laotian]] languages.{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006 |pp=81, 91}} Indeed, Silk himself points at a Pāli [[Sub-commentaries (Theravāda)|sub-commentary]] to the ''[[Aṅguttara Nikāya]]'' which mentions that Mahākāśyapa retreated at age hundred twenty in a cave close to where the First Council was held. He would dwell there and "make the Buddha's teaching last for 5000 years".{{sfn |Silk |2003 |p=205 note 81}} The First Council itself was held in a cave too, and it may have led to the motif of Mahākāśyapa waiting in a cave. Furthermore, in some canonical Pāli texts Mahākāśyapa talks about the decay and disappearance of the Buddhist dispensation, which may also have been a foundation for the story.{{sfn |Deeg |1999 |pp=161, 163}}

=== In Mahāyāna discourses ===
In general, Sanskrit texts often mention Mahākāśyapa.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}} Silk argues that Mahāyāna polemicists used Mahākāśyapa as an interlocutor in their discourses, because of his stern conservative stance in the early texts and opposition of innovation, and his close association with Gautama Buddha. This fit with the conservative ideas on Buddhist practice among the early Mahāyāna authors, and the need to legitimize Mahāyāna doctrine, surrounding them with an aura of authenticity.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |pp=179–180, 204–205}}

==== In Chan Buddhism ====
[[File:Mahakasyapa smiling at the lotus flower.jpg|thumb|Mahākāśyapa smiling at the lotus flower, by [[Hishida Shunsō]], 1897, [[Nihonga]] style |left |upright=1.2]]
Mahākāśyapa has a significant role in texts from the [[Chan Buddhism|Chan]] tradition.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Mahākāśyapa}} In East Asia, there is a Chan and [[Zen]] tradition, first recounted in ''[[The Jingde Record of the Transmission of the Lamp]]'' ({{zh|p=Tiansheng Guangdeng-lu|t=景德傳燈錄}}), which is a 1036 genealogical record about Chan Buddhism.{{sfn |Silk |2003 |p=203}}{{sfn |Welter |2000 |p=96}} According to this tradition, Mahākāśyapa once received a direct "transmission" from Gautama Buddha. Chan and Zen purport to lead their adherents to insights akin to that mentioned by the Buddha in the ''[[Flower Sermon]]'' ({{zh|p=Nianhua weixiao|t=拈華微笑 |l=Holding up a flower and smiling subtly}}){{refn |group=note |The English title ''Flower Sermon'' is a Western invention.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=nianhua weixiao}} It is also known as the "First Zen Story".{{sfn |Voros |2014 |p=388}}}} given on the [[Vulture Peak]], in which he held up a white flower and just admired it in his hand, without speaking. All the disciples just looked on without knowing how to react, but only Mahākāśyapa smiled faintly, and the Buddha picked him as one who truly understood him and was worthy to be the one receiving a special "mind-to-mind transmission" ({{zh|p=yixin chuanxin}}).{{refn |For the intention of Zen and the Flower Sermon, see {{harvtxt |Tarrant County College, 2007 |p=11}}. For the Vulture Peak, see {{cite web |last1=Hershock |first1=P. |title=Chan Buddhism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddhism-chan/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911034819/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddhism-chan/ |archive-date=11 September 2019 |url-status=live |date=2019}} For the Chinese terms, see {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=nianhua weixiao}}.}}

Thus, a way within Buddhism developed which concentrated on direct experience rather than on rational creeds or revealed scriptures. Chan therefore became a method of meditative religion which seek to enlighten people in the manner that Mahākāśyapa experienced:{{sfn |Tarrant County College, 2007 |p=11}}<ref name="Herschock">{{cite web |last1=Hershock |first1=P. |title=Chan Buddhism |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddhism-chan/ |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, [[Stanford University]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911034819/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buddhism-chan/ |archive-date=11 September 2019 |url-status=live |date=2019}}</ref> "A special transmission outside the scriptures, directly pointing at the heart of man, looking into one's own nature." This transmission was then purportedly passed on by the Buddha to Mahākāśyapa, who then passed it on to a long list of Indian and Chinese patriarchs, eventually reaching [[Bodhidharma]] (5th or 6th century CE), who brought Chan Buddhism to China, and passed it on to [[Huike]] (487–593 CE).{{sfn |Powers |2016 |p=47}} The Jingde Record took the passing on of the robe from Buddha Gautama to Mahākāśyapa to refer to a secret transmission of Chan teachings, within the specific Chan lineage.{{sfn |Sanvido |2017 |p=343}}[[File:Mahakasyapa.jpg|thumb|Mahākāśyapa holding a flower |alt=Monk meditating and holding a flower]]The story of the Flower Sermon was also recorded in later texts, between the 11th and 14th centuries. At least one of these texts was probably written to defend the authenticity of the Flower Sermon, which was even questioned in Chan circles. Eventually, the story became well known among both Buddhist monks and Chan-oriented [[scholar-official|literati]]. It was incorporated as a meditative topic in the 1228 Chan text ''[[The Gateless Barrier]]'' ({{zh|p=Wumen Guan}}), in which the Buddha confirmed that the mind-to-mind transmission was complete.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=nianhua weixiao}} and {{harvtxt |Harvey |2013 |p=222}}. Harvey states that the story originated among the "Chan literati".}} Although the Flower Sermon's main point is to depict a wordless special transmission "outside the teaching", the tradition was defended and authorized through Buddhist scripture.{{sfn |Welter |2000 |p=97}}

The Flower Sermon event is regarded by modern scholars as an invention, but does provide insight into the philosophical concerns and identity of Chan Buddhism.<ref name="Herschock" /> Since Chan Buddhism values the direct transmission from the teacher's mind to that of the student, more so than scriptures, the unbroken lineage of patriarchs is an important part of the tradition.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=fozu}} Moreover, whereas in many Buddhist traditions it was recounted that Mahākāśyapa would pass on Gautama Buddha's robe to Maitreya Buddha, in Chan a different tradition developed, in which Mahākāśyapa passed on the robe to the next patriarch Ānanda, and so on through a list of Indian and Chinese patriarchs. Some Chan masters, such as [[Dōgen]] (1200–1253), did believe that this robe would eventually be passed forward to Mahākāśyapa and eventually Maitreya.{{sfn |Faure |1995 |pp=339–340}}

As Japanese Buddhist texts saw the transmission of Gautama Buddha's robe as a symbol of birth and gestation, similarly, the flower in the Flower Sermon was seen as a symbol of death and cremation.{{sfn |Faure |1995 |p=361, note 119}} Besides the Flower Sermon, the appearance of the Buddha's feet when Mahākāśyapa pays his final respects, as well as the Buddha sharing his seat with Mahākāśyapa are also considered mind-to-mind transmissions.{{sfn |Do-Ryun |1964 |p=41}}

== Legacy ==
=== Values ===
[[File:Mahakasyapa, Kizil, Cave above the Largest Cave, c. 422-529 AD, wall painting - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01724.JPG|Mahākāśyapa depicted with hair and beard. Mural painting, [[Kizil Caves]], [[Xinjiang]], China, fourth–fifth century CE |thumb |alt=Bearded man with stern face, long earlobes and one shoulder uncovered]]
Being one of the most well-known disciples of the Buddha, Mahākāśyapa embodies the highest ideals of early Buddhist monasticism.{{refn |{{harvtxt |Ray |1994 |p=105}}, cited in {{harvtxt |Clarke |2014 |p=110}}.}} Buddhist studies scholar Asanga Tilakaratne points out that Mahākāśyapa's ascetic and austere values and dislike for women on the one hand, and Ānanda's active, city-dwelling values and support for women on the other hand, are two sides of the spectrum than can be seen throughout the history of Buddhist monasticism. Monastic vocations and monastic orders tend to be along these two ends of the spectrum, with compassionate engagement on the one hand, and dispassionate detachment on the other hand. This can be traced back to these two disciples.{{sfn |Tilakaratne |2003 |pp=177–178, 187}} Specifically, the Theravāda tradition has been influenced much by the model of Mahākāśyapa.{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |p=17}} In some early Theravāda texts about Mahākāśyapa, the values of forest renunciation are contrasted with that of settled monasticism. Renunciation in the forest is considered superior, and settled monasticism is considered a deterioration of the holy life.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |pp=113–114}}

Przyluski and several other scholars have argued that in the early texts, Mahākaśyapa represents ascetic and ''brahmin'' values.{{refn |See {{harvtxt |Analayo |2010 |p=14, note 42}}, {{harvtxt |Analayo |2016 |p=173}} and {{harvtxt |Clarke |2014 |p=107}}. Only Anālayo mentions both.}} The ascetic values are seen in the account in which Mahākaśyapa refuses to give up ascetic practices, going against the advice of the Buddha.{{sfn |Analayo |2016 |p=173}}{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |p=14}} Such refusal was highly unusual for a disciple of the Buddha. The ''brahmin'' values can be observed from the account of the accusations leveled against Ānanda, which appear to be based more on ''brahmin'' values than violations of monastic discipline. Both these ''brahmin'' and ascetic values, as represented by the figure of Mahākaśyapa, would lead to strong opposition to the founding of the ''bhikṣunī'' order in early Buddhism.{{sfn |Analayo |2016 |pp=174–175, note 78}} The ascetic values Mahākāśyapa represented, however, were a reaction to less austere tendencies that appeared in early Buddhism at the time.{{sfn |Analayo |2010 |p=14}}

Ray concludes that the texts present Mahākāśyapa in different ways. Mahākāśyapa assumes many roles and identities in the texts, that of a renunciant saint, a lawgiver, an anti-establishment figure, but also a "guarantor of future justice" in the time of Maitreya.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |p=117}} Indologist [[C.A.F. Rhys Davids]] (1857–1942) stated he was "both the anchorite and the friend of mankind, even of the outcast".{{sfn |Rhys Davids |1914 |p=160}} His figure unites the opposites of established monasticism and forest renunciation, and "transcends any particular Buddhist group or set of interests". Drawing from Przyluski's [[textual criticism]], Ray argues that when Mahākāśyapa replaced Kauṇḍinya as the head of the ''saṃgha'' after the Buddha's death, his ascetic saint-like role was appropriated into the monastic establishment to serve the need for a charismatic leader. This led him to possess both the character of the anti-establishment ascetic, as well as that of the settled monastic governor.{{sfn |Ray |1994 |pp=114, 117–118, 396}}

=== Eldest son of the Buddha ===
[[File:Buddha and the gospel of Buddhism (1916) (14779469804).jpg|thumb |Funeral pyre of the Buddha being lit at the arrival of Mahākāśyapa, from ''Buddha and the Gospel of Buddhism'', [[Ananda Coomaraswamy]], 1916 |alt=Illustration in book, 3 monks sitting at fire]]
In Abhidharma texts of several Buddhist schools, the fulfilment of Mahākāśyapa's vow in the mountain Kukuṭapada is connected to a vow Gautama Buddha took to prevent his body from being cremated before Mahākāśyapa's arrival at his teacher's cremation grounds. Buddhist studies scholar [[Gregory Schopen]] analyzes several post-canonical Buddhist texts and concludes that in both instances, a vow is taken based on [[riddhi|psychic powers]], which is then shown to be effective after the death of the person with those psychic powers. Mahākāśyapa's psychic powers are needed for his role in the texts as the one who preserves the Buddha's dispensation. Indeed, later Buddhist texts depict Mahākāśyapa as the eldest son of the Buddha, who leads both the funerals of his father and, as his heir, presides over the First Council. Eventually, he came to be seen as the first teacher after the Buddha and as the beginning of a lineage of teachers. This conceptualization is found within several Buddhist schools, including the Theravādins and the [[Mahasanghika|Mahāsaṅghikas]].{{sfn |Tournier |2014 |pp=17–18, note 62, 20–22, note 78}} Indeed, Theravāda sees him as a sort of "Father of the Church".{{sfn |Lagirarde |2006}}

=== Historical lineages ===
Furthermore, Mahākāśyapa is described in the Pāli commentary to the ''Dīgha Nikāya'' as the person responsible for the preservation of collection that was the precursor to the ''Saṃyutta Nikāya'' and the ''Saṃyuktaka Āgama''. In both the Nikāya and Āgama version of this same collection, therefore, a great deal of attention is given to him, and Tournier thinks it possible that the lineage of teachers preserving this collection, probably originating from the Sthāviras, also conceived themselves as preservers of Mahākāśyapa's legacy. This is also reflected in the language used in inscriptions from the Sinhalese monk Mahānāman (5th–6th century CE) and in later texts used in the Sinhalese tradition, which both connect Mahānāman's lineage with that of Mahākāśyapa, and also that of the future Buddha Maitreya.{{sfn |Tournier |2014 |pp=26–29}} However, some Pāli sources indicate that Mahākāśyapa was part of the lineage of the ''Aṅguttara Nikāya'' [[Bhāṇaka|reciters]] instead.{{sfn |Gethin |2008 |p=18}}

One of the early Buddhist schools, the [[Kāśyapīya]]s ({{langx|pi|Kassapīya}}), was founded by Mahākāśyapa, according to scholars [[Paramartha|Paramārtha]] (499–569) and [[Kuiji]] (632–682). Other traditional scholars have argued instead it was another Kāśyapa, who lived three centuries after the Buddha.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Kāśyapīya}} When the differences between the early Buddhist schools grew more prominent, the [[Mahasanghika|Mahāsaṅghikas]] affiliated themselves with the figure of Mahākāśyapa, and claimed him as their founder and patron-saint. They presented themselves as more orthodox than other schools, such as Theravāda.{{sfn |Dutt |1925 |pp=207, 239–240}}

=== In art and culture ===
[[File:九天禅院释迦牟尼佛.jpg|thumb|alt=Temple with Buddha image, flanked by Ānanda and Mahākāśyapa |In Mahāyāna iconography, Ānanda is often depicted flanking the Buddha at the right side, together with Mahākāśyapa at the left. {{ill|Temple of Heaven Garden|zh|天坛花园}} in [[Shantou]], China.]]
In Buddhist art, depictions of Mahākāśyapa have "left an indelible mark". He was depicted in ''paranirvāṇa'' scenes as a reassurance that Gautama Buddha's dispensation would not be lost; he was depicted next to Maitreya Buddha as an anticipatory vision of the future.{{sfn |Kim |2011 |p=137}} The scene in which he paid his final respects to the Buddha became a well-known depiction in Buddhist art,{{sfn |Lee |2010 |p=57}} and Strong has argued that it may have led to the cult of the [[Buddha footprint|Buddha's footprints]].{{sfn |Strong |2007 |p=113}}

In Chinese art, Mahākāśyapa is usually depicted with a long beard and hair. Buddhist studies scholar Mun-Keat Choong hypothesizes that these depictions found their way back in at least one Chinese Buddhist discourse, the discourse in which Mahākāśyapa is criticized for looking inappropriate. This may have been the work of the translators.{{sfn |Mun-keat |2017 |p=303}} In Mahāyāna iconography, Mahākāśyapa is often depicted flanking the Buddha at the left side, together with Ānanda at the right.{{sfn |Buswell |Lopez |2013 |loc=Er xieshi}} The two disciples have been very popular in art depictions since the time of [[Greco-Buddhism]], and Migot argued that the tradition of Mahākāśyapa and Ānanda being the Buddha's two main disciples was older than that of the tradition of Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana, because in the ''Mahāparinibbāna Sutta'' only the former pair features, and the traditional explanation for this that Śāriputra and Maudgalyāyana did not outlive the Buddha seems unconvincing.{{sfn |Migot |1954 |pp=417, 536}}{{refn |group=note |As for Theravāda iconography, Mahākāśyapa is usually not depicted flanking the Buddha.{{sfn |Edkins |2013 |pages=42–43}}}} In Chan temples, the image of Mahākāśyapa is often placed in a central position, being the first patriarch of the tradition.{{sfn |Jorgensen |2000 |pp=158, 271}} In the history of Mahāyāna Buddhism, as the rag-robe asceticism of Mahākāśyapa contributed to his legendary figure and the legitimation of the Mahāyāna creed, rag-robes became an icon in East Asian Buddhism. The Buddha's disciples and founders of East Asian Buddhism were often depicted in them.{{sfn |Riggs |2007 |p=91}} When ''fukudenkai'' sewing groups were founded in Japan in the early twentieth century, to introduce sewing robes for monastics as a spiritual practice, they often referred to the early Buddhist account of Mahākāśyapa receiving the rag-robes from the Buddha. ''Fukudenkai'' practitioners usually use second-hand clothes to sew the rag-robes, just like in the time of the Buddha.{{sfn |Riggs |2004 |pp=321, 327–328}}

In May 2022, Sushant More, a botany researcher from [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra discovered a new plant ''Lepidagathis mahakassapae'' endemic to the state and named it after Mahākāśyapa, following the Pāli spelling of his name.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/njb.03345 | doi=10.1111/njb.03345 | title=''Lepidagathis mahakassapae'' sp. nov. (Acanthaceae: Barlerieae) from the high elevated Lateritic Plateau of northern Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India | year=2022 | last1=More | first1=Sushant | last2=Kambale | first2=Sharad | last3=Sawant | first3=Mandar | last4=Mane | first4=Rohit | last5=Bhosale | first5=Harshal | journal=Nordic Journal of Botany | volume=2022 | issue=7 | s2cid=249221118 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist |group=note |30em}}

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{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel345.html Mahā Kassapa, Father of the Sangha], by Hellmuth Hecker, biography based on the [[Pali Canon|Pāli Canon]], revised and enlarged translation from ''Wissen und Wandel'' volume XXI, number 6, 1975, (German) by [[Nyanaponika|Nyanaponika Thera]], ''The Wheel'' Publication No. 345, {{ISBN|955-24-0026-0}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190713140808/https://www.accesstoinsight.org/lib/authors/hecker/wheel345.html archived here.]
* [https://www.learnreligions.com/disciple-mahakasyapa-father-of-sangha-449645 ''Mahākāśyapa''], hosted by Learning Religion, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200217191247/https://www.learnreligions.com/disciple-mahakasyapa-father-of-sangha-449645 archived here.]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|bu}}
{{succession box|title=[[Lineage (Buddhism)|Lineage of Buddhist patriarchs]] (According to the [[Zen]] schools of China and Japan)|before=[[Gautama Buddha|Śākyamuni]] Beginning of the lineage|after=[[Ananda]]|years=}}
{{s-end}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahakasyapa}}
[[Category:Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:Arhats]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Buddhist patriarchs]]
[[Category:5th-century Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:People from Magadha]]

Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Bombay State)

2025-08-24T03:41:59Z

Bharat: Stub...

{{One source|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox government cabinet
| cabinet_type = Ministry
| cabinet_number =
| jurisdiction = [[Maharashtra]]
| flag = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| flag_border = true
| date_formed = 5 April 1957
| date_dissolved = 30 April 1960
| government_head = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| government_head_title = Chief Minister
| deputy_government_head =
| deputy_government_head_title =
| state_head = [[Sri Prakasa]]
| state_head_title = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]
| members_number =
| former_members_number =
| total_number = 27 15 Cabinet ministers (Incl. Chief Minister) 12 deputy ministers
| political_parties = [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]
| legislature_status = [[Majority government]]
| opposition_cabinet =
| opposition_party =
| opposition_leader =
| election =
| last_election =
| legislature_term =
| previous = [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Bombay State)|Y. Chavan I (Bombay State)]]
| successor = [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|Y. Chavan I (Maharashtra)]]
}}

Following the [[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957 legislative elections]], incumbent [[Bombay State]] [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|chief minister]] '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' was sworn in for the second time in April 1957.<ref name=min>{{Cite news |title=7 NEWCOMERS IN CABINET: Education Portfolio For Youngest Member SOME SURPRISES IN LIST |date=12 April 1957 |newspaper=[[Times of India]] |page=1 |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/741687713 |access-date=29 August 2022|id={{ProQuest|741687713}} }}{{subscription required}}</ref> Chavan served until 30 April 1960, when the State was [[Bombay State#Dissolution of Bombay state|dissolved and divided]] into the states of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Gujarat]]. After dissolution, Chavan continued as the chief minister of Maharashtra.

==Ministry==
The initial ministry consisted of 15 [[cabinet ministers]].<ref name=min />
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] Departments not allocated to any minister
| minister1 = [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| minister1_termstart = 5 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Finance
| minister1 = [[Jivraj Mehta]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Revenue
| minister1 = [[Rasiklal Umedchand Parikh|R. U. Parikh]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Labour Law
| minister1 = [[Shantilal Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Public Health
| minister1 = [[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Agriculture Aarey Milk Colony
| minister1 = [[Vasantrao Naik]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Prohibition Village Panchayats Cottage Industries
| minister1 = [[Ratubhai Adani]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Forests
| minister1 = B. G. Ghade
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Local Self-Government
| minister1 = [[Maneklal Chunilal Shah]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Planning Development Electricity Industries
| minister1 = [[S. K. Wankhede]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Public Works
| minister1 = [[Balasaheb Desai|D. S. Desai]]
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Education
| minister1 = H. K. Desai
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Civil Supplies Housing Printing Press Fisheries
| minister1 = S. G. Kazi
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Cooperation
| minister1 = T. S. Bharde
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Social Welfare Rehabilitation
| minister1 = N. K. Tirpude
| minister1_termstart = 12 April 1957
| minister1_termend = 30 April 1960
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra state government ministries}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress state ministries of Maharashtra|Yashwantrao II]]
[[Category:Maharashtra ministries|C]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1957|Yashwantrao II]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1960|Yashwantrao II]]
[[Category:Bombay State]]

Sollepuram, Saragapalli

2025-08-22T19:14:03Z

Bharat: New

{{short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sollepuram
| official_name =
| native_name = சொல்லேபுரம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name = Sollépuram
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.6225|N|77.7519|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Tehsil|Thaluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Denkanikottai taluk|Denkanikottai]]
| subdivision_type5 = [[Panchayat samiti|Block]]
| subdivision_name5 = [[Thally]]
| subdivision_type6 = [[Gram panchayat|Panchayat]]
| subdivision_name6 = Saragapalli
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| demographics1_title2 = Secondary
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 635114
| postal2_code_type = [[Post Office]]
| postal2_code = Saragapalli
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-4347
| registration_plate = TN 70
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Krishnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagiri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] Member
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[A. Chellakumar]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Thalli Assembly constituency|Thalli]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/thalli-election-result-2021-live-updates-thalli-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695939.html | title=Thalli Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Ramachandran T of CPI wins | date=2 May 2021 }}</ref>
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] Member
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[T. Ramachandran (CPI politician)|T. Ramachandran]]
}}

'''Sollepuram''' a village located in [[Krishnagiri District]], Indian State of [[Tamil Nadu]]. This Village comes under the administration Saragapalli Gram panchayat, [[Thally block]].<ref>{{Cite web | title=SARAGAPALLI Village in KRISHNAGIRI {{!}} eTamilNadu.org | url=http://www.etamilnadu.org/saragapalli-village-12140.html | access-date=2025-08-22 | website=www.etamilnadu.org}}</ref> This village is 3 km away from the major village [[Madagondapalli]].

Sollepuram<ref>{{Cite web | title=Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) | url=https://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/dpc_sms_new_dtl.aspx?page=d&state_name=TAMIL+NADU&state_code=29&district_name=KRISHNAGIRI&district_code=2930&block_name=THALLY&block_code=2930010&fin_year=2018-2019&Digest=rB6MppL+LcLPmbJlQ9HR9g | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617120249/https://mnregaweb4.nic.in/netnrega/dpc_sms_new_dtl.aspx?page=d&state_name=TAMIL+NADU&state_code=29&district_name=KRISHNAGIRI&district_code=2930&block_name=THALLY&block_code=2930010&fin_year=2018-2019&Digest=rB6MppL+LcLPmbJlQ9HR9g | access-date=2025-08-22 | archive-date=2023-06-17}}</ref> holds a unique cultural identity, heavily influenced by the presence of Catholic missionaries who settled in the neighboring village '''Madagondapalli''' over a century ago. As a result, the village has a notable population of Catholics who actively participate in religious activities and festivities.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Krishnagiri district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishnagiri district]]

Bhikawadi Khurd

2025-08-17T03:27:00Z

Bharat:

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{refimprove|date=March 2007}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhikawadi Khurd
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|20|13|N|74|26|35|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangli district|Sangli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Grampanchayat Bhikawadi Khurd
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1677<ref>{{cite web |title=Bhikawadi Kh (enter "Bhikawadi" in the bottom search box)|website=Population finder |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011 census
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 415311
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 02347
| registration_plate = MH 10
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Vita, Maharashtra
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 90%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Sangli
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Palus-Kadegaon
| blank5_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank5_info_sec1 = Grampanchayat Bhikawadi Khurd
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhikawadi Khurd''' is a small village in [[Sangli district]] of [[Maharashtra]] state ([[India]]). Bhikawadi is 14 km from [[Vita, Maharashtra|Vita]]. Bhikawadi is a known for God Shrinath temple and also for Jatra (street festival). Bhikawadi hosts "Jatra" on "Gudhi Padawa" of every year. [[Khurd and Kalan]] are Persian words which mean small and big, respectively. When two villages have the same name, they are distinguished by adding these words to the end of their names.
[[File:Srinath temple and Rath .jpg|thumb|Shrinath Temple and Rath|left]]

[[File:Bagad 2.jpg|thumb|Bagad|left]]

[[File:jatra.jpg|thumb|Jatra|left]]

[[File:Gudhi.jpg|thumb|Gudhi|left]]

[[File:Tamasha.jpg|thumb|Tamasha|left]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhikawadi Khurd}}

[[Category:Villages in Sangli district]]

{{Sangli-geo-stub}}

List of State Protected Monuments in Kerala

2025-07-29T04:17:38Z

Bharat:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
This is a list of [[State Protected Monuments of India|State Protected Monuments]] as officially reported by and available through the website of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] in the [[India]]n state [[Kerala]].<ref name="ASI MNI">[http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp List of State Protected Monuments as reported by the Archaeological Survey of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523134605/http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_list.asp |date=23 May 2013 }}.</ref><ref>[http://archaeology.kerala.gov.in/ Archaeology Department, Kerala]. kerala.gov.in.</ref> The monument identifier is a combination of the abbreviation of the subdivision of the list (state, ASI circle) and the numbering as published on the website of the ASI. 116 Kerala State Protected Monuments have been recognized by the Kerala State Department of Archaeology under Kerala Ancient Monuments and Archaeological sites and Remains Act of 1968.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_protected_monu_kerala.asp|title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Kerala - Archaeological Survey of India|last=|first=|date=|website=asi.nic.in|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-17}}</ref>

== List of state protected monuments ==
{{ASI Monument header|state_iso=IN-KL}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-1
| description = Rock cut cave
| location = [[Alapuzha]]
| address =
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alapuzha]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-2
| description = Buddha image "[[Karumadikuttan]]"
| location = [[Karumady]]
| address = [[Karumady]], [[Alapuzha]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alapuzha]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Karumadikuttan.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-3
| description = Buddha image
| location = Budha junction
| address = [[Mavelikara]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alapuzha]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Budha_mavelikara_kerala.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-4
| description = Buddha image
| location =
| address =
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alapuzha]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-5
| description = [[Narasimha]] temple - Chatankulangara
| location = Chatankulangara
| address =
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alapuzha]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-6
| description = [[Krishnapuram Palace]]
| location = [[Kayamkulam]]
| address = [[Krishnapuram, Alappuzha district|Krishnapuram]]
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alapuzha]]
| lon = 9.1503
| lat = 76.5086
| image = Krishnapuram_palace2.jpg
|commonscat=Krishnapuram Palace
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-7
| description = Karikkodu Annamalanathara temple
| location = Karikkodu
| address =
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.2482487
| lat = 10.1687388
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-8
| description = Stone inscription (Hebrew inscriptions lying in the compound of the snynagogue at [[Chennamangalam]], [[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]])
| location = [[Chennamangalam]], [[Paravur Taluk|Paravur]]
| address =
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.2482487
| lat = 10.1687388
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-9
| description = Old Kacherry building ([[Union Christian College, Aluva]])
| location = [[Aluva]], [[Ernakulam]]
| address = [[Union Christian College, Aluva|UC College]] Rd, [[Aluva]], Kerala 683102
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.333587
| lat = 10.1258376
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-10
| description = The palace which was used for performing ceremony of '[[Ariyittuvazhcha Kovilakam|Ariyittu Vazcha]]' by the [[Maharaja of Cochin|Maharaja]] of erstwhile [[Cochin Kingdom|Cochin kingdom]]
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| address =
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Ariyittuvazhcha Kovilakom.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-11
| description = Ooramana temple
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| address =
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-12
| description = [[Thiru Nayathode Siva Narayana Temple|Thirunayathodu Siva Narayan Temple]]
| location = [[Nayathod]]
| address =
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Thirunayathod Shivanarayana Temple DSC 1570.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-13
| description = [[Pallipuram Fort|Pallipuram fort]]
| location = [[Pallippuram, Ernakulam|Pallipuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Palliport fort.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-14
| description = [[Puthoorppilly Sree Krishnaswamy Temple|Puthoorppilly Sreekrishnaswamy Temple]], [[Manjapra]]
| location = [[Manjapra]]
| address = Manjapra Church Road, Chandrapura, [[Manjapra]], Kerala 683581
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.4499166
| lat = 10.2143381
| image = Puthoorppilly Sreekrishna temple DSC 1615 15.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-15
| description = [[Kallil Temple|Kallil rock cut temple]]
| location = [[Perumbavoor]]
| address = [[Pulluvazhy|Pulluvazhi]] Kallil Rd, Methala, [[Perumbavoor]], Kerala 683545
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.5443059
| lat = 10.0659224
| image = Kallil Temple DSC 1650 46.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-16
| description = [[Kottayil Kovilakam]]
| location = [[Chendamangalam]], [[North Paravur]]
| address = [[Kottayil Kovilakam|Kottayilkovilakam]], [[Chendamangalam]], Kerala 683521
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.249067
| lat = 10.166612
| image = Jewish Grave in cemetery Kottayil Kovilakam North Pravaoor DSC 1954.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-17
| description = Vaipikotta Seminary
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| address =
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Remaining of Vaipikotta Seminari DSC 1996.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-18
| description = Stone inscriptions
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| address =
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-19
| description = Ezuthupara
| location =
| address =
| district = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-20
| description = Ruins of ancient granite temple
| location =
| address =
| district = [[Idukki district|Idukki]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-21
| description = [[Ezhimala]] Fort at Ettikulam
| location = [[Ezhimala]], Ettikulam
| address =
| district = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-22
| description = [[Padmanabhapuram Palace|Padmanapuram palace]]
| location = [[Padmanabhapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Kanyakumari district|Kanyakumari]] ([[Tamil Nadu]])
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Padmanabhapuram Palace 6.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-23
| description = Poyyilkotta
| location = [[Kasargod]]
| address =
| district = [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-24
| description = Peelicode cave
| location = [[Pilicode]]
| address =
| district = [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = PILICODE CAVE S-KL-24 TPR 03.jpg
| commons = Pilicode cave
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-25
| description = [[Chandragiri Fort, Kerala|Chandragir fort]]
| location =
| address =
| district = [[Kasaragod district|Kasargod]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Statue found from sonkh mound.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-26
| description = [[Kottukal cave temple|Kottukkal Rock cut temple]]
| location = [[Kottukkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Kottukkal_Rock_-cut-cave_Temple_kollam_04.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-27
| description = [[Punalur Suspension Bridge|Punallur suspension bridge]]
| location = [[Punalur]]
| address =
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Punalur Grand Suspension Bridge.JPG
|commonscat=Punalur suspension bridge
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-28
| description = Madankavu
| location = [[Kollam]]
| address =
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-29
| description = Chanthamath temple
| location = [[Kollam]]
| address =
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-30
| description = Buddha Image
| location = [[Kollam]]
| address =
| district = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-31
| description = [[Pundareekapuram Temple|Pundarikapuram Temple]]
| location = [[Thalayolaparambu]], [[Kottayam]]
| address =
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =Pundareekapuram Temple.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-32
| description = Monuments indicating the 1st arrival of [[Vasco da Gama|Vasco-de-Gama]] at Kappad
| location = [[Kappad]]
| address =
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Gama memorial.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-33
| description = [[Tipu Sultan]] for paramukku, Kottasthalam
| location = Kottasthalam
| address =
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-34
| description = Kottukkal [[Kunhali Marakkar|Kunhalimarakkar]]s House
| location = Kottukkal
| address =
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-35
| description = Venkittathevar [[Shiva temple|Shiva Temple]] ([[Kottakkal]])
| location = [[Kottakkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Venkittathevar1.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-36
| description = [[Kattil Madam Temple|Kallilmadam]]
| location = [[Palakkad]]
| address =
| district = [[Palakkad district]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Kattilmadam (Kallilmadam).JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-37
| description = Madavoorpara Rock cut cave
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Madavoorpara Rock cut cave.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-38
| description = Thirunarayanapuram [[Vishnu temple]]
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-39
| description = Thrivikaramangalam temple
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-40
| description = Neeramangara temple
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-41
| description = Trivandrum fort
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Padmanapha temple.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-42
| description = [[Vizhinjam|Vizinjam]] [[Bhagavati]] temple
| location = [[Vizhinjam|Vizinjam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-43
| description = [[Vishnu temple]] [[Aruvikkara|Aruvikkane]]
| location = [[Aruvikkara]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-44
| description = Old Palace
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Old Palace - Thiruvananthapuram.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-45
| description = [[Pandavanpara]]
| location = [[Chengannoor]]
| address =
| district = [[Alappuzha district|Alapuzha]]
| lon = 76.611023
| lat = 9.312550
| image = Pand templ.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-46
| description = The fort walls around [[Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Sree Padmanabha swamy temple]]. The fort gates and the sites in which they stand.
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Northern Gate Fort Wall.JPG
|commonscat=Padmanabhaswamy Temple
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-47
| description = Ayyippilla Asan and Ayyinipilla Assan Smaraka [[Mandapa|mandapam]]
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-48
| description = Birth Place of [[Chattambi Swamikal|Sri Vidhyadhi Raja Chattambi Swamikal]]
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| address =
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-49
| description = Porkalam - Dolmens
| location = [[Talappilly]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-50
| description = Kizthali temple
| location = [[Kodungallur]]
| address = [[Methala]]
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-51
| description = [[Shakthan Thampuran Palace|Sakthan Thampuran Palace]]
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-52
| description = Two images - [[Nagaraja]] and Nagayakshi under a [[Alstonia scholaris|Satparna Tree]]
| location = [[Vadakkechira]] Palace compound ([[Shakthan Thampuran Palace|Sakthan Thampuran Palace]]), [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Two images - Nagaraja and Nagayakshi under a Saptarna Tree.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-53
| description = Monuments in palace Toppu ([[Vadakkechira|Vadakkechira Palace compound]])
| location = [[Vadakkechira]], [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-54
| description = Monolithic monument
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address = One menhir (Perichikallu) kept in front of Agathimandiram, Ponganamkadu near [[Viyyoor]]. One was invented near [[Kuttur (Thrissur)|Kuttur]] industrial area (it has fallen down).
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Monolithic monument at Thrissur close view.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-55
| description = Western gateway
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-56
| description = Eastern gateway
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address = An arched gateway with ornamentation and wicked gates. This is much older than the western gateway.
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-57
| description = [[Tippu Sultan|Tippu]]'s flag staff
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address = Planted originally on the North West corner of the Fortification round the Palace ([[Shakthan Thampuran Palace|Sakthan Thampuran Palace]]), but shifted and planted on the remaining part of the ruined fort. Near the western gateway.
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-58
| description = A dolmen in Anapanthan
| location = Anapanthan
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-59
| description = A dolmen in Puthupara in Kothumuzhi
| location = Puthupara, Kothumuzhi
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-60
| description = A dolmen south of Travancore line near Puthupara
| location = Puthupara
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-61
| description = One [[muniyara]] with side rooms near Mylaeappur
| location = Mylaeappur
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-62
| description = Idol of [[Ganapathi]] at Elicode
| location = Elicode
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-63
| description = Ruined temple dedicated to [[Vishnu]] in Bhantamalai in [[Trikkur]] beat
| location = Bhantamalai, [[Trikkur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-64
| description = An idol of [[Shiva|Siva]] in Bhantamala
| location = Bhantamala
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-65
| description = A circular well in Bhantamala
| location = Bhantamala
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-66
| description = Munipara - 6 [[muniyara]]s
| location = Munipara
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-67
| description = Chendrayi - 3 [[muniyara]]s
| location = Chendrayi
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-68
| description = Kunamkuzhigara - 2 [[muniyara]]s
| location = Kunamkuzhigara
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-69
| description = Adiappilly - 1 [[muniyara]]
| location = Adiappilly
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-70
| description = Valathu thandu - 2 [[muniyara]]s
| location = Valathu Thandu
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-71
| description = Irappanapara - 3 [[muniyara]]s
| location = Irappanapara
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-72
| description = One rock cut cave
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-73
| description = One [[Muniyara]] at Vailathanpara
| location = Vailathanpara
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-74
| description = Dilapidated [[Shiva temple|Siva temple]] in the Athanad hill
| location = Athanad Hill
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-75
| description = Two [[muniyara]]s at Thandikadu
| location = Thandikadu
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-76
| description = One [[muniyara]] near Adukkalapura
| location = Adukkalapura
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-77
| description = Two [[muniyara]] near Verthilapara
| location = Verthilapara
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-78
| description = One [[muniyara]] near Vaniampara
| location = Vaniampara
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-79
| description = One [[muniyara]] near Kaipikad
| location = Kaipikad
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-80
| description = Fifteen [[muniyara]]s near Perumthambar
| location = Perumthambar
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-81
| description = Nine [[muniyara]]s near Thalikuzhi
| location = Thalikuzhi
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-82
| description = Site of [[Bana (Asura)|Bana]]'s fort and [[Shiva temple|Siva temple]], Pannarcheri
| location = Pannarcheri
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-83
| description = One [[muniyara]] in Kundanthodu
| location = Kundanthodu
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-84
| description = One [[muniyara]] in Kundanthodu
| location = Kundanthodu
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-85
| description = One [[Shiva temple|Siva Temple]] in [[Elanad]] village
| location = [[Elanad]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-86
| description = One [[Shiva temple|Siva temple]] in the reserve in [[Chelakkara|Chelakara]] beat
| location = [[Chelakkara|Chelakara]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-87
| description = Three [[muniyara]]s in the reserve in Pallamparatha in [[Vazhani Dam|Vazhani]] beat
| location = Pallamparatha, [[Vazhani Dam|Vazhani]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-88
| description = Four [[muniyara]] in the ridge of top in Mukkunipara reserve in Kallampara beat
| location = Mukkunipara, Kallampara
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Muniyara1.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-89
| description = Four [[muniyara]]s in Cheppara in Kallampara beat
| location = Cheppara, Kallampara
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-90
| description = Dilapidated [[Sastha]] Temple in Iyyapakkunnu
| location = Iyyapakkunnu
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-91
| description = [[Vatteluttu|Vatteluthu]] inscriptions
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-92
| description = Temple Site
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-93
| description = Menhir near [[Ramavarmapuram]]
| location = [[Mukundapuram]]
| address = Megalithic monument on the side of the Thrissur - Kundukadu Road.
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-94
| description = Pre-historic cave
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-95
| description = Megalithic monument
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-96
| description = Port hole cist
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-97
| description = [[Vadakkunnathan Temple|Vadakkunnathan temple]]
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Thrissur_vatakkunnatha_temple.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-98
| description = Irunilacode temple
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-99
| description = Old fortification
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-100
| description = Megalithic monuments near the T.B hospital site
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| address =
| district = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-101
| description = Tomb of [[Pazhassi Raja|Veera Pazhassi Raja]]
| location = [[Mananthavady|Mananthawadi]]
| address =
| district = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Tomb of Veera Pazhassi Raja at Mananthawadi in Wayanadu.JPG
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-102
| description = [[Edakkal Caves|Cave at Edakkal]]
| location = [[Edakkal]]
| address =
| district = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image = Cave drawings.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-103
| description = Stone inscriptions
| location = [[Kottayil Kovilakam]], [[North Paravur]]
| address = [[Kottayil Kovilakam]], Kerala 683521
| district = [[Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.2479834
| lat = 10.1666381
| image = Stone Outside Jewish Synagogue Kottayil Kovilakam North Paravoor DSC 1934.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-104
| description = [[Pazhoor Perumthrikkovil|Pazhoor Perumthrikovil]] [[Shiva Temple|Siva Temple]], [[Piravom|Piravam]]
| location = [[Piravom|Piravam]]
| address = [[Piravom|Piravam]], Kerala 686664
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.4713939
| lat = 9.8847963
| image = Pazhoor Perumthrikkovil Temple.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-105
| description = [[Uliyannoor|Uliyannur]] [[Mahadeva Temple]], [[Aluva]]
| location = [[Uliyannoor]], [[Aluva]]
| address = [[Uliyannoor]], [[Aluva]], Kerala 683108
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.3400674
| lat = 10.0990134
| image = Uliyannoor Mahadeva Temple DSC 1827.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-106
| description = [[Thirumarady]] [[Mahadeva Temple|Sri Mahadeva Temple]]
| location = [[Thirumarady]], [[Moovattupuzha]]
| address = [[Thirumarady]], Kerala 686687
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.5528473
| lat = 9.8872076
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-107
| description = [[Jewish synagogue|Jewish Synagogue]], [[North Paravur]]
| location = [[North Paravur]]
| address = [[Kottayil Kovilakam]], Kerala 683521
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.2480102
| lat = 10.1688122
| image = Jewish Synagogue Kottayil Kovilakam North Pravaoor DSC 1891.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-108
| description = Bastian Bungalow, [[Fort Kochi]]
| location = [[Fort Kochi]]
| address = Napier Street, [[Fort Kochi]], [[Kochi]], Kerala 682001
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.2369138
| lat = 9.9643011
| image = Bastion Bungalow sideview.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-109
| description = [[Hill Palace, Tripunithura|Hill Palace Archaeological Museum]], [[Thrippunithura]]
| location = [[Thrippunithura]]
| address = Hill Palace Rd, [[Irumpanam]], [[Thrippunithura]], Kerala 682301
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.3617252
| lat = 9.9526439
| image = Hill Palace Museum Tripunithura DSC 1335.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-110
| description = [[Thekkumbhagam Synagogue]]
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| address = Market Rd, [[Ernakulam]], Kerala 682031
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.277089
| lat = 9.980678
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-111
| description = [[St. George]] Church, Puthenpally
| location = [[Varapuzha]]
| address = Puthenpally, [[Varapuzha]], Kerala 683517
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.2720651
| lat = 10.0824832
| image = Puthen Palli Varappuzha DSC 1867.jpg
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-112
| description = Thirumarayikkulam [[Mahadeva Temple]], Edakkad
| location = Edakkad
| address = Edakkad
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon =
| lat =
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-113
| description = [[Kadamattam St George Orthodox Syrian Church|Kadmattam Church]]
| location = Kadamattam
| address = Kadamattam, Kerala
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.4954008
| lat = 9.9768628
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-114
| description = [[Narasimha]] [[murti|moorthi]] Temple, Kaippattoor
| location = Kaippattoor
| address = Kaipattoor, Kerala 682313
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.442366
| lat = 9.850169
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-115
| description = [[St. Sebastian]]'s Church
| location = [[Thrippunithura]]
| address = [[Thrippunithura]], [[Ernakulam]], Kerala 682307
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.374762
| lat = 9.882488
| image =
}}
{{ASI Monument row
| number = S-KL-116
| description = Old [[Jewish cemetery|Jew Cemetery]], [[Ernakulam]]
| location = [[Marine Drive, Kochi]]
| address = Lt. Unniyattil Karunakaran Ln, [[Marine Drive, Kochi|Marine Drive]], [[Ernakulam]], Kerala 682031
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| lon = 76.279703
| lat = 9.975714
| image =
}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of State Protected Monuments in India]], for other State Protected Monuments in India
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Kerala]]

== References ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}
{{-}}

==External links==
*[http://www.keralaculture.org/keralaasi-protected-mounments/628 Kerala Archaeology Department]
*[http://www.archaeology.kerala.gov.in/monuments Protected Monuments]
{{Monuments of NI in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Monuments in Kerala, State Protected, List of}}
[[Category:Lists of State Protected Monuments in India|Kerala]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Kerala|state protected monuments]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Kerala| ]]

Panwar

2025-07-11T05:59:17Z

Bharat: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Parmar (clan)]]

{{R from merge}}

[[Category:Rajput clans]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Garhwali Rajputs]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Natun Asom Gana Parishad

2025-07-02T14:32:13Z

Bharat:

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{update|date=February 2014}}
'''Natun Asom Gana Parishad''' ('New Assamese People's Association') was a [[political party]] in the Indian state of [[Assam]]. NAGP was formed through a split of [[Asom Gana Parishad]] (AGP).<ref name="m136">{{cite web | last=Banerjee | first=Ruben | title=Rivalry between Prafulla Kumar Mahanta and Bhrigu Kumar Phukan rocks AGP | website=India Today | date=28 June 2013 | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19951130-rivalry-between-prafulla-kumar-mahanta-and-bhrigu-kumar-phukan-rocks-agp-807993-1995-11-29 | access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19900228-assam-uneasy-calm-between-prafulla-kumar-mahanta-and-bhrigu-kumar-phukan-813715-1990-02-27|title=Assam: Uneasy calm between Prafulla Kumar Mahanta and Bhrigu Kumar Phukan|date=28 February 1990|website=India Today}}</ref>

NAGP was led by former Union Law Minister and MP [[Dinesh Goswami]] and former Assam Home Minister [[Bhrigu Kumar Phukan]].<ref name="kumar">Kumar, Arun (ed.). ''The Tenth Round – Story of the Indian Elections 1991''. Calcutta: Rupa & Co., 1991. p. 141</ref> Goswami and Phukan had been prominent leaders of the [[Assam Agitation]] led by [[All Assam Students Union]] and [[All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad]] in the early 1980s. Other prominent leaders of the party included former Assam Education Minister [[Brindaban Goswami]] and former [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] speaker [[Pulakesh Barua]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/19980608-crisis-in-agp-ministry-dissidents-plan-to-mount-another-attack-after-assembly-by-polls-826627-1998-06-07|title=Crisis in AGP ministry: Dissidents plan to mount another attack after assembly by-polls|date=8 June 1998|website=India Today}}</ref>

In 1994, NAGP merged with AGP with [[Bhrigu Phukan]] as the Working President of the AGP. Phukan was later removed as the party's Working President and finally expelled from AGP in 1997 following differences with party president and the then [[Chief Minister of Assam]] [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/22agp.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Split in AGP|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> Another NAGP leader and former state Education minister [[Brindaban Goswami]] later became the president of AGP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19960430-elections-1996-assam-seems-headed-for-a-hung-assembly-835101-1996-04-29|title=Elections 1996: Assam seems headed for a hung assembly|date=30 April 1996|website=India Today}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Defunct political parties in Assam]]
[[Category:Asom Gana Parishad]]
[[Category:Political parties in Assam]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1991]]
[[Category:1991 establishments in Assam]]

{{India-party-stub}}
{{Assam-stub}}

List of populated places in Tengnoupal district

2025-06-28T02:44:22Z

Bharat: Creating Basic Location Needs Work

{{short description|Villages in Tengnoupal district of Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

The [[Tengnoupal district]] of [[Manipur]] state in India is divided into 3 administrative subdivisions called blocks.<ref name="blocks">{{cite web |title=Sub-Divisions and Blocks |publisher=District Administration Tengnoupal |url=https://tengnoupal.nic.in/sub-divisions-and-blocks/ |access-date=2022-12-22 }}</ref> It has one town (Moreh),<ref name="town">{{cite web |title=Municipalities |publisher=District Administration Tengnoupal |url=https://tengnoupal.nic.in/public-utility-category/municipality/ |access-date=2022-12-22 }}</ref> and 263 villages.<ref>{{cite web |title=Demography |publisher=District Administration Tengnoupal |url=https://tengnoupal.nic.in/demography/ |access-date=2022-12-22 }}</ref>

The district was carved out of the [[Chandel district]] in 2016,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/imphal/manipur-chief-minsiter-inaugurates-two-new-districts-amid-naga-protests/articleshow/56011103.cms |title=Manipur Chief {{as written|Mins|iter [sic]}} inaugurates two new districts amid Naga protests |date=2016-12-16 |newspaper=2022-12-22 }}</ref> and did not exist at the time of the [[2011 Census of India]]. The following list of populated places from the 2011 census is for the Machi and Tengnoupal blocks of the former Chandel district.<ref name="Census_2011">{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Chandel - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6471 |access-date=2022-12-21 }}</ref>

== Blocks ==

The district has three blocks: Moreh, Tengnoupal, and Machi.<ref name="blocks"/> At the time of the 2011 census, the [[Machi, Manipur|Machi]] and [[Tengnoupal]] blocks were part of the [[Chandel district]], and the Moreh area was part of the Tengnoupal block.<ref name="Census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! [[Effective literacy rate]]
! Sex ratio
! [[Scheduled caste|SC]] population %
! [[Scheduled tribe|ST]] population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Machi, Manipur|Machi]]
| 19865
| 59.65%
| 980
| 0.05%
| 97.26%
| 01892
|-
| [[Tengnoupal]]
| 39245
| 70.51%
| 936
| 1.15%
| 77.0%
| 01893
|}

== Towns ==

As of 2022, Moreh is the only town in the district.<ref name="town"/> At the time of the 2011 census, Moreh was a part of the Tengnoupal block of the Chandel district.<ref name="Census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Type
! Block
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Moreh, India|Moreh]]
| Small Town Committee
| Moreh
| 16847
| 71.47%
| 943
| 0.24%
| 56.24%
| 801496
|}

== Villages ==

=== Machi block (2011) ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Thingkangbung]]
| 62
| 64.29%
| 879
| 0.0%
| 95.16%
| 270576
|-
| [[M.Ringpam]]
| 440
| 67.07%
| 1085
| 0.0%
| 97.95%
| 270577
|-
| [[Seloiyang]]
| 44
| 61.11%
| 1095
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270578
|-
| [[Phoilenching]]
| 111
| 90.74%
| 168
| 2.7%
| 32.43%
| 270579
|-
| [[Wabaching]]
| 108
| 68.04%
| 929
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270580
|-
| [[Marryland]]
| 308
| 45.26%
| 1184
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270581
|-
| [[Tollen, Tengnoupal district|Tollen]]
| 144
| 62.73%
| 946
| 0.0%
| 97.22%
| 270582
|-
| [[Sl. Zoungam]]
| 119
| 65.96%
| 889
| 0.0%
| 99.16%
| 270583
|-
| [[Molphei]]
| 64
| 67.27%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270584
|-
| [[New Foundland, Manipur|New Foundland]]
| 23
| 95.24%
| 917
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270585
|-
| [[Heinoukhong]]
| 273
| 58.58%
| 909
| 0.0%
| 97.8%
| 270586
|-
| [[Thamlai]]
| 250
| 63.06%
| 953
| 0.0%
| 99.6%
| 270587
|-
| [[Tonghlang]]
| 205
| 60.92%
| 783
| 0.0%
| 99.51%
| 270588
|-
| [[Pelyang]]
| 111
| 38.83%
| 914
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270589
|-
| [[Hengyang, Manipur|Hengyang]]
| 75
| 73.44%
| 875
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270590
|-
| [[Konaitong]]
| 316
| 32.37%
| 927
| 0.0%
| 97.78%
| 270591
|-
| [[Khulsaibung(Karongthel)]]
| 948
| 42.5%
| 866
| 0.0%
| 99.47%
| 270592
|-
| [[Lamlong Khullen]]
| 902
| 49.1%
| 969
| 0.0%
| 99.67%
| 270593
|-
| [[Lamlong Christian]]
| 202
| 49.21%
| 1061
| 0.0%
| 99.01%
| 270594
|-
| [[Langol, Manipur|Langol]]
| 1169
| 49.36%
| 978
| 0.0%
| 95.47%
| 270595
|-
| [[Langol Khunou]]
| 238
| 57.38%
| 1183
| 0.0%
| 98.32%
| 270596
|-
| [[Khunbi]]
| 886
| 41.0%
| 1105
| 0.0%
| 96.39%
| 270597
|-
| [[Machi, Manipur|Machi]]
| 1403
| 68.27%
| 968
| 0.0%
| 98.22%
| 270598
|-
| [[Thabikeithel]]
| 133
| 61.98%
| 928
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270599
|-
| [[Parengtong]]
| 287
| 53.41%
| 979
| 0.0%
| 98.26%
| 270600
|-
| [[Nungtak]]
| 157
| 70.83%
| 1122
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270601
|-
| [[Haikot]]
| 100
| 46.67%
| 786
| 0.0%
| 99.0%
| 270602
|-
| [[Khoibu, Manipur|Khoibu]]
| 253
| 89.52%
| 902
| 0.0%
| 98.42%
| 270603
|-
| [[Thallem]]
| 58
| 73.08%
| 1231
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270604
|-
| [[Biyang, Manipur|Biyang]]
| 156
| 88.06%
| 880
| 0.0%
| 96.79%
| 270605
|-
| [[Yamolching]]
| 137
| 86.4%
| 1175
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270606
|-
| [[Bongmol]]
| 209
| 63.24%
| 1090
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270607
|-
| [[Bongli]]
| 163
| 63.97%
| 1264
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270608
|-
| [[Gomi, Manipur|Gomi]]
| 102
| 88.0%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 89.22%
| 270609
|-
| [[Semang, Manipur|Semang]]
| 113
| 81.91%
| 915
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270610
|-
| [[Samukom]]
| 178
| 78.68%
| 956
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270611
|-
| [[Koijam]]
| 375
| 60.06%
| 1005
| 0.0%
| 96.27%
| 270612
|-
| [[Laiching Minou]]
| 877
| 48.98%
| 971
| 0.0%
| 97.83%
| 270613
|-
| [[Khangshim]]
| 579
| 88.29%
| 1039
| 0.0%
| 94.3%
| 270614
|-
| [[Haikakpokpi]]
| 91
| 78.95%
| 978
| 0.0%
| 98.9%
| 270615
|-
| [[Kuraopokpi]]
| 128
| 92.91%
| 939
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270616
|-
| [[Salemram]]
| 441
| 85.89%
| 1080
| 0.0%
| 97.51%
| 270617
|-
| [[T.Hlangnom]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270618
|-
| [[Nungourok]]
| 370
| 55.79%
| 869
| 0.0%
| 96.76%
| 270619
|-
| [[Laiching Khunou]]
| 293
| 61.8%
| 966
| 0.0%
| 97.95%
| 270620
|-
| [[Tuisimi]]
| 288
| 91.98%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 93.75%
| 270621
|-
| [[Maringphai]]
| 401
| 88.7%
| 956
| 0.0%
| 95.76%
| 270622
|-
| [[Phungthil]]
| 157
| 81.82%
| 962
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270623
|-
| [[Salemphai]]
| 126
| 78.18%
| 909
| 0.0%
| 96.83%
| 270624
|-
| [[P.S.Kananyao]]
| 111
| 95.7%
| 914
| 3.6%
| 96.4%
| 270625
|-
| [[Laiching Khullen]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270626
|-
| [[Laiching Maipuo]]
| 549
| 66.38%
| 989
| 0.55%
| 93.44%
| 270627
|-
| [[Khukarthil]]
| 573
| 42.15%
| 949
| 0.0%
| 96.34%
| 270628
|-
| [[Laiching Kangshang]]
| 842
| 60.99%
| 1121
| 0.0%
| 97.39%
| 270629
|-
| [[Phaimancham]]
| 69
| 73.77%
| 1029
| 0.0%
| 98.55%
| 270630
|-
| [[Khunbi Tuisen]]
| 203
| 78.49%
| 1030
| 0.0%
| 99.51%
| 270631
|-
| [[Khunbi Tuinem]]
| 373
| 37.78%
| 1016
| 0.0%
| 98.93%
| 270632
|-
| [[Kangoi Khunou]]
| 210
| 39.7%
| 667
| 0.0%
| 86.67%
| 270633
|-
| [[Kangoi Khullen]]
| 805
| 44.4%
| 1038
| 0.0%
| 98.51%
| 270634
|-
| [[Samanphai]]
| 123
| 64.23%
| 892
| 0.0%
| 99.19%
| 270635
|-
| [[Khudei Khuman]]
| 142
| 40.83%
| 1185
| 0.0%
| 97.18%
| 270636
|-
| [[Phunchong]]
| 461
| 32.66%
| 996
| 0.0%
| 98.48%
| 270637
|-
| [[Chingjaroi, Tengnoupal district|Chingjaroi]]
| 188
| 63.37%
| 979
| 0.0%
| 96.28%
| 270638
|-
| [[Keipham]]
| 79
| 73.24%
| 837
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270639
|-
| [[Tengkonbung]]
| 67
| 88.89%
| 1030
| 0.0%
| 98.51%
| 270640
|-
| [[Chatong]]
| 42
| 88.1%
| 909
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270641
|-
| [[Kulyang]]
| 136
| 84.38%
| 1030
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270642
|-
| [[Sairel]]
| 104
| 62.63%
| 962
| 0.0%
| 99.04%
| 270643
|-
| [[Leithao]]
| 120
| 84.26%
| 1034
| 0.0%
| 99.17%
| 270644
|-
| [[Maohlang]]
| 95
| 71.76%
| 939
| 0.0%
| 98.95%
| 270645
|}

=== Tengnoupal block (2011) ===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Island, Manipur|Island]]
| 256
| 79.92%
| 790
| 0.0%
| 98.05%
| 270646
|-
| [[L.Phaijang]]
| 165
| 91.03%
| 1062
| 0.0%
| 99.39%
| 270647
|-
| [[Teraphai]]
| 249
| 74.67%
| 1024
| 0.0%
| 99.2%
| 270648
|-
| [[Beauralam]]
| 236
| 59.19%
| 950
| 0.0%
| 98.31%
| 270649
|-
| [[A.Kombirei]]
| 201
| 83.63%
| 990
| 0.0%
| 97.01%
| 270650
|-
| [[A.Tampak]]
| 160
| 84.62%
| 1133
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270651
|-
| [[A.Khudamphai]]
| 271
| 75.55%
| 993
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270652
|-
| [[A.Chingnunghut]]
| 352
| 73.47%
| 1120
| 0.0%
| 98.3%
| 270653
|-
| [[A.Khullen]]
| 461
| 62.97%
| 1022
| 0.0%
| 99.13%
| 270654
|-
| [[A.Khunjai]]
| 231
| 59.69%
| 1009
| 0.0%
| 98.7%
| 270655
|-
| [[A.Chandonpokpi]]
| 47
| 61.36%
| 1043
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270656
|-
| [[A.Ngairong]]
| 244
| 65.83%
| 1259
| 0.0%
| 98.36%
| 270657
|-
| [[A.Saitu]]
| 237
| 88.89%
| 866
| 0.0%
| 97.47%
| 270658
|-
| [[Molnom]]
| 314
| 83.09%
| 1093
| 0.0%
| 94.59%
| 270659
|-
| [[Phaichambung]]
| 191
| 67.54%
| 837
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270660
|-
| [[Tuisomjang]]
| 145
| 78.72%
| 1071
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270661
|-
| [[S.P.Saichang]]
| 167
| 69.46%
| 1088
| 0.0%
| 99.4%
| 270662
|-
| [[Zion, Manipur|Zion]]
| 256
| 34.0%
| 925
| 0.0%
| 99.61%
| 270663
|-
| [[S.D.Munjang]]
| 145
| 77.78%
| 986
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270664
|-
| [[Molnoi]]
| 281
| 85.55%
| 1113
| 0.0%
| 96.44%
| 270665
|-
| [[C. Gamnom]]
| 137
| 83.05%
| 986
| 0.0%
| 97.81%
| 270666
|-
| [[Theimungkung]]
| 266
| 90.53%
| 956
| 0.0%
| 88.35%
| 270667
|-
| [[H.Wajang]]
| 313
| 71.27%
| 1032
| 17.89%
| 78.59%
| 270668
|-
| [[Damjol]]
| 254
| 79.91%
| 1228
| 0.0%
| 98.03%
| 270669
|-
| [[Ringkhudam]]
| 66
| 95.08%
| 886
| 0.0%
| 98.48%
| 270670
|-
| [[Kanankhuren]]
| 122
| 73.21%
| 937
| 0.0%
| 95.9%
| 270671
|-
| [[H.Kotlenphai]]
| 460
| 86.09%
| 941
| 0.0%
| 98.48%
| 270672
|-
| [[L.Sijang]]
| 96
| 58.51%
| 959
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270673
|-
| [[Senam, Manipur|Senam]]
| 180
| 53.9%
| 1045
| 0.0%
| 96.11%
| 270674
|-
| [[Aigijang]]
| 108
| 86.41%
| 1038
| 0.0%
| 99.07%
| 270675
|-
| [[Saivom]]
| 254
| 79.57%
| 1228
| 0.0%
| 99.21%
| 270676
|-
| [[Tengnoupal]]
| 2158
| 76.02%
| 461
| 1.2%
| 60.52%
| 270677
|-
| [[Chahmol]]
| 268
| 65.61%
| 1015
| 0.0%
| 98.88%
| 270678
|-
| [[Angbrasu]]
| 351
| 85.86%
| 1089
| 0.0%
| 98.58%
| 270679
|-
| [[Moyon Khullen]]
| 79
| 37.18%
| 1257
| 0.0%
| 94.94%
| 270680
|-
| [[Phalbung]]
| 344
| 73.89%
| 1012
| 0.0%
| 96.22%
| 270681
|-
| [[Khudei Khullen]]
| 371
| 55.48%
| 995
| 0.0%
| 98.65%
| 270682
|-
| [[Modenphai]]
| 108
| 70.59%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 97.22%
| 270683
|-
| [[T. Maipi]]
| 54
| 72.0%
| 742
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270684
|-
| [[Sita, Manipur|Sita]]
| 755
| 69.76%
| 1003
| 0.0%
| 98.15%
| 270685
|-
| [[Chehlep]]
| 269
| 39.81%
| 881
| 0.37%
| 99.26%
| 270686
|-
| [[Khudei Laipham]]
| 248
| 58.44%
| 938
| 0.0%
| 93.55%
| 270687
|-
| [[Loikong]]
| 143
| 35.88%
| 1103
| 0.0%
| 98.6%
| 270688
|-
| [[Leitan]]
| 152
| 45.13%
| 767
| 0.0%
| 98.03%
| 270689
|-
| [[Kambang Khullen]]
| 237
| 56.14%
| 1061
| 0.0%
| 99.58%
| 270690
|-
| [[Kambang Khunou]]
| 444
| 60.0%
| 914
| 0.0%
| 95.05%
| 270691
|-
| [[Rilam Centre]]
| 289
| 81.51%
| 1050
| 0.0%
| 96.54%
| 270692
|-
| [[Narum, Manipur|Narum]]
| 268
| 80.83%
| 1046
| 0.0%
| 97.39%
| 270693
|-
| [[Lamjangtombi]]
| 62
| 82.46%
| 1138
| 0.0%
| 96.77%
| 270694
|-
| [[Kharou Khunou]]
| 230
| 79.04%
| 1091
| 0.0%
| 97.83%
| 270695
|-
| [[Choktong]]
| 121
| 69.23%
| 862
| 0.0%
| 98.35%
| 270696
|-
| [[Khaosat]]
| 70
| 45.59%
| 1333
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270697
|-
| [[Saibol]]
| 253
| 46.59%
| 1057
| 0.0%
| 96.05%
| 270698
|-
| [[Moirengthel]]
| 116
| 78.38%
| 841
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270699
|-
| [[Youngkhul]]
| 170
| 77.71%
| 848
| 0.0%
| 88.24%
| 270700
|-
| [[Sairel Saisem]]
| 110
| 49.51%
| 897
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270701
|-
| [[Yangoupokpi]]
| 137
| 77.24%
| 986
| 0.0%
| 99.27%
| 270702
|-
| [[Kharou Khullen]]
| 206
| 61.86%
| 925
| 0.0%
| 98.06%
| 270703
|-
| [[Tatjang]]
| 123
| 61.17%
| 984
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270704
|-
| [[New Leikot]]
| 153
| 69.44%
| 912
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270705
|-
| [[D. Monaphai]]
| 194
| 57.14%
| 960
| 0.0%
| 98.97%
| 270706
|-
| [[New Shijang]]
| 166
| 47.18%
| 976
| 0.0%
| 99.4%
| 270707
|-
| [[L. Phunchong]]
| 170
| 47.86%
| 1073
| 0.0%
| 99.41%
| 270708
|-
| [[Tuipi Mate]]
| 73
| 96.83%
| 872
| 0.0%
| 94.52%
| 270709
|-
| [[Wakshu]]
| 91
| 60.87%
| 1116
| 0.0%
| 97.8%
| 270710
|-
| [[Lamlong Khunou]]
| 440
| 82.2%
| 1066
| 0.0%
| 96.14%
| 270711
|-
| [[Yangoutubi]]
| 74
| 68.75%
| 1242
| 0.0%
| 98.65%
| 270712
|-
| [[Langkhongching]]
| 62
| 55.77%
| 722
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270713
|-
| [[Satang, Manipur|Satang]]
| 130
| 46.22%
| 1063
| 0.0%
| 95.38%
| 270714
|-
| [[Leibi, Manipur|Leibi]]
| 576
| 68.91%
| 979
| 0.0%
| 99.48%
| 270715
|-
| [[Khongkhang]]
| 321
| 58.48%
| 1006
| 0.0%
| 99.07%
| 270716
|-
| [[S.Khudengthabi]]
| 408
| 94.93%
| 838
| 0.0%
| 90.93%
| 270717
|-
| [[K .Zalenmoul]]
| 139
| 100.0%
| 1075
| 0.0%
| 97.84%
| 270718
|-
| [[Kwatha, Manipur|Kwatha]]
| 327
| 56.08%
| 958
| 99.69%
| 0.0%
| 270719
|-
| [[H.Mongjang]]
| 318
| 88.05%
| 1038
| 0.0%
| 99.37%
| 270720
|-
| [[K. Moulshang]]
| 278
| 79.92%
| 1014
| 0.0%
| 99.64%
| 270721
|-
| [[N. Champhai]]
| 145
| 76.74%
| 1042
| 0.0%
| 98.62%
| 270722
|-
| [[S. M. Lhangjol.]]
| 90
| 75.0%
| 1093
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270723
|-
| [[B.Bongjang]]
| 157
| 68.84%
| 1093
| 0.0%
| 97.45%
| 270724
|-
| [[Govajang]]
| 123
| 76.36%
| 952
| 0.0%
| 99.19%
| 270725
|-
| [[S.Moljol]]
| 192
| 72.93%
| 1065
| 0.0%
| 99.48%
| 270726
|-
| [[Tinnu Munjang]]
| 88
| 84.93%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270727
|-
| [[Khonomphai]]
| 157
| 60.56%
| 915
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270728
|-
| [[Maipi Mangsom]]
| 119
| 73.96%
| 831
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270729
|-
| [[Mankang Khunthak]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270730
|-
| [[T.Minou]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270731
|-
| [[Maojang]]
| 212
| 57.4%
| 1141
| 0.0%
| 98.11%
| 270732
|-
| [[B.Sangreng]]
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 270733
|-
| [[Leisan Tengnoupal]]
| 170
| 20.93%
| 1024
| 0.0%
| 95.88%
| 270734
|-
| [[Chonjang]]
| 129
| 13.21%
| 1150
| 0.0%
| 99.22%
| 270735
|-
| [[T.Yangom]]
| 131
| 51.59%
| 955
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270736
|-
| [[Chalson Tengnoupal]]
| 370
| 24.66%
| 947
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270737
|-
| [[Touthang Bongmol]]
| 242
| 85.34%
| 1017
| 0.0%
| 97.93%
| 270738
|-
| [[Yangoubung]]
| 426
| 87.69%
| 1009
| 0.0%
| 99.06%
| 270739
|-
| [[T.Khonomjang]]
| 269
| 33.77%
| 793
| 0.0%
| 99.26%
| 270740
|-
| [[New Mongjang]]
| 95
| 82.5%
| 1065
| 0.0%
| 98.95%
| 270741
|-
| [[Youjang (Mate)]]
| 62
| 81.63%
| 1296
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270742
|-
| [[Chikim]]
| 300
| 84.29%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 98.0%
| 270743
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of populated places in Manipur|Tengnoupal]]

Arun Muraleedharan

2025-06-07T18:19:08Z

Bharat: Created a page

{{Short description|Indian composer}}
{{Multiple issues|{{Promotional|date=May 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2019}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arun Muraleedharan
| image = Arun Muraleedharan.jpg
| native_name =
| birth_name = Arun Muraleedharan
| birth_date = 1989
| birth_place = Angamali, India
| other_names = Arun
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Arun Muraleedharan''' (born 1989) is an Indian composer who made his debut through the 2016 film [[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Arun-Muraleedharan-composes-for-Happy-Wedding/articleshow/49549955.cms|title=Arun Muraleedharan composes for 'Happy Wedding' - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/interview/vimal-tk-happy-wedding-songs-music-director-malayalam.html|title=Vimal happy over 'Happy Wedding'|newspaper=OnManorama|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref> His second film was the Adventures of Omanakuttan directed by Rohith V.S.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/movies/adventures-of-omanakuttan/cast-crew.html|title=Adventures Of Omanakuttan Cast & Crew, Adventures Of Omanakuttan Malayalam Movie Cast, Actors, Actress - FilmiBeat|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=2017-01-01}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=V.S|first=Rohith|title=Adventures of Omanakuttan|date=2016-03-25|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5447136/|accessdate=2016-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/arun-muraleedharan/filmography.html|title=Check out lists of Movies by #ArunMuraleedharan #Filmography|newspaper=FilmiBeat|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref>

After completing his schooling at S.N.V Sanskrit Higher Secondary School, Paravur, Arun joined [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit|Sreesankara University]] in Kalady, graduating in music.

== Career ==
'''Arun Muraleedharan''' started his career in music [[Musical composition|composing]] first for the [[album]] ''Neelambari,'' while studying at college. [[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]] is his debut as a [[Music director]]. Best known for his hit song Aval from [[Kakshi: Amminippilla]] (2019) and Kamini from [[Anugraheethan Antony]] (2021) sung by [[K. S. Harisankar]].

== Filmography ==

=== As Music Director ===

==== Films ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Happy Wedding (2016 film)|Happy Wedding]]'' ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Adventures of Omanakuttan]]'' ||
|-
| 2018 || ''Avaykatha'' || [[Kannada]] film
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kakshi: Amminippilla]]'' ||
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Anugraheethan Antony]]'' ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Nadhikalil Sundari Yamuna]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''Andhakaara'' ||
|-
| ''Thrayam'' ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-09-16 |title=Dhyan Srinivasan, Sunny Wayne to lead 'Thrayam' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Sep/16/dhyan-srinivasan-sunny-wayne-to-lead-thrayam-2359255.html |access-date=2025-06-07 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==== Short films ====
* Whyga<ref>{{Citation|last=Gosree Productions|title=WHYGA MALAYALAM SHORTFILM Full HD {{!}} 1080P {{!}} Child Sexual Abuse {{!}} Latest Short Movie Online|date=2013-02-17|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qO-Xw2BXdMM|accessdate=2017-01-14}}</ref>
* RIM
* Maniyara<ref>{{Citation|last=Team Jango Space|title=Maniyara Short Film|date=2014-12-06|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TkC5vV7YXMY|accessdate=2017-01-14}}</ref>
* Tale of Mathew Mannadan<ref>{{Citation|last=Kickoff Cinema|title=THE TALE OF MATHEW MANNADAN (Malayalam short film)|date=2014-11-07|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eww5omiH24M|accessdate=2017-01-14}}</ref>
* Who am I
* Engane Thudangum<ref>{{Citation|last=VISHNU PRADEEP|title=Engane thudangum - Malayalam romantic short film|date=2013-01-01|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JAEn2zRD-cc|accessdate=2017-01-14}}</ref>
* Kattapoka

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=7760249}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muraleedharan, Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kochi]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1989 births]]

Manipur Zoological Garden

2025-06-01T15:42:59Z

Bharat: Creating New Details W/ Refs

{{See also|Manipur State Museum}}
{{Infobox zoo
|name = Manipur Zoological Garden
|zoo_name = Manipur Zoological Garden
|date_opened = 2 October 1976
|location = Iroisemba, [[Imphal West|Imphal West District]]
|area = 68 hectares<ref name="Lisam 2011">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&dq=manipur+zoological+garden&pg=PA585|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|date=2011|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en |last1=Lisam |first1=Khomdan Singh |publisher=Gyan Publishing House }}</ref>
|num_species = 400
|image = Sangai Brow-antlered Deer Rucervus eldii eldii Manipur by Dr. Raju Kasambe (1).jpg
|image_caption = Two [[Sangai]]s in Manipur Zoological Garden, [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]]
|logo = MANIPUR ZOOLOGICAL GARDEN.jpg
|logo_caption =
|logo_width = 250px
|image_width = 250px
}}
'''Manipur Zoological Garden''' ({{langx|mni|Manipur Sha-Uchek Thampham}}) is a [[zoo]] in Iroisemba, [[Manipur]].<ref name="Singh 112">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YQ8EAAAQBAJ&dq=manipur+zoological+garden&pg=PA112|title=Ecotourism Development Ventures in Manipur: Green Skill Development and Livelihood Mission|last=Singh|first=Arambam Sanatomba|date=2021-06-18|publisher=Walnut Publication|isbn=978-93-91145-59-0|language=en|pages=112}}</ref> It is the second habitat of [[Sangai]] (''Cervus eldi eldi''),<ref name="Singh 112"/> the world's only dancing deer species, after the [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]], the world's only floating national park.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20180411-the-worlds-only-floating-national-park|title=The world's only floating national park|website=www.bbc.com}}</ref> It is a medium sized zoological garden. It houses Schedule 1 species of amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles. The animals kept in the zoo are mostly [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Manipur]]. The Central Zoo Authority of India recognized it as the coordinating zoo for the conservation breeding center of [[Sangai]] and [[Serow]] ({{langx|mni|Sabeng}}).<ref name="Singh 112"/>

The best time to visit the zoo during summer is from April to September. The best time during Winter is from October to March. Monday is usually closed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7YQ8EAAAQBAJ&dq=manipur+zoological+garden&pg=PA113|title=Ecotourism Development Ventures in Manipur: Green Skill Development and Livelihood Mission|last=Singh|first=Arambam Sanatomba|date=2021-06-18|publisher=Walnut Publication|isbn=978-93-91145-59-0|language=en|pages=113}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Stamp of India - 2000 - Colnect 161114 - Sangai Deer Cervus eldi eldi.jpeg|thumb|The [[Sangai]] deer illustration in a stamp of India]]
The Manipur Zoological Garden was established on 2 October 1976.<ref name="Lisam 2011"/>

== Location ==
The Manipur Zoological Garden is located in Iroisemba town along the Imphal-Kangchup road. It is in the [[Imphal West|Imphal West District]]. It is 5–6 km away from [[Imphal]].<ref name="Lisam 2011"/><ref name="Singh 112"/><ref name="Ghosh">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1o-HDwAAQBAJ&dq=manipur+zoological+garden+six+km+Imphal+pine+growing+hillocks+westernmost+corner+lamphelpat&pg=PA77|title=General Knowledge of Northeast India: For All Psc and Competitive Exams|last=Ghosh|first=Joydeep|date=2019-02-28|publisher=Educreation Publishing|language=en}}</ref>

== Features ==
[[File:Sangai Brow-antlered Deer Rucervus eldii eldii Manipur by Dr. Raju Kasambe (2).jpg|thumb|A [[Sangai]] deer in the Manipur Zoological Garden]]
The zoo offers its visitors to have an opportunity to see the graceful [[Sangai]], the brow antlered deer. This deer is one of the rarest and one of the most endangered species in the world.<ref name="Lisam 2011"/><ref name="Singh 112"/> This zoo is located at the foothills of the pine growing hillocks in the westernmost corner of [[Lamphelpat]].<ref name="Lisam 2011"/><ref name="Ghosh"/>

== Conservation ==
[[File:Green Peafowl Pavo muticus Manipur by Dr. Raju Kasambe P1280796 (1).jpg|thumb|A [[Green Peafowl]] ([[Pavo muticus]]) in the Manipur Zoological Garden]]
It is an [[in situ]] conservation center of 45 endangered mammals, reptiles and birds. Many Schedule 1 species of mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians are kept in the zoo. The animals [[endemism|endemic]] to [[Manipur]] are kept in the zoo. It is recognised as the coordinating zoo for the conservation breeding center of [[Sangai]] and [[Serow]] ({{langx|mni|Sabeng}}) by the Central Zoo Authority of India.<ref name="Singh 112"/>

== See also ==
* [[Imphal Peace Museum]]
* [[INA War Museum]]
* [[Kakching Garden]]
* [[Keibul Lamjao National Park]] - world's only floating national park in Manipur, India
* [[Khonghampat Orchidarium]]
* [[Loktak Folklore Museum]]
* [[Manipur State Museum]]
* [[Phumdi]] - Floating biomasses in Manipur, India
* [[Sekta Archaeological Living Museum]]
* [[Yangoupokpi-Lokchao Wildlife Sanctuary]]

== References ==
{{Commons}}
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|24|49|01|N|93|53|28|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Zoos in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Manipur]]

Godrej Group

2025-05-11T06:49:23Z

Bharat:

#REDIRECT [[Godrej Enterprises Group]]

Roots Industries

2025-02-26T04:18:57Z

Bharat: started a stub

{{Short description|Manufacturer based in India}}
{{notability|1=Companies|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Roots Group of Companies
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| foundation = 1970
| founder = K. Ramsamy
| location = [[Coimbatore]]
| location_city = [[Tamilnadu]]
| location_country = [[India]]
| homepage = {{Official| www.rootsindia.com}}
}}

'''Roots Industries India Limited''' is an Indian [[Car|automobile]] brand making [[vehicle horn]]s. The company produces products such as industrial cleaning systems, scrubber driers, electric buses, and [[Electric vehicle|battery-operated vehicles]]. It was founded in 1970 by K. Ramasamy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-23 |title=Roots Industries honks for Safety |url=https://autocomponentsindia.com/roots-industries-honks-for-safety/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Auto Components India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Roots Industries' big plans for EV segment – Motorindia |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/roots-industries-big-plans-for-ev-segment/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://www.rootsindia.com/}}

[[Category:Companies based in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1970]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Home appliance manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Auto parts suppliers of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies of India]]
[[Category:Kick scooters]]
[[Category:1970 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1970]]

Bishoy Chalachchitra

2024-09-13T22:43:00Z

Bharat: correct references for accuracy and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Bishoy Chalachchitra''''' ({{lit|Speaking of Films}}) is a collection of writings on films by the acclaimed [[film director]] [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref name="A tribute to Satyajit Ray on his 99th birth anniversary">{{cite news |title=A tribute to Satyajit Ray on his 99th birth anniversary |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/tribute-satyajit-ray-his-99th-birth-anniversary-1898701 |access-date=3 May 2021 |work=The Daily Star |date=2 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Das1998">{{cite book|author=Santi Das|title=Satyajit Ray, an Intimate Master|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NIhlAAAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Allied|isbn=978-81-7023-748-8|page=219}}</ref> The book is in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and was published by [[Ananda Publishers]].

==References==
<references/>

{{Satyajit Ray}}

[[Category:Books about film]]
[[Category:Books by Satyajit Ray]]

{{Film-book-stub}}

Chah, Zanskar

2024-08-30T15:26:35Z

Bharat: new basic post v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chah
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Cha
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline = File:Fields Mountain Chah Zanskar Jun24 A7CR 00671.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Chah village, June 2024
| pushpin_map = India Ladakh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|33|14|38.25|N|77|07|33.92|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Ladakh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 0.838
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 3,920
| population_total = 465
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number]]
| postal_code = 194302
| registration_plate =
| website = https://kargil.nic.in/
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chah''' (also '''Cha''') is a small village in the Lungnak valley in [[Zanskar|Zanskar tehsil]], [[Kargil district]], [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. The village is situated at the base of a mountain range on the right bank of the [[Tsarap River]]. It is located on the [[Nimmu–Padum–Darcha road#Padum_to_Shingo_La_pass|Padum-Darcha road]], {{Convert|47|km|mi|abbr=on}} south from [[Padum]].

==Description==
Chah (elevation {{cvt|3,920|m|ft|abbr=on}}) is a small village in the Lungnak valley on the right bank of the [[Tsarap River]]. It is located at a distance of {{Convert|47|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Padum on the Padum-Darcha road.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Padum - Cha route |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=33.4691%2C76.8782%3B33.2440%2C77.1261#map=11/33.3538/77.0001&layers=C |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref> The distance from [[Darcha]] in [[Lahaul]] is {{Convert|82|km|mi|abbr=on}}, the road climbing over the {{Convert|5,091|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[Shinko La]] pass. Chah village has an area of {{Convert|83.80|ha|acre}}.<ref name="CensusKargilB" />{{rp|page=80}}

== Demographics ==
The population as of the 2011 Census was 465 with 61 households. Females comprised 40.2% of the population. The literacy rate was 56%. All but 2 of the 465 persons belonged to [[scheduled tribes]].<ref name="CensusKargilB">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=District Census Handbook: Kargil, Jammu & Kashmir -- Village and Town Wise Primary Census Abstract (PCA)|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|isbn=|series=3 Part XII B|location=}}</ref>{{rp|page=80-81}}

== Governance ==
The '''Cha Gram Panchayat''' is a government office and [[Panchayati raj in India|local self-government]] body. The villages of Chah and Shunshday (Shan Shaday) come under its jurisdiction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Local Government Directory: LGD - Panchayat - Kargil - Jul24.xls |url=https://lgdirectory.gov.in |access-date=30 August 2024 |website=[[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]]}}</ref> In 2011, the population of these two villages was 709.<ref name="CensusKargilB" />{{rp|page=80}}

==Amenities==
Chah has a pre-primary and primary school. Household power supply and mobile phone coverage are available. The village has a primary health sub-centre (PHS).<ref name="CensusKargilA">{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=District Census Handbook: Kargil, Jammu & Kashmir -- Village and Town Directory|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Himachal Pradesh, Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India|year=2011|isbn=|series=2 Part XII A|location=}}</ref>{{rp|pages=147-149,151}} There is an [[India Post]] branch post office with PIN code 194302.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Find pincode: Ladakh - Kargil|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/|access-date=24 July 2024|website=India Post, Dept. of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Govt of India}}</ref>

==Economy==
The economy is largely agrarian with tourism also providing jobs and income. As the annual precipitation is low, fields are irrigated through channels from streams fed by snow-melt.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2024 |title=Kargil - Ladakh: The climate and soil condition of the district |url=https://kargil.nic.in/about-district/ |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=LAHDCK – Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council, Kargil}}</ref> About 46% of the agricultural land is irrigated.<ref name="CensusKargilA" />{{rp|page=152}}

=== Tourism ===
[[File:Phuktal Bridges Upstream Tsarap Oct22 A7C 04449.jpg|thumb|Trail from Chah down to the Tsarap near Phuktal on the right, trail from [[Purne]] on the left]]
From Chah there is a {{cvt|6|km|mi|abbr=on}} trail to [[Phugtal Monastery]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2024 |title=Chah - Phuktal route |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=graphhopper_foot&route=33.2685%2C77.1798%3B33.2440%2C77.1261#map=13/33.2534/77.1516&layers=C |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]]}}</ref> The trail is difficult in some places. The distance can be covered in 2-3 hours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=V. |date=6 August 2023 |title=Phugtal Monastery – A Complete Travel Guide: Day 2 – Cha to Phugtal Monastery to Purne |url=https://vargiskhan.com/log/phugtal-monastery-travel-guide/#Day_2_%E2%80%93_Cha_to_Phugtal_Monastery_to_Purne |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Vargis Khan}}</ref>

==Transport==
In June 2024, the [[Himachal Road Transport Corporation|Himachal Road Transport Corporation (HRTC)]] announced that it would soon commence a bus service from [[Keylong]] in Lahaul to Padum. This would run on the Nimmu-Padum-Darcha road and would serve Chah.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tribune News Service |date=22 June 2024 |title=Keylong-Padum trial run a success, service on anvil |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/keylong-padum-trial-run-a-success-service-on-anvil-633256# |access-date=21 July 2024 |work=[[The Tribune (India)]]}}</ref> Taxis are available.<ref name="CensusKargilA" />{{rp|page=149}}

==See also==
* [[Phugtal Monastery]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Chah, Zanskar}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Zanskar tehsil]]

Wikramawardhana

2024-08-03T09:09:40Z

Bharat: basic reworked layout based on references and added references after review

#REDIRECT [[Vikramavardhana]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Shedimane

2024-05-31T06:02:50Z

Bharat: created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Kundapur]]

{{R cat shell|
{{R from related topic}}
}}