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Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon

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{{short description|British politician and colonial governor (1866–1941)}}
{{British barrelled name|Freeman-Thomas|Thomas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[His Excellency]] [[The Most Honourable]]
| name = The Marquess of Willingdon
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCSI|GCMG|GCIE|GBE|PC|size=100%}}
| image = Freeman Freeman-Thomas by Henry Walter Barnett.jpg
| caption = Freeman-Thomas {{circa}} 1915
| order1 =
| office1 = [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]]
| monarch1 = [[George V]] [[Edward VIII]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Ramsay MacDonald]] [[Stanley Baldwin]]
| term_start1 = 18 April 1931
| term_end1 = 18 April 1936
| predecessor1 = [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|The Lord Irwin]]
| successor1 = [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|The Marquess of Linlithgow]]
| order2 = 13th
| office2 = Governor General of Canada
| monarch2 = [[George V]]
| prime_minister2 = [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian]]   • [[W. L. M. King]]   • [[R. B. Bennett]] [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|British]]   • [[Stanley Baldwin]]   • [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
| term_start2 = 5 August 1926
| term_end2 = 4 April 1931
| predecessor2 = [[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy|The Viscount Byng of Vimy]]
| successor2 = [[Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough|The Earl of Bessborough]]
| office3 = [[#External links|More...]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1866|9|12}}
| birth_place = [[Eastbourne]], [[East Sussex]], England
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1941|8|12|1866|9|12}}
| death_place = Ebury Street, [[Metropolitan Borough of Westminster|Westminster]], [[County of London|London]], England
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Marie Freeman-Thomas, Marchioness of Willingdon|Marie Adelaide Brassey]]|1892}}
| profession = [[Politics|Politician]]
| education = [[Eton College]]
| alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
| allegiance = {{flagcountry|UK}}
| branch = {{Army|UK}}
| service_years = 1886–1901
| rank = Second Lieutenant [[Major (rank)|Major]]
| unit = [[Royal Sussex Militia Artillery]]
}}

'''Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon''' (12 September 1866 – 12 August 1941), styled as the '''Earl of Willingdon''' between 1931 and 1936, was a British [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] politician and administrator who served as [[Governor General of Canada]] and as [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]].

Freeman-Thomas was born in England and educated at [[Eton College]] and then the [[University of Cambridge]] before serving for 15 years in the Sussex Artillery. He then entered the diplomatic and political fields, acting as [[aide-de-camp]] to his [[Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey|father-in-law]] when the latter was [[Governor of Victoria]] and, in 1900, was elected to the [[British House of Commons]]. He thereafter occupied a variety of government posts, including secretary to the [[British prime minister]] and, after being raised to the peerage as Lord Willingdon, as [[Lord-in-waiting]] to King [[George V]]. From 1913, Willingdon held gubernatorial and viceregal offices throughout the [[British Empire]], starting with the [[List of Governors of Bombay|governorship of Bombay]] and then the [[List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras Presidency|governorship of Madras]], before he was in 1926 appointed as the Governor-General of Canada to replace the [[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy|Viscount Byng of Vimy]], occupying the post until succeeded by the [[Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough|Earl of Bessborough]] in 1931. Willingdon was immediately thereafter appointed as [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India]] to replace [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]] (later created Earl of Halifax), and he served in the post until succeeded by the [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Marquess of Linlithgow]] in 1936.

After the end of his viceregal tenure, Willingdon was installed as the [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]] and was elevated in the peerage as the Marquess of Willingdon. After representing Britain at a number of organisations and celebrations, Willingdon died in 1941 at his home in [[London]], and his ashes were interred in [[Westminster Abbey]].

==Early life and education==
Freeman Thomas was born the only son of [[Freeman Thomas (cricketer, born 1838)|Freeman Frederick Thomas]], an officer in the rifle brigade of Ratton and Yapton, and his wife, Mabel, daughter of [[Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden|Henry Brand]], [[Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury]] (later [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]], who retired as 1st [[Viscount Hampden]]). Before he was two, Thomas' father had died and he was raised thereafter by his mother, who sent him to [[Eton College]].<ref name=ReferenceA>{{acad|id=THMS885F|name=Thomas (post Freeman-Thomas), Freeman}}</ref> There, he acted as President of the [[Eton Society]] and was for three years a member of the school's [[cricket]] team, serving as captain of the playing eleven during his final year. He carried this enthusiasm for sport on to the [[University of Cambridge]], where he was accepted to [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] after leaving Eton,<ref name=ReferenceA /> and was drafted into the Cambridge playing eleven, playing for [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] and [[I Zingari]]. His father had also played for Sussex. Upon his general admission from university, he then volunteered for fifteen years for the Sussex Artillery, achieving the rank of [[Major (United Kingdom)|major]].<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27389| date=20 December 1901|page=8985}}</ref>

==Marriage and political career==
In 1892, he assumed the additional surname of ''Freeman'' by [[deed poll]]<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=33266|title=Thomas, Freeman Freeman-, first marquess of Willingdon (1866–1941)}}</ref> and married the Hon. [[Marie Freeman-Thomas, Marchioness of Willingdon|Marie Brassey]], the daughter of [[Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey|Thomas Brassey]], then recently created [[Baron Brassey]]. Freeman-Thomas often cited her as a source of support, stating once: "My wife has been a constant inspiration and encouragement."<ref name=GGFree>{{cite web| url=http://www.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/willingdon_e.asp| last=Office of the Governor General of Canada| title=Governor General > Former Governors General > The Marquess of Willingdon| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=3 April 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211095533/http://gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/willingdon_e.asp| archive-date=11 February 2009}}</ref> The couple had two sons: Gerard, born 3 May 1893, and [[Inigo Freeman-Thomas, 2nd Marquess of Willingdon|Inigo]], born 25 July 1899.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}} Gerard was killed in [[World War I]] on 14 September 1914, and Inigo eventually succeeded his father as Marquess of Willingdon.

In 1897 Freeman-Thomas was appointed [[aide-de-camp]] to his father-in-law, who was then the [[Governor of Victoria]], Australia.<ref name=GGFree/> Upon his return to the United Kingdom, Freeman-Thomas joined the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] and [[1900 United Kingdom general election|in 1900 was elected]] to the [[British House of Commons]] to represent the borough of [[Hastings (UK Parliament constituency)|Hastings]].<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27244| date=6 November 1900|page=6770}}</ref> He then served as a junior [[lord of the Treasury]] in the [[Liberal Government 1905–1915|Liberal Cabinet]] that sat from December 1905 to January 1906.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27866| date=22 December 1905|page=9171}}</ref> Though he lost in the [[1906 United Kingdom general election|January 1906 elections]], Freeman-Thomas returned to the House of Commons by winning the [[1906 Bodmin by-election|by-election for Bodmin]],<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=27935| date=27 July 1906|page=5130}}</ref> and, for some time, served as a secretary to the [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|prime minister]], [[H. H. Asquith]]. For his services in government, Freeman-Thomas was in 1910 elevated to the [[peerage]] as '''[[Baron Willingdon]]''' of [[Hampden Park, Eastbourne|Ratton]] in the [[County of Sussex]],<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=28398| date=22 July 1910|page=5269}}</ref> and the following year was appointed as [[Lord-in-waiting]] to King [[George V]], becoming a favourite tennis partner of the monarch.<ref name=GGFree/> His father-in-law was created Earl Brassey at the coronation in that year.

==Governorship of Bombay==
{{further|Kheda Satyagraha of 1918}}
[[File:Bombay Presidency War and Relief Fund half anna charity label 1916.jpg|thumbnail|right|A 1916 charity stamp for the ''Bombay Presidency War and Relief Fund'' organised by Lady Willingdon.]]
On 17 February 1913, Willingdon was appointed as the [[Crown Governor of Bombay]], replacing the [[George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe|Lord Sydenham of Combe]],<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=28693| date=25 February 1913|page=1446}}</ref> and to mark this event, Willingdon was on 12 March 1913 honoured with induction into the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] as a Knight Grand Commander (additional).<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=28701| date=18 March 1913|page=2060}}</ref> With a mandate from George V to 'to smash through all fences which socially divide communities',<ref>{{cite web |last=Rodrigues |first=Louiza |date= |title=Willingdon Sports Club |url=https://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/D%20Ward/Heritage-Sites/54_Legacy%20of%20D%20Ward_Article_Willingdon%20Sports%20Club.pdf |website=Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation |location= |publisher= |access-date=25 April 2026}}</ref> Willingdon attempted to take Indian friends to the [[Royal Bombay Yacht Club]]. When they were refused entry to the [[Europeans]]-only club, the outraged Willingdon resigned his membership and in 1917 founded the [[Willingdon Sports Club]] which would have no [[colour bar]].<ref name="Washington Post">{{cite news |last=Bumiller |first=Elisabeth |date=17 March 1985 |title=The Genteel Remnant of the Raj |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1985/03/18/the-genteel-remnant-of-the-raj/93da2bd4-5d83-4f94-8f02-564c1fd00c51/ |work=The Washington Post |location= |publisher= |access-date=25 April 2026}}</ref>

Within a year of Willingdon's appointment as governor, the First World War erupted, and India, as a part of the [[British Empire]], was immediately drawn into the conflict. Lord Willingdon strove to serve the Allied cause, taking responsibility for treating the wounded from the [[Mesopotamian campaign]]. In the midst of those times, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] returned to Bombay from South Africa and Willingdon was one of the first persons to welcome him and invite him to [[Raj Bhavan, Mumbai|Government House]] for a formal meeting. This was the first meeting Willingdon had with Gandhi and he later described the Indian spiritual leader as "honest, but a [[Bolshevik]] and for that reason very dangerous."
[[File:Gandhi Kheda 1918.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mahatma Gandhi]], whose return to India and subsequent nationalistic activities would cause problems for Willingdon as Crown Governor of Bombay and Madras]]

In 1917, the year before Willingdon's resignation of the governorship, a severe famine broke out in the [[Kheda]] region of the [[Bombay Presidency]], which had far-reaching effects on the economy and left farmers in no position to pay their taxes. Still, the government insisted that tax not only be paid but also implemented a 23% increase to the levies to take effect that year. Kheda thus became the setting for Gandhi's first ''[[satyagraha]]'' in India, and, with support from [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]], [[Narhari Parikh]], [[Mohanlal Pandya]], and [[Ravishankar Vyas]], organised a ''Gujarat sabha''. The people under Gandhi's influence then rallied together and sent a petition to Willingdon, asking that he cancel the taxes for that year. However, [[Bombay Presidency#Administration|the Cabinet]] refused and advised the Governor to begin confiscating property by force, leading Gandhi to thereafter employ non-violent resistance to the government, which eventually succeeded and made Gandhi famous throughout India after Willingdon's departure from the colony. For his actions there, in relation to governance and the war effort, Willingdon was on 3 June 1918 appointed by the King as a Knight Grand Commander of the [[Order of the Star of India]].<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=30723| date=31 May 1918|page=6529}}</ref>

==Governorship of Madras==
Willingdon returned to the United Kingdom from Bombay only briefly before he was appointed on 10 April 1919 as the [[governor of Madras]]. This posting came shortly after the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] of 1918 were formalised by the [[Government of India Act 1919|Government of India Act]], which distributed power in India between the executive and legislative bodies.<ref name=NYT>{{Cite news| title=Episodes in the chronology of the world's revival| newspaper=The New York Times| date=1 January 1922| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1922/01/01/107040414.pdf| access-date=5 April 2009}}</ref> Thus, in November 1920, Willingdon dropped the [[writs of election]] for the first election for the [[Madras Legislative Council]]; however, due to their adherence to Gandhi's [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]], the [[Indian National Congress]] party refused to run any candidates and the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] was subsequently swept into power. Willingdon appointed [[A. Subbarayalu Reddiar]] as his premier and [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]] (a former Governor General of Canada), opened the first meeting of the Legislative Assembly.

The following year, the Governor found himself dealing with a series of communal riots that in August 1921 broke out in the [[Malabar District]].<ref name=militaryNYT>{{Cite news| last=Associated Press| title=Military occupy riot area in India| newspaper=The New York Times| date=28 August 1921| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/08/28/98722560.pdf| access-date=5 April 2009}}</ref> Following a number of cases of arson, looting, and assaults,<ref>{{Cite news| title=More Moplah Disorders| newspaper=The New York Times| date=14 September 1921| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/09/14/98733207.pdf| access-date=5 April 2009}}</ref> Willingdon declared martial law just before the [[government of India]] sent in a large force to quell the riots.<ref name=militaryNYT /><ref>{{Cite news| title=64 Out of 100 Moplah Prisoners Suffocated in a Closed Car on Train in India| newspaper=The New York Times| date=22 November 1921| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/11/22/103572143.pdf| access-date=5 April 2009}}</ref> At around the same time, over 10,000 workers in the Buckingham and Carnatic Mills of [[Chennai|Madras city]] organised for six months a general strike contemporaneous with the non-cooperation movement, which also sparked riots between pro- and anti-strike workers that were again only put down with police intervention.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Ambush British in India| newspaper=The New York Times| date=2 September 1921| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1921/09/02/107025228.pdf| access-date=5 April 2009}}</ref><ref name=untouchablesp94>{{cite book| title=The Untouchables: Subordination, Poverty, and the State in Modern India| page=94| first=Oliver| last=Mendelsohn|author2=Marika Vicziany| publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=1998| isbn=978-0-521-55671-2}}</ref>

When he returned once more to the United Kingdom at the end of his tenure as the Governor of Madras, Willingdon was made a viscount, becoming on 24 June 1924 the '''Viscount Willingdon''', of Ratton in the County of Sussex.<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=32949| date=24 June 1924|page=4887}}</ref>

==Governor General of Canada==
[[File:Governor General's Foot Guards - 1927.jpg|thumb|right|The Viscount Willingdon inspects the [[Governor General's Foot Guards]] on [[Parliament Hill]] as part of the [[Dominion Day]] celebrations, 1927, the 60th jubilee of [[Canadian Confederation]]]]
It was announced on 5 August 1926 that George V had, by commission under the [[royal sign-manual]] and [[Seal (emblem)#Signet rings|signet]], approved the recommendation of his [[British prime minister]], [[Stanley Baldwin]], to appoint Willingdon as his representative in Canada. The sitting [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[British Cabinet]] had initially not considered Willingdon as a candidate for the governor generalcy, as he was seen to have less of the necessary knowledge of affairs and public appeal that other individuals held. However, the King himself put forward Willingdon's name for inclusion in the list sent to Canada, and it was that name that the then [[Canadian prime minister]], [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]], chose as his preference for the nomination to the King.<ref name=TCE>{{Cite encyclopedia | last=Hillmer| first=Norman| title=Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon |encyclopedia=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] |publisher=[[Historica Canada]] |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/freeman-freeman-thomas-1st-marquess-of-willingdon | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090721140941/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0008607| url-status=live |archive-date=21 July 2009| date=16 December 2013}}</ref> George V readily accepted, and Willingdon was notified of his appointment while on a diplomatic mission in [[China]].

This would be the last Canadian viceregal appointment made by the monarch in his or her capacity as [[sovereign of the United Kingdom]], as it was decided at the [[1926 Imperial Conference|Imperial Conference in October 1926]] that the [[Dominion]]s of the [[British Empire]] would thereafter be equal with one another, and the monarch would operate for a specific country only under the guidance of that country's ministers. Though this was not formalised until the enactment of the [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] on 11 December 1931, the concept was brought into practice at the start of Willingdon's tenure as Governor General of Canada.<ref name=GGFree />
[[File:KingRoyals1927.jpg|thumb|left|Princes [[Edward VIII|Edward]] and [[Prince George, Duke of Kent|George]], along with Viscount Willingdon, outside [[Rideau Hall]]'s main door, August 1927]]
The [[Balfour Declaration of 1926]], issued during the Imperial Conference, also declared that governors-general would cease to act as representatives of the British government in diplomatic relations between the United Kingdom and individual dominions. Accordingly, in 1928, the United Kingdom appointed its first [[High Commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] to Canada thus effectively ending the governor general's, and Willingdon's, diplomatic role as the British government's envoy to Ottawa.<ref name="What's in a name">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080518172615/http://www.psa.ac.uk/publications/psd/1998/lloyd1.htm#1 ''"What's in a name?" – The curious tale of the office of High Commissioner''], by Lorna Lloyd.</ref>

Willingdon arrived at [[Quebec City]] in late 1926, and on 2 October was sworn in as governor-general in a ceremony in the ''[[Legislative Council of Quebec|salon rouge]]'' of the [[Parliament Building (Quebec)|parliament buildings of Quebec]]. His following journey to [[Ottawa]] to take up residence in the country's official royal and viceroyal home, [[Rideau Hall]], was just the first of many trips Willingdon took around Canada, meeting with a variety of Canadians and bringing with him what was described as "a sense of humour and an air of informality to his duties."<ref name=TCE /> He also became the first governor general to [[Air travel|travel by air]], flying from Ottawa to [[Montreal]] and back, as well as the first to make official visits abroad; not only did he tour the [[Caribbean]] in 1929, but he further paid a visit to the [[United States]], going there in 1927 to meet with and receive state honours from [[President of the United States|President]] [[Calvin Coolidge]].<ref name=Hubbard>{{cite book| last=Hubbard| first=R. H.| title=Rideau Hall| publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press| year=1977| location=Montreal and London| page=[https://archive.org/details/rideauhallillust00hubb/page/166 166]| isbn=978-0-7735-0310-6| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/rideauhallillust00hubb/page/166}}</ref> On that visit, the Governor General was welcomed in [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] by [[List of Canadian ambassadors to the United States|the King's emissary to the US]], [[Vincent Massey]], who would later himself be appointed as Governor General of Canada.<ref name=GGFree />
[[File:Johnston, Puyi and Wanrong in the Zhang Garden in Tianjin, 1920s.png|left|thumb|Lord Willingdon with [[Reginald Johnston]] and the former [[Puyi|Emperor of China]] in Tianjin, China, 1920s ]]
[[File:Freeman Freeman-Thomas.jpg|thumb|right|The Marquess of Willingdon in later life.]]
In Canada, Willingdon hosted members of [[Monarchy of Canada#Canada's royal family and house|the Royal Family]], including the King's two sons, [[Edward VIII|Prince Edward, Prince of Wales]], and [[Prince George, Duke of Kent|Prince George]], who, along with Baldwin, came to Canada to participate in the celebrations of the [[Diamond Jubilee]] of [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]]. The Princes resided at Rideau Hall and the Prince of Wales, accompanied by Willingdon, dedicated at the [[Peace Tower]] both the [[altar]] of the [[Peace Tower#Memorial Chamber|Memorial Chamber]] and the [[Peace Tower#Carillon|Dominion Carillon]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://epe.lac-bac.gc.ca/100/200/301/ic/can_digital_collections/books/history.htm| title=The Books of Remembrance > History of the Books| author=Library and Archives Canada| author-link=Library and Archives Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=23 December 2008}}</ref> the first playing of which on that day was heard by listeners across the country on the first ever coast-to-coast radio broadcast in Canada.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Sites/Collections//carillon/history-e.htm| title=The House of Commons Heritage Collection > Carillon > History| author=Library of Parliament| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=24 December 2008}}</ref> This dedication marked the completion of the [[Centre Block]] of [[Parliament Hill]], and the following year, Willingdon moved the annual governor general's [[New Year's Eve|New Year]]'s [[Levée (event)|levée]] to that building from the [[East Block]], where the party had been held since 1870.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Phillips| first=R. A. J.| title=The House That History Built| journal=Canadian Parliamentary Review| volume=5| issue=1| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| location=Ottawa| year=1982| url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/english/issue.asp?param=100&art=442| access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref> A few months before the end of his viceregal tenure in Canada, Willingdon was once more elevated in the peerage, becoming on 23 February 1931 the '''Earl of Willingdon''' and '''Viscount Ratendone'''.<ref name="Gazz33692">{{London Gazette| issue=33692| date=24 February 1931|page=1283}}</ref>

In their time the viceroyal couple, the Earl and Countess of Willingdon fostered their appreciation of the arts, building on previous governor general [[Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey|the Earl Grey]]'s Lord Grey Competition for Music and Drama by introducing the Willingdon Arts Competition, which dispensed awards for painting and sculpture. They also left at Rideau Hall a collection of carpets and ''[[Work of art|objets d'art]]'' that they had collected during their travels around India and [[China]], and many of which were restored in 1993 to the [[Rideau Hall#Art and decoration|Long Gallery]] of Rideau Hall.<ref>{{cite book| last=MacMillan| first=Margaret| author2=Harris, Majorie| author3=Desjardins, Anne L.| title=Canada's House: Rideau Hall and the Invention of a Canadian Home| publisher=Alfred A. Knopf Canada| year=2004| location=Toronto| isbn=978-0-676-97675-5| url-access=registration| url=https://archive.org/details/canadashouseride0000macm}}</ref> However, Willingdon's tastes also included sports, particularly fishing, tennis, skating, skiing, curling, cricket, and golf.<ref name="GGFree" /> For the latter, he in 1927 donated to the [[Royal Canadian Golf Association]] the [[Willingdon Cup]] for Canadian interprovincial amateur golf competition, which has been contested annually since that year.

During his residence in Ottawa, Willingdon was a regular attendee at home matches of the [[Ottawa Senators (original)|Ottawa Senators]], continuing a tradition of patronage by sitting Governors-General of the local professional club. In 1930, he donated a trophy to be awarded to the Senators player "of the greatest assistance to his team", which the organisation cheekily interpreted as an award for the player to lead the team in assists<ref>{{cite journal |title=Coveted Trophy for Senators |journal=Ottawa Citizen |date=11 February 1930 |page=11 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=QBJtjoHflPwC&dat=19300211&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=13 April 2020}}</ref> and dubbed the Willington Trophy.

==Viceroy and Governor-General of India==
=== Appointment ===
[[File:Gandhi Willingdon caricature 1932.jpg|thumb|right|A cartoon from 1932 depicting the Viscount Willingdon on a [[hunger strike]] against [[Gandhi]]]]
He had not been Governor General of Canada for five years before Willingdon received word that he was to be sent back to India as that country's [[Governor-General of India|viceroy and governor general]]. After being appointed to the [[British Privy Council]] on 20 March 1931,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33700|page=1877| date=20 March 1931}}</ref> he was sworn in as such on 18 April 1931, merely two weeks after he was replaced in Canada by [[Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough|the Earl of Bessborough]]. When Willingdon arrived again in India, the country was gripped by the [[Great Depression]] and was soon leading Britain's departure from the [[gold standard]], seeing thousands of tonnes of gold shipped to the United Kingdom through the port of Bombay. Of this, Willingdon said: "For the first time in history, owing to the economic situation, Indians are disgorging gold. We have sent to London in the past two or three months, £25,000,000 sterling and I hope that the process will continue."

===Jailing leaders of Congress===
Simultaneously, Willingdon found himself dealing with the consequences of the nationalistic movements that [[Gandhi]] had earlier started when Willingdon was Governor of Bombay and then Madras. The [[India Office]] told Willingdon that he should conciliate only those elements of Indian opinion that were willing to work with the Raj. That did not include [[Nehru]] and the [[Indian National Congress]], which launched its Civil Disobedience Movement on 4 January 1932. Therefore, Willingdon took decisive action.<ref>{{cite book|author=John F. Riddick|title=The History of British India: A Chronology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Es6x4u_g19UC&pg=PA110|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood |page=110|isbn=978-0313322808}}</ref> He imprisoned Gandhi. He outlawed the Congress, he rounded up all members of the [[Congress Working Committee|Working Committee]] and the [[Pradesh Congress Committee|Provincial Committees]] and imprisoned them, and banned [[Indian Youth Congress|Congress youth organisations]]. In total, he imprisoned 80,000 Indian activists. Without most of their leaders, protests were uneven and disorganized, boycotts were ineffective, illegal youth organisations proliferated but were ineffective, more women became involved, and there was terrorism, especially in the [[North-West Frontier Province]]. Gandhi remained in prison until 1933.<ref>Brian Roger Tomlinson, ''The Indian National Congress and the Raj, 1929–1942: the penultimate phase'' (Springer, 1976).</ref><ref>Rosemary Rees. ''India 1900–47'' (Heineman, 2006), p. 122.</ref> Willingdon relied on his military secretary, [[Hastings Ismay]], for his personal safety.<ref>{{cite book| title=The Memoirs of General Lord Ismay| first=Hastings| last=Ismay| location=New York| publisher=Viking Press| page=66| year=1960| isbn=978-0-8371-6280-5}}</ref>

===Construction projects===
It was also by Willingdon's hand, as Governor-in-Council, that the [[Lloyd Barrage]] was commissioned, seeing £20 million put into the construction of the [[Barrage (tidal)|barrage]] across the mouth of the [[Indus River]], which not only provided labour but also brought millions of hectares of land in the [[Thar Desert]] under [[irrigation]].<ref>{{cite book| title=Heirs of Tradition: Tributes of a New Zealander| first=Robert E.| last=George|author2=Sencourt, Robert| page=66| year=1949}}</ref> Further, Willingdon established the [[Willingdon Airfield]] (now known as Safdarjung Airport) in [[Delhi]] and, after he was denied entry to the [[Royal Bombay Yacht Club]] because he was accompanied by Indian friends, despite his being the Governor of Bombay, Willingdon was motivated to establish the [[Willingdon Sports Club]], with membership open to both Indians and British and which still operates today.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Streat| first=Raymond, Marguerite Dupree| year=1987| title=Lancashire and Whitehall| page=260| publisher=Manchester University Press ND| isbn=0-7190-2390-4| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BxANAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>
As he had been in Canada, Willingdon acted for India as [[Chief Scout (The Scout Association)|Chief Scout]] of the [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]] and took this role as more than an ''ex-officio'' title. Convinced that [[Scouting]] would contribute greatly to the welfare of India, he promoted the organisation, especially in rural villages, and requested that [[J. S. Wilson]] pay special attention to cooperation between Scouting and village development.<ref>{{cite book| last=Wilson| first=John S.| author-link=J. S. Wilson|author2=Baden-Powell, Olave |author-link2=Olave Baden-Powell | title=Scouting Round the World| publisher=Blandford Press| year=1959| location=London| pages=91–93| asin =B0000CKE7M}}</ref>

The [[Construction of New Delhi]] also took place under his rule.<ref>{{Cite book |last=DIVISION |first=PUBLICATIONS |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJ6IEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22sir+sobha+singh%22+%22sir+teja+singh+malik%22&pg=PP50 |title=INTERPRETING GEOMETRIES: FLOORING OF RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |isbn=978-93-5409-659-4 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Post-viceregal life==
Once back in the United Kingdom, Willingdon associated with [[Roland Gwynne]]. Willingdon was one of the notable guests of parties at Gwynne's [[East Sussex]] estate, [[Folkington Manor]].<ref>{{cite book| last=Cullen| first=Pamela V.| title=A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams| publisher=Elliott & Thompson| year=2006| location=London| isbn=1-904027-19-9}}</ref> He was also honoured by George V, not only by being appointed as the [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]]—one of the higher honours bestowed by the sovereign and normally reserved for members of the Royal Family and former prime ministers—but he was also elevated once more in the peerage, being created '''Marquess of Willingdon''' by Edward VIII on 26 May 1936,<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=34289| date=29 May 1936|page=3440}}</ref> making him the most recent person to be promoted to such a rank.

Willingdon did not cease diplomatic life altogether: he undertook a goodwill mission to [[South America]], representing the Ibero-American Institute, and chaired the British committee on the commissioning of army officers. In 1940, he also represented the United Kingdom at the celebrations for the centennial of the formation of [[New Zealand]]. The next year, however, on 12 August, the Marquess of Willingdon died at 5 Lygon Place, near [[Ebury Street]], in London, and his ashes were interred in [[Westminster Abbey]].

==Honours==

===Titles===
{{Infobox viceroy styles
| image = [[File:Crest of the Viceroy of India.svg|50px]]  [[File:Arms of Canada (1921–1957) (crowned).svg|30px]]
| name = the Viscount Willingdon (1926–1931) then the Earl of Willingdon (1931–1936)
| dipstyle = His Excellency The Right Honourable (in Canada, also) ''Son Excellence le très honorable''
| offstyle = Your Excellency (in Canada, also) ''Votre Excellence''
}}

<div class="center">
[[File:ImperialOrderCrownIndiaRibbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:UK Order St-Michael St-George ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Order of the Indian Empire Ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.svg|100px]]
 
[[File:King Edward VII Coronation Medal (Military) ribbon.png|100px]]
[[File:UK King George V Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:UK King George V Silver Jubilee Medal ribbon.svg|100px]]
[[File:GeorgeVICoronationRibbon.png|100px]]
</div>

[[File:A Lords' statue.JPG|right|thumb|Statue of Lord Willingdon in [[Coronation Park, Delhi]]]]
;Appointments
* {{Royal Standard-UK}} '''18 July 1911 – 31 January 1913''': [[Lord-in-waiting|Lord-in-Waiting to His Majesty the King]]<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=28515| date=21 July 1911|page=5429}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette| issue=28686| date=31 January 1913|page=761}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|British Raj}} '''3 June 1918 – 21 July 1941''': [[Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI)
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''20 July 1926 – 21 July 1941''': [[Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George]] (GCMG)<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33184| date=20 July 1926|page=4795}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|British Raj}} '''12 March 1913 – 21 July 1941''': [[Knight Grand Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] (GCIE)
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''4 December 1917 – 21 July 1941''': [[Order of the British Empire|Knight Grand Cross of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire]] (GBE)
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} '''5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931''': [[Scouts Canada#Organizational structure|Chief Scout for Canada]]
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} '''5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931''': [[Royal Military College of Canada|Honorary Member of the Royal Military College of Canada Club]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''20 March 1931 – 21 July 1941''': [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Member of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council]] (PC)<ref>{{London Gazette| issue=33700| date=20 March 1931|page=1877}}</ref>
;Medals
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1902''': [[King Edward VII Coronation Medal]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1911''': [[King George V Coronation Medal]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1935''': [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1937''': [[King George VI Coronation Medal]]

===Honorary military appointments===
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} '''5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931''': Colonel of [[the Governor General's Horse Guards]]
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} '''5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931''': Colonel of the [[Governor General's Foot Guards]]
* {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} '''5 August 1926 – 4 April 1931''': Colonel of [[the Canadian Grenadier Guards]]
* {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} '''1936 – 21 July 1941''': Colonel of the 5th battalion of the [[Royal Sussex Regiment]]

===Honorific eponyms===
;Awards
* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Willingdon Arts Competition]]
* {{flag|Canada}}: [[Willingdon Cup]]

;Organisations
* {{flag|India}}: [[Willingdon Sports Club]], [[Mumbai]]

;Geographic locations
* {{flag|Alberta}}: [[Mount Willingdon]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.placenamesofalberta.ca/300_names_definitions/willingdon.html| title=Friends of Geographical Names of Alberta > 300 Names > Top 300 Names > Willingdon, Mount| publisher=Friends of Geographical Names of Alberta| access-date=4 April 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090723230013/http://www.placenamesofalberta.ca/300_names_definitions/willingdon.html| archive-date=23 July 2009}}</ref>
* {{flag|Alberta}}: [[Willingdon, Alberta|Willingdon]]
* {{flag|British Columbia}}: [[Burnaby#Transportation|Willingdon Avenue]], [[Burnaby]]
* {{flag|British Columbia}}: [[Willingdon Heights]], [[Burnaby]]
* {{flag|India}}: [[Willingdon Dam]], [[Junagadh]]
* {{flag|India}}: [[Willingdon Airport]], [[New Delhi]] (later renamed Safdarjung Airport)
* {{flag|India}}: [[IAF Willingdon]], [[New Delhi]]
* {{flag|India}}: [[Willingdon Island]]

;Schools
* {{flag|British Columbia}}: [[Willingdon Secondary School]], [[Burnaby]]
* {{flag|India}}: [[Willingdon College]], [[Sangli]]
* {{flag|Quebec}}: [[Willingdon Elementary School]], [[Montreal]]

===Arms===
{{Emblem table
|image=Coat_of_arms_of_Freeman_Freeman-Thomas,_1st_Marquess_of_Willingdon.svg
|imagesize=240px
|escutcheon = Quarterly, 1st and 4th: Argent three lions rampant Gules a chief azure (Thomas); 2nd and 3rd: Ermine two pallets in pale Azure over all three fusils conjoined in fess Or (Freeman).
|crest = 1st: A demi lion rampant Gules charged on the shoulder with an Ermine spot Argent (Freeman); 2nd: Issuant out of an antique crown Azure a boar's head proper (Thomas).
|supporters = On either side a freeman armed cap à pie in English armour of the 17th century Proper.
|motto = Honesty Is The Best Policy <ref>{{cite book|title=Burke's Peerage |date=1949}}</ref>}}

==See also==
* [[List of alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource|The Indian Biographical Dictionary (1915)/Willingdon, 1st Baron of Ratton. (1910), His Excellency the Right Hon'ble Freeman Freeman-Thomas|Willingdon, 1st Baron of Ratton}}
* {{Hansard-contribs | mr-freeman-freeman-thomas | Freeman Freeman-Thomas }}
* [http://archive.gg.ca/gg/fgg/bios/01/willingdon_e.asp Website of the Governor General of Canada entry for Freeman Freeman-Thomas]
* {{PM20|FID=pe/039803}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box |
before = [[George Clarke, 1st Baron Sydenham of Combe|George Clarke]] |
title = [[Governor of Bombay]] |
years = 17 February 1913 – 16 December 1918 |
after = [[George Lloyd, 1st Baron Lloyd|George Lloyd]]
}}
{{succession box |
before = [[Alexander Cardew]] |
title = [[Governor of Madras]] |
years = 10 April 1919 – 12 April 1924 |
after = [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen|The Viscount Goschen]]
}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Julian Byng, 1st Viscount Byng of Vimy|The Lord Byng of Vimy]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Governor General of Canada]]|years=1926–1931}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough|The Earl of Bessborough]]}}
{{succession box | title=[[List of Governors-General of India|Viceroy of India]] | before=[[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|The Lord Irwin]] | after= [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|The Marquess of Linlithgow]] | years=1931–1936}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{succession box |
title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Hastings (UK Parliament constituency)|Hastings]] |
years = [[1900 United Kingdom general election|1900]]–[[1906 United Kingdom general election|1906]] |
before = [[William Lucas-Shadwell]] |
after = [[William Harvey du Cros]]
}}
{{succession box |
title = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Bodmin (UK Parliament constituency)|Bodmin]] |
years = [[1906 Bodmin by-election|July 1906]] – [[January 1910 United Kingdom general election|January 1910]] |
before = [[Thomas Agar-Robartes]] |
after = [[Cecil Grenfell]]
}}
{{s-court}}
{{succession box |
title = [[Lord-in-waiting]] |
before = [[Edward Colebrooke, 1st Baron Colebrooke|The Lord Colebrooke]] |
after = [[Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne|The Lord Ashby St. Ledgers]] |
years = 1911–1913
}}
{{s-hon}}
{{succession box |
before = [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|The Marquess of Reading]] |
title = [[Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports]] |
years = 1936–1941 |
after = [[Winston Churchill]]
}}
{{s-reg|uk}}
{{s-new | rows = 4 | creation }}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Marquess of Willingdon]]
| years = 1936–1941}}
{{s-aft | after = [[Inigo Freeman-Thomas, 2nd Marquess of Willingdon|Inigo Freeman-Thomas]]
| rows = 4 }}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Earl of Willingdon]]
| years = 1931–1941 }}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Viscount Willingdon]]
| years =1924–1941 }}
{{s-break}}
{{s-ttl | title = [[Baron Willingdon]]
| years = 1910–1941 }}
{{s-end}}

{{Governors general of Canada}}
{{Viceroys of India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Willingdon, Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of}}
[[Category:Viceroys of India]]
[[Category:1930s in British India]]
[[Category:Governors of Bombay]]
[[Category:1866 births]]
[[Category:1941 deaths]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:Governors general of Canada]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) Lords-in-Waiting]]
[[Category:Lords Warden of the Cinque Ports]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies|Freeman-Thomas, Freeman]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1900–1906|Freeman-Thomas, Freeman]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1906–1910|Freeman-Thomas, Freeman]]
[[Category:UK MPs who were granted peerages]]
[[Category:Scouting and Guiding in India]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Bodmin|Freeman-Thomas, Freeman]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Cambridge University cricketers]]
[[Category:Sussex cricketers]]
[[Category:Chief Scouts of Canada]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Marquesses of Willingdon|1]]
[[Category:Barons created by George V]]
[[Category:Viscounts created by George V]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Freeman-Thomas family|Freeman, 1st Marquess of Willingdon]]

Botcha Appalanarasayya

2026-04-24T23:18:52Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put Up The Info From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Family name hatnote|Botsa|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Botsa Appalanarasayya
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2019
| term_end = 2024
| predecessor = [[Kondapalli Appala Naidu]]
| constituency = [[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]]
| term_start1 = 2009
| term_end1 = 2014
| predecessor1 = [[Aruna Padala]]
| successor1 = [[Kondapalli Appala Naidu]]
| constituency1 = [[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency|Gajapathinagaram]]
| occupation = Politician
| relations = {{ubl
| [[Botsa Satyanarayana]] (brother)
| [[Botsa Jhansi Lakshmi]] (sister-in-law)
}}
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2009 - 2015)
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]] (2015 - Present)
| alma_mater = [[Gitam College]]
| successor = [[Kondapalli Srinivas]]
}}

'''Botsa Appalanarasayya''', is an Indian politician from the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) from [[Gajapathinagaram Assembly constituency]] in 2019 on behalf of [[YSR Congress Party]] (YSRCP) and also served as the MLA during 2009–2014 on behalf of [[Indian National Congress]].

== Early life ==
Botcha Appalanarasayya was born to Gurunaidu and Eswaramma. He has 6 brothers, of whom [[Botsa Satyanarayana]] is the eldest and the others younger, and 4 sisters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2020 |title=మంత్రి బొత్స సత్యనారాయణ ఇంట విషాదం |trans-title=Tragedy at Minister Botsa Satyanarayana's house |url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-minister-botsa-satyanarayana-mother-passed-away-in-visakhapatnam-579872.html |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[News18 Telugu]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Botcha Appalanarasayya(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- GAJAPATHINAGARAM(VIZIANAGARAM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/andhra2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=3745 |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> He is a relative of [[Baddukonda Appala Naidu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=B. Madhu Gopal |date=16 May 2014 |title=Botcha family falls to 'Samaikya' sentiment |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/botcha-family-falls-to-samaikya-sentiment/article6017221.ece |access-date=3 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He graduated from [[Gitam College]], [[Visakhapatnam]] in 1985.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Appalanarasayya contested the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Gajapathinagaram constituency on behalf of Congress and won as the MLA.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Gajapathinagaram Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Gajapathinagaram Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/andhra-pradesh/gajapathinagaram-election-result-s01a016/ |access-date=3 December 2022 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> He later contested the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014 elections]] but lost the election.<ref name=":1" /> However, he and his brother Satyanarayana were the only two candidates, out of 175 Congress candidates contested in the 2014 elections held for all the 175 constituencies, who were able to retain deposits. He left Congress and joined YSRCP in June 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=B. Chandrashekhar |date=7 June 2015 |title=Botcha joins YSR Congress along with kin, followers |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/Botcha-joins-YSR-Congress-along-with-kin-followers/article60181162.ece |access-date=3 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He then contested the 2019 elections and won as the MLA.<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Botcha, Appalanarasayya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]

New Horizon Scholars School, Thane

2026-04-22T18:04:50Z

Bhanwarrathore:

{{more citations needed|date=February 2014}}<mapframe latitude="22.512557" longitude="82.792969" zoom="2" width="260" height="262" align="right">
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</mapframe>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}

'''New Horizon Scholars School''' is located in [[Kavesar]] near Anand Nagar Circle off [[State Highway 42 (Maharashtra)]] (commonly referred to as [[Ghodbunder Road]]) in [[Thane]] (West) in the [[Mumbai Metropolitan Region]] of India. It is a branch of the New Horizon Scholars School from the [[Navi Mumbai]] suburb [[Airoli]]. The school includes a pre-primary education section called Neo Kids. It has classes from Nursery to Grade 12.

The school's Founder President is Akshay Kumar. The Chairperson is Ms. Suvra Banerjee. The current principal is Dr. Jyoti Nair.

== History ==

The Chairman inaugurated the school on 16 October 2012, and the first academic year commenced in June 2013.

== Curriculum ==

New Horizon Scholars School strictly follows the curriculum of India's [[Central Board of Secondary Education|Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.50.30/SchoolDir/appview_dir.asp?affno=1130325 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121128164736/http://164.100.50.30/SchoolDir/appview_dir.asp?affno=1130325 |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 November 2012 |title=Details Of The School |publisher=[[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] |accessdate=26 October 2012 }}</ref>

== Evaluation ==

The school has no exams in lower classes, including primary and pre-primary classes. Instead, it uses [[Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation|Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation (CCE)]] for all classes, which consists of 'formative' and 'summative' evaluation.

== Activities ==

The school offers a blend of scholastic and co-scholastic activities. All activities contribute to the personality development of children with an emphasis on public-speaking skills, [[music]] and other arts.

Coaching is offered in [[chess]], [[dance]], [[aerobics]], [[karate]], and [[Roller skating|skating]]. Facilities include playgrounds and areas for sports such as football, basketball, volleyball, badminton, cricket and athletics, well-equipped [[Library|Libraries]], and [[Physics]], [[Chemistry]], [[Biology]] & [[Information technology|IT]] laboratories.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{cite web|url=http://www.newhorizonscholarsthane.com |title=New Horizon Scholars School Thane |publisher=Newhorizonscholarsthane.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-07}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:2012 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Education in Thane]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2012]]
[[Category:Schools in Thane district]]

http://cbseaff.nic.in/cbse_aff/schdir_Report/AppViewdir.aspx?affno=1130470

Rohaniya Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:15Z

Bhanwarrathore: Starting The Details More To Come

{{short description|Constituency of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rohaniya
| map_image = 387-Rohaniya.svg
| mla = [[Sunil Patel (politician)|Sunil Patel]]
| party = {{Party index link|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year= 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,91,609 (2019)
| type = SLA
| constituency_no= 387
}}

'''Rohaniya''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the town of Rohaniya in the [[Varanasi district]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.
It is a ''Patel'' dominant seat. The constituency number is 387.
Rohaniya is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 387 amongst 403 constituencies.

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Rohaniya Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rohaniya.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|1=''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Anupriya Patel]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Apna Dal}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)|Apna Dal]]
|-
|2014^
|[[Mahendra Singh Patel]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Surendra Narayan Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Sunil Patel (politician)|Sunil Patel]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Apna Dal (Soneylal)}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Soneylal)]]
|}
^ By-Poll

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohaniya<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|candidate = Dr. Sunil Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:118663}}
|percentage = 48.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Abhay Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:72191}}
|percentage = 29.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Arun Singh Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:26356}}
|percentage = 10.68
|change = -2.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajeshwar Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:16785}}
|percentage = 6.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Peoples Party of India (Democratic)
|candidate = Sanjiv
|votes = {{formatnum:2661}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2967}}
|percentage = 1.2
|change = +0.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:46472}}
|percentage = 18.83
|change = -5.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:246793}}
|percentage = 60.39
|change = -1.25
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Apna Dal (Sonelal)
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate ''Surendra Narayan Singh'' belonging to the [[Bhumihar]] community, won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate ''Mahendra Singh Patel'' by a margin of 57,553 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rohaniya.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rohaniya<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Surendra Narayan Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:119885}}
|percentage = 51.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mahendra Singh Patel]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:62332}}
|percentage = 26.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pramod Kumar Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:30531}}
|percentage = 13.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Krishna Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:9549}}
|percentage = 4.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Parvati Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2926}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2190}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:57553}}
|percentage = 24.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:233782}}
|percentage = 61.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2014: Rohaniya}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Mahendra Singh Patel]]
|votes = 76,121
|percentage = 40.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|candidate = Krishna Patel
|votes = 61,672
|percentage = 33.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramakant Singh
|votes = 30,078
|percentage = 16.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. Bhawana Patel
|votes = 3,207
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|candidate = Shiv Lal Yadav
|votes = 2,599
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = None of the Above
|party = None of the above
|votes = 941
|percentage = 0.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 14,449
|percentage = 7.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,86,402
|percentage = 51.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Elections, 2012]]: [[Varanasi|Rohaniya]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Anupriya Patel]]
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 57,812
|percentage = 30.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ramakant Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 40,229
|percentage = 21.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Manoj Rai Dhoopchandi
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 26,091
|percentage = 13.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sanjay Rai
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 18,504
|percentage = 9.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Hira Lal Maurya
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 18,213
|percentage = 9.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Abhay Patel
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|votes = 16,138
|percentage = 8.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 17,583
|percentage = 9.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,91,295
|percentage = 60.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.97|81.38|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Varanasi district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Latur Rural Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:29:47Z

Bhanwarrathore: article

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Latur Rural
| type = SLA
| map_image = 234-Latur Rural.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]]
| constituency_no = 234
| established = 2008
| reservation = 
| incumbent_image = Ramesh_Kashiram_Karad.jpg
| abolished =
| mla = [[Ramesh Karad]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 334,957
}}
'''Latur Rural Assembly constituency''' is one of the Assembly constituency in the [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Latur]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

After the [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] commission report, the Latur Assembly Constituency was divided in 2008 into [[Latur City (Maharashtra Assembly constituency)|Latur City]] and [[Latur Rural (Maharashtra Assembly constituency)|Latur Rural]]. They are part of [[Latur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Geographical Scope==
Village list :
Pangaon, Sindhgaon, Andalgaon, Bawchi, Kolgaon, Sangvi
Renapur,
Bhokrambha,
Shera,
Poharegaon,
Nivada,
Harwadi,
Murud,
Kharola,
Shelu,
Javalga,
Bitargaon,
Samsapur,
Bheta,
Bhopala,
Ekurga,
Bodka,
Ramwadi,
Ghansargaon,
Murdav,
Takalgaon,
Motegaon,
Kamkheda.
Borgaon(N.)
Borgaon (Kale), Gondegoan, Ramegaon, Hissori, Chincholi(Ballalnath), Katgaon, shiur, Niwali, Shirala, Gadwad, Bhisewagholi, Khandala, Ekurga, Murud Akola, Sarsa, Wanjarkheda, Kasarkheda, Kasargaon, Selu Bk., Shivani Kh., Dhanegaon, Bori, Pimpri Amba, Jawla, Jod-Jawala, Gategaon, Manjri, Samangaon, Harnagul (Khurd), Harangul (Budruk), Sai, Mahapur, Mathephal, Khutephal, Wakdi, Pimpalgoan, Tandulja, WadeWagholi, Bhosa, Nilkanth, Chikurda, Bhoira, Wangdari,

==Members of Assembly==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Before 2009 : See [[Latur Assembly constituency|Latur]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Vaijnath Shinde]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|[[Trimbakrao Shrirangrao Bhise|Trimbakrao Bhise]]
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|[[Dhiraj Deshmukh]]
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Ramesh Karad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Latur Rural<ref name="Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Latur Rural">{{cite news |title=Maharastra Assembly Election Results 2024 - Latur Rural |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13234.htm |access-date=11 January 2025 |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111062728/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/candidateswise-S13234.htm |archive-date=11 January 2025}}</ref><ref name="Latur Rural Constituency Election Results 2024">{{cite news |title=Latur Rural Constituency Election Results 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/latur-rural |access-date=11 January 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111062731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/constituency-show/latur-rural |archive-date=11 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ramesh Karad]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 112,051 |percentage = 47.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dhiraj Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 105,456 |percentage = 44.88% |change={{decrease}}33.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Ajanikar Vijay Raghunathrao |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 8,824 |percentage = 3.76% |change={{decrease}}3.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Ganpatrao Nagargoje |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 3,768 |percentage = 1.60% |change={{decrease}}0.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 483 |percentage = 0.21% |change={{decrease}}15.77 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,595 |percentage = 2.81% |change= {{decrease}}59.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 235,450 |percentage = 70.29% |change= {{increase}}16.76 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 234,967}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 334,957|ref = |change= {{increase}}3.92 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}30.76 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Latur Rural<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Dhiraj Deshmukh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 135,006 |percentage = 78.45% |change={{increase}}29.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 27,500 |percentage = 15.98% |change={{increase}}15.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sachin Alias Ravi Ramraje Deshmukh |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 13,524 |percentage = 7.86% |change={{increase}}6.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Done Manchakrao Baliram |party=Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 12,966 |percentage = 7.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Arjun Dhondiram Waghamare |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,912 |percentage = 1.69% |change={{increase}}0.33 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Babruwan Baliram Pawar |party=Independent politician |votes = 1,496 |percentage = 0.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 107,506 |percentage = 62.47% |change= {{increase}}57.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 199,601 |percentage = 61.92% |change= {{decrease}}16.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 172,099}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 322,330|ref = |change= {{increase}}9.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}29.14 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Latur Rural<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Trimbakrao Shrirangrao Bhise]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 100,897 |percentage = 49.30% |change={{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ramesh Karad]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 90,387 |percentage = 44.17% |change={{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Haribhau Namdeo Sabde |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 3,085 |percentage = 1.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Ganpatrao Nagargoje |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,785 |percentage = 1.36% |change={{decrease}}0.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ashabai Shivaji Bhise |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 2,672 |percentage = 1.31% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Pro. Venkatesh Govindrao Kasbe |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,158 |percentage = 1.05% |change={{decrease}}0.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes = 832 |percentage = 0.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,510 |percentage = 5.14% |change= {{decrease}}7.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 205,513 |percentage = 69.87% |change= {{decrease}}1.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 204,649}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 294,116|ref = |change= {{increase}}11.60 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}3.11 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Latur Rural<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[Vaijnath Shinde]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 86,136 |percentage = 46.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Ramesh Karad]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 62,553 |percentage = 33.55% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dilipdada Namdevrao Nade |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,620 |percentage = 10.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Deshmukh Nathsinha Kishanrao |party=Independent politician |votes = 5,539 |percentage = 2.97% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Santosh Ganpatrao Nagargoje |party=Maharashtra Navnirman Sena |votes = 2,718 |percentage = 1.46% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Adv. Laxman Narhari Shinde |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,355 |percentage = 1.26% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Prof. S.V. Jadhav |party=Peasants And Workers Party of India |votes = 1,780 |percentage = 0.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,583 |percentage = 12.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 186,479 |percentage = 70.76% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 186,466}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 263,552|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Latur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18.35|76.54|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latur Rural (Maharashtra Assembly Constituency)}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Latur district]]
[[Category:Latur]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Pardi Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:19:42Z

Bhanwarrathore: Starting First Pg Needs Work

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pardi
| mla = [[Kanubhai Desai|Kanubhai Mohanlal Desai]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Valsad district|Valsad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Valsad Lok Sabha constituency|Valsad]]
| established = 2002
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:260648}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 180
}}

'''Pardi''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Valsad district|Valsad]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Pardi Taluka (Part) Villages – Umarsadi, Balda, Kumbhariya, Sondhalwada, Parvasa, Kachwal, Mota Waghchhipa, Nana Waghchhipa, Sukhesh, Borlai, Sukhlav, Velparva, Khadki, Motiwada, Palsana, Kalsar, Udwada, Kolak, Kikarla, Rentlav, Dungri, Dashwada, Amli, Khuntej, Sarodhi, Orvad, Saran, Tarakpardi, Vatar, Kunta, Morai, Bagwada, Tighara, Paria, Tukwada, Balitha, Salvav, Chharwada, Namdha, Chandor, Chhiri, Karvad, Pardi (M), Chala (CT), Vapi (M), Vapi (INA)

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
*2002 - Laxmanbhai Patel, [[Indian National Congress]]
*2007 - Ushaben Patel, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2012 - Kanubhai Desai, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*2017 - Kanubhai Desai, [[Bharatiya Janta Party]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Kanubhai Desai|Kanubhai Mohanlal Desai]]<ref name=election2017/> || rowspan="2" |
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]: Pardi Assembly constituency }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kanubhai Desai|Kanubhai Mohanlal Desai]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 121968
|percentage = 73.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jayshreeben Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 24804
|percentage = 14.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ketanbhai Kishorbhai Patel
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 15306
|percentage = 9.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2316
|percentage = 1.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 58.5
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:255098}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Pardi<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kanubhai Desai
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 98,379
|percentage = 64.23
|change = +4.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bharatbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 46,293
|percentage = 30.22
|change = -3.41
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 52,086
|percentage = 34.01
|change = +7.45
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,53,178
|percentage = 69.36
|change = -1.63
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Pardi}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kanubhai Desai
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 84,563
|percentage = 60.19
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Hemant Desai
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 47,252
|percentage = 33.63
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 37,311
|percentage = 26.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,40,502
|percentage = 70.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Pardi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ushaben Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 61,738
|percentage = 51.93
|change = +11.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Laxmanbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 51,074
|percentage = 42.96
|change = +0.84
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 8.97
|change = +7.32
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,18,890
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Pardi}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Laxmanbhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 43,288
|percentage = 42.12
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ushaben Patel
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 41,589
|percentage = 40.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Vijaybhai Babubhai Patel
|party = Bharatiya Navshakti Party
|votes = 14,463
|percentage = 14.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =
|percentage = 1.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,02,768
|percentage = 60.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|20.52|72.95|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Valsad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2002]]

Bishrampur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:16:53Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put Up Initial Pg Added Tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| name = Bishrampur
| map_image = Bishrampur constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamu]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[Palamu district|Palamu]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Naresh Prasad Singh]]
| party = {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:309629}}
| constituency_no = 77
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
''' Bishrampur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the [[Palamu district]] in [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order], 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the [[Election Commission of India]]</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Before 1962: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Krishna Murari Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ramdeni Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Jageshwar Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ramdeni Ram
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Vinod Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|[[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]] || {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=2 | [[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Naresh Prasad Singh]]
|{{Full party name with colour|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishrampur<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Naresh Prasad Singh]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=74,338 |percentage=32.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=59,751 |percentage=25.99% |change={{increase}}4.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Mehta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=24,272 |percentage=10.56% |change={{decrease}}6.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anju Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=21,808 |percentage=9.49% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagriti Dubey |party=Independent politician |votes=18,009 |percentage=7.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sirajuddin Khan |party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram) |votes=5,318 |percentage=2.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brahmdeo Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=4,946 |percentage=2.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=892 |percentage=0.39% |change={{decrease}}0.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,587 |percentage=6.35% |change= {{increase}}1.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,29,859 |percentage=63.90% |change= {{increase}}3.12 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,59,702 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.17 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}10.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishrampur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=40,635 |percentage=21.59% |change={{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Mehta |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=32,122 |percentage=17.07% |change={{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Prasad Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=27,820 |percentage=14.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=26,957 |percentage=14.32% |change={{increase}}0.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anju Singh |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=24,851 |percentage=13.20% |change={{increase}}5.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asharphi Ram |party=All India Majlis-E-Ittehadul Muslimeen |votes=11,558 |percentage=6.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brahmdeo Prasad |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=7,928 |percentage=4.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,376 |percentage=0.73% |change={{increase}}0.15 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,513 |percentage=4.52% |change= {{decrease}}4.77 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,88,207 |percentage=60.78% |change= {{decrease}}0.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,09,629 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.46 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.10 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishrampur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=37,974 |percentage=22.70% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Kumar Dubey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,417 |percentage=13.40% |change={{decrease}}7.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asharphi Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=19,145 |percentage=11.44% |change={{increase}}1.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Mehta |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=13,709 |percentage=8.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Poojan Yadav |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=10,715 |percentage=6.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brahmdeo Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=9,862 |percentage=5.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anwar Hussain Ansari |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=9,741 |percentage=5.82% |change={{decrease}}7.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=975 |percentage=0.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,557 |percentage=9.30% |change= {{increase}}2.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,67,321 |percentage=61.31% |change= {{increase}}11.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,72,888 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.00 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishrampur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,609 |percentage=20.77% |change={{increase}}6.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=17,257 |percentage=14.00% |change={{decrease}}12.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yugal Pal |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=16,102 |percentage=13.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Awdhesh Kumar Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=12,063 |percentage=9.78% |change={{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Shekhar Dubey |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=8,866 |percentage=7.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anwar Hussain Ansari |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=7,525 |percentage=6.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaushal Kumar |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=6,803 |percentage=5.52% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,352 |percentage=6.77% |change= {{decrease}}5.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,308 |percentage=50.16% |change= {{decrease}}14.13 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,45,853 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Rashtriya Janata Dal |swing= {{decrease}}5.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishrampur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=40,658 |percentage=26.61% |change={{decrease}}4.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajay Kumar Dubey |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,046 |percentage=14.43% |change={{decrease}}28.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Kumar Mishra |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,313 |percentage=10.02% |change={{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirbhay Kumar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,687 |percentage=8.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Asharphi Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=12,501 |percentage=8.18% |change={{increase}}1.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]] |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=6,570 |percentage=4.30% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Asarfi Mehta |party=Samata Party |votes=3,900 |percentage=2.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,612 |percentage=12.18% |change= {{decrease}}0.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,52,776 |percentage=64.29% |change= {{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,37,637 |ref = |change= {{increase}}28.57 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Rashtriya Janata Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}16.51 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Bishrampur<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chandra Shekhar Dubey]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,308 |percentage=43.12% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ramchandra Chandravanshi]] |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=31,511 |percentage=30.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surya Mani Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=14,212 |percentage=13.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manikchandra Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,642 |percentage=6.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdeo Sharma |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist Leninist) Liberation |votes=2,575 |percentage=2.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkishore Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,611 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay Kumar Chaubey |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=888 |percentage=0.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,797 |percentage=12.45% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,02,757 |percentage=56.77% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,84,830 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Palamu district]]
*[[Palamu division]]
*[[Vidhan Sabha]]
*[[List of states of India by type of legislature]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jharkhand elections|state=expanded}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}

{{coord|24.26|83.92|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Palamu district]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Dotma

2026-04-18T22:15:52Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put Up Basic Data Needs Work

{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dotma
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Assam]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sonitpur district|Kokrajhar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 144,393
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 783347
| area_code = 03661
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate = AS
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bodo language|Bodo]]
}}'''Dotma''' is a town within the District of [[Kokrajhar]] is the state of [[Assam]], [[Northeast India|North-east India]]. It is One of the Revenue circles and developmental blocks in the [[Kokrajhar district]]. This town also known as Dotoma.
==History==
At close of the [[Bhutan War]] of 1864, the British and the [[Demographics of Bhutan|Bhutani]] signed the [[Duar War|Sinchula Agreement]] in 1865. Under the agreement, the 18th Bhutan [[Duar]]s were divided into the Eastern and Western Duars. The portion of the land lying between the [[Manas River|Manas]] and [[Sankosh]] rivers was formed into the Eastern Duars district and was administered by Deputy Commissioner with headquarter at Dotma.

By the government notification of 3 December 1866, the Eastern Duars were added to [[Goalpara]] and along with this Goalpara was separated from province of Assam and placed under the Commissioner at [[Coochbehar]] division in all matters.

Due to administrative convenience the civil and criminal jurisdiction of Goalpara was re-transferred to Judicial Commissioner of Assam on 10 August 1868, but executive control remained with the commissioner of Coochbehar. Goalpara along with Dotma was finally incorporated in the new province when Assam was created as a separate administration in 1874. The Headquarters of the District initially located at Goalpara was transferred to [[Dhubri]] in 1879.

In the 19th century the British accepted it as a commercial place and constructed a [[narrow gauge railway]] in the heart of Dotma to reach [[Kochugaon]], for carrying timber logs from the [[Kochugaon Forest]] division. These timber logs had been placed at Dotma at [[Thulungapuri]] the burial ground of [[Upendra Nath Brahma]], father of the [[Bodo people]], from which these were dispatched to [[Fakiragram]] for selling.

Besides there was a legendary hero called [[Jaolia Dewan]] or [[Sikna Mech]]. When a war took place between the British force and [[Bhutias]], Sikna Mech sided with the Bhutani force. He left his capital [[Siknajhar]] and sheltered at the [[Dangarkuti]] village of Dotma, hiding his pregnant wife in neighbouring [[Bhalukmari]] village. He was defeated by the British who had the use of cannons. Later he was killed by the British force at [[Ali Khungri]] river in [[Bengal]].

==Public services==
===Police and security===
*Dotma Police Station
*
*[[Central Reserve Police Force]]

==Recreation==
===Parks===
*[[Thulungapuri]]

==Education==
===Secondary schools===
*De Paul's Public School, Dotma
*St. Francis Xavier School
*Dotma Girls' High School
*Dotma Higher Secondary School
*Dotma JB School
*U.N. Academy
*Gurudev Kalicharan Brahma Academy

===Universities and colleges===
*Bodofa U.N. Brahma College

==Sports==
===Stadiums===
*DASA Field

===Teams===
====Football====
*Dotma DASA XI

===Tournaments===
====Football====
*Daoharu Mungklong Trophy
*Dotma Village Tournament
*Dotma School Tournament

==See also==
*[[Thulungapuri]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kokrajhar]]
[[Category:Villages in Kokrajhar district]]

Kundarki Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:29Z

Bhanwarrathore: added stub.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kundarki
| constituency_no = 29
| map_image = 29-Kundarki.svg
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency|Sambhal]]
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Thakur Ramveer Singh|Ramveer Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors = {{formatnum:380673}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2029|5}}
}}
'''Kundarki''' is one of the 403 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017/>

It is part of [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]] district.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|M. Lal<ref name="election1967">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 1967 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006114503/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Mahi Lal<ref name="election1969">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 1969 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007134105/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Indra Mohini<ref name="election1974">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 1974 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006080051/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 1977 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=7 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007053924/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Akbar Husain]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 1980 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006054456/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Rina Kumari<ref name="election1985">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 1985 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006170606/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Chandra Vijay Singh]]<ref name="election1989">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 1989 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006085257/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|Akbar Husain<ref name="election1991">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 1991 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=6 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006055723/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Chandra Vijay Singh]]<ref name="election1993">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 1993 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=13 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|Akbar Husain<ref name="election1996">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 1996 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713084900/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Mohammad Rizwan (politician)|Mohammad Rizwan]]<ref name="election2002">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 2002 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713105915/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Akbar Husain<ref name="election2007">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 2007 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713102642/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |title=Uttar Pradesh 2012 |access-date=24 August 2015 |archive-date=8 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508084526/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Mohammad Rizwan (politician)|Mohammad Rizwan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name=election2017/>
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Ziaur Rahman Barq]]
|-
||[[2024 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-elections|2024]]^
|[[Thakur Ramveer Singh|Ramveer Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
^ denotes bypoll

==Election results==

===2024 bypoll===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 elections in India#Uttar_Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election, 2024]]: Kundarki<ref name="Kundarki Bypoll Result - November 2024">{{cite news |title=Kundarki Bypoll Result - November 2024 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S2429.htm |access-date=16 December 2024 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=23 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216042933/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcByeNov2024/candidateswise-S2429.htm |archive-date=16 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Thakur Ramveer Singh|Ramveer Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,70,371
|percentage = 76.71
|change = {{increase}}46.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mohammad Rizwan (politician)|Mohammad Rizwan]]|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=25,580|percentage=11.52|change={{decrease}}34.76}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chand Babu|party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|votes=14,201|percentage=6.39|change=New}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammad Varish|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|votes=8,111|percentage=3.65|change={{decrease}}1.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Rafitullah|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=1,099|percentage=0.49|change={{decrease}}15.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes=581|percentage=0.26|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=144,791|percentage=65.19|change={{increase}}49.31}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=222,097|percentage=27.86|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing = {{increase}}46.31
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kundarki<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Ziaur Rahman Barq]]
|votes = {{formatnum:125792}}
|percentage = 46.28
|change = {{increase}}4.45
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kamal Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:82630}}
|percentage = 30.4
|change = {{decrease}}7.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd Rizwan
|votes = {{formatnum:42742}}
|percentage = 15.73
|change = {{increase}}2.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Hafiz Waris
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = {{formatnum:14251}}
|percentage = 5.24
|change = {{increase}}2.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1787}}
|percentage = 0.66
|change = {{increase}}0.22
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:43162}}
|percentage = 15.88
|change = {{increase}}11.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:271785}}
|percentage = 71.4
|change = {{increase}}0.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Kundarki<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|access-date= 21 June 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Mohammad Rizwan (politician)|Mohammad Rizwan]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:110561}}
|percentage = 41.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramveer Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:99740}}
|percentage = 37.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Akbar Hussain
|votes = {{formatnum:36071}}
|percentage = 13.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Israr Husain
|votes = {{formatnum:7025}}
|percentage = 2.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Mohammad Nabi
|votes = {{formatnum:4078}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1170}}
|percentage = 0.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:10821}}
|percentage = 4.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:264330}}
|percentage = 71.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Moradabad district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065905/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official Site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|28.69|78.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Moradabad district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

V. Rajasekaran

2026-04-13T00:31:37Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put up the entry w/ infobox!

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. Rajasekaran
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|4|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = Sivagangai
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member-Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly.
| constituency1 = [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency|Radhakrishnan Nagar]]
| term_start1 = 1980
| term_end1 = 1984
| predecessor1 = [[Isari Velan]]
| successor1 = [[S. Venugopal]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''V. Rajasekaran''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He hails from the [[Sivaganga district]] and currently resides in [[Chennai]]. He completed his high school final examination (SSLC) at Raja High School, [[Sivaganga]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.myneta.info/tamilnadu2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=371 | title=Tamil Nadu 2011 | accessdate=14 December 2025}}</ref> A member of the [[Indian National Congress]] party, he contested and won the election to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency]] in the 1980 state election, thereby becoming a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] (MLA).<ref>தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவை “யார் - எவர்” 1980. சென்னை: தமிழ்நாடு சட்டமன்றப் பேரவைச் செயலகம். ஏப்ரல் 1981.</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===1980===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Dr. Radhakrishnan Nagar<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 Oct 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Rajasekaran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=44,076 |percentage=48.62% |change=+36.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Isari Velan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=36,888 |percentage=40.69% |change=+5.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Arumugasamy |party=Janata Party |votes=8,685 |percentage=9.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,188 |percentage=7.93% |change= 6.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,648 |percentage=62.36% |change= 17.19% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,769 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.05% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gibu George

2026-04-01T10:41:52Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put Up A Post Basic Info

{{refimprove|date=April 2025}}
{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{infobox person
| name =Gibu George
| image =Gibu George 2 (cropped).jpg
| caption =Gibu in Singapore during the premiere of his film 'The Wheel'
| birth_place =[[Mallapally]], [[Thiruvalla]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_date =
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Film actor
* Anchor
}}
| parents = T V George (Father), Annamma George (Mother)
| years active =
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''Gibu George''' is an [[Indian actor]], [[Theatre|theatre artist]], model and Writer who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He made his Malayalam feature film debut in the 2021 movie 'Grahanam',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gibu-george-debuts-with-a-layered-role-in-malayalam/articleshow/84709923.cms| title=Gibu George debuts with a layered role in Malayalam| date=21 Jul 2021|publisher=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/interview/2021/07/26/chat-with-actor-gibu-george.html?fbclid=IwAR3bmlzSXEKpIDNjODo63XmQs4w2eqYNku8_Sas4PDwv6vNZxe6NBuhIFgY_aem_AZglg2KRcUMlVblE8PSeNxJXDiTQC5S1dPDv_WHtsI-_gMBPlDkZ83hXXumzuf3uqUg&mibextid=Zxz2cZ#lm0cr800x5mhj841qks| title=A Mallapally boy from Singapore to Malayalam cinema...(Malayalam)| date=26 Jul 2021|publisher=Manorama online}}</ref> becoming the first Singapore Malayalee introduced to the Malayalam film industry in a male lead role. Gibu is known for portraying the lead role of Aadi in Singapore-made English short 'The Wheel', which earned him wide acclaim's, including the Best Actor Award in Barcelona International Film Festival(LHIIF) Spain, making him the first Singapore Malayalee actor to win the title.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/gibu-george-wins-best-actor-at-barcelona-international-film-fest/articleshow/104441236.cms| title=Gibu George wins best actor at Barcelona International film | date=23 Oct 2023|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

Gibu George worked with 'Coldplay', [[coldplay]], the most popular European rock band, in their latest music video 'Man In The Moon' along with [[Chris Martin]] made him the first ever Malayalee actor to appear in any Coldplay music videos.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/02/17/gibu-george-became-the-part-of-coldplay-musical-album.html |script-title=ml:ആദ്യം പറഞ്ഞു താൽപര്യമില്ലെന്ന്, ഒടുവിൽ അറിഞ്ഞു ആ സർപ്രൈസ്; കോൾഡ്പ്ലേയുടെ ആൽബത്തിൽ അഭിനയിച്ച് തിരുവല്ലക്കാരൻ! |trans-title=Gibu George became the part of Coldplay musical album |language=ml |website=manoramaonline.com |date=2025-02-17 |access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://e-paper.sph.com.sg/tabla/ccidist-replica-reader/?epub=https://e-paper.sph.com.sg/ccidist-ws/sph/tabla/issues/4399/#/pages/11> | title= Actor paid to hang out with megastars | date=14 Feb 2025|publisher=Tablasph}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
He did his early schooling in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] where his father was serving in the Army. He later relocated to [[Thiruvalla]] for further schooling at St. Mary's school, Thiruvalla and Mahatma Gandhi Higher Secondary school,Puthuserry. Gibu
completed his education from [[Mar Thoma College]], [[Thiruvalla]] and [[Institute of Human Resources Development]], [[Kottayam]].

==Career==
Gibu began his career as an anchor of Singapore Choice on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
2017 and gained widespread popularity by establishing himself through several Televisions and
stage shows, TV shows, and national commercials in Singapore art scenes. He made his theatre acting debut in 2017 with Manasakshi directed by K Sudheeran as an anti-hero and went on acting in critically acclaimed theatre plays like Bombay Tailor's, Natya Yatra etc. Gibu made his screen acting debut on 2018 as the lead actor for a silent short film 'Alive', directed by award winning filmmaker Tagore Almeida, whose 2013 film "A God of Sinners" got screened at [[Cannes]]. Gibu also worked for [[Government of Singapore|Singapore Govt]]. English Film 'Singapore Flying' by award winning Singaporean Film director, [[K. Rajagopal (director)|K.Rajagopal]]. He worked with Singapore's most celebrated comedian actor, director [[Mark Lee (Singaporean actor)|Mark Lee]] for his comedy talk
show series SG-Kakis representing India. Gibu worked as Singapore segment production manager for [[A. R. Rahman|A R Rahman's]] album "Hope" which was the promotional song for [[Blessy]]'s [[The Goat Life|Aadujeevitham]] (The Goat Life). In a span of 3–4 years, Gibu did theatre productions and films projects in 4 different languages – Malayalam, English, Hindi, and Tamil proved his versatility as an actor, anchor, theatre artist, and stage performer and been recognised
by Singapore Kerala Arts Association with the award 'KALA Star of the year 2019'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/cYd2q25bG8QqVwyu/?mibextid=ox5AEW| title=Kala Youth Icon Award winner and the upcoming star from Singapore | website=[[Facebook]] | date=21 Nov 2020}}</ref> He was working as an IT professional in Singapore for many years before he started pursuing his dreams in acting.

==Filmography==
===Short films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2018 || ''Alive'' || George || Tagore Almeida || Silent || Debut short
|-
| ''Napoleon'' || ''Dev'' || ''Anand Paga'' || ''Hindi''||
|-
| 2019 || ''Singapore Flying'' || ''Akshay''|| ''[[K. Rajagopal (director)|K Rajagopal]]'' || ''English'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2020 || ''Oru Puthu Niram''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2020/09/08/oru-puthu-niram-visual-musical-treat-viral-on-youtube.html| title='Oru Puthu Niram' is a visual and musical treat, goes viral on YouTube| date=8 Sep 2020|publisher=Manorama}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2020/09/08/oru-puthu-niram-visual-musical-treat-viral-on-youtube.html| title='Oru Puthu Niram' Is A Visual And Musical Treat; Becomes Viral On YouTube| date=7 Sep 2020|publisher=Glamsham}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/oru-puthu-niram-tamil-musical-shortfilm-viral-in-youtube-raj-vimal-dev-1.5029631| title=കാത്തിരിപ്പിന്റെ സുഖം, കതിരും മീനാക്ഷിയും ഒന്നിക്കുമോ; കാണാം ഒരു പുതു നിറം..| date=5 Sep 2020|publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>|| ''Kathir'' || ''Raj Vimal Dev''|| ''Tamil, Malayalam'' || ''Co-Writer''
|-
| ''Memories Never Die'' || ''Aaditya Das'' || ''Gibu George''|| ''Malayalam'' || ''Writer, Director''
|-
| 2021 ||''Druvangal Randu'' || ''The Antagonist'' || ''Sebastian Louis'' || ''Malayalam'' ||
|-
| 2023 ||''The Wheel'' || ''Aadi'' || ''Rajith Mohan'' || ''English'' ||
|}

===Feature films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Title !! Role !! Director !! Language
|-
| 2021 || ''Grahanam''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/grahanam-psycho-thriller-singapore-malayalis-ott/article34847935.ece| title=Grahanam, which releases this weekend on OTT, has new faces in the cast, crew and production, with most of them based in Singapore| date=18 Jun 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/grahanam-movie-from-singapore-malayali-anand-paga-devika-sivan-1.5429957| title=സിംഗപ്പൂരില്‍ നിന്നൊരു സസ്‌പെന്‍സ് ത്രില്ലര്‍; ഗ്രഹണം പ്രദര്‍ശനത്തിനെത്തുന്നു...| date=11 Feb 2021|publisher=Mathrubhumi}}</ref>|| ''Roy Kurishingal'' || ''Anand Paga'' || ''Malayalam''
|-
| 2024 || ''Onkara''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1173793&u=onkara-to-compete-at-29th-kolkata-international-film-festival-1173793| title='Onkara' to compete at 29th Kolkata International Film Festival| work=Keralakaumudi Daily| date=21 Oct 2023|publisher=Kaumudi| last1=Daily| first1=Keralakaumudi}}</ref>|| ''Chungru'' || ''Unni K R'' || ''Mavilan''
|-
| TBC || ''Ivide Oral (Shoot in Progress)'' || '' Akbar '' || '' Shibu Attingal '' || ''Malayalam''
|-
| TBC || ''Mugha Mugham (Post Production)'' || '' Micheal '' || '' Akhil Prabhakar '' || ''Malayalam''
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year !! Program !! Role !! Channel !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2017 || '' Singapore Choice '' || ''Anchor'' || '' [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] '' || ''2017–2020''
|-
| 2023 || '' [[Udan Panam]] '' || ''NRI special episode contestant'' || ''[[Mazhavil Manorama]]'' || ''Family Gameshow''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|10110921}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gibu, George}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sant Gadge Maharaj Chowk monorail station

2026-03-31T07:59:28Z

Bhanwarrathore:

{{short description|Monorail station in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Sant Gadge Maharaj Chowk
| symbol = mr
| symbol_location = mumbai
| type = Light rapid transit
| style = Mumbai Monorail
| image =
| image_caption =
| address = [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi East]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|18.98309|N|72.82858|E|display=inline,title}}
| elevation =
| line = [[Mumbai Monorail]]
| other = {{rint|mumbai|s}} {{rcb|Mumbai Suburban Railway|Western|croute}} [[Mahalaxmi railway station|Mahalaxmi]] {{ric|Mumbai Metro|Aqua}} [[Mahalaxmi metro station|Mahalaxmi]]
| structure = Elevated
| tracks = 2
| parking = No
| bicycle = No
| opened = {{Start date and age|2019|03|03|df=y}}
| closed = 
| code = GMC
| owned = [[MMRDA]]
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Monorail|line=1|left=Lower Parel|right=}}
| map_type = India Mumbai
| map_size = 300
| map_dot_label = Saat Rasta
| route_map = {{Mumbai Monorail}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Sant Gadge Maharaj Chowk''' is a monorail station and the southernmost terminus of the [[Mumbai Monorail]],<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/articles/536586/20140130/mumbai-monorail-first-city-maharashtra-mass-transport.htm Mumbai Gets Ready For India's First Monorail [Facts,Timeline,Photos] - International Business Times]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/chembur-to-jacob-circle-phase-of-monorail-delayed-to-2014-end/article1-1093187.aspx Chembur to Jacob Circle phase of monorail delayed to 2014-end - Hindustan Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313000242/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mumbai/chembur-to-jacob-circle-phase-of-monorail-delayed-to-2014-end/article1-1093187.aspx |date=13 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Nations-first-monorail-to-zip-through-skies-in-Mumbai-on-Sunday/articleshow/29625364.cms|title=Nation's first monorail to zip through skies in Mumbai on Sunday | Mumbai News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> serving the area of [[Mahalaxmi, Mumbai|Mahalaxmi]] and [[Byculla]] in [[South Mumbai]]. It was inaugurated on 3 March 2019 by [[Piyush Goyal]], the then [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Railway Minister]] and [[Devendra Fadnavis]], the then [[Chief minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]. It serves as an interchange to Mumbai Metro [[Aqua Line (Mumbai Metro)|Aqua Line's]] [[Mahalaxmi metro station|HDFC Life Mahalaxmi metro station]] at a 300metre distance which is also being connected with a [[travelator]] to [[Mahalaxmi railway station]] and the monorail station.

The station is located in the Vicinity of [[Mumbai Central Jail|Arthur Road Jail]], it is in close proximity to [[Mahalaxmi railway station]], [[Chinchpokli railway station]] and [[Byculla railway station]], [[Mahalaxmi Racecourse]]. The [[Dagdi Chawl]] can be accessed through this station. St. Ignatius High School is the only school located in its vicinity along with Kasturbha Gandhi Hospital. It also gives connectivity to [[Haji Ali Dargah]] and Worli, Lala Lajpat Rai College, Hira Panna, NH.SRCC Hospital.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai Monorail navbox}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 2018]]
[[Category:Mumbai Monorail stations]]

Balram Das Tandon

2026-03-28T03:47:53Z

Bhanwarrathore: reworked citations for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Balram Das Tandon
| image = Balram Tandon (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 180
| caption =
| order = 5th
| office = Governor of Chhattisgarh
| birth_date = 1 November 1927
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/aug/14/chattisgarh-governor-balram-das-tandon-dies-of-cardiac-arrest-1857749.html | title=Chattisgarh Governor Balram das Tandon dies of cardiac arrest, MP counterpart given charge for now }}{{dead link|date=February 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|08|14|1927|11|1|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]]
| death_cause = Heart attack
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| term_start = 25 July 2014
| term_end = 14 August 2018
| predecessor = [[Ram Naresh Yadav]]
| successor = [[Anandiben Patel]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Raman Singh]]
| office1 = 1st [[List of deputy chief ministers of Punjab, India|Deputy Chief Minister of Punjab]]
| term_start1 = 17 February 1969
| term_end1 = 26 March 1970
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Gurnam Singh]]
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''
| successor1 = Rajinder Kaur Bhattal
| native_name_lang =
}}

'''Balram Das Tandon''' (1 November 1927 – 14 August 2018)<ref>{{cite news |title=CG : राज्यपाल बलराम दास टंडन का निधन, आज सुबह अस्पताल में किया था भर्ती |url=https://www.naidunia.com/chhattisgarh/raipur-chhattisgarh-governor-balram-das-tandon-passed-away-2517895 |access-date=14 August 2018 |work=Nai Dunia}}</ref> was an Indian politician and the [[List of governors of Chhattisgarh|Former Governor of Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="gov" /> In his adulthood for some years he was a [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh#Structure|pracharak]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), and a leader of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]].<ref name=HT/>

==Political career==
He was deputy chief minister in the Justice (retd) [[Gurnam Singh]] [[Akali Dal]]-[[Jan Sangh]] ministry in 1969-70. He also served as cabinet minister in 1977-79 and in 1997–2002 in the ministries headed by [[Parkash Singh Badal]]. Tandon was a founding member of the [[Jan Sangh]] in 1951, and served as secretary of Punjab Jan Sangh from 1951 to 1957, and as president of the Punjab BJP from 1995 to 1997. He was elected to [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] six times — five times from [[Amritsar]] in 1960,1962,1967,1969, and 1977, and once from [[Rajpura]] in 1997. He contested the Rajpura seat in 2002, but lost to [[Raj Khurana]] of the Indian National Congress. He was imprisoned in 1975 during the Emergency for 19 months.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabkhabar.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=926:old-horse-back-in-command-of-bjp-punjab&catid=25&Itemid=194&tmpl=component&type=raw |title=Old horse back in command of BJP Punjab|website=punjabkhabar.com |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140617131058/http://punjabkhabar.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=926:old-horse-back-in-command-of-bjp-punjab&catid=25&Itemid=194&tmpl=component&type=raw |archive-date=17 June 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> On 14 July 2014 he was named as the next [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]].<ref name="gov">{{cite web|title=New Governors of UP, Bengal, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat and Nagaland named|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/07/governors-of-up-bengal-chhattisgarh-gujarat-and-nagaland-announced/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=HT>
{{cite web |title=Balramji Dass Tandon-A veteran leader from RSS school |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=15 July 2014 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/balramji-dass-tandon-a-veteran-leader-from-rss-school/article1-1240494.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715084217/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh/balramji-dass-tandon-a-veteran-leader-from-rss-school/article1-1240494.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2014 |access-date=2014-10-10}}
</ref>

==Family life==
Tandon married Brijpal, who was also an activist in the freedom movement, in 1958. They had two daughters, Alka Kawatra and Poonam Batra, who reside in New Delhi, and one son, [[Sanjay Tandon]], who is also part of the political framework for [[BJP]], [[Chandigarh]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Ram Naresh Yadav]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[List of governors of Chhattisgarh|Governor of Chhattisgarh]]|years=18 July 2014 – 14 August 2018}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Anandiben Patel]]}}
|-
{{s-end}}

{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{Governors of Chhattisgarh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tandon, Balram Dass}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Amritsar]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Governors of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 1997–2002]]

{{PunjabIN-BJP-politician-stub}}

Barun Sobti

2026-03-25T19:01:20Z

Bhanwarrathore: small changes

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Barun Sobti
| image = Barun Sobti 1.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| spouse = Pashmeen Manchanda (m. 2010-Present)
| children = 2
| occupation = Actor, writer
| signature = Barun Sobti signature.jpg
}}

'''Barun Sobti'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners Of The Filmfare OTT Awards 2023: Full List Out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-filmfare-ott-awards-2023-full-list-out-62777.html |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian actor. He is known for his roles in ''[[Asur (web series)|Asur]]'', ''[[Kohrra]]'', ''[[Tu Hai Mera Sunday]]'', ''[[Halahal (film)|Halahal]]'', ''[[Raat Jawaan Hai]]'' and ''[[Tanhaiyan]]''. He has won the [[Filmfare OTT Awards|Filmfare OTT Award]] for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for ''[[Kohrra]]'' in 2023 and for Best Actor in a Comedy Series for ''[[Raat Jawaan Hai]]'' in 2025 respectively.

== Career ==

Sobti made his television debut in 2009 as Swayam Khurana in [[Shraddha (TV series)|''Shraddha'']] and subsequently appeared in a cameo role in [[Dill Mill Gayye]]. In 2010, he played Shravan Jaiswal in [[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]. He was well appreciated for his performance. He rose to prominence in 2011 with his portrayal of Arnav Singh Raizada in [[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]], establishing himself as a leading television actor. In 2017, he headlined [[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? 3]], playing Advay Singh Raizada.

Sobti made his film debut with [[Main Aur Mr. Riight]] (2014) and later appeared in [[Tu Hai Mera Sunday]] (2017). Sobti portrayed Arjun Anand, a reserved young man navigating friendship and love in Mumbai. His performance was noted for its naturalism and understated vulnerability, aligning with the film's slice-of-life tone. Directed by Milind Dhaimade, the film premiered at international festivals and received positive critical response.

In 2019, he featured in a short film “Derma” and the sports drama [[22 Yards]].

Transitioning to digital platforms, he starred in Gul Khan's [[Tanhaiyan]] (2017) and [[The Great Indian Dysfunctional Family]] (2018).

In 2020, Sobti portrayed Nikhil Nair in [[Asur (web series)|''Asur'']], a former CBI forensic expert drawn into investigating ritualistic killings rooted in mythology. Across two seasons, the psychological thriller explored faith, morality, and justice, with Nikhil at its core. His restrained, layered performance was widely praised for capturing the character's inner conflict and psychological strain. The series marked a significant milestone in his digital career.

Later in 2020, Sobti starred in [[Halahal (film)|''Halahal'']], a crime drama that premiered on [[Eros Now]]. The film is loosely inspired by real-life events surrounding medical admission scams in India. Sobti portrayed Inspector Yusuf Qureshi, a morally ambiguous and street-smart police officer who becomes involved in the investigation of a medical student's suspicious death. His performance was noted for its restraint and layered portrayal of a conflicted officer navigating a flawed system.

Barun Sobti played a lawyer in [[ZEE5|Zee 5]]'s [[200 Halla Ho]] navigating a case rooted in caste oppression and gendered injustice. Set against the backdrop of marginalized Dalit women seeking justice, his character represents the legal system grappling with uncomfortable social realities. He also played a cameo role in [[Srijit Mukherji]]'s web series [[Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke]]. In 2023, he returned as Nikhil Nair for the second season of [[Asur (web series)|''Asur'']], he further deepened the role, presenting a more conflicted and emotionally burdened Nair. The series went on to become a huge nationwide success, topping Ormax charts for several weeks. He also starred in the [[Amazon Mini TV]] series [[Badtameez Dil (TV series)|''Badtameez Dil'']].

In 2023, he starred as Amarpal Garundi in the Netflix crime drama [[Kohrra]], which received widespread critical acclaim, with particular praise for its writing, realism and performances.He won his first Filmfare OTT award for [[Kohrra]]. In 2024, Sobti featured in Rakshak – India's Braves: Chapter 2 and the comedy-drama [[Raat Jawaan Hai]], directed by Sumeet Vyas. His performance as a stay at home dad was well appreciated and Sobti won his second Best Actor Filmfare award for [[Raat Jawaan Hai]].

Sobti returned as Garundi in [[Kohrra]] second season, garnering positive reviews from critics. The series was commended for its layered storytelling and character development, and Sobti's performance was noted for its restraint, emotional depth and consistency, further consolidating his reputation for portraying complex, grounded characters.

== Personal life ==
Barun Sobti married his high school sweetheart, Pashmeen Manchanda, on 12 December 2010, in a private ceremony in a Gurudwara. They have two children, Sifat Sobti, born in June 2019, and Meer Sobti, born in April 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-04-26 |title=Exclusive: Barun Sobti and Pashmeen Manchanda become parents for the second time; blessed with a baby boy |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/barun-sobti-and-pashmeen-manchanda-blessed-with-a-baby-boy-their-relatives-post-goes-viral/articleshow/99788845.cms |access-date=2023-09-12 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Web releases===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Platform
! Format
|-
| 2015
|''Dry Dreams''
| Protagonist
| [[YouTube]]
| Short Film
|-
| 2017
|''[[Tanhaiyan]]''
| Haider Ali Khan
| [[Hotstar]]
| Web Series
|-
| 2018
| ''[[The Great Indian Dysfunctional Family]]''
| Samar Ranaut
| [[Alt Balaji]]
| Web Series
|-
| 2019
| ''Derma''
| Anthony
| [[JioCinema]]
| Short Film
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Asur (web series)|Asur]]''
| Nikhil Nair
| [[JioCinema]]
| Web Series<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dixit |first=Mohit |date=5 June 2025 |title=EXCLUSIVE VIDEO: Barun Sobti shares MAJOR update on Asur 3, sheds light on how show changed perception about him |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-video-barun-sobti-shares-major-update-on-asur-3-sheds-light-on-how-show-changed-perception-about-him-1390643 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |access-date=29 November 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020
|''[[Halahal (film)|Halahal]]''
| Inspector Yusuf Qureshi
| [[Eros Now]]
| Web Movie
|-
| ''The Missing Stone''
| Sahir
| [[MX Player]]
| Web Series
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021
| ''The Last Boy To Fall In Love''
| Amartya
| [[Audible (service)|Audible]]
| Audiobook
|-
| ''[[200 Halla Ho]]''
| Umesh Joshi
| [[Zee5]]
| Web Movie
|-
| ''When a Man Loves a Woman''
| Peter
| [[YouTube]]
| Short Film
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023
| ''[[Jaanbaaz Hindustan Ke]]''
| Sameer
| [[Zee5]]
| Cameo - Web Series
|-
| ''[[Asur (web series)|Asur 2]]''
| Nikhil Nair
| [[Hotstar]]
| Web Series
|-
|''[[Badtameez Dil (TV series)|Badtameez Dil]]''
| Karan Singh Rathod
| [[Amazon MX Player]]
| Web Series
|-
| ''[[Kohrra]]''
| Amarpal Garundi
| [[Netflix]]
| Web Series
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024
| ''Rakshak - India's Brave 2''
|Naib Subedar Sombir Singh
| [[Amazon MX Player]]
| Web Series
|-
| ''[[Raat Jawaan Hai]]''
| Avinash
| [[Sony Liv]]
| Web Series
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2026
| '' [[Kohrra |Kohrra 2]]''
| Amarpal Garundi
| [[Netflix]]
| Web Series
|-
| Tumhari Khushboo
| Kamran
| TBA
| Short Film
|-
| Welcome To Khoya Mahal
| Kanishk
| [[Prime Video]]
| Web Series
|-
| A.S.I Babita Singh Reporting!
| Bansi
| [[Prime Video]]
| Web Movie
|}

===Films===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Main Aur Mr. Riight]]''
| Sukhwinder "Sukhi" Singh / Hridaan Dalmiya
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Tu Hai Mera Sunday]]''
| Arjun Anand
|-
| 2019
| ''[[22 Yards]]''
| Ronajith "Ron" Sen
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Hawks]]''
| TBA
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
|-
| 2009
| scope="row" | ''[[Shraddha (TV series)|Shraddha]]''
| Swayam Khurana
|-
| 2010
| scope="row" | ''[[Dill Mill Gayye]]''
| Dr. Raj Singh (Cameo)
|-
| 2010–2011
| scope="row" | ''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]''
| Shravan Jaiswal
|-
| 2011–2012
| scope="row" | ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
| Arnav Singh Raizada
|-
| 2017
| scope="row" | ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon 3]]''
| Advay Singh Raizada/Dev Kashyap
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders "
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Singer(s)
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|2021
| scope="row" | ''Taqleefein''
| [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]], Ritika Raj Singh
|-
| scope="row" | ''Tera Mera''
| [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2011
! scope="row" |[[Star Guild Awards]]
|Best Actor
| style="text-align:center;"|''[[Baat Hamari Pakki Hai]]''
|{{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="6th Apsara Awards">{{cite web|url=http://apsaraawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|title=6th Apsara Awards-|publisher=apsaraawards.org|access-date=2012-10-23|archive-date=5 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305022353/http://apsaraawards.org/6th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" |2012
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[People's Choice Awards India]]
| Favorite Actor (Drama)
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" | ''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?]]''
|{{won}}
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! scope="row" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards|ITA Awards]]
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| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|title=The ITA Awards 2012 - Popular Top-5 | url=http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=71 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185256/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/event_details.php?id=71 | archive-date=29 October 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2" |[[Indian Telly Awards]]
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| style="text-align:center;" rowspan=2|<ref name="tellyawards.indiantelevision.com">{{cite news|title=Telly awards 2012 Popular Awards winners|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php|access-date=28 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php|archive-date=2 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
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|-
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| style="text-align:center;" |2020
! scope="row" |[[Asian Television Awards]]
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| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Asur (web series)|Asur]]''
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| style="text-align:center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.asiantvawards.com/nominees/2021-nominees/|title=Asian Television Awards 2021, NOMINEES|website=Asian Tv Awards}}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row" | [[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Supporting Actor, Series (Male): Drama
|rowspan="2" | ''[[Kohrra]]''
|{{Won}}
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|-
|2023
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|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |2025
! scope="row" |[[Critics' Choice Awards]]
|Best Actor - Web Series
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Raat Jawaan Hai]]''
|{{Won}}
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|2025
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|Best Actor, Series (Male) - Comedy
| style="text-align:center;" |''[[Raat Jawaan Hai]]''
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|}

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Battle of Imphal

2026-03-24T23:51:20Z

Bhanwarrathore: added info

{{Short description|Battle between Japanese and Allied forces in 1944}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{missing information|the total number of Allied tanks that took part during the battle|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Imphal ({{langx|mni|Japan Laan}})<ref name="Kangjam 2019">{{Cite book |last=Kangjam |first=Yaiphaba Meetei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABRxxwEACAAJ |title=Forgotten Voices of the Japan Laan: The Battle of Imphal and the Second World War in Manipur |date=2019 |publisher=INTACH |isbn=978-81-7305-618-5 |language=en}}</ref>
| partof = [[Operation U-Go]] during the [[Burma campaign (1944)|Burma campaign]] of [[World War II]]
| image = Imphalgurkhas.jpg
| image_upright = 1.0
| caption = [[Gurkha]]s advancing with [[M3 Lee|Grant tanks]] to clear the Japanese from Imphal-Kohima road in North Eastern British India
| date = 8 March – 3 July 1944
| place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur Kingdom]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|24.8167|N|93.9500|E|source:wikidata|display=inline}}
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = {{ubl|{{flag|United Kingdom}}|{{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|India]]}}
| combatant2 = {{ubl|{{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]|{{flag|Azad Hind}}}}
| commander1 = {{ubl|[[William Slim]]|[[Geoffry Scoones]]}}
| commander2 = {{ubl|[[Masakasu Kawabe]]|[[Renya Mutaguchi]]|[[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subhas C. Bose]]}}
| units1 = {{ubl|{{flagicon|British Raj}} '''''[[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]]'''''|[[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Infantry Division]]|[[20th Indian Infantry Division|20th Infantry Division]]|[[23rd Infantry Division (India)|23rd Infantry Division]]|[[254th Indian Tank Brigade|254th Tank Brigade]]}}
| units2 = {{ubl|{{flagicon|Empire of Japan|army}} '''''[[Japanese Fifteenth Army|Fifteenth Army]]'''''|[[15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|15th Infantry Division]]|* [[31st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|31st Infantry Division]]|[[33rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|33rd Infantry Division]]|{{ubl|{{flagicon|Free India}} '''''[[Indian National Army]]'''''}}|[[Subhas Brigade]]|[[Bahadur Group]]}}
| strength1 = 120,000 troops <ref name=Devis333>Davis (2003), p=333</ref>
| strength2 = 85,000 troops<ref name=Devis333/> 66 tanks<ref name=Allen221/>
| casualties1 = 12,603 killed and wounded<ref name="Allen638">Louis Allen, ''Burma: The Longest War'', p. 638</ref>
| casualties2 = 54,879 killed and wounded
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Burma}}
}}

The '''Battle of Imphal''' ({{langx|mni|Japan Laan<ref name="Kangjam 2019">{{Cite book |last=Kangjam |first=Yaiphaba Meetei |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ABRxxwEACAAJ |title=Forgotten Voices of the Japan Laan: The Battle of Imphal and the Second World War in Manipur |date=2019 |publisher=INTACH |isbn=978-81-7305-618-5 |language=en}}</ref>|4=Japanese invasion}}) took place in the region around the city of [[Imphal]], the capital of the state of [[Manipur]] in [[Northeast India]] from March until July 1944. [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] armies attempted to destroy the Allied forces at Imphal and invade [[British Raj|India]], but were driven back into [[Burma]] with heavy losses. Together with the simultaneous [[Battle of Kohima]] on the road by which the encircled Allied forces at Imphal were relieved, the battle was the turning point of the [[Burma campaign]], part of the [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last= |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.136498 |title=Valour Enshrined |date=1960}}</ref> The Japanese defeat at Kohima and Imphal was the largest up until that time,<ref name="Bond&Tachikawa">Bond, Tachikawa p. 122</ref> with many of the Japanese deaths resulting from starvation, disease and exhaustion suffered during their retreat.<ref name="Allen638"/><ref name=":0" />

According to voting in a contest run by the British [[National Army Museum]], the battles of Imphal and Kohima were jointly bestowed as Britain's Greatest Battle in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-12-25|title=Britain's Greatest Battles {{!}} Online Exhibitions {{!}} National Army Museum, London|url=http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles|access-date=2022-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225171213/http://www.nam.ac.uk/exhibitions/online-exhibitions/britains-greatest-battles|archive-date=2013-12-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2013-04-21|title=Battle to repel Azad Hind Fauj selected "Britain's Greatest"|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/battle-to-repel-azad-hind-fauj-selected-britain-s-greatest-113042100200_1.html|access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref>

==Situation==

===Background===
[[File:Mutaguchi Renya.jpg|right|140px|thumb|Lt. Gen. Renya Mutaguchi, commanding Fifteenth Army]]

In March 1943, the Japanese command in Burma had been reorganised. A new headquarters, [[Burma Area Army]], was created under Lieutenant-General [[Masakazu Kawabe]]. One of its subordinate formations, responsible for the central part of the front facing Imphal and Assam, was the [[Japanese Fifteenth Army|Fifteenth Army]]. Lieutenant-General [[Renya Mutaguchi]] was appointed to command this army in March 1943. From the moment he took command, Mutaguchi forcefully advocated an invasion of India. His motives for doing so are uncertain. He had played a major part in several Japanese victories, ever since the [[Marco Polo Bridge incident]] in 1937, and believed it was his destiny to win the decisive battle of the war for Japan. He may also have been goaded by the first [[Chindit]] expedition, a raid behind Japanese lines launched by the British under [[Orde Wingate]] early in 1943. The Allies had widely publicised the successful aspects of Wingate's expedition while concealing their losses to disease and exhaustion, possibly leading Mutaguchi and some of his staff to underestimate the difficulties they would later face.

At the start of 1944, the war was going against the Japanese on several fronts. They were being driven back in the central and southwest Pacific, and their merchant ships were under attack by Allied submarines and aircraft. In [[Southeast Asia]], they had held their lines over the preceding year, but the Allies were preparing several offensives from India and the Chinese province of [[Yunnan]] into Burma. In particular, the town of [[Imphal]] in Manipur on the frontier with Burma was built up to be a substantial Allied logistic base, with airfields, encampments and supply dumps. Imphal was linked to an even larger base at [[Dimapur]] in the [[Brahmaputra River]] valley by a road which wound for {{convert|100|mi|km}} through the steep and forested [[Naga Hills]].

===Japanese offensive planning===
{{Main|Operation U-Go}}
[[Image:Kohima.jpg|right|270px|thumb|Imphal and Kohima campaign]]

Mutaguchi intended to exploit his planned capture of Imphal by advancing to the [[Brahmaputra Valley]]. This would cut the Allied lines of communication to the front in northern Burma, where the American-led [[Northern Combat Area Command]] was attempting to construct the [[Ledo Road]] to link India and China by land, and to the airfields supplying the Nationalist Chinese under [[Chiang Kai-shek]] via an airlift over "[[The Hump]]" (the Himalaya Mountains). Although the staffs at Burma Area Army and at [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] (the supreme command for the Japanese forces in southeast Asia and the southern Pacific) had reservations over the scale of Mutaguchi's proposed operation, they were eventually won over by his persistent advocacy. Finally, Prime Minister [[Hideki Tojo]] and [[Imperial General Headquarters]] gave their approval to the plan.<ref>Allen, pp.165-166</ref>

Mutaguchi intended to block the supply lines to the Allied units in their forward positions, to isolate and destroy them, drawing the Allied reserves into the battle and then capture Imphal. His plan was named U-Go, or Operation C. In detail:
* The [[33rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|33rd Infantry Division]] under Lieutenant-General Motoso Yanagida would surround and destroy the [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Indian Division]] at [[Tiddim]], then attack Imphal from the south.
* Yamamoto Force, formed from units detached from the Japanese 33rd and 15th Divisions under Major-General {{ill|Tsunoru Yamamoto|ja|山本募}} (commander of 33rd Division's Infantry Group),{{#tag:ref|A Japanese infantry division had a separate Infantry Brigade, or Infantry Group, headquarters which, as in this case, could control any substantial detachment from the division|group=nb}} would destroy the [[20th Infantry Division (India)|20th Indian Division]] at Tamu, then attack Imphal from the east. The force was supported by the 14th Tank Regiment, equipped with 66 assorted tanks, under Lieutenant Colonel Nobuo Ueda<ref name=Allen221>Allen, pp.221–224</ref> and the 3rd Heavy Artillery Regiment under Lieutenant Colonel Kazuo Mitsui.<ref name=Allen221/>
* The [[15th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|15th Infantry Division]] under Lieutenant-General {{ill|Masafumi Yamauchi|ja|山内正文}} would envelop Imphal from the north. This division was still arriving from road-building duties in [[Thailand]] and was understrength at the start of the operation.
* In a separate subsidiary operation, the [[31st Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|31st Infantry Division]] under Lieutenant-General [[Kotoku Sato]] would isolate Imphal by capturing [[Kohima]] on the Imphal-Dimapur road, and then advance to [[Dimapur]].

At the insistence of [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], leader of the [[Azad Hind]] (a movement which sought to overthrow British rule in India by force, with Japanese assistance), the [[Indian National Army]] made a substantial contribution. Originally, the Japanese intended using them only for reconnaissance and propaganda.<ref>Allen, p.170</ref>
* Units of the First Division (initially the [[Subhas Brigade]] or 1st Guerrilla Regiment, less a battalion sent to the [[Rakhine State|Arakan]]) covered the left flank of 33rd Division's advance.
* The 2nd Guerrilla Regiment was attached later in the battle to ''Yamamoto Force''.<ref name=Allen221/><ref>Fay, p.285</ref>
* The Special Services Group, redesignated the ''[[Bahadur Group]]'', acted as scouts and pathfinders with the advanced Japanese units in the opening stages of the offensive. They were tasked to infiltrate through British lines and encourage units of the [[British Indian Army]] to defect.

All of Mutaguchi's divisional commanders disagreed with the plan to some extent. Sato distrusted Mutaguchi's motives, and Yanagida openly derided his abrasive superior as a "blockhead." Yamauchi was already very ill and fatalistic.<ref>Allen, p.164</ref> Their main reservations concerned supply. Mutaguchi had assumed that success would be achieved within three weeks, but adequate supplies after that period could be obtained only if the Japanese captured Allied supply dumps, as the [[monsoon]] rains, which usually descended from about the middle of May, would make the supply routes from the Chindwin almost impossible to traverse. Gambles such as Mutaguchi was making had worked in the past, but could no longer be relied upon, given nearly total Allied air superiority in the area and the improvement in morale and training of British and Indian troops. Mutaguchi proposed to use "[[Genghis Khan]]" rations, driving herds of buffalo and cattle rounded up throughout northern Burma across the Chindwin as meat rations on the hoof.<ref name=BH382>Bayly and Harper (2004), p.382</ref> However, most of these beasts died from lack of forage and their meat rotted many miles from the troops they were intended to supply.

There were other weaknesses in the plan, which were revealed as the campaign progressed. The Japanese assumed that the British would be unable to use tanks on the steep jungle-covered hills around Imphal. For ease of movement and supply, the Japanese left behind most of their field artillery, their chief anti-tank weapon. As a result, their troops would have little protection against tanks.

Based on his experiences in the campaigns in [[Battle of Malaya|Malaya]] and [[Battle of Singapore|Singapore]] and in the [[Japanese conquest of Burma]] in early 1942, Mutaguchi dismissed British and Indian troops as inherently inferior. The troops he had met on those occasions had generally been inadequately trained and led. The Allies, under general [[William Slim]], had by now largely overcome the administrative and organisational problems which had crippled their early efforts in Burma, and their troops were far better trained and motivated.

===Allied defensive arrangements===
[[File:Field Marshal Sir William Slim, General Officer Commanding Fourteenth Army in Burma, 5 March 1945. SE3310.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant General William Slim, commanding Fourteenth Army]]
[[File:Geoffrey Scoones.jpg|thumb|Lieutenant General Geoffry Scoones, commanding IV Corps]]
Imphal was held by the [[IV Corps (United Kingdom)|IV Corps]] (Lieutenant General [[Geoffry Scoones]]) part of the [[British Fourteenth Army|Fourteenth Army]] (Lieutenant-General William Slim). Because the Allies were planning to take the offensive, the corps' divisions were thrown forward almost to the [[Chindwin River]] and widely separated, vulnerable to being isolated and surrounded.<ref name=slim283>Slim, p.283</ref>
* [[20th Indian Infantry Division]] under Major-General [[Douglas Gracey]] occupied [[Tamu, Myanmar|Tamu]], {{convert|110|km|mi}} south-east of Imphal. The division was untried but well-trained.
* [[17th Indian Infantry Division]] under Major-General [[David Tennent Cowan|'Punch' Cowan]] occupied [[Tiddim]], {{convert|243|km|mi}} south of Imphal, at the end of a long and precarious line of communication. The division, which had two brigades only, had been intermittently in action since December 1941.
* [[23rd Indian Infantry Division]] under Major-General [[Ouvry Roberts]] was in reserve in and around Imphal. It had served on the Imphal front for two years and was severely understrength as a result of endemic diseases such as [[malaria]] and [[typhus]].<ref name=allen189>Allen, p.189</ref>
* [[50th Indian Parachute Brigade]] under Brigadier Maxwell Hope-Thompson was north of Imphal, conducting advanced jungle training.<ref name=allen189/>
* [[254th Indian Tank Brigade]] under Brigadier [[Reginald Scoones|R. L. Scoones]], with one British armoured regiment with M3 Lee tanks and one Indian armoured regiment with Stuart light tanks, was stationed in and around Imphal.<ref name=slim283/>

The Indian divisions were composed of British and Indian personnel. In each brigade, there was generally one British, one Gurkha and one Indian battalion, although two brigades (the 37th Brigade in the 23rd Division and 63rd Brigade in the 17th Division) were Gurkha units. Each division was supported by two field artillery regiments (usually British) and one Indian mountain artillery regiment.

===Prelude to the operation===
In late February, a local Japanese counterattack was launched against [[XV Corps (British India)|Indian XV Corps]] in [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], using much the same tactics as Mutaguchi proposed to use. The engagement became known to the Allies as the [[Battle of the Admin Box]], the "box" being the supply area for the brigades of the [[7th Indian Infantry Division]]. The attack failed as Allied aircraft were able to parachute supplies to the cut-off troops, allowing them to stand firm, while the Japanese who had infiltrated behind them ran out of supplies. From this point onwards, the Allies were to rely increasingly on their transport aircraft. Also, the Japanese unexpectedly encountered tanks, to which the lightly equipped infiltrators had little counter.<ref>Allen, p.187</ref> The planning of U-Go, however, was too far advanced to take account of these developments.

Even as the Japanese prepared to launch their attack, the Allies launched the airborne phase ([[Operation Thursday]]) of the second Chindit expedition on 5 March 1944. Japanese officers such as Major-General Noburo Tazoe, commanding the Japanese Army Air Force units in Burma, urged Mutaguchi to divert troops from his offensive to secure the Japanese rear areas against the Chindits. Mutaguchi dismissed these concerns, claiming that in a few weeks he would occupy the air bases from which the Chindits were supplied.<ref>Allen, p.327</ref>

==Opening phases of the battle==
[[Image:Imphalradio.jpg|thumb|right|300px|On Imphal front, [[Sikh]] signaller operates wireless for British officers, listening to patrols reporting Japanese positions.]]

When they received intelligence that a major Japanese offensive was impending, Slim and Scoones planned to withdraw their forward divisions into the Imphal plain and force the Japanese to fight at the end of impossibly long and difficult lines of communication. However, they misjudged the date on which the Japanese were to attack, and the strength they would use against some objectives. The Japanese troops began to cross the Chindwin River on 8 March. Scoones gave his forward divisions orders to withdraw to Imphal only on 13 March.

===Tamu–Shenam===
The 20th Indian Division held Tamu near the Chindwin, and [[Moreh, India|Moreh]] a short distance to the north, where a large supply dump had been established.<ref>Allen, p.207</ref> On 20 March, there was a clash between six [[M3 Lee|Lee]] medium tanks of the [[3rd Carabiniers]] and six [[Type 95 Ha-Go]] tanks leading Yamamoto's advance from the south. The lighter Japanese tanks were destroyed.<ref>Allen, p.209</ref> Acting major-general [[Douglas Gracey]] was opposed to making any retreat, but on 25 March he was ordered to detach some of his division to provide a reserve for IV Corps. As this left the division too weak to hold Tamu and Moreh, they withdrew to the Shenam Saddle, a complex of hills through which the Imphal-Tamu road ran. The supply dump at Moreh was set ablaze, and 200 cattle there were slaughtered.<ref>Allen, p.211</ref> The division fell back without difficulty, mainly because two of Yamamoto Force's battalions from the Japanese 15th Division (II/51 Regiment and III/60 Regiment) were delayed at [[Indaw]] in northern Burma by the Chindits and were unable to intervene.

===Tiddim–Bishenpur===
Further south, the 17th Indian Division was cut off by the Japanese 33rd Division. Patrols from the division and from [[V Force]] (an irregular force of locally raised levies and guerrillas) warned Cowan of a Japanese force advancing against the rear of the division as early as 8 March, allowing Cowan to regroup the division to protect its rear. On 13 March, the Japanese 215th Regiment attacked a supply dump at milestone 109, twenty miles behind Cowan's leading outposts, while the Japanese 214th Regiment seized [[Tonzang|Tongzang]] and a ridge named Tuitum Saddle across the road a few miles behind the 17th Indian Division's main position.

The Indian division began to withdraw on 14 March. At Tuitum Saddle, the Japanese 214th Regiment were unable to dig in properly before they were attacked by the [[48th Indian Infantry Brigade]] on 15 March. The Japanese suffered heavy casualties and were forced away from the road. Further north, the Japanese captured the depot at Milestone 109 on 18 March, but Indian troops recovered it on 25 March. Cowan had taken steps to secure the most vulnerable point in the rear of his division, the bridge over the [[Manipur River]]. The division's rearguard crossed safely on 26 March, demolishing the bridge behind them. The division removed most of the vehicles, food and ammunition from the depot at Milestone 109 before resuming their retreat.<ref>Slim, p.296</ref>

Both the Japanese and the Indian division had suffered heavy casualties. Yanagida, the Japanese 33rd Division's commander, was already pessimistic, and was apparently unnerved by a garbled radio message which suggested that one of his regiments had been destroyed at Tongzang.<ref>Allen, pp.199–204</ref> He therefore did not press the pursuit against the 17th Division, and advanced cautiously in spite of reprimands from Mutaguchi.

Scoones had nevertheless been forced to send the bulk of his only reserve, the 23rd Indian Infantry Division, to the aid of the 17th Division. The two divisions, supplied by parachute drops from Allied aircraft, made their way back to the Imphal plain, which they reached on 4 April.

===Sangshak–Litan===
Meanwhile, Imphal had been left vulnerable to the Japanese 15th Division. The only force left covering the northern approaches to the base, the Indian 50th Parachute Brigade, was roughly handled in the [[Battle of Sangshak]] by a regiment from the Japanese 31st Division on its way to Kohima. The Japanese 60th Regiment cut the main road a few miles north of Imphal on 28 March, while the 51st Regiment advanced on Imphal from the north-east, down the valley of the [[Iril River]] and a track from Litan, {{convert|23|mi|km}} north-east of Imphal.

However, the earlier diversionary attack launched by [[55th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|Japanese 55th Division]] in Arakan had already failed. Admiral [[Louis Mountbatten]], the commander in chief of the Allied [[South East Asia Command]], had taken steps to secure aircraft normally assigned to the "Hump". Slim was able to use these to move the battle-hardened [[5th Indian Infantry Division]], including all its artillery and first-line transport ([[Willys MB|jeep]]s and mules), by air from Arakan to the Central Front. The move was completed in only eleven days. One brigade and a mountain artillery regiment went to Dimapur in the Brahmaputra valley, but the other two brigades, the field artillery and the divisional HQ went to Imphal. The leading troops of the division were in action north and east of Imphal on 3 April.

===Chin Hills===
On the Japanese left flank, the INA's Subhas Brigade, led by [[Shah Nawaz Khan (general)|Shah Nawaz Khan]], reached the edge of the [[Chin Hills]] below Tiddim and [[Fort White, Burma|Fort White]] at the end of March. From this position, the 2nd Battalion sent companies to relieve Japanese forces at [[Falam]] and to [[Hakha]], from where in turn Khan's forces sent out patrols and laid ambushes for the [[Chin people|Chin]] guerrillas under the command of a British officer, Lieutenant-Colonel Oates,<ref>''The Jungle in Arms'', Lieutenant-Colonel Balfour Oates DSO</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=June 2017}} taking a number of prisoners. In the middle of May, a force under Khan's [[Adjutant]], Mahboob "Boobie" Ahmed, attacked and captured the hilltop fortress of Klang Klang.<ref>Fay, pp.286,287</ref> The 3rd Battalion meanwhile moved to Fort White-Tongzang area in premature anticipation of the destruction of Major General [[Frank Messervy]]'s [[7th Indian Infantry Division]] in the Arakan, which would allow it to receive volunteers.

During the early part of the offensive, the ''Bahadur Group'' of the INA apparently achieved some success in inducing British Indian soldiers to desert.<ref>Fay, p.296</ref>

==Stalemate==
From the beginning of April, the Japanese attacked the Imphal Plain from several directions:

===Bishenpur===
The Japanese 33rd Division attacked from the south at [[Bishenpur]], where they cut a secondary track from [[Silchar]] into the plain. A commando raid destroyed a suspension bridge, making the Silchar track unusable.<ref>Allen, p.239</ref> The 17th and 23rd Indian Divisions were regrouping after their retreat, and Bishenpur was only held by the [[32nd Indian Infantry Brigade]] (detached from 20th Division). The Japanese advanced through the hills to the west of Bishenpur, almost isolating the British in the village, but suffered severely from British artillery fire. Their leading troops were halted by lack of supply only {{convert|10|mi|km}} from Imphal. Other Japanese advancing directly up the Tiddim-Imphal road were halted in Potsangbam {{convert|2|mi|km}} south of Bishenpur, as troops of 17th Indian Division rejoined the battle.<ref>Slim, p.324</ref>

Yanagida, the Japanese division's commander, had already infuriated Mutaguchi by his caution. He was finally relieved of command at the end of the month.

===Shenam–Palel===
[[Image:IND 003714 Battlefield on Scraggy Hill at Shenam.jpg|thumb|Scraggy Hill (known to the Japanese as Ito Hill) on the Shenam Pass, captured by the 4/10th Gurkhas]]
[[File:Indian and Gurkha soldiers inspect captured Japanese ordnance during the Imphal-Kohima battle, 1944.jpg|thumb|Troops inspect captured Japanese ordnance, 1944]]

''Yamamoto Force'' attacked the Shenam Saddle, defended by the main body of the Indian 20th Division, on the main road from Tamu into Imphal. This was the only metalled road the Japanese could use, and it was vital for them to break through to allow Yamamoto's tanks and heavy artillery to attack the main defences around Imphal itself. Only a few miles north of the saddle was [[Palel]] airfield, one of the only two all-weather airfields in the plain, and vital to the defenders.

A Japanese attack up the road on 4 April was disjointed; the infantry were not ready to take part and twelve Japanese tanks were caught exposed on the road by British anti-tank guns.<ref>Allen, p.222</ref> From 8 to 22 April, there was heavy fighting for five peaks which commanded the road east of the Saddle. The Japanese captured a number of them, but Indian and British counter-attacks regained some of those initially lost. Casualties were heavy on both sides.

Having failed to break through using the road, Yamamoto sent some troops through the rough terrain to the north of the Saddle to raid Palel airfield. The INA's [[Gandhi Brigade (Regiment)|Gandhi Brigade]] or 2nd Guerrilla Regiment, of two battalions led by Inayat Kiyani, took part in this attack. On 28 April, they attacked Palel. They tried to induce some Indian defenders to surrender, but the defenders rallied after initial hesitation.<ref>Allen, p.227</ref> Another INA detachment carried out demolitions around Palel, but withdrew after they failed to rendezvous with Japanese units. The Gandhi Brigade was short of rations, having brought forward only one day's supplies, and also suffered 250 casualties to shellfire after they pulled back from Palel.

===Kanglatongbi–Nungshigum===
The Japanese 15th Division encircled Imphal from the north. Its 60th Regiment captured a British supply dump at Kanglatongbi on the main Imphal-Dimapur road a few miles north of Imphal, but the depot had been emptied of food and ammunition. A battalion of the Japanese 51st Regiment (which was commanded by Colonel Kimio Omoto) seized the vital Nungshigum Ridge, which overlooked the main airstrip at Imphal. This was a major threat to IV Corps and on 13 April the 5th Indian Division counter-attacked, supported by air strikes, massed artillery and the M3 Lee tanks of B Squadron of the 3rd Carabiniers. The Japanese had expected that the slopes were too steep for tanks to climb, and indeed Lee tanks had never been tried before on such gradients in action.<ref name=Brett-James>{{cite book| first=Antony| last=Brett-James| title=Ball of Fire: The Fifth Indian Division in the Second World War |chapter=Chapter XXIV: Imphal, March–July 1944 |chapter-url=http://www.ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fire14.html |url=http://www.ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fireTC.html#TC |location=Aldershot |publisher=[[Gale & Polden]] |year=1951 |oclc=4275700 |access-date=14 October 2009 |archive-date=1 December 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201230836/http://www.ourstory.info/library/4-ww2/Ball/fireTC.html#TC |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Japanese regiment had very few effective anti-tank weapons, and their troops were driven from the ridge with heavy casualties. The attackers also lost heavily; every officer of the Carabiniers and the attacking infantry (1st Battalion, [[17th Dogra Regiment]]) was killed or wounded.

==Allied counter-attacks==

===North===
[[File:Soldiers of the two wings of the 14th Army link-up at Milestone 109 during the Battle of Imphal-Kohima.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Troops of Indian 5th Division and British 2nd Division meet at Milestone 109, to raise the siege of Imphal]]
By 1 May, all Japanese attacks had come to a halt. Slim and Scoones began a counter-offensive against the Japanese 15th Division. This division was the weakest of the Japanese formations, and if it was defeated, the siege would be broken (once Kohima was recaptured). The progress of the counter-attack was slow. The monsoon had broken, making movement very difficult. Also, IV Corps was suffering some shortages. Although rations and reinforcements were delivered to Imphal by air, artillery ammunition had to be conserved.

The 5th Indian Division (joined by the [[89th Indian Infantry Brigade]] which was flown in to replace the brigade sent to Kohima) and 23rd Indian Division (later replaced by the 20th Division) tried capturing the steep ridges, such as the Mapao Spur, held by the Japanese, but found these to be almost impregnable. Allied artillery was usually unable to hit Japanese positions on the reverse slopes, and the troops often stormed the summits of the ridges, only to be driven off by mortar fire and grenades from the reverse slope positions.<ref name=Brett-James/> IV Corps regrouped. The 23rd Indian Division took over the defence of the Shenam Saddle, while from the end of May, 5th Division concentrated on driving north from Sengmai up the main road through Kanglatongi, while the 20th Indian Division advanced along the tracks and the Iril River toward Litan and Ukhrul, threatening the Japanese 15th Division's lines of communication.

By this time, the Japanese were at the end of their endurance. Neither the 31st Division which was fighting at Kohima nor the 15th Division had received adequate supplies since the offensive began, and their troops were starving. Lieutenant General Sato, the commander of the Japanese 31st Division, ordered a retreat at the end of May, so that his division could find food.<ref>Rooney, pp.102–103</ref> This allowed [[XXXIII Corps (British India)|Indian XXXIII Corps]] to drive the Japanese from Kohima, and advance south.

The troops of Japanese 15th Division were forced to abandon their defensive positions to scavenge for supplies in local villages or on the Japanese lines of communication. Mutaguchi dismissed the mortally ill Yamauchi (replacing him with Lieutenant General {{ill|Uichi Shibata|ja|柴田夘一}}) but this did not change matters. After driving rearguards from the ''Miyazaki Group'' (an independent detachment from the 31st Division) and the Japanese 60th Regiment from their delaying positions on the Dimapur-Imphal road, the leading troops of IV Corps and XXXIII Corps met at Milestone 109, {{convert|10|mi|km}} north of Imphal, on 22 June, and the siege of Imphal was raised.

===South===
South of Imphal, 17th Indian Division had moved back into the line, facing the Japanese 33rd Division. During the first half of May, there were several Japanese air attacks on Bishenpur, and heavy fighting for the village of Potsangbam {{convert|2|mi|km}} to the south, in which the British lost 12 tanks.<ref>Slim, p.325</ref> The surviving crews of the 3rd Carabiniers were later flown out of Imphal to be reconstituted in India.

Major General Cowan planned to break the deadlock on this front by sending the 48th Indian Infantry Brigade on a wide left hook into the Japanese division's rear while [[63rd Indian Infantry Brigade]] attacked them in front. The Japanese division's temporary commander (its chief of staff, Major General Tetsujiro Tanaka) planned at the same time to infiltrate through Indian 17th Division's front to seize vital objectives in the middle of the Indian positions. Both moves were launched almost simultaneously.

The Gurkhas of 48th Indian Brigade cut the road behind the Japanese on 18 May, but 63rd Indian Brigade were unable to break through to them, and 48th Brigade was forced to fight its way through the Japanese positions to rejoin the division, with heavy losses. Meanwhile, some of Tanaka's troops (the 214th Regiment) captured hills close to 17th Division's headquarters on 20 May. Because of the incursion into their own rear, the Japanese were unable to reinforce their forward troops, and over the following week the isolated Japanese were driven from their positions in the middle of the Indian division, many parties being wiped out.

A new forceful commander, Lieutenant General Nobuo Tanaka, took command of the 33rd Division on 22 May, and ordered repeated attacks which reduced many of his division's battalions to mere handfuls of men.<ref>Allen, p.280</ref> In June, he received reinforcements (a regiment from the Japanese [[53rd Division (Imperial Japanese Army)|53rd Division]], and a detachment from the 14th Tank Regiment) and used them to launch another attack. After initial success, the fresh regiment suffered heavy casualties from shellfire. By the end of June, the 33rd Division had suffered so many casualties that they could make no further effort.

Yamamoto Force had also suffered heavy casualties, but before withdrawing, they launched two modest raids on Palel Airfield in the first week of July, destroying several parked aircraft.

===INA operations===
Towards the end of May, the INA's 1st and 2nd Guerrilla Regiments (the latter commanded by [[Malik Munawar Khan Awan]]) had been redirected to [[Kohima]]. They moved north across the Japanese rear but by the time they reached [[Ukhrul]], the Japanese had already begun to withdraw. They decided to attack Imphal instead. At Imphal, both units suffered some desertions, but not on the scale that the Commonwealth forces expected.<ref>Fay, p.287</ref>

==End of the battle==
[[File:British Generals 1939-1945 IND3712.jpg|thumb|General Montagu Stopford (right) confers with other British officers after the opening of the Imphal-Kohima road.]]
The Japanese had realised that the operation ought to be broken off as early as May. Lieutenant General Hikosaburo Hata, the Vice-Chief of the General Staff, had made a tour of inspection of Southern Army's headquarters in late April. When he returned to Tokyo, he reported pessimistically on the outcome of the operation at a large staff meeting to Prime Minister Hideki Tojo but Tojo dismissed his concerns as their source was a junior staff officer (Major Masaru Ushiro, at Burma Area Army HQ). Messages were sent from Imperial Headquarters, urging that the operation was to be fought to the end.<ref>Allen, pp.261-264</ref>

Lieutenant General Kawabe travelled north from Rangoon to see the situation for himself on 25 May. Several officers whom he interviewed expressed confidence in success if reinforcements could be provided, but actually concealed their losses and the seriousness of the situation. At a meeting between Mutaguchi and Kawabe on 6 June, both used ''[[haragei]]'', an unspoken form of communication using gesture, expression and tone of voice, to convey their conviction that success was impossible,<ref>Allen, pp.265–266</ref> but neither of them wished to bear the responsibility of ordering a retreat. Kawabe subsequently became ill with dysentery and perhaps physically unfit for duty. He nevertheless ordered repeated attacks, stating later that Bose was the key to Japan's and India's future.<ref>Allen, p.310</ref>

Mutaguchi ordered the Japanese 31st Division, which had retreated from Kohima when threatened with starvation, to join the 15th Division in a renewed attack on Imphal from the north. Neither division obeyed the order, being in no condition to comply. When he realised that none of his formations were obeying his orders to attack, Mutaguchi finally ordered the offensive to be broken off on 3 July. The Japanese, reduced in many cases to a rabble, fell back to the Chindwin, abandoning their artillery, transport, and many soldiers too badly wounded or sick to walk. The Allies recovered Tamu at the end of July. It was found to contain 550 unburied Japanese corpses, with over 100 more severely-wounded Japanese soldiers slowly dying amongst them.<ref>Slim, p.346</ref>

==Casualties==
The Japanese defeat at Kohima and Imphal was the largest up until that time.<ref name=BH362>Bayly and Harper (2004), p.362</ref> They had suffered 54,879 casualties, including 13,376 dead (plus 920 casualties in the preliminary battles in Assam).<ref name="Allen638"/> Most of these losses were the result of starvation, disease and exhaustion.

The Allies suffered 12,603 casualties.<ref name="Allen638"/>

==Aftermath==
The Japanese had also lost almost every one of the 12,000 pack horses and mules in their transport units and the 30,000 cattle used either as beasts of burden or as rations,<ref name=BH382/> and many trucks and other vehicles. The loss of pack animals was to cripple several of their divisions during the following year. Mutaguchi had sacked all of his divisions' commanders during the battle. Both he and Kawabe were themselves subsequently relieved of command.

In December, Slim and three of his corps commanders (Scoones, [[Philip Christison|Christison]] and [[Montagu Stopford|Stopford]]) were knighted by the viceroy [[Lord Wavell]], at a ceremony at Imphal in front of Scottish, Gurkha and Punjab regiments. Slim was created [[Order of the Bath|KCB]], the others were made [[Order of the British Empire|KBEs]].

==Air operations at Imphal==
[[File:Hawker Hurricane attack bridge in Burma.jpg|right|thumb|300px|A [[Hawker Hurricane]] Mark IV attacks a Japanese position on the [[Tedim|Tiddim Road]].]]
By mid-1944, the Allied air forces enjoyed undisputed air supremacy over Burma. The last major effort by the [[Japanese Army Air Force]] had been over the Arakan in February and March, when they had suffered severe losses. During the Imphal and Kohima battles, they were able to make barely half a dozen significant raids.

IV Corps enjoyed close air support from fighter-bombers and dive bombers of 221 Group of the RAF. Allied fighter bombers and medium bombers shot up and bombed enemy concentrations, supply dumps, transport, roads and bridges all the way to the Chindwin river. The monsoon, which occurred every year from May to September, in no way diminished their activity. The [[RAF Third Tactical Air Force]] flew 24,000 sorties during the worst four months of the monsoon, nearly six times the previous year's record.

The most important contribution to the Allied victory was made by British and American transport aircraft. The Allies could fly men, equipment and supplies into the airstrips at Imphal (and [[Pallel]] also, until the onset of the monsoon rains), so, although cut off by land, the town had a lifeline. By the end of the battle, the Allied air forces had flown 19,000 tons of supplies and 12,000 men into Kohima and Imphal, and flown out 13,000 casualties and 43,000 non-combatants. They delivered over a million gallons of fuel, over a thousand bags of mail and 40 million cigarettes.<ref name=Brayley10>Brayley, p.10</ref><ref>Allen, p.244</ref> Several thousand mules were used to supply outlying outposts, for example, 17th Indian Division on the Bishenpur trail, so animal fodder was also flown in during the siege. Allied aircraft parachuted ammunition, rations and drinking water to surrounded units.

At the start of the battle, South East Asia Command had 76 transport aircraft (mainly [[C-47 Skytrain]]) available, but many others were dedicated to supplying the Nationalist Chinese under Chiang Kai-Shek, or to establishing [[USAAF]] bomber bases in China, via "the Hump". Not even Admiral Louis Mountbatten, the Commander-in-Chief, had the authority to commandeer any of these aircraft, but at the crisis of the battle in the middle of March he nevertheless did so, acquiring 20 [[C-46 Commando]] aircraft (equivalent to another 30 C-47s). He was supported by American officers at SEAC and the American [[China-Burma-India Theater]] headquarters.<ref>Allen, p.243</ref>

==War cemetery==
After the war, the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]] set up [[Imphal War Cemetery]] and [[Kohima War Cemetery]] to commemorate the British and the Indian soldiers who died during the Second World War.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-a-cemetery/cemetery/2058100/kohima-war-cemetery/ |title=Kohima War Cemetery |publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission |access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Imphal Peace Museum]]
* [[India in World War II]]
* [[Phek district#Rüzazho|Rüzazho]]
* [[Abdul Hafiz (VC)|Rao Abdul Hafiz]] {{post-nominals|VC}}

==Notes==
;Footnotes
{{Notelist}}{{Reflist|group=nb}}

;Citations
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Louis|title=Burma: The longest War|publisher=Dent Publishing|year=1984|isbn=0-460-02474-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bond|first1=Brian|last2=Tachikawa|first2=Kyoichi|title=British and Japanese Military Leadership in the Far Eastern War, 1941-1945 Volume 17 of Military History and Policy Series|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780714685557}}
* {{cite book| last1=Bayly| first1=Christopher| last2=Harper| first2=Tim| title=Forgotten Armies: Britain's Asian Empire and the War with Japan| publisher=Penguin| year=2004| isbn=0-140-29331-0}}
* Callahan, Raymond A. ''Triumph at Imphal-Kohima: How the Indian Army Finally Stopped the Japanese Juggernaut'' (2017) {{ISBN|9780700624270}}
* {{cite book |last=Davis |first=Paul K. |date=2003 |orig-date=2001 |title=Besieged: 100 Great Sieges From Jericho to Sarajevo |url= |location= |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=1-57607-195-2 |access-date=}}
* {{cite book|last=Fay|first=Peter W.|year=1993|title=The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942–1945|location=Ann Arbor|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=0-472-08342-2}}
* {{cite book| last=Franks| first=Norman| author-link=Norman Franks| title=Air Battle of Imphal| location=London| publisher=William Kimber & Co| year=1985| isbn=978-0718305529}}
* {{cite book|last=Latimer|first=Jon|author-link=Jon Latimer|title=Burma: The Forgotten War|location=London|publisher=John Murray|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7195-6576-2}}
* {{cite book |author1=Richard Collier |author2=Douglas Botting |author3=Rafael Steinberg |author4=Barrie Pitt |author5=Leonard Mosley |author6=Martin Blumenson |author7=Don Moser |author8=Robert Wernick |author9=Ronald H Bailey |author10=Arthur Zic |author11= Nicholas Bethell |author12=Robert Wallace |author13=Robert T Elson |title=World War II: China-Burma-India |year=1978 |publisher=Time-Life Books |oclc=929391987}}
* {{cite book |last=Rooney |first=David |title=Burma Victory: Imphal and Kohima, March 1944 to May 1945 |year=1992 |publisher=Cassell |location=London |isbn= 0-304-35457-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Slim|first=William|author-link=William Slim| title=[[Defeat into Victory]]|location=London|publisher=Cassell|year=1956|isbn= 978-0-330-50997-8}}

==Further reading==
* [[Brett-James, Antony]] & Evans, Sir Geoffrey. ''Imphal: A Flower on Lofty Heights'' (Macmillan, 1962)
* Callahan, Raymond. ''Triumph at Imphal-Kohima: How the Indian Army Finally Stopped the Japanese Juggernaut'' (University Press of Kansas, 2017) [http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=57857 online review]
* {{cite book|last1=Costello|first1=John|title=The Pacific War: 1941-1945|publisher=Harper Collins|date=December 1982|isbn=978-0688016203|pages=265–70}}

==External links==
* [http://www.britishmilitaryhistory.co.uk British Military History]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928081853/http://www.burmastar.org.uk/Imphal-map.gif Burma Star Association] Map
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041011232912/http://burmastar.org.uk/imphal1.htm Burma Star Association] Japanese invade India
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060520190343/http://www.remuseum.org.uk/corpshistory/rem_corps_part16.htm#india2 Royal Engineers Museum] Engineers at Imphal and Kohima
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041010114745/http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/pages/Second-war/far-east.html National Army Museum] War in the Far East
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040805053846/http://aircraftresourcecenter.com/Fea1/701-800/Fea747_Hurricane_Rao/fea747.htm No. 1 Squadron, Royal Indian Air Force, Imphal, Assam, 1944]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060430153547/http://www.psywarsoc.org/timeline/japanese.php British leaflet dropped post-Imphal in Burma]

{{World War II}}
{{Indian National Army}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imphal, Battle of}}
[[Category:Burma campaign (1943–1944)]]
[[Category:20th century in Manipur]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]
[[Category:Indian National Army]]
[[Category:1944 in India]]
[[Category:Imphal]]
[[Category:Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom|Imphal]]
[[Category:Battles of World War II involving Japan]]
[[Category:India–Japan military relations]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving India]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving Japan]]
[[Category:Tank battles involving the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Tank battles of World War II]]
[[Category:Invasions by Japan]]
[[Category:World War II invasions]]
[[Category:Wikipedia articles containing unlinked shortened footnotes]]

Namik Paul

2026-03-19T15:36:50Z

Bhanwarrathore: new

{{short description|Indian television actor (born 1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Namik Paul
| image = Namik Paul 2.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Paul in 2019
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1987|09|19|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namik Paul celebrates his birthday on the sets of Ek Deewana Tha|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=19 September 2018|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/namik-paul-celebrates-his-birthday-sets-ek-deewana-tha-387542?amp}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Dehradun, Uttrakhand]], India
| alma mater = [[Lewis & Clark College]], [[Oregon]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|journalist}}
| years_active = 2015–present
| known_for = ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]'' ''[[Ek Deewana Tha]]'' ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 7]]''
| height =
}}

'''Namik Paul''' (born 19 September 1987) is an Indian actor who primarily works in [[Television in India|Hindi]] television. He made his acting debut in 2015 with ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' portraying Ahsaan. He earned recognition with his portrayal of Shravan Malhotra in ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]'', his dual portrayal of Shiv Kapoor and Krish Khanna in ''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]'',and Aryaman Suri in ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 7]]''.<ref>{{cite news |author=Divya Pal |title=Meet Namik Paul: The New Angry Young Man Of Indian Television |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/meet-namik-paul-the-new-angry-young-man-of-indian-tv-1277660.html |accessdate=19 February 2017 |work=News18 India}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Paul was born on 19 September 1987 in [[Dehradun, Uttrakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Namik Paul: Lesser-known facts about Kawach Mahashivratri actor |access-date=19 September 2020 |work=Times Of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/happy-birthday-namik-paul-lesser-known-facts-about-kawach-mahashivratri-actor/articleshow/71204332.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Being from Doon, Namik and I can't stop talking about our city': Vikram Singh Chauhan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/being-from-doon-namik-and-i-cant-stop-talking-about-our-city/articleshow/61221820.cms |access-date=8 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=8 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208020233/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/being-from-doon-namik-and-i-cant-stop-talking-about-our-city/articleshow/61221820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He completed his schooling from [[Woodstock School]], [[Mussoorie, Uttarakhand]] and graduated from [[Lewis & Clark College]], [[Oregon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsarchive.woodstockschool.in/Alumni/wosahistory.htm |title=Woodstock School: Our Purpose & Alumni |website=newsarchive.woodstockschool.in |access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lclark.edu/offices/institutional_research/glance/lc-at-a-glance/ |title=Lewis & Clark College Institutional Facts & Figures |publisher=Lewis & Clark College, Oregon |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref> He started his career as a [[journalist]] with [[NDTV 24x7]], but left the job due to erratic schedule and later took up acting.<ref>{{Cite web |title=From education to first job: 6 lesser-known facts about television star Namik Paul |access-date=19 September 2019 |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/photo/lesser-known-facts-about-birthday-boy-namik-paul-lifetv-1069174-2017-09-19/4}}</ref>

== Career ==
Paul made his acting debut in 2015 with ''[[Qubool Hai]]'' portraying Ahsaan opposite [[Additi Gupta]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/Breaking-stereotypes-Qubool-Hai/articleshow/16991761.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518004942/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-29/tv/34781452_1_qubool-hai-questions-stereotypes-asad |url-status=live |archive-date=18 May 2013 |title=Breaking stereotypes: Qubool Hai |last=Times News Network |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=18 August 2013}}</ref>

Paul portrayed Shravan Malhotra in ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]'' opposite [[Nikita Dutta]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namik Paul celebrates the leap year with co-star Nikita Dutta as Ek Duje Ke Vaaste 'officially' turns one! |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=6 March 2020 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/namik-paul-celebrates-leap-year-ek-duje-ke-vaaste-co-star-nikita-dutta-show-officially-turns-one/}}</ref> It proved as a major turning point in his career. He received [[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Male)|Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role - Male]] nomination for his performance.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Namik Paul makes fans nostalgic in this pic with Nikita Dutta as Ek Duje Ke Vaaste turns four; see pic |work=Zoom TV |access-date=15 May 2021 |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/article/photo-namik-paul-makes-fans-nostalgic-in-this-pic-with-nikita-dutta-as-ek-duje-ke-vaaste-turns-four/559273}}</ref> He also hosted ''Befikre Belgium Ke'' with [[Loveleen Kaur Sasan]] in the same year.

From 2016 to 2017, he portrayed Adil Malik opposite [[Lisa Hayden]] in [[Bindass]]'s web series ''[[Bindass|The Trip]]'', marking his web debut.<ref>{{cite news|title=TV's heartthrob Namik Paul to romance Lisa Hayden in Bindaas's The Trip |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/tvs-heartthrob-namik-paul-to-romance-lisa-hayden-in-the-trip/articleshow/56202386.cms|access-date=19 February 2017 |work=The Times Of India |date=27 December 2016}}</ref> In 2017, he hosted ''Aye Zindagi''.

Paul received wider recognition with his portrayal of Shiv Kapoor in ''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]'' opposite [[Donal Bisht]] from 2017 to 2018.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keshri |first1=Shweta |title=Ek Deewana Tha to Ishq Mein Marjawan: Romantic thrillers are the flavour of the season |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/ek-deewana-tha-to-ishq-mein-mar-jawaan-romantic-thrillers-are-the-flavour-of-the-season-lifetv-1044737-2017-09-14 |access-date=14 September 2017 |work=India Today}}</ref> In 2018, he portrayed Krish Khanna opposite Bisht post the leap in the show.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/this-is-when-namik-paul-s-ek-deewaana-tha-will-go-off-air-1224016-2018-05-01 |title=This is when Namik Paul and Donal Bisht's Ek Deewaana Tha will go off air |newspaper=India Today |language=en |access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref> He received [[Gold Awards|Gold Best Onscreen Jodi]] nomination with Bisht.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/vivacity/spooky-affair.html |title=Spooky affair: Ek Deewaana Tha |last=Pioneer |first=The |website=The Pioneer |language=en |access-date=2019-08-13}}</ref>

He portrayed Angad Jindal in ''[[Kavach (TV series)|Kavach... Maha Shivratri]]'' opposite [[Deepika Singh]] in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/kawach-2-promo-deepika-singh-namik-paul-and-vin-rana-make-this-supernatural-drama-intriguing-video-tv-news/412621|title=Kawach 2 promo: Deepika Singh, Namik Paul and Vin Rana make this supernatural drama intriguing|website=Times Now|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-05}}</ref>

In 2020, he portrayed Viraj Bharadwaj in ''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]'' opposite [[Erica Fernandes]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/kasautii-zindagii-kay-star-erica-fernandes-has-fun-with-new-co-star-namik-paul-see-pics-1632809-2019-12-31 |title=Kasautii Zindagii Kay star Erica Fernandes has fun with new co-star Namik Paul. See pics |website=India Today |language=en |access-date=20 March 2021}}</ref>

From February 2023 to May 2023, he played the dual roles of Shiv Dhoopar and Aniket Dhoopar opposite Tanisha Mehta,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-new-show-lag-ja-gale-leads-namik-paul-tanisha-mehta-open-real-life-love-marriage-romance/ |title=Lag Ja Gale leads Namik Paul and Tanisha Mehta open up about real-life love, marriage, and romance |access-date=6 February 2023 |work=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> Post a hiatus of 3 years, Paul made his comeback with ''[[Lag Ja Gale]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/television/zee-tv-to-strengthen-its-early-pre-primetime-with-two-new-shows-lag-ja-gale-and-maitree-1579740 |title=Zee TV to Strengthen Its Early Pre-Primetime with Two New Shows - Lag Ja Gale and Maitree |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=ABP Live}}</ref> From May 2025 to September 2025, he played Shivansh Randhawa in [[Zee TV]]'s ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]'' opposite [[Pranali Rathod]] after a two-year television hiatus.
<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=5 May 2025|title=Namik Paul joins the cast of Kumkum Bhagya; says, “I'm playing an anti-hero for the first time”|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/namik-paul-joins-the-cast-of-kumkum-bhagya-says-im-playing-an-anti-hero-for-the-first-time/articleshow/120894144.cms|access-date=15 May 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref>

Since December 2025, he played Aryaman Suri in [[Colors TV]]'s ''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 7]]'' opposite Priyanka Chahar Choudhary .<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaturvedi|first=Shachi|date=16 September 2025|title=Namik Paul To Star Opposite Priyanka Chahar Choudhary As Male Lead In Naagin 7? Deets Inside|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/television/namik-paul-to-star-opposite-priyanka-chahar-choudhary-as-male-lead-in-naagin-7-deets-inside-ws-l-9576327.html|access-date=23 December 2025|work=[[News18]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Qubool Hai]]''
| Ahsaan
|
| <ref>{{cite news|title=PICS: Namik Paul of 'Ek Duje Ke Vaaste' is the new hottie in town|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pics-namik-paul-of-ek-duje-ke-vaaste-is-the-new-hottie-in-town/listshow/52073100.cms|accessdate=19 February 2017|work=India Times}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
| ''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]''
| Shravan Malhotra
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/namik-paul-i-was-told-that-i-am-too-tall-for-the-girl-paired-opposite-me/story-1EswMSD8CpGo7Ll9JwWN8N.html|title=Namik Paul: I was told that I am too tall for the girl paired opposite me|date=2017-12-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>
|-
| ''Befikre Belgium Ke''
| Host
|
| <ref>{{cite news|title=Belgium Ke Befikre: Namik Paul and Lovey Sasan's explore the streets of Antwerpen|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/video/belgium-ke-befikre-namik-paul-and-lovey-sasans-explore-the-streets-of-antwerpen-lifetv-448913-2016-12-28|access-date=19 February 2017|work=[[Indiatoday.in]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''Aye Zindagi''
| Host
|
|
|-
| 2017–2018
| rowspan="2"|''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]''
| Shiv Kapoor
|
| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/namik-paul-convinced-his-mother-for-ek-deewaana-tha-which-will-replace-kaun-banega-crorepati-season-9-4900058/|title=Namik Paul convinced his mother for Ek Deewaana Tha|date=2017-10-21|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2019-08-18}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| Krish Khanna
|
|
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kavach (TV series)|Kavach... Maha Shivratri]]''
| Angad Jindal
|
|
|-
| 2020
|''[[Kasautii Zindagii Kay (2018 TV series)|Kasautii Zindagii Kay]]''
| Viraj Bharadwaj
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| rowspan="2"|''[[Lag Ja Gale]]''
| Shiv Dhoopar
|
| <ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/namik-paul-on-his-forced-break-and-returning-to-tv-with-a-new-show/articleshow/97316119.cms |title=Namik Paul on his forced break and returning to TV with Lag Ja Gale |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
| Aniket Dhoopar
|
|
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Kumkum Bhagya]]''
| Shivansh Randhawa
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/kumkum-bhagya-namik-pauls-casting-opposite-pranali-rathod-gets-thumbs-up-from-fans_222331|title=Kumkum Bhagya: Namik Paul's casting opposite Pranali Rathod gets thumbs up from fans |website=India Forums |language=en |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>
|-
|2025–present
|''[[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagin 7]]''
|Aryaman Suri
|
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Bindass|The Trip]]''
| Adil Malik
| Season 1
|
|-
| 2025
| ''But If Mohabbat''
| Aryan Vashishth
|
|
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016
| [[Asian Viewers Television Awards]]
| Male Actor Of The Year
| rowspan="3"|''[[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/avta-2016-winners-list/|title=AVTA 2016: Winners List|work=BizAsia|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331074356/https://www.bizasialive.com/avta-2016-winners-list/|archive-date=2019-03-31|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Gold Awards]]
| [[Gold Award for Debut in a Lead Role (Male)|Debut in a Lead Role (Male)]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 10, 2016|title=Gold Awards 2016: Arjun Bijlani, Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Mouni Roy win top honours; full list of winners|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/top-stories/story/gold-awards-2016-arjun-bijlani-devoleena-bhattacharjee-mouni-roy-full-list-of-winners-lifetv-13451-2016-06-10|access-date=2022-02-25|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| [[Lions Clubs International|Lions Gold Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Couple (Jury) (With [[Nikita Dutta]])
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=In pics: Aishwarya Rai, Tiger Shroff and Others Attend Lions Gold Awards 2017
|work=The Quint |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/in-pics-aishwarya-rai-tiger-shroff-govinda-attend-lions-gold-awards-2017# |access-date=25 August 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| [[Gold Awards]]
| Best Onscreen Jodi (With [[Donal Bisht]])
| ''[[Ek Deewaana Tha]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gold Awards 2018: Jennifer Winget, Hina Khan Are Big Winners|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/gold-awards-2018-jennifer-winget-hina-khan-are-big-winners-1870228|access-date=2022-02-25|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian television actors]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm8322330}}
* [https://namik-paul.com Official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031184539/https://namik-paul.com/ |date=31 October 2019 }}

{{Commons}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Namik}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Woodstock School, Mussoorie alumni]]

Thunive Thunai

2026-03-19T06:26:29Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put up new details w/ refs

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup|reason=Plots should not have actors names|date=March 2023}}
{{Long plot|date=April 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thunive Thunai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| producer = P. V. Thulasiraman
| writer = [[Panchu Arunachalam]]
| starring = [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[Prabha (actress)|Jayaprabha]] [[S. A. Ashokan]] [[Rajasulochana]] [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = Babu (S. I. C. A)
| editing = R. Vittal
| studio = P. V. T. Productions
| released = {{film date|df=y|1976|4|13}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thunive Thunai''''' ({{Translation|Fortitude is protection}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]], directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]] and written by [[Panchu Arunachalam]]. The film stars [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Prabha (actress)|Jayaprabha]] and [[Rajasulochana]], with [[S. A. Ashokan]], [[Suruli Rajan]] and [[S. V. Ramadas]] in supporting roles. It was released on 13 April 1976, and became a box office hit.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 July 2013 |title=James Bond of Tamil cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/james-bond-of-tamil-cinema/article4911904.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809214240/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/james-bond-of-tamil-cinema/article4911904.ece |archive-date=9 August 2020 |access-date=16 October 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=16 August 2018 |title=Southern Lights: The Man Who Made (And Named) Ilayaraja |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/opinion/tamil-opinion/southern-lights-the-man-who-made-and-named-ilayaraja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927142643/https://www.filmcompanion.in/opinion/tamil-opinion/southern-lights-the-man-who-made-and-named-ilayaraja/ |archive-date=27 September 2022 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=[[Film Companion]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The Movie starts with the police asking help from CID officer Vijaykumar(Vijaykumar) to visit Ponvayal village, to investigate a mystery happening around the village. During his train journey, a stranger boards the train and warns him to go back since the village ponvayal is dangerous and anyone apart from the villagers who go there will face the wrath of the village goddess. The stranger fights with him and jumps from the train.

Upon arrival, he visits the station master room in which an old man who wears the station master uniform welcomes him and repeat the same dialogue said by the stranger. And he tells a story about his late son (who is the stranger), how he died during a train journey placing a bet and that he roams the place as a ghost as said by people of the village. Hearing this story Vijaykumar is terrified and hurries off, when he come across another station master he enquires about the old station master to him, who says the old master is dead and heard the people say his ghost roams here since he died by suicide in that room, he gets scared.

Even though horrified Vijaykumar sets to the village in a bullock cart, when a woman in white saree crosses them singing a song "aagayathil thotil ketti" he tries to follow the women, but she disappears mysteriously. Whilereturning, he finds the bullock cart driver lying dead on the ground, seeing that he gets petrified and dies of shock. Hearing the death news of his brother Vijaykumar, Anandh also a fellow CBI officer decides to visit the village himself since he is doubtful that there's uncertainty in his brother's death. The same events follow during Anandh's arrival. He avoids all the attempts to scare him smartly, being cautious.

Finally when he arrives to the village some goons try to scare him off, which he doesn't mind and carries off. Hungry he visits a restaurant, where they refuse to serve him food and instead insult and send him back. No shop owner gives him anything, even the kids don't give him water for thirst. At the verge of hunger, he begs the goons, but they don't mind his pleas, a girl Prabha (Jayaprabha) daughter of the village head Singaram gives him food.

At night Anandh visits Prabha and seeks her help in building a tent. All the attempts of the goons trying to scare him fail. Anandh tries hard and gains help from one of the henchmen Babu from the goons gang. Through his help, he escapes from the near-death attempt made on him by the goons, after he learns the gang does illegal business by selling statues of god. Everyone believes he is dead. Taking advantage of this he arrives to the village as Dhayal, an international gangster, and announces to the goons, that he came in search of Anandh to avenge him for his arrest. The goons tell him he is dead, but Dhayal refuses to believe them and ask them to show his dead body. Seeing the body missing the goons believe he has escaped. Before the whole village, he stages a drama which he and Anandh are two different people and kill him. Later it is revealed that the one who acted as Anandh is his fellow officer helping him.

Seeing Dhayal killing a CBI officer, the gang, inspired by his boldness, takes him to their cave where they introduce him to their leader (Raja Sulochana) whom they address as Thalaivi. She keeps some tests to check his originality, in which he succeeds.

After some turns of events Dhayal marries Prabha, which she initially opposes but later accepts, learning he is Anandh imposing as Dhayal. Seeing her sudden change in acceptance of Dhayal, Thalaivi is impressed by Dhayal falls for him, and trying to woo him. Later that night, Anandh informs the police about the illegal activities done by the gang and asks them to arrive immediately.

However, Thalaivi finds out that he is not the original Dhayal and imprisons Anandh, Prabha, Babu, and flees the village along with all the people from the village. Anandh escapes and with the help of some people chases the whole gang.

The movie ends with the arrest of the whole gang by Anandh with the help of the police.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as CID Anand and Dhayal
* [[Prabha (actress)|Jayaprabha]] as Prabha (debut)
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as CID Vijaykumar
* [[Rajasulochana]] as Madam, Smuggler's Head
* [[S. A. Ashokan]] as Coffin Maker, Madam's Henchman
* [[S. V. Ramadoss]] as Hotel Manager, Madam's Henchman
* [[K. Kannan]] as Coffin Maker's Younger Brother, Madam's Henchman
*[[Senthamarai (actor)|Senthamarai]] as landlord Singaram, Madam's Henchman
* [[Suruli Rajan]] as Babu
* [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Forest Ranger, Madam's Henchman
* Aparna as Radha
* Kallapart Natarajan as Smuggler, Madam's Henchman
*[[Pakoda Kadhar]] as Villager
*[[Peeli Sivam]] as Station Master
* P. S. Venkatachalam as Old Man
}}

==Production==

P. V. Thulasiraman, a silk merchant from Salem approached Muthuraman to make a film for which Muthuraman agreed and chose Jaishankar as the protagonist which eventually became ''Thunive Thunai''.{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|page=174}} Panchu Arunachalam wrote the film's story and dialogues, he called this the first Tamil film revolving around an underworld don.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2016 |title=திரைத்தொண்டர் - 10 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/119878-thiraiththondar-panchu-arunachalam |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231101112642/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/119878-thiraiththondar-panchu-arunachalam |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=Ta}}</ref> Jaishankar insisted that this film should be made completely in colour,{{sfn|Muthuraman|2017|page=175}} thus it became the first colour film directed by Muthuraman.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2015 |title=The funny thing about horror |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-tamil-horrorcomedy-films/article7184988.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221092046/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/on-tamil-horrorcomedy-films/article7184988.ece |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

For the climax scene involving helicopter chase, the crew bought a helicopter used for spraying pesticides from Southern Aviation Corporation. The scene which was shot in Kovalam Beach and near Mamallapuram took two days to be completed.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=30 May 1975 |title=ஹெலிகாப்டர் சண்டை! |trans-title=Helicopter fight! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1976-05-30/page/n53/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230302172148/https://archive.org/details/kalki1976-05-30/page/n53/mode/2up |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=2 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=53 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Some scenes were shot at Modern Theatres, Salem.<ref>{{cite news |date=14 September 1975 |title=ஜெய்சங்கருக்கு சாப்பாடு போட ராமதாஸ் மறுப்பு |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_4/3.jp2/full/1000,1477/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251118115918/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_4/3.jp2/full/1000,1477/0/default.jpg |archive-date=18 November 2025 |access-date=11 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and lyrics were by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thunive Thunai (SD Record) [1976-LPRip-WAV] |url=https://www.tamilflac.com/product/thunive-thunai-sd-record-1976-lprip-wav/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101133916/https://www.tamilflac.com/product/thunive-thunai-sd-record-1976-lprip-wav/ |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=TamilFLAC.Com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Length
|-
| "Agayathil Thottil Katti" || [[Vani Jayaram]] || 03:34
|-
| "Aranga Nayaki" || Vani Jayaram, B. S. Sasirekha || 05:24
|-
| "Acham Ennai Nerungathu" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 05:42
|-
| "Kaiyil Poo Eduppom" || [[L. R. Eswari]], L. R. Anjali || 04:26
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Thunive Thunai'' was released on 13 April 1976.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2021 |title=ஏப்ரல் 13ம் தேதியில் வெளியான திரைப்படங்கள்... |trans-title=Films released on April 13... |url=https://screen4screen.com/news/13-april-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108072149/https://screen4screen.com/news/13-april-movies |archive-date=8 January 2024 |access-date=8 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=Ta}}</ref> Kanthan of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the performance of Jaishankar, Babu's cinematography and added although there are many incidents that happen as told, the film is enjoyable to watch and called it a boldly made film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=காந்தன் |date=9 May 1976 |title=துணிவே துணை |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/may/09-05-1976/p23.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220728041549/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1976/may/09-05-1976/p23.jpg |archive-date=28 July 2022 |access-date=4 January 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=23 |language=ta}}</ref> Naagai Dharuman of ''Navamani'' praised the acting, dialogues, cinematography and direction.<ref>{{cite news |last=தருமன் |first=நாகை |date=29 April 1976 |title=துணிவே துணை |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_123/4.jp2/full/1000,1520/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20251118120246/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_22_4_123/4.jp2/full/1000,1520/0/default.jpg |archive-date=18 November 2025 |access-date=18 November 2025 |work=Navamani |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> 

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |title=AVM Thandha SPM |publisher=Vikatan |year=2017 |edition=3rd |language=Tamil |oclc=607342391 |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{S. P. Muthuraman}}

[[Category:1970s action thriller films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s spy thriller films]]
[[Category:1976 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about mining]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Panchu Arunachalam]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian spy thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Edakochi

2026-03-17T09:32:49Z

Bhanwarrathore: quick update

{{Short description|District of Kochi, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Edakochi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
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| settlement_type = [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|Ward]]
| image_alt =
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| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India#India Kochi
| coordinates = {{coord|9.92|76.29|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
| established_title = 
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| unit_pref = Metric
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| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 682010
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0484
| registration_plate = KL-43
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Edakochi''' is a region in southern [[Kochi]], India. It borders [[Palluruthy]] to the northwest and is separated from [[Aroor]] to the south and [[Kumbalam, Ernakulam|Kumbalam]] to the east by the [[Kerala backwaters]]. It is adjacent to the [[Kumbalangi]] tourism village that connects through [[Perumpadappu, Ernakulam|Perumpadappu.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=The backwaters of Edakochi beckon |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/mar/14/the-backwaters-of-edakochi-beckon-1787148.html |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Bridges and roads==
The Edakochi Kannangattu Bridge links Kannangattu to the [[Indian Maritime University]] junction on [[National Highway 966B (India)|National Highway 966B]]. It was constructed by the [[Kerala Public Works Department]].

The Edakochi Kannangattu-Willingdon Island Bridge was opened to the public in September 2017 by then-Minister of Works, [[G. Sudhakaran]], bringing the city closer to the [[Thevara]] and Kundanoor regions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Island-Kannenghat bridge in Kochi to be thrown open to public on Friday |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/sep/21/island-kannenghat-bridge-in-kochi-to-be-thrown-open-to-public-on-friday-1660366.html |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Buildings==
Edakochi is home to the proposed site for the Kerala Cricket Association Stadium.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stumped by Centre, KCA refuses to let go of Edakochi stadium plans |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2022/dec/20/stumped-by-centre-kca-refuses-to-let-go-of-edakochi-stadium-plans-2529807.html |access-date=9 July 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> It will be located {{cvt|15|km}} from the [[Ernakulam Junction|South Railway Station]], {{cvt|18|km}} from the [[Ernakulam Town|North Railway Station]], and {{cvt|22|km}} from [[Kaloor]].

Edakochi's St. Lawrence's Church<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|first=|date=|title=Home|url=http://www.stlawrenceparish.in/home.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218140619/http://www.stlawrenceparish.in/home.html|archive-date=18 February 2013|access-date=4 September 2012|website=}}</ref> has gained fame as the burial place of the priest [[Lawrence Puliyanath]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=:: Servant of God Monsignor Lawrence of Edakochi :: The saintly lived priest of St. Lawrence Church, Edakochi in Kerala, Fr. Lawrence Puliyanath, was very kind to the poor and miserable who come to him. People who got several favours from him are praying to declare him as a saint by the Church|url=http://www.servantofgodlawrenceofedakochi.org/html/history.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112010958/http://www.servantofgodlawrenceofedakochi.org/html/history.htm|archive-date=12 November 2013|access-date=4 September 2012}}</ref> The first church in Edakochi is believed to have been built around the time of the departure of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] from [[Kodungallur|Cranganore]]. At that time, Cranganore had three important centres: [[Mattancherry]], [[Mundamveli]], and Edakochi. There seems to have been a church at Edakochi since the 9th century, as there were at Mattancherry and Mundamveli. This ancient church was dedicated to "The Three Kings".<ref name=":0" />

==Schools and libraries==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2023}}

Schools and libraries in Edakochi include:
* Edakochi Govt. High School
* St. Lawrence UP School
* St. Mary's LP School
* Jnanodayam Public School
* Santhi Vidyalaya College
* [[Aquinas College, Edacochin]]
* [[Siena College of Professional Studies]]
* [[Avila College of Education]]
* Pandit Karuppan Memorial Public Library and Reading Room

==Location==
{| style="right; margin:0 0 0 0;"
|{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Places around Edakochi'''
|Northwest = [[Thoppumpady]]
|North = [[Mundamveli]], [[Palluruthy]]
|Northeast =
|West = [[Chellanam]], [[Perumpadappu (Eranakulam district)|Perumpadappu]]
|Centre = Edakochi
|East = [[Willingdon Island]], [[Nettoor]], [[Kumbalam, Ernakulam|Kumbalam]]
|Southwest = [[Kumbalangy]]
|South = [[Aroor]]
|Southeast =
}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kochi]]

Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV

2026-03-15T14:05:12Z

Bhanwarrathore: Updated formatting and sections

{{Short description|Maharaja of Mysore from 1902 to 1940}}
{{EngvarB|date = August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}{{Infobox royalty
| name = Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV
| title =
| image = Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar 1881-1940.jpg
| image_size = 240px
| succession = 24th [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
| reign = 8 February 1902 – 3 August 1940
| caption = Photograph of Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV
| coronation = 1 February 1895, [[Mysore Palace]]
| predecessor = [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]
| successor = [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]
| spouse = Pratapa Kumaribai Devi
| issue =
| full name = Rajarshi Nalwadi Krishnaraja Wadiyar Bahadur
| royal house = [[Wadiyar dynasty]]
| father = [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]]
| mother = [[Kempananjammani Devi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1884|6|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mysore Palace]], [[Mysore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]] (present-day [[Karnataka]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1940|8|3|1884|6|4|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore Palace]], [[Bangalore]], Kingdom of Mysore (present-day Karnataka, India)
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV '''(4 June 1884 – 3 August 1940) was the twenty-fourth [[Maharaja of Mysore]], reigning from 1902 until his death in 1940.

Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV is popularly deemed a ''[[rajarshi]]'', or 'saintly king', a moniker with which [[Mahatma Gandhi]] revered the king in 1925 for his administrative reforms and achievements.<ref name="The Rajarshi of Mysore">{{Cite web |date=Jun 6, 2009 |title=The Rajarshi of Mysore |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/the-rajarshi-of-mysore/articleshow/22127710.cms |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>Puttaswamaiah, K., 1980. ''Economic development of Karnataka. A treatise in continuity and change.'' New Delhi: Oxford & IBH, p. 3</ref> He was a philosopher king, seen by [[Paul Brunton]] as living the ideal expressed in [[Plato]]'s [[The Republic (Plato)|''Republic'']].<ref>[http://paulbrunton.org/notebooks/para/18794 "Notebooks of Paul Brunton, Category 15: The Orient"], Chapter 2, p.453</ref> [[Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel|Herbert Samuel]] compared him to Emperor [[Ashoka]]. Acknowledging the maharaja's noble and efficient kingship, [[John Sankey, 1st Viscount Sankey|John Sankey]] declared in 1930 at the first [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]] in London, "Mysore is the best administered state in the world".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-26 |title=Protect heritage Krishnaraja Boulevard with iron grills |url=https://starofmysore.com/protect-heritage-krishnaraja-boulevard-with-iron-grills/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mysore State – Connect with IISc |url=https://connect.iisc.ac.in/tag/mysore-state/ |access-date=2024-07-01 |language=en-GB}}</ref> He is often regarded as the "father of modern Mysore" and his reign the "golden age of Mysore".<ref name="BL">{{cite web |title=[Group portrait of] the Maharaja [of Mysore] & his brothers and sisters. |url=http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000015S4U00029000 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025013809/http://www.collectbritain.co.uk/personalisation/object.cfm?uid=019PHO0000015S4U00029000 |archive-date=25 October 2008 |access-date=23 October 2007 |publisher=[[British Library]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] described the maharaja as "[[Dharma|dharmic]]" (virtuous in conduct). [[John Gunther]], the American author, heaped praise on the king. In an obituary, ''[[The Times]]'' called him "a ruling prince second to none in esteem and affection inspired by both his impressive administration and his attractive personality".<ref>{{cite web |date=6 August 1940 |title=Times' Tribute To Mysore Ruler |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/morningtribune19400806-1.2.18 |access-date=10 May 2017 |work=Morning Tribune |page=2}}</ref>

At the time of his death, Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV was one of the world's wealthiest men, with a personal fortune estimated in 1940 to be worth US$400 million, equivalent to $7 billion in 2018 prices.<ref>Current Biography 1940, p833</ref>

==Early years==
[[File:Maharaja mysore1895.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV aged 11, {{circa|1895}}]]
Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV was born on 4 June 1884 in [[Mysore Palace]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=T O |first=Aswathy |date=2020-06-04 |title=Remembering Maharaja Krishna Raja Wadiyar, the iconic Mysuru ruler on his 136th birth anniversary |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/remembering-maharaja-krishnaraja-wadiyar-iconic-mysuru-ruler-his-136th-birth-anniversary-821549 |access-date=2021-11-14 |website=[[International Business Times]] India}}</ref> as the son of Maharaja [[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X]] and Maharani [[Kempananjammani Devi|Kempananjammanni Devi]]. After the sudden death of his father in [[Calcutta]] in 1894, the widowed queen mother Kempananjammanni Devi ruled the state as regent from 1895 to 1902, until Krishnaraja Wadiyar reached the age of maturity on 8 August 1902. Upon accession to the throne, he became the fourth king of Mysore by the name, hence known in the vernacular language [[Kannada]] as ''Nalwadi'' Krishnaraja Wadiyar (the qualifying prefix {{lang|ka|nālvaḍi}} means "the fourth").

The maharaja had his early education and training at Lokaranjan Palace in Mysore under the direction of P. Raghavendra Rao. In addition to Western studies, he was instructed in Kannada and [[Sanskrit]]. He was taught horse-riding and Indian and Western classical music. His early administrative training was imparted by [[Stuart Fraser (diplomat)|Sir Stuart Fraser]] of the [[Bombay Civil Service]]. The study of the principles of jurisprudence and methods of revenue administration was supplemented by extensive tours of the state during which he gained immense knowledge of the nature of the country which he was later to govern.

==Reign==

=== Accession ===
Shortly after the death of his father Maharaja Chamarajendra Wadiyar X on 28 December 1894, Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV, still a boy of eleven, ascended the throne on 1 February 1895. His mother Maharani Kemparajammanni Devi ruled as [[regent|queen regent]] until Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV took over on 8 February 1902.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jois |first=Rama |title=Legal and Constitutional History of India: Ancient Legal, Judicial and Constitutional System |publisher=Universal Law Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-7534-206-4 |location=Delhi |pages=597 |author-link=Rama Jois |orig-date=1984}}</ref> The yuvaraja was invested as the Maharaja of Mysore, with full ruling powers, by [[George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon]], the [[Governor-General of India]], on 8 August 1902 at a ceremony at [[Jaganmohan Palace|Jaganmohana Palace]].<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Maharajah of Mysore |date=11 August 1902 |page=15 |issue=36843}}</ref>

=== Government ===
[[file:Maharaja Sir Sri Krishnaraja Wodiyar 1906 by 1906 K Keshavayya.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Portrait of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV by K. Keshavayya, 1906]]
Mysore became the first Indian state to have a representative assembly, [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Mysore Representative Assembly]], a democratic forum in 1881. During the maharaja's reign, the assembly was enlarged and became [[bicameral]] in 1907 with the creation of the [[Karnataka Legislative Council|Mysore Legislative Council]], a house of elders which introduced much new legislation for the state.{{Mysore Kingdom series}}During the maharaja's reign, the Kingdom of Mysore witnessed development in a range of fields. Mysore became the first Indian state to generate hydroelectric power in [[Asia]], and Bangalore was the first Asian city to have street lights, first lit on 5 August 1905. Princes from other sections of India were sent to Mysore for administrative training.

=== Reforms ===
The maharaja worked towards alleviating poverty and improving rural reconstruction, public health, industry and economic regeneration, education and the fine arts. He abolished child marriage (for girls below the age 8), gave special importance for girls' education, and offered scholarship for widowed women.

At a time when support for domestic products was pivotal for India's self-reliance and eventual independence from British India, the maharaja encouraged [[Hand spinning|spinning]] at scale, for which Gandhi greatly praised him.<ref name="The Rajarshi of Mysore"/><ref>Navajivan, 8 February 1925: ''"His Highness the Maharaja of Mysore has taken up spinning. This news cannot but gladden the hearts of those who look upon it as sacred duty ... I congratulate the Maharaja and hope that he will not give up till the end of his life this activity which he has taken up, It will do immense good to him and his subjects."''</ref>

=== Education and arts ===
[[File:Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar's portrait in Andhrapatrika.jpg|thumb|upright|Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV in 1911]]Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV set up numerous educational infrastructures and institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Mysore duo Krishnaraja Wodeya IV & M. Visvesvaraya |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024183112/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html |archive-date=24 October 2008 |access-date=23 October 2007 |publisher=[[India Today]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Krishnaraja Wadiyar was the first chancellor of [[Banaras Hindu University]] (whose co-founder he also was){{citation needed|date=April 2020}} and the [[University of Mysore]] (whose founder he was). The latter was the first university chartered by an Indian province. The [[Indian Institute of Science]] at [[Bangalore]], which was initiated during his mother's tenure as regent, functionally started during his reign in 1911 with a gift of 371 acres (1.5&nbsp;km2) of land and a donation of funds.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

The maharaja was a patron of Indian music, both Carnatic and Hindustani, and Western classical music. He was an accomplished musician and, like his predecessors, patronised fine arts.<ref name="instru">Pranesh (2003), p. 162</ref> The maharaja was a connoisseur of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] and [[Hindustani music]] himself. He played eight [[musical instrument]]s: [[flute]], violin, saxophone, piano, [[mridangam]], nadaswara, [[sitar]], and [[veena]]. {{citation needed|date=July 2009}} Members of the [[Agra Gharana]], including Nattan Khan and Ustad [[Vilayat Hussain Khan]], were guests of the maharajah at Mysore, as were [[Abdul Karim Khan]] and [[Gauhar Jan]]. [[Barkatullah Khan]] was a palace musician from 1919 until his death in 1940.

Asthana Vidwan Kadagathur Seshacharya has written various works and is famous for his contributions towards Sanskrit and Kannada literature. The maharaja also composed many poems in Kannada himself.

== Contributions ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+A list of major developments during the reign and under the patronage of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV
!Year
!Notes
|-
|1902
|Hydroelectric project at [[Shivanasamudra Falls]] is founded
|-
|1903
|[[Minto Eye Hospital]] built at Bangalore; one among the world's oldest specialised ophthalmology hospitals
|-
|1905
|[[Bengaluru|Bangalore]] becomes the first city in Asia to get electric street lights
|-
| rowspan="2" |1907
|[[Vani Vilasa Sagara]] at [[Chitradurga]] completed; the first dam in [[Karnataka]]
|-
|[[Mysore Legislative Council]] is established with a view to associate certain number of non-official persons having practical experience and knowledge to assist the Government in making laws and regulations
|-
| rowspan="2" |1909
|[[Indian Institute of Science]] is established at Bangalore
|-
|Mysore Boy Scouts is established; the first of its kind in India
|-
| rowspan="2" |1913
|[[State Bank of Mysore]] is established
|-
|[[University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore|Mysore Agricultural Residential School]] is established at Bangalore; it was initially established in 1899 by Maharani Kempananjammanni Devi with an initial grant of 30 acres as an experimental agricultural station
|-
| rowspan="2" |1915
|[[Kannada Sahitya Parishat]] at Bangalore established
|-
|Formation of Mysore Social Progress Association to empower weaker sections of society<ref name="Distribution of Social Justice">{{cite web |last=Raj |first=Nirmal |date=March 2015 |title=Distribution of Social Justice by Rajashri Krishnaraj Wodeyar IV |url=http://epratrust.com/articles/upload/30.Prof.%20Nirmal%20Raj.pdf? |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630013329/http://epratrust.com/articles/upload/30.Prof.%20Nirmal%20Raj.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2017 |publisher=EPRA International Journal of Economic and Business Review |issn=2349-0187}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |1916
|[[University of Mysore]] is established
|-
|Bangalore Printing and Publishing Company is established<ref>{{cite web |title=Bangalore Press website |url=http://www.bangalorepress100.com/history.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217024558/http://www.bangalorepress100.com/history.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|[[Yuvaraja's College, Mysore|Yuvaraja's College]] at Mysore is established<ref>{{cite web |title=Yuvaraja College |url=http://www.yuvarajacollege.org/history.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531101844/http://yuvarajacollege.org/history.php |archive-date=31 May 2015 |access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Mysore Chamber of Commerce is established<ref name="Hand Book of Karnataka">{{cite web |title=Hand Book of Karnataka |url=http://www.karunadu.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20II%20History.pdf}}{{dead link|date=January 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
|-
|[[Karnataka Soaps and Detergents Limited|Government Sandalwood Oil Factory]] is established at Bangalore<ref>{{cite web |title=Mysore Sandal Soap |url=http://202.138.105.9/mysoresandal/aboutus.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121125041/http://202.138.105.9/mysoresandal/aboutus.php |archive-date=21 January 2014 |access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1917
|[[University Visvesvaraya College of Engineering|School of Engineering]] is established at Bangalore
|-
|[[Maharani's Science College for Women, Mysore|Maharani's Science College for Women]] is established at Mysore<ref>{{cite web |title=MSCWM website |url=http://www.mscwm.com/default.aspx |access-date=5 February 2014 |archive-date=13 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613094739/http://www.mscwm.com/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1918
|First leg of [[Mysore State Railway]]s (MSR) finished; opened 232 miles of railway to traffic. By 1938 MSR had 740 miles of railway track
|-
|Wood Distillation Factory is found at [[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]]<ref name="Hand Book of Karnataka" />
|-
|Mysore Chrome and Tanning Factory is established<ref name="Hand Book of Karnataka" />
|-
|Sir Lesley Miller is appointed to analyse problems of backward classes<ref>{{cite web |date=18 June 2015 |title=Millers report |url=http://nammakpsc.com/wp/social-justice |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=3 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103204252/http://nammakpsc.com/wp/social-justice/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (the Miller Report later recommend a reservation of 25% of jobs in the government to non-Brahmans)
|-
| rowspan="2" |1921
|[[Lalitha Mahal|Lalitha Mahal Palace]] finished
|-
|[[Government Science College, Bangalore|Government Science College]] at Bangalore found<ref>{{cite web |title=About |url=http://www.gscblr.kar.nic.in/about.html |access-date=4 February 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190716202048/http://www.gscblr.kar.nic.in/about.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1923
|[[Visvesvaraya Iron and Steel Plant|Mysore Iron Works]] founded at [[Bhadravati, Karnataka|Bhadravathi]]
|-
|Women enfranchisement; first Indian state to do so<ref name="Distribution of Social Justice" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |1924
|[[Krishna Raja Sagar]] (KRS) dam is finished
|-
|[[Mysore Medical College]] is established
|-
| rowspan="2" |1925
|More than 100 acres of land is donated for the establishment of [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS) <ref>{{cite web |title=NIMHANS |url=https://nimhans.ac.in/history-and-milestones/ |access-date=12 November 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530213737/https://nimhans.ac.in/history-and-milestones/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|Kadhara Sahakara Sangha is established at Tagdhur, helping villagers earn a living<ref name="Distribution of Social Justice" />
|-
|1927
|[[Krishna Rajendra Hospital]] at Mysore is established (now part of [[Mysore Medical College & Research Institute|Mysore Medical College]])
|-
|1928
|[[K. R. Market|K.R. Market]] at Bangalore is established; the main wholesale market dealing with commodities
|-
| rowspan="2" |1930
|Marakonahalli dam in [[Tumakuru district|Tumkur district]] is completed (the dam has an automatic siphon system, first of its kind in Asia)<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2013 |title=Marakonahalli Dam |url=http://www.karnataka.com/tumkur/markonahalli-dam/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Krishnarajanagara]] township was finished (after a flood by [[Kaveri|the Kaveri]] damaged the nearby town of Yedatore)
|-
| rowspan="4" |1933
|[[St. Philomena's Church, Mysore|St. Philomena's Cathedral]] at Mysore is inaugurated
|-
|[[Bangalore Town Hall]] is built
|-
|Mysore Sugar Mills is established at Mandya<ref>{{cite web |title=Mysore Sugar Co. |url=http://www.mysoresugar.com/about_us.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714195216/http://mysoresugar.com/about_us.html |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=5 February 2014}}</ref>
|-
|KR Mills at Mysore is established
|-
| rowspan="2" |1934
|[[Vanivilas Women and Children Hospital]] established at Bangalore
|-
|10 acres of land at Bangalore gifted to [[C. V. Raman|Sir C. V. Raman]] for what is now [[Raman Research Institute]] (RRI)<ref>{{cite web |title=RRI website |url=http://www.rri.res.in/history_overview.html}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1936
|Mysore Paper Mills established at Bhadravati<ref>{{cite web |title=MPM website |url=http://www.mpm.co.in/profile.html}}</ref>
|-
|Mysore Lamps at Bangalore established
|-
| rowspan="2" |1937
|Mysore Chemical and Fertilisers Factory at [[Belagola]] established<ref name="Hand Book of Karnataka" />
|-
|[[Mysore Paints and Varnish Limited]] is established
|-
|1938
|Maharani's College for Women is established at Bangalore<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharani's College website |url=http://www.karnataka.gov.in/mscwb/Pages/History.aspx}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |1939
|[[Mandya district]] formed
|-
|[[Hassan district]] formed
|-
|Glass and Porcelain Factory is established at Bangalore<ref name="Hand Book of Karnataka" /> (electrical insulators for high voltage lines were manufactured). The factory later became part of [[Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited|BHEL]]
|-
|Hirebhaskara dam (now Mahatma Gandhi Hydroelectric Project) across the [[Sharavathi]] began functioning to ensure steady water supply for the 120MW Krishnarajendra Hydroelectric Power Station<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mellegatti |first1=Pramod |date=9 June 2003 |title=Hirebhaskara Dam surfaces as Sharavathy recedes |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/2003/06/09/stories/2003060902000500.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=9 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224233309/http://hindu.com/2003/06/09/stories/2003060902000500.htm |archive-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>
|}

==Personal life==
[[File:Marriage of H.H Sri Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV and Rana Prathap Kumari of Kathiawar.jpg|thumb|upright|Marriage of Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV and Yuvarani Pratapa Kumaribai (painting by [[Raja Ravi Varma]], 1904)]]
Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV was wedded on 6 June 1900 at [[Jaganmohan Palace]] to Maharani Pratapa Kumari Devi of [[Kathiawar]], the youngest daughter of Rana Bane Singh of [[Vana, Gujarat|Vana]], [[Kathiawar]] (present-day [[Gujarat]] State). The couple had no children. He died of heart attack on 3 August 1940. His nephew [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar|Jayachamaraja Wadiyar]] succeeded him as Maharaja.

==Honours==
* [[King George VI Coronation Medal]], 1937
* [[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]], 1935
* [[Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]] (GBE), 1917
* Bailiff Grand Cross of the [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Order of St John]] (GCStJ), 1911
* [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1911)|Delhi Durbar Gold Medal]], 1911
* [[Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India|Knight Grand Commander of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India]] (GCSI), 1907
* [[Delhi Durbar Medal (1903)|Delhi Durbar Gold Medal]], 1903

=== Honorary doctorates ===

* Honorary Doctorate, [[University of Mysore]], (posthumously in 2011)
* Honorary Doctorate, [[Banaras Hindu University]] (at its 21st convocation held on 28 December 1937)

=== Memorials ===

* [[Krishna Raja Sagara|K.R.S. Dam, Mysore]]; K.R. Circle, Mysore; [[Krishnarajanagara|K.R. Nagara, Mysore]]
* [[K. R. Market|K.R. Market, Bangalore]]; [[Krishnarajapuram|K.R. Pura, Bengaluru]]
* [[Krishnaraja Pete|K.R. Pete, Mandya]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/SpeechesByKrishnarajaWadiyar |title=Speeches (1902–1920) |publisher=Government Press |year=1921 |location=Bangalore |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wadiyar IV |first=Krishnaraja |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxtBDwAAQBAJ |title=Bengaluru, Bangalore, Bengaluru: Imaginations and Their Times |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |isbn=978-93-86042-57-6 |editor-last=Narendar |editor-first=Pani |chapter=The Underdog as Scientist |editor-last2=Sindhu |editor-first2=Radhakrishna |editor-last3=Kishor G |editor-first3=Bhat}}
* {{Cite book |last=Swamy |first=G. L. |url=https://archive.org/details/MysoreState |title=Mysore State |year=1942 |via=Internet Archive}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ward |first=Geoffrey C. |url=https://archive.org/details/maharajas0000ward |title=The Maharajas |publisher=Stonehenge |year=1983 |isbn=0-86706-022-0}}
* {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/ABriefSketchOfTheLifeOfRajaDharmaPravinaT.R.A.ThumbooChetty|title=A Brief Sketch of the Life of T. R. A. Thumboo Chetty, C.I.E, Formerly Chief Judge and Officiating Dewan of Mysore.|last=Royaloo Chetty|first=T.|publisher=Hoe & Co.Madras|year=1909}}

;Books

* {{Cite book |last=Ikegame |first=Aya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bV5ElF17 |title=Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the Present |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-55449-7 |language=}}

;Articles

* {{Cite news |last=Sayeed |first=Vikhar Ahmed |date=2014-07-06 |title=The spread of education |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/education/the-spread-of-education/article6180755.ece|issn=0971-751X}}
* {{Cite news |last=Moona |first=Suresh |date=2019-12-19 |title=The royal role |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/the-royal-role/article30348999.ece |issn=0971-751X}}
* {{Cite web |last=Satya |first=Gouri |date=2012-04-27 |title=Lord Curzon's prophetic words on Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/245329/lord-curzons-prophetic-words-krishnaraja.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald}}
* {{Cite web |last=Satya |first=Gouri |date=2019-08-24 |title=What make Mysuru's heritage... |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/spectrum-statescan/what-make-mysuru-s-heritage-756595.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald}}
* {{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Narendra |date=2017-08-07 |title=A royal who worked alongside the public |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/626938/a-royal-worked-alongside-public.html |access-date= |website=Deccan Herald |language=}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Nalvadi Krishnaraja Wodeyar}}{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Wodeyar|Wodeyar dynasty]]|4 June|1884|3 August|1940}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{succession box | title=[[Maharaja of Mysore]] | before=[[Chamarajendra Wadiyar X|Chamaraja Wodeyar]] | after=[[Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur]] | years=1894–1940}}
{{s-end}}

{{Mysore topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadiyar Iv, Krishna Raja}}
[[Category:1884 births]]
[[Category:1940 deaths]]
[[Category:Kings of Mysore]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Bailiffs Grand Cross of the Order of St John]]
[[Category:Wadiyar dynasty|Krishnaraja IV]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]

Subi Suresh

2026-03-15T10:14:22Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put up first entry initial version!

{{Indian name|Subi|Suresh}}
{{Short description|Indian Malayalam actress (died 2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Subi Suresh
| native_name =
| image = Subi Suresh-cms_resize.png
| caption =
| birth_date = 23 August 1981
| birth_place = [[Thrippunithura]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2023|02|22|41|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kochi]], Kerala, India
| occupation = Actress, television presenter, comedian
| yearsactive = 1993–2023
| parents =
| spouse =
| relatives =
| children =
}}

'''Subi Suresh''' (23 August 1981 – 22 February 2023) was an Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] actress, television host, comedian, and stage-show performer. She is known mainly for her role in popular Malayalam movies such as ''[[Thaskara Lahala]]'' (2010), ''[[Grihanathan]]'' (2012), and ''[[Drama (2018 film)|Drama]]'' (2018). She is known for her comic voice and managed to make her own space in comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=How Subi Suresh, a dancer, became one of the few women in comedy in Kerala |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-subi-suresh-dancer-became-one-few-women-comedy-kerala-173647 |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> Subi also worked as a professional comedian and television anchor, and appeared in TV shows such as ''[[Cinemala]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/actress-and-tv-host-subi-suresh-dies-at-41-3803634 |title=Actress And TV Host Subi Suresh Dies At 41 |website=NDTV.com |accessdate=22 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/comedian-and-tv-host-subi-suresh-passes-away-at-the-age-of-41/articleshow/98140558.cms |title=Comedian and TV host Subi Suresh passes away at the age of 41 |accessdate=22 February 2023 |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/popular-malayalam-actress-and-tv-host-subi-suresh-dies-1.1677042683487 |title=Popular Malayalam actress and TV host Subi Suresh dies |first=Gulf News |last=Report |website=Gulf News |accessdate=22 February 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
Subi Suresh was born in [[Tripunithura]], [[Ernakulam district]] and raised in a well-to-do family from [[Kochi]], Kerala, India. Her parents are Suresh and Ambika.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-22 |title=Subi Suresh, Malayalam actress and anchor, dies at 41 |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/subi-suresh-malayalam-actress-anchor-dies-at-41-article-98140547 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> She completed her schooling from Tripunithura Government School and received her college education from [[St. Teresa's College]] in Ernakulam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=സുബിയുടെ രോഗവിവരം അധികമാരും അറിഞ്ഞിരുന്നില്ല: ഹരിശ്രീ അശോകൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2023/02/22/harisree-ashokan-remembering-subi-suresh.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

==Career==
Subi is mostly known among the Malayali audience for her comedy shows. She started her career in August 1993 as an anchor for ''[[Cinemala]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subi Suresh, Malayalam actor and popular TV show host, dies at 41 |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/subi-suresh-malayalam-actor-and-popular-tv-show-host-dies-at-34-10140191.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> She entered the Malayalam film industry in 2001 with the film ''Aparannar Nagarathil,'' directed by Nisar. Suresh subsequently acted in more than twenty films including ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'', ''[[Panchavarnathatha|Panchavarna Tatta]]'', ''[[Happy Husbands (2010 film)|Happy Husbands]]'', and ''[[Drama (2018 film)|Drama]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ബ്രേക്ക് ഡാൻസറായി കലാരംഗത്ത്; കരിയർ മാറ്റിയത് ടിനി ടോം; വിവാഹവും വിധി തട്ടിയകറ്റി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2023/02/22/life-of-subi-suresh.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

Subi later made appearances in the television series ''Thaksara Lahala'' (2010) and ''Kuttipattalam'' as well as the movie ''Grihanathan'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subi was unmatchable on stage shows, says Jayaram |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/subi-was-unmatchable-on-stage-shows-says-jayaram-1.8332948 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> She also participated in various Malayalam TV shows as an anchor and a comedian.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malayalam actress and TV anchor Subi Suresh passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-actress-subi-suresh-passes-away-1.8332895 |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> She was a member of the [[Kalabhavan|Cochin Kalabhavan]] troupe, and was the face of popular comedy shows at a time when women participation in mimicry was uncommon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subi abandoned dreams of a career in the Army for life as a comedian |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/02/22/subi-suresh-abandoned-army-dreams-career-loved-being-an-entertainer.html |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

==Death==
On 22 February 2023, Subi died at [[Rajagiri Hospital]] in Kochi from liver disease. She was 41.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘ഒരു സീരിയസ് ലിവർ പേഷ്യന്റായാണ് സുബി ആശുപത്രിയിലെത്തിയത്’; ചികിത്സിച്ച ഡോക്ടർ ട്വന്റിഫോറിനോട് |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/02/22/doctor-about-subi-suresh.html |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=24 News}}</ref>

==Filmography==
Source:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
|2001||''Aparanmaar Nagarathil''|| Seema||
|-
|2003||''[[Lesa Lesa]]''||Balamani's friend ||'''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]''' film
|-
|2004||''[[Greetings (2004 film)|Greetings]]''||Sarojam ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''[[Kanaka Simhasanam]]'' ||Tripurasundari ||
|-
| ''[[Pachakuthira]]'' ||Sarasu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007 || ''[[Detective (2007 film)|Detective]]'' ||Journalist ||
|-
| ''[[Nagaram (2007 film)|Nagaram]]'' ||Sugandhavally ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Novel (film)|Novel]]'' ||Nisha||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010 || ''[[Elsamma Enna Aankutty]]'' || Zainaba ||
|-
| ''[[Happy Husbands (2010 film)|Happy Husbands]]'' || Servant ||
|-
| ''[[Thaskara Lahala]]'' || Shalini ||
|-
| ''[[Kaaryasthan]]'' || Herself ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011 || ''[[Killadi Raman]]'' ||Treesamma Kuriakose ||
|-
| ''[[Lucky Jokers]]'' || Ratnam and Yakshi ||
|-
| ''[[Sandwich (2011 film)|Sandwich]]'' || Seema ||
|-
| ''Kathayile Naayika'' || Sulochana ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2012|| ''[[Njanum Ente Familiyum]]'' ||Ammalu ||
|-
| ''[[Grihanathan]]'' || Shantha ||
|-
| ''[[Unnam]]'' ||Crying lady at hospital||
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' ||Sundareshan's wife||
|-
| ''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]'' ||Event Management Company Staff||
|-
| ''[[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar]]'' ||TV Reporter||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013 || ''[[Dolls (2013 film)|Dolls]]'' || Sisily Perera ||
|-
| ''[[Breaking News Live]]'' || Rosakutty ||
|-
| ''[[Ladies and Gentleman]]'' ||Info Solutions receptionist ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Cappuccino'' ||Cooking show anchor||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''[[Panchavarnathatha]]'' || Chithra's Friend ||
|-
| ''[[Drama (2018 film)|Drama]]'' ||Ammini ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 || ''Chila NewGen Nattuvisheshangal'' ||Meera's mother|| <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.eastcoastdaily.in/2019/06/24/chila-newgen-nattuvisheshangal-a-new-caricature-poster-released.html |title='Chila NewGen Nattuvisheshangal': A new caricature poster released |first=Pradeep |last=Vijayan |date=24 June 2019 |website=East Coast Daily English |accessdate=22 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| ''Vakathirivu'' ||Sheeba teacher||
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel!! Genre
|-
|1995 - 2013||''[[Cinemala]]''||Multiple roles||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||TV Serial
|-
|||''Varsha''||||||Telefilm
|-
|2004 - 2005||''Santhanagopalam''||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| rowspan="5" |TV Serial
|-
|2005||''Calling Bell''||||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|||''Kudumbapuranam''||||[[Jaihind TV]]
|-
|||''Adutha Bellinu Nadakam Aarambikkum''||||
|-
|2005-2006||''Indumukhi Chandramathi''||||[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2010||''Jyothis Mimimcs Action 2010''||||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011||''John De Panic''||||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]|| rowspan="2" |TV Serial
|-
|''Chakyarum Kapyarum Pinne Moilyarum''|||| rowspan="3" |[[Surya TV]]
|-
|2012||''Nair Pidicha Pulival''||||
|-
|2012-2016||''Kuttipattalam''||Host||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/subi-suresh-of-kuttipattalam-host-and-actress-passes-away-due-to-liver-ailments-at-42/3c81825c5e335 |title=Kuttipattalam host Subi Suresh dies at 42, Tiny Tom & others express condolences |website=OTTPlay |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013||''Talk Talk with Subi''|||| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|''Cinemala 1000 Event''||||
|-
|''Comedy Festival''||Supporting artist||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2014||''Laughing Villa with Navas''|||| rowspan="2" |[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|''Ashwamedham''||Participant||
|-
|''Nammal Thammil''||Panelist||Asianet||
|-
|''Rhythm''|||| rowspan="2" |[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|''Chirikkum Pattanam''||||
|-
|''Cinema Chirima''||||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|''Mylanchi 3 Grandfinale ''||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2015 2016||''Smart Show''||Participant|| Flowers||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2015||''Made for Each Other''||Co-Host||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|''Comedy Super Nite''||Host|| Flowers||
|-
|''Ivide Ingannanu Bhai''|||| rowspan="4" |[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|''Vanitha''||||
|-
|''Ithiri Magikkum Othiri Thamashayum''||||
|-
|''Hello Namasthe''||||
|-
|''Ponnona Punchiri''|||| ACV||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016||''Fastest Family First''||Participant||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|''Mollywood Selfie''||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] Plus||
|-
|2017||''Prekshakare Aavashyamundu''||Diana||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2015 2017||''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]''||||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017||''[[Asianet Comedy Awards]]''|||| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|''Asianet Comedy Staars''||||
|-
|''JB Junction''||||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|''Comedy Challenge''||Host||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2018||''Aa Yathrayil''||||[[Safari TV]]||
|-
|''Show Mall''||||[[Media One]]||
|-
|''Urvasi Theatres''|||| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|''Labour Room''||||
|-
|''Thakarppan Comedy''||||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|''Adaar Onam''||||Flowers||
|-
|2019 - 2020||''Kuttipattalam Season 2''||Host|| rowspan="4" |[[Surya TV]]||<ref>{{cite web | title=Manju Warrier visits Kuttipattalam season 2 | website=The Times of India | date=2 December 2019 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/manju-warrier-visits-kuttipattalam-season-2/articleshow/72332017.cms | access-date=9 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |2019||''Kuttipachakam''||Host||
|-
|''Onamamangam''||Host||
|-
|''Red FM Malayalam Music Awards''||Host||
|-
|''Annies Kitchen''||||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|''Paisa Paisa''||Host||Kerala Vision||
|-
|''8 Thaara Sundarikalum Pinne Njanum''||Host||[[Kaumudy TV]]||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2020||''Parayam Nedam''||Participant||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|''Onam Ruchimelam''||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|''Jingle Bells with Minnum Tharangal''||Host|| rowspan="2" |[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|''Madhura Pathinettil Prithvi''||||
|-
|''[[Funny Nights with Pearle Maaney]]''||||[[Zee Keralam]]||
|-
|2020 - 2023||''Subi Suresh Official''||Host||YouTube||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2021||''Funs Upon a Time Version 2''||||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|''Comedy Maamankam''||||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|''Oru Innocent Onam''||||[[Kaumudy TV]]||
|-
|''Aram + Aram = Kinnaram''|||| rowspan="2" |[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|''SIIMA Awards''||||
|-
|2021 - 2022||''Comedy Thillana''||||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021||''Day with a Star''||||[[Kaumudy TV]]||
|-
|''Bzinga''|| rowspan="3" |Participant||[[Zee Keralam]]||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2022||''Panam Tharum Padam''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|''Pisharodiyum Tharangalum''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|''Bumper Chiri Aaghosham''||||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|''Kusruthi Pattalam''|| rowspan="2" |Host||YouTube||
|-
|''Nattu Midukki''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|''Red Carpet''|| rowspan="2" |Mentor|| rowspan="2" |[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|''Comedy Masters''||
|-
|''Kaumudy Onam''||||[[Kaumudy TV]]||
|-
|''Comedy Express''||||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|''Fastest Family First Season 2''|| rowspan="2" |Participant||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023||''Flowers Oru Kodi''||Flowers||
|-
|''Onnannara Ruchi''||Host||[[Zee Keralam]]||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suresh, Subi}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Deaths from liver disease]]
[[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]

Apostolic Nunciature to India

2026-03-13T19:02:16Z

Bhanwarrathore: updated page

{{Short description|Diplomatic post of the Holy See}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox diplomatic mission
| name = Apostolic Nunciature to India
| image =
| caption =
| address = 50-C, Niti Marg, [[Chanakyapuri]], [[New Delhi]], Delhi 110021
| coordinates = {{coord|28.60015|77.19494|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| apostolic_nuncio = [[Leopoldo Girelli]]
| jurisdiction = {{IND}}
| website = {{Official|https://www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com/}}
}}
The '''Apostolic Nunciature of the Holy See to India''' is the diplomatic mission of the [[Holy See]] to [[India]], similar to an embassy. Archbishop [[Leopoldo Girelli]] was named [[Nuncio|Apostolic Nuncio]] by [[Pope Francis]] on 13 March 2021. He was formerly Apostolic Nuncio to Israel and Cyprus.

The [[Apostolic nunciature|Apostolic Nunciature]] to India is an ecclesiastical office of the [[Catholic Church in India]], with the rank of [[ambassador]]. The nuncio serves both as the ambassador of the Pope (as head of [[State of Vatican City]]) to the President of India, and as delegate and point-of-contact between the Catholic hierarchy in India and the Pope (as head of the [[Catholic Church|Church]]). The Apostolic Nuncio to India is usually also the [[Apostolic Nunciature to Nepal|Apostolic Nuncio to Nepal]].

==History==
The [[diplomatic mission]] was established as the [[Apostolic Delegation]] to the East Indies in 1881, and included [[Ceylon]], and was extended to [[Malacca|Malaca]] in 1889, and then to [[Burma]] in 1920, and eventually included [[Goa]] in 1923. It was raised to an Internunciature by [[Pope Pius XII]] on 12 June 1948 and to a full [[Apostolic Nunciature]] by [[Pope Paul VI]] on 22 August 1967. Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) was detached in 1967, Burma (now Myanmar) in 1973 and Malaca, as part of modern [[Malaysia]], being detached in 1957.

==List of papal representatives==
;Apostolic Delegates
* [[Antonio Agliardi]] (23 September 1884 – 9 May 1887)
* [[Andrea Aiuti]] (31 March 1887 – 24 July 1891)
* [[Wladyslaw Michal Zaleski]] (15 March 1892 – 7 December 1916)
* [[Pietro Fumasoni Biondi]] (15 November 1916 – 6 December 1919)
* [[Pietro Pisani]] (15 December 1919 – 1924)
* [[Edward Aloysius Mooney]] (18 January 1926 – 30 March 1931)
* [[Leo Peter Kierkels]], [[Congregation of the Passion|CP]] (23 March 1931 – 12 June 1948)

;Apostolic Internuncios
* [[Leo Peter Kierkels]], [[Congregation of the Passion|CP]] (12 June 1948 – 29 June 1952)
* [[Martin Lucas]], [[Society of the Divine Word|SVD]] (3 December 1952 – 1 January 1957)
* [[James Knox|James Robert Knox]] (14 February 1957 – 13 April 1967)

;Apostolic Pro-Nuncios
* [[Giuseppe Caprio]] (22 August 1967 – 19 April 1969)
* [[Marie-Joseph Lemieux]], [[Order of Friars Preachers|OP]] (30 May 1969 – 16 February 1971)
* [[John Gordon (archbishop)|John Gordon]] (11 August 1971 – 11 June 1976)
* [[Luciano Storero]] (14 July 1976<ref>{{cite book |access-date=10 January 2020 |title=Acta Apostolicae Sedis |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-68-1976-ocr.pdf |date=1976 |volume=LXVIII |page=539 |archive-date=9 October 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-68-1976-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> – 2 February 1981)
* [[Agostino Cacciavillan]] (9 May 1981<ref>{{cite book |title=Acta Apostolicae Sedis |access-date=8 January 2020 |page=437 |date=1981 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-73-1981-ocr.pdf |volume=LXXIII |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522173114/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-73-1981-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> – 13 June 1990)<ref>{{cite book |title=Acta Apostolicae Sedis |access-date=1 September 2019 |page=738 |date=1990 |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-82-1990-ocr.pdf |volume=LXXXII |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717120609/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-82-1990-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Giorgio Zur]] (13 August 1990<ref>{{cite book |access-date=9 January 2020 |title=Acta Apostolicae Sedis |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-82-1990-ocr.pdf |page=927 |date=1990 |volume=LXXXII |archive-date=17 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200717120609/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-82-1990-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> – 7 December 1998)

;Apostolic Nuncios
* [[Lorenzo Baldisseri]] (19 June 1999<ref>{{cite book |title=Acta Apostolicae Sedis |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-91-1999-ocr.pdf |access-date=9 January 2020 |date=1999 |volume=XCI |page=845 |archive-date=8 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008130508/https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-91-1999-ocr.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> – 12 November 2002)<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Holy See Press Office |access-date=9 January 2020 |date=12 November 2002 |language=it |title=Rinunce e Nomine, 12.11.2002 |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2002/11/12/0557/01763.html |archive-date=8 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608114505/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2002/11/12/0557/01763.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Pedro López Quintana]] (8 February 2003<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2003/02/08/0065/00189.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |date=8 February 2003 |language=it |title=Rinunce e Nomine, 08.02.2003 |publisher=Holy See Press Office |archive-date=30 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191130054523/http://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2003/02/08/0065/00189.html |url-status=live }}</ref> – 10 December 2009)<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2009/12/10/0774/01839.html |access-date=8 January 2020 |date=10 December 2009 |language=it |title=Rinunce e Nomine, 10.12.2009 |publisher=Holy See Press Office |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607001217/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2009/12/10/0774/01839.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Salvatore Pennacchio]] (8 May 2010<ref>{{cite press release |access-date=17 May 2019 |date=8 May 2010 |title=Rinunce e nomine, 08.05.2010 |language=it |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2010/05/08/0288/00665.html |publisher=Holy See Press Office |archive-date=15 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015232813/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2010/05/08/0288/00665.html |url-status=live }}</ref> – 6 August 2016)<ref>{{cite press release |access-date=17 May 2019 |date=6 August 2016 |title=Rinunce e nomine, 06.07.2016 |language=it |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2016/08/06/0576/01283.html |publisher=Holy See Press Office |archive-date=5 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605025108/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2016/08/06/0576/01283.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Giambattista Diquattro]] (21 January 2017<ref>{{cite press release |access-date=1 June 2019 |title=Other Pontifical Acts, 21.01.2017 |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2017/01/21/170121e.html |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |archive-date=10 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230610180441/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2017/01/21/170121e.html |url-status=live }}</ref> – 29 August 2020)<ref>{{cite press release |access-date=29 August 2020 |title=Rinunce e nomine, 29.08.2020 |language=it |date=29 August 2020 |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2020/08/29/0429/00987.html |publisher=[[Holy See Press Office]] |archive-date=26 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126182806/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2020/08/29/0429/00987.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Leopoldo Girelli]] (13 March 2021<ref>{{cite press release |access-date=13 March 2021 |language=it |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2021/03/13/0153/00332.html |publisher=Holy See Press Office |date=13 March 2021 |title=Rinunce e Nomine, 13.03.2021 |archive-date=13 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313110334/https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2021/03/13/0153/00332.html |url-status=live }}</ref> – 13 March 2026)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2026/03/13/260313c.html |title=Resignations and Appointments, 13.03.2026 |accessdate=March 13, 2026}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Holy See–India relations]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Official site|url=https://www.apostolicnunciatureindia.com }}
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dxxin.html catholic-hierarchy.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/nunciature/nunc075.htm gcatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{Diplomatic missions of the Holy See}}
{{Diplomatic missions in India}}

{{Subject bar | portal1=Catholicism | portal2= India}}
[[Category:Diplomatic missions of the Holy See|India]]
[[Category:Catholic Church in India]]
[[Category:Diplomatic missions in New Delhi|Holy See]]
[[Category:Holy See–India relations]]
[[Category:Apostolic nuncios to India| ]]

Rajat Kapoor

2026-03-09T20:06:47Z

Bhanwarrathore: minor edit

{{Short description|Indian actor, film director (Born February 1961)}}
{{distinguish|Rajit Kapur}}
{{missing information|1=details about this actor/director |date=June 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajat Kapoor
| image = Rajat Kapoor in 2014.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Rajat Kapoor at the International Film Festival of India 2014
| birth_date = 11 February 1961
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| other_names =
| spouse = {{marriage|Meenal Agarwal|1996}}
| children = 2
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|filmmaker|playwright}}
| years_active = 1987–present
}}
'''Rajat Kapoor''' is an Indian actor, filmmaker and playwright who works in [[Hindi]] cinema.<ref name="big"/>

==Early life and early career==
Rajat Kapoor was born on 11 February 1961<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajat Kapoor - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/rajat-kapoor/in.bookmyshow.com/person/rajat-kapoor/1784 |access-date=2025-12-07 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref> in [[New Delhi]], India and grew up in [[Old Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/rajat-kapoor-25-years-back-there-was-nothing-called-gurgaon/articleshow/52480022.cms| title=Rajat Kapoor: 25 years back there was nothing called Gurgaon| author=Pratyush Patra| date=28 January 2017| access-date=5 June 2023| website=indiatimes.com}}</ref> In 1983 he joined the theatre group Chingari in Delhi<ref>{{Cite web |last=imagineindia |date=2020-03-14 |title=Kadakh (Rajat Kapoor) India. Official Section |url=https://imagineindiafestival.com/2020/03/14/kadakh-rajat-kapoor-india-official-section/ |access-date=2025-12-07 |language=en}}</ref>. In 1985 he moved to [[Pune]] to attend the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII).<ref name="big">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060225/asp/weekend/story_5872757.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527034200/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060225/asp/weekend/story_5872757.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 May 2006 | title=Big on the small film | publisher=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] | work=Telegraph portal | date=25 February 2006 | access-date=18 March 2016 | author=Jagan, Negi}}</ref>

Kapoor started out in [[Parallel Cinema]], making his debut in the 1989 [[Kumar Shahani]] film ''[[Khayal Gatha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-21 |title=DIFF 2025 - Bringing Independent Cinema to the Mountains |url=https://diff.co.in/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=Dharamshala International Film Festival |language=en-US}}</ref> When he had trouble finding acting jobs in the 1990s, Kapoor began writing and directing shorts. He made his full-length directorial debut with ''Private Detective: Two Plus Two Plus One'' (1997), which had [[Irrfan Khan]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]] in minor roles.<ref name="big"/>

==Mainstream breakthrough and continued career==
In 2001, Kapoor got his big mainstream break-in ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'', as [[Preity Zinta]]'s character's uncle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Then and Now: Dil Chahta Hai {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/then-and-now-dil-chahta-hai-10194.html |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> He received international attention in [[Mira Nair]]'s ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' in which he played an abusive uncle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India New England |date=2016-07-18 |title=Bollywood-Star-Studded English Play "What's Done is Done" Comes to Boston on July 24 |url=https://indianewengland.com/2016/07/bollywood-stars-studded-english-play-whats-done-done-comes-boston-july-24/ |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=INDIA New England News |language=en}}</ref> Since then, he has written, directed, and appeared in many films. He played [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] in a [[United Kingdom|UK]] television film ''The Last Days of the Raj'' in 2007. In 2003, he wrote and directed the independent film ''[[Raghu Romeo]],'' which he financed by sending e-mail requests for money to his friends. Although it was not a box office success, the film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]. He then directed and starred in ''[[Mixed Doubles (2006 film)|Mixed Doubles]]'', a film that deals with [[Swinging (sexual practice)|swinging]] in contemporary [[Mumbai]].<ref name="big"/> In 2008 he directed a [[sleeper hit]] [[Mithya (film)|Mithya]]. He was also nominated for Best Performance by an Actor for ''Siddharth: The Prisoner'' at the 2008 [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]. In the year 2010, he has also starred in a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] movie ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]'' opposite [[Konkona Sen]] directed by Bengali film writer [[Aparna Sen]].

Apart from films, Kapoor hosts the tri-weekly chat show ''Lounge'' telecasted by [[NDTV Good Times]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/GoodTimesShowPage.aspx?ShowID=12|title=Lounge|access-date=24 September 2010|archive-date=25 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125181312/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/GoodTimesShowPage.aspx?ShowID=12|url-status=dead}}</ref> He also worked in television shows, including [[Rishtey (TV series)|''Rishtey'']] which was aired on [[Zee TV]] in the episode "Milan".<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rishtey.tv/tag/rajat-kapoor/ | title=MILAN | publisher=Rishtey Portal | date=18 May 2014 | access-date=18 March 2016 | archive-date=16 August 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816200520/http://rishtey.tv/tag/rajat-kapoor/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Tired of pitching his stories to investors, Kapoor reached out to his friend Chet Jainn, founder of the crowdfunding platform goCrowdera.com to raise initial seed fund for his next film called ''RkRkay''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/a-crowdfund-in-need-is-a-friend-indeed/article9807737.ece|title=A crowd-fund in need is a friend indeed!|last=Pani|first=Priyanka|website=@businessline|date=8 August 2017 |language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/why-are-more-filmmakers-shifting-towards-crowdfunding-2343547.html|title=How crowdfunding has opened up new avenue of financing for filmmakers|website=Moneycontrol|date=3 August 2017 |access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tech.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/internet/actor-director-rajat-kapoor-partners-crowdera-to-raise-funds-for-upcoming-movies/59839789|title=Actor-director Rajat Kapoor partners Crowdera to raise funds for upcoming movies - ETtech|last=www.ETtech.com|newspaper=The Economic Times|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/rajat-kapoor-plans-to-make-rk-r-kay-through-crowdfunding-118012900864_1.html|title=Rajat Kapoor plans to make 'RK/R Kay' through crowdfunding|agency=Press Trust of India|date=2018-01-29|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref> The "RkRkay" crowdfunding campaign went on to raise over ₹35,00,000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gocrowdera.com/rkrk/|title=RK/R Kay - Crowd-Produced Feature Film by Rajat Kapoor by Mithya Talkies|website=GoCrowdera|language=en|access-date=2019-07-30|archive-date=11 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811221250/https://gocrowdera.com/rkrk/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Kapoor is a three time [[National Film Awards|National Award]] winner, first for his 26-minute non-feature documentary, ''Tarana'', then for his short, ''Hypnothesis'', and after that for [[Raghu Romeo]] in Best Feature Film in Hindi section.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gateway- Rajat Kapoor|url=http://www.rediff.com/gateway/rajatkapoor.html}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kapoor married Meenal Agarwal, a photographer-production designer in 1996<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/marriage-is-meant-to-last-rajat-kapoor/500374 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524084203/http://www.freepressjournal.in/marriage-is-meant-to-last-rajat-kapoor/500374 | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 May 2016 | title="Marriage is meant to last" – Rajat Kapoor | publisher=[[Free Press Journal]] | work=FPJ Desk | date=19 December 2014 | access-date=18 March 2016 | author=Nichola, Pais}}</ref> and has two children, a daughter Rabia and a son Vivan.<ref name="big" /> Kapoor is an [[atheist]], and he has said he believes God is a man-made concept.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celeb-trends/21700-10-indian-celebs-who-are-proclaimed-atheists-p6.html| title=10 Indian Celebs Who Are Proclaimed Atheists |date=28 January 2014| access-date=5 June 2023| author=Priyankee Saikia| website=mensxp.com}}</ref>

=== Allegations of sexual harassment ===
In October 2018, Kapoor was accused of [[sexual harassment]] by two different women during the [[Me Too movement (India)|Me Too movement]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actor Rajat Kapoor, Accused Of Harassing 2 Women, Apologises For Causing 'Pain, Hurt, Trauma' |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/actor-rajat-kapoor-accused-of-harassing-2-women-apologises-for-causing-pain-hurt-trauma-1928495 |access-date=2025-08-02 |website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref> One, a journalist, said that he made inappropriate comments during a telephone interview.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Entertainment |first=Quint |date=2018-10-08 |title=#MeToo: "Rajat Kapoor Tried to Kiss Me Repeatedly, I Was 20" |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/metoo-in-india-rajat-kapoor-accused-of-sexual-misconduct |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> Following these accusations, Kapoor apologised on [[Twitter]], saying "I am sorry from the bottom of my heart – and sad that I was the cause of this hurt to another human being."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wiseman |first=Andreas |date=2018-10-08 |title=Actor Rajat Kapoor Apologizes On Twitter Following Harassment Claims As Bollywood Feels The #MeToo Force |url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/rajat-kapoor-metoo-nana-patekar-kailash-kher-vikas-bahl-bollywood-1202478260/ |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> His film ''[[Kadakh]]'' was dropped from the 20th [[Mumbai Academy of the Moving Image|MAMI]] Film Festival due to the allegations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-09 |title=Rajat Kapoor and AIB's films dropped from 20th MAMI Mumbai Film Festival |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/rajat-kapoor-aib-films-dropped-mami-film-festival-5393146/ |access-date=2021-10-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|+ Feature films
! rowspan="2" width="33" | Year
! rowspan="2" width="250" | Title
! colspan="5" | Functioned As
! rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! width="65" | Director
! width="65" | Producer
! width="65" | Screenwriter
! width="65" | Actor
! Role
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Khayal Gatha]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Several characters
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Filmfare Award for Best Film (Critics)]] Premiered at [[International Film Festival Rotterdam|Rotterdam Film Festival]]
|-
| 1994
| ''Tarana''<ref>{{Cite news|title =Tarana |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TndPAxkez4k|date = 22 September 2025}}</ref>
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
| National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film
[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography (non-feature film)]], awarded to Rafey Mehmood
|-
| 1996
| ''Hypnothesis''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
| |[[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film]]
|-
| 1997
| ''Private Detective: Two Plus Two Plus One''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2001
|''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]''
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
| Mahesh
|
|-
|''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|Tej Puri
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| ''[[Raghu Romeo]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|-
| ''Mudda: The Issue''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Harphool Singh
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Tum?: A Dangerous Obsession|Tum]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Vinod Gupta
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2005
| ''Dhadkanein''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kisna: The Warrior Poet]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Prince Raghuraj
|
|-
| ''[[Chehraa]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2006
| ''[[Mixed Doubles (2006 film)|Mixed Doubles]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Vinod
|
|-
| ''[[Corporate (2006 film)|Corporate]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Vinay Sehgal
|
|-
| ''[[Yun Hota To Kya Hota]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| US Consulate Officer
|
|-
| ''Bombay Skies''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Anand
| Short film
|-
| ''[[Anuranan]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Amit Bannerjee
| Simultaneously shot in Hindi and Bengali
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2007
| ''The Last Days of the Raj''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Muhammad Ali Jinnah
| TV film
|-
| ''[[Bheja Fry (film)|Bheja Fry]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Ranjeet Thadani
|
|-
| ''[[Apna Asmaan]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Dr. Sen
|
|-
| ''Hamlet: The Clown Prince''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
| Play
|-
| ''[[Khoya Khoya Chand]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Prem Kumar
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2008
| ''[[Mithya (film)|Mithya]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Krazzy 4]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Ravi K. Sanyal
|
|-
| ''[[Via Darjeeling]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Ronodeep 'Rono' Sen
|
|-
| ''[[Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Mahesh Pariyar
|
|-
| ''[[Hulla (film)|Hulla]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Janardhan
|
|-
| ''[[Dasvidaniya]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Rajiv Jhulka
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2009
| ''[[I M 24]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Shubendu Roy
|
|-
| ''[[Ek Tho Chance]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|-
| ''[[Siddharth: The Prisoner]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Siddharth Roy
|
|-
| ''[[Teree Sang]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Barrister Mohit Puri
|
|-
| ''[[Raat Gayi Baat Gayi?|Raat Gayi, Baat Gayi?]]''
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Rahul Kapoor
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2010
| ''[[Rann (film)|Rann]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Naveen Shankalya
|
|-
| ''[[That Girl in Yellow Boots]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Man Who Steps Out of Elevator
| Premiered in South Asian International Film Festival 2010
|-
| ''[[Pappu Can't Dance Saala]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Palash
| Premiered in South Asian International Film Festival 2010
|-
| ''[[...And Once Again]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Rishi
|
|-
| ''[[Iti Mrinalini]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Siddhartha Sarkar
|
|-
| ''[[Phas Gaye Re Obama]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Om Shastri
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011
| ''Jo Dooba So Paar: It's Love In Bihar!''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Superintendent of Police
|
|-
| ''Nothing Like Lear''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
| Play
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012
| ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| [[Inter-services Intelligence|ISI]] chief [[Lt-Gen]] Iftekhar Ahmed
|
|-
| ''[[Fatso!]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[The Owner]]''
|
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[10ml LOVE]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Ghalib
|
|-
| ''[[Midnight's Children (film)|Midnight's Children]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Aadam Aziz
|
|-
| 2013
| ''Carpet Boy''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Ehsaan Khan
|
|-
|2014
| ''[[Ankhon Dekhi]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| Rishi
|Won – [[Screen Award for Best Story|Star Screen Award for Best Story]] Won - [[Filmfare Award for Best Story]] Won - [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Filmfare Award for Best Film (Critics)]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| ''[[Drishyam (2015 film)|Drishyam]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
|Mahesh Deshmukh
|
|-
|''[[X: Past Is Present]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| K
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016
|''[[Kapoor & Sons]]''
|
|
|
| {{yes}}
| Harsh Kapoor
|Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor]]
|-
|[[Mantra (2016 film)|''Mantra'']]
|
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|Kapil Kapoor
|English-Hindi bilingual film
|-
|2017
|''Rat Race - Ek Andhi Daud''
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
| Akhil
| Short film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|[[Pari (2018 Indian film)|''Pari'']]
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|Professor Quasim Aali
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/pari-new-screamer-anushka-sharma-will-scare-the-living-daylights-out-of-you/story-E1g9UT8gj2k1pV2xrPVuwJ.html|title=Pari new screamer: Anushka Sharma will scare the living daylights out of you|date=2018-02-02|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mulk (film)|''Mulk'']]
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|Danish Javed
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/rishi-kapoor-surprises-fans-with-his-new-look-for-mulq-then-shares-102-not-out-bonanza-pic/story-GBY9SnQunCI9JZwd3jXwTI.html|title=Rishi Kapoor surprises fans with his new look for Mulk. Then shares 102 Not Out bonanza pic|date=2017-10-17|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2017-10-17|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Kadakh]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|Author Rahul
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2022
|[[Gehraiyaan (film)|''Gehraiyaan'']]
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|Jitesh
|
|-
|''[[RK/RKay]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|RK / Mahboob
|
|-
|''[[Drishyam 2 (2022 film)|Drishyam 2]]''
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|Mahesh Deshmukh
| <ref>{{Cite web|date=17 February 2022|title=Ajay Devgn and Shriya Saran begin Drishyam 2 shoot in Goa; Abhishek Pathak to direct|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ajay-devgn-and-shriya-saran-begin-drishyam-2-shoot-in-goa-abhishek-pathak-to-direct/|access-date=17 February 2022|work=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Anur (film)|Anur]]''
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|IAS Loshit Modliar
|Assamese film<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 January 2023|title='Anur' review: Navigating the undercurrents of old age|url=https://thenewsmill.com/2023/01/anur-review-navigating-the-undercurrents-of-old-age/|access-date=27 January 2023|work=The News Mill |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Everybody Loves Sohrab Handa''
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
| Chandra
|
|-
|2024
| Sadabahar
|
|
|
| Yes
| Miya Ji's Son
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|[[Raid 2 (film)|''Raid 2'']]
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|Anjani Kaul IRS
Chief Commissioner of Income Tax
|
|-
|''[[Raat Akeli Hai: The Bansal Murders]]''
|
|
|
|{{yes}}
|[[Director general of police|DGP]] Sameer Verma
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Language
|-
|1987–1988
|''[[Ganadevta]]''
|
|[[Hindi]]
|-
|1994-1998
|''Junoon''
|Pappu
|Hindi
|-
|1999-2000
|''Gubbare''
|Sharad
|Hindi
|-
|2000-2003
|''[[Gharwali Uparwali]] (one episode only)''
|Advertising Agency Boss
|Hindi
|-
|2005
|''[[CID (Indian TV series)|C.I.D]] (two episodes only)''
|Tanuj
|Hindi
|-
| 2008
| ''Gateway To Hollywood''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/may/may146.php|title=Sony Pix announces winner of Gateway|date=May 13, 2008|access-date=January 28, 2018}}</ref>
| Judge
| Hindi
|-
|2014-2015
|''Everest''
|Ramesh Rungta
|Hindi
|-
|2017-2019
|''[[The Good Karma Hospital]]''
|Amit Nambeesan
|English
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''[[Code M]]''
|Col. Suryaveer Chauhan
|Hindi
|-
|''Shobdo Jobdo''
|Sougata
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-
|''[[Scam 1992]]''
|K. Madhavan
|Hindi
|-
|2021
|''[[Call My Agent: Bollywood]]''
|Montie Bahl
|Hindi
|-
| 2022
|''[[Tanaav]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tanaav-indian-adaptation-of-fauda-to-stream-on-sony-liv-from-november-11/article66026277.ece|title='Tanaav,' Indian adaptation of 'Fauda' to stream on Sony LIV from November 11|newspaper=The Hindu |date=October 18, 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
| Jagjit Malik
|Hindi
|-
| 2023
|''[[Jehanabad - Of Love & War]]''
|Shivanand Singh
|Hindi
|-
|2024
|''[[Lootere (TV series)|Lootere]]''
|Captain A.K. Singh
|Hindi
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Khauf]]''
|Hakim
|Hindi
|-
|''[[Saare Jahan Se Accha: The Silent Guardians]]''
|[[R. N. Kao]]
|Hindi
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|0438494}}

{{FilmfareAwardBestStory}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor, Rajat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Delhi]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Delhi]]
[[Category:Film producers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]

Bendu Apparao R.M.P

2026-03-06T15:04:37Z

Bhanwarrathore: fixes

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bendu Apparao R.M.P
| image = Bendu Apparao R.M.P poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
| producer = [[D. Ramanaidu]]
| screenplay = E. V. V. Satyanarayana
| writer = Veligonda Srinivas (dialogues)
| starring = [[Allari Naresh]] [[Kamna Jethmalani]] [[Meghana Raj]]
| music = [[Koti (composer)|Koti]]
| cinematography = V. Jayaram
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Suresh Productions]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2009|10|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Bendu Apparao R.M.P''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film written and directed by [[E. V. V. Satyanarayana]], and produced by [[D. Ramanaidu]]. The film stars [[Allari Naresh]], [[Kamna Jethmalani]] and [[Meghana Raj]] in lead roles. It has music composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].

The film was made on a budget of {{INR}}3 [[crore]] and was released with 35 prints on 16 October 2009 in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It opened to positive reviews and was successful at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/benduapparaormp.html |title=Bendu Appa Rao RMP is a hit |work=Idlebrain |access-date=22 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718000533/http://www.idlebrain.com/trade/benduapparaormp.html |archive-date=18 July 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bendu Appa Rao is an RMP doctor in a tiny village in East Godavari. Though he does not have much knowledge about medicines, he uses his brain to come out of critical situations. He earns money by all means as his sister faces torture in the hands of her husband, as he could not pay the entire dowry to him. He maintains close relations and friendship with everyone in the village, which include a barber, a tailor, a washer man, a postman and a pune.

Sagi Suryanarayana Raju is a landlord and Padma Priya is his only daughter. Padma falls in love with Appa Rao and the latter too loses his heart to her. Once, Appa Rao and his friends, while returning to village after watching a movie, find a grievously injured person called Sivaji. Before breathing his last, he pleads with Appa Rao to hand over Rs 15 lakh to his family. Despite lot of pressure from his friends to share the money among themselves, Appa Rao makes many efforts to hand over the money to Sivaji's kin.

On learning that Sivaji's parents are no more and sister had left the country after marrying a person, Appa Rao agrees to share the money between the tailor, barber and himself. He gives them Rs 2 lakh to each to settle their debts; he too takes a part of the money to settle his sister's life. He utilizes the balance amount to construct a school building in the village and names it after Sivaji. However, Appa Rao makes everyone believe that they got a prize in lottery.

Accidentally, Sivaji's parents and sister reach the village and Appa Rao learns the truth. He feels guilty as he had already spent the money. So, he mortgages his house to a local trader and spends it for the bypass surgery of Sivaji's father. He also promises to marry Sivaji's sister sacrificing his love with Padma. But on the day of marriage, the President of the village tells to Gayathri that Appa Rao killed Sivaji and robbed the Money and wants to marry Gayathri to avoid future legal problems. Gayathri believes it and Appa Rao is beaten severely. But Raju and the local trader reveal the truth and save Appa Rao. Padma is married to Appa Rao in the climax as Gaythri understands their love.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Allari Naresh]] as Bendu Appa Rao R.M.P
* [[Kamna Jethmalani]] as Padma
* [[Meghana Raj]] as Gayathri
* [[Krishna Bhagavaan]] as Appa Rao's brother-in-law
* [[Ahuti Prasad]] as Sagi Suryanarayana Raju, Padma's father
* [[Raghu Babu]] as Soori Babu Raju's servant
* [[L. B. Sriram]] as Samaram (cock) feeder.
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Mudhu Krishna [Donga Doctor]
* [[Suman Setty]] as Ganesh [compounder]
* [[Telangana Shakuntala]] as Padma's grandmother
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Tailor
* [[Uttej]] as Barber
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Dubai Broker alias Dubai Seenu (Fraudster)
* [[Chalapathi Rao]] as Village sarpanch
* [[Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao]] as Postman
* Ananth as Raju's permanent guest
* [[Ravi Prakash]] as Shivaji, Gayathri's brother
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as money lender/sweet shop owner
* Ramya Chowdary as Tailor ([[Srinivasa Reddy]])'s cousin (sister-in-law; "maradalu")
* [[D. Ramanaidu]] as Collector (cameo)
{{colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Koti (composer)|Koti]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cinefolks.com/telugu/AudioSongs/movie/Bendu+Appa+Rao+RMP/ |title=Bendu Appa Rao RMP Songs - Telugu Songs (Audio) - cinefolks.com |access-date=31 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126011233/http://cinefolks.com/telugu/AudioSongs/movie/Bendu+Appa+Rao+RMP/ |archive-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and Released on [[Aditya Music]].
{{Infobox album
| name = Bendu Apparao RMP
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Koti
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 September 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =Soundtrack
| length = 16:41
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Koti
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
{{tracklist
|total_length=16:41
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Adire Adharama
| lyrics1 = [[Vanamali]]
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|length1=4:01
| title2 = Em Roopura Ori Nayana
|lyrics2 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra2 = Tippu, Harini
|length2=4:51
| title3 = Nagadhi Naguni
| lyrics3 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|length3=3:53
| extra3 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Chorus
| title4 = Sukumari Chinnadi
|length4=3:56
| lyrics4 =Chandrabose
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Nitya Santhoshini
}}

== Reception ==
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote, "On a whole, Allari Naresh comes up with another decent comedy flick after his last hit ''Blade Babji''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-benduapparao.html|title = Bendu Appa Rao RMP film review – Telugu cinema Review – Allari Naresh & Kamna Jetmalani|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=16 October 2009|access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref> Radhika Rajamani of [[Rediff.com]] rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Bendu Appa Rao'' is a laugh riot despite a routine storyline".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/bendu-appa-rao-is-a-laugh-riot/20091017.htm|title=Bendu Appa Rao is a laugh riot|first=Radhika|last=Rajamani|website=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 October 2009|access-date=18 February 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|1616533}}
{{E. V. V. Satyanarayana}}

[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by E. V. V. Satyanarayana]]
[[Category:Films scored by Koti (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Suresh Productions films]]

Teesri Kasam

2026-03-04T03:54:44Z

Bhanwarrathore: further expanded intro based on references to improve readability

{{Short description|1966 film of Raj Kapoor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Teesri Kasam
| image = Teesri Kasam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Poster
| director = [[Basu Bhattacharya]]
| producer = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Nabendu Ghosh]] [[Phanishwar Nath Renu]] (Dialogue)
| story = [[Phanishwar Nath Renu]]<ref name =Print>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/teesri-kasam-when-raj-kapoor-played-perfect-foil-to-waheeda-rehmans-heartbreaking-grace/190231/|title = Teesri Kasam: When Raj Kapoor played perfect foil to Waheeda Rehman's heartbreaking grace| website=[[ThePrint]] |date = 10 February 2019}}</ref>
| based_on = {{based on|'' Maare Gaye Gulfam''|[[Phanishwar Nath Renu]]}}
| starring = [[Raj Kapoor]] [[Waheeda Rehman]] [[Rehana (actress)|Rehana]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Shankar-Jaikishen]] [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] (Lyrics) [[Hasrat Jaipuri]] (Lyrics)
| cinematography = [[Subrata Mitra]]<ref name= Print/>
| editing = Iqbal
| studio = Image Makers
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1966}}
| runtime = 159 min
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Teesri Kasam''''' ({{Translation|''The Third Vow''}}) is a 1966 [[Hindi|Hindi language]] drama film directed by [[Basu Bhattacharya]] and produced by lyricist [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]. It is based on the short story ''Mare Gaye Gulfam'', by the [[Hindi]] novelist [[Phanishwarnath Renu]]. The film stars [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Waheeda Rehman]]. The duo [[Shankar–Jaikishan]] composed the film's score. The film's [[cinematography]] was done by [[Subrata Mitra]], dialogues were written by [[Phanishwarnath Renu]] and the screenplay is by [[Nabendu Ghosh]].

==Synopsis==
After nearly getting arrested, Hiraman promises to himself that he will never assist any black-marketeer nor transport bamboo. This incident does cost him his bullock-cart but he did manage to get his two oxen away in time. He manages to save enough money to buy another cart, and is hired to take a woman on a 30-hour ride to a Mela. He subsequently finds that his passenger is an attractive woman, Hira Bai, and he falls in love with her - little knowing that she is a traveling [[dancer]] - and it is this attraction that will get him into a physical altercation as well as in the bad books of Thakur Vikram Singh.

== Plot ==
Hiraman ([[Raj Kapoor]]) is a rustic villager, a bullock cart driver, from a remote village in [[Bihar]]. He takes two vows based on difficult situations in his life. He then meets and befriends Hirabai, a ''[[nautanki]]'' dancer. In the end, Hiraman takes a third vow.

Hiraman has traditional and conservative values. While smuggling illegal goods on his bullock cart and narrowly escaping the police, Hiraman takes a vow ( ''pehli kasam'') to never again carry illegal goods. Subsequently, while transporting bamboo for a timber trader, Hiraman's load upsets the horses of two men. The two men then beat up Hiraman. After this, Hiraman takes a second vow (''doosri kasam'') to never again carry bamboo in his cart.

One night, Hiraman is asked to carry Hirabai ([[Waheeda Rehman]]), a nautanki dancer, as a passenger to a village fair forty miles away. As they travel together, Hiraman sings to pass time and tells Hirabai the story of the legend of Mahua. As the journey progresses, Hirabai is mesmerized by Hiraman's innocence and his simple philosophy of life. Hiraman sees Hirabai as an angel of purity.

Once they reach the village fair, Hiraman joins his band of bullock cart drivers and Hirabai joins the nautanki company. Hirabai asks Hiraman to stay at the village fair for a few days to see her dance. Hirabai arranges free passes for Hiraman and his friends to see the nautanki every night for the duration of the fair.

As Hiraman attends the nautanki, he becomes aware that other people see Hirabai as a prostitute and this disturbs him. He tries to shield and protect her from society. As the days pass, the bond between Hirabai and Hiraman grows stronger. When Hiraman becomes involved in fights with local people who disparage Hirabai and her profession, Hirabai tries to make him understand that it is the harsh reality of her life. Hiraman asks Hirabai to leave her profession and to start living a respectable life. Hirabai refuses to leave. Feeling depressed, Hiraman leaves the village fair and returns to his village.

Hirabai meets Hiraman and tells him that she had been sold, then leaves. Hiraman then takes a third vow (''teesri kasam'') that he will never again carry a nautanki dancer in his cart.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://upperstall.com/film/teesri-kasam/ | title=Teesri Kasam| date=24 April 2006}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Raj Kapoor]] as Meeta, Hiraman
* [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Hirabai
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Hiraman's ''bhabhi'' (sister-in-law)
* [[Iftekhar]] as Thakur Vikram Singh
* [[Keshto Mukherjee|Keshto Mukherji]] as Shivratan
* [[A.K. Hangal]] as Hiraman's older brother
* [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]] as mela announcer
* [[C. S. Dubey]] as Birju
* Harbans Papey as dancer in the second Parts of the song (Kissa Hota Hai Shuru Paaki Ishq Rangin)
* [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
* [[Rehana (actress)|Rehana]]
* Viswa Mehera as Palta (he was brother-in- low of [[Prithviraj Kapoor]] in the real life)
* Ratan Gaurang as guards
* Pachhi as Nautanki owner
* Navendu Ghosh
* Shivaji Bhai
* Mansaram
* B. Periera

== Production ==
=== Development and Pre-production ===
[[Phanishwarnath Renu]], who wrote the original short story ''Mare Gaye Gulfam'' in 1954, also wrote the script.{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=335}} The screenplay was written by [[Nabendu Ghosh]], whose works include ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'' (1955), ''[[Sujata (1959 film)|Sujata]]'' (1959) and ''[[Bandini (film)|Bandini]]'' (1963). [[Basu Bhattacharya]] directed the film with a sense of realism and natural style. He felt it was important for the film that Raj Kapoor should avoid his usual "simple man" mannerisms.{{Sfn|Kabir|Rehman|2014|p=94}} Shailendra acquired Mare gaye gulfam rights, and initially Mehmood and Meena Kumari was selected for the role of Hiraman and Hirabai. Raj Kapoor charged only one rupee to make the film. He advised Shailendra to add some commercial elements in this film, in this heartbreaking sad story but the producer did not agree to it and did the movie the way he wanted.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|date=2009-10-29|title=Teesri Kasam (1966)|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Teesri-Kasam-1966/article16889211.ece|access-date=2021-11-26|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

[[Lata Mangeshkar]], Manna Dey, Asha Bhosle, Suman Kalyanpur, Shankar- Shambhu, and Mukesh did playback singing.

=== Principal photography ===

Shailendra wanted to film this movie in the Terai area of Bihar, but the stories of dacoits and robbers there forced him to shoot this film somewhere else. The filming took place at [[Igatpuri]] near [[Nasik]].<ref name=":0"/> The filming took many years to complete. Indoor filming took place at [[R. K. Studio|R.K. Studio]], Shree Sound Studios and Kamal studio in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai). Basu Bhattacharya wanted Raj and Waheeda Rehman perform in natural way. Raj Kapoor thought the ending of the film should be tweaked and Hirabai and Hiraman should go away together, but no one agreed to this.<ref name=TelegraphIndia>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/when-waheeda-sat-on-raj/cid/1669478|title = When Waheeda sat on Raj}}</ref> Most of the outdoor sequences were filmed at Aurahi Hingna, [[Araria district]] in Bihar and [[Bina Etawa|Bina]], a town near [[Bhopal]], Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news|date=25 September 2016|title=यहां हुई थी फिल्म 'तीसरी कसम' की शूटिंग, रिलीज को हुए 50 साल पूरे|work=Manohar Kumar|publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]|location=[[Purnia]]|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-shooting-of-film-teesri-kasam-in-bihar-news-hindi-5425226-PHO.html|access-date=1 December 2016|archive-date=10 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161210025155/http://m.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-shooting-of-film-teesri-kasam-in-bihar-news-hindi-5425226-PHO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=January 15, 2011|title=Maila Anchal inspirer dead|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110115/jsp/bihar/story_13440502.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170814101508/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110115/jsp/bihar/story_13440502.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 August 2017|access-date=2017-08-14|work=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata)}}</ref><ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web|date=2016-12-14|title=Remembering Raj Kapoor: 15 Of His Most Memorable Films|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/remembering-raj-kapoor-15-of-his-most-memorable-films-2-1322831.html|access-date=2021-11-25|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> A few scenes were filmed at [[Powai Lake]] and at Mohan Studios in Mumbai. {{Sfn|Kabir|Rehman|2014|p=95}}{{Sfn|Hangal|1999|p=95}} A set of Gulababag fair's The Great Bharat ''nautanki'' (drama) company was created in Mumbai studio.<ref name="news18.com"/> Subrata Mitra, the cinematographer on Satyajit Ray's early films, had moved to Mumbai for a brief period to make [[Merchant Ivory]] films.{{Sfn|Banerjee|Srivastava|1988|p=178}}{{Sfn|Kaur|Sinha|2005|pp=131-132}} The theatre actor [[A. K. Hangal]], knew Shailender from [[Indian People's Theatre Association|IPTA]] theatre group days, and agreed to play the small role of Hiraman's elder brother. However, eventually much of his role was cut in the final editing to reduce the length of the film.{{Sfn|Hangal|1999|p=95}}

[[Lachhu Maharaj|Lachchu Maharaj]] and Rama Devi did this film's choreography and [[Nautanki]] was supervised by Shankar-Shambhu while Desh Mukharjee was the art director.

=== Crew ===

* [[Basu Bhattacharya]] - Director
* [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] - Producer
* [[Phanishwar Nath Renu]] - Story and Dialogue
* [[Nabendu Ghosh]] - Screenplay
* [[G. G. Mayekar]] - Editor
* [[Subrata Mitra]] - Cinematographer
* Desh Mukherjee - Art Director
* Pandit Shivram - Costume
* [[Lachhu Maharaj]] - Choreographer
* [[Shankar Jaikishan]] - Composer
* [[Hasrat Jaipuri]], [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] - Lyricist
* [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Suman Kalyanpur]], [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mubarak Begum]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], Shambhu-Shankar ([[Qawwali|qawwal]]) - Playback Singers.

==Music==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics = [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] & [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
| all_music = [[Shankar–Jaikishan]]
| title1 = Aa Aa Bhi Jaa
| lyrics1 = Shailendra
| extra1 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length1 = 5:03
| title2 = Chalat Musafir
| lyrics2 = Shailendra
| extra2 = [[Manna Dey]]
| length2 = 3:04
| title3 = Duniya Bananewale
| lyrics3 = Hasrat Jaipuri
| extra3 = Mukesh
| length3 = 5:03
| title4 = Haye Ghazab Kahin Tara Toota
| lyrics4 = Shailendra
| extra4 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length4 = 4:13
| title5 = Maare Gaye Gulfaam
| lyrics5 = Hasrat Jaipuri
| extra5 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length5 = 4:00
| title6 = Paan Khaaye Saiyaan Hamaaro
| lyrics6 = Shailendra
| extra6 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length6 = 4:08
| title7 = Sajanwa Bairi Ho Gaye Hamaar
| lyrics7 = Shailendra
| extra7 = Mukesh
| length7 = 3:51
| title8 = Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo
| lyrics8 = Shailendra
| extra8 = Mukesh
| length8 = 3:43
| title9 = Lali Lali Doliya Mein Lali Re
| lyrics9 = Shailendra
| extra9 = Asha Bhosle
| length9 = 3:11
| title10 = Kissa Hota Hai Shuru
| lyrics10 = Shailendra
| extra10 = [[Mubarak Begum]], Shankar-Shambhu
| length10 = 2:57
| title11 = Preet Bana ke Tune
| lyrics11 = Hasrat Jaipuri
| extra11 = [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
| length11 = 1:00
| all_writing =
| total_length =
}}

== Reception ==
''Teesri Kasam'' was well received by critics and won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]]; however, it proved to be a commercial failure at the box-office. Bhattacharya turned to [[Parallel cinema|middle cinema]] (a meeting of mainstream Bollywood and art house cinema). Over the years, the film came to be regarded as a classic.{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|pp=330, 532}}

Raj Kapoor himself did not like this film and criticised the film's director, Basu Bhattacharya; in an interview in 1977 with [[India Today]] he said, "Basu (Basu Bhattacharya) is a [[Pseudo-|pseudo]], and I didn't like the film. He was risking somebody else's money. What did he have to lose?"<ref name=IT/>

Both Kapoor and Rehman received acclaim for their performances in the film, and critics felt that Raj Kapoor delivered one of the most sensitive performances of his career. (1956).{{Sfn|Gulazāra|Nihalani|Chatterjee|2003|p=83}}<ref name =IT>{{cite news |last1=Sanghvi |first1=Vir |title=Raj Kapoor: Sex as an art form |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19771115-raj-kapoor-sex-as-an-art-form-823468-2014-09-05 |access-date=5 July 2020 |work=[[India Today]] |date=15 November 1977}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
A chapter titled {{'}}''Teesri Kasam Ke Shilpkar Shailendra''{{'}} (lit. ''"The Architect of Teesri Kasam Shailendra"'') (Devnagari: तीसरी कसम के शिल्पकार शैलेंद्र) which is based on the film, is included in CBSE class 10 Hindi Course-B Textbook Sparsh (Bhag 2) ("Touch (Part 2)") (Devnagari : स्पर्श (भाग – 2)). After being excluded for several years, this chapter was recently brought back in course.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindi B Sec 2022-23 |url=https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/CurriculumMain23/Sec/Hindi_B_Sec_2022-23.pdf }}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Nominee(s)
!scope="col"| Result
|-
| rowspan="6"|1967
| [[14th National Film Awards|National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
| [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] and [[Basu Bhattacharya]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[14th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]] ({{small|for ''Sajan Re Jhoot Mat Bolo''}})
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[5th Moscow International Film Festival|Moscow International Film Festival]]
| Grand Prix
| rowspan="2"|[[Basu Bhattacharya]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]] (Hindi)
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Best Director Award (Hindi)|Best Director]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[BFJA Award for Best Actor (Hindi)|Best Actor]]
| [[Raj Kapoor]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award for Best Actress (Hindi)|Best Actress]]
| [[Waheeda Rehman]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last1=Kaur|first1=Raminder|last2=Sinha|first2=Ajay J|title=Bollyworld: Popular Indian Cinema Through A Transnational Lens|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glDZKHgyoAoC&pg=PA131|year=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3321-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Hangal|first=A. K.|title=Life and Times of A.K. Hangal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ju51hH5wyFQC&pg=PA95|year=1999|publisher=Sterling Publishers|isbn=978-81-207-2163-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Gulazāra|last2=Nihalani|first2=Govind|last3=Chatterjee|first3=Saibal|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT556|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Indubala|title=Gender Relations and Cultural Ideology in Indian Cinema: A Study of Select Adaptations of Literary Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lQVqy8f7q-sC&pg=PA58|year=2007|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-7629-989-3}}
* {{cite book|last1=Banerjee|first1=Shampa|last2=Srivastava|first2=Anil|title=One Hundred Indian Feature Films: An Annotated Filmography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zX4GY37rG8kC&pg=PA178|year=1988|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-8240-9483-6}}
* {{cite book|last=Patel|first=Bhaichand|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC&pg=PA97|year=2012|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-670-08572-9}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kabir|first1=Nasreen Munni|last2=Rehman|first2=Waheeda|title=Conversations with Waheeda Rehman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqfzAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT94|year= 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-93-5118-642-7}}
* [https://www.hindisamay.com/kahani/fanishwar-nath-renu/mare-gaye-gulfam.htm ''Mare Gaye Gulfam'' by Phanishwarnath Renu, Original Story in Hindi, 1954.]

==External links==
*{{cite web | title = Teesri Kasam Synopsis and Review|date=24 April 2006|publisher=[[Upperstall]]| url = http://www.upperstall.com/films/1966/teesri-kasam }}
* {{IMDb title|0061072|Teesri Kasam}}

{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}

[[Category:1966 Indian films]]
[[Category:1966 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian short stories]]
[[Category:Films set in Bihar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films about musical theatre]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bihar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Basu Bhattacharya]]
[[Category:Films about courtesans in India]]

[[new:तीसरी क़सम (सन् १९६६या संकिपा)]]

Swapno

2026-03-04T03:46:01Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put up basic details w/ sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Swapno
| image = swapno.jpeg

| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Haranath Chakraborty]]
| producer =
| writer = Monotosh Chakraborty (story development)
| screenplay = Monotosh Chakraborty
| story = [[Shaktipada Rajguru]]
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] [[Sayantani Ghosh]] [[Jisshu Sengupta]] [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] [[Soham Chakraborty]]
| music = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]] [[Shyamal Mitra]] Madhu Mukherjee
| cinematography = V Prabhakar
| editing = [[Swapan Guha]]
| studio =
| distributor = [[Saregama Films Limited]]
| released = {{Film date|2006}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Swapno''''' ({{translation|Dream}}) is a 2005 Bengali [[Drama film|social drama film]] directed by [[Haranath Chakraborty]]. The film features actors [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Sayantani Ghosh]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Abhishek Chatterjee]], [[Deepankar De]], [[Anamika Saha]], and [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] in the lead roles. Music of the film has been composed by [[Hemanta Mukherjee]], [[Shyamal Mitra]] and Madhu Mukherjee.<ref name="main details">{{cite web|title=Swapno (2005 Bengali Movie)|url=http://www.gomolo.com/swapno-movie/15381}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Swapno movie on YouTube|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mqd_NkqALho&gl=US&client=mv-google&guid=&hl=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film deals with the life and aspirations of Ajoy, a needy but meritorious Youngman, though he had been the district topper in his school leaving exam yet he had to leave his studies and go to Kolkata to work in a college, Ajoy had been too stunned but had decided to sacrifice his dreams for his family, he had worked hard and even taken care of the garage owner. So after his death he became the owner of the garage. He brought his family to Kolkata and tried to fulfil even the smallest of their needs. Through an accident he came close to businessman's family he through them acquired a chance for his brother an aspiring cricketer. The younger brother is chosen / selected for the ranji trophy team. In the meantime the young daughter of the business man has fallen in love with Ajoy. Younger brother gets a job they shift into a mansion their lifestyle changes, though Ajoy and his father cannot keep pace with them their sister gets to work in a music album through younger brother's connections she gets involved with the man. The younger brother needs rs 10 lakh for training abroad. Asks Ajoy for it he expresses inability brother disheartened mother asks him to borrow from girlfriend's family. It is against his principles. He mortgages garage. Brother returns after training. Buys a new car gets money from endorsements but denies paying back Ajoy's money. Ajoy's garage taken over. His girlfriend Moly gets angry to know about it. He does not confide in her as he does not want to boast to boast about helping his own brother Mili's father offers to send him abroad with a job he does not accept. She breaks off their relationship younger brother gets selected in Indian team meets Mili decides to get married unaware of her relation with Ajoy. Ajoy works as a hawker after marriage he learns of Ajoy's true brother also gets to know of the past-starts suspecting them humiliates him he leaves the house and goes back to old home. Sister comes to him for help as she was pregnant. She tries to kill herself but is saved by Mili's brother proposes to marry her brother involves in match-fixing Ajoy learns of it and hands him over to the police. The brother released from jail.

== Cast ==
* [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] as Ajoy Roy
* [[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Mili
* [[Jisshu Sengupta]] as Sujoy Roy
* [[Abhishek Chatterjee]] as Nikhil, Mili's brother
* [[Deepankar De]] as Ajoy and Sujoy's father
* [[Anamika Saha]] as Sarama, Ajoy and Sujoy's mother
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Natwarlal, cricket match fixing agent
* [[Meghna Halder]] as Lakkhi
* [[Bharat Kaul]] as Jackie
* [[Ramen Raychowdhury]] as Police commissioner
* [[Soham Chakraborty]] as young Ajoy

==Soundtrack==
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| title1 = Bidhi Re Ei Kheya
| music1 = [[Shyamal Mitra]], [[Madhu Mukherjee]]
| lyrics1 = [[Gauriprasanna Mazumder]]
| extra1 = [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]]
| length1 = 4:48
| title2 = Chanchalo Mon Aanmona Hoy
| music2 = [[Hemanta Mukherjee]], Madhu Mukherjee
| lyrics2 = [[Mukul Dutt]]
| extra2 = [[Udit Narayan]] [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length2 = 3:27
| title3 = Muchhe Jaoa Din Guli
| music3 = Hemanta Mukherjee, Madhu Mukherjee
| lyrics3 = Gauriprasanna Mazumder
| extra3 = [[Babul Supriyo]]
| length3 = 4:01
| title4 = Aaj Amar Praner
| music4 = Madhu Mukherjee
| lyrics4 = Gautam Sushmit
| extra4 = Babul Supriyo, [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], Sadhna Sargam
| length4 =
| title5 = O Aakash Sona Sona
| music5 = Hemanta Mukherjee, Madhu Mukherjee
| lyrics5 = [[Miltoo Ghosh]]
| extra5 = Babul Supriyo Shaan [[Rima Mukherjee]]
| length5 = 3:41
| title6 = O La La Baba Eki Jwala
| music6 = Madhu Mukherjee
| lyrics6 = [[Gautam Sushmit]]
| extra6 = Miss Jojo
| length6 = 4:18
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.boxofficeboss.in/title-detail.php?url_slug=&titleid=260 Bengali Movie Swapno]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mqd_NkqALho&gl=US&client=mv-google&guid=&hl=en Swapno movie online]
* [http://www.gomolo.com/swapno-movie/15381 www.gomolo.com/swapno-movie/15381]

{{Haranath Chakraborty}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swapno}}
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2006 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Haranath Chakraborty]]

Yaar? (film)

2026-03-03T05:22:09Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put up first entry v1!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Yaar film poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Sakthi–[[Yaar Kannan|Kannan]]
| writer = [[Kalaipuli G. Sekaran|G. Sekaran]]
| producer = [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu|S. Thanu]] G. Sekaran P. Soori
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] [[J. V. Somayajulu]]
| cinematography = Rajaraajan
| editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[V. S. Narasimhan]]
| studio = Kalaippuli Films International
| distributor = Kalaippuli Films International V Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1985|09|20}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Yaar?''''' ({{Translation|Who?}}) is a 1985 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[supernatural horror film]], directed by Sakthi–[[Yaar Kannan|Kannan]] and produced by [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu|S. Thanu]], P. Suri and [[Kalaipuli G. Sekaran|G. Sekaran]]. The latter scripted the film and portrayed a negative role. The film stars [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]], [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] and [[J. V. Somayajulu]] while [[Rajinikanth]] acted in a cameo appearance. It was released on 20 September 1985.<ref>{{Cite web |title=யார் / Yaar? (1985) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/yaar |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231116185622/https://screen4screen.com/movies/yaar |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Rajaram and his wife Lakshmi is a rich couple but without a children. Their friend Manikkam persuades them to adopt a baby whose mother just died at childbirth. The kid is said to be evil haunted. It also kills an assistant who tries to save Rajaram as per the instructions of [[Kolli Hills|Kolli malai]] Swamy.

They name the child Raja. As Raja grows up he becomes more evil. Raja is in love with Manikkam's daughter Devi, but she is in love with military officer Jagan. Devastated by this, Raja tries to lure Devi and seduce her. But knowing this Jagan becomes furious at Devi and hates her. Devi to prove herself visits temple and does spiritual remedies. Jagan's friend VV Janardhan insists Jagan that Raja is an evil spirit and he needs to be killed as soon as he turns a monster.

Jagan, Janarthanan and Rajaram visits Kolli hills swamy but and knows the idea of killing Raja. But Rajaram and Janarthanan were killed during the journey. When Raja tries to seduce a girl, Jagan interferes in his way and assaults him. When Jagan is defeated by devilish Raja, Devi who is in the form of goddess stabs Raja and kills him.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Jagan
*Shyam as Raja
*[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Devi
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Rajaram
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as VV "Vaithu Vali" Janardhan
*[[Jayachitra]] as Lakshmi
*[[Senthil]] as College Professor
*[[G. Srinivasan (actor)|G. Srinivasan]] as Sivanesan, Rajaram's uncle
*[[Delhi Ganesh]] as Manickam
*[[Kalaipuli G. Sekaran|G. Sekaran]] as Rangan
*'Herran' Ramasamy as evil sorcerer
*[[Thideer Kannaiah]] as Peon
*[[J. V. Somayajulu]] as Temple priest}}

Additionally, [[Rajinikanth]] made a cameo appearance as himself, [[Disco Shanti]] played an extended cameo as Raja's love interest, also [[A. K. Veerasamy]], Kovai Mani, Nellai Sarathi and [[T. K. S. Natarajan]] play supporting roles respectively.

== Production ==
Film distributors [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu|S. Thanu]], [[Kalaipuli G. Sekaran|G. Sekaran]] and Soori joined together and made their debut as producers with ''Yaar'' under their newly formed production company Kalaipuli International. Sekaran scripted the film and portrayed a negative role.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iXWdCidPYwc |title=Interview with Kalaipuli G Sekaran – I took a movie for 600Rs – Nettv4u |date=1 December 2015 |publisher=Thandora |access-date=15 February 2021 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/iXWdCidPYwc |archive-date=22 February 2022 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film began production in early 1985.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 1985 |title=யார்? |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_99/4.jp2/0%2C292%2C6223%2C7837/6223%2C7837/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103113025/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_9_99/4.jp2/0,292,6223,7837/6223,7837/0/default.jpg |archive-date=3 January 2025 |access-date=3 January 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> [[Rajinikanth]] portrayed a cameo appearance in the film after being requested by Thanu. The scene where Rajinikanth prays in a ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' room was shot at his own house.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thanu |first=S. |author-link=Kalaipuli S. Thanu |date=16 July 2016 |title='I had never seen anyone that stylish' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98I-had-never-seen-anyone-that-stylish%E2%80%99/article14492737.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711085627/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/%E2%80%98I-had-never-seen-anyone-that-stylish%E2%80%99/article14492737.ece |archive-date=11 July 2021 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[V. S. Narasimhan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaar? |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/yaar/1949359/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125115810/https://www.hungama.com/album/yaar/1949359/ |archive-date=25 November 2021 |access-date=25 November 2021 |website=Hungama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaar Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by V.S.Narasimhan |url=https://mossymart.com/product/yaar-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-v-s-narasimhan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222100158/https://mossymart.com/product/yaar-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-v-s-narasimhan/ |archive-date=22 February 2022 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Edhukkuthan
| lyrics1 = [[Yaar Kannan|Kannan]]
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Ramola
| length1 = 4:16
| title2 = Abiramiye
| lyrics2 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| length2 = 5:05
| title3 = Aana Mela Ambariyaam
| lyrics3 = Kannan
| extra3 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], B. S. Sasirekha
| length3 = 4:53
| title4 = Varuvaalo Devi
| lyrics4 = [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu|S. Thanu]]
| extra4 = [[P. Jayachandran]], D. Kousalya
| length4 = 4:18
| total_length = 18:32
}}

== Reception ==
Due to Arjun and Nalini not yet being popular at the time, to promote the film, Thanu created hype with "scary" posters and created a devout feel "by making junior artistes dance in the cinema theatre during the climax ''amman'' song".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=3 September 2005 |title=The many faces of success |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/03/stories/2005090302070300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502143757/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/09/03/stories/2005090302070300.htm |archive-date=2 May 2008 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called the film's first half better than the second, criticising the change from horror to godliness, appreciated Ravi's performance, and the stunt sequences featuring Arjun.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=13 October 1985 |title=யார்? |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1985/oct/13-10-1985/p30.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220729115335/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1985/oct/13-10-1985/p30.jpg |archive-date=29 July 2022 |access-date=24 November 2021 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=30 |language=ta}}</ref> The film's success provided breakthrough for Arjun as an actor in Tamil film industry and Kannan adapting the film's name as a prefix.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2005 |title=For king of action, direction is a passion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/for-king-of-action-direction-is-a-passion/article27422785.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018054517/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/for-king-of-action-direction-is-a-passion/article27422785.ece |archive-date=18 October 2019 |access-date=15 February 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1980s supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:1985 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1985 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1985 films]]
[[Category:1985 horror films]]
[[Category:1985 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Yaar Kannan]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. S. Narasimhan]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bayamariya Brammai

2026-03-03T02:27:51Z

Bhanwarrathore: Creating Initial Data More To Come

{{Short description|2024 film directed by Rahul Kabali}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Bayamariya Brammai.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rahul Kabali
| writer = Rahul Kabali
| producer = {{Plain list|
*Jagadish
*Rahul Kabali
}}
| starring = {{Plain list|
* JD
* [[Guru Somasundaram]]
* [[Harish Uthaman]]
* [[John Vijay]]
}}
| cinematography = {{Plain list|
*Nandha
*Praveen V
}}
| editing = Akhil Prakash
| studio = 69 MM Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|06|21|India}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Bayamariya Brammai''''' ({{translation|Terrible delusion}}) is a 2024 Indian Tamil-language [[Crime film|crime thriller film]] written and directed by Rahul Kabali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2024-06-17 |title=The many shades of rage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Jun/17/the-many-shades-of-rage-3 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The film stars JD, [[Guru Somasundaram]], [[Harish Uthaman]], [[John Vijay]] in lead roles. The film was produced by Jagadish and Rahul Kabali under the banner of 69 MM Films. The cinematography was done by Nandha and Praveen V and the editing was handled by Akhil Prakash.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-14 |title=Bayamariya Brammai Trailer: Reeling from the aftermath of a deadly act |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/14/bayamariya-brammai-trailer-reeling-from-the-aftermath-of-a-deadly-act |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast==
{{Cast listing|* JD<ref name=":0" /> as Jagadish
* [[Guru Somasundaram]] as Jagadish
* [[Harish Uthaman]] as Jagadish
* [[John Vijay]] as Maran
* Sai Priyanka Ruth as Jagadish
* [[Vinod Sagar]] as Kabilan
* [[Kabali Vishwanth]]}}

== Release ==
''Bayamariya Brammai'' was theatrically released on 21 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-06-15 |title=Bayamariya Brammai gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/15/bayamariya-brammai-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Roopa Radhakrishnan of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated this film 2.5 stars out of 5 stars and noted "All said and done, this is a film that doesn’t enthral but surely manages to pique your interest."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bayamariya Brammai Movie Review : A puzzling film that doesn't enthral but certainly manages to pique your interest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bayamariya-brammai/movie-review/111157707.cms |access-date=2024-06-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Manigandan KR of [[Times Now]] rated this film 2 stars out of 5 stars and noted "Bayamariya Brammai is a distinctly different film that leaves you exhausted by the time it ends."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-20 |title=Bayamariya Brammai Review: A Distinctly Different Murder Drama That Leaves You Exhausted |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/bayamariya-brammai-review-a-distinctly-different-murder-drama-that-leaves-you-exhausted-review-111146724 |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>

Narayani M of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated this film 2 stars out of 5 stars and noted "The final impression that Bayamariya Brammai provides, is as ambiguous as the title itself—like a delusion that never ceases to provide meaning to life or the events of the everyday world but a delusion nonetheless."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=2024-06-21 |title=Bayamariya Brammai Movie Review: An interesting drama pulled down by a clunky screenplay |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Jun/21/bayamariya-brammai-movie-reviewan-interesting-drama-pulled-down-by-a-clunky-screenplay |access-date=2024-06-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=tt32591988}}

[[Category:2024 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]

K. S. R. Das

2026-03-02T11:07:33Z

Bhanwarrathore: fixed citations for accuracy and updated info

{{Short description|Indian film director and editor (1936–2012)}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=[[Special:Diff/1243951604|Sep 2024 article overhaul here]]; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] such as undue emphasis on significance, promotional tone, AI vocab distribution typical of mid-2024 LLMs, etc}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. S. R. Das
| image = K.S.R.DasImg.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Konda Subbarama Das
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1936|01|05}}
| birth_place = [[Venkatagiri]], [[Nellore]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2012|06|08|1936|1|5}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|editor|screenwriter}}
| spouse = Nagamani Devi
| years_active = 1966–2000
| children = 3
}}

'''Konda Subbarama Das''' (5 January 1936 – 8 June 2012), popularly known as '''K. S. R. Das''' (also spelled as '''K. S. R. Doss'''), was an Indian film director and editor known for his work in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] cinema. Active primarily in the 1970s and 1980s, Das was known for his action films and made significant contributions to [[Cinema of South India|South Indian cinema]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2013 |title=Veteran film director KSR Das is no more |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/veteran-film-director-ksr-das-is-no-more-112060900271_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

Throughout his career, K. S. R. Das directed nearly 100 films across multiple Indian languages, with the majority in Telugu, and additional projects in Kannada, Hindi, Tamil, and Malayalam. He was a pioneer of full-length action films and introduced [[Western film|cowboy]]-themed films to Indian cinema. Notable films such as ''Rowdy Rani'' (1970) and [[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)|''Mosagallaku Mosagadu'']] (1971) set new trends in the action genre.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=9 June 2012 |title=Director K S R Das passed away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/director-k-s-r-das-passed-away/articleshow/13954485.cms |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Although primarily recognized for his action films, Das also directed family dramas, showcasing his versatility as a filmmaker.

Das collaborated with several South Indian stars, including [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]], with whom he directed over 30 films, as well as [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]].<ref name=":1" /> His work was both commercially successful and influential in shaping the action genre in Indian cinema. Das received several awards throughout his career, including the prestigious [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Veteran director KSR Doss dies at 73 |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20120205993&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=229394&pfrom=home-simplysouth |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105163105/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20120205993&keyword=regional&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=229394&pfrom=home-simplysouth |archive-date=5 November 2012 |access-date=2012-06-15 |work=NDTV |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Early life==
K. S. R. Das was born on January 5, 1936 to Smt. Seshamma and Sri Chenchuramaiah in a small village near [[Venkatagiri]] in [[Nellore district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-06-08 |title=Renowned veteran director KSR Das is no more |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/renowned-veteran-director-ksr-das-is-no-more.html |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=[[123Telugu.com]] |language=en}}</ref> From a young age, Das was captivated by cinema, frequently traveling to nearby towns to watch films.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=11 April 2007 |title=Interview: Director K. S. R. Das |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ksrdas.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211161140/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ksrdas.php |archive-date=11 December 2008 |work=[[TeluguCinema.com]]}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== Early career ===
Das began his career in 1953 as a booking clerk at Krishna Mahal in Guntur district. He later worked as a film representative for [[Anjali Pictures]] until 1956, gaining valuable industry experience. He was introduced to S. Bhavanarayana of Gowri Productions, where he worked as an editor, contributing to around 40 films.<ref name=":3" />

Das made his directorial debut with the Telugu film ''Loguttu Perumallakeruka'' in 1966, starring [[Sobhan Babu]] and [[Rajasree|Rajasri]]. Although the film did not achieve commercial success, it marked the beginning of his directorial career.<ref name=":3" />

=== Rise to Prominence ===
Das gained widespread recognition with the 1969 film ''[[Takkari Donga Chakkani Chukka]]'', which marked the beginning of his successful collaboration with actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]]. Over the years, he directed over 30 films with Krishna, including notable hits like ''Bangaru Kutumbam'' (1971) and ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]'' (1971). The latter, often regarded as the first Indian [[Western film|cowboy film]], became a trendsetter and was dubbed into multiple languages, including English.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |date=31 May 2023 |title=Revisiting Mosagallaku Mosagadu: Superstar Krishna's Western still holds magic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/revisiting-mosagallaku-mosagadu-superstar-krishna-western-still-holds-magic-8639319/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710091459/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/revisiting-mosagallaku-mosagadu-superstar-krishna-western-still-holds-magic-8639319/ |archive-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Known for his action-oriented films, Das introduced the concept of full-fledged action films to Telugu cinema with ''Rowdy Raani'' (1970). His film ''Mosagallaku Mosagadu'' was a milestone in Indian cinema.<ref name=":4" /> Despite his reputation for action films, Das also demonstrated his versatility by directing family dramas like ''Annadammula Savaal'', ''Mama-Allulla Savaal'', ''Girija Kalyanam''.<ref name=":3" />

=== Kannada cinema ===
In 1975, Das expanded his scope by entering the Kannada film industry. He directed over 20 Kannada films, including significant works such as ''Sahodarara Savaal'', ''Snehithara Savaal'', ''Chinnadhantha Maga'', and ''Bangaaradha Gudi''. His film ''Khaidhi'' was a major success and played a crucial role in boosting Dr. Vishnuvardhan's career. Das directed a total of 12 films with Vishnuvardhan and also worked on the acclaimed film ''Thirugubaana'' with Ambareesh.<ref name=":2" />

=== Collaborators ===
Throughout his career, K. S. R. Das collaborated with many leading actors in the South Indian film industry, including [[Chiranjeevi]], [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], and [[Sobhan Babu]]. Notably, he directed over 30 films with [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and 12 films with Vishnuvardhan. Das's prolific output includes around 100 films across Telugu, Kannada, and other languages, solidifying his reputation as one of the most successful directors of his era.<ref name="ibnlive1">{{cite web |date=9 June 2012 |title=Kannada film director KSR Doss passes away |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-film-director-ksr-doss-passes-away/265173-71-205.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825123753/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/kannada-film-director-ksr-doss-passes-away/265173-71-205.html |archive-date=25 August 2014 |website=[[IBNLive]] |publisher=}}</ref>

In addition to his primary directorial work, K. S. R. Das also served as a second unit director for action sequences. He contributed to [[Alluri Seetarama Raju (film)|''Alluri Seetarama Raju'']] (1974) following the sudden demise of Ramachandra Rao, who had directed the film's initial ten days of shooting. Although Krishna wished to credit Das as the film's director, Das declined, honoring Ramachandra Rao's vision and was credited as the second unit director. For ''Kaalaantakulu'' (1978), Das assisted [[K. Viswanath]] by directing the action sequences, as Viswanath sought help in areas where Das's expertise was particularly strong.<ref name=":3" />

== Personal life ==
K. S. R. Das married Nagamani Devi in 1964. They had three children: two daughters and a son. The family lived in [[Bangalore]] for many years before moving to [[Chennai]] later in life. As per Nagamani Devi, despite acquiring some assets after relocating to Bangalore, their investments in films led to significant financial losses.<ref name="ఆయన మంచితనాన్ని... చేతగాని తనంగా చూశారు!">{{cite news|title=ఆయన మంచితనాన్ని... చేతగాని తనంగా చూశారు!|url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/today-director-ksr-das-jayanti-201023https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/today-director-ksr-das-jayanti-201023|publisher=|date=5 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220105937/https://www.sakshi.com/news/family/today-director-ksr-das-jayanti-201023|archivedate=20 February 2019|work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]]|language=te|last=డా. పురాణపండ వైజయంతి}}</ref>

Das died on June 8, 2012, at Apollo Hospital in Chennai, due to age-related health issues.<ref name="ibnlive1" /> His son, who worked as a producer in the Kannada film industry, also died in August 2014.<ref name="ఆయన మంచితనాన్ని... చేతగాని తనంగా చూశారు!" />

== Legacy ==
K. S. R. Das made a significant impact on the Telugu film industry. His contributions to the action genre and his ability to craft engaging, high-energy narratives established him as a prominent director in the field.

==Awards==
* [[Puttanna Kanagal Award]] from Karnataka State Government<ref name="ibnlive1"/>

==Filmography==
Sources:<ref name=":3" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:35px;" | Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:200px;" | Film
! colspan="2" style="width:195px;" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:centr; width:80px;" | Language
! rowspan="2" style="text-align:centr; width:250px;" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
! style="width:65px;" | Director
! width="65" | Writer
|-
| 1966 || ''Loguttu Perumallukeruka'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Rajayogam'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Raja Simha'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Gandaragandudu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Gandaragolam'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1969 || ''[[Takkari Donga Chakkani Chukka]]''|| style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Ukkupidugu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1970 || ''Rowdy Rani'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Bangaru Kutumbam'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1971 || ''C.I.D. Raju'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1971 || ''James Bond 777'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Kathiki Kankanam'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1971 || ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || [[Arudra]] || Telugu ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Prema Jeevulu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1971 || ''Rowdilaki Rowdeelu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Gunfighter Johnny'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Hanthakulu Devanthakulu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Kathula Rathaiah'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Penning Saval'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Pilla? Piduga?'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Pistolwali'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Uriki Upakari'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Vooriki Upakari'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
|1972||''[[Rani Mera Naam]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Hindi ||
|-
|1973||''Apna Farz'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Hindi ||
|-
|1973||''Bahadur Ladkiyan'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Hindi ||
|-
|1973||''[[Hifazat (1973 film)|Hifazat]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Hindi ||
|-
|1973||''Rani Aur Jaani'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 1973 || ''Manchivaalaku Manchivadu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Kalla Kulla]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || M. D. Sundar || Kannada ||
|-
| 1975 || ''Maavoori Ganga'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1976 || [[Bhale Dongalu (1976 film)|''Bhale Dongalu'']]|| style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Doralu Dongalu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Kallanum Kullanum'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1976 || ''[[Bangarada Gudi]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Venus Mahija Samasthe || Kannada ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Lakshmi Nivasa]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Jayalakshmi Art Enterprises || Kannada ||
|-
| 1977 || ''[[Sahodarara Savaal]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || M. D. Sundar || Kannada ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Devudunadu Jagratha'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Dongalaku Donga'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1977 || ''Eenati Bandham Yenatido'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Agent Gopi'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1978 || {{Lang|te-latn|[[Annadammula Savaal]]}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||Remake of ''Sahodara Savaal''
|-
| 1978 || ''Dongala Veta'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1978 || ''[[Kiladi Kittu]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || M. D. Sundar || Kannada ||
|-
|1978||''Chor Ka Bhai Chor'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Hindi ||
|-
|1979||''Diler'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Iddaru Asadhyule]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Evvadabba Sommu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Bangaru Gudi'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Captain Krishna'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1979 || ''Dongalaku Saval'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Yugandhar]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || [[Salim–Javed]] || Telugu ||Remake of Hindi film ''[[Don (1978 film)|Don]]''
|-
|1979
|Samajaniki Saval
|yes
|No
|Telugu
|
|-
| 1980 || ''Chesina Basalu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Devudichina Koduku'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Mr. Rajanikant'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Mama-Allulla Sawal'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1980 || ''Sri Venkateswara Vrata Mahatyam'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Snehitara Savaal]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Ajantha Combines || Kannada ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Jeevakke Jeeva]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || J. Balasubramaniam || Kannada ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Black Cobra'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Rahasya Gudachari'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Girija Kalyanam]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1981 || ''Mayadari Alludu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Talli Kodakala Anubandham]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Cheruvu Anjaneya Sastry || Telugu ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Billa Ranga'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Bangaru Koduku'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1982 || ''Shamsher Shankar'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Karmika Kallanalla]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || M. D. Sundar || Kannada ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Thirugu Bana'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Chinnadantha Maga]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Kannada ||Remake of ''Talli Kodukula Anubandham''
|-
| 1983 || ''Naan Ninaithal'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Tamil ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Roshagadu]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || [[Paruchuri Brothers]] || Telugu ||
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Puli Bebbuli]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Adadani Saval'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Agni Samadhi'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Puli Debba'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1983 || ''Siripuram Monagadu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Bhale Ramudu]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1984 || ''Taqatwala'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Dongalu Baboi Dongalu]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Nayakulaku Saval]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Khaidi (1984 film)|Khaidi]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Kannada ||Remake of Telugu film ''[[Khaidi (1983 film)|Khaidi]]''
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Kartavya (1985 film)|Kartavya]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Nanna Prathigne]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Ide Naa Ghattam'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1985 || ''Nerasthudu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Cowboy No. 1'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Khaidi Rani'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1986 || ''Kutra'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Sathyam Shivam Sundaram (1987 film)|Sathyam Shivam Sundaram]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1987 || ''Muddayi'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Dorakani Donga'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1988||''[[Mulzim (1988 film)|Mulzim]]''|| style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Hindi ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Ondagi Balu]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Rudra (film)|Rudra]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Kannada || Dubbed in Tamil as ''Kushboo Kushboothan''
|-
| 1989 || ''Pardhudu'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1990 || ''Dharma'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Inspector Rudra]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Shivanaga]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || Kannada || Also editor
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Nanna Shathru]]'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || V. R. Bhaskar || Kannada ||
|-
| 1995 || ''State Rowdy'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Billa Ranga'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Kannada ||
|-
| 2000 || ''Nagulamma'' || style="text-align:centr;" | {{y}} || style="text-align:centr;" | {{n}} || Telugu ||Dubbed in Tamil as ''Nagathamman''
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0201897}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081211161140/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/stars/interview_ksrdas.php Interview with K.S.R. Das]

{{K. S. R. Das}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, K. S. R.}}
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Nellore district]]
[[Category:Kannada screenwriters]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Andhra Pradesh]]

Ranchi–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express

2026-02-25T00:20:35Z

Bhanwarrathore: Starting The Stub More To Come

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Other uses|Garib Nawaz Express (disambiguation){{!}}Garib Nawaz Express}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 00FF00
| name = Ranchi–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Superfast Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2007|03|18}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Eastern Railway zone|South Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}} (RNC)
| stops = 37
| end = {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} (AII)
| distance = {{convert|1678|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 33 hours 10 minutes
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 18631 / 18632
| speed = {{convert|51|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 18631 / 18632 '''Ranchi–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express''' is an [[Superfast Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[South Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}} and {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 18631/18632 train numbers on a weekly basis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Deputy-mayor-writes-to-railway-minister-for-more-trains/articleshow/51019668.cms Deputy mayor writes to railway minister for more trains : Ranchi]</ref><ref>[http://www.nr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=4989&did=14466316935064EAA085C3570FF6F6E96D66EDF5BB9B8.web91 ADDITIONAL STOPPAGES TO THE EXPRESS TRAINS]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/rajasthan/8-trains-new-stoppage-will-be-at-jaipur-1408931.html |title=Waiting is over, now Gandhinagar-Durgapura-Jagatpura stations will also stop superfast trains |access-date=4 August 2017 |archive-date=13 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413023716/http://rajasthanpatrika.patrika.com/story/rajasthan/8-trains-new-stoppage-will-be-at-jaipur-1408931.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Service==

The 18631/Ranchi–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1678 km in 33h 10m. The 18632/Ajmer–Ranchi Garib Nawaz Express has an average speed of 51 km/h and covers 1678 km in 32h 45m.

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with a max speed of 110 kmph was hauled by [[WAP-4]] (earlier was [[WDP-4]]). The train consists of 15 coaches :

* 1 AC II Tier
* 2 AC III Tier
* 4 Sleeper coaches
* 6 General Unreserved
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== See also ==

* [[Ranchi Junction railway station]]
* [[Ajmer Junction railway station]]
* [[Ajmer–Bangalore City Garib Nawaz Express]]
* [[Garib Nawaz Express (disambiguation)|Garib Nawaz Express]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/484 18632/Ajmer–Ranchi Garib Nawaz Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/483 18631/Ranchi–Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express]

{{Railways in Eastern India}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranchi-Ajmer Garib Nawaz Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Puri]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2017]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Memorials to Mu'in al-Din Chishti]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Pallipattu

2026-02-18T21:49:58Z

Bhanwarrathore:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pallipattu
| other_name =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.33|N|79.45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvallur District ]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Town ]]
| governing_body = [[Town Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web | title=Pallipat Town Panchayat- | url=https://www.townpanchayat.in/pallipat | access-date=2025-08-09 | website=www.townpanchayat.in}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 7.7
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 154
| population_total = 8721
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_title2 = Other
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 631207
| area_code = (91)44 - 2784
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes = |
| demographics1_info1 =
| demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
}}
'''Pallipattu''' is a town in [[Tiruvallur District]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is known for its fertile agricultural lands and the west-to-east flowing Kusasthalai river.

==Geography==
Pallipat is located at {{coord|13.33|N|79.45|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Pallipattu.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Pallipattu]</ref> It has an average elevation of 154 metres (505 feet).

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Pallipattu had a population of 10,012. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Pallipattu has an average literacy rate of 71%, compared to the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 79%, and female literacy is 63%.

==Politics==
The [[Andhra Pradesh and Madras Alteration of Boundaries Act]], enacted in 1959 by the [[Parliament of India]] under the provisions of article 3 of the [[Constitution of India|constitution]], went into effect from 1 April 1960. Under the act, Tirutani [[taluk]] and Pallipattu sub-taluk of the [[Chittoor]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]] were transferred to [[Madras State]] in exchange for territories from the Chingelput ([[Chengalpattu]] and [[Salem District]]s.

Pallipattu was a state assembly constituency in [[Tamil Nadu]] from 1977 to 2007 and after that, Pallipattu became part of [[Tiruttani (State Assembly Constituency)]]. Also it is part of and [[Arakkonam (Lok Sabha constituency)]].
==Transport==
Nearby Cities/Towns include:
* [[Pothatturpettai]] (also known as Podaturpet), 11 kilometres (6.5 miles) away;
* [[RK Pet|R.K.Pet]], 22 kilometres (13.5 miles) away;
* [[Nagari, Andhra Pradesh|Nagari]] (A.P), 16 kilometres (10 miles) away;
* [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]], 27 kilometres (17 miles) away;
* [[Sholinghur]], 28 kilometres (17.5 miles) away;
* [[Tiruttani]], 36 kilometres (22 miles) away;
* [[Chittoor]] (A.P), 40 kilometres ( 25 miles) away;
* [[Arakkonam]], 50 kilometres (32 miles) away;
* [[Tirupati|Tirupathi]], (A.P), 51 kilometres (32 miles) away;
* [[Tiruvallur]], 70 kilometres (43.5 miles) away;
* and [[Chennai]], 113 kilometres (70 miles) away.

==Schools==
There are many schools in the town to provide education to people of Pallipat and surrounding villages. The medium of instruction in these schools are in Tamil, Telugu and English. The schools are :
* Government Higher Sec. School
* Government High School For Boys
* SAAI SRI MATRIC.HR.SEC.SCHOOL
* St. Mary's Matriculation School
* Mother Theresa
* P.U.Elementary School (Main)
* P.U. Ele. School, Dalavaipattadai
* P.U. Ele. School, Anjaneya Nagar
* Government High School For Girls
* st.Mary's High School For Girls

==Organization==
Deepam welfare Trust india which is committed to provide basic education and healthcare to underprivileged children.& Promoting equal rights and opportunities for a society free from gender discrimination and violence.:
*Deepam Welfare Trust India*

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Pallipattu
| North =
| Northeast =
| East =
| Southeast =
| South =
| Southwest =
| West =
| Northwest =
}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvallur district]]

Uma Bhende

2026-02-17T17:03:54Z

Bhanwarrathore: typo fix

{{Short description|Indian actress (1945–2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Uma Bhende
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Anusaya Sakarikar<ref>{{cite web|title=Actress Uma Bhende passed away| work=Dainik Bhaskar | date=19 July 2017 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/MH-PUN-HMU-infog-marathi-actress-uma-bhende-passes-away-5650190-PHO.html?ref=hf|publisher=Daink Bhaskar|accessdate= 19 July 2017}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|1945|05|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Bombay State]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|07|19|1945|05|31|df=y}}
| death_place = Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Actress
| yearsactive = 1960–2000
| spouse = [[Prakash Bhende]]

| partner =
| children = Prasad Bhende & Prasanna Bhende
| parents =
| website =
| awards = Chitrabhushan
}}

'''Uma Bhende''' (1945 – 19 July 2017)<ref>{{cite web|title=Actress Uma Bhende passed away|work=Maharashtra Times|date=19 July 2017|url=http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/veteran-actress-uma-bhende-passes-awary-at-72/articleshow/59664936.cms|publisher=Maharashtra Times Online|accessdate=19 July 2017|archive-date=22 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722053825/http://maharashtratimes.indiatimes.com/maharashtra/mumbai-news/veteran-actress-uma-bhende-passes-awary-at-72/articleshow/59664936.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> was an Indian actress who worked in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] films, television and theatre. She made her debut in Marathi film ''Aakshganga'' (1960). She is known for appearing in movies ''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava|Aamhi Jato Amchya Gava]]'' (1968), ''Angai'' (1968), ''[[Bhalu]]'' (1980). Bhende was felicitated by Chitrabhushan Award for her contribution towards [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film industry]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=236007:2012-07-04-16-19-15&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=166|title=सचिन पिळगावकर आणि उमा भेंडे यंदाचे'चित्रभूषण'|trans-title=Sachin Pilgaonkar and Uma Bhende gets awarded|language=Marathi|accessdate=19 July 2017|publisher=The Indian Express|work=Loksatta|location=Pune|archive-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024316/http://archive.loksatta.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=236007:2012-07-04-16-19-15&catid=166:2009-08-11-13-00-15&Itemid=166|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Films===
* ''[[Aakashganga]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Antaricha Diva]]'' (1960)
* ''[[Swayamvar Zale Siteche]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Malhari Martand]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Shevatcha Malusara]]''(1966)
* ''[[Madhuchandra]]'' (1967)
* ''[[Kaka Mala Vachava]]''(1967)
* ''[[Angai]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Aamhi Jato Amuchya Gava]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Dhartichi Lekara]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Naate Jadale Don Jivanche]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Ti Pach Najuk Bote]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ashi Hi Sataryachi Tarha]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Bhalu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Chatak Chandni]]'' (1982)
* ''[[Thoratanchi Kamla]]'' (1984)
* ''[[Premasathi Vattel Te]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Apan Yana Pahilat Ka|Apan Yana Pahilat ka]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Aai Thor Tujhe Upkar|Aai Thor Tuze Upkar]]'' (2001)

==See also==
*[[Marathi cinema]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5460836}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhende, Uma}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}
{{India-stage-actor-stub}}

Kharvas

2026-02-16T10:59:14Z

Bhanwarrathore:

{{Short description|Indian milk pudding}}
[[File:Colostrum cakes.JPG|thumb|Kharvas/ Junnu/ Ginnu]]
'''Kharvas''', also known as '''Junnu''', or '''Ginnu''', is an Indian milk pudding made from cow or buffalo [[colostrum]], the first form of milk produced within one or two days of giving birth. It is prepared by steaming a mix of colostrum, milk, and jaggery or sugar until it coagulates into a jiggling solid. Cardamom, saffron, nutmeg or sesame is added for flavoring.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/through-the-milky-way/story-5Go2PFevkczIqhsi2c6PrO.html |title=Through the milky way |last=Lopez |first=Rachel |date=20 April 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=15 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/here-are-the-best-desserts-of-mumbais-5-iconic-eateries-food/17670184 |title=These are the best desserts of Mumbai's 5 iconic eateries |last=Uchil |first=Shraddha |date=8 October 2016 |work=Mid Day |access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref>
It's rich in Proteins.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{dessert-stub}}

[[Category:Indian desserts]]
[[Category:Indian confectionery]]
[[Category:Milk desserts]]

List of film production companies in India

2026-02-16T02:44:08Z

Bhanwarrathore:

{{Short description|Indian Film Companies}}
A film production company is a company that generally produces, creates and distributes [[motion pictures]] (films), musics or other programmes by their own subsidiary companies. It produces video content for television, social media, corporate promotions, commercials and other media-related fields. This is a list of notable film production houses, distributors and music studios situated or headquartered in India.


== Active film houses ==


{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Headquarter
!Production name
!Distributor name
!Music studios
|-
|[[Ahmedabad]]
|[[CineMan Productions]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Bangalore]]
|[[Felis Creations]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Hombale Films]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Jayanna Combines]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
|[[Kanteerava Studios]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|[[Lahari Music]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Paramvah Studios]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
|[[PRK Productions]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Pushkar Films]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Rockline Entertainments]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
|[[Bhubaneshwar]]
|[[Tarang Cine Productions]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="24" |[[Chennai]]
|[[2D Entertainment]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
|[[AGS Entertainment]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
|[[AVM Productions]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
|[[Cloud Nine Movies]]
| {{n/a}}
| {{n/a}}
|-
| {{n/a}}
|[[Dream Factory (distributor)|Dream Factory]]
| {{n/a}}
|-
|[[Gemini Film Circuit]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Kavithalayaa Productions]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Lyca Productions]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Madras Talkies]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Muzik 247]]
|-
|[[Qube Cinema Technologies]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Raaj Kamal Films International]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Red Giant Movies]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[S Pictures]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
|-
|[[Sivaji Productions]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Sivakarthikeyan|Sivakarthikeyan Productions]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Sun Pictures]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Studio Green]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Tharangini Records|Tharangni]]
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Think Music India|Think Music]]
|-
|[[Vijaya Productions]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Wunderbar Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[YNOT Studios]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Gurgaon]]
|[[PVR Inox Pictures]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="14" |[[Hyderabad]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Aditya Music]]
|-
|[[Annapurna Studios]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Geetha Arts]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Konidela Production Company]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Madhura Audio]]
|-
|[[Mythri Movie Makers]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Ramanaidu Studios]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Sri Venkateswara Cine Chitra]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Suresh Productions]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Ushakiran Movies]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Vaaraahi Chalana Chitram]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Vyjayanthi Movies]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="11" |[[Kochi]]
|[[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Friday Film House]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Kokers Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Mammootty|Mammootty Kampany]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Manorama Music]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Maxlab Cinemas and Entertainments]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Mulakuppadam Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Navodaya Studio]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Mammootty|Playhouse Motion Pictures]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Satyam Audios]]
|-
|[[Wayfarer Films]]
|[[Wayfarer Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Kolkata]]
|Dev Entertainment Ventures
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Eskay Movies]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Jeet (actor)|Jeetz Filmworks]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films|SVF Music]]
|-
|[[Surinder Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|Windows Production
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|Patras Glam Entertainment
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| rowspan="48" |[[Mumbai]]
|{{n/a}}
|[[AA Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Anurag Kashyap Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Balaji Motion Pictures]]
|{{n/a}}
|[[Balaji Motion Pictures|Balaji Music]]
|-
|[[Bhansali Productions]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Cape Of Good Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Chilsag Entertainment Network]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Clean Slate Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Colour Yellow Productions]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Devgn Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Dharma Productions]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Drishyam Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Emmay Entertainment]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Eros International]]
|[[Eros Music]]
|-
|[[Excel Entertainment]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Grazing Goat Pictures]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Illuminati Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Medient Studios]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Mukta Arts]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Bunkar: The Last of the Varanasi Weavers|Narrative Pictures]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Navketan Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC Cinemas of India]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|One Entertainment Film Productions
|{{n/a}}
|One Entertainment Music
|-
|[[Pen India Limited]]
|{{n/a}}
|[[Pen India Limited|Pen India Music]]
|-
|[[Percept Picture Company]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Phantom Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Rajshri Productions]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Red Chillies Entertainment]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Reel World Entertainment]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Reliance Entertainment]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Saregama]]
|-
|[[Salman Khan Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Shemaroo Entertainment|Shemaroo]]
|-
|[[Sikhya Entertainment]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Star Studios]]
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="3" |[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Tips Industries]]
|[[Tips Industries|Tips Music]]
|-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Times Music]]
|-
|[[Trimurti Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[UTV Motion Pictures]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Ultra Media & Entertainment]]
|[[Ultra Media & Entertainment|Ultra Music]]
|-
|[[Viacom18 Studios]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Vinod Chopra Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Vishesh Films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[The Walt Disney Company India|Walt Disney Pictures India]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Yash Raj Films]]
|[[YRF Music]]
|-
|[[Yoodlee films]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Zee Studios]]
|[[Zee Music Company]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[New Delhi]]
|[[Riverbank Studios]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Sahara Movie Studios]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Thiruvananthapuram]]
|[[Pranavam Arts International]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
|[[Vijayawada]]
|[[PVP Cinema]]
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|}

==Closed film producing companies==
*[[Bombay Talkies]], closed in 1953
*[[R. K. Films]], closed in 2019

==See also==
*[[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Film production companies in India}}
[[Category:Indian film-related lists|Production companies]]
[[Category:Film production companies of India| ]]

Satish Chandra Roy

2026-02-14T19:42:18Z

Bhanwarrathore: refine citations for clarity and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{short description|Bangladeshi politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Satish Chandra Roy
|native_name = সতীশ চন্দ্র রায়
|office = State Minister of Fisheries and Livestock
|office1 = Minister of Primary and Mass Education
|term_start =
|term_end =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|11|30|df=yes}}
|birth_place = Mostafabad, [[Biral Upazila|Biral thana]], British India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
}}

'''Satish Chandra Roy''' ({{langx|bn|সতীশ চন্দ্র রায়}}) is a [[Bangladesh]] Awami League politician and the former State [[Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (Bangladesh)|Minister of Fisheries and Livestock]] and [[Ministry of Primary and Mass Education|Minister of Primary and Mass Education]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Middendorp |first1=Hans A. J. |last2=Thompson |first2=Paul M. |last3=Pomeroy |first3=Robert S. |title=Sustainable Inland Fisheries Management in Bangladesh |year=1999 |publisher=WorldFish |isbn=9789718709979 |pages=276 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eu-YDQiQNxcC&q=%22Satish+Chandra+Roy+minister&pg=PA276 |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of Awami League presidium council.<ref>{{cite news |title=President emphasises religious harmony |url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/118017/President-emphasises-religious-harmony |work=Prothom Alo |accessdate=9 October 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013010751/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/118017/President-emphasises-religious-harmony |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=PM for exercising tolerance |url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/101633/PM-for-exercising-tolerance |work=Prothom Alo |accessdate=9 October 2016 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013010936/http://en.prothom-alo.com/bangladesh/news/101633/PM-for-exercising-tolerance |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Satish Chandra Roy was born on 30 November 1941 in Mostafabad village of what is now [[Biral Upazila]], Dinajpur District, Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Harun |first1=Mostapha |title=Pariciti |trans-title=Who's Who in the Parliament |year=1979 |language=bn |oclc=13793896 |page=85}}</ref>

He was a teacher.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:একজন নিবেদিত প্রাণ রাজনীতিকের প্রতি শ্রদ্ধা |url=https://www.amadershomoy.com/bn/2018/11/07/731567.htm |work=Amader Shomoy |date=7 November 2018 |language=bn}}</ref> He was elected to parliament for constituency Dinajpur-7 as an Awami League candidate in 1979.<ref name="1979results">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf |title=List of 2nd Parliament Members |author= |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904090815/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/2nd.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was elected to parliament for constituency [[Dinajpur-2]] in 1986, 1991, and June 1996.<ref name="1986results">{{cite web |url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |title=List of 3rd Parliament Members |author= |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=bn |access-date=13 August 2014 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918080059/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/3rd.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="votemonitor">{{cite web |url=http://votemonitor.net:80/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=7 |title=Parliament Election Result of 1991, 1996, 2001 Bangladesh Election Information and Statistics |author= |website=Vote Monitor Networks |access-date=11 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222053959/http://votemonitor.net/bangladesh/EADetails_1991_1996_2001.php?EA=7 |archive-date=22 December 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roy, Satish Chandra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2nd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:3rd Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Dinajpur District, Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Politicians from Rangpur Division]]

{{Rangpur-AL-politician-stub}}

Face to Face (2012 Malayalam film)

2026-02-12T07:04:18Z

Bhanwarrathore: improved layout as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[Face to Face (2012 Indian film)]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Niraj Gera

2026-02-09T04:56:31Z

Bhanwarrathore: Starting A Details More To Come

{{Short description|Indian photographer and social activist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=September 2023}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=August 2021}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Niraj Gera
| occupation = Photographer, motivational speaker, social activist
| organization = Humanify Foundation
| URL = {{URL|www.nirajgera.com/}}
}}

'''Niraj Gera''' is an Indian photographer based in New Delhi.,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Abraham |first1=Bobins |title=This Delhi Photographer Is Trying To Remove Taboo Around Menstruation With This Powerful Photoset |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-photographer-neeraj-gera-is-trying-to-remove-taboo-around-menstruation-with-this-powerful-photoset-378084.html |access-date=19 October 2019 |work=India Times}}</ref> social activist<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mander |first1=Manav |title=Photographs that speak volumes about suffering, transformation of the fearless |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/ludhiana/news-detail-830249 |access-date=10 September 2019 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> and a faculty member at the [[Art of Living Foundation]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Agrawal |first1=Shreya |title=Sacred Stains: A hard-hitting photo exhibition aims to raise awareness on menstruation |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/sacred-stains-photo-exhibition-on-menstruation-5758877/ |access-date=1 June 2019 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==Work==
===As a Photographer===
Niraj Gera is a social documentary photographer<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Disha Roy |title=Valentine's Day 2021: This visually-challenged couple's story shows love is much more than physical appearance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/feelings/valentines-day-2021-blind-couple-love-story-7184443/ |access-date=12 February 2021 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> & he has made various social photo-documentary series such as Sacred Transformations,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Orofino |first1=Emily |title=This Incredible Portrait Series of Acid Attack Survivors Proves Bravery Is Beautiful |url=https://www.popsugar.com/beauty/Acid-Attack-Survivor-Portrait-Series-Niraj-Gera-43320648 |access-date=31 March 2018 |work=Pop Suger}}</ref> Sacred Stains,<ref>{{cite news |title=Why India must battle the shame of period stain |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52830427 |access-date=28 May 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Sacred Love<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pandey |first1=Geeta |title=The Indian couple who swear by blind love |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-51737916 |access-date=17 March 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref> & Immortal Love<ref>{{cite news |title=World Senior Citizen's Day: A pictorial celebration of an elderly couple's lasting love |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/world-senior-citizens-day-celebrating-the-immortal-love-of-an-elderly-couple-7459507/ |access-date=21 August 2021 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> on various social issues including acid attacks,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Benu |first1=Parvathi |title=Niraj Gera is giving a transformation to acid attack survivors through his photographs |url=https://www.edexlive.com/beinspired/2018/jan/13/niraj-gera-is-giving-a-sacred-transformation-to-acid-attack-survivors-through-his-photographs-1886.html |access-date=13 January 2018 |work=Edex Live}}</ref> stigmatization of menstruation<ref>{{cite news |title=Why India must battle the shame of period stain |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-52830427 |access-date=28 May 2018 |work=BBC News}}</ref> etc.

===As a Social Activist===
Gera is also the founder of Humanify Foundation,<ref>{{cite news |title='Sacred Stains': A Sneak Peek Into the Dark Corners of Menstruation |url=https://livewire.thewire.in/gender-and-sexuality/sacred-stains-a-sneak-peek-into-the-dark-corners-of-menstruation/ |access-date=18 October 2019 |work=Live Wire}}</ref> which works to create awareness among girls, women, and men on menstrual health and hygiene<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tankha |first1=Rajkumari Sharma |title=Sensitising men on menstrual hygiene |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2019/oct/16/sensitising-men-on-menstrual-hygiene-2048423.html |access-date=16 October 2019 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> and educates and sensitises them through menstrual awareness camps. He is also a TEDx speaker<ref>{{cite web |title=Going Through & Growing Through the Hard Times. |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/niraj_gera_going_through_growing_through_the_hard_times |website=TED |access-date=1 December 2020}}</ref> & also conducts motivational sessions for students<ref>{{cite web |title=Mind Talk |url=https://modernschoolec.com/blog/mind-talk |publisher=The Modern School |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gera, Niraj}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male artists]]
[[Category:Indian motivational speakers]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Founders of charities]]

Nakul Shenoy

2026-02-08T18:00:40Z

Bhanwarrathore: new

{{short description|Indian magician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nakul Shenoy
| image = Nakulshenoy.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Udupi]], [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Magician (illusion)|Magician]], [[IT Professional]]
| spouse =
| children =
| website = {{URL|http://www.nakulshenoy.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Nakul Shenoy''' is an Indian [[mentalist]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.outlookbusiness.com/article_v3.aspx?artid=263540|title=Outlook Business - Is This Fun?|website=archive.outlookbusiness.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> mind reader,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-this-magic-man-can-read-your-mind-1489544|title=This magic man can read your mind - Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=3 January 2011|website=dnaindia.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> and psychic entertainer<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/aQFXmkaFL9qTv4TLSrFczH/Bangalore8217s-Mandrake.html|title=Bangalore's Mandrake - Livemint|website=www.livemint.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> based in [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. Fascinated by the comic book hero [[Mandrake the Magician|Mandrake The Magician]] as a child,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/read/abracadabra/article7137403.ece|title=Abracadabra|first=sibi|last=arasu|date=24 April 2015|website=thehindubusinessline.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> he grew up to be a [[Magic (illusion)|magician]] and [[hypnotist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/looking-beyond-abracadabra/article6871238.ece|title=Looking beyond abracadabra|website=thehindu.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> He presented his first public show at age 16 in [[Udupi]] and by 2003, he was entertaining corporates in [[Bangalore]] with his mentalism show.
He is a skeptic and has used his knowledge of magic to rally against pseudoscientific scams like tri-vortex bangle<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.randi.org/site/index.php/swift-blog/2012-help-indian-skeptics-fight-new-nonsense.html|title=Help Indian Skeptics Fight New Nonsense|first=DJ|last=Grothe|website=archive.randi.org|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> and mid-brain/third-eye activation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangaloretoday.com/opinion/Mid-Brain-Activation-The-Hoax-Unmasked.html|title=Mid Brain Activation - The Hoax Unmasked|first=Mangalore Today|last=Mangalore|website=www.mangaloretoday.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> Having presented his first magic show in 1994, he continues to entertain audiences internationally with his mind reading show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/can-this-man-control-your-mind--055231878.html|title=Can This Man Control Your Mind?|website=yahoo.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref>
Nakul is the author of 'Smart Course In Magic' published by HarperCollins in 2015<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/paperback-pickings/cid/1438953|title=Paperback Pickings|date=20 March 2015|newspaper=The Telegraph |location=India|accessdate=24 February 2019}}</ref> and also holds two US patents in design.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/?inventor=Nakul+Shenoy|title=Google Patents|website=patents.google.com|accessdate=11 August 2017}}</ref> He studied the potential of magic as a medium of communication to earn his Master of Science (Communications) degree from [[Manipal Academy of Higher Education|Manipal University]] (MAHE) in 2000. He has appeared on television via [[NDTV]], [[CNBC]], [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] and has been written about in over 40 media articles including [[India Today]], [[Times of India]], [[The Hindu]], Mint, Business Outlook, and [[Yahoo]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.nakulshenoy.com Nakul Shenoy Official Site]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100706124648/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/article/81/20100424201004241958333983d41b9c/The-illusionists.html The illusionist, featuring Magician Philip, Prahlad Acharya and Nakul Shenoy]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shenoy, Nakul}}
[[Category:Indian magicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Udupi]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2024–25

2026-02-05T04:39:28Z

Bhanwarrathore: Starting Initial Article First Draft

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{distinguish|New Zealand cricket team in India in 2024–25}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2024–25
| team1_image = Flag of India.svg
| team1_name = India
| team2_image = Flag of New Zealand.svg
| team2_name = New Zealand
| from_date = 24
| to_date = 29 October 2024
| team1_captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]{{efn|[[Smriti Mandhana]] captained India in the first ODI.}}
| team2_captain = [[Sophie Devine]]
| no_of_ODIs = 3
| team1_ODIs_won = 2
| team2_ODIs_won = 1
| team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (105)
| team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Brooke Halliday]] (133)
| team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Radha Yadav]] (7)
| team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Jess Kerr]] (5)
| player_of_ODI_series = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind)
}}

The [[New Zealand women's national cricket team|New Zealand women's cricket team]] toured India in October 2024 to play three [[Women's One Day International|One Day International]] (ODI) matches against [[India women's national cricket team|India women's cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/new-zealand-women-to-tour-india-for-three-odis-in-october-after-t20-world-cup-1454336 |title=NZ women to tour India for three ODIs in October after T20 World Cup |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/cricket-news/new-zealand-women-set-to-tour-india-for-odi-series-post-womens-t20-world-cup-2024/ |title=New Zealand Women set to tour India for ODI series post Women's T20 World Cup 2024 |work=CricTracker |date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> The series formed part of the [[2022–2025 ICC Women's Championship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com/news/new-zealand-women-to-tour-india-for-three-odis-after-t20-world-cup-1072024-1728296849776 |title=New Zealand Women to tour India for three ODIs after T20 World Cup |work=Cricket.com |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/131904/new-zealand-womens-team-to-tour-india-for-3-odis-after-world-cup |title=New Zealand women's team to tour India for 3 ODIs after World Cup |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> The series was run alongside the [[New Zealand cricket team in India in 2024–25|men's Test series between India and New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BCCI release India's 2024-25 home season schedule, Tests vs Bangladesh and New Zealand |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/india-vs-bangladesh-home-tests-fixtures-bcci-new-zealand-england-2555774-2024-06-20 |access-date=7 October 2024 |work=[[India Today]]|date=20 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2024/news/55556117/bcci-announces-fixtures-for-team-india-senior-men-international-home-season-2024-25 |title=BCCI announces fixtures for Team India (Senior Men) international home season 2024-25 |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref> All the matches were played at the [[Narendra Modi Stadium]] in [[Ahmedabad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/cricket/team-india-to-play-new-zealand-in-three-match-odi-series-in-ahmedabad-post-womens-t20-world-cup-10192857 |title=Team India To Play New Zealand In Three-Match ODI Series In Ahmedabad Post Women's T20 World Cup |work=Jagran |date=7 October 2024 |language=en |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://femalecricket.com/new-zealand-tour-of-india-2024/54246-new-zealand-to-tour-india-for-3-odis-in-ahmedabad-after-womens-t20-world-cup-2024.html |title=New Zealand to tour India for 3 ODIs in Ahmedabad after Women's T20 World Cup 2024 |work=Female Cricket |access-date=15 October 2024 |date=7 October 2024}}</ref> In October 2024, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/QnP3y3tP |title=Fixtures for Team India (Senior Women)'s ODI series against New Zealand announced |work=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] |access-date=17 October 2024 |date=14 October 2024}}</ref>

India won the first ODI by 59 runs, with the debutant [[Tejal Hasabnis]] scoring 42 runs, [[Saima Thakor]] picked two wickets and [[Deepti Sharma]]'s all round performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132189/all-round-deepti-helps-india-go-1-0-up-in-ahmedabad |title=All-round Deepti helps India go 1-0 up in Ahmedabad |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-in-india-2024-25-1454389/india-women-vs-new-zealand-women-1st-odi-1454391/match-report |title=Thakor makes a mark on debut to give India 1-0 lead |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref> The tourists won the second ODI by 76 runs and level the series, with [[Sophie Devine]]'s all round performance (scoring 79 and taking 3 wickets) and India lost the game despite Radha Yadav taking four wickets and scoring a career best 48 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132232/new-zealand-level-series-through-devines-all-round-brilliance |title=New Zealand level series through Devine's all-round brilliance |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref> The hosts won the third and final ODI by 6 wickets, with [[Smriti Mandhana]] scoring her 8th ODI century and won the series 2–1.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/132260/smriti-mandhana-tons-up-as-india-seal-odi-series |title=Smriti Mandhana tons up as India seal ODI series |work=Cricbuzz |access-date=30 October 2024}}</ref>

==Background==
Originally, [[New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2023–24|the series]] was scheduled to take place in 2023 with three [[Women's One Day International|ODIs]] and three [[Women's Twenty20 International|T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://femalecricket.com/female-cricket-blogs/28488-what-does-indian-womens-cricket-schedule-look-like-in-2023.html | title=What does Indian Women's Cricket Schedule look like in 2023? | work=Female Cricket | date=3 January 2023 | access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> However, it was postponed due to the [[2023 Cricket World Cup]] in India and Indian women team's packed schedule, which included series against [[England women's cricket team in India in 2023–24|England]] and [[Australia women's cricket team in India in 2023–24|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-to-host-south-africa-for-a-multi-format-womens-tour-in-june-july-2024-1432037 |title=India to host South Africa for multi-format women's tour in June-July |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketaddictor.com/cricket-news/india-to-host-new-zealand-for-3-odis-after-womens-t20-world-cup-2024/ |title=India to host New Zealand for 3 ODIs after Women's T20 World Cup 2024 |work=Cricket Addictor |date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> A T20I series was also originally part of the [[ICC Future Tours Programme|Future Tours Programme]] but it was rescheduled to only a three-ODI series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.in/indian-women-cricket-team-big-year-coming-up-for-indian-women-cricket-in-2023-t20-world-cup-in-south-africa-tri-series-women-ipl-2023-check-full-schedule-for-indian-women-cricket-in-2023/ |title=Big YEAR coming up for Indian Women Cricket in 2023 |work=Inside Sport |date=31 December 2022 |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Vaidehi |last=Singh |url=https://www.sportstiger.com/news/new-zealand-women-to-tour-india-for-three-odis-after-womens-t20-world-cup-2024-reports |title=New Zealand Women to tour India for three ODIs after Women's T20 World Cup 2024: Reports |work=Sports Tiger |date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>

==Squads==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!{{crw|IND}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bcci.tv/bccilink/articles/EEI1QDRi |title=India's Squad for IDFC First Bank ODI Series against New Zealand announced |work=BCCI |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref>
!{{crw|NZ}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/inglis-earns-maiden-white-ferns-call-up-down-continues-odi-returnzww/ |title=Inglis earns maiden WHITE FERNS call-up {{!}} Down continues ODI return |work=[[New Zealand Cricket]] |access-date=21 October 2024 |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110143857/https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/inglis-earns-maiden-white-ferns-call-up-down-continues-odi-returnzww/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[Captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Uma Chetry]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Tejal Hasabnis]]
* [[Dayalan Hemalatha]]
* [[Priya Mishra]]
* [[Shreyanka Patil]]
* [[Arundhati Reddy]]
* [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]
* [[Sayali Satghare]]
* [[Deepti Sharma]]
* [[Saima Thakor]]
* [[Renuka Singh Thakur]]
* [[Shafali Verma]]
* [[Radha Yadav]]
|
* [[Sophie Devine]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Suzie Bates]]
* [[Eden Carson]]
* [[Lauren Down]]
* [[Izzy Gaze]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Maddy Green]]
* [[Brooke Halliday]]
* [[Polly Inglis]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Fran Jonas]]
* [[Amelia Kerr]]
* [[Jess Kerr]]
* [[Molly Penfold]]
* [[Georgia Plimmer]]
* [[Hannah Rowe]]
* [[Lea Tahuhu]]
|}

On 26 October, [[Amelia Kerr]] was ruled out of the rest of the series after tearing her left quadricep muscle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/kerr-ruled-out-of-remaining-india-odis/|title=Kerr ruled out of remaining India ODIs|work=[[New Zealand Cricket]]|access-date=26 October 2024|archive-date=9 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109125644/https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/kerr-ruled-out-of-remaining-india-odis/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==ODI series==
===1st ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 24 October 2024
| time = 13:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{crw|NZ}}
| score1 = 227 (44.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Tejal Hasabnis]] 42 (64)
| wickets1 = [[Amelia Kerr]] 4/42 (9 overs)
| score2 = 168 (40.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Brooke Halliday]] 39 (54)
| wickets2 = [[Radha Yadav]] 3/35 (8.4 overs)
| result = India won by 59 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1454391.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Claire Polosak]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Tejal Hasabnis]] and [[Saima Thakor]] (Ind) both made their ODI debuts.
* Women's Championship Points: India 2, New Zealand 0.
}}

===2nd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 October 2024
| time = 13:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 259/9 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sophie Devine]] 79 (86)
| wickets1 = [[Radha Yadav]] 4/69 (10 overs)
| score2 = 183 (47.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Radha Yadav]] 48 (64)
| wickets2 = [[Sophie Devine]] 3/27 (7.1 overs)
| result = New Zealand won by 76 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1454392.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind) and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Sophie Devine]] (NZ)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Priya Mishra]] (Ind) made her ODI debut.
* The partnership between [[Radha Yadav]] and [[Saima Thakor]] (70 run) was the highest 9th-wicket partnership for India in women's ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/ind-vs-nz-radha-yadav-saima-thakor-fall-short-of-breaking-women-s-odi-world-record-after-heroic-fightback-2024-10-27-959185 |title=IND vs NZ: Radha Yadav, Saima Thakor fall short of breaking women's ODI world record after heroic fightback |work=India TV |access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>
* Women's Championship Points: New Zealand 2, India 0.
}}

===3rd ODI===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 October 2024
| time = 13:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = {{crw-rt|NZ}}
| team2 = {{crw|IND}}
| score1 = 232 (49.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Brooke Halliday]] 86 (96)
| wickets1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 3/39 (10 overs)
| score2 = 236/4 (44.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 100 (122)
| wickets2 = [[Hannah Rowe]] 2/47 (8 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1454393.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Narendra Modi Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires = [[Claire Polosak]] (Aus) and [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Smriti Mandhana]] (Ind)
| toss = New Zealand won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Women's Championship Points: India 2, New Zealand 0.
}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/new-zealand-women-in-india-2024-25-1454389 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International women's cricket tours of India}}
{{2022–2025 ICC Women's Championship}}
{{International cricket in 2024–25}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 2024-25}}
[[Category:2024 in women's cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in New Zealand cricket]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India|New Zealand 2024-25]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2024–25]]
[[Category:New Zealand cricket tours of India|2024-25]]
[[Category:2022–25 ICC Women's Championship]]

Antony Legard

2026-01-29T19:16:13Z

Bhanwarrathore: formatting fix

{{Short description|English cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Antony Legard
| image =
| country = England
| fullname = Antony Ronald Legard
| nickname = Loopy
| birth_date = {{birth date|1912|1|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] 
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|8|22|1912|1|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kelsall]], Cheshire, England
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium
| club1 = [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford University]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1932–1935}}
| club2 = [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]
| year2 = 1935
| club3 = [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]]
| year3 = 1943/44
| club4 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]]
| year4 = 1952
| type1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| debutdate1 = 11 May
| debutyear1 = 1932
| debutfor1 = Oxford Univ.
| debutagainst1 = [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]
| lastdate1 = 9 September
| lastyear1 = 1952
| lastfor1 = MCC
| lastagainst1 = [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]]
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 36
| runs1 = 234
| bat avg1 = 5.57
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 38
| deliveries1 = 6,206
| wickets1 = 93
| bowl avg1 = 30.03
| fivefor1 = 3
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 7/36
| catches/stumpings1 = 17/–
| date = 14 September
| year = 2007
| source = http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Players/13/13920/13920.html CricketArchive
}}

[[Major (United Kingdom)|Major]] '''Antony Ronald Legard''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|MBE}} (17 January 1912 – 22 August 2004), nicknamed '''Loopy''',<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/player/16414.html | title=Players and Officials – Antony Legard | access-date=14 September 2007 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
was an Indian-born English [[first-class cricket]]er who played 36 matches, mostly for [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford University]], in the 1930s. He also played twice for [[Free Foresters]] and had one match each for [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]], the [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]] in India and [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC).

Legard made his first-class debut for Oxford against [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]] at [[The University Parks]] in May 1932; he took four wickets, including that of [[Alan Shipman]] in both innings.<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/14/14193.html | title=Oxford University v Leicestershire in 1932 | access-date=14 September 2007 | publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>
He played consistently that season, including against the [[South American cricket team in England in 1932|South Americans]] (on their only first-class tour) when he scored 38, the only time he ever passed 20.<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/14/14263.html | title=Oxford University v South Americans in 1932 | access-date=14 September 2007 | publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>
Later in the year he was selected for the [[Varsity Match (cricket)|Varsity Match]] against [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge University]] at [[Lord's]], where he took six wickets in a drawn match.<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/14/14342.html | title=Oxford University v Cambridge University in 1932 | access-date=14 September 2007 | publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

Legard played for much of the 1933 season, but was not selected for the Varsity Match, and did not appear at all in 1934.<ref name="wisden-obit">
Obituary. ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' 2005.</ref>
However, 1935 saw him once again picked for the Lord's game, and once again perform excellently: he obtained career-best figures of 7–36 in the second innings with what his ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]'' obituary called a "devastating" opening spell of swing bowling.<ref name="wisden-obit" />
Even so, a powerful Cambridge side won the game by a wide margin.<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/15/15484.html | title=Oxford University v Cambridge University in 1935 | access-date=14 September 2007 | publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

That game marked his last appearance for Oxford, but less than a fortnight later he played his one and only [[County Championship]] match, appearing for Worcestershire at [[County Ground, Northampton|Northampton]]. He took no wickets, but his 18 from number eleven in the first innings was a useful contribution to Worcestershire's eventual 30-run victory.<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/15/15513.html | title=Northamptonshire v Worcestershire in 1935 | access-date=14 September 2007 | publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

The remainder of Legard's first-class career consisted of four matches spread over almost a decade: one for Europeans against [[Hindus cricket team|Hindus]] in the [[Bombay Pentangular]] — the Europeans were thrashed by an innings and 209 runs, but Legard claimed four wickets<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/17/17389.html | title=Europeans v Hindus in 1943/44 | access-date=14 September 2007 | publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>
— two appearances for Free Foresters against Cambridge University, and finally (aged 40) a one-off appearance for MCC against [[Irish cricket team|Ireland]] in Dublin.<ref>
{{cite web | url=http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/20/20430.html | title=Ireland v Marylebone Cricket Club in 1952 | access-date=14 September 2007 | publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

Legard was educated at [[Winchester College]] and [[Trinity College, Oxford]]. During [[World War II]] he served in the [[Royal Engineers]] and was appointed MBE (military) in 1940 "for distinguished services in the field."<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=34932 |supp=y |date=27 August 1940 |page=5213}}</ref> Later he worked for [[Imperial Chemical Industries|ICI]].<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Mosley |editor-first=Charles |editor-link=Charles Mosley (genealogist) |title=[[Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knightage]] |edition=107th |publisher=Genealogical Books |location=Wilmington, Delaware |year=2003 |volume=2 |page=2285}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=16414}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Legard, Antony}}
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Worcestershire cricketers]]
[[Category:Oxford University cricketers]]
[[Category:Marylebone Cricket Club cricketers]]
[[Category:Europeans cricketers]]
[[Category:Free Foresters cricketers]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:Imperial Chemical Industries people]]
[[Category:Legard family|Antony]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:20th-century English sportsmen]]

Tonk Assembly constituency

2026-01-26T07:30:01Z

Bhanwarrathore: minor improve page per standard format and added references as per guidelines

{{short description|Assembly constituency in Rajasthan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tonk
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-96-Tonk.svg
| mla = [[Sachin Pilot]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| type= SLA
|incumbent_image =
| latest_election_year = 2023
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Tonk district|Tonk]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,24,106 (2018)
| preceded_by = [[Ajit Singh Mehta]]
}}
'''Tonk Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of [[Tonk, India|Tonk]] in the [[Tonk district]] of Rajasthan, India.<ref name="election2019">{{cite web|url=https://bhilwara24.blogspot.com/2019/08/2482019.html |title=Tonk (Rajasthan Assembly) Results|work=www.elections.in|access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref>

Tonk is one of eight assembly constituencies in the [[Tonk–Sawai Madhopur (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 96 amongst 200 constituencies.<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/rajasthan/tonk-election-result-s20a096/|title=Rajasthan - Tonk Results|website=www.news18.com|access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/rajasthan-elections/rajasthan-assembly-election-2018-congress-breaks-46-year-old-tradition-by-fielding-sachin-pilot-from-tonk/story-A8dip7Zs4Ezem2vMufwkUI.html|title=Rajasthan assembly election 2018: Congress breaks 46-year-old tradition by fielding Sachin Pilot from Tonk|work=www.hindustantimes.com|access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sachin-pilot-wins-in-tonk-with-a-margin-of-54-179-votes-1407177-2018-12-11|title=Sachin Pilot wins in Tonk with a margin of 54,179 votes|work=www.indiatoday.in|access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref>

Currently, this seat belongs to the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] candidate '''[[Sachin Pilot]],''' the former [[Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Deputy Chief Minister]] of [[Rajasthan]] who won in [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]] by defeating [[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]] candidate '''[[Ajit Singh Mehta]]''' by a margin of 29,475 votes.<ref name="election2018-3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/rajasthan/tonk-mla-results|title=TONK Election Results 2018|work=NDTV|access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref><ref name="election2018-4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/tonk-election-result-sachin-pilot-vs-yoonus-khan-check-winner-of-this-rajasthan-assembly-election-constituency-here/1410758/|title=Tonk election result: Sachin Pilot vs Yoonus Khan|website=www.financialexpress.com|date=11 December 2018 |access-date=18 December 2018}}</ref>

==Geographical scope==
The constituency comprises parts of [[Tonk, India|Tonk tehsil]] and [[Todaraisingh|Todaraisingh tehsil]] (Partly) – (I) ILRC Khareda (II) ILRC Lamba Kalan.<ref name="election2008">{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008|date=20 August 2018|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="font-size: x-big;"
|-
!Scope=col|#
!scope=col|Member of Legislative Assembly
!colspan=2|Party
!scope=col|From
!scope=col|To
!scope=col|Comment
|-
|01 ||Ram Ratan||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}||rowspan="2"|1951||rowspan="2"|1957||rowspan="2"|two seat
|-
|02 ||Lalu Ram
|-
|03 ||Narayan Singh||rowspan="2"|1957||rowspan="2"|1962||rowspan="2"|two seat
|-
|04 ||Lalu Ram
|-
|05 ||Radha Krishan||{{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}||1962||1967||
|-
|06 ||D. Vyas||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1967||1970||
|-
|07 ||S.Prasad||{{Full party name with color|NCJ}}||1970||1972||[[By election]]
|-
|08 ||rowspan="2"|Ajit Singh||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}||1972||1977||
|-
|09 ||{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}||1977||1980||
|-
|10 ||Mahaveer Prasad||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||1980||1985||
|-
|11 ||[[Zakiya Imam]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1985||1990||
|-
|12 ||rowspan="2"|Mahaveer Prasad||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}||1990||1993||
|-
|13 ||1993||1998||
|-
|14 ||Zakiya Imam||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||1998||2003||
|-
|15 ||Mahaveer Prasad||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||2003||2008||
|-
|16 ||Zakiya Imam||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||2008||2013||
|-
|17 ||[[Ajit Singh Mehta]]||{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||2013||2018||
|-
|18 ||rowspan="2"|[[Sachin Pilot]]||{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}||2018||2023|| Former [[Deputy Chief Minister]]
|-
|19 ||2023||Incumbent||
|-
|}

==Elections result==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Tonk<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sachin Pilot
|votes = {{formatnum:105812}}
|percentage = 56.12
|change = -7.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ajit Singh Mehta]]
|votes = {{formatnum:76337}}
|percentage = 40.48
|change = +8.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Abdul Latif
|votes = {{formatnum:1737}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1487}}
|percentage = 0.79
|change = -0.08
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:29475}}
|percentage = 15.64
|change = -15.94
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:188557}}
|percentage = 74.47
|change = -2.09
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===

In 2018, Tonk legislative assembly constituency had total 2,24,106 electors. Total number of valid vote was 1,71,566. [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Sachin Pilot]] won and became MLA from this seat. He secured total 1,09,040 votes. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Yunus Khan (politician)|Yunus Khan]] stood second with total 54,861 votes. He lost by 54,179 votes.

{{Election box begin |title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tonk, India|Tonk]]<ref name=RU/><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Sachin Pilot]]
|votes = {{formatnum:109040}}
|percentage = 63.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yunus Khan (politician)|Yunus Khan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:54861}}
|percentage = 31.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd Ali
|votes = {{formatnum:1785}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1485}}
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:54179}}
|percentage = 31.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171566}}
|percentage = 76.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}16.60
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
In 2013, Tonk legislative assembly constituency had total 1,89,707 electors. Total number of valid vote was 1,42,351. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Ajit Singh Mehta]] won and became MLA from this seat. He secured total 66,845 votes. [[Independent politician|Independent candidate]] Saud Saidi stood second with total 36,502 votes. He lost by 30,343 votes.<ref name=RU>{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tonk-rajasthan-assembly-constituency|title=Tonk Assembly Constituency Election Result|date=12 December 2018|website=resultuniversity.com|access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref>
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Tonk, India|Tonk]]<ref name=RU/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ajit Singh Mehta]]
|votes = 66,845
|percentage = 46.96
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Saud Saidi
|votes = 36,502
|percentage = 25.64
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Zakiya Imam
|votes = 21,645
|percentage = 15.21
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Shiv Pratap
|votes = 10,366
|percentage = 7.28
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the Above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,715
|percentage = 1.91
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Ajmal Khan
|votes = 1,216
|percentage = 0.85
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Akhatar Jung
|votes = 1,145
|percentage = 0.80
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mahesh Joshi
|votes = 1,036
|percentage = 0.73
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ram Prasad
|votes = 881
|percentage = 0.62
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 30,343
|percentage = 21.32
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,42,351
|percentage = 75.04
|change = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{unchanged}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|26.17|75.80|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Tonk district]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Sanskruti More

2026-01-20T19:04:35Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put up the post basic info

{{Short description|Indian para chess player (born 2006)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Sanskruti Vikas More''' (born 2006<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanskruti Vikas More |url=https://ratings.fide.com/profile/33342466 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=ratings.fide.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chess-Results Server Chess-results.com - AICFB National Women Chess Championship for the Blind 2022 |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr634363.aspx?lan=1&art=9&fed=IND&snr=38 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=chess-results.com}}</ref>) is an Indian para [[chess]] player. She was part of the Indian team for the women's chess B1 category at the 2022 [[Asian Para Games]] at [[Hangzhou]], [[China]]. She is a visually challenged chess player. Along with [[Himanshi Rathi]], [[Vruthi Jain]], she won the women's team rapid VI-B1 bronze medal at the Asiad 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM congratulates Himanshi Rathi, Sanskruti More, Vruthi Jain for winning bronze in chess at Asian Para Games |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1972664 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-10-28 |title=Indian para athletes create history, bag 111 medals in Hangzhou Asian Para Games |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/indian-para-athletes-create-history-bag-111-medals-in-hangzhou-asian-para-games/article67469375.ece |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |last=Vasudevan |first=Shyam |title=India win 111 medals at Para Asian Games, here's every medal winner of the record-breaking campaign |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/38759315/100-asian-para-games-medals-india-every-medal-winner-record-breaking-campaign |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:More, Sanskruti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

{{India-chess-bio-stub}}

Bhimora

2026-01-20T15:18:57Z

Bhanwarrathore: general cleanup structure after review further and updated info to improve readability

{{Short description|Village in Chotila Taluka of Surendranagar district, Gujarat, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
'''Bhimora''' is a village and former [[princely state]] in Chotila Taluka of [[Surendranagar district]], [[Gujarat]], India.

== History ==
The petty [[princely state]] in [[Jhalawar prant|Jhalawar]] ''[[prant]]'', comprising ten more villages, was ruled by offshoot of [[Chotila]]'s house. Bhimora is said to have been anciently called '''Bhimpuri'''. There is a rock-cut cave located here.

== Geography ==
The country around Bhimora is hilly and the river Bhogavo of Limbdi rises near this.<ref name="bg">{{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar (Public Domain text)|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=399}}</ref>

The population according to the census of 1872 was 513 and according to that of 1881, 109 souls.<ref name="bg"/> In 1901 it has a combined population of 1,204, yielding a state revenue of 10,555 Rupees (1903–4, nearly all from land), paying 371 Rupees tribute, to the British and [[Junagadh State]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources and external links ==
* [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_173.gif Imperial Gazetteer on dsal.uchicago.edu - Kathiawar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917063256/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V15_173.gif |date=17 September 2021 }}

[[File:PD-icon.svg|10px]] This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [[public domain]]: {{cite book|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar|url=https://archive.org/details/1884GazetteerByBombayPresidencyVol8Kathiawar349D|year=1884|publisher=Printed at the Government Central Press, Bombay|volume=VIII|pages=399}}

{{coord|22|20|N|71|14|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

{{Jamnagar district}}
{{Princely states of the Western India States Agency}}

[[Category:Villages in Jamnagar district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]

{{Jamnagar-geo-stub}}
{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}

Zinda Banda

2026-01-20T07:10:08Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put up new entry w/ sources

{{Short description|2023 Indian song by Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Zinda Banda
| cover = Zinda Banda cover.jpg
| caption = Song cover
| type = single
| artist = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| album = [[Jawan (soundtrack)|Jawan]]
| language = Hindi
| released = 31 July 2023
| recorded = 2022–2023
| studio = {{hlist|[[Anirudh Ravichander|Albuquerque Records]], [[Chennai]]|Studio DMI, [[Las Vegas]]}}
| genre = {{hlist|[[Electronic dance music|EDM]]|[[Dappankuthu|kuthu]]|[[Dance music|dance]]|[[Pop music|pop]]}}
| length = 4:24
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| composer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyricist = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| tracks = # "'''Zinda Banda'''"
# "[[Chaleya]]"
# "[[Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]"
# "Aararaari Raaro"
# "Jawan Title Track"
# "Faraatta"
# "[[Chaleya|Chaleya (Arabic Version)]]"
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|AQEc4BwX6dk|"Zinda Banda"}}
}}
}}

"'''Zinda Banda'''" is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language song composed and recorded by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], with lyrics by [[Irshad Kamil]] for the [[Jawan (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the 2023 Indian film ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]''. It was released on 31 July 2023 as the first single from the album, through [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]].

The song was also released in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as "Vandha Edam" and in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as "Dhumme Dhulipelaa". Upon release, the song received positive reviews from critics and audiences with the hook step performed by [[Shah Rukh Khan]] under the choreography of [[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi Paulraj]] became popular.

== Composition and lyrics ==
"Zinda Banda" was the first song composed for the film which was first recorded in its Tamil version, "Vandha Edam" and later in the original Hindi version.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Anirudh Ravichander on composing for SRK's Jawan: I was determined to do justice to his stardom |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/jul/31/anirudh-ravichander-on-composing-for-srks-jawan-i-was-determined-to-do-justice-to-his-stardom-46134.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902091603/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2023/jul/31/anirudh-ravichander-on-composing-for-srks-jawan-i-was-determined-to-do-justice-to-his-stardom-46134.html |archive-date=2023-09-02 |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> On composing the track, Anirudh recalled that Khan was synonymous for his iconic songs that transcends generations and had to do justice to his stardom.<ref name=":0" />

The song features lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]], who was the guest lyricist for the film. It opens with a [[couplet]] from a poem written by [[Wasim Barelvi]] and said by Khan (only in the original version), while the female vocals were performed by [[Mangli]] under the supervision of [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]].<ref>{{cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Watch: Jawan's new song Zinda Banda is out; Shah Rukh Khan seen in stylish avatar, fans react |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/watch-jawans-new-song-zinda-banda-is-out-shah-rukh-khan-seen-in-stylish-avatar-11690789299300.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731081052/http://www.livemint.com/news/india/watch-jawans-new-song-zinda-banda-is-out-shah-rukh-khan-seen-in-stylish-avatar-11690789299300.html |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=Mint}}</ref>

==Music video==
The song was shot in August 2022 for five days at a schedule in [[Chennai]] with the choreography of [[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi Paulraj]]. Featuring Khan, along with [[Priyamani]], [[Sanya Malhotra]], [[Sanjeeta Bhattacharya]], [[Lehar Khan]] and [[Girija Oak]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2023 |title=Zinda Banda song in SRK's 'Jawan' shot with 1000+ girls, costs Rs 15 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zinda-banda-song-in-shah-rukh-khan-jawan-shot-with-1000-girls-costs-rs-15-crore-2412019-2023-07-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731175944/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zinda-banda-song-in-shah-rukh-khan-jawan-shot-with-1000-girls-costs-rs-15-crore-2412019-2023-07-26 |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2022 |title=After Chennai Express, Priyamani shoots a special song with Shah Rukh Khan for Jawan | Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/after-chennai-express-priyamani-shoots-a-special-song-with-shah-rukh-khan-for-jawan-exclusive-2301221-2022-11-24 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325172219/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/after-chennai-express-priyamani-shoots-a-special-song-with-shah-rukh-khan-for-jawan-exclusive-2301221-2022-11-24 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=India Today}}</ref> the song featured around 1000 dancers from Chennai, Hyderabad, Mumbai and Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2023-07-26 |title=Jawan: Shah Rukh Khan To Dance With Over 1000 Girls In 'Zinda Banda' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-to-dance-with-over-1000-girls-in-zinda-banda--news-305864 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927123726/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-to-dance-with-over-1000-girls-in-zinda-banda--news-305864 |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=Jawan Song Zinda Banda: Shah Rukh Khan To Feature With Over 1,000 Dancers |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-song-zinda-banda-shah-rukh-khan-to-feature-with-over-1-000-dancers-4241089 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926144228/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/jawan-song-zinda-banda-shah-rukh-khan-to-feature-with-over-1-000-dancers-4241089 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The reported production cost for picturization of the song was {{INRConvert|15|c}} becoming the most expensive Indian film song ever shot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-26 |title=Jawan's Zinda Banda to be Bollywood's most expensive song ever? All about Rs 15-crore track featuring SRK, 1000 dancers |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-jawan-zinda-banda-bollywood-s-most-expensive-song-ever-rs-15-crore-shah-rukh-khan-atlee-anirudh-ravinchander-3053409 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727062707/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-jawan-zinda-banda-bollywood-s-most-expensive-song-ever-rs-15-crore-shah-rukh-khan-atlee-anirudh-ravinchander-3053409 |archive-date=2023-07-27 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Daily News and Analysis |language=en}}</ref> It was also reshot for the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2023 |title=Shah Rukh Khan Lip Synced In 3 Different Languages For First Time For Jawan's Zinda Banda. Deets Inside |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/shah-rukh-khan-lip-synced-in-3-different-languages-for-first-time-for-jawans-zinda-banda-deets-inside-bollywood-news-article-102308419 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802180328/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/shah-rukh-khan-lip-synced-in-3-different-languages-for-first-time-for-jawans-zinda-banda-deets-inside-bollywood-news-article-102308419 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |access-date=20 August 2023 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> Director [[Atlee (director)|Atlee]] made a [[cameo appearance]] in the song.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-07 |title=Not Vijay, Atlee plays a cameo in Shah Rukh Khan's 'Jawan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-vijay-atlee-plays-a-cameo-in-shah-rukh-khans-jawan/articleshow/103453530.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230908050913/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/not-vijay-atlee-plays-a-cameo-in-shah-rukh-khans-jawan/articleshow/103453530.cms |archive-date=2023-09-08 |access-date=2024-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-14 |title=Atlee says Shah Rukh Khan agreed to shoot Zinda Banda in Chennai: 'Even though the cost went up by Rs 10 cr' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/atlee-says-shah-rukh-khan-agreed-to-shoot-zinda-banda-in-chennai-even-though-the-cost-went-up-by-rs-10-cr-9026188/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117095740/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/atlee-says-shah-rukh-khan-agreed-to-shoot-zinda-banda-in-chennai-even-though-the-cost-went-up-by-rs-10-cr-9026188/ |archive-date=2023-11-17 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
The song was released as the [[lead single]] from the album on 31 July 2023, with an accompanying music video.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2023 |title='Zinda Banda': Shah Rukh Khan is alive and kicking in first song from 'Jawan' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zinda-banda-shah-rukh-khan-is-alive-and-kicking-in-first-song-from-jawan/article67141176.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731081319/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/zinda-banda-shah-rukh-khan-is-alive-and-kicking-in-first-song-from-jawan/article67141176.ece |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Reviewing the song "Zinda Banda", Prachi Arya of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote "The song encapsulates the spirit of the film, exuding grandness, vibrancy and celebration",<ref>{{cite web |last=Arya |first=Prachi |date=2023-07-31 |title='Zinda Banda' song out: SRK grooves with his girl gang in electrifying dance number |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zinda-banda-song-out-srk-groves-with-his-girl-gang-in-electrifying-dance-number-2414130-2023-07-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731074719/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zinda-banda-song-out-srk-groves-with-his-girl-gang-in-electrifying-dance-number-2414130-2023-07-31 |archive-date=2023-07-31 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref> while ''[[Hindustan Times]]''-based critic commented that "The song is a fun and groovy one as it makes you want to dance to its beats."<ref>{{cite web |date=July 31, 2023 |title=Jawan first song Zinda Banda: Shah Rukh Khan dances his heart out in foot-tapping track, fans love his swag. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-first-song-zinda-banda-shah-rukh-khan-atlee-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-101690786471929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731214626/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-first-song-zinda-banda-shah-rukh-khan-atlee-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-101690786471929.html |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=31 July 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Renuka Vyahare of ''[[The Times of India]]'' cited "Zinda Banda" as the pick from the album.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Vyahare |first=Renuka |date=September 7, 2023 |title=Jawan Movie Review : An entertaining action drama that dares to make a political statement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jawan/movie-review/103461765.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926091429/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/jawan/movie-review/103461765.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=26 September 2023 |access-date=2023-09-26 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In contrast, Raghav Bikhchandani of ''[[ThePrint]]'' compared it inferior to [[Vishal–Shekhar]]'s composition "[[Jhoome Jo Pathaan]]" from ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' (2023).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bikhchandani |first=Raghav |date=2023-07-31 |title=Jawan's Zinda Banda is aggressively average. It is no Jhoome Jo Pathaan |url=https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/jawans-zinda-banda-is-aggressively-average-it-is-no-jhoome-jo-pathaan/1693973/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731151801/https://theprint.in/opinion/pov/jawans-zinda-banda-is-aggressively-average-it-is-no-jhoome-jo-pathaan/1693973/ |archive-date=2023-07-31 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He compared the melodies and sounding of the track, which was too similar to "[[I'm Shipping Up to Boston]]" (2005) by the [[Dropkick Murphys]] and the vocal delivery to that of [[Vishal Dadlani]]'s "Malhari" from ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'' (2015).<ref name=":1" />

== Impact ==
Within 24 hours of its release, the video song garnered 46 million views becoming the most-viewed Indian film song of 2023 in a span of 24 hours surpassing "Jai Shri Ram" from ''[[Adipurush]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Anindita |date=2023-08-01 |title=Zinda Banda from SRK's Jawan garners 46 million views in 24 hours! Details |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zinda-banda-from-shah-rukh-khan-jawan-atlee-garners-46-million-views-in-24-hours-details-2414749-2023-08-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230811193402/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/zinda-banda-from-shah-rukh-khan-jawan-atlee-garners-46-million-views-in-24-hours-details-2414749-2023-08-01 |archive-date=2023-08-11 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2, 2023 |title='Zinda Banda' from 'Jawan' hits 46 mn+ views: Anand Mahindra can't get over Shah Rukh Khan's rocking energy, actor has the best response |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/as-peppy-track-zinda-banda-from-jawan-hits-46-mn-views-mahindra-cant-get-over-shah-rukh-khans-rocking-energy/articleshow/102342084.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906100827/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/as-peppy-track-zinda-banda-from-jawan-hits-46-mn-views-mahindra-cant-get-over-shah-rukh-khans-rocking-energy/articleshow/102342084.cms |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> This record was however surpassed by another song from the same film, "[[Not Ramaiya Vastavaiya]]" that garnered 53 million views.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Jawan Trailer: Shah Rukh Khans Ramaiya Vastavaiya remains unmissable |url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/jawan-trailer-out-watch-it-on-mirchi-plus/103241747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906100828/https://mirchi.in/stories/music/jawan-trailer-out-watch-it-on-mirchi-plus/103241747 |archive-date=6 September 2023 |access-date=6 September 2023 |website=Mirchi Plus}}</ref> The hook step from the song choreographed by Shobi went viral, leading to numerous recreations across social media.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2023 |title=Jawan first song Zinda Banda: Shah Rukh Khan dances his heart out in foot-tapping track, fans love his swag. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-first-song-zinda-banda-shah-rukh-khan-atlee-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-101690786471929.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230731214626/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jawan-first-song-zinda-banda-shah-rukh-khan-atlee-nayanthara-vijay-sethupathi-101690786471929.html |archive-date=31 July 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Jawan Director Atlee Is All Hearts As Grandmom-Grandson Duo Dance To Shah Rukh Khan's Zinda Banda |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/jawan-director-atlee-is-all-hearts-as-grandmom-grandson-duo-dance-to-shah-rukh-khans-zinda-banda-8502391.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804182700/https://www.news18.com/movies/jawan-director-atlee-is-all-hearts-as-grandmom-grandson-duo-dance-to-shah-rukh-khans-zinda-banda-8502391.html |archive-date=4 August 2023 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> [[Mohanlal]] recreated the hook step at an award show in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Mohanlal Sets Stage on Fire With His Energetic Performance On SRK's Zinda Banda, Video Goes Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlal-sets-stage-on-fire-with-his-energetic-performance-on-srks-zinda-banda-video-goes-viral-8862483.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509185745/https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlal-sets-stage-on-fire-with-his-energetic-performance-on-srks-zinda-banda-video-goes-viral-8862483.html |archive-date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-23 |title=Shah Rukh Khan calls Mohanlal 'OG Zinda Banda' after his dance performance on Jawan song: 'Wish I had done it half as good as you' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-mohanlal-og-zinda-banda-wish-i-had-done-it-half-as-good-9286143/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509181259/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-mohanlal-og-zinda-banda-wish-i-had-done-it-half-as-good-9286143/ |archive-date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Other versions ==
The song was released in Tamil as "Vandha Edam" with lyrics written by [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]] and in Telugu as "Dhumme Dhulipelaa" with lyrics written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]; both the versions of the song were sung by Anirudh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-31 |title=Jawan first single Zinda Banda/Vandha Edam/Dhumme Dhulipelaa out now |url=https://www.moviecrow.com/News/32341/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-atlee-anirudh-song |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210095848/https://www.moviecrow.com/News/32341/jawan-shah-rukh-khan-atlee-anirudh-song |archive-date=2023-12-10 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=Moviecrow}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-30 |title=SRK Sets Stage on Fire With Anirudh as They Dance To Jawan's Vandha Edam, Video Goes Viral |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-anirudh-r-dance-jawan-audio-launch-chennai-video-goes-viral-8557452.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230831071609/https://www.news18.com/movies/shah-rukh-khan-anirudh-r-dance-jawan-audio-launch-chennai-video-goes-viral-8557452.html |archive-date=2023-08-31 |access-date=2024-09-20 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Credits ==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]] – singer, composer, arranger, producer, keyboard programming, synth programming, rhythm programming, backing vocalist
* [[Irshad Kamil]] – lyricist
* [[Mangli]] – opening vocals
* [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]] – vocal supervision
* [[Keba Jeremiah]] – electric guitar
* Balesh – shehnai
* Kalyan – rhythm production
* Shashank Vijay – rhythm programming
* IC – keyboard programming
* Arish – keyboard programming
* Pradeep PJ – keyboard programming
* Harish Ram LH – music supervisor
* Ananthakrrishnan – music advisor
* Sajith Sathya – creative consultant
* Srinivasan M – recording and mixing engineer (Albuquerque Records, Chennai)
* Shivakiran S – recording engineer (Albuquerque Records, Chennai)
* Vinay Sridhar – mixing engineer (Albuquerque Records, Chennai)
* Luca Pretolesi – mastering engineer (Studio DMI, Las Vegas)
* Alistair Pintus – mastering assistance
* Velavan B – musicians coordinator
{{div col end}}

== Chart performance ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Chart
!Peak position
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row"| [[Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])
|16
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2023 |title=Asian Music Chart: 4 August 2023 |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20230804/asian/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125112835/https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20230804/asian/ |archive-date=25 January 2024 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" ; |[[Billboard India Songs|India]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')
|2
|<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-08-11|title=India Songs|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |date=11 August 2023|access-date=6 September 2023|archive-date=6 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906104019/https://www.billboard.com/charts/india-songs-hotw/2023-08-11/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Date of ceremony
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Recipient
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Ref.}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
|[[69th Filmfare Awards|28 January 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|[[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi Paulraj]]
| {{nom}}
| align="center" |<ref name="filmfare">{{cite news |date=15 January 2024 |title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118200101/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |archive-date=18 January 2024 |access-date=15 January 2024 |magazine=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Anirudh Ravichander}}
{{T-Series}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2023 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for films]]
[[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Irshad Kamil]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Chandrabose (lyricist)]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) singles]]
[[Category:Songs from Jawan (film)]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Filmi songs]]
[[Category:Electronic dance music songs]]
[[Category:Pop songs]]
[[Category:Dance music songs]]

Ḍa

2026-01-10T22:41:02Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put up the stub more to come

{{short description|Letter "Ḍa" in Indic scripts}}
{{cleanup lang|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox Indic letter |letname = Ḍa
|bengcp = 09A1 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Dda.svg
|tibtcp = 0F4C
|mlymcp = 0D21
|sinhcp = 0DA9
|brahcp = 1101F |ashokaimg = Brahmi dd.svg
|devacp = 0921 |devaimg = Devanagari ड.svg
|thaicp = 0E11
| hbchar = ד
| grchar = Δ
| lachar = D
| cychar = Д
|ipa = ɖ |iast = ḍ |iscii = BF
|ipa2 = ɗ | ipa2note = in Khmer and Mon
|ipa3 = d | ipa3note = in Burmese, Northern Thai, Tai Lü, Tai Khün, Lao
|ipa4 = tʰ | ipa4note = in Thai
}}

'''Ḍa''' (also romanized as '''Dda''') is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ḍa is derived from the early "[[Ashoka]]" Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|ng]] after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad dd.svg|13px]]. As with the other [[cerebral consonant]]s, ''ḍa'' is not found in most scripts for [[Tai languages|Tai]], [[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]], and other non-[[Languages of Indian subcontinent|Indic languages]], except for a few scripts, which retain these letters for transcribing [[Sanskrit]] religious terms.

==Āryabhaṭa numeration==
{{further|Āryabhaṭa numeration}}
[[Aryabhata]] used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the [[Greek numerals]], even after the invention of [[Indian numerals]]. The values of the different forms of ड are:<ref name="Ifrah">{{cite book|last=Ifrah|first=Georges|title=The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer|url=https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411|url-access=limited|year=2000|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=New York|isbn=0-471-39340-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/universalhistory00ifra_411/page/n468 447]–450}}</ref>
*ड {{IPA|hi|ɖə|}} = 13 (१३)
*डि {{IPA|hi|ɖɪ|}} = 1,300 (१ ३००)
*डु {{IPA|hi|ɖʊ|}} = 130,000 (१ ३० ०००)
*डृ {{IPA|hi|ɖri|}} = 13,000,000 (१ ३० ०० ०००)
*डॢ {{IPA|hi|ɖlə|}} = 1,300,000,000 (१ ३० ०० ०० ०००)
*डे {{IPA|hi|ɖe|}} = 13{{e|10}} (१३×१०१०)
*डै {{IPA|hi|ɖɛː|}} = 13{{e|12}} (१३×१०१२)
*डो {{IPA|hi|ɖoː|}} = 13{{e|14}} (१३×१०१४)
*डौ {{IPA|hi|ɖɔː|}} = 13{{e|16}} (१३×१०१६)

==Historic Ḍa==
There are three different general early historic scripts - [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] and its variants, [[Kharosthi|Kharoṣṭhī]], and [[Tocharian alphabet|Tocharian]], the so-called ''slanting Brahmi''. Ḍa as found in standard [[Brahmi]], [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|Ḍa]] was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta [[Image:Gupta allahabad dd.svg|13px|Ḍa]]. The Tocharian Ḍa [[Image:Tocharian letter dda.gif|18px|Ḍa]] did not have an alternate [[Tocharian alphabet#Script|Fremdzeichen]] form. The third form of ḍa, in Kharoshthi ([[file:Буква DDА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter DDA.svg|15px|Ḍa]]) was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

===Brahmi Ḍa===
The Brahmi letter [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|Ḍa]], Ḍa, is [[Brahmi script#origin|probably derived]] from the altered Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to the modern Latin [[D]] and Greek [[Delta (letter)|Delta]].<ref name="Buhler">{{cite web |last1=Bühler |first1=Georg |title=On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet |url=https://archive.org/details/onoriginofindian00bhuoft/page/n3/mode/2up |website=archive.org |year=1898 |publisher=Karl J. Trübner |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ḍa can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.<ref>[[:File:Brahmi script consonants according to James Prinsep March 1838.jpg|Evolutionary chart]], Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838 [https://archive.org/stream/journalofasiatic775asia#page/n101]</ref> As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the [[Edicts of Ashoka]] and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Brahmi Ḍa historic forms
|-
!Ashoka ([[Brahmi script#Early Brahmi or "Ashokan Brahmi" (3rd–1st century BCE)|3rd-1st c. BCE]]) !! Girnar (~150 BCE) !! Kushana ([[Brahmi script#Middle Brahmi or "Kushana Brahmi" (1st–3rd centuries CE)|~150-250 CE]]) !! Gujarat (~250 CE) !! Gupta ([[Gupta script|~350 CE]])
|-
| [[File:Brahmi dd.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta girnar dd.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta ashoka dd.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta gujarat dd.svg|37px]] || [[Image:Gupta allahabad dd.svg|37px]]
|}

===Tocharian Ḍa===
The Tocharian letter [[Image:Tocharian letter dda.gif|25px|Ḍa]] is derived from the Brahmi [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|Ḍa]], but does not have an alternate Fremdzeichen form.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Tocharian Ḍa with vowel marks
|-
! Ḍa !! Ḍā !! Ḍi !! Ḍī !! Ḍu !! Ḍū !! Ḍr !! Ḍr̄ !! Ḍe !! Ḍai !! Ḍo !! Ḍau !! Ḍä
|-
| [[File:Tocharian letter dda.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddaa.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddi.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddii.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddu.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter dduu.gif|37px]] ||  ||  || [[File:Tocharian letter dde.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddai.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddo.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddau.gif|37px]] || [[File:Tocharian letter ddä.gif|37px]]
|}

===Kharoṣṭhī Ḍa===
The Kharoṣṭhī letter [[file:Буква DDА (незалежний знак). Письмо кхароштхі. Kharoshthi letter DDA.svg|15px|Ḍa]] is generally accepted as being derived from the altered Aramaic [[Dalet]] [[File:Daleth.svg|13px]], and is thus related to [[D]] and [[Delta (letter)|Delta]], in addition to the Brahmi Ḍa.<ref name="Buhler"/>

==Devanagari Ḍa==
{{Devanagari abugida sidebar}}
'''Ḍa''' ('''ड''') is a consonant of the [[Devanagari]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|ḍa]], after having gone through the [[Gupta script|Gupta]] letter [[File:Gupta allahabad dd.svg|13px]]. Letters that derive from it are the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] letter '''ડ''', and the [[Modi alphabet|Modi]] letter 𑘚.

===Devanagari-using Languages===
In all languages, ड is pronounced as {{IPA|hi|ɖə|}} or {{IPAblink|ɖ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Devanagari ड with vowel marks
|-
! Ḍa !! Ḍā !! Ḍi !! Ḍī !! Ḍu !! Ḍū !! Ḍr !! Ḍr̄ !! Ḍl !! Ḍl̄ !! Ḍe !! Ḍai !! Ḍo !! Ḍau !! Ḍ
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ड
|डा
|डि
|डी
|डु
|डू
|डृ
|डॄ
|डॢ
|डॣ
|डे
|डै
|डो
|डौ
|ड्
|}


===Conjuncts with ड===
Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. Lacking a vertical stem to drop for making a half form, Ḍa either forms a stacked conjunct/ligature, or uses its full form with [[Virama]]. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari script, with [[Marathi language|Marathi]] in particular avoiding their use where other languages would use them.<ref name="KNAB">{{cite web |last1=Pall |first1=Peeter |title=Microsoft Word - kblhi2 |url=https://www.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblhi2.pdf |website=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |publisher=Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed |access-date=19 June 2020}}</ref>

====Ligature conjuncts of ड====
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Devanagari are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Devanagari Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Devanagari Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra. [[Nepali language|Nepali]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] texts use the "eyelash" Ra half form [[Image:Devanagari Eyelash Ra.svg|15px|Ra]] for an initial "R" instead of repha.
* Repha र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa: {{ref|note|note}}
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct RDda.svg|100px]]
* Eyelash र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct Eyelash RDda.svg|125px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + rakar र (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdRa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + य (ya) gives the ligature ḍya:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdYa.svg|100px]]

====Stacked conjuncts of ड====
Vertically stacked ligatures are the most common conjunct forms found in Devanagari text. Although the constituent characters may need to be stretched and moved slightly in order to stack neatly, stacked conjuncts can be broken down into recognizable base letters, or a letter and an otherwise standard ligature.
* ब্ (b) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct BDda.svg|100px]]
* भ্ (bʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature bʰḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct BhDda.svg|100px]]
* च্ (c) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct CDda.svg|100px]]
* छ্ (cʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature cʰḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ChDda.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ब (ba) gives the ligature ḍba:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdBa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + भ (bʰa) gives the ligature ḍbʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdBha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + च (ca) gives the ligature ḍca:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdCa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + छ (cʰa) gives the ligature ḍcʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdCha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + द (da) gives the ligature ḍda:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdDa.svg|100px]]
* द্ (d) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DDda.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdDda.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ḍḍʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdDdha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature ḍdʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdDha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature ḍga:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdGa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature ḍɡʱa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdGha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ह (ha) gives the ligature ḍha:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdHa.svg|100px]]
* ढ্ (ḍʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍʱḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdhDda.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ज (ja) gives the ligature ḍja:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdJa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + झ (jʰa) gives the ligature ḍjʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdJha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍjña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdJNya.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + क (ka) gives the ligature ḍka:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdKa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ख (kʰa) gives the ligature ḍkʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdKha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍkṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdKSsa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ल (la) gives the ligature ḍla:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdLa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature ḍḷa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdLla.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + म (ma) gives the ligature ḍma:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdMa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + न (na) gives the ligature ḍna:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdNa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature ḍŋa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdNga.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature ḍṇa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdNna.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature ḍña:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdNya.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + प (pa) gives the ligature ḍpa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdPa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + फ (pʰa) gives the ligature ḍpʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdPha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + स (sa) gives the ligature ḍsa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdSa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature ḍʃa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdSha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature ḍṣa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdSsa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + त (ta) gives the ligature ḍta:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdTa.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + थ (tʰa) gives the ligature ḍtʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdTha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature ḍṭa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdTta.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + ठ (ṭʰa) gives the ligature ḍṭʰa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdTtha.svg|100px]]
* ड্ (ḍ) + व (va) gives the ligature ḍva:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DdVa.svg|100px]]
* ध্ (dʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature dʱḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct DhDda.svg|100px]]
* घ্ (ɡʱ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ɡʱḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct GhDda.svg|100px]]
* ज্ (j) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct JDda.svg|100px]]
* झ্ (jʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature jʰḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct JhDda.svg|100px]]
* क্ (k) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature kḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KDda.svg|100px]]
* ख্ (kʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature kʰḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct KhDda.svg|100px]]
* ळ্ (ḷ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ḷḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct LlDda.svg|100px]]
* म্ (m) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature mḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct MDda.svg|100px]]
* ङ্ (ŋ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ŋḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct NgDda.svg|100px]]
* प্ (p) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PDda.svg|100px]]
* फ্ (pʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature pʰḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct PhDda.svg|100px]]
* ष্ (ṣ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṣḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct SsDda.svg|100px]]
* थ্ (tʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature tʰḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct ThDda.svg|100px]]
* ट্ (ṭ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṭḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TtDda.svg|100px]]
* ठ্ (ṭʰ) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature ṭʰḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct TthDda.svg|100px]]
* व্ (v) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature vḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct VDda.svg|100px]]
* य্ (y) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature yḍa:
[[File:Devanagari Conjunct YDda.svg|100px]]

==Bengali Ḍa==
The Bengali script ড is derived from the [[Siddhaṃ]] [[Image:Siddham dd.svg|13px]], and is marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than its Devanagari counterpart, ड. The inherent vowel of Bengali consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter ড will sometimes be transliterated as "ḍo" instead of "ḍa". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /d̳o/.
Like all Indic consonants, ড can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Bengali ড with vowel marks
|-
! ḍa !! ḍā !! ḍi !! ḍī !! ḍu !! ḍū !! ḍr !! ḍr̄ !! ḍe !! ḍai !! ḍo !! ḍau !! ḍ
|-style="font-size: 150%;"
|ড
|ডা
|ডি
|ডী
|ডু
|ডূ
|ডৃ
|ডৄ
|ডে
|ডৈ
|ডো
|ডৌ
|ড্
|}

===ড in Bengali-using languages===
ড is used as a basic consonant character in all of the major Bengali script orthographies, including [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] and [[Assamese alphabet|Assamese]]. 

===Conjuncts with ড===
Bengali ড exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts, with a tendency towards stacked ligatures.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Bengali Alphabet|url=http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928021705/http://tesseractindic.googlecode.com/files/wb069conjuncts.pdf|archive-date=2013-09-28}}</ref>
* ড্ (ḍ) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct DDdda.svg |100px]]
* ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ḍra, with the [[ra phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct DDra.svg |100px]]
* ড্ (ḍ) + ব (va) gives the ligature ḍva, with the [[va phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct DDva.svg |100px]]
* ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ḍya, with the [[ya phala]] suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct DDya.svg |100px]]
* ল্ (l) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature lḍa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ldda.svg |100px]]
* ন্ (n) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature nḍa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Ndda.svg |100px]]
* ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature nḍra, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Nddra.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNdda.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra, with the ra phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNddra.svg |100px]]
* ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + য (ya) gives the ligature ṇḍya, with the ya phala suffix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct NNddya.svg |100px]]
* র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa, with the [[Ra (Indic)#Bengali Repha|repha]] prefix:
[[File:Bengali Conjunct Rdda.svg |100px]]

==Gujarati Ḍa==
[[File:Gujarati letter Dda.svg|thumb|right|100px|Gujarati Ḍa.]]
'''Ḍa''' ('''ડ''') is the thirteenth consonant of the [[Gujarati script|Gujarati]] [[abugida]]. It is derived from the Devanagari Ḍa [[Image:Devanagari ड.svg|13px|Ḍa]] with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|Ḍa]].

===Gujarati-using Languages===
The Gujarati script is used to write the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]] languages. In both languages, ડ is pronounced as {{IPA|gu|ɖə|}} or {{IPAblink|ɖ}} when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:
{| class=wikitable style="width: 40em;"
|-
! style="width:6%;"| Ḍa !! style="width:7%;"| Ḍā !! style="width:6.5%;"| Ḍi !! style="width:7%;"| Ḍī !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ḍu !! style="width:5%;"| Ḍū !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ḍr !! style="width:5%;"| Ḍl !! style="width:5%;"| Ḍr̄ !! style="width:5%;"| Ḍl̄ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ḍĕ !! style="width:4.5%;"| Ḍe !! style="width:5%;"| Ḍai !! style="width:7%;"| Ḍŏ !! style="width:7%;"| Ḍo !! style="width:6%;"| Ḍau !! style="width:7%;"| Ḍ
|- align="center"
| colspan=17 |[[File:Gujarati Dda Matras.svg|750px]]
|-
| colspan=17 |Gujarati Ḍa syllables, with vowel marks in red.
|}

===Conjuncts with ડ===
Gujarati ડ exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ḍa does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. Lacking a half form, Ḍa will normally use an explicit virama when forming conjuncts without a true ligature.
True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. Those variants include [[Na (Indic)#Gujarati Na|Na]] and the [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Repha|Repha]] and [[Ra (Indic)#Gujarati Rakar|Rakar]] forms of Ra.
* ર્ (r) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature RḌa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct RDda.svg|100px]]
* ડ્ (ɖ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌRa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DdRa.svg|100px]]
* ડ્ (ɖ) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature ḌḌa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DdDda.svg|100px]]
* ડ્ (ɖ) + ન (na) gives the ligature ḌNa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DdNa.svg|100px]]
* ડ્ (ɖ) + વ (va) gives the ligature ḌVa:
[[File:Gujarati conjunct DdVa.svg|100px]]

==Javanese Ḍa==
{{main|Da (Javanese)}}

==Telugu Ḍa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Telugu letter Dda.svg
| alt1 = Telugu Ḍa
| image2 = Telugu subjoined Dda.svg
| alt2 = Telugu subjoined Ḍa
| footer = Telugu independent and subjoined Ḍa.
}}
'''Ḍa''' ('''డ''') is a consonant of the [[Telugu script|Telugu]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|Ḍ]]. It is closely related to the [[Kannada script|Kannada]] letter '''ಡ'''. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras.
Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Many subjoined forms are created by dropping their headline, with many extending the end of the stroke of the main letter body to form an extended tail reaching up to the right of the preceding consonant. This subjoining of trailing letters to create conjuncts is in contrast to the leading half forms of Devanagari and Bengali letters. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of [[Ṣa (Indic)#Telugu Ṣa|Ṣa]] (borrowed from [[Kannada script|Kannada]]) in the KṢa conjunct.

==Malayalam Ḍa==
[[File:Malayalam letter Dda.svg|thumb|100px|Malayalam letter Ḍa]]
'''Ḍa''' ('''ഡ''') is a consonant of the [[Malayalam script|Malayalam]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|Ḍ]], via the [[Grantha script|Grantha]] letter [[Image:Grantha letter Dda.svg|x15px|Ḍa]] ''Ḍa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
[[File:Malayalam Dda matras.svg|thumb|center|550px|Malayalam Ḍa matras: Ḍa, Ḍā, Ḍi, Ḍī, Ḍu, Ḍū, Ḍr̥, Ḍr̥̄, Ḍl̥, Ḍl̥̄, Ḍe, Ḍē, Ḍai, Ḍo, Ḍō, Ḍau, and Ḍ.]]

===Conjuncts of ഡ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit [[candrakkala]] mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, ''put̪iya lipi'', may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in ''paḻaya lipi'', due to [[Malayalam script#Orthography reform|changes]] undertaken in the 1970s by the [[Government of Kerala]].
* ഡ് (ḍ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ḍḍa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct DdDda.svg]]
* ണ് (ṇ) + ഡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct NnDda.svg]]
* ഡ് (ḍ) + ഢ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature ḍḍʱa:
[[File:Malayalam conjunct DdDdha.svg]]

==Odia Ḍa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Odia letter Dda.svg
| alt1 = Odia independent letter Ḍa
| image2 = Odia subjoined Dda.svg
| alt2 = Odia subjoined letter Ḍa
| footer = Odia independent and subjoined letter Ḍa.
}}
'''Ḍa''' ('''ଡ''') is a consonant of the [[Odia script|Odia]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|Ḍ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham dd.svg|x15px|Ḍa]] ''Ḍa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.
{| class=wikitable
|+ Odia Ḍa with vowel matras
|-
! Ḍa !! Ḍā !! Ḍi !! Ḍī !! Ḍu !! Ḍū !! Ḍr̥ !! Ḍr̥̄ !! Ḍl̥ !! Ḍl̥̄ !! Ḍe !! Ḍai !! Ḍo !! Ḍau !! Ḍ
|-
| {{big|ଡ}} || {{big|ଡା}} || {{big|ଡି}} || {{big|ଡୀ}} || {{big|ଡୁ}} || {{big|ଡୂ}} || {{big|ଡୃ}} || {{big|ଡୄ}} || {{big|ଡୢ}} || {{big|ଡୣ}} || {{big|ଡେ}} || {{big|ଡୈ}} || {{big|ଡୋ}} || {{big|ଡୌ}} || {{big|ଡ୍}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of ଡ ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The second type of conjunct formation is through pure ligatures, where the constituent consonants are written together in a single graphic form. This ligature may be recognizable as being a combination of two characters or it can have a conjunct ligature unrelated to its constituent characters.
* ଣ୍ (ṇ) + ଡ (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:
[[File:Odia conjunct NnDda.svg]]

==Kaithi Ḍa==
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Dda.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Ḍa
| footer = Kaithi consonant Ḍa.
}}

'''Ḍa''' ('''𑂙''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|Ḍ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham dd.svg|x15px|Ḍa]] ''Ḍa''. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Kaithi Ḍa with vowel matras
|-
! Ḍa !! Ḍā !! Ḍi !! Ḍī !! Ḍu !! Ḍū !! Ḍe !! Ḍai !! Ḍo !! Ḍau !! Ḍ
|-
| {{big|𑂙}} || {{big|𑂙𑂰}} || {{big|𑂙𑂱}} || {{big|𑂙𑂲}} || {{big|𑂙𑂳}} || {{big|𑂙𑂴}} || {{big|𑂙𑂵}} || {{big|𑂙𑂶}} || {{big|𑂙𑂷}} || {{big|𑂙𑂸}} || {{big|𑂙𑂹}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑂙 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂙 (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct RDda.svg|100px]]

===Kaithi Ṛa===
{{multiple image
| width = 100px
| image1 = Kaithi Dddha.svg
| alt1 = Kaithi consonant Ṛa
| footer = Kaithi consonant Ṛa.
}}

'''Ṛa''' ('''𑂚''') is a consonant of the [[Kaithi script|Kaithi]] [[abugida]] derived from 𑂙 ''Ḍa''. Ṛa acts

{| class=wikitable
|+ Kaithi Ṛa with vowel matras
|-
! Ṛa !! Ṛā !! Ṛi !! Ṛī !! Ṛu !! Ṛū !! Ṛe !! Ṛai !! Ṛo !! Ṛau !! Ṛ
|-
| {{big|𑂚}} || {{big|𑂚𑂰}} || {{big|𑂚𑂱}} || {{big|𑂚𑂲}} || {{big|𑂚𑂳}} || {{big|𑂚𑂴}} || {{big|𑂚𑂵}} || {{big|𑂚𑂶}} || {{big|𑂚𑂷}} || {{big|𑂚𑂸}} || {{big|𑂚𑂹}}
|}

====Conjuncts of 𑂚====
As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a [[half form]] of preceding consonants, although several consonants use an explicit [[virama]]. Most half forms are derived from the full form by removing the vertical stem. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, there are a few vertical conjuncts that can be found in Kaithi writing, but true ligatures are not used in the modern Kaithi script.

* 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂚 (ṛa) gives the ligature rṛa:
[[File:Kaithi conjunct RDddha.svg|100px]]

==Tirhuta Ḍa==
[[File:TIRHUTA LETTER DDA.svg|thumb|right|100px|Tirhuta consonant Ḍa]]

'''Ḍa''' ('''𑒛''') is a consonant of the [[Tirhuta script|Tirhuta]] [[abugida]]. It ultimately arose from the [[Brahmi]] letter [[Image:Brahmi dd.svg|13px|Ḍ]], via the [[Siddhaṃ script|Siddhaṃ]] letter [[Image:Siddham dd.svg|x15px|Ḍa]] ''Dda''. Like in other Indic scripts, Tirhuta consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent sylables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

{| class=wikitable
|+ Tirhuta Ḍa with vowel matras
|-
! Ḍa !! Ḍā !! Ḍi !! Ḍī !! Ḍu !! Ḍū !! Ḍṛ !! Ḍṝ !! Ḍḷ !! Ḍḹ !! Ḍē !! Ḍe !! Ḍai !! Ḍō !! Ḍo !! Ḍau !! Ḍ
|-
| {{big|𑒛}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒰}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒱}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒲}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒳}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒴}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒵}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒶}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒷}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒸}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒹}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒺}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒻}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒼}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒽}}
| {{big|𑒛𑒾}}
| {{big|𑒛𑓂}}
|}

=== Conjuncts of 𑒛 ===
As is common in Indic scripts, Tirhuta joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using an explicit [[virama]]. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjuncts of ''ra'' are indicated with a ''repha'' or ''rakar'' mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster. In addition, other consonants take unique combining forms when in conjunct with other letters, and there are several vertical conjuncts and true ligatures that can be found in Tirhuta writing.

* 𑒛୍ (ḍ) + 𑒩 (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct DdRa.svg]]
* 𑒛୍ (ḍ) + 𑒫 (va) gives the ligature ḍva:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct DdVa.svg]]
* 𑒝୍ (ṇ) + 𑒛 (ḍa) gives the ligature ṇḍa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct NnDda.svg]]
* 𑒩୍ (r) + 𑒛 (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct RDda.svg]]
* 𑒞୍ (t) + 𑒛 (ḍa) gives the ligature tḍa:
[[file:Tirhuta conjunct TDda.svg]]


==Comparison of Ḍa==
The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ḍa, are related as well.
{{Indic glyph |letname = Ḍa
|devacp = 0921 |devaimg = Devanagari ड.svg
|bengcp = 09A1 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Dda.svg
|telucp = 0C21
|oryacp = 0B21
|kndacp = 0CA1
|mlymcp = 0D21
|gujrcp = 0AA1
|gurucp = 0A21

|brahcp = 1101F |ashokaimg = Brahmi dd.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka dd.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad dd.svg
|kharcp = 10A1C
|siddcp = 1159A |siddimg = Siddham dd.svg
|grancp = 11321
|tibtcp = 0F4C
|phagcp = A86B
|zanbcp = 11A16
|newacp = 1141C
|bhkscp = 11C1A
|shrdcp = 1119D
|mymrcp = 100D
|khmrcp = 178C
|thaicp = 0E11
|talucp = 19A1
|lanacp = 1A2F
|laoocp = 0E91
|sinhcp = 0DA9
|cakmcp = 11113
|diakcp = 11918
|saurcp = A89E
|chamcp = AA19
|modicp = 1161A
|nandcp = 119BA
|soyocp = 11A68
|sylocp = A812
|gongcp = 11D82
|kthiimg = Kaithi Dda.svg | kthicp = 11099
|tirhcp = 1149B
|takrcp = 11696
|dogrcp = 11816
|khojcp = 11216
|sindcp = 112C8
|mahjcp = 11160
|multcp = 11292
|balicp = 1B1F
|javacp = A99D
|gonmcp = 11D18
|tochimg = Tocharian letter dda.gif
|kawiimg = Aksara Kawi dda.svg
| armiimg = Daleth.svg
| plavaimg = Pallava Dda.svg
| ranjimg = Ranjana dd.svg
}}

==Character encodings of Ḍa==
Most Indic scripts are encoded in the [[Unicode Standard]], and as such the letter Ḍa in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ḍa from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as [[ISCII]].
{{Indic encoding |= Ḍa
|devacp = 0921 |devaimg = Devanagari ड.svg
|bengcp = 09A1 |bengimg = Bengali Letter Dda.svg
|telucp = 0C21
|oryacp = 0B21
|kndacp = 0CA1
|mlymcp = 0D21
|gujrcp = 0AA1
|gurucp = 0A21
|iscii = BF

|brahcp = 1101F |ashokaimg = Brahmi dd.svg
|kushanaimg = Gupta ashoka dd.svg
|guptaimg = Gupta allahabad dd.svg
|kharcp = 10A1C
|siddcp = 1159A |siddimg = Siddham dd.svg
|grancp = 11321
|tibtcp = 0F4C
|tibtaltcp = 0F9C
|phagcp = A86B
|zanbcp = 11A16
|newacp = 1141C
|bhkscp = 11C1A
|shrdcp = 1119D
|mymrcp = 100D
|khmrcp = 178C
|thaicp = 0E11
|talucp = 19A1
|talu2cp = 19A4
|talu3cp = 19C6
|lanacp = 1A2F
|laoocp = 0E91
|sinhcp = 0DA9
|cakmcp = 11113
|diakcp = 11918
|saurcp = A89E
|chamcp = AA19
|modicp = 1161A
|nandcp = 119BA
|soyocp = 11A68
|sylocp = A812
|gongcp = 11D82
|kthiimg = Kaithi Dda.svg | kthicp = 11099
|tirhcp = 1149B
|takrcp = 11696
|dogrcp = 11816
|khojcp = 11216
|sindcp = 112C8
|mahjcp = 11160
|multcp = 11292
|balicp = 1B1F
|javacp = A99D
|gonmcp = 11D18
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
::{{note|note|note}} Conjuncts are identified by [[IAST]] transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + [[Ha (Indic)|Ha]], and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
{{Devanagari_abugida}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dxa (Indic)}}
[[Category:Indic letters]]

Chandrika Devi Temple, Lucknow

2026-01-06T13:31:36Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put Up The Bio From Scratch

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Lucknow, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
|name = Maa Chandrika Devi Temple
|image = Chandrika devi temple lucknow.jpg
|alt=
|caption=
|coordinates={{coord|27|1|13.1|N|80|49|46.3|E|}}
|native_name=माँ चन्द्रिका देवी मंदिर
|country={{IND}}
|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|district=[[Lucknow]]
|location=[[Lucknow]]
|elevation_m=123
|deity=[[Durga]]
|festivals=[[Amavasya]], [[Navratri]]
|architecture=[[Hindu architecture]]
|temple_quantity=
|monument_quantity=9 Durga
|inscriptions=
|established=Older than 12th Century
|creator=Narad Muni
|website=
|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]}}

'''Chandrika Devi Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]], dedicated to one of the manifestation of Goddess[[Durga]], situated on the bank of river [[Gomti River|Gomti]] at [[Bakshi Ka Talab]] in [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It is a prominent pilgrimage site for locals and interstate people. It is also a tourist destination for the people of adjoining cities and rural folks.

== History ==
There is mention of this temple in the holy books of [[Skanda Purana|Skand]] and Karma Puran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandrika Devi Temple in Lucknow |url=http://chandrika-devi-temple-lucknow.blogspot.in/ |accessdate=2015-12-27 |website=chandrika-devi-temple-lucknow.blogspot.in}}</ref> It is said that on the banks of the Mahisagar Sangam Tirth, near the Gomti River, the altars (''vedis'') of the nine Durgas have been preserved since ancient times within the hollow of an old neem tree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-01 |title=Navratri 2022: नीम के पेड़ से प्रकट हुई थी दुर्गा मां, जानिए लखनऊ के चंद्रिका देवी मंदिर का इतिहास |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-devotees-come-in-lakhs-on-navratri-in-maa-chandrika-devi-temple-of-lucknow-know-history-upns-4657525.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

The Siddhapeeth at Bakshi Ka Talab is regarded as an important pilgrimage site. The site, originally known as [[Kathwara]], is presently called Kathwara, where the Siddhapeeth is located. According to local tradition, devotees often feel compelled to return after their first visit. It is believed that during the ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', Rajkumar Chandraketu, the elder son of Shri [[Lakshmana]], the founder of Lucknow, was once passing through the Gomti River with the horse of the Ashwamedha Yajna. As night fell, he stopped to rest in the dense forest of ''Katakbasa'' on the riverbank, which was then called Adi Ganga. On the night of ''Amavasya'' (new moon), when he felt afraid, he remembered the Goddess and prayed to her with the mantras taught by his mother, Urmila. At that moment, a gentle moonlight spread, the Goddess appeared before him, and his fear went away. It is believed that the divine radiance (''chandrika'') of the Goddess shone at this place, and the deity was established here.

It is said that a grand temple once stood here but was destroyed in the 12th century by foreign invaders. About 250 years ago, some villagers discovered this hidden place while walking through the dense forest. The next day, a villager found the idol of the Goddess, which was then placed at the present site. Later, a temple was built, and since then people have continued to visit and worship Maa Chandrika Devi here. This place is also known as ''Mahi Sagar Teerth<ref>{{Cite web |title=Temples in Lucknow, Mandir in Lucknow, List of Temples in Lucknow |url=http://www.lucknowonline.in/city-guide/temples-in-lucknow |accessdate=2015-12-27 |website=www.lucknowonline.in}}</ref>''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Preeti |date=2023-02-02 |title=Maa Chandrika Devi temple located in Lucknow tourism news in hindi {{!}} Maa Chandrika Devi Mandir: लखनऊ स्थित मां चंद्रिका देवी मंदिर में होती हर मनोकामना की पूर्ति, भक्तों की लगी रहती है भीड़ {{!}} News Track in Hindi |url=https://newstrack.com/tourism/maa-chandrika-devi-temple-located-in-lucknow-358679 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=newstrack.com |language=hi}}</ref> A grand temple of Goddess Chandrika Devi has existed at this location since the early 18th century.

The sanctity of this pilgrimage place during the ''Dvapara Yuga'' is mentioned in the ''Skanda Purana''. According to the [[Skanda Purana]], in the ''[[Dvapara Yuga]]'', Lord Shri [[Krishna]] advised [[Barbarika]], the son of [[Ghatotkacha]], to visit this ''tirtha'' in order to attain divine power. Following his counsel, Barbarika is said to have worshipped Maa Chandrika Devi at this site continuously for three years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=WD |title=chandrika devi temple in lucknow {{!}} आस्था का केंद्र माँ चन्द्रिका देवी धाम |url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/religious-journey-articles/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE-108041900082_1.htm |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=hindi.webdunia.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Navratri 2024: लक्ष्मण पुत्र ने बनवाया था पौराणिक चंद्रिका देवी मंदिर, भीम पौत्र बर्बरीक ने यहां की घोर तपस्या, नवरात्रि में उमड़ता है भक्तों का सैलाब |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/up-ki-baat/navratri-2024-maa-chandrika-devi-mandir-story-related-to-lakshman-son-chandraketu-temple-history-in-lucknow/2448237 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Zee-Up-Uttarakhand |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Shweta">{{Cite web |last=Shweta |date=2018-03-22 |title=चन्द्रिका देवी मन्दिर सिद्धपीठ जहॉ बर्बरीक ने की थी तपस्या |url=https://www.religionworld.in/chandrika-devi-temple-shadadpith-where-barbarik-had-done-penance-religion-world/ |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Religion World |language=en-US}}</ref>

There is also a belief that the Moon God (''Chandra''), cursed by Daksha Prajapati, came to the Mahisagar Sangam at Chandrika Devi Dham to bathe in its waters and be freed from the curse.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-28 |title=यहां स्नान करके चन्द्रमा हुए थे श्राप मुक्त |url=https://www.punjabkesari.in/dharm/news/chandrika-devi-temple-in-lucknow-793127 |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=punjabkesari}}</ref>

During the ''Mahabharata'' period,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name="Shweta"/> the five Pandava brothers, along with Draupadi, visited this tirtha during their exile. King Yudhishthira performed the ''Ashvamedha Yajna'',<ref name=":1" /> and when the sacrificial horse was stopped near Chandrika Devi Dham by King Hansadhvaja, war ensued between him and Yudhishthira’s army. While his son Suratha participated in the battle, his other son Sudhanva was deeply absorbed in worshipping the Nine Durgas at Chandrika Devi Dham. Because of his absence from the battlefield, Sudhanva was tested by being immersed in a cauldron of boiling oil at the Mahisagar site.

By the grace of Goddess Chandrika Devi, his body remained unaffected, and from then onward, the site came to be known as ''Sudhanva Kund''. When Yudhishthira’s army (katak) camped here, the place came to be called ''Katakvasa'', which later evolved into the present-day Kathwara.

The renowned Hindi novelist [[Amritlal Nagar]] described the glory of Chandrika Devi in his novel ''Karvat'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=AMRITLAL NAGAR |url=http://archive.org/details/Karwat-Hindi |title=KARWAT - HINDI}}</ref> in which the protagonist, Bansidhar, travels from the Tandon Chowk area to seek the Goddess’s blessings on every ''Amavasya''. Even today, the highest number of devotees at the temple on ''Amavasya'' and its eve come from the Chowk area of Lucknow.<ref name=":0" />

== Religious Significance ==
Chandrika Devi is regarded as a manifestation of Goddess [[Durga]]. It is believed that those who worship here are blessed with wealth, prosperity, and the fulfilment of their wishes. Devotees often tie a knot in a ''chunari'' (sacred cloth) as a vow, and upon its fulfilment, they offer a chunari, distribute ''prasad'', and tie a bell within the temple premises. In the court of Goddess Chandrika Devi, all devotees—rich or poor, from any community—are treated with equal reverence.

On the eve of [[Amavasya]] and during ''[[Navaratri|Navratri]]'', numerous religious activities take place in and around the temple, including ''havan'' ([[yajna]]), ''[[Head shaving in Hinduism|mundan]]'' (tonsure ceremonies),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-01 |title=Navratri 2022: नीम के पेड़ से प्रकट हुई थी दुर्गा मां, जानिए लखनऊ के चंद्रिका देवी मंदिर का इतिहास |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-devotees-come-in-lakhs-on-navratri-in-maa-chandrika-devi-temple-of-lucknow-know-history-upns-4657525.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> ''[[kirtan]]s'', and ''satsangs'' (spiritual gatherings).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maurya |first=Sanjeev |title=Chandrika Devi Temple in Lucknow |url=https://inlucknow.org/post/discover-lucknows-mythological-2692 |website=In Lucknow |date=18 April 2025 }}</ref> Large numbers of devotees from across the state visit during these occasions, and the crowds swell significantly during Navratri.

According to legend, the ''chandrika'' (jewel worn on the forehead) of Goddess Sati is believed to have fallen at this site, making it a place of great sanctity. The temple is also mentioned in the ''Skanda Purana'' and ''Karma Purana''.

The shrine is located in a serene natural setting, encircled by the Gomti River on the north, west, and south, with the ''Mahisagar Sangam Tirth'' on the eastern side.<ref name=":2"/> Tradition holds that the waters of this confluence never dry up, as they are believed to be connected to the netherworld (''Patal''). It is also said that in the ''Dvapara Yuga'', Barbarika, the son of Ghatotkacha, performed penance here for three years on the advice of Lord Krishna.<ref name="Shweta"/> To this day, devotees continue to worship Barbarika alongside Goddess Chandrika Devi at this sacred place.

A fair held here on every ''Amavasya'' has been a tradition for more than 300 years, attracting pilgrims in large numbers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=अमावस्या पर मां चंद्रिका देवी मंदिर में उमड़ी भीड़ |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/news/crowd-gathered-at-maa-chandrika-devi-temple-on-amavasya-134563228.html}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

== Location ==
The temple is situated on the banks of the [[Gomti River|Gomti]] River, to the north-west of National Highway 24 /[[National Highway 24 (India)|NH-24]] (Lucknow–Sitapur Road), in [[Kathwara, Lucknow|Kathwara]] village near Bakshi Ka Talab, Lucknow. It is located approximately 28 km from the main city of Lucknow and about 45 km from [[Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport]]. The site and its surrounding areas hold great historical and religious significance, with references tracing back to the period of the ''Ramayana''.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Temples in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]

Anagarika Munindra

2026-01-06T02:24:02Z

Bhanwarrathore: Creating New Data First Draft

{{Short description|Indian Buddhist leader}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Anagarika Munindra
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| dharma_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year|1915}}
| birth_place = [[Chittagong]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now part of [[Bangladesh]])
| death_date = {{Death year and age|2003|1915}}
| death_place = [[Igatpuri]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| nationality = Indian
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
| school = [[Theravada]]
| lineage =
| title = [[Vipassana]] meditation teacher
| location =
| occupation = Religious leader
| teacher = [[S. N. Goenka]], [[Mahasi Sayadaw]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| students = [[Dipa Ma]]
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| website =
}}
{{buddhism}}
{{Western Buddhism}}
[[Image:Mahabodhitemple.jpg|thumb|right|180px|[[Mahabodhi|Mahabodhi temple]] in [[Bodhgaya]], [[India]]]]
'''Anagarika Shri Munindra''' (1915 – October 14, 2003), also called '''Munindraji''' by his disciples,<ref name="tricycle">{{cite web|title=In Memoriam: Anagarika Munindra (1914-2003) |url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/memoriam-anagarika-munindra-1914-2003/|publisher=[[Tricycle: The Buddhist Review]]|accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> was an Indian [[Vipassanā]] meditation teacher, who taught many notable meditation teachers including [[Dipa Ma]],{{sfn |Schmidt|2005|p=11}} [[Joseph Goldstein (writer)|Joseph Goldstein]],{{sfn |Schmidt|2005|p=11}} and [[Sharon Salzberg]].{{sfn |Schmidt|2005|p=9}} [[Anagarika]] simply means a practicing Buddhist who leads a nomadic life without attachment in order to focus on the [[Dhamma]].

==Early life==
Anagarika was born in [[Chittagong]], [[British India]] (what is now [[Bangladesh]]) and descended from Buddhists of India forced east by the [[Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent|eleventh century Muslim invasion]].<ref name="tricycle"/>

==Buddhist life==
He was an active member of the [[Maha Bodhi Society]]<ref name="tricycle"/> whose purpose was the resuscitation of Buddhism in India and the restoration of ancient Buddhist shrines there. Munindra was the superintendent of the [[Mahabodhi Temple]] at [[Bodh Gaya]] from 1953 to 1957,<ref name="tricycle"/> the first Buddhist to hold this position in modern times. From 1957 to 1966 he lived in [[Burma]], where he was a close disciple of [[Mahasi Sayadaw]],<ref name="tricycle"/> who authorised him to teach Vipassana meditation. While in Burma he also studied the [[Pāli Canon]] thoroughly,{{sfn|Knaster|2010|p=xiii}} before returning to India, where he taught Vipassana for many years in [[Bodh Gaya]].{{sfn|Knaster|2010|p=xv}} He was known to be very open-minded and relaxed in the way he taught.{{sfn|Knaster|2010|p=x}} He would encourage his students to study with other teachers, and investigate other traditions.{{sfn|Knaster|2010|p=xvi}}

==In the tradition of Ledi Sayadaw==
During his stay in Burma he came in close contact with [[S. N. Goenka]] and had Dhamma discussions with him.{{sfn|Knaster|2010|p=xvii}} Subsequently, he wished to learn [[Vipassana]] from [[Sayagyi U Ba Khin]] but since he had already learnt Vipassana from a monk, Sayagyi expressed his inability to teach him Vipassana in the tradition of [[Ledi Sayadaw]].<ref>{{cite web|title=My Friend, Munindraji By S. N. Goenka|url=http://www.vridhamma.org/en2004-09|publisher=Vipassana Research Institute|date=August 30, 2004|accessdate=June 12, 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Stuart|2020|p=88–92}}

Finally, his wish was fulfilled a few years later when [[S. N. Goenka]] started teaching Vipassana in India. Munindra joined a 10-day course conducted by Goenka at Bodhgaya. He was very impressed by the technique, as expressed in a letter of appreciation that he wrote to [[Sayagyi U Ba Khin]] after the course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pariyatti.com/downloads/treasures/Maha_Bodhi_Journal_1972-04.pdf|title=The Maha Bodhi|page=91|date=April 1972|accessdate=June 12, 2016}}</ref>{{sfn|Stuart|2020|p=88–92}}

== Final years ==
He spent the last part of his life living at the Vipassana Research Institute's main meditation centre, Dhamma Giri, at the village of [[Igatpuri]], India, as a guest of his close friend [[S. N. Goenka]].{{sfn|Knaster|2010|p=xvii}}

==References==
; Citations
{{Reflist|30em}}

; Bibliography
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|last=Das|first=Surya|authorlink=Surya Das|title=Make Me One with Everything: Buddhist Meditations to Awaken from the Illusion of Separation|publisher=[[Sounds True]]|year=2015|ISBN=978-1622034123}}
* {{Citation |last=Knaster|first=Mirka|title=Living This Life Fully|publisher=[[Shambhala Publications]]|year=2010|ISBN=978-1590306741}}
* {{Citation |last=Schmidt|first=Amy|title=Dipa Ma: The Life and Legacy of a Buddhist Master|publisher=Windhorse Publications|year=2005|ISBN=9781899579730}}
* {{Citation |last =Stuart|first =Daniel M.|date =2020|title =S.N. Goenka: Emissary of Insight|url=https://www.shambhala.com/s-n-goenka.html|publisher =Shambhala Publications|isbn=9781611808186}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|OrYjIkEMlOU|Video of Munindra visiting California}}
*{{YouTube|k_dQ5uxFeF4|Video of Munindra and Taungpulu Sayadaw from 1976 in Boulder Creek California}}
*[http://www.beliefnet.com/story/6/story_638_1.html Thoughts about Munindra from a book edited by Sharon Salzberg]
*[http://www.dharmaseed.org/teacher/129/ Recording of talk given at Golden Gate Park, San Francisco in 1977]
*[https://www.vridhamma.org/sites/default/files/newsletters/1434100401_en-2004-08-My-Friend-Munindraji-By-S-N-Goenka.pdf S. N. Goenka reminisces his friend Munindra]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Munindra, Anagarika}}
[[Category:1914 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Theravada Buddhists]]
[[Category:Buddhist spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:People from Chittagong]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:Students of S. N. Goenka]]
[[Category:Students of Mahasi Sayadaw]]
[[Category:Anagārikas]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]

Vrinda Grover

2025-12-29T12:37:22Z

Bhanwarrathore: Put up new article needs work!

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Short description|Indian lawyer, researcher, and human rights activist}}
{{Infobox person/Wikidata
|fetchwikidata=ALL

image=Vrinda Grover receives honorary degree at SOAS University of London.jpg
|image_size=200px
|caption=Grover receives an honorary degree from [[SOAS University of London]] in 2018
|office=Member, {{small|[[Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine]]}}, 2024–present
|alma_mater= [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]]{{efn|{{Wikidata entity link|Q5289309}}}} of [[Delhi University]], [[LL.B.]]
| education=[[LL.M.]], [[New York University]] School of Law{{efn|{{Wikidata entity link|Q846173}}}}
| known_for= [[Chair (officer)|Chair]] of the Board,<ref name=OHCHR/> [[International Service for Human Rights]]
|}}
'''Vrinda Grover''' (born 1964) is a [[lawyer]], researcher, and human rights and [[women's rights activist]] based in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. As a lawyer, she has appeared in prominent human rights cases and represented women and child survivors of domestic and sexual violence; victims and survivors of communal massacre, extrajudicial killings and custodial torture; sexual minorities; trade unions; and political activists.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://chrgj.org/event/vrinda-grover-law-the-state-and-human-rights-in-india/|title=Vrinda Grover: "Law, the State and Human Rights in India" {{!}}|website=chrgj.org|access-date=2016-12-10|archive-date=2 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702231831/http://chrgj.org/event/vrinda-grover-law-the-state-and-human-rights-in-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is a member of the UN [[Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine]].<ref name=OHCHR>{{cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/iicihr-ukraine/members#grover |website=[[OHCHR]].org |title=
Human Rights Expert Members of the Independent International Commission of Inquiry on Ukraine
|access-date=7 July 2025}}</ref>

Focused on the impunity of the state in relation to human rights violations, her research and writing inquires into the role of law in the subordination of women; the failure of the criminal justice system during communal and targeted violence; the effect of 'security' laws on human rights; rights of undocumented workers; challenges confronting internally displaced persons; and examines impunity for enforced disappearances and torture in conflict situations.<ref name=":0" /> ''Time'' magazine identified her as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2013.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/vrinda-grover/|title=Vrinda Grover, Lawyer, 49|magazine=TIME|date=18 April 2013 |access-date=15 January 2015 |last1=Roy |first1=Nilanjana }}</ref>

==Education==
Grover graduated from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], where she was a student in History. She obtained her degree in law from [[Delhi University]] and a Masters in Law from [[New York University]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trustwomenconf.com/profile/vrinda-grover/|title=Profile of Vrinda Grover|publisher=Trust Women}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Law ===
Grover has appeared for the victims in prominent cases such as the [[Soni Sori]] rape-torture case, [[1984 anti-Sikh riots]], 1987 [[Hashimpura massacre|Hashimpura police killings]], 2004 [[Ishrat Jahan case]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaresists.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Final-letter-Home-Secy-11-july.pdf|title=Letter from Vrinda Grover, Advocate|access-date=15 January 2015|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402114032/http://www.indiaresists.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Final-letter-Home-Secy-11-july.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the 2008 [[Religious violence in Odisha#Kandhamal Riots|anti-Christian riots in Kandhamal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://communalism.blogspot.in/2010/03/india-critique-communal-violence-bill.html|title=India: A critique to communal violence bill|website=Communalism watch|last1=Quraishi|first1=Humra|date=14 March 2010 }}</ref> She contributed to the drafting of the [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013|2013 Criminal Law Amendment]] to the law against sexual assault; the [[Child sexual abuse laws in India|Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012]], and the Prevention of Torture Bill, 2010, a law for protection from Communal and Targeted Violence.

In [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|2001 Parliament Attack]] case, she served as counsel for S.A.R. Geelani, one of the main accused.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2015-04-03 |title=Right to justice at stake |language=en |work=Frontline |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/cover-story/right-to-justice-at-stake/article7002917.ece |access-date=2022-07-15}}</ref> In the aftermath of the [[2013 Muzaffarnagar riots|2013 Muzaffarnagar Massacre]], she represented seven of the gangrape survivors of communal violence.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/fighting-rape/vrinda-grover-interview-on-nirbhaya-verdict|title=Legal System Is Still Failing Rape Survivors: Lawyer Vrinda Grover|work=The Quint|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en}}</ref>

=== Organisations ===
She worked as the executive director of Multiple Action Research Group (MARG).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://soscbaha.org/vrinda-grover-589/|title=Vrinda Grover – Social Science Baha|website=soscbaha.org|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-25|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032501/http://soscbaha.org/vrinda-grover-589/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She was a Research Fellow at the [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library]], Delhi. She serves as a trustee at the Centre for Social Justice and board member for [[Green Peace]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/priya-pillai-addresses-british-mps-through-skype/article6789634.ece|title=Priya Pillai addresses British MPs through Skype|date=15 January 2015|work=The Hindu|last1=Menon|first1=Meena|access-date=15 January 2015}}</ref> She has actively engaged with UN human rights mechanisms including the Universal Periodic Review and UN Special Rapporteurs, UN Women India Civil Society Advisory Group; is a bureau member of South Asians for Human Rights (SAHR); a founder member of the Working Group on Human Rights in India and the UN (WGHR). She is also on the global board of The Fund for Global Human Rights. She has associated with [[Amnesty International]], [[Human Rights Watch]] and the [[International Commission of Jurists]] on responses to torture, arbitrary detention, sexual violence and extra- judicial killings.

=== Activism ===

==== Early activism ====
In the 1980s, when Grover was a student at St Stephen's College, a 'tradition' existed of rating the female student population according to their physical attributes; the final calibration was summed up into a top 10 'chick chart' and pinned on the official noticeboard. A group of students, including her, decided to protest this. They were told they were breaking 'family tradition' and even threatened with expulsion. But they refused to back down. Ultimately, the institution banned the practice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vogue.in/content/every-indian-woman-needs-to-know-about-these-basic-rights/|title=Every Indian woman needs to know about these basic rights|website=VOGUE India|date=24 September 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref>

==== Recent years ====
She, along with a group of feminist lawyers and activists demanded that documentary [[India's Daughter]] be put on hold till the legal process was complete. However, this group of activists clarified that they did not endorse the Indian Government's move to ban the film.<ref name=":1" /> She has been vocal in speaking out against the death penalty in India.<ref name=":2" /> She spoke out against the appointment of [[Rajendra K. Pachauri|Rajendra Kumar Pachauri]] as executive vice-chairman of [[TERI University]], who was accused of sexually harassing a research scholar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/teri-is-in-breach-of-the-law-by-appointing-pachauri-vrinda-grover-116021100030_1.html|title=Teri is in breach of the law by appointing Pachauri: Vrinda Grover|last=Sandhu|first=Veenu|date=2016-02-11|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2017-11-25}}</ref> Pachauri, in turn, filed a civil suit against Vrinda Grover for pursuing the allegations of sexual harassment against him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/activists-outrage-rk-pacharis-civil-law-suit-advocate-vrinda-grover-pursuing-case-sexual-harassment/|title=Activists outrage at RK Pachari's civil law suit against Advocate Vrinda Grover for pursuing the case of sexual harassment against him|date=2016-04-15|work=Live Law|access-date=2017-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Awareness speaker ====
She speaks critically of the [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act]],<ref>{{Citation|last=Samim Asgor Ali|title=Vrinda Grover speaks at a Public Meeting at Shipra Hostel JNU on 02 October, 2016|date=2016-10-02|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGdRc9HRT5w&t=765s|access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref> the [[Virginity test#Two-finger test|two finger test]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-11-13|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Virginity test#Two-finger test|reason=Anchor "Virginity test#Two-finger test" links to a specific web page: "Two-finger test". The anchor (Two-finger test) [[Special:Diff/1257176340|has been deleted]].}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAqNVDSHDwo|title=Vrinda Grover talks about Two-finger Test (TFT)|website=YouTube|date=14 March 2014 |access-date=2016-12-10}}</ref> and other issues at various events and on news channels.

==== Controversies ====
:''RG Kar Rape & Murder Case''
Vrinda Grover started providing legal services on a pro bono basis to the victim's family from September 2024 in the rape and murder of a young on-duty doctor at RG Kar Medical College & Hospital in Kolkata on August 9th, 2024. However, she withdrew from the case in December 2024, a few weeks before the High Court provided a final verdict in the trial of a civic volunteer and the alleged killer, Sanjay Roy. It was disclosed later that her team discouraged the victim's parents from attending the court proceedings while the witnesses were being questioned. She withdrew from the case after the victim's family requested her to file a Protest Petition or Narazi Petition based on their dissatisfaction with the investigation. There were murmurs that she and her team misguided the victim's family and withdrew from the case just a few weeks before the final verdict was delivered in the Sealdah Court.<ref>https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/12/13/rg-kar-rape-murder-disappointed-but-undeterred-say-victims-parents-on-advocate-vrinda-grovers-withdrawal.html</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grover, Vrinda}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Time (magazine) people]]
[[Category:New York University School of Law alumni]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2015]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]

Kanathur, Tumkur

2025-12-24T01:30:45Z

Bhanwarrathore: added details

{{short description|Village in Karnataka state, India}}
{{for|Kanathur }}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kanathur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Kannada
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India*
| coordinates = {{coord|13.10|N|76.40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tumkur district|Tumkur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Sage Kanva Maharshi
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 794
| population_total = 5000
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kanathur''' is a village in [[Turuvekere|Turvekere]] [[Taluks of Karnataka|taluk]] of [[Tumkur district]], in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Karnataka]].

Kanathur is famous for its [[copra]]. Kanathur is also famous for its Gopala Swamy Temple.Nearby Aldalli, Turuvekere Taluk, Tumkur District. It is the birthplace of veteran stage artiste Master Hirannaiah's father K. Hirannaiah.

==Geography==
Kanathur is located at {{coord|13.10|N|76.67|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Tiptur.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Tiptur]</ref> It has an average elevation of 794 metres (2604 feet).
Turuvekere is around 12 km east of Kanathur. [[Tiptur]] Railway Station and [[Banasandra]] Railway Station are the nearest railheads. [[Bangalore International Airport]] is the nearest airport.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Kanathur had a population of 5000. Males constitute ??% of the population and females ??%. Kanathur has an average literacy rate of ??%, higher/lower than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is ??%, and female literacy is ??%. In Kanathur, ??% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==Temples==

There is a Venugopala Swamy temple in the middle of the village.
Hoysala Temples Near Kanathur are Kalleshwara temple and Chenna Keshava temple at Thandaga village.

==Agriculture==

The primary occupation in the village is growing copra which has the local market in [[Tiptur]]. Farmers also grow [[Eleusine coracana|ragi]], [[mulberry]], [[mango]], & various types of vegetables.
The main channel of [[Hemavati River]] which goes to [[Nagamangala]] passes near the village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tumakuru district]]

Indian cricket team in England in 1990

2025-12-16T20:26:08Z

Bhanwarrathore: fix layout per sources

{{Short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
The Indian cricket team toured England in the 1990 season and played 14 [[first-class cricket|first-class matches]] including three Tests. They also played in two [[limited overs cricket|limited overs]] internationals. England won the Test series 1–0 with two matches drawn. The Indian team was captained by [[Mohammed Azharuddin]] and was a mix of both youth and experience, having experienced veterans such as [[Dilip Vengsarkar]], [[Ravi Shastri]] and [[Kapil Dev]] as well as upcoming stars like [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] and [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. The series is notable for [[Graham Gooch]]'s triple century, legendary [[leg-spinner]] and future Indian cricket captain [[Anil Kumble]] making his international debut and Tendulkar making his 1st Test century at the age of 17, becoming the youngest Test centurion at the time.

==Background==
[[India national cricket team|India]] were the second touring side to visit [[England cricket team|England]] in 1990, following [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], who had lost their three-match Test series 1–0 and drawn the One Day series 1–1 during their [[New Zealand cricket team in England in 1990|tour]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1990/NZ_IN_ENG/NZ_IN_ENG_1990_RESULTS_SUMMARY.html |title=New Zealand in England 1990 - Results Summary |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=2010-12-01}}</ref> England's victory against New Zealand was their first series win at home since the [[1985 Ashes series|1985 Ashes]] and, except for a victory in a one-off match against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], their first home Test victory in 24 attempts.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153149.html |last=Norrie |first=David |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Graeme |edition=1991 |volume=128 |year=1991 |publisher=John Wisden |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1991 |isbn=0-947766-16-2}}</ref> India's [[Indian cricket team in England in 1986|previous tour of England]] was in 1986, when they won 2–0; coming into the 1990 tour, they had not won an away Test match since.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/153150.html |last=Mohan |first=R. |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=Graeme |edition=1991 |volume=128 |year=1991 |publisher=John Wisden |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1991 |isbn=0-947766-16-2}}</ref> The two sides had not met since the 1986 tour.

The Indian team selected for the tour was different compared to the successful 1986 team. Legendary players like [[Sunil Gavaskar]] and [[Mohinder Amarnath]] had long since retired, while opener [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth]] and [[left-arm spin]]ner [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] were dropped. However the team now had a young Sachin Tendulkar, who had already proved himself at the age of 17 as capable of being world-class and was now being predicted as the successor to Gavaskar. Captain Mohammed Azharuddin was now the leading batsman in the side while the 1986 tour winning captain Kapil Dev, Ravi Shastri and the hero of the 1986 tour, Dilip Vengsarkar, were slowly coming to the end of their careers.

==One Day series==

===First ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 18 July 1990
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 229 (54.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Allan Lamb]] 56 (77)
| wickets1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 3/40 (10.3 overs)
| score2 = 233/4 (53 overs)
| runs2 = [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] 82 (133)
| wickets2 = [[Chris Lewis (cricketer)|Chris Lewis]] 2/58 (10 overs)
| result = India won by 6 wickets
| venue = [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| umpires = [[John Hampshire]] and [[John Holder (cricketer)|John Holder]]
| motm = [[Anil Kumble]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64998.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
}}

===Second ODI===
{{Limited overs international
| date = 20 July 1990
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 281 (55 overs)
| runs1 = [[Robin Smith (cricketer)|Robin Smith]] 103 (105)
| wickets1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 3/58 (11 overs)
| score2 = 282/5 (53 overs)
| runs2 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 63* (44)
| wickets2 = [[Eddie Hemmings (cricketer)|Eddie Hemmings]] 2/53 (11 overs)
| result = India won by 5 wickets
| venue = [[Trent Bridge]], [[Nottingham]]
| umpires = [[Mervyn Kitchen]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[Robin Smith (cricketer)|Robin Smith]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64999.html Scorecard]
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
}}

==Test series==

===First Test===
{{Test match
| date = 26–31 July 1990
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 653/4d (162 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Graham Gooch]] 333 (485)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Narendra Hirwani]] 1/102 (30 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 454 (114.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 121 (111)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Angus Fraser]] 5/104 (39.1 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 272/4d (54.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Graham Gooch]] 123 (113)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Sanjeev Sharma]] 2/75 (15 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 224 (62 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sanjeev Sharma]] 38 (26)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Angus Fraser]] 3/39 (22 overs)
| result = England won by 247 runs
| venue = [[Lord's]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Dickie Bird]] and [[Nigel Plews]]
| motm = [[Graham Gooch]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63534.html Scorecard]
| rain = 29 July was taken as a rest day.
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
}}
*''Graham Gooch's total of 456 runs remains the [[List of Test cricket records#Most runs in a match|highest number of runs scored by a player in a single Test match]].''

===Second Test===
{{Test match
| date = 9–14 August 1990
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 519 (160.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Mike Atherton]] 131 (276)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Narendra Hirwani]] 4/174 (62 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 432 (119.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Mohammad Azharuddin]] 179 (243)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Angus Fraser]] 5/124 (35 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 320/4d (81 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Allan Lamb]] 109 (141)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 2/69 (22 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 343/6 (90 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 119* (189)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Eddie Hemmings (cricketer)|Eddie Hemmings]] 3/75 (31 overs)
| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], [[Manchester]]
| umpires = [[John Hampshire]] and [[John Holder (cricketer)|John Holder]]
| motm = [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63535.html Scorecard]
| rain = 12 August was taken as a rest day.
| toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = [[Anil Kumble]] (Ind) made his debut in Tests.
}}

===Third Test===
{{Test match
| date = 23–28 August 1990
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|ENG}}
| score-team1-inns1 = 606/9d (173 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ravi Shastri]] 187 (436)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Devon Malcolm]] 2/110 (35 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 340 (123.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Graham Gooch]] 85 (248)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 4/74 (32.4 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 477/4 ([[follow-on|f/o]]) (154 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[David Gower]] 157* (270)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kapil Dev]] 2/66 (24 overs)
| result = Match drawn
| venue = [[The Oval]], [[London]]
| umpires = [[Nigel Plews]] and [[David Shepherd (umpire)|David Shepherd]]
| motm = [[David Gower]]
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63536.html Scorecard]
| rain = 26 August was taken as a rest day.
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| notes = India enforced the follow-on.
}}

==Aftermath==
Both Azharuddin and Atherton were named [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year]].

==External sources==
[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/Tours_1990.html CricketArchive – tour itineraries]

==Annual reviews==
* [[Playfair Cricket Annual]] 1991
* [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]] 1991

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Ramachandra Guha]], ''A Corner of a Foreign Field - An Indian History of a British Sport'', Picador, 2001

{{1990 English cricket season}}
{{International cricket tours of England}}

[[Category:1990 in English cricket]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of England|1990]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions from 1988–89 to 1991]]
[[Category:1990 in cricket]]
[[Category:1990 in Indian cricket]]

{{England-cricket-tour-stub}}

Rahi Masoom Raza

2025-12-12T05:59:58Z

Bhanwarrathore: brief cleanup lead for accuracy further and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Urdu and Hindi poet (1927 – 1992)}}
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Rahi Masoom Raza
| image =
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1927|9|1}}
| birth_place = [[Ghazipur district|Ganguali]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])
| occupation = Novelist, [[Urdu language|Urdu]] poet, and film songs lyricist
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|1992|3|15|1927|9|1}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| yearsactive = 1945 – 1992
| awards = Won 3 [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue]]
| relatives = [[Parvati Khan]] (daughter-in-law)
}}
'''Rahi Masoom Raza''' (1 September 1927 – 15 March 1992) was an Indian [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and [[Hindi]] poet, writer and a [[Bollywood]] lyricist.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=संचयन भाग 2|publisher=[[NCERT]]|isbn=81-7450-665-9|location=New Delhi|pages=47|language=hi|chapter=लेखक परिचय|chapter-url=http://ncertbooks.prashanthellina.com/class_10.Hindi.SanchayanBhag2/lekhah%20P.pdf|access-date=18 October 2020|archive-date=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417181659/http://ncertbooks.prashanthellina.com/class_10.Hindi.SanchayanBhag2/lekhah%20P.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue]] three times, for his work in ''[[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]'' (1979), [[Tawaif (film)|''Tawaif'']] (1985) and ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991). He is best known for writing the screenplay and dialogues for the television series [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|''Mahabharat'']], which was based on the Sanskrit epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' from [[ancient India]].<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

==Biography==
===Early life and education===
Raza was born on 1 September 1927 into a Muslim family in the village of Gangauli, located in the [[Ghazipur]] district of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=IndianExpress>{{cite news|last=Chishti|first=Seema|date=1 May 2007 |title=It's 1947 still in Dr. Rahi Masoom Reza's Aadha Gaon|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/it-s-1947-still-in-rahi-masoom-raza-s-aadha-gaon/29768/2|access-date=11 April 2025|newspaper=Indian Express newspaper|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206185105/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/its-1947-still-in-rahi-masoom-razas-aadha-gaon/|archive-date=6 December 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was the younger brother of educationist [[Moonis Raza]] and scholar Mehdi Raza.

Raza completed his early education in [[Ghazipur district]] before pursuing higher education at [[Aligarh Muslim University]], where his academic focus was centered on Muslim theology. He earned a doctorate in Hindustani Literature and embarked on a literary career. He married Nayyar Jahan who had been previously married. Raza was told by many of his friends to break off ties with her. But he remained firm in his resolve and they were married, which led to a controversy that made Raza quit the Aligarh Muslim University job as a lecturer. Then the married couple decided to move to Bombay where Raza would work in films in 1967.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref>{{cite book |last=Hasan |first=Mushirul |author-link=Mushirul Hasan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lNKqYp-LTnkC&q=Ghazipur&pg=PA159 |title=Legacy of a Divided Nation: India's Muslims Since Independence |date=1997 |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |isbn=978-1-85065-304-2 |page=159}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Writing under the pseudonym Shahid Akhtar, he contributed novels to the Urdu magazine ''Rumani Duniya'' from Allahabad. Raza later became a lecturer in Urdu at [[Aligarh Muslim University]] before relocating to Bombay (now Mumbai).<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Oh, For an Original Story : Review of Scene 75 |url=https://www.thebookreviewindia.org/oh-for-an-original-story/ |website=Book Review India}}</ref>

=== Foray into Hindi films and television ===
Raza's career in Hindi films began with the romantic drama [[Mili (1975 film)|''Mili'']] (1975), directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]. His dialogues in the film were highly praised, marking the beginning of his successful career in the Hindi film industry.

He won his first [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue]] for [[Raj Khosla]]'s drama ''[[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]'' (1978), which dealt with themes of love, sacrifice, and societal expectations. His dialogues were instrumental in conveying the emotional depth and complexity of the film.

After working for various successful films like ''[[Gol Maal]]'' (1979), ''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]'' (1980), ''[[Judaai (1980 film)|Judaai]]'' (1980) and ''[[Disco Dancer]]'' (1982), Raza's next prominent venture was the romantic drama [[Tawaif (film)|''Tawaif'']] (1985), directed by [[B. R. Chopra]]. Showcasing the life and dilemmas of the life of a [[courtesan]], his dialogues were instrumental in humanizing the characters and conveying the emotional depth of the narrative, contributing significantly to the film's critical acclaim. His work on the film earned him his second Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue.

He gained significant recognition on Hindi television for writing the screenplay and dialogues for the television serial [[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|''Mahabharat'']], which was based on the ancient Indian epic, the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=":0" /> The serial became one of the most popular TV shows in India, achieving a peak television rating of approximately 86%.<ref>{{cite news |last=Manwani |first=Akshay |date=1 April 2013 |title=The Show of Shows Producing India's greatest television show ever |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/arts/show-shows?page=0,1 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214010034/http://www.caravanmagazine.in/arts/show-shows?page=0,1 |archive-date=14 December 2013|access-date=10 April 2025|newspaper=Caravan magazine}}</ref>

Raza then collaborated with [[Honey Irani]] to write the screenplay and dialogues for [[Yash Chopra]]'s musical romantic drama ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991),<ref name=Cinemaazi/> which was a pioneering film that explored unconventional themes of love across generations. Raza's dialogues, which were pivotal in conveying ''Lamhe'''s complex emotions and progressive themes, earned widespread critical acclaim upon the film's release. At the [[37th Filmfare Awards]], the film won a leading 5 awards, including a third Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue for Raza. ''Lamhe'' was Raza's final film to release in his lifetime, and over the years, it has been hailed as an all-time classic and the finest film of Chopra, Irani and Raza's careers.

==Death and legacy==
Rahi Masoom Raza died on 15 March 1992 at age 62.<ref name=Cinemaazi>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/dr-rahi-masoom-raza|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2022|access-date=10 April 2025|title=Rahi Masoom Raza profile and filmography|website=Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528235740mp_/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/dr-rahi-masoom-raza}}</ref>
After his death, Raza's dialogues were featured in two more of [[Yash Chopra]]'s productions, ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]'' (1992) and ''[[Aaina (1993 film)|Aaina]]'' (1993).<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

According to Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation (Cinemaazi.com) website:

{{blockquote|
"Regarded as nothing less than a national treasure, 'a scholar who strayed into Bollywood', his contributions to literature, poetry and films remains enormous".<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
}}

==Works==

His works include:

===Novels===
** ''Aadha Gaon'' (''The Divided Village'')<ref name="Cinemaazi" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="IndianExpress" />
** ''Dil Ek Saada Kaghaz''
** ''Topi Shukla''<ref name="Cinemaazi" /><ref name=":0" />
** ''Os Ki Boond''<ref name="Cinemaazi" />
** ''Katra Bi Arzoo''<ref name=":0" />
** ''Scene No. 75''

===Poetry===
** ''Mauz-e-ghul mauz-e-saba'' (Urdu)<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=":0" />
** ''Ajnabee shahar: ajnabee raste'' (Urdu)<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=":0" />
** ''Main ek Feriwala'' (Hindi)<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref name=":0" />
** ''Sheeshe ke Makaan Wale'' (Hindi)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

===Autobiography===
** ''Chotey aadmi ki badee kahaani'' ("Big Story of a Small Man")<ref name=":0" />

===Movie and TV scripts===
** ''[[Neem ka Ped]]'' – novel and TV serial of the same name<ref name=":0" />
** {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kissi Se Na Kehna]]}}
** ''[[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]'' (1978)
** ''[[Disco Dancer]]'' (1982)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
** ''[[Mahabharat (1988 TV series)|Mahabharat]]'' (1988)<ref name=":0" />

===Movie dialogues===
** [[Mili (1975 film)|''Mili'']] (1975)
** ''[[Alaap]]'' (1977)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
** ''[[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]'' (1978)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
** ''[[Gol Maal]]'' (1979)
** ''[[Karz (film)|Karz]]'' (1980)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
** ''[[Judaai (1980 film)|Judaai]]'' (1980<ref name=Cinemaazi/>)
** ''[[Hum Paanch (1980 film)|Hum Paanch]]'' (1980)
** [[Tawaif (film)|''Tawaif'']] (1985)
** ''[[Anokha Rishta]]'' (1986)
** ''[[Baat Ban Jaye]]'' (1986)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
** ''[[Naache Mayuri]]'' (1986)
** ''[[Awam (film)|Awam]]'' (1987)
** ''[[Lamhe]]'' (1991)
** ''[[Parampara (1993 film)|Parampara]]'' (1992)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>
** ''[[Aaina (1993 film)|Aaina]]'' (1993)<ref name=Cinemaazi/>

===Movie Lyrics===
** ''[[Alaap]]'' (1977)
** ''Des Mein Nikla Hoga Chand'' ([[Jagjit Singh]] & [[Chitra Singh]])<ref name=Cinemaazi/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/kavya-charcha/famous-writer-and-poet-rahi-masoom-raza-will-be-remembered-forever |title=राही मासूम रज़ा : मेरे बिना किस हाल में होगा, कैसा होगा चाँद (Famous Writer and Poet Rahi Masoom Raza Will Be Remembered Forever)|access-date=10 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023926/http://www.amarujala.com/kavya/kavya-charcha/famous-writer-and-poet-rahi-masoom-raza-will-be-remembered-forever |archive-date=9 November 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" |1979
|[[26th Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
|''[[Main Tulsi Tere Aangan Ki]]''
| style="text-align:center;" {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1979 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1979/101|work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |1986
|[[33rd Filmfare Awards]]
|''[[Tawaif (film)|Tawaif]]''
| style="text-align:center;" {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1986 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1986/101|work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |1992
|[[37th Filmfare Awards]]
|''[[Lamhe]]''
| style="text-align:center;" {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Filmfare Awards 1992 Winners |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1992/101|work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0713592|Rahi Masoom Reza}}
*[http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/Bookdetail.aspx?bookId=3409 A Village Divided] {{ISBN|9780143029830}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestDialogue}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reza, Rahi Masoom}}
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:1992 deaths]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:People from Ghazipur district]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Novelists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian screenwriters]]