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Sarkaaru Noukari

2026-05-07T22:55:17Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created New Entry W/ Infobox - done

{{Short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sarkaaru Noukari.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ganganamoni Shekar<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telugutimes.net/article/rk-tele-show-at-25-years-then-introduced-ss-rajamouli-now-its-ganganamoni-shekar-2 | title=RK Tele Show @25 Years: Then introduced SS Rajamouli, Now it's Ganganamoni Shekar | work=Telugu Times | access-date=14 January 2024 | archive-date=14 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114112543/https://www.telugutimes.net/article/rk-tele-show-at-25-years-then-introduced-ss-rajamouli-now-its-ganganamoni-shekar-2 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| screenplay =
| story =
| writer = Ganganamoni Shekar
| producer = [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]
| starring = {{plain list|
*Akash Goparaju<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/sarkaaru-noukari-all-you-need-to-know-about-akash-goparaju-bhavana-vazhapandals-rural-drama/f175db4c25614 | title=Sarkaaru Noukari - All you need to know about Akash Goparaju, Bhavana Vazhapandal's rural drama | website=ottplay.com | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=13 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232145/https://www.ottplay.com/news/sarkaaru-noukari-all-you-need-to-know-about-akash-goparaju-bhavana-vazhapandals-rural-drama/f175db4c25614 | url-status=live }}</ref>
*Bhavana Vazhapandal
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Mani Chandana]]
}}
| cinematography = Ganganamoni Shekar
| editing = Raghavendra Varma
| music = Sandilya Pisapati
| studio = R.K Teleshow Pvt Ltd
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|01|01}}
| runtime = 147 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
}}
'''''Sarkaaru Noukari''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]] language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by Ganganamoni Shekar. Produced by [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/singer-sunitha-son-akash-introducing-as-hero-with-sarkaaru-noukari-movie-under-raghavendra-rao-production-teaser-released-682293.html | title=Sarkaaru Noukari : రాఘవేంద్రరావు నిర్మాతగా.. సింగర్ సునీత కొడుకు హీరోగా సినిమా.. టీజర్ చూశారా? | language=Telugu | trans-title=Sarkaaru Noukari Produced by Raghvendra Rao | date=6 August 2023 | website=10tv.in | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=13 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232145/https://10tv.in/telugu-news/movies/singer-sunitha-son-akash-introducing-as-hero-with-sarkaaru-noukari-movie-under-raghavendra-rao-production-teaser-released-682293.html | url-status=live }}</ref> under R.K Teleshow Private Limited, it stars Akash Goparaju,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/singer-sunithas-son-makes-his-debut-with-sarkaru-noukari-807025 | title=Singer Sunitha's son makes his debut with 'Sarkaru Noukari' | date=3 July 2023 | work=The Hans India | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=13 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232145/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/singer-sunithas-son-makes-his-debut-with-sarkaru-noukari-807025 | url-status=live }}</ref> Bhavana Vazhapandal, [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Mani Chandana]], Sammeta Gandhi and Vadlamani Srinivas in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/2023/07/18/sarkaaru-noukari-telugu-movie-2023-cast-crew-details-release-date-trailer-songs-review-rating-censor/ | title=Sarkaaru Noukari Telugu Movie 2023 | Cast & Crew Details, Release Date, Trailer, Songs, Review, Rating, Censor | Akash | Bhavana Vazhapandal | Shekar Ganganamoni | website=thetelugufilmnagar.com | date=18 July 2023 | access-date=15 January 2024 | archive-date=15 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115183245/https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/2023/07/18/sarkaaru-noukari-telugu-movie-2023-cast-crew-details-release-date-trailer-songs-review-rating-censor/ | url-status=live }}</ref> The film was theatrically released in India on 1 January 2024.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/sarkaaru-noukari/movieshow/106312980.cms | title=Sarkaaru NoukariUA | newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=8 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240108105118/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-details/sarkaaru-noukari/movieshow/106312980.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==

Gopal (Akash Goparaju), a government employee, is tasked with promoting [[Condom]] usage to prevent the spread of [[AIDS]] in villages. He marries Satya (Bhavana Vazhapandal), who strongly opposes Gopal's job. Despite Satya's threat to leave if he does not resign, Gopal persists in his role. The movie delves into Gopal's unwavering dedication and its impact on his relationship with Satya. The narrative revolves around Gopal's efforts to raise awareness among villagers and explores the consequences of his choices on his personal life.

==Cast==

*Akash Goparaju as Gopal
*Bhavana Vazhapandal as Satya
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Sarpanch of kollapur
*[[Mani Chandana]] as Vasaki
*Sammetha Gandhi as Rambabu
*Vadlamani Srinivas a Sreenu
*Mahadev as Shiva
*Madhu Latha as Ganga
*Sudhakar Reddy as Ramu

==Soundtrack==

The music and background score is composed by Sandilya Pisapati.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sarkaaru-noukari/berMmFDpmTs_|title=Sarkaaru Noukari - All Songs - Download or Listen Free|publisher=JioSaavn|date=28 December 2023|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222013853/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sarkaaru-noukari/berMmFDpmTs_|url-status=live}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by Mango Music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSf3ZMahGYo|title=Sarkaaru Noukari Movie Audio Jukebox | Akash Goparaju | Bhavana | Sandilya Pisapati | Mango Music|date=30 December 2023 |via=YouTube|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232145/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DSf3ZMahGYo|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 20:11
| title1 = Sarkaar Noukari Promotional Song
| length1 = 4:00
| lyrics1 = Ganganamoni Shekar
| extra1 = [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]], Harika Narayan, Sahithi Chaganti
| title2 = Neella Baaayee
| length2 = 3:10
| lyrics2 = Pasunoori Ravinder
| extra2 = Sony Komanduri
| title3 = Ni Pasupu Paadaale
| length3 = 4:00
| lyrics3 =[[Kasarla Shyam]]
| extra3 = Sandilya Pripati, Keerthana Srinivas
| title4 = Panta Chetiki Vacheyala
| length4 = 3:04
| lyrics4 = Ganganamoni Shekar
| extra4 = Sri Soumya Varanasi
| title5 = Vaithalika
| length5= 4:29
| lyrics5 = Sira Sri
| extra5 = Spoorthi Jitender
| title6 = Thode veedindhi
| length6 = 1:28
| lyrics6 = Pasunoori Ravinder
| extra6 = Sai Charan
}}

==Release==

=== Theatrical ===
''Sarkaaru Noukari'' was released theatrically on 1 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.telugutimes.net/article/sarkaru-naukari-releasing-worldwide-on-january-1st-2024-for-new-year-eve-2 | title="Sarkaru Naukari" releasing worldwide on January 1st, 2024 for New Year Eve | work=Telugu Times | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=13 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232146/https://www.telugutimes.net/article/sarkaru-naukari-releasing-worldwide-on-january-1st-2024-for-new-year-eve-2 | url-status=live }}</ref>

===Home media===
The digital streaming of the film was sold to [[Amazon Prime]]. The film was made available from 12 January 2024 in Telugu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/2024/01/12/sarkaaru-noukari-is-now-streaming-on-amazon-prime/ | title=Sarkaaru Noukari is Now Streaming on Amazon Prime | date=12 January 2024 | website=thetelugufilmnagar.com | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=13 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232146/https://thetelugufilmnagar.com/2024/01/12/sarkaaru-noukari-is-now-streaming-on-amazon-prime/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Ganganamoni_Shekar_Received_Best_DOP_award_for_Sarkaaru_Noukari_at_Singindi_Film_Awards_2024_in_Ravindrabharathi.jpg|thumb|Ganganamoni Shekar Received Best DOP award for Sarkaaru Noukari at Singindi Film Awards 2024 in Ravindrabharathi]]
[[File:Bhavana_Received_Best_female_Debut_actress_award_for_Sarkaaru_Noukari_at_Singindi_Film_Awards_2024.jpg|thumb|Bhavana Received Best female Debut actress award for Sarkaaru Noukari at Sarangi Film Awards 2024]]

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[123Telugu]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and stated that "Sarkaaru Noukari addresses a significant societal concern, yet the film falls short in maintaining a captivating storyline from start to finish."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/sarkaaru-noukari-telugu-movie-review.html | title=Sarkaaru Noukari Telugu Movie Review | date=January 2024 | website=123telugu.com | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=15 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115183243/https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/sarkaaru-noukari-telugu-movie-review.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

Raisa Nasreen from ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars and wrote that "Sarkaaru Noukari is a Stirring Story of Taboos and Realities in Rural Settings"<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/sarkaaru-noukari-movie-review-a-poignant-tale-of-taboos-and-rural-realities-review-106435306 | title=Sarkaaru Noukari Movie Review: A Poignant Tale of Taboos and Rural Realities | date=January 2024 | publisher=Times Now | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=13 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232145/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/telugu/sarkaaru-noukari-movie-review-a-poignant-tale-of-taboos-and-rural-realities-review-106435306 | url-status=live }}</ref> and a critic from ''[[Eenadu]]'' stated that "Sarkaaru Noukari's Striving is Commendable, Yet Entertainment Aspect is Lacking".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/sarkaaru-noukari-movie-review-in-telugu/0203/123242793 | title=Sarkaaru Noukari Movie Review: రివ్యూ: సర్కారు నౌకరి.. గాయని సునీత తనయుడి మూవీ ఎలా ఉంది? | language=Telugu | trans-title=Sarkaaru Noukari Movie Review | work=Eenadu | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=13 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232145/https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/sarkaaru-noukari-movie-review-in-telugu/0203/123242793 | url-status=live }}</ref>

A critic from ''[[V6 News]]'' stated that "The Hero's Endeavor to Promote AIDS Awareness Could Have Been Depicted with Greater Force".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.v6velugu.com/sarkaaru-noukari-movie-review | title=Sarkaaru Noukari Review: సునీత కొడుకు సినిమా ఎలా ఉందంటే? | language=Telugu | trans-title=Sarkaaru Noukari Review | date=January 2024 | publisher=V6 News | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=13 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232147/https://www.v6velugu.com/sarkaaru-noukari-movie-review | url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote "The Hero character's efforts to talk about AIDS don't come across well in the movie. Some parts of the story are slow, like in art films."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sarkaaru-noukari-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1902542 | title=Sarkaaru Noukari Review: 'సర్కారు నౌకరి' మూవీ రివ్యూ | language=Telugu | trans-title=Sarkaaru Noukari Review | date=January 2024 | access-date=14 January 2024 | archive-date=15 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115183144/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/sarkaaru-noukari-movie-review-and-rating-telugu-1902542 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Srivathsan Nadadhur from ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote that "Sarkaaru Naukari, a film unfolding the dynamics between a couple navigating a societal taboo in the 90s, proves only partially captivating. The humor lacks sharpness, the drama doesn't consistently hold attention, but the film is nearly salvaged by compelling performances, cinematography, and music."<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sarkaaru-noukari-review-this-aesthetic-appealing-message-film-needed-more-depth/6ab63d42cc572 | title=Sarkaaru Noukari review - A visually appealing 'message' film that needed depth | website=ottplay.com | access-date=13 January 2024 | archive-date=13 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232145/https://www.ottplay.com/review/sarkaaru-noukari-review-this-aesthetic-appealing-message-film-needed-more-depth/6ab63d42cc572 | url-status=live }}</ref>

''Sarkaaru Naukari'' earns a 2/5 from an Indiaglitz critic, recognizing the director's dedication and the cast's talent. Yet, the film is criticized for lacking a distinctive narrative approach, preventing it from making a memorable impact. Despite effectively portraying government job challenges, it falls short of providing the unique perspective needed to truly captivate the audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/sarkaru-noukari-review-hollywood-movie-33814|title=Sarkaru Noukari review. Sarkaru Noukari Hollywood movie review, story, rating|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113232345/http://www.indiaglitz.com/sarkaru-noukari-review-hollywood-movie-33814|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|28266209}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}

[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]

Sampoorna Premayanam

2026-05-06T14:00:05Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created Basic Stub W/ Sources

{{Short description|1980s Indian Telugu comedy film}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sampoorna Premayanam
| image = Sampoorna Premayanam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Satyanand (dialogues)
| story = [[Yandamuri Veerendranath]]
| screenplay = N. B. Chakravarthy
| producer = [[Midde Rama Rao]]
| director = N. B. Chakravarthy
| starring = {{Ubl | [[Sobhan Babu]] | [[Jaya Prada]]}}
| music = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cinematography = Kannappa
| editing = D. Venkataratnam
| studio = Sri Rajyalakshmi Art Pictures<ref name="Shalimar Telugu & Hindi Movies – Sampoorna Premayanam (Overview)">{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W93DY2WtsmM |title=Sampoorna Premayanam (Overview) |work=Shalimar Telugu & Hindi Movies |date=21 August 2015 |via=YouTube |access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717214753/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W93DY2WtsmM |url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1984}}{{efn|name=conflictingdates}}
| runtime = 139 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sampoorna Premayanam''''' ({{translation|Full-fledged love story}}) is a 1980s{{efn|name=conflictingdates}} [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] directed by N. B. Chakravarthy.<ref name="filmiclub – Sampoorna Premayanam (1984)">{{cite web |url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sampoorna-premayanam-1984-telugu-movie |title=Sampoorna Premayanam (1984) |work=FilmiClub |access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003075438/http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/sampoorna-premayanam-1984-telugu-movie |url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by [[Midde Rama Rao]], the film stars [[Sobhan Babu]] and [[Jaya Prada|Jayaprada]] with music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]].<ref name="gomolo – Sampoorna Premayanam (1984)">{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/sampoorna-premayanam-movie/17345 |title=Sampoorna Premayanam (1984) |website=gomolo.com |access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-date=19 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019081647/http://www.gomolo.com/sampoorna-premayanam-movie/17345 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="thecinebay – Sampoorna Premayanam Telugu Movie Review, Rating">{{cite web |url=http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/3444?ed=Tolly |title=Sampoorna Premayanam Telugu Movie Review, Rating |work=The Cine Bay |access-date=2 October 2016 |archive-date=3 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003060020/http://www.thecinebay.com/movie/index/id/3444?ed=Tolly |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a commercial success.

==Plot==
Venu works as a bus conductor at Prema Bus Transport Company, owned by Jagapathi Rao, who dotes on his daughter Prema. Dayanandam works as the manager at Jagapathi Rao's, always blackmails him for some reason, and plans to knit his son Prasad with Prema. Once Venu slaps Prasad for misbehaving with passengers, and for that, Dayanandam makes false allegations against Venu and terminates him from the service. Meanwhile, Venu's sister is suffering from a disease, and he wants money for her treatment. Suddenly, a person, Gopala Rao, arrives, ready to give the amount required for his sister's treatment; in return, he asks him for a favor. He tells Venu to cheat on Prema as if he loves her to avenge Jagapathi Rao for cheating on his sister in the past. In the beginning, Venu doesn't agree, but later, he accepts the proposal because he senses Jagapathi Rao as his mother Parvatamma's homicide. After that, Gopal Rao takes love classes with Venu and makes him trap Prema in his love. One day, Gopal Rao visits Jagapathi Rao's house and reveals his entire plan, where a shocking discovery occurs: Prema is none other than Gopal Rao's sister's daughter. Gopal Rao rapidly moves to stop his plan; when he reaches Venu and Prema, he plays a drama in which they sexually interact with each other. Gopal Rao requests Venu to marry Prema, but Venu refuses because of his desire for revenge against Jagapathi Rao. When Prema forces her father to tell the truth, he reveals that the real culprit is Dayanandam, and he traps him in it. At last, Venu, Gopal Rao, & Jagapathi Rao unite and cease Dayanandam. Finally, the movie ends happily with the marriage of Venu & Prema.

==Cast==
*[[Sobhan Babu]] as Venu
*[[Jaya Prada]] as Prema
*[[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Gopala Rao
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]] as Jagapathi Rao
*[[Nutan Prasad]] as Dayanandam
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Prasad
*[[Suthi Veerabhadra Rao]] as Bhadram
*[[Suthi Velu]] as Abba Rao
*[[Narra Venkateswara Rao]] as Joshi
*Hema Sundar as Ramaiah
*K. K. Sarma
*Telephone Satyanarayana as checking inspector
*Chidatala Appa Rao as Appa Rao
*[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Parvatamma
*[[Silk Smitha]] as [[item number]]

==Soundtrack==
{{unsourced section|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Sampoorna Premayanam
| type = film
| artist = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1984{{Citation needed|date=January 2024}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 19:10
| label =
| producer = [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]
| prev_title = Bava Maradallu
| prev_year = 1984
| next_title = Iddaru Kodukulu
| next_year = 1984
}}

Music composed by [[K. Chakravarthy|Chakravarthy]]. Lyrics were written by [[Veturi]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song Title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Sreerasthu Madhana"
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[P. Susheela]]
|3:02
|-
|2
|"Gaali Vaana"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|3:57
|-
|3
|"Ekkadapadithe"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:08
|-
|4
|"Jaabilli Medha"
|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, P. Susheela
|4:25
|-
|5
|"Metthagaa Pillada"
|P. Susheela
|3:38
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|refs=

{{efn|name=conflictingdates|Sources disagree on the date of the film. 1984<ref name="filmiclub – Sampoorna Premayanam (1984)"/><ref name="gomolo – Sampoorna Premayanam (1984)"/> or 1986.<ref name="Shalimar Telugu & Hindi Movies – Sampoorna Premayanam (Overview)"/><ref name="thecinebay – Sampoorna Premayanam Telugu Movie Review, Rating"/>}}

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|8826554}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. Chakravarthy]]
[[Category:1984 comedy films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 Telugu-language films]]

INS Makar

2026-05-06T12:25:30Z

Best time to visit kashmir:

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{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
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| class = {{sclass|Makar|survey catamaran|1}}
| tonnage = 500 tons<ref name="alcockshipyard">{{cite web|title=Vessels Under Execution - Survey Vessel, Indian Navy|url=http://www.alcockshipyard.com/projects1.htm|publisher=Alcock Shipyard|accessdate=1 September 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215192638/http://www.alcockshipyard.com/projects1.htm|archivedate=15 December 2013}}</ref>
| displacement =
| length = {{convert|53.15|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="alcockshipyard" />
| beam = {{convert|16|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="alcockshipyard" />
| height =
| draught = {{convert|4.5|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}<ref name="alcockshipyard" />
| draft =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion =
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|12|kn|lk=in}}
| range =
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement =
| crew = 6 officers and 44 sailors<ref name="indiannavy">{{cite web|title=Indigenously Built INS Makar Commissioned into Indian Navy|url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/1571|publisher=Indian Navy|accessdate=1 September 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816210137/http://indiannavy.nic.in/node/1571|archivedate=16 August 2013}}</ref>
| time_to_activate =
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament =
| armour =
| aircraft =
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Makar'' (J31)''' ({{literal translation|[[Capricorn (constellation)|Capricorn]]}})<ref name="thehindu" /> is the lead ship of {{sclass|Makar|survey catamaran|0}} of survey [[catamaran]]s used for [[hydrographic survey]] by the [[Indian Navy]]. It was built indigenously in India by Alcock Ashdown Limited, [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Makar commissioned into the Indian Navy|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-21/news/34002314_1_indian-navy-surveys-western-naval-command|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215190522/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-21/news/34002314_1_indian-navy-surveys-western-naval-command|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 December 2013|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=Economic Times|date=21 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Navy commissions survey vessel INS Makar|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/navy-commissions-survey-vessel-ins-makar_801009.html|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=Zee News|date=21 September 2012}}</ref>

==Description ==
[[File:INS_Makar_-_2.jpg|thumb|250x250px|INS Makar used by INHD for surveys]]
INS ''Makar'' is tasked with undertaking hydrographic surveys for producing [[navigational chart]]s and is capable of collecting [[marine environment]]al information by conducting limited [[oceanographic survey]]s.<ref name="indiannavy" /><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Makar Commissioned into Indian Navy|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=775887|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130901182337/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=775887|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 September 2013|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=Outlook|date=21 September 2012}}</ref>

Equipped with four engines and two [[bow thruster]]s, ''Makar'' has an [[Integrated Platform Management System]] that combines the vessel's power, navigation and [[propulsion system]]s. She also carries onboard survey motorboats, [[autonomous underwater vehicle]]s and [[remotely operated vehicle]]s for carrying out surveys. ''Makar'' is further fitted with a wide range of survey equipment that includes sounding systems, bottom profilers and an advanced electronic positioning system. Air conditioned data processing facilities are available on board ''Makar''{{'}}s caravan.<ref name="indiannavy" /><ref name="thehindu" /><ref>{{cite news|title=Navy commissions survey vessel INS Makar|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/navy-commissions-survey-vessel-ins-makar-112092100583_1.html|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=21 September 2012}}</ref>

== Construction and career ==
[[Laid down]] in 2008, she was launched two years later at [[Bhavnagar]] and was commissioned into the Navy at the [[INS Kadamba|Seabird Naval Base]], [[Karwar]] in September 2012 by the then [[Flag Officer]] Commanding-in-Chief of the [[Western Naval Command]], [[Vice Admiral]] Shekhar Sinha. She is named after the constellation of [[Capricorn (constellation)|Capricorn]].<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=Hydrographic survey vessel commissioned|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/hydrographic-survey-vessel-commissioned/article3925097.ece|accessdate=1 September 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 September 2012}}</ref> In december 2021, she recovered the wreakage of the fishing boat Naved-2 which has gone missing in the Arabian sea on 23rd October that year upon request from the Maharastra government. She recovered the mortal remains of the crew who were killed during the vessel's sinking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy finds wreckage of missing fishing boat Naved-2 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/indian-navy-finds-wreckage-of-missing-fishing-boat-naved-2-1062623.html |access-date=2026-04-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026 |url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/ |archive-date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=IFR & MILAN 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of multihulls]]
*[[INS Astradharini|INS Astrandharini]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|INS Makar (J31)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makar (J31), INS}}
[[Category:2010 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Auxiliary ships of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Individual catamarans]]

Tangasseri Breakwater Tourism Park

2026-05-01T01:38:24Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created A Entry First Draft

{{short description|Park in Kollam, Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox park
|name = Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park
|photo = Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park.jpg
|type = [[Urban park]]
|location = [[Thangassery]] in [[Kollam]] city, [[India]]
|area = 2.5 Acre
|length =
|width =
|coords = {{coord|8.880457176231554|76.56751212053223|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|map = India Kollam#Kerala#India
|created = 2023
|owner = Department of Tourism, Harbour Engineering Department
|operator = [[District Tourism Promotion Councils (DTPC)|DTPC]], [[Kollam]]
|visitation_num =
|status = Open all year
}}
'''Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park''' is a newly opened tourist destination in Kollam, Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |title=ഓണസമ്മാനമായി തങ്കശ്ശേരി ബ്രേക്ക് വാട്ടർ ടൂറിസം പദ്ധതി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kollam/2022/08/20/kollam-thangasserry-park.html |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> The park is located on a 2.5-acre plot of land at Thangassery, a coastal town in Kollam district. The park was inaugurated on April 27, 2023,<ref>{{cite web |title=തങ്കശ്ശേരി ബ്രേക്ക് വാട്ടർ ടൂറിസം പാർക്ക് ഉദ്ഘാടനം ഇന്ന് |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/kollam/2023/04/27/thangassery-break-water-tourism-park-inauguration-today.html |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref> and has been attracting a large number of visitors since then.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minister to inaugurate Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park today |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/minister-to-inaugurate-thangassery-breakwater-tourism-park-today/article66781493.ece |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |date=26 April 2023}}</ref>

The park is a waterfront location with views of the Arabian Sea.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Daily |first1=Keralakaumudi |title=തങ്കശേരി ബ്രേക്ക് വാട്ടർ പാർക്ക് തുറക്കാൻ ധാരണ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1030690&u=local-news |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}</ref> It features a variety of amenities, including a children's playground, a boating lake, a food court, and a number of souvenir shops. There is also an open-air auditorium that can accommodate up to 400 people.<ref>{{cite news |title=Why you should visit newly opened Thangassery break water tourism park |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2023/05/17/kollam-thangassery-break-water-tourism-park-visitors.html |website=[[Onmanorama|OnManorama]] |access-date=31 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718110124/https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2023/05/17/kollam-thangassery-break-water-tourism-park-visitors.html |archive-date=Jul 18, 2023 |language=en |date=May 18, 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Thangassery Breakwater Tourism Park project launched by the Department of Tourism for promoting coastal tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=തങ്കശേരി ബ്രേക്ക് വാട്ടർ ടൂറിസം നാടിന് സമർപ്പിച്ചു; പി എ മുഹമ്മദ് റിയാസ് |url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2023/04/27/thangassery-break-water-tourism-park-inaugurated.html |website=Twentyfournews.com |date=27 April 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kollam}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kollam]]
[[Category:Parks in Kollam]]

Ajit Pawar

2026-04-30T02:54:36Z

Best time to visit kashmir:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1959–2026)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ajit Pawar
| image = Shri Ajit Anantrao Pawar.jpg
| caption = Pawar in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date|1959|07|22|df=y}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2026|01|28|1959|07|22|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Baramati]], Maharashtra, India
| death_cause = [[2026 Baramati Learjet 45 crash|Aircraft accident]]
| birth_name = Ajit Anantrao Pawar
| birth_place = [[Deolali Pravara]], Bombay State, India
| office = 8th [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| term_start = {{start date|2024|12|5|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{end date|2026|01|28|df=yes}}
| alongside = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| governor = *[[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
*[[Acharya Devvrat]] ''(additional charge)''
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| 2blankname = [[Third Fadnavis ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = *[[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)|Finance]]
*[[Ministry of Planning (Maharashtra)|Planning]]
*[[Ministry of State Excise (Maharashtra)|State Excise]]
*[[Ministry of Sports and Youth Welfare (Maharashtra)|Sports and Youth Welfare]] ''(additional charge)''
*[[Ministry of Minority Development and Aukaf (Maharashtra)|Minority Development and Aukaf]] ''(additional charge)''
| predecessor = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| successor = [[Sunetra Pawar]]
{{collapsed infobox section begin |last=yes |Other positions
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed lightgrey;}}{{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office1 = 8th [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 2 July 2023
| term_end1 = 26 November 2024
| governor1 = [[Ramesh Bais]] [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = Eknath Shinde
| deputy1 =
| alongside1 = Devendra Fadnavis
| 2blankname1 = [[Eknath Shinde ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata1 = *[[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)|Finance]]
*[[Ministry of Planning (Maharashtra)|Planning]]
| predecessor1 = Devendra Fadnavis
| successor1 = Himself
| governor2 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| term_start2 = 30 December 2019
| term_end2 = 29 June 2022<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/not-accepted-happily-sharad-pawar-on-devendra-fadnaviss-number-2-post-3116614|title=Not Accepted Happily: Sharad Pawar On Devendra Fadnavis's Number 2 Post|website=NDTV.com}}</ref>
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| 2blankname2 = [[Thackeray ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata2 = *[[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)|Finance]]
*[[Ministry of Planning (Maharashtra)|Planning]]
*[[Ministry of State Excise (Maharashtra)|State Excise]] (''additional charge'')
| predecessor2 = ''Himself''
| successor2 = Devendra Fadnavis
| term_start3 = 23 November 2019
| term_end3 = 26 November 2019
| status3 =
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = Devendra Fadnavis
| governor3 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| 2blankname3 = [[Second Fadnavis ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata3 = *Minister without Portfolio
| predecessor3 = [[President's rule]]
| successor3 = ''Himself''
| term_start4 = 7 December 2012
| term_end4 = 26 September 2014
| status4 =
| 2blankname4 = [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata4 = *[[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)|Finance]]
*[[Ministry of Planning (Maharashtra)|Planning]]
*[[Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra|Energy]]
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| governor4 = *[[Om Prakash Kohli]] ''(additional charge)''
*[[C. Vidyasagar Rao]]
| predecessor4 = ''Himself''
| successor4 = [[President's rule]]
| term_start5 = 10 November 2010
| term_end5 = 25 September 2012
| status5 =
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| governor5 = *[[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| 2blankname5 = [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata5 = * [[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)|Finance]]
*[[Ministry of Planning (Maharashtra)|Planning]]
*[[Ministry of Energy, New and Renewable Energy Maharashtra|Energy]]
| predecessor5 = [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
| successor5 = ''Himself''
| office6 = 23rd [[List of Leader of the Opposition of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| governor6 = *[[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
*[[Ramesh Bais]]
| term_start6 = 4 July 2022
| term_end6 = 2 July 2023
| 1blankname6 = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata6 = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| 2blankname6 = [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Speaker]]
| 2namedata6 = *[[Zirwal Narhari Sitaram]] ''(acting)''
*[[Rahul Narwekar]]
| deputy6 = [[Balasaheb Thorat]]
| predecessor6 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| successor6 = [[Jitendra Awhad]] ''(acting)'' [[Balasaheb Thorat]] (''additional charge'') [[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
| office7 = [[List of Leaders of the House of the Maharashtra Legislative Council|Leader of the House in Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| governor7 = [[Bhagat Singh Koshyari]]
| 1blankname7 = Chairman
| 1namedata7 = [[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| deputy7 = [[Subhash Desai]]
| term_start7 = 24 February 2020
| term_end7 = 29 June 2022
| predecessor7 = *[[Chandrakant Patil]]
*[[Subhash Desai]] ''(acting)''
| successor7 = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| term_start8 = 11 November 2010
| term_end8 = 25 September 2012
| governor8 = [[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| 1blankname8 = Chairman
| 1namedata8 = [[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]
| predecessor8 = [[Chhagan Bhujbal]]
| successor8 = [[R. R. Patil]]
| office9 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister in Maharashtra]]
| 2blankname9 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata9 = [[Ashok Chavan]]
| governor9 = *[[S. C. Jamir]]
*[[K. Sankaranarayanan]]
| 1blankname9 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata9 = *Water Resources
*Krishna Valley Irrigation Corporation
*Energy
| term_start9 = 7 November 2009
| term_end9 = 10 November 2010
| predecessor9 = *[[Sunil Tatkare]]
*[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
| successor9 = *[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]
*[[Sunil Tatkare]]
| 2blankname10 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata10 = [[Ashok Chavan]]
| governor10 = *[[S. C. Jamir]]
| 1blankname10 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata10 = *Water Resources
*Water Supply
*Sanitation Command Area Development
| term_start10 = 8 December 2008
| term_end10 = 6 November 2009
| predecessor10 =
| successor10 =
| 2blankname11 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata11 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| governor11 = *[[Mohammed Fazal]]
*[[S. M. Krishna]]
*[[S. C. Jamir]]
| 1blankname11 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata11 = *Water Resources
*Excluding Krishna Valley Corporation
| term_start11 = 9 November 2004
| term_end11 = 1 December 2008
| predecessor11 =
| successor11 =
| 2blankname12 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata12 = [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| governor12 = *[[Mohammed Fazal]]
| 1blankname12 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata12 = *Horticulture
*Rural Development
*Panchayat Raj
| term_start12 = 18 January 2003
| term_end12 = 1 November 2004
| predecessor12 =
| successor12 =
| 2blankname13 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata13 = [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| governor13 = *[[Mohammed Fazal]]
| 1blankname13 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata13 = *Horticulture
*Irrigation (Krishna Valley Development)
*Irrigation (Konkan Valley Development)
| term_start13 = 19 October 1999
| term_end13 = 16 January 2003
| predecessor13 =
| successor13 =
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
}}
| office14 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start14 = 18 November 1991
| term_end14 = 28 January 2026
| predecessor14 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| successor14 =
| constituency14 = [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
| office15 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency15 = [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati, Maharashtra]]
| term_start15 = 20 June 1991
| term_end15 = 18 September 1991
| predecessor15 = [[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]
| successor15 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| office16 = [[Nationalist Congress Party|National President of Nationalist Congress Party]]
| predecessor16 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| successor16 = [[Sunetra Pawar]]
| term_start16 = 2 July 2023
| term_end16 = 28 January 2026
| office17 = Minister of State in [[Government of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| 2blankname17 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata17 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| governor17 = *[[P. C. Alexander]]
| 1blankname17 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata17 = *Soil Conservation
*Power and Planning
| term_start17 = 6 March 1993
| term_end17 = 14 March 1995
| 2blankname18 = Chief Minister
| 2namedata18 = [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
| governor18 = *[[Chidambaram Subramaniam]]
| 1blankname18 = [[Government of Maharashtra|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata18 = *Agriculture
*Power
| term_start18 = 25 June 1991
| term_end18 = 22 February 1993
| party = [[Nationalist Congress Party]]
| other_party = [[National Democratic Alliance]] (2023–2026) [[United Progressive Alliance]] (2004–2022)
| occupation = Politician
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Sunetra Pawar|Sunetra Patil]]|1985}}
| children = [[Parth Pawar]] (son) Jay Pawar (son)
| relations = [[Sharad Pawar]] (uncle) 
[[Pratap Govindrao Pawar]] (uncle) [[Supriya Sule]] (cousin sister) [[Rohit Rajendra Pawar]] (nephew)
| nickname = ''Dada''
| website = {{URL|https://www.ajitpawar.org/}}
| footnotes =
| date =
| year = 2019
}}

'''Ajit Anantrao Pawar'''{{efn|{{langx|mr|अजित अनन्तराव पवार|Ajita Anantarāva Pavāra}}}} (22 July 1959 – 28 January 2026) was an Indian politician who served as [[Maharashtra]]'s longest-serving [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|deputy chief minister]] for more than eight years, between 2010 and [[2026 Baramati Learjet 45 crash|his death in 2026]], for six terms.<ref>{{Cite news|title=In Ajit Pawar's Shock Switch, A Sharad Pawar Question Ahead of 2024|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-pawars-move-a-major-loss-of-face-for-sharad-pawar-ahead-of-2024-4170701|website=NDTV |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Deshpande |first=Abhinay |date=2024-12-05 |title=Ajit Pawar breaks records as deputy CM, but his long quest for the top job remains unfulfilled |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/ajit-pawar-breaks-records-as-deputy-cm-but-his-long-quest-for-the-top-job-remains-unfulfilled/article68950996.ece |access-date=2025-11-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He held the office under various governments, including the cabinets of [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|Prithviraj Chavan]], [[Chief ministership of Devendra Fadnavis|Devendra Fadnavis]], [[Thackeray ministry|Uddhav Thackeray]], and [[Eknath Shinde ministry|Eknath Shinde]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2024 |title=Six-time deputy, never the CM: 'CM in waiting' Ajit Pawar's long tryst with politics |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/elections/assembly-election/maharashtra/six-time-deputy-never-the-cm-tracing-cm-in-waiting-ajit-pawar-s-long-tryst-with-politics-article-12884371.html |website=MoneyControl}}</ref>

He also served as the [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|leader of the opposition]] in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from 2022 to 2023 and represented [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency]] in 1991.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ajit Pawar new Opposition leader in Maharashtra assembly | India News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ajit-pawar-new-opposition-leader-in-maharashtra-assembly/articleshow/92655380.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 July 2022 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
{{See also|Political families of Maharashtra}}
Ajit Anantrao Pawar<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title='Ajit Pawar's Faction Is NCP': EC Directs Sharad Pawar To Claim A New Name |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/election-commission-ec-ajit-pawar-faction-is-real-ncp-sharad-pawar-claim-new-name-symbol |access-date= |website=[[The Quint]]}}</ref> was born on 22 July 1959 in [[Deolali Pravara]], [[Maharashtra]],<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Ajit Pawar, the power broker who dominated Maharashtra politics|url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/ajit-pawar-the-power-broker-who-dominated-maharashtra-politics/|date=28 January 2026|website=Maktoob Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Agarwal |first=Rishika |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar dies at 66: How he shaped Maharashtra politics over the decades |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-dead-66-political-journey-maharashtra-politics-ncp-126012800373_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> to Anantrao and Ashatai Pawar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-death-in-plane-crash-sharad-pawar-to-supriya-sule-ajit-pawars-family-tree-10904419|title=Sharad Pawar To Supriya Sule: Ajit Pawar's Family Tree|date=29 January 2026|website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> In 1985,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Anand |date=28 January 2026 |title=Will Ajit's wife Sunetra emerge as the new Pawar centre of NCP? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajit-pawar-plane-crash-demise-news-will-sunetra-pawar-be-the-accidental-matriarch-power-centre-ncp-maharashtra-politics-2859034-2026-01-28 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> he married [[Sunetra Pawar]] (née Patil), the sister of [[Padamsinh Bajirao Patil]], a senior NCP leader.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Zeeshan |last=Shaikh |date=30 January 2026 |title=Sunetra Pawar: The reluctant politician set to carry forward husband Ajit Pawar's legacy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sunetra-pawar-reluctant-politician-carry-forward-ajit-pawar-legacy-10503885/ |archive-date=30 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130132405/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/sunetra-pawar-reluctant-politician-carry-forward-ajit-pawar-legacy-10503885/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |first=Vivek |last=Kumar |date=31 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar's wife Sunetra takes oath as Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajit-pawars-wife-sunetra-takes-oath-as-maharashtra-deputy-chief-minister-first-woman-to-take-up-the-post-2860896-2026-01-31 |archive-date=31 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131171840/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ajit-pawars-wife-sunetra-takes-oath-as-maharashtra-deputy-chief-minister-first-woman-to-take-up-the-post-2860896-2026-01-31}}</ref> The couple had two sons, Parth and Jay Pawar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/who-is-sunetra-pawar-a-look-at-ajit-pawar-s-wife-sons-and-family-tree-101769581771918.html|title=Who is Sunetra Pawar? A look at Ajit Pawar's wife, sons and family tree|date=29 January 2026|website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Pawar's grandparents were Govindrao Pawar and Shardabai Pawar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/how-ajit-pawar-reshaped-the-pawar-dynasty-10499699/|title=How Ajit Pawar reshaped the Pawar dynasty|date=28 January 2026|website=[[The Indian Express]]|last=Shaikh|first=Zeeshan}}</ref> Shardabai was active in the [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|Peasants and Workers Party]] (PWP). In 1938, she was elected unopposed to the Pune Local Board.<ref name=":1" />

The couple had eleven children, including seven sons and four daughters.<ref name=":1" /> One of their sons, [[Sharad Pawar]], later became the president of the [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) and served as the four-time [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]].<ref name=":1" />

Following the footsteps of his uncle [[Sharad Pawar]] in the [[Indian National Congress]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-ajit-pawar-500245 |title=Ajit Pawar |publisher=NDTV |access-date=29 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204442/https://www.ndtv.com/people/who-is-ajit-pawar-500245 |archive-date=29 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ajit Pawar made his first foray into politics in 1982 when he was elected to the board of a [[Cooperative sugar factories in Maharashtra|cooperative sugar factory]]. In 1991, he was elected as the chairman of the [[Pune District Central Cooperative Bank]] and remained in the post for the next 16 years.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2024 |title=Ajit Pawar: 'Forever deputy CM' is ultimate survivor of churning in Maharashtra politics |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ajit-pawar-forever-deputy-cm-is-ultimate-survivor-of-churning-in-maharashtra-politics/articleshow/116012008.cms??from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Political career==
Pawar was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] for the first time in 1991 from the [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati Parliamentary constituency]]. He later vacated the seat for his uncle, who then became the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Defence Minister]] in Prime Minister [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]'s government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kher |first=Swatee |date=30 September 2012 |title=The angry, young Pawar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-angry-young-pawar/ |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Pawar was known for his blunt and pragmatic leadership style, nicknamed "Ajit Dada".<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-dies-ajit-pawar-plane-crash-baramati-witnessed-ajit-pawars-rise-and-tragic-end-10898798</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Obituary: Ajit Pawar, the mercurial leader who stepped out of his uncle's shadow | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cwy82qxzge0o }}</ref>

Later, he was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] seven times from the [[Baramati Assembly constituency]]. He first won in a 1991 [[by-election]] and subsequently retained it for five consecutive terms in 1995, 1999, 2004, 2009, and 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/baramati-stays-with-ajit-pawar/|title=Baramati stays with Ajit Pawar|work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 October 2014|access-date=7 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112215336/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/baramati-stays-with-ajit-pawar/|archive-date=12 November 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2019 |title=Baramati Vidhan Sabha Chunav Results Live Updates: बारामती में 1,65,265 वोटों से जीते एनसीपी के अजित पवार, भाजपा प्रत्याशी को हराया |url=https://www.indiatv.in/elections/maharashtra-vidhan-sabha-chunav-2019-baramati-vidhan-sabha-results-live-updates-gopichand-kundlik-padalkar-ajit-667784 |access-date=18 September 2021 |website=India TV Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2019 |title=Surprise, surprise: Devendra Fadnavis sworn in as Maharashtra CM, Ajit Pawar Dy CM |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/devendra-fadnavis-maharashtra-cm-again-1621847-2019-11-23 |access-date=6 March 2022 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He served as the Minister of State for Agriculture and Power in CM [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]'s government from 1991 to 1992.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Hon'ble Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|url=https://maharashtrasadan.maharashtra.gov.in/Deputy-CM-New.html|access-date=27 January 2022|website=maharashtrasadan.maharashtra.gov.in}}</ref>

He became the Minister of State for Soil Conservation, Power and Planning in 1992 when Sharad Pawar became the Chief Minister. In [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]], as part of the INC-NCP coalition government, he became a Cabinet Minister responsible for the Irrigation Department. He was additionally given the Rural Development Department in 2003 as part of [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]'s cabinet.<ref name="auto"/> After the INC-NCP coalition won in the [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004 Assembly elections]], he retained the Water Resources Ministry in Deshmukh's and later [[Ashok Chavan]]'s cabinets.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=PTI |date=7 March 2024 |title=People facing draft charges can join BJP and get clean, the party is 'washing machine' : Sharad Pawar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Mar/07/people-facing-draft-charges-can-join-bjp-and-get-clean-the-party-is-washing-machine-sharad-pawar |access-date=26 November 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Ajit Pawar has gained extensive experience in the administration of Maharashtra by working in various important positions. In particular, as Deputy Chief Minister, he played an important role in the administration of the state many times. As Finance Minister, he also had experience in handling the state budget. He also accelerated the implementation of many major projects while working in the Irrigation and Water Resources Department. This experience gave him a strong grip on the decision-making process in the administration and his ability to give impetus to development works is evident in his leadership.

== Leader of Nationalist Congress Party ==
=== Rebellion against Sharad Pawar ===
{{Main|2023 Maharashtra political crisis}}

On 23 November 2019, he defected from NCP and joined a government led by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and became the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tirodkar |first=Amey |date=12 July 2023 |title=Tough times ahead for Sharad Pawar after BJP lures away Ajit Pawar in NCP split |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/tough-times-ahead-for-sharad-pawar-after-bjp-lures-away-ajit-pawar-in-ncp-split/article67053068.ece |access-date=12 October 2024 |website=Frontline |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2023 |title=Ajit Pawar: पहाटेच्या शपथविधीपूर्वी काय घडलं होतं? अजित पवारांनी घटनाक्रम ... |trans-title=Ajit Pawar: What happened during oath ceremony at the dawn? timeline... |url=https://www.timesnowmarathi.com/maharashtra/ajit-pawar-explains-what-happen-at-2019-morning-oath-ceremony-with-devendra-fadnavis-watch-video-article-101514066&ved=2ahUKEwiV74Xjhvz_AhXr8TgGHRy1CvgQu7wFegQIMBAG&usg=AOvVaw0VdTIwiZkX7mDgo8ARYN7C |access-date=7 July 2023 |website=[[Times Now]] Marathi}}</ref> He submitted a paper with the signatures of NCP's MLAs to the [[Governor (India)|Governor]] to prove the government's majority. However, the government collapsed less than 80 hours later and he resigned alongside then-CM [[Devendra Fadnavis]]. He subsequently returned to the NCP, and on 1 December 2019, it was announced that he would take over as Deputy CM for the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] government after the start of the winter session of the state legislature on 16 December.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/ajit-pawar-to-be-deputy-cm-after-winter-session-begins/articleshow/72326204.cms|title=Ajit Pawar to be deputy CM after winter session begins|date=2 December 2019|first=Prafulla|last=Marpakwar|newspaper=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref>

In 2022, due to [[2022 Maharashtra political crisis#Initial Breakout|a split in the Shiv Sena]], the [[Maha Vikas Aghadi]] government collapsed. After the rebel Shiv Sena faction and BJP formed a government with [[Eknath Shinde]] as CM, Pawar became the Leader of the Opposition in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vyas |first=Sharad |date=23 November 2019 |title=Devendra Fadnavis sworn in as Maharashtra Chief Minister after Ajit Pawar ditches uncle Sharad Pawar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/devendra-fadnavis-takes-oath-as-maharashtra-cm-ajit-pawar-as-deputy-cm/article61615444.ece |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===2023 party split===
In 2023, having the support of the majority of the erstwhile NCP's MLAs, he also claimed the position of president of the NCP, as well as the party's name and its [[electoral symbol]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maharashtra NCP Ajit Pawar... |url=https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/maharashtra-ncp-ajit-sharad-pawar-supriya-sule/amp%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjwn7Owp_n_AhUf-DgGHaXyBx0Q0PADKAB6BAgfEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw3zr4C_P6CylcI3qtXBUpj6 |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |access-date=6 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162323/https://m.thewire.in/article/politics/maharashtra-ncp-ajit-sharad-pawar-supriya-sule/amp%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjwn7Owp_n_AhUf-DgGHaXyBx0Q0PADKAB6BAgfEAE%26usg%3DAOvVaw3zr4C_P6CylcI3qtXBUpj6 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2 July 2023 |title=A. Deputy... Maharashtra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ajit-pawar-deputy-chief-minister-maharashtra-ncp-july-2-2023/article67033757.ece |access-date=6 July 2023 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> Pawar joined the ruling [[Maha Yuti]] coalition and took the oath as deputy CM of the state on 2 July. On 7 February 2024, the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission Of India (ECI)]] awarded the party name and symbol to the [[Nationalist Congress Party (Ajit Pawar)|faction]] headed by Ajit. The faction led by Sharad Pawar will be henceforth known as [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |title=Sharad Pawar faction gets new name day after Ajit camp declared 'real' NCP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nationalist-congress-party-sharadchandra-pawar-ncp-9149260/ |access-date=7 February 2024 |work=Express News service |location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Despite his faction being routed in the [[2024 Indian general election in Maharashtra|2024 Lok Sabha election]], his NCP placed in third in the [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024 Legislative Assembly election]], with the Maha Yuti alliance forming a landslide majority government; Pawar was again sworn-in as deputy chief minister in December, tasked with portfolios such as [[Ministry of Finance (Maharashtra)|finance]]. The party also performed well in the [[2025–26 Maharashtra local elections]]. Months before his death, reconciliation talks between the two NCP parties were reportedly occurring.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ajit Pawar: Grief and shock over politician's death in plane crash | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c98prmd0jl0o }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Who was Ajit Pawar, the Indian politician killed in plane crash? | url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/1/28/who-was-ajit-pawar-the-indian-politician-killed-in-plane-crash }}</ref> His wife, [[Rajya Sabha]] MP [[Sunetra Pawar]], succeeded him as the deputy chief minister.

==Death==
{{Main|2026 Baramati Learjet 45 crash}}

On 28 January 2026, at approximately 08:44 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]]), a business jet carrying Pawar on an air charter flight from [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport]] in [[Mumbai]] to [[Baramati Airport]] in [[Maharashtra]] crashed while attempting a second approach to Baramati Airport Runway 11. The aircraft veered off the runway, burst into flames, and was destroyed on impact, resulting in the deaths of Pawar and four others on board.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar: Deputy chief minister of Maharashtra state dies in plane crash |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c98prmd0jl0o |access-date=28 January 2026 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar's Flight Crash in Baramati dist Pune |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vLtRr4dlpFs |publisher=[[CNN-News18]] |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.lokmat.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-deputy-chief-minister-ajit-pawar-dies-in-horrific-plane-crash-near-baramati-a-a301/ |title=Ajit Pawar Passed Away: Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister dies in plane crash near Baramati |work=[[Lokmat]] |date=28 January 2026 |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Air charter crash in India's Maharashtra kills key state leader |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/deputy-chief-minister-indias-maharashtra-dies-plane-crash-tv-channels-say-2026-01-28/ |access-date=28 January 2026 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.teluguvaaditv.com/2026/01/ajit-pawar-plane-crash-death-rumours-fact-check.html |title=Ajit Anantrao Pawar (1959–2026): Former Maharashtra Deputy Chief Minister Passes Away |website=Telugu Vaadi TV |date=28 January 2025 |access-date=28 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260128100827/https://www.teluguvaaditv.com/2026/01/ajit-pawar-plane-crash-death-rumours-fact-check.html |archive-date=28 January 2026 |language=en}}</ref>

The aircraft was a 16-year-old [[Learjet 45|Learjet 45XR]], registration VT-SSK, operated by VSR Aviation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar death news updates: Maharashtra deputy CM dies in Baramati crash, DGCA confirms |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ajit-pawar-news-live-updates-plane-crash-maharashtra-deputy-cm-health-baramati-latest-news-101769572584405.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=VT-SSK – Learjet 45XR |url=https://www.flightradar24.com/data/aircraft/vt-ssk |publisher=[[Flightradar24]] |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref>

At the time of the incident, Pawar was travelling to [[Baramati]] to address multiple public meetings in connection with the upcoming [[District council (India)|Zilla Parishad]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wable |first=Omkar |date=28 January 2026 |title=Ajit Pawar, 4 others killed in plane crash in Baramati: What we know so far |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/plane-carrying-maharashtra-deputy-cm-ajit-pawar-crashes-during-landing-more-details-awaited-2858806-2026-01-28 |website=[[India Today]] |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> The Maharashtra government declared a three-day state of mourning following his death; his funeral was held in Baramati on 29 January, with full state honours. His body was [[cremated]].<ref>{{cite web | title=State mourning after Ajit Pawar dies in plane crash: Are banks in Maharashtra closed on Thursday? | work=The Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/state-mourning-after-ajit-pawar-dies-in-plane-crash-are-banks-in-maharashtra-closed-tomorrow-on-january-29-2026/articleshow/127712489.cms }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last1=Ellis-Petersen | first1=Hannah | title=Veteran Indian politician Ajit Pawar dies in plane crash, leaving power vacuum | work=The Guardian | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2026/jan/29/ajit-pawar-indian-politician-killed-in-plane-crash }}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|+Election candidature history
|-
! |Election
! |Year
! colspan = "2" |Party
! |Constituency
! colspan = "3" |Opponent
! |Result
! |Margin
|-
|[[Lok Sabha]]
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<ref>https://eci.gov.in/files/file/4121-general-election-1991-vol-i-ii/?do=download&r=9764&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=6fdbcc3fe6a2e2fce996db3722892e72</ref>
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
||[[Kanta Nalawade]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|336,831}}
|-
|rowspan = "8"|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
|[[1991 elections in India#Maharashtra|1991^]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan = "8"|[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| K.H.Khanderao
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|86,915}}
|-
|[[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| Kakade Ratanrao Bhagwanrao
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|77,335}}
|-
|[[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| Taware Chandrarao Krishnarao
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|50,366}}
|-
|[[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<ref>{{cite web | title=IndiaVotes AC: Maharashtra 2004 | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2004/maharashtra/177/30 }}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| Popatrao Mansingrao Tupe
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|66,157}}
|-
|[[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024}}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|shortname=IND}}
| Taware Ranjankumar Shankarrao
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|102,797}}
|-
|[[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Prabhakar Dadaram Gawade
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|89,792}}
|-
|[[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Gopichand Padalkar]]
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|165,265}}
|-
|[[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name="Maharashtra Elections 2024: 14 candidates win by over 1 lakh votes, all from Mahayuti">{{cite news |last1=CNBCTV18 |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra Elections 2024: 14 candidates win by over 1 lakh votes, all from Mahayuti |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/maharashtra-elections-2024-14-candidates-win-1-lakh-vote-margin-mahayuti-19513783.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127053121/https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/politics/maharashtra-elections-2024-14-candidates-win-1-lakh-vote-margin-mahayuti-19513783.htm |archive-date=27 November 2024 |access-date=27 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra election results: These candidates have won by biggest margins so far">{{cite news |last1=Hindustantimes |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra election results: These candidates have won by biggest margins so far |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-election-results-these-candidates-have-won-by-biggest-margins-so-far-101732376089333.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124125058/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maharashtra-election-results-these-candidates-have-won-by-biggest-margins-so-far-101732376089333.html |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=24 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Maharashtra Assembly election results 2024 {{!}} Who won in Pune?">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1=Sruthi |date=23 November 2024 |title=Maharashtra Assembly election results 2024 {{!}} Who won in Pune? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-who-won-in-pune/article68901246.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124060803/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/maharashtra-assembly/maharashtra-assembly-election-results-2024-who-won-in-pune/article68901246.ece |archive-date=24 November 2024 |access-date=12 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|{{party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party - Sharadchandra Pawar}}
|Yugendra Pawar
|{{yes2|Won}}
|{{yes2|100,899}}
|}

==References==
=== Explanatory notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{Official website|https://www.ajitpawar.org/}}

{{Deputy Chief Ministers of Maharashtra}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Politics|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pawar, Ajit}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Corruption in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of corruption]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Nationalist Congress Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Ahmednagar district]]
[[Category:People from Baramati]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2026]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in India]]

Prabhat Kumar Verma

2026-04-27T05:51:28Z

Best time to visit kashmir: starting basic biography more to come...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1969)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Prabhat Kumar Verma
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1969|1|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Gaura Assembly constituency|Gaura]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = March 2017
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Anand Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Raja Anand Singh]]
| successor =
| father = Thakur Prasad Verma
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
| education = [[LLB]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Lucknow]]
}}
'''Prabhat Kumar Verma''' is an Indian politician and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Gaura Assembly constituency]] of the [[Gonda district]].<ref name="UPLA">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18301/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/uttar-pradesh/gonda/mankapur/news/bjps-victory-in-all-the-seven-seats-of-gonda-bjp-candidate-prabhat-kumar-verma-won-by-22974-votes-129496849.html |title=गौरा में फिर खिला कमल:गोंडा की सातों सीटों पर भाजपा का परचम, भाजपा प्रत्याशी प्रभात कुमार वर्मा ने 22974 मतों से पाई विजय |language=hi |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/gonda-uttar-pradesh-assembly-gaura-seat-result-live-update-win-loss-prabhat-verma-sanjay-vidyarthi-ram-pratap-singh-nigar-fatma-sanjay-kumar-pathak-nodnc-4054363.html |title=Gaura Assembly Seat Result: गौरा में भाजपा के प्रभात कुमार ने लहराया जीत का झंडा |date=10 March 2022 |language=hi |publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="UPLA"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/prabhat-kumar-verma |title=Prabhat Kumar Verma |publisher=[[PRS Legislative Research]]}}</ref>

==Early life==

Prabhat Kumar Verma was born on 15 January 1969 in [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] family of Thakur Prasad Verma.<ref name="UPLA"/> He married Pushpa Verma in 1988, and they have two children.<ref name="UPLA"/>

== Education==

Prabhat Kumar Verma completed his graduation with a [[Bachelor of Laws]] at the [[University of Lucknow]] in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/Uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2940 |title=Prabhat Kumar Verma(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- GAURA(GONDA) |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

==Posts held==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Ref
|-
| 01 || March 2017 || March 2022 || Member, [[17th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|-
| 02 || March 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||<ref name="UPLA"/>
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[Gaura Assembly constituency]]
* [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Prabhat Kumar}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:University of Lucknow alumni]]
[[Category:People from Gonda district]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Telangana chemical factory explosion

2026-04-22T07:16:30Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created The Pg More To Come

{{Short description|2025 factory fire in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox event
| name = 2025 Telangana chemical factory explosion
| image =
| caption =
| map = {{Location map | India Telangana#India
| places =
|lat= 17.32193
|long= 78.1135
|label=chemical factory explosion
|mark=
| position = top
| caption =
| width = 300
| float = center
| relief = yes
}}
| map_caption =
| date = {{start date|2025|6|30|df=yes}}
| time = {{Circa}} 9:00{{nbsp}}a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| location = Sigachi Industries Ltd factory, Pashamylaram, [[Sangareddy]], [[Telangana]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|32|19.3|N|78|11|35.5|E|type:event_region:IND|display=inline,title}}
| type = Chemical explosion
| fatalities = 46
| injuries = 33
| missing = 8
}}
On 30 June 2025, a fire broke out following the explosion of a building housing the reactor unit at a chemical factory in Pashamylaram, [[Sangareddy]] district, India, killing 46 people and injuring 33. The likely cause was a [[dust explosion]].

==Incident==
The incident occurred at a factory owned by Sigachi Industries Limited in [[Telangana]], India. The plant produced [[microcrystalline cellulose]] (MCC), a binding compound used in making pharmaceuticals, and represented a fourth of the company's manufacturing capacity.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title=Death toll rises to 36 after explosion at a pharmaceutical factory in southern India |url=https://apnews.com/article/india-pharmaceutical-factory-fire-telangana-e914c229736d1b2af3d4565d0e227cb1 |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref>

The factory’s spray dryer unit, which was used to process raw material into fine powder, exploded around 9 a.m [[Indian Standard Time|IST]], leading to a complete collapse of the building and severe damage to nearby structures. The explosion happened during working hours, with over 140 people in the building, killing 46 people<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2025-07-18 |title=Telangana pharma plant explosion: Death toll rises to 46 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2025/Jul/18/telangana-pharma-plant-explosion-death-toll-rises-to-46 |access-date=2025-07-20 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and injuring another 33.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-08 |title=Telangana factory blast: Death toll rises to 44 |url=https://www.siasat.com/telangana-factory-blast-death-toll-rises-to-44-3243238/ |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708055813/https://www.siasat.com/telangana-factory-blast-death-toll-rises-to-44-3243238/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Eight people remained missing as of 18 July.<ref name=":5" /> Due to the severity of the burns, DNA testing was conducted to identify the deceased.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kaur |first=Siddharth Kumar Singh & Lavpreet |date=1 July 2025 |title=Telangana pharma factory blast: Death toll reaches 36, rain hampers rescue operations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-pharma-factory-blast-sangareddy-death-toll-rises-updates-july-1-2025/article69758294.ece |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The explosion is considered to be Telangana's worst industrial disaster.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title=Telangana's Worst Industrial Disaster: Death Toll in Sangareddy Blast Rises to 45 |url=https://munsifdaily.com/telangana-death-toll-in-blast-rises-to-45/ |access-date=1 July 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reactions==
Both Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Telangana chief minister [[Revanth Reddy]] announced compensation of {{INRConvert|200000|lk=on|year=2025|to=USD}} to each of the deceased victims' families and {{INRConvert|50000|year=2025|to=USD}} to each of the injured.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2025 |title=Blast In Telangana Chemical Factory Kills At Least Eight; PM Modi Announces ₹2 Lakh Ex-Gratia |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/en/blast-in-telangana-chemical-factory-kills-at-least-fight-pm-modi-announces-%E2%82%B92-lakh-ex-gratia/ |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=DD News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2025 |title=Telangana factory blast: CM Nitish Kumar announces Rs 2 lakh help to victims' kin; Rs 50,000 for injured from Bihar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/telangana-blast-cm-announces-rs-2-lakh-help-to-victims-kin-from-bihar/articleshow/122165899.cms |access-date=1 July 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250701134437/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/telangana-blast-cm-announces-rs-2-lakh-help-to-victims-kin-from-bihar/articleshow/122165899.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Odisha]] chief minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]] announced a {{INRConvert|1000000|year=2025|to=USD}} payment to the families of each of the eight workers from Odisha that were killed in the blast.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-04 |title=Telangana pharma blast: Odisha govt announces 10L aid for kin of 8 deceased workers |url=https://www.siasat.com/odisha-cm-announces-10l-aid-for-kin-of-odia-workers-killed-in-telangana-factory-blast-3242014/ |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en |agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> A government panel was formed to investigate the incident.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Death toll rises to 36 after India pharmaceutical factory blast, fire |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/7/1/death-toll-rises-to-36-after-india-pharmaceutical-factory-blast-fire |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

Sigachi Industries said it would pay {{INRConvert|10000000|year=2025|to=USD}} to the families of each victim, and would pay for medical support for the injured.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Srinivasa |date=3 July 2025 |title=Panel to probe Sigachi blast, says Telangana; toll now 40: Factory |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/panel-to-probe-sigachi-blast-says-t-gana-toll-now-40-factory-101751482232788.html |access-date=3 July 2025 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

==Investigation==
The company denied that the incident was caused by a reactor explosion,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=N. Ravi |date=2 July 2025 |title=Telangana's Sigachi Industries clarifies factory blast was an accident and not caused by reactor explosion |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/telangana-it-was-an-accident-not-caused-by-reactor-explosion-sigachi/article69763326.ece |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> as this terminology implies a chemical or nuclear explosion. However, although MCC is not chemically hazardous, it is combustible and thus, in fine powder form, can cause a major [[dust explosion]], like many other everyday materials, such as flour, grain and sugar (see [[2008 Georgia Imperial Sugar refinery explosion]]). Dust explosions may occur where fine powder has been allowed to accumulate in factory open spaces, as at Georgia, or inside hidden areas such as ductwork, as in the [[West Pharmaceutical Services explosion]].

Operations at the factory were halted for 90 days due to significant damage to equipment and structures at the plant.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 July 2025 |title=India: Death toll in Sigachi Industries fire rises to 34 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8zz67qm9go |access-date=1 July 2025 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> By the next day, shares of Sigachi industries had fallen 18%.<ref name=":0" />

A case was filed against the management of Sigachi Industries and the company announced it would carry out a thorough site assessment. According to the complaint filed by a victim's family member, workers had repeatedly raised concerns with management regarding the use of outdated equipment, but their concerns were ignored. According to the Telangana Fire Department, the plant lacked adequate safety measures, including fire alarms and heat sensors.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2 July 2025 |title=Telangana plant explosion: Sigachi used old machinery despite requests to change, says FIR |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/telangana-plant-explosion-sigachi-used-old-machinery-despite-requests-to-change-says-fir/articleshow/122199903.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2 July 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of explosions]]
* [[Atchutapuram pharmaceutical factory explosion]]
* [[Hapur chemical plant explosion]]
* [[2008 Georgia Imperial Sugar refinery explosion]]
* [[West Pharmaceutical Services explosion]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Disasters in India in 2025}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Telangana chemical factory explosion, 2025}}
[[Category:2025 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2025 fires in Asia]]
[[Category:2020s in Telangana|Chemical factory explosion]]
[[Category:June 2025 in India]]
[[Category:Disasters in Telangana|Chemical factory explosion]]
[[Category:Industrial fires and explosions in India]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2025]]
[[Category:Sangareddy district]]

Ravu Venkata Swetha Chalapathi Kumara Krishna Rangarao

2026-04-20T09:51:27Z

Best time to visit kashmir: starting new biography w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravu Venkata Swetha Chalapathi Kumara Krishna Rangarao
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Bobbili Assembly constituency|Bobbili]]
| term_start = 2024
| term_end = Present
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| parents =
| spouse =
| children = 1
| website =
| footnotes =
| year = 2024
}}
'''Ravu Venkata Swetha Chalapathi Kumara Krishna Rangarao''' (born 1981), popularly known as '''Baby Nayana,''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is from the royal family of Bobbili. He was elected in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] as an [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Bobbili Assembly constituency]], representing [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= General Election to Assembly Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Assembly Constituency 14 - Bobbili (Andhra Pradesh)|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0114.htm|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SRI R.V.S.K.K. RANGA RAO |url=https://vizianagaram.ap.gov.in/about-district/whos-who/|website=vizianagaram.ap.gov.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Baby Nayana is from the royal family of Maharajas of Bobbili in Vizianagaram district. He was born to Raja Ravu Venkata Gopalakrishna Rangarao and Ravu Alivelu Mangatayaru.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-16 |title=Will focus on creating employment opportunities for the youth, says TDP Bobbili Assembly candidate |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/will-focus-on-creating-employment-opportunities-for-the-youth-says-tdp-bobbili-assembly-candidate/article68071648.ece |access-date=2025-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He studied Class 12 at St.Michaels Academy, Chennai and passed the intermediate examinations in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web |title=R.V.S.K.K.Ranga Rao @ Babynayana(TDP):Constituency- Bobbili (Vizianagaram) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=192 |access-date=2025-05-27 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Baby Nayana made his electoral debut in the 2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election winning the Bobbili Assembly constituency in Vizianagaram district. Representing the [[Telugu Desam Party]], he polled 112,366 votes and defeated his nearest rival and the sitting MLA, [[Sambangi Venkata China Appala Naidu]] of the [[YSR Congress Party]], by a margin of 44,648 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bobbili MLA RVSKK Rangarao, popularly known as Baby Nayana, has called on the government to bolster support for the artisans |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/baby-nayana-seeks-govt-support-for-bobbili-veena-artisans-955395 |website=The Hans India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TDP gets back its glory in Vizianagaram district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tdp-gets-back-its-glory-in-vizianagaram-district/article68251852.ece |website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangarao, Ravu Venkata Swetha Chalapathi Kumara Krishna}}
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from Vizianagaram district]]
[[Category:1981 births]]

{{AndhraPradesh-TDP-politician-stub}}

Majura Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:30:16Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Added basic article initial version

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Majura
| mla = [[Harsh Sanghavi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surat district|Surat]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Navsari Lok Sabha constituency|Navsari]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:278984}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 165
}}

'''Majura''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail - Draft Roll - 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surat district|Surat]] district and it came into existence after 2008 delimitation.

==List of segments==

This assembly had represents the following segments,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref>

# Surat City Taluka (Part) – [[Surat Municipal Corporation]] (Part) Ward No. – 13, 33, 34, 37, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62.

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
||[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="sl">{{cite news|url=http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/politics-news/676520483/gujarat-assembly-elections-2012-results-winners-list.html|title=Gujarat Assembly elections 2012 results: Winners list|last=Samay|first=Live|date=20 December 2012|newspaper=samaylive.com|access-date=22 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101030417/http://english.samaylive.com/nation-news/politics-news/676520483/gujarat-assembly-elections-2012-results-winners-list.html|archive-date=1 January 2013}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | [[Harsh Sanghavi]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party | rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="sl"/><ref name="Gujarat Election 2017: Full list of winners">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-assembly-election-2017-results-full-list-of-winners-4987977/|title=Gujarat Election 2017: Full list of winners|last1=The Indian Express|date=18 December 2017|accessdate=18 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064620/https://indianexpress.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-elections-2017/gujarat-assembly-election-2017-results-full-list-of-winners-4987977/|archivedate=18 September 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Election Results: Full list of winners in 2017 and how it changed in 2022">{{cite news|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/gujarat-election-results-2017-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-in-assembly-polls-of-gujarat-and-how-it-can-change-in-2022/2904712/|title=Gujarat Election Results: Full list of winners in 2017 and how it changed in 2022|last1=Financialexpress|date=8 December 2022|accessdate=18 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064844/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/gujarat-election-results-2017-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-in-assembly-polls-of-gujarat-and-how-it-can-change-in-2022/2904712/|archivedate=18 September 2023|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|title=Gujarat election result 2022: Full list of winners constituency-wise|last1=Hindustan Times|date=8 December 2022|accessdate=18 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064121/https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/gujarat-assembly-election/gujarat-assembly-election-results-2022-winners-list-live-bjp-congress-aap-leading-trailing-candidate-ghatlodia-morbi-rajkot-west-gandhinagar-north-porbandar-kutiyana-mehsana-anand-chhota-udaipur-st-bharuch-bhavnagar-rural-vadgam-sc-unjha-101670465659710.html|archivedate=18 September 2023|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms|title=Gujarat Election Results 2022: Full list of winners & constituencies|last1=The Times of India|date=9 December 2022|accessdate=18 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230918064055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-election-results-2022-full-list-of-winners-constituencies/articleshow/96105904.cms|archivedate=18 September 2023}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2022 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly election, 2022]]:Majura Assembly constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harsh Sanghavi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,33,335
|percentage = 81.97
|change = {{increase}}5.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = P. V. S. Sarma
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 16,660
|percentage = 10.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Balwant Jain
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 9,447
|percentage = 5.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Rameshprasad Chamar
|votes = 904
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 2,315
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,16,675
|percentage = 71.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,62,661
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum:275925}}
|ref=<ref name="Gujarat Elections ECI">{{cite web |title=Gujarat Legislative Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2022"/>

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Majura<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harsh Sanghavi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,16,741
|percentage = 76.65
|change = +3.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ashok Mohanlal Kothari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30,914
|percentage = 20.30
|change = -2.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jigar Ashokbhai Vyas
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = 539
|percentage = 0.35
|change = ''New''
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 85,827
|percentage = 56.35
|change = +5.55
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,52,303
|percentage = 62.15
|change = -1.9
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly of Gujarat |access-date=29 October 2014 |archive-date=26 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126215052/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/Detail_Report_AC2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harsh Sanghavi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 103577
|percentage = 73.54
|change =
}}{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dhanpatraj Jain
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 32021
|percentage = 22.73
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 71556
|percentage = 50.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 140849
|percentage = 64.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat|state=expanded}}
{{Gujarat elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|21.17|72.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surat district]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Kandi, Sangareddy

2026-04-19T16:30:32Z

Best time to visit kashmir: starting initial info v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kandi
| native_name = కంది
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.5829|N|78.1074|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sangareddy district|Sangareddy]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayat samiti|Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 574
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = TG 15
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kandi''' is a [[Mandal]] in the [[Sangareddy district]] of [[Telangana]], [[India]] consisting of 22 village panchayats.<ref>{{cite web |title=Total District List |url=https://epanchayat.telangana.gov.in/TotalDistrictList |website=Panchayat Raj & Rural employment- Government of Telangana |publisher=Government of Telangana |access-date=30 December 2023 |ref=Telangana State Directory |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230125422/https://epanchayat.telangana.gov.in/TotalDistrictList |url-status=dead }}</ref> This mandal was formed as part of the reorganization of districts done by Telangana Government in 2016. This mandal was previously a part of Medak district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Sangareddy.pdf|title=Sangareddy District|website=Telangana department of Mines|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924203224/https://mines.telangana.gov.in/MinesAndGeology/Documents/GO%27s/New%20District%20Gos/Sangareddy.pdf|archive-date=2020-09-24|access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref>
Villages in this mandal include:
# Arutla
# Begumpet
# Byathole
# Cheriyal
# Cherlagudem
# Chidruppa
# Chimnapur
# Erdanoor
# Erdanoor Thanda
# Indrakaran
# Julkal
# Kalvemula
# Kandi (Village)
# Kasipur
# Koulampet
# Makthaalloor
# Mamidipalle
# Thunikila Thanda
# Topgonda
# Utharpalle
# Vaddanaguda Thanda
# Yeddumailaram
[[IIT Hyderabad|Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad]] is located in this mandal.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Sangareddy district|state=expanded}}
{{Telangana}}

[[Category:Mandals in Telangana]]
[[Category:Sangareddy district]]

{{Telangana-geo-stub}}

Outer Seraj Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:17Z

Best time to visit kashmir: starting basic post needs work...

{{Short description|Constituency of the Himachal Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Outer Seraj
|type= SLA
|state = Himachal Pradesh
|established = 1967
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 32,755
|mla = Islhar Dass
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district = [[Mandi district|Mandi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]
| reservation =
}}
'''Outer Seraj''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Islhar Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Outer Seraj<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Islhar Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,000 |percentage=58.25% |change={{decrease}}36.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Talku Ram |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,213 |percentage=26.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daru Rass |party=Lok Raj Party Himachal Pradesh |votes=1,805 |percentage=15.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,787 |percentage=31.51% |change= {{decrease}}57.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,018 |percentage=37.87% |change= {{increase}}11.58 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,755 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.09 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Outer Seraj<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Islhar Dass |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,256 |percentage=94.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=372 |percentage=5.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,884 |percentage=88.77% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,628 |percentage=26.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,397 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}
{{coord|31.478|77.624|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{HimachalPradesh-geo-stub}}

Sandeep Singh Patel

2026-04-12T00:32:40Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created New Bio Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2022
| constituency = [[Meja Assembly constituency]]
| preceded = [[Neelam Karwariya]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
}}
'''Sandeep Singh Patel''', also known as '''Sandeep Singh''', is an Indian politician of the [[Samajwadi Party]], currently serving as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], representing [[Meja Assembly constituency|Meja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candidates' Election Expenditure – 259–Meja Assembly Constituency {{!}} District Prayagraj, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://prayagraj.nic.in/fexp2022-259-meja/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6IldLZWRUZkNpaXAzR1JzSGxld2RkQXc9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiMmRjcDlDRlNEOGtaXC94N0Y3SUp1Y2c9PSIsIm1hYyI6IjI5NDhhNDYxNmIzM2Q1ZThlYzQ1OTE0OWE4YzMxZDUyZGZmODkyNjQ5YTJmMzdjZGE1MjcwMDY3NzhhOGQ1YjUifQ==/MjM=/MTM=/Mw==/QUM= |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref> He defeated incumbent [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MLA [[Neelam Karwariya]] by 3,441 votes in the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=मेजा से संदीप पटेल को जीतने पर लगा बधाइयों का तांता |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gangapar/story-congratulations-on-winning-sandeep-patel-from-meja-6002125.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Sandeep Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Shashi Sumeet Productions

2026-04-11T05:08:16Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created First Pg Needs Work - done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}

'''Shashi Sumeet Productions Pvt. Ltd.''' is an Indian company founded by Shashi Mittal and Sumeet Hukamchand Mittal which produces [[Indian soap opera]]s, [[entertainment]] and reality programming on Indian television.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/production-house/fiction/shashi-sumeet-productions-launch-marketing-and-creative-agency-150129|title=Shashi Sumeet Productions launch marketing and creative agency|date=29 January 2015}}</ref> Some of its notable works include: ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/shashi-sumeet-productions-diya-aur-baati-hum-completes-3-glorious-years-140902|title=Shashi Sumeet Productions' Diya Aur Baati Hum completes 3 glorious years|date=2 September 2014}}</ref> ''[[Punar Vivah]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-04-07/Party-all-night-for-the-team-of-Diya-Aur-Baati-Hum-142461|title=Party all night for the team of Diya Aur Baati Hum!|website=The Hans India}}</ref> ''[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/shashi-sumeet-relive-their-love-story-with-sets-yeh-un-dino-ki-baat-hai/|title=Shashi-Sumeet relive their love story with SET's 'Yeh Un Dino Ki Baat Hai'|website=Television Post|access-date=19 October 2019|archive-date=8 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708095914/https://www.televisionpost.com/shashi-sumeet-relive-their-love-story-with-sets-yeh-un-dino-ki-baat-hai/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Barrister Babu]], [[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]], [[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''.

== Current productions ==
{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Series
! scope="col" | Genre
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" | Premiere date
! scope="col" | Starring
|-
| ''Tare Dhori Dhori Mone Kori''
| {{ubl|[[Drama]]|[[Supernatural film|Mythology ]]}}
| [[Zee Bangla]]
| {{Start date|2025|12|08|df=y}}
| Pallavi Sharma, Biswarup Bandhopadhyay
|-
| ''[[Saru (2025 TV series)|Saru]]''
| {{ubl|[[Drama]]|[[Romance film|Romance]]}}
| [[Zee TV]]
| {{Start date|2025|12|08|df=y}}
| Mohak Matkar, [[Shagun Pandey]], Anushka Merchande
|-
| ''Rimjhim - Choti Umar, Bada Safar''
| {{ubl|[[Drama]]|[[Romance film|Romance]]}}
| [[Dangal TV]]
| {{Start date|2025|10|13|df=y}}
| Himanshu Awasthi, Yashika Sharma
|-
|Putiswari
|Drama Horror
|Star Jalsha
|25 May 2026
|Birangana Banarjee
Shaan Banarjee
|}
.

==Former productions==
=== Soap operas ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! TV series
! Language
! Network
! Notes
|-
|2009–2010
|''[[Sajan Ghar Jaana Hai]]''
|Hindi
|[[StarPlus]]
|It is a heart warming story of a young bride's struggle to make a place for herself in her husband's house.
|-
|2011–2012
|''Haar Jeet''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/New-show-Haar-Jeet-on-childhood-that-gets-lost/articleshow/10090798.cms|title=Imagine's new show Haar Jeet on childhood that gets lost|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|Hindi
|[[Imagine TV]]
|The show revolves around two girls who happen to be cousins whom parents leave in glamour world to live on their earnings.
|-
|2011–2012
|''[[Main Lakshmi Tere Aangan Ki]]''
|Hindi
|[[Life OK]]
|It is the story of a middle-class girl named ''Lakshmi'' who wants money because her mother died of pneumonia since they couldn't afford her treatment.
|-
|2011–2016
|''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]''
|Hindi
|[[StarPlus]]
|This show is about Sandhya who becomes an IPS officer despite being married to a confectioner named Sooraj who helps fulfill her dream.
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Punar Vivaah - Zindagi Milegi Dobara]]''
|Hindi
|[[Zee TV]]
|It is the story of the two individuals Yash and Aarti who are remarried and their life there after.
|-
|2013
|''[[Punar Vivah - Ek Nayi Umeed]]''
|Hindi
|[[Zee TV]]
|It is the story is about two old lovers Raj and Divya, who are separated by circumstances but they meet after ten years.
|-
|2012
|''[[Kairi — Rishta Khatta Meetha]]''
|Hindi
|[[Colors TV]]
|It is the story of a newly wed girl named ''Ambika'' seeking love from her husband in an arranged marriage and at the same time, fighting for her rights with her mother-in-law.
|-
|2013
|''[[Dil Ki Nazar Se Khoobsurat]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/khoobsurat-gets-one-month-extension/articleshow/20573714.cms|title=Khoobsurat gets one month extension|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|Hindi
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|The show explores the story of Aradhya, Rahul and Madhav.
|-
|2013–2014
|''[[Tumhari Paakhi]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tumhari-Paakhi-Shashi-Sumeet-Productions-bids-adieu-to-the-show/articleshow/45168174.cms|title=Tumhari Paakhi: Shashi Sumeet Productions bids adieu to the show|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|Hindi
|[[Life OK]]
|The show explores the lives of Anshuman and Paakhi and their love thereof.
|-
|2014–2015
|''[[Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/on-a-dramatic-journey/|title=On a dramatic journey|website=Indian Express}}</ref>
|Hindi
|[[Sony Pal]]
|It is the story of five sisters who runs a fancy dress store.
|-
|2014–2015
|''[[Tu Mera Hero]]''
|Hindi
|[[StarPlus]]
|It is the story of lazy ''Titu'' and his life changes as he marries ''Panchi'' and ultimately becomes Panchi's hero.
|-
|rowspan="4"|2015
|''[[Muh Boli Shaadi]]''
|Hindi
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|The show is about the marriages made through promises.
|-
|''[[Tum Hi Ho Bandhu Sakha Tumhi]]''
|Hindi
|[[Zee TV]]
|The show is about a happy family consisting of six siblings.
|-
|''[[Badii Devrani]]''
|Hindi
|[[And TV|&TV]]
|The show is about a happy Marwari family.
|-
|''[[Hum Aapke Ghar Mein Rehte Hain]]''
|Hindi
|[[Sony SAB]]
| The story is about a former dacoit, Bachani Devi, who has surrendered and has turned into a peaceful person but is still feared by the people. She captures the house of a professor Tripathi thus starting a feud with his family.
Bachani Devi has a granddaughter, Shakti, who is tomboyish and a prankster and Professor Tripathi has a son, Raghav, who is a bookworm. Shakti's pranks often target Raghav. Shakti and Raghav's story takes a turn when Shakti's friend, Pinki, starts liking Raghav.
|-
|2015–2016
|''[[Dream Girl (TV series)|Dream Girl — Ek Ladki Deewani Si]]''
|Hindi
|[[Life OK]]
|The show is about ''Lakshmi'' who always dreamt to be a movie star.
|-
|2017
|''[[Pehredaar Piya Ki]]''
|Hindi
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|It follows the life of a girl, ''Diya'', who fulfills the wish of a dying man by taking the responsibility of an orphan boy, ''Ratan Maan Singh'', by marrying him. What follows next is a beautiful bond of friendship between the couple and being there for each other in an unromantic way. She then becomes the temporary owner of Maan Singh Heritage Group of Hotels until Ratan is old enough to take over.
|-
|2017–2018
|''Akbar Rakht Se Takht Ka Safar''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kashmirlife.net/comedian-rayees-mohiuddin-appear-akbar-rakht-sai-takht-tak-serial-tonight-132956/amp/|title=Comedian Rayees Mohiuddin to appear in 'Akbar —Rakht Se Takht Tak', a serial, from tonight}}</ref>
|Hindi
|[[BIG Magic]]
|It is based on the life story of Mughal emperor Akbar.
|-
|rowspan="2"|2017
|''[[TV, Biwi aur Main|TV, Biwi Aur Main]]''
|Hindi
|[[Sony SAB]]
| Rajeev, a television daily-soap producer, is a workaholic, much to his wife's dismay. Hilarity ensues when he tries to strike a balance between his personal and professional life. Show covers the comic timings created between Priya (Rajeev's wife) and Rajeev's mom who is not satisfied with her son's choice and wanted a daughter-in-law just like Bindiya (Rajeev's show's heroine). She thinks Bindiya is a perfect daughter-in-law as she portrays in the show and compares Priya with Bindiya, though in reality Bindiya is a self-centered arrogant attention seeker. As the time passes Rajeev's mom is shown to have a soft corner for Priya. The show ended with Rajeev receiving a chance to produce one more show in the same channel and he thanks everyone including his team and family for supporting him in his journey.
|-
|''Nakushi Tarihi Havihavishi''
|Marathi
|[[Star Pravah]]
|''Nakushi'', a girl child rejected by her father tries to make her father to realise importance of a girl child.
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Dil Se Dil Tak]]''
|Hindi
|[[Colors TV]]
|The lives of ''Parth'' and ''Shorvori'', a happily married couple, change after the entry of ''Teni'', a young bubbly girl, who decides to become a surrogate mother to their child.
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji]]''
|Hindi
|[[StarPlus]]
|A sequel to the series ''[[Diya Aur Baati Hum]]'', Sooraj and Sandhya's daughter, ''Kanak'' sets off on a journey with ''Uma Shankar'', who is her perfect opposite.
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Yeh Un Dinon Ki Baat Hai]]''
|Hindi
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|The show is based on the Sameer and Naina's love story and is set in the 1990s. It is inspired by the real-life love story of producers Shashi and Sumeet Mittal.
|-
|2017–2018
|''[[Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya]]''
|Hindi
|[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|The series is a restructuring of ''Pehredaar Piya Ki''. Twelve years after ''Diya'' promised ''Ratan Maan Singh'''s dying father that she will protect his child from all dangers, she continues to honour her promise amidst the intrigue of his royal household.
|-
|2018
|''[[Mitegi Laxman Rekha]]''
|Hindi
|[[And TV|&TV]]
|Kanchan is a young woman who has never be weighed down by boundaries. On the surface she appears to be fearless and put together but is actually battling internal dilemmas. Her life takes turn when her path crosses with Vishesh, a real life Rajkumar, who has a similar outlook towards life and doesn't give in to the patriarchal mindset of the society.
|-
|2018–2019
|''[[Karn Sangini]]''
|Hindi
|[[StarPlus]]
|It is a [[Mythological]] show, which revolves around the life of Karn and his wife Uruvi, and the hardships faced by them.
|-
|2019
|''Asha Lata''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/tv-show-asha-lata-to-launch-soon/articleshow/67788060.cms|title=TV show 'Asha-Lata' to launch soon|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|Bengali
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|Asha and Lata, two sisters who come from a musical background, are always at odds with each other. Their rivalry intensifies when a man Dhruba enters their lives.
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Abhilasha (TV series)|Abhilasha]]''
|Telugu
|[[Gemini TV]]
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Shubharambh]]''
|Hindi
|[[Colors TV]]
|Raja Reshammiya, a son from a wealthy family lacks self-confidence and Rani Dave, a sharp girl belongs to a poor family. Raja and Rani meet and start off on a conflicting note but later fall in love.
|-
|2020
|''Naangaraju''
|Hindi
|[[Disney Channel]]
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Aye Mere Humsafar]]''
|Hindi
|[[Dangal TV]]
|
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Bhaggolokkhi]]''
|Bengali
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|Bhagyashree a simple, yet strong-willed girl who despite facing rejections from her relatives stands strong with her husband and brother in law's and revives their lost business and also wins the heart of her mother-in-law.
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]''
|Hindi
|[[StarPlus]]
|A widow and an ex-film star both in their 40s, partner up to start a wedding planning firm. Thus begins a unique tale of self-respect, friendship and love.
|-
|2019–2021
|''[[Ki Kore Bolbo Tomay]]''
|Bengali
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|The story mainly revolves around Radhika and Karna's life. ''[[Swastika Dutta|Radhika]]'', a kind-hearted woman. She is a fashion designer by profession and where she wants to be in life and is focused on her goals and her boss ''Karna'' who is the CEO of Sen Creations and by fate they marry each other. At first, they have problems but as time passes they realise their love for each other live happily. It has been remade in [[Malayalam]] as ''[[Pranayavarnangal (TV series)|Pranayavarnangal]]'' On [[Zee Keralam]] channel which is airing from 18 October 2021.
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Barrister Babu]]''
| rowspan="4" |Hindi
|[[Colors TV]]
|Bondita, a child bride, overcomes the restrictions of a patriarchal society and becomes a barrister with the help of her progressive husband Anirudh. Together, they fight for women rights and raise a voice against social evils, while falling in love with each other.
|-
|2020–2022
|''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]''
|[[Sony SAB]]
|Rajeev Bansal, a simpleton, wishes to build a rapport with and become a close confidant and friend to his teenaged son Rishabh. When Rajeev has to reluctantly remarry post his wife's death, his relationship with Rishabh is tested as the latter gets insecure and emotionally wounded by this.
|-
|2021
|''[[Kyun Utthe Dil Chhod Aaye]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Sony Entertainment Television|SET]]
|Amrit, Vashma and Radha are three women who live in Lahore at a time when India is on the cusp of gaining independence. They hope to achieve their dreams and find success in their love lives with Randheer Uday and Brij respectively.
|-
|2022
|''[[Mose Chhal Kiye Jaaye]]''
| It is the story of a girl named Saumya who dreams of becoming a writer and wants to work even after marriage. But her marriage is fixed with Armaan Oberoi, a famous TV producer who promises her to make a career but the reality hits different.
|-
| 2021–2023
| ''[[Meet: Badlegi Duniya Ki Reet]]''
| Hindi
| [[Zee TV]]
|
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Kori Khela]]''
|Bengali
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|The story centers on Pari and Apurba. Pari, a widow lady (who wasn't actually widow which she get to know later) and independent single mother, who lives with her son Kuttush. Her mother-in-law wants her to remarry, but she disagrees. She meets Apurba who seems to be responsible by nature. Whether Pari gives herself a second chance or not, makes the rest of the story.
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Banni Chow Home Delivery]]''
|Hindi
|[[StarPlus]]
|Delivery-girl Banni is a feisty young woman who makes a living out of her catering and door-to-door food delivery business. She soon crosses paths with Yuvan, a mentally disabled man whom she eventually marries as a compromise. The show follows how Banni protects Yuvan from her in-laws who kept torturing him mentally and physically for years and also how she explores his musical talent and decides to make him a rockstar despite his mental illness.
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Durga Aur Charu]]''
|Hindi
|[[Colors TV]]
|A show that captures the true essence of pre and post-independence era by following the story of two sisters separated by destiny. They are daughters of a renowned Barrister couple of Kolkata – Anirudh and Bondita. Bondita's elder daughter Charu carries all her traits and is fierce and outspoken just like her mother, but with her sister Durga, she has become meek and pessimistic after getting separated from Charu.
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Indrani (TV series)|Indrani]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]i
| [[Colors Bangla]]
|
|-
| 2022–2023
| ''[[Tomar Khola Hawa]]''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|
|-
| 2022-2024
| ''[[Lagnachi Bedi]]''
|Marathi
| [[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Jyoti... Umeedon Se Sajee]]''
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Do Chutki Sindoor]]''
| [[Nazara TV|Nazara]]
|
|-
| 2023–2024
| ''[[Dhruv Tara – Samay Sadi Se Pare]]''
| Sony SAB
|
|-
| 2023–2025
| ''[[Premachi Gosht]]''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Star Pravah]]
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2024
| ''Mehndi Wala Ghar''
| rowspan="3" |[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| SET
|
|-
| ''[[Mera Balam Thanedaar]]''
| Colors TV
|
|-
|2024–2025
| ''Main Dil Tum Dhadkan''
| [[Shemaroo Umang]]
|
|-
|2025–2026
| ''Tui Amar Hero''
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| [[Zee Bangla]]
|
|-
|2025
| ''Kon Hotis Tu Kay Zalis Tu!''
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| [[Star Pravah]]
|
|}

===Reality shows===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Show
! Network
|-
| 2016 – 2017
| ''[[Aji Sunte Ho]]''<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zee-tv-to-launch-new-reality-show-aji-sunte-ho/|title=Zee TV to launch new reality show 'Aji Sunte Ho'|website=Television Post|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220947/http://www.televisionpost.com/television/zee-tv-to-launch-new-reality-show-aji-sunte-ho/|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref>
| [[Zee TV]]
|-
| 2016
| ''Rivals In Law''<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/2016/08/18/rivals-in-law-a-timeless-conflict-garnished-with-horrific-stereotypes-vicky-ratnani-chef-fyi-mother-in-law-cooking|title='Rivals In Law': A Saas-Bahu Cookout Show That'll Make You Cringe|website=The Quint}}</ref>
| FYI TV18
|-
| 2016
| ''India's Deadliest Roads''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-documentary/history-tv18-brings-indian-version-of-ice-road-truckers-starring-mandira-bedi-161019|title=History TV18 brings Indian version of 'Ice Road Truckers' starring Mandira Bedi|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
| [[History TV18]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

[[Category:Television production companies of India]]

Kalikiri Murali Mohan

2026-04-10T04:01:10Z

Best time to visit kashmir: starting new bio initial version.

{{Short description|Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kalikiri Murali Mohan
| constituency = [[Puthalapattu Assembly constituency|Puthalapattu]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = June 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[M. S. Babu]]
| successor =
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Kalikiri Murali Mohan''' (born 1974) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Puthalapattu Assembly constituency]] in Chittoor district. He represents [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] where TDP had an alliance with [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Jana Sena Party|JSP]].

== Early life and education ==
Mohan is from [[Puthalapattu]], [[Chittoor]]. His father's name is Kalikiri Annaiah. He is a postgraduate in commerce and also completed his PhD. from [[Sri Venkateswara University]], [[Tirupati]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K Murali Mohan(TDP):Constituency- PUTHALAPATTU (SC)(CHITTOOR) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=119 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He started his career as a journalist with [[Andhra Bhoomi]] and worked for a long time with [[HMTV]]. He also worked for other newspapers and channels.<ref>{{Cite web | date=2024-06-20 |title=Hyd CP felicitates police officers |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyd-cp-felicitates-police-officers-885951 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the Tirupati Press Club and also served as an office bearer of Andhra Pradesh Union of Working Journalists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A. D. |date=2024-06-16 |title=Puthalapattu MLA assures to solve problems faced by journalists |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/puthalapattu-mla-assures-to-solve-problems-faced-by-journalists/article68296989.ece |access-date=2024-06-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Mohan won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Puthalapattu Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled {{formatnum:102137}} votes and defeated M. Sunil Kumar of [[YSR Congress Party]] by 15,634 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=K Murali Mohan, TDP Candidate from Puthalapattu Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing – News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/k-murali-mohan-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a173e2024c002/ |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puthalapattu Assembly Election Results 2024: Puthalapattu Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share – IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/puthalapattu-constituency-result-1173 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murali Mohan, Kalikiri}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Shivani Baokar

2026-04-06T09:32:46Z

Best time to visit kashmir:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shivani Baokar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|03|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = [[D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce|D. G. Ruparel College]]
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2017–present
| known_for = ''[[Lagira Zala Ji]]''
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Shivani Baokar''' (born 11 March 1994) is an Indian film and television actress. She known for her role in ''[[Lagira Zala Ji]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-13 |title= |script-title=mr:'Shitali of Lagir Jala Ji fame celebrated Rakshabandhan like this; You will be proud too |url=https://lokmat.news18.com/entertainment/shivani-baokar-celebrated-rakshabandhan-with-indian-army-mhnk-745757.html |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=News18 Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The lower the front, the sharper it is! Lagiram girl Shivani Baokar's powerful entry on Zee Marathi |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/shivani-baokar-new-serial-on-zee-marathis-lavangi-mirchi-watch-promo/articleshow/97004670.cms |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shivani Boakar was born in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]. She grew up in [[Matunga]], [[Dadar]] and [[Mahim]] areas of Mumbai.<ref>{{Cite web |title= |script-title=mr:What do you think about bold roles? Shivani Bawkar says |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/interview/lagira-jhala-ji-actress-shivani-baokar-talks-about-music-album-and-future-projects/articleshow/84854559.cms |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-26 |title=Laagira Zala Ji Fame Shivani Baokar In New Role |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/entertainment/shivani-baokar-interview-about-kusum-serial-nrsr-185315/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref> She did her graduation from [[D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce|DG Ruparel College, Mumbai]]. She is a [[German language]] expert. After insistence of parents, she decided to quit her job and pursue a career in [[film industry]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-16 |title="I want 'Lavangi Mirchi' to succeed like Laagira Jhala Ji," says actress Shivani Baokar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/i-want-lavangi-mirchi-to-succeed-like-laagira-jhala-ji-says-actress-shivani-baokar/articleshow/97972343.cms |access-date=2023-05-30 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Movie
!Role
!Language
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''Undga''
|Meera
| rowspan="5" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Undga Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/undga/movieshow/61266744.cms |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Youth Tube''
|Prachi
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Youth Tube Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/youth-tube/movie-review/67796844.cms |access-date=2023-02-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|''Gulhar''
| Shilpi
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Gulhar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/previews/gulhar/articleshow/91153161.cms |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=The Times of India |date=28 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-16 |title='Lagira Jala Ji' serial Shitli Zhalkanar in this movie, know about it |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/lagir-jhala-ji-fame-shitali-aka-shivani-baokar-will-be-seen-in-this-movie-a603/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''Neta Geeta''
|Shruti
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Neta Geeta Movie (2024): Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, Release Date {{!}} नेता गीता {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/neta-geeta-movie/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=15 July 2024 |date=16 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|{{Pending film|Girlfriend Boyfriend}}
|TBA
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kamdi |first=Vaishnavi |date=2026-02-16 |title=Marathi Cinema: प्रेम, मैत्री आणि कमिटमेंटची कहाणी; ‘Girlfriend Boyfriend’ लवकरच प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/movies/a-story-of-love-friendship-and-commitment-girlfriend-boyfriend-to-hit-the-screens-soon-1144836.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Navarashtra |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Show
!Role(s)
!Notes
!Channel
!Ref.
|-
|2017–2019
|''[[Lagira Zala Ji]]''
|Sheetal Pawar-Shinde
|rowspan="2"|Lead Role
|rowspan="2"|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-17|script-title=mr:It seems that this is the end of the series?|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/will-be-end-zee-marathi-lagira-zala-ji-serial/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Alti Palti Sumdit Kalti]]''
|Pallavi
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lagira Zhala Ji's Shivani Baokar to play the role of a thief in Alti Palti Sumadit Kalti|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/lagira-zhala-jis-shivani-baokar-to-play-the-role-of-a-thief-in-alti-palti-sumadit-kalti/articleshow/70377701.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2019 |access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2021
|''Manmandira Gajar Bhakticha''
|Host
|Mythology Show
|[[Zee Talkies]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Zee Talkies becomes slot leader with its show 'Gajar Kirtanacha Sohla Anandacha'|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-talkies-becomes-slot-leader-with-its-show-gajar-kirtanacha-sohla-anandacha-2225157.html|access-date=2021-03-10|website=[[Zee News]]|date=2019-08-06}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]] Ladies Zindabad''
|Contestant
|Comedy Show
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ladies Zindabad: Chala Hawa Yeu Dya to launch a special season featuring Marathi actresses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/ladies-zindabad-chala-hawa-yeu-dya-to-launch-a-special-season-featuring-marathi-actresses/articleshow/77460096.cms |access-date=2022-03-10 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|2021–2022
|''[[Tumchya Aamchyatali Kusum]]''
|Kusum Deshmukh-Sarnobat
|rowspan="2"|Lead Role
|[[Sony Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=New Marathi TV show 'Kusum' to launch soon; Shivani Baokar to play the lead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/new-marathi-tv-show-kusum-to-launch-soon-shivani-baokar-to-play-the-lead/articleshow/85696732.cms|access-date=2023-01-29|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 August 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Lavangi Mirchi]]''
|Asmita Patil
|[[Zee Marathi]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivani Baokar: 'Sheetali' will meet the audience again, will be seen in the serial 'Lavangi Mirchi'|url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shivani-baokar-new-serial-lavangi-mirchi-141673865553716.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivani Baokar: Shivani Bawkar's 'Lavangi Mirchi' hit, new series soon|url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/actress-shivani-baokar-new-serial-coming-soon-in-zee-marathi-drj96 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=[[Sakal]] |date=14 January 2023 |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2024–2026
|''[[Sadhi Manasa]]''
|Meera
|Lead Role
|[[Star Pravah]]
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sadhi Mansa Serial (2024) {{!}} साधी माणसं {{!}} Star Pravah Cast, Episode, Promo {{!}} Exclusive 2024 - Rang Marathi |url=https://rangmarathi.com/sadhi-mansa-serial/ |website=Rang Marathi |access-date=18 March 2024 |date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
|}

==== Special appearances ====
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017
|''[[Zee Marathi Awards 2017]]''
|Guest as Sheetal
|
|-
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
|Guest as Sheetal
|
|-
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Marathi]]''
|Guest as Sheetal
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
|Guest as Sheetal
|
|-
|''[[Jallosh Ganrayacha]] 2018''
|Guest as Sheetal
|
|-
|''[[Aamhi Saare Khavayye]]''
|Guest as Sheetal
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Actress Shivani Baokar flaunts her German proficiency in Aamhi Saare Khavayye|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/navratri-special-actress-shivani-baokar-flaunts-her-german-proficiency-in-aamhi-saare-khavayye/articleshow/66178891.cms|website=The Times of India|date=12 October 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2018]]''
|Guest as Sheetal
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''
|Guest as Pallavi
|
|-
|''[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2019]]''
|Guest as Pallavi
|
|-
|''[[Yuva Dancing Queen]]''
|Guest as Herself
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''Jai Jai Maharashtra Majha''
|Guest as Herself
|
|-
|''Zee Yuva Sanman''
|Guest as Herself
|
|-
|2020–21
|''[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2020-21]]''
|Guest as Herself
|
|-
|2021
|''Sony Marathi Kutumba Diwali Sohala''
|Guest as Kusum
|
|-
|2022
|''Sakal Sanman 2022''
|Guest as Herself
|
|}

=== Music video ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Roles
!Ref.
|-
|2019
|"Khulach Zhalo Ga"
|Urvi
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khulech Zalo ga Song Lyrics- Marathi Love song |date=17 August 2022 |url=https://www.lyricskatta.com/khulach-zalo-ga-song-lyrics-marathi-love-song/ |access-date=2022-12-27}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|"Chahul"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-01 |title=Shivani Bawkar and Nitish Chavan will be seen romancing in 'Chahul'! |url=https://www.cinebuster.in/shivani-bawkar-and-nitish-chavan-will-be-seen-romancing-in-chahul/ |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=CineBuster}}</ref>
|-
|"Barasu De"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Barasu De: Shivani Baokar Coming Soon With A Romantic New Music Video {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/barasu-de-shivani-baokar-coming-soon-with-a-romantic-new-music-video/5fd8c13f751d1e12dbfdfbe9 |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=SpotboyE}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|"Vedya Manala"
|
|
|-
|"Lajtana"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shivani Baokar's Brand New Music Video 'Laajtana' Out Now {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/shivani-baokar-s-brand-new-music-video-laajtana-out-now/6008350c23e6c66d62366dbe |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=SpotboyE}}</ref>
|-
|"Lagnachi Pipani"
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-04 |title=Shivani Bawkar's 'Lagnachi Pipani' will play now, know about it|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/shivani-bawkars-lagnachi-pipani-will-be-played-now-a603/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Lokmat |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lagnachi Pipani: Lagira Jhala Ji Fame Shivani Baokar's Upcoming Music Video Coming Soon {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/marathi/marathi-news/lagnachi-pipani-lagira-jhala-ji-fame-shivani-baokar-s-upcoming-music-video-coming-soon/604074abe64e0402b8c34482 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=SpotboyE}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|"Nate Navyane"
|Myra
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi Stars Ajinkya Raut, Shivani Baokar to Appear in Music Video Titled Nate Navyane |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/marathi-stars-ajinkya-raut-shivani-baokar-to-appear-in-music-video-titled-nate-navyane-5335159.html |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=News18 |date=8 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=mr:Ajinkya Raut and Shivani Bawkar open 'Nate Navyane', actor's special post|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/nate-navyane-ajinkya-raut-and-shivani-baokar-doing-video-album-together/articleshow/92076825.cms |access-date=2022-12-27 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Categories
!Shows
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" |2017
| rowspan="5" |[[Zee Marathi Awards 2017]]
|Best Actress
| rowspan="9" |''[[Lagira Zala Ji]]''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan="13" |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-10|title='Lagira Jala Ji' looks stunning at the Zee Marathi Awards|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/zee-marathi-awards-2017-winners-lagira-zhala-jee-grabs-10-awards-1567407/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=[[Loksatta]]|language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|Best Couple
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Daughter-in-law
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Waman Hari Pethe Jewellers Best Face of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Debutant Female
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2018
| rowspan="4" |[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2018]]
|Best Actress
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Couple
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Daughter-in-law
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Waman Hari Pethe Jewellers Best Face of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2019
| rowspan="4" |[[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards 2019]]
|Best Actress
| rowspan="4" |''[[Alti Palti Sumdit Kalti]]''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Couple
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best Daughter-in-law
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Waman Hari Pethe Jewellers Best Face of the Year
|{{Nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm10369628}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baokar, Shivani}}
[[Category:Marathi actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:D. G. Ruparel College alumni]]

2025–26 Maharashtra local elections

2026-04-03T07:02:53Z

Best time to visit kashmir:

{{short description|Indian local elections}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025–26 Maharashtra Local Body election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = [[2016–17 Maharashtra local elections]]
| previous_year = [[2016–17 Maharashtra local elections|2016-17]]
| election_date = 2 Dec 2025 - 15 Jan 2026<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-01 |title=Maharashtra local body election 2025: Full schedule, voting timings and FAQS |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/maharashtra-local-body-election-2025-full-schedule-voting-timings-and-faqs-2828899-2025-12-01 |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| next_election = Next
| next_year =
| seats_for_election = 29 Municipal Corporations 246 Municipal Councils and 42 Nagar Panchayats
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Hand INC.svg|bSize=150|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=20|oTop=0}}
| leader3 = [[Harshwardhan Vasantrao Sapkal|Harshwardhan Sapkal]]
| party3 = Indian National Congress
| last_election3 =
| alliance3 =
| seats3 = 1,176
| seat_change3 =
| popular_vote3 =
| percentage3 =
| swing3 = 
| image4 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Ajit_Anantrao_Pawar.jpg|bSize=175|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=40|oTop=10}}
| leader4 = [[Ajit Pawar]]
| party4 = Nationalist Congress Party
| last_election4 =
| seats4 = 927
| seat_change4 =
| alliance4 = [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
| popular_vote4 =
| percentage4 =
| swing4 = 
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|bSize=150|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=28|oTop=15}}
| leader1 = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| last_election1 =
| alliance1 = [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
| seats1 = '''4,507'''
| seat_change1 =
| popular_vote1 =
| percentage1 =
| swing1 = 
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=5}}
| leader2 = [[Eknath Shinde]]
| party2 = Shiv Sena
| last_election2 =
| seats2 = 1,358
| seat_change2 =
| popular_vote2 =
| percentage2 =
| swing2 =
| alliance2 = [[Maha Yuti|MY]]
| image6 = <div style="width:100px;"> '''NCP (SP)'''</div>
| party6 = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar
| leader6 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| last_election6 =
| seats6 = 330
| seat_change6 =
| popular_vote6 =
| percentage6 =
| swing6 =
| image5 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Uddhav Thackeray, President of Shiv Sena-UBT.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=3|oTop=10}}
| party5 = Shiv Sena (UBT)
| leader5 = [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| last_election5 =
| seats5 = 576
| seat_change5 =
| popular_vote5 =
| percentage5 =
| swing5 = 
| title =
| before_election =
| before_party =
| after_election =
| after_party =
}}

'''Local elections''' were held in [[Maharashtra]] in multiple phases, for the 246 municipal councils and 46 Nagar Panchayat, results announced on 21 Dec 2025 day after each round of voting. The first phase took place on December 2, and 29 Municipal Corporations voted on 15 January 2026. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] led [[Maha Yuti]] alliance won a [[landslide victory]] in these elections with the BJP itself securing 3091 seats of the 6859 seats in the ward members of the municipal council and nagar panchayats. BJP also won 117 of the 288 municipal councils and nagar panchayat chairpersons post on its own. Additionally BJP did well in the municipal corporation election as it won most mayor positions along with 1441 of the 2869 ward members post, more than 50% of the seats. Its allies [[Shiv Sena (2022-present)|Shiv Sena (Shinde)]] and [[Nationalist Congress Party]] also performed well with Shiv Sena bagging 53 chairperson and NCP winning 37. SS (Shinde) won in 961 wards in municipal councils and nagar panchayats and NCP won in 760 wards in municipal council and nagar panchayat. The election was therefore, a dominant performance of the ruling [[Maha Yuti]] alliance.

==Background==
Across 246 Municipal Councils and 42 Municipal Panchayats, the total number of members was 5739. Overall the election was a dominant performance for the ruling [[Maha Yuti]] alliance.

==Schedule==

===Municipal Corporation Election===
{| class="wikitable"
!Poll Event
!Schedule<ref name="Polls for BMC, 28 other municipal corporations on Jan. 15, vote count on Jan. 16">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Polls for BMC, 28 other municipal corporations on Jan. 15, vote count on Jan. 16|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-bmc-maharashtra-municipal-corporation-election/article70398883.ece|accessdate=11 February 2026|publisher=The Hindu|date=15 December 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260211111651/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/mumbai-bmc-maharashtra-municipal-corporation-election/article70398883.ece|archivedate=11 February 2026|language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|Notification
|15 December 2025
|-
|Last Date for filing nomination
|30 December 2025
|-
|Scrutiny of Nominations
|31 December 2025
|-
|Withdrawal of Candidature
|2 January 2026
|-
|Date of Poll
|15 January 2026
|-
|Date of Counting
|16 January 2026
|}

==Result==
===Party wise results===
{| class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|Municipal corporations
!colspan=2|Municipal councils/ Nagar Panchayats
|-
!Mayor
!Member
!Chairperson
!Member
|-
|BJP
|21
|1416
|117
|3091
|-
|SS
|2
|397
|53
|961
|-
|NCP
|1
|160
|37
|760
|-
|INC
|1
|324
|28
|852
|-
|SS(UBT)
|1
|153
|9
|423
|-
|NCP(SP)
|0
|36
|7
|294
|-
|Others
|3
|
|37
|477
|-
!Total
!29<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-17 |title=Urban sweep: BJP captures 20 of 28 mayoral posts across Maharashtra |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/urban-sweep-bjp-captures-20-of-28-mayoral-posts-across-maharashtra-10536252/ |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
!2869
!288<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-22 |title=Maharashtra Local Body Election Results 2025 Live Updates: Mahayuti wins 207 of 288 municipal presidents; BJP bags 117 posts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/maharashtra-local-body-elections-results-live-updates-counting-shiv-sena-bjp-congress-ncp-10431076/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
!6859
|}

===Municipal Corporations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"style="text-align:center;"
! Corporation
! colspan=2| Party won
! Seats composition
|-
|[[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (227)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (89)
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|65}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (29)
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|24}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|8}}
:*{{Party legend|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|6}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |3}}
:*{{Party legend|Samajwadi Party|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|1}}
|-
|[[Thane Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (131)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (75)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (28)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|12}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |9}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|5}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1}}
|-
|[[Ulhasnagar Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (78)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (37)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (36)
:*{{Party legend|Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}
:*{{Color box|Yellow}} SAI (1)
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1}}
|-
|[[Kalyan-Dombivli Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (122)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (53)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (50)
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|11}}
:*{{Party legend|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|5}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|1}}
|-
|[[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (115)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (58)
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|33}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (12)
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|6}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|4}}
|-
|[[Jalgaon City Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (75)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (46)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (22)
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|5}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party
|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1}}
|-
|[[Ahmednagar Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (68)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |27}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (25)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (10)
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1}}
|-
|[[Kolhapur Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (81)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|34}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (26)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (15)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |4}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1}}
|-
|[[Bhiwandi-Nizampur City Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (90)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}{{efn|BJP rebel}}
|
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|30}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (22)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (12)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|12}}
:*{{Party legend|Samajwadi Party|6}}
:*{{Color box|Maroon}} KVA (4)
:*{{Color box|Green}} BVA(EM) (3)
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
|-
|[[Nanded-Waghala City Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (81)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] (45)
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|14}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|10}}
:*{{colorbox|#22409A}} [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|VBA]] (5)
:*{{colorbox|#F37020}} [[Shiv Sena|SS]] (4)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |2}}
:* {{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}

|-
|[[Malegaon Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (84)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Secular Largest Assembly of Maharashtra}}
|
:*{{Party legend|Indian Secular Largest Assembly of Maharashtra|35}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|21}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (18)
:*{{Party legend|Samajwadi Party|5}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|3}}
:*{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|2}}
|-
|[[Latur City Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (70)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|43}}
:*{{colorbox|#22409A}} [[Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|VBA]] (4)
:*{{colorbox|#FF9933}} [[Bhartiya Janta Party|BJP]] (22)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |1}}
|-
|[[Parbhani City Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (65)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}
|
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|25}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|12}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (12)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |11}}
:*{{Color box|#CB00F1}} [[Vinay Kore|JSS]] (3)
:*{{Color box|Gold}} YS (1)
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
|-
|[[Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (111)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (65)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (42)
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|1}}
:* {{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
|-
|[[Vasai-Virar City Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (115)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Vikas Aghadi}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi}}}} [[Bahujan Vikas Aaghadi|BVA]] (70)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (43)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (1)
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|1}}
|-
|[[Pune Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (165)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (119)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |27}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|15}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|3}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|1}}
|-
|[[Nagpur Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (151)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (102)
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|34}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|6}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian Union Muslim League|4}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|2}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (1)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |1}}
:*{{Party legend|Bahujan Samaj Party|1}}
|-
|[[Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (128)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (84)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |37}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (6)
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1}}
|-
|[[Nashik Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (122)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (72)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (26)
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|15}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |4}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|3}}
:*{{Party legend|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1}}
|-
|[[Solapur Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (102)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (87)
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|8}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (4)
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |1}}
|-
|[[Amravati Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (87)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (25)
:*{{Color box|#1A34BB}} [[Ravi Rana|RYSP]] (15)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |11}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (3)
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|15}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|2}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|12}}
:*{{Party legend|Bahujan Samaj Party|3}}
:*{{Party legend|Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|1}}
|-
|[[Akola Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (80)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (38)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (1)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |1}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|21}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|6}}
:*{{Party legend|Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|5}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|3}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|3}}
:*{{Color box|#FBEC20}} Akola Vikas Samiti (1)
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
|-
|[[Mira-Bhayandar Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (96)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (78)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (3)
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|13}}
:* {{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=OTH}}
|-
|[[Panvel Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (78)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (46)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (5)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |1}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}}} [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]] (15)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|4}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|3}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|3}}
:* {{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}
|-
|[[Chandrapur City Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (66)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|27}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (23)
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|6}}
:*{{Color box|Yellow}} [[Peasants and Workers Party of India|JVS]] (3)
:*{{Party legend|Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi|2}}
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (1)
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Bahujan Samaj Party|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|2|shortname=IND}}
|-
|[[Sangli-Miraj-Kupwad Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (78)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|39}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |16}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|18}}
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|3}}
|-
|[[Dhule Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (74)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:* {{Party legend|Bharatiya Janata Party|50}}
:* {{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |8}}
:* {{Party legend|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|5}}
:* {{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|10}}
:* {{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=OTH}}
|-
|[[Ichalkaranji Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (76)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (43)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (3)
:*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party |1}}
:*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|1}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|17}}
|-
|[[Jalna City Municipal Corporation]] '''Total seats (65)'''
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (41)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (12)
:*{{Party legend|Indian National Congress|9}}
:*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|2}}
:*{{Party legend|Independent|1}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Maharashtra elections}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2025-26 Maharashtra local elections}}
[[Category:2025 elections in India]]
[[Category:Local elections in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2020s in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:2026 elections in India]]

Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-28T11:31:35Z

Best time to visit kashmir:

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Virudhunagar
|type = LS
|map_image = Virudhunagar lok sabha constituency.png
|map_caption = Area of Virudhunagar Lok Sabha Constituency
|state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
|assembly_cons = [[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]] [[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]] [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]] [[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]] [[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]] [[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukkottai]]
|established = 2009
|electors = {{formatnum:1501942}}
|reservation = None
|incumbent_image = Manickam Tagore.jpeg
|mp = [[Manickam Tagore|B. Manickam Tagore]]
|party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
|alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|preceded_by = [[T. Radhakrishnan]]
}}
'''Virudhunagar Lok Sabha constituency''' ({{langx|ta|விருதுநகர் மக்களவைத் தொகுதி}}) is one of the 39 [[Lok Sabha]] ([[Parliament of India|parliamentary]]) constituencies in [[Tamil Nadu]], a [[Federated state|state]] in southern [[India]].

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white; " colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[B. Manickam Tagore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[T. Ramachandran]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|rowspan="2"|[[B. Manickam Tagore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Assembly segments==

===2009-present===
{| class="wikitable"
! width="50px" style="font-size:75%" |Constituency number
! width="150px" |Name
! width="100px" style="font-size:75%" |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)
! width="100px" |District
! colspan="2"|Party
! colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|195.
|[[Thiruparankundram Assembly constituency|Thiruparankundram]]
|None
|rowspan="2" |[[Madurai district|Madurai]]
|{{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|196.
|[[Thirumangalam Assembly constituency|Thirumangalam]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
|204.
|[[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|None
|rowspan="4" |[[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
|{{party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|205.
|[[Sivakasi Assembly constituency|Sivakasi]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|206
|[[Virudhunagar Assembly constituency|Virudhunagar]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
|207
|[[Aruppukottai Assembly constituency|Aruppukkottai]]
|None
|{{party name with color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}
|-
|}

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float = right
|title = Vote share of Winning candidates
|titlebar = #ddd
|width = 260px
|barwidth = 250px
|bars = {{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|36.28}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|43.77}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|40.20}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|40.02}}
}}

===General election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS2234.htm|title=2024 Parliamentary Constituency 34 - VIRUDHUNAGAR (Tamil Nadu) Results|work=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manickam Tagore|B. Manickam Tagore]]
|votes = 385,256
|percentage = 36.28
|change = {{decrease}}7.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = V. Vijaya Prabhakaran
|votes = 380,877
|percentage = 35.87
|change = {{increase}}6.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Radhika Sarathkumar|R. Radikaa]]
|votes = 166,271
|percentage = 15.66
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = S. Kaushik
|votes = 77,031
|percentage = 7.25
|change = {{increase}}2.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 9,408
|percentage = 0.89
|change = {{decrease}}0.72
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 4,379
|percentage = 0.41
|change = {{decrease}}13.96
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,054,634
|percentage = 70.22
|change = {{decrease}}2.19
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = {{decrease}}7.49
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]<ref name="2019_GE_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10929-33constituency-wise-detailed-result/|title=2019 Indian General Election Results|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=18 June 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manickam Tagore|B. Manickam Tagore]]
|votes = 470,883
|percentage = 43.77
|change = {{increase}}39.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = R. Alagarsamy
|votes = 316,329
|percentage = 29.40
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Paramasiva Iyyappan
|votes = 107,615
|percentage = 10.00
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = V. Muniyasamy
|votes = 57,129
|percentage = 5.31
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = K. Arulmozhithevan
|votes = 53,040
|percentage = 4.93
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 17,292
|percentage = 1.61
|change = {{increase}}0.40
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 154,554
|percentage = 14.37
|change = {{decrease}}0.02
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,074,735
|percentage = 72.41
|change = {{decrease}}2.45
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing = {{increase}}39.97
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]<ref name="2014_GE_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2785-constituency-wise-detailed-result/|title=2014 Indian General Election Results|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=4 June 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[T. Radhakrishnan]]
|votes = 406,694
|percentage = 40.20
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Vaiko]]
|votes = 261,143
|percentage = 25.81
|change = {{decrease}}12.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = S. Rethinavelu
|votes = 241,505
|percentage = 23.87
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manickam Tagore|B. Manickam Tagore]]
|votes = 38,482
|percentage = 3.80
|change = {{decrease}}36.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = K. Samuelraj
|votes = 20,157
|percentage = 1.99
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 12,225
|percentage = 1.21
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 145,551
|percentage = 14.39
|change = {{increase}}12.33
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,010,930
|percentage = 74.86
|change = {{decrease}}2.53
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = ''New''
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]<ref name="2009_GE_Results">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/|title=2009 Indian General Election Results|work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=1 June 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Manickam Tagore|B. Manickam Tagore]]
|votes = 307,187
|percentage = 40.02
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[Vaiko]]
|votes = 291,423
|percentage = 37.96
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
|candidate = [[K. Pandiarajan]]
|votes = 125,229
|percentage = 16.31
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = M. Karthik
|votes = 17,336
|percentage = 2.26
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = V. Kanagaraj
|votes = 8,198
|percentage = 1.07
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 15,764
|percentage = 2.06
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 767,653
|percentage = 77.39
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Lok Sabha]]
*[[Parliament of India]]
*[[Virudhunagar district]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission of India]
*[https://resultuniversity.com/election/virudhunagar-lok-sabha Virudhunagar Lok Sabha - Result University]
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/tamilnadu/virudhunagar/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Virudhunagar lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}
{{coords|9.6|78.0|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virudhunagar (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Virudhunagar district]]

Keshub Chandra Sen

2026-03-27T12:05:51Z

Best time to visit kashmir: fixed issues

{{Short description|Indian academic (1838–1884)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Keshab Chandra Sen
| image = Keshub Chunder Sen (1838-1884).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Keshub Chandra Sen, {{circa|1870}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1838|11|19}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|British India]] (present-day [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1884|01|08|1838|11|19}}
| death_place = Calcutta, Bengal Presidency, [[British India]]
| occupation = Religious reformer
| movement = [[Bengal Renaissance]]
| organization = [[Brahmo Samaj]]
| spouse = [[Jaganmohini Devi]]
| children = 10 including [[Suniti Devi]], [[Sucharu Devi]]
| relatives = [[Naina Devi (singer)|Naina Devi]], [[Sadhana Bose]] (grand-daughters), Rudrani Dhar (adopted)
}}
'''Keshub Chandra Sen''' ({{langx|bn|কেশবচন্দ্র সেন}}; also spelled '''Keshab Chunder Sen'''; 19 November 1838 – 8 January 1884) was an Indian philosopher and social reformer who attempted to incorporate [[Christian theology]] within the framework of [[Hindu]] thought. Born a Hindu in the [[Bengal Presidency]] of [[British India]], he became a member of the [[Brahmo Samaj]] in 1857<ref>Carpenter, Mary Lant (1907), ''Life of Keshub Chunder Sen''.</ref> but established his own breakaway "Bharatvarshiya Brahmo Samaj" in 1866<ref>[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p. 276</ref> while the Brahmo Samaj remained under the leadership of [[Debendranath Tagore]] (who headed the Brahmo Samaj until his death in 1905).<ref>[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p. 16</ref> In 1878, his followers abandoned him after the underage child marriage of his daughter which exposed his campaign against child marriage as hollow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sadharanbrahmosamaj.org |title=Sadharan Brahmo Samaj |publisher=Sadharan Brahmo Samaj |access-date=13 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725010722/http://sadharanbrahmosamaj.org/ |archive-date=25 July 2012 }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Keshub Chandra Sen was born on 19 November 1838 into an affluent [[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[Baidya]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Southard|first=Barbara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TP4dAAAAMAAJ&q=keshab+chandra+sen+Baidya|title=Neo-Hinduism and Militant Politics in Bengal, 1875-1910|date=1971|publisher=University of Hawaii|page=76|language=en}}</ref> family of [[Calcutta]] (now [[Kolkata]]). His family originally belonged to Garifa village on the banks of the river [[Hooghly River|Hooghly]]. His grandfather was [[Ramkamal Sen]] (1783–1844), a well-known pro-[[Sati (practice)|sati]] Hindu activist and lifelong opponent of [[Ram Mohan Roy]].<ref>Sharma, H. D. ''Ram Mohun Roy – the Renaissance man''. p. 26. {{ISBN|81-89297-70-8}}</ref> His father Peary Mohan Sen died when he was ten, and Sen was brought up by his uncle. As a boy, he attended the Bengali Pathshala elementary school and later attended [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Hindu College]] in 1845.<ref name=m1>{{cite book|author=Müller, Friedrich Max |title=Biographical Essays |url=https://archive.org/details/biographicaless01mlgoog/page/n6 |year=1884|publisher=C. Scribners̓ Sons|pages=51–53}}</ref>

==Career==
In 1855 he founded an evening school for the children of working men, which continued through 1858. In 1855, he became Secretary to the Goodwill Fraternity,<ref>under the Danish Grand charter for the missionaries of Danish settlement at Serampore, lodge ''De L’amour Fraternelle'' (for Brotherly Love) whose motto then was "Fatherhood of God and Brotherhood of Man".</ref> a Masonic <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.masonindia.org/WellKnownFreeMasons.htm|title=Grand Lodge of India|work=masonindia.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119024300/http://www.masonindia.org/WellKnownFreeMasons.htm|archive-date=19 January 2010}}</ref> lodge associated with the Unitarian Rev. Charles Dall and a Christian missionary Rev. [[James Long (Anglican priest)|James Long]] who also helped Sen establish a "British Indian Association" in the same year.<ref>[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p. 114</ref> Around this time he began to be attracted to the ideas of the Brahmo Samaj.<ref name=m1/>

Keshub Sen was also briefly appointed as Secretary of the [[Asiatic Society]] in 1854. For a short time thereafter Sen was also a clerk in the [[Bank of Calcutta|Bank of Bengal]], but resigned his post to devote himself exclusively to literature and philosophy.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=759}} On this, Professor Oman who knew him well writes, "Endowed with an emotional temperament, earnest piety, a gift of ready speech and a strong leaven of vanity, Keshub Chunder Sen found the sober, monotonous duties of a bank clerk intolerable, and very soon sought a more congenial field for the exercise of his abilities." and he formally joined the Brahma Samaj in 1859.<ref name="Oman_117">[[#Oman|Oman]], p. 117.</ref>

==Brahmo Samaj==
In 1858, left his home in Colootola and took refuge in the Jorasanko House of the [[Tagore family]] when the patriarch of the family was then away. In 1862 Sen helped found the Albert College and wrote articles for the ''Indian Mirror'', a weekly journal of the Calcutta Brahmo Samaj in which social and moral subjects were debated.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=759}}

In 1863 he wrote ''The Brahma Samaj Vindicated''. He strongly criticised Christianity and travelled about the country lecturing and preaching that the Brahmo Samaj was intended to revitalise Hindu religion through use of ancient Hindu sources and the authority of the Vedas.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=759}} By 1865, however, Sen was convinced that only Christian doctrine could bring new life to Hindu society.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|author=EB staff |date=6 March 2015 |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Keshab-Chunder-Sen |title=Keshab Chunder Sen |encyclopedia=Britannica Encyclopaedia}}</ref>

In November 1865 he was caused to leave the Brahma Samaj after "an open break with its founder Debendranath Tagore" over Christian practices in Brahmoism, and the next year (1866) with encouragement of the Unitarian preacher Charles Dall he joined another new organisation, Bharatvarshiya Brahmo Samaj, as its Secretary (President being "God"). Tagore's Brahmo Samaj then quickly purged itself of Sen's Christian teaching, and encouraged being described as [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]] to distinguish it from Sen's deliberately eponymous version.{{sfn|EB staff|2015}}

==Christianity==
In 1866 Sen delivered an address on "Jesus Christ, Europe and Asia", in which he proclaimed that "India would be for Christ alone who already stalks the land", and which fostered the impression that he was about to embrace [[Christianity]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=760}}{{sfn|EB staff|2015}}

Professor Oman writes "From the time of his secession from the parent Society, Keshub by his writings and public lectures enlisted the sympathies of the Viceroy, [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Sir John Lawrence]], who took a deep interest in the work of the native reformer, particularly as Keshub had spoken publicly of Christ in terms which seemed to justify the belief that he was Christian in all but open profession of the faith."<ref>[[#Oman|Oman]], p. 118.</ref>

This drew attention to him and in 1870 he journeyed to England where he remained for six months.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=760}} The reception in England disappointed him.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=760}}

===Love for Sovereign===
In 1870 Keshub introduced a new doctrine into his Church "Love for the Sovereign". Perceiving Christianity as a model tradition from which the Indians could learn, Keshub became convinced that the British presence in India served a divine purpose for the Indian people. At his historic 1870 meeting with [[Queen Victoria]] he expressed his positive attitude towards British rule, which gained him plaudits from his audience. This theological stand against Indian nationalism (then being propounded by the Brahmos under [[Hemendranath Tagore]]'s new doctrine of "Brahmos embrace the co-existence of Brahmo principles with governance, but oppose all governance in conflict with Brahmo principles.") made Keshub the target of tremendous criticism at home.<ref>Uddin, Sufia M. (2006) ''Constructing Bangladesh: Religion, Ethnicity, and Language in an Islamic Nation''. UNC Press. p. 85 {{ISBN|978-0-8078-3021-5}}</ref>

===Discord within the Brahmo Samaj of India===
The passage of the Special Marriages Act in 1872, caused great resentment among Brahmos that Sen had caused an inherent break with the [[Brahmo Dharma]] compiled by Maharshi Debendranath Tagore and forever associated with Tagore's [[Adi Brahmo Samaj]]. A powerful section of "the Brahmo Samaj within the Brahmo Samaj of India" and with reformist views more advanced than Keshub's, especially on women's education and upliftment, now openly complained that they were left with no religious status whatsoever other than to turn to Christ like their leader, which was distasteful to them or return to Brahmo Dharma's fold in disgrace. In 1873 Sen was caused to trenchantly counter this faction by the following speech:
{{blockquote|Whither is the spirit of God leading India? Towards the Brahmo Samaj? I say, No. To deny Heaven that is leading us onwards to his Holy Church would argue blind infidelity. You dare not deny that India is marching towards the Kingdom of Heaven. But the Brahmo Samaj, as it is, is not God's Holy Church; as it has no semblance whatever of the Kingdom of Heaven. Verily, verily, this Brahmo Samaj is a ridiculous caricature of the Church of God.<ref>[[#Parekh|Parekh]], p. 69</ref>}}

==Annette Akroyd and the female emancipation controversy==
Around 1875 Sen was involved in a public controversy with [[Annette Akroyd]] a prominent feminist and social reformer who had sailed to India in October 1872. Akroyd was shocked by her discussions with Sen and felt that Sen, the rhetorician of women's education in England was a typical Hindu obscurantist back home in India, trying to keep knowledge from the minds of women. This dispute spilled into the native press and had its impact on the [[Bethune College|Bethune School]]. Akroyd was also dismayed with Sen's associates such as [[Bijoy Krishna Goswami]], [[Aghore Nath Gupta]] and [[Gour Govinda Ray]] who were traditionally Hindu in educational background and resisting the education of women in [[British India]].

{{blockquote|Mr. Sen had a strong prejudice against university education, in fact, against what is generally regarded as high education, of women. He objected to teaching them, for instance, such subjects as Mathematics, Philosophy and Science, whereas the advanced party positively wanted to give their daughters and sisters what is generally regarded as high education. They did not object to their university education and were not disposed to make much difference in point of education between men and women. There was no hope of compromise between two such extreme schools of thought, Accordingly, the radical party proceeded to start a separate female school of their own, called the [[Hindu Mahila Vidyalaya]] for the education of the adult young ladies belonging to their party. The successful manner in which they carried on the work of this school under Miss Akroyd, subsequently Mrs. Beveridge, attracted much public notice and was highly praised by the officers of Government. This school did excellent work for many years and was subsequently conducted under the name of the [[Banga Mahila Vidyalaya]] and was at last amalgamated with the [[Bethune College]] for ladies, to which it furnished some of its most distinguished students.<ref>[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p. 258</ref>}}

==Mysticism controversies==
He developed a tendency towards [[mysticism]] and a greater leaning to the spiritual teaching of the Indian philosophies. He gave his daughter,{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}} [[Suniti Devi]] in marriage to [[Maharaja]] [[Nripendra Narayan]] of [[Cooch Behar]]; he revived the performance of mystical plays, and himself took part in one. These changes alienated many of his followers, who deserted his standard and founded the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] in 1878.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=760}}

Sen did what he could to reinvigorate his followers with new ideas and phrases, such as the "New Dispensation", the "Holy Spirit". He also instituted a [[sacrament]]al meal of rice and water similar to the Sikh system of ''[[Amrit Sanskar|Amrit]]'' (nectar) initiation for new converts.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=760}} He also attempted a wider appeal to Indians with a more mystical approach. The Ethnographer General writes:-

<blockquote>From about this period, or a little before, Keshub Chandar Sen appears to have attempted to make a wider appeal to Indians by developing the emotional side of his religion. And he gradually relapsed from a pure unitarian theism into what was practically Hindu pantheism and the mysticism of the Yogis. At the same time he came to consider himself an inspired prophet, and proclaimed himself as such.<ref>Russell, R.V. (1912) [https://archive.org/details/tribescastesofce03russ/page/n5 ''Tribes and Castes'']. Government Ethnography publication</ref></blockquote>

One example of his new doctrines were described by Professor Oman:
<blockquote>In 1873 he brought forward the doctrine of Adesh or special inspiration, declaring emphatically that inspiration is not only possible, but a veritable fact in the lives of many devout souls in this age. The following years witnessed a marked development of that essentially Asiatic and perhaps more especially Indian form of religious feeling, which finds its natural satisfaction in solitary ecstatic contemplation. As a necessary consequence an order of devotees was established in 1876, divided into three main classes, which in ascending gradation were designated Shabaks, Bhaktas and Yogis. The lowest class, divided into two sections, is devoted to religious study and the practical performance of religious duties, including doing good to others.<ref>[[#Oman|Oman]], pp. 131, 139, 140</ref></blockquote>

On his return to India he established the [[Indian Reform Association]], which had five areas of activity: inexpensive literature, female improvement, education, temperance, and charity. In two lectures delivered between 1881 and 1883 he shared his latest doctrines. They were "That Marvelous Mystery – the Trinity" and "Asia's Message to Europe". The latter is an eloquent plea against the Europeanising of Asia, as well as a protest against Western sectarianism. During the intervals of his last illness he wrote ''The New Samhita, or the Sacred Laws of the Aryans of the New Dispensation''. He died on 8 January 1884. His Hindu funeral was attended by over 2000 people.<ref name="Sastri">[[#Sastri|Sastri]]</ref>

==Ramakrishna's influence==
In 1876 the then unknown [[Ramakrishna Paramhansa]] came looking for Sen and first met him at ''Sadhan Kanan''. Ramakrishna's poor, rough, unconventional exterior had earlier repelled other Brahmo celebrities like Debendranath Tagore whom Ramakrishna had approached;<ref>[[#Parekh|Parekh]], p. 74</ref> and even Sen initially showed no affinity towards Ramakrishna's [[mysticism]], and was hostile. He was won over to Ramakrishna less by his teachings than by his manner, which Keshub Sen identified with the behaviour of an authentic [[saint]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Rolland |first=Romain |title=The Life of Ramakrishna |year=1929 |pages=110–130 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22322/page/n9 |chapter=Ramakrishna and the Great Shepherds of India }}</ref> When Ramakrishna met him, Keshub had accepted [[Christianity]], and had separated from the [[Brahmo Samaj]]. Formerly, Keshub had rejected [[idolatry]] practised by his family, but after coming under Ramakrishna's influence he again accepted Hindu [[polytheism]] and established the "New Dispensation" (''Nava Vidhan'') religious movement, which was based on Ramakrishna's principles—"Worship of God as Mother", "All religions are true."<ref>{{cite book|author=Masih, Y. |title=A Comparative Study of Religions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8E-DSnG_8KYC|year=2000|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0815-7 |pages=198–199 }}</ref> His acceptance of idolatry created factions within his organisation. He also publicised Ramakrishna's teachings in the ''New Dispensation'' journal over a period of several years,<ref name="jmUS95pb">{{cite journal |last=Mukherjee |first=Jayasree |title=Sri Ramakrishna's Impact on Contemporary Indian Society |journal=Prabuddha Bharata |date=May 2004 |url=http://www.eng.vedanta.ru/library/prabuddha_bharata/sri_ramakrishna%27s_impact_on_contemporary_indian_society_may04.php |access-date=4 September 2008}}</ref> which was instrumental in bringing Ramakrishna to the attention of a wider audience, especially the [[Bhadralok]] and the Europeans residing in India.<ref name="mm_56-57">{{cite book |last=Muller |first=Max |title=Râmakrishna his Life and Sayings |year=1898 |pages=56–57 |chapter=Râmak''ri''sh''n''a's Life |chapter-url= http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/rls/rls14.htm }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Debarry|first=William Theodore|author2=Ainslie Thomas Embree |others=Stephen N. Hay|title=Sources of Indian Tradition: From the Beginning to 1800|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1988|isbn=978-0-231-06415-6|page=63|author2-link=Ainslie Thomas Embree}}</ref> Ramakrishna too had deep respect for Keshub. Ramakrishna said of him shortly before his death that "the rose tree is to be transplanted because the gardener wants beautiful roses of him."<ref>{{cite book |last=Rolland |first=Romain |title=The Life of Ramakrishna |year=1929 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.22322/page/n9 |chapter=The River Re-Enters the Sea |page=202 }}</ref>

==Universal religion==
His opponents felt that he had rejected completely the tenets of [[Brahmoism]] settled by Rammohun Roy (as cited by J. N. Farquahar and other scholars), and in January 1881, the New Dispensation was formally announced in the ''Sunday Mirror'' of 23 October:

<blockquote>Our position is not that truths are to be found in all religions; but that all the established religions of the world are true. There is a great deal of difference between the two assertions. The glorious mission of the New Dispensation is to harmonise religions and revelations, to establish the truth of every particular dispensation, and upon the basis of these particulars to establish the largest and broadest induction of a general and glorious proposition.<ref name="Farquahar">Farquahar, John Nicol (1915) [https://archive.org/details/modernreligiousm00farquoft/page/n7 ''Modern Religious Movements in India'']. New York: The Macmillan. pp. 57–58</ref></blockquote>

Sen adopted a number of ceremonies from both Hinduism and Christianity, calling God "Mother", and adopting the [[Homa (ritual)|homa]] sacrifice and the [[Arti (Hinduism)|arati]] ceremony (the waving of lights) into Brahma ritual. He found spiritual nourishment in [[Durga Puja]], and composed a hymn of praise containing 108 names of God, along with other forms of worship that echoed traditional Hindu prayers.<ref name="Farquahar"/>

The Nabo Bidhan school generated considerable antagonism among Brahmo Samajists, since Sen's followers represented that they were also [[Brahmo]]s. Eight Brahmos of [[Sylhet]] (now in Bangladesh) including Raj Chandra Chaudhuri and Pandit [[Sitanath Tattwabhushan|Sitanath Tattvabhushan]] issued the following proclamation in 1880:

<blockquote>Let us all, every Brahmo and Brahmo Samaj, combine to let the world know that the New Dispensation is not the Brahmo religion: That we have not the least sympathy for the creed: That the New Dispensation is totally opposed to Brahmoism.<ref name=s513>[[#Sastri|Sastri]], p. 513</ref></blockquote>

This proclamation of the [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] resulted in 1881 of the formation of the [[Brahmo Conference Organisation]] to publicly denounce and expose Keshub Sen and his Nabo Bidhan movement from every platform as being "anti-Brahmo" in terms of the aforesaid proclamation.<ref name=s513/>

[[Bipin Chandra Pal]] has succinctly summarised the evolution:

<blockquote>To Keshub, however, was left the work of organising Rammohun Roy's philosophy into a real universal religion through new rituals, liturgies, sacraments and disciplines, wherein were sought to be brought together not only the theories and doctrines of the different world religions but also their outer vehicles and formularies to the extent that these were real vehicles of their religious or spiritual life, divested, however, through a process of spiritual sifting, of their imperfections and errors and superstitions.<ref>Bepin Chandra Pal, "The Story of Bengal's New Era: Brahmo Samaj and Brahmananda Keshub Chunder", in ''Bangabani'', 1922. Reprinted in ''Brahmananda Keshub Chunder Sen "Testimonies in Memoriam"'', compiled by G. C. Banerjee, Allahabad, 1934, Bengali section p 33.</ref></blockquote>

[[Chittaranjan Das]] explained Sen's attempt to create a universal religion. Speaking in 1917 he said:
<blockquote>The earlier religion of his (Keshub Chunder Sen's) life was perhaps somewhat abstract. But his religion in developed form, as we find it, in his Navavidhan, is full of concrete symbols of all religions... Every Hindu is conscious of the underlying unity of this universalism. Read the devotional poems of the Vaishnavas, read the devotional poems of the Shaktas and the other sects, you will find they were identical in this character. The life and work of Keshub Chunder Sen also point to attempt after attempt at this very universalism... The result may or may not be considered satisfactory. But I refuse to judge it by the results. I rejoice in the glory of the attempt.<ref>From a speech delivered at a meeting held at the Overtoun Hall, Kolkata in January, 1917 in memory of late Keshub Chunder Sen printed in ''Deshbandhu Rachanasamagra''</ref>{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}</blockquote>

==Personal life==
Keshub Chandra Sen was married to Jagonmohini Sen. The couple had ten children: five sons – Karuna Chandra Sen, Nirmal Chandra Sen, Prafulla Chandra Sen, Saral Chandra Sen,<ref>See the Career Section</ref> and Dr. Subroto Sen; and five daughters – [[Suniti Devi]] (Maharani of Cooch Behar), Sabitri Devi, [[Sucharu Devi]] (Maharani of Mayurbhanj), Monica Devi and Sujata Devi. Classical singer [[Naina Devi (singer)|Naina Devi]] (1917–1993) and actress and dancer [[Sadhana Bose]] (1914–1973), daughters of Saral Sen, were his granddaughters.<ref name=tele12>{{cite news |title=A Tale Of Two Women: In search of their own songs |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120311/jsp/opinion/story_15229162.jsp#.UbBLt9I3CHg |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140729005248/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120311/jsp/opinion/story_15229162.jsp#.UbBLt9I3CHg |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 July 2014 |newspaper=The Telegraph |date= 11 March 2012 |access-date=6 June 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

'''Attribution:'''
*{{EB1911 |wstitle=Keshub Chunder Sen |volume=15 |pages=759–760}}

'''Cited sources'''
*{{cite book|ref=Oman|last=Oman |first=John Campbell |year=1906|url=https://archive.org/details/brahmanstheistsm00omaniala/page/n5 |title=Brahmans, Theists and Moslems of India|place=London |publisher=T.F. Unwin}}
*{{cite book|ref=Parekh|last=Parekh |first=Manilal C. |title=Brahmarshi Keshub Chunder Sen|year=1926|publisher=Oriental Christ House |location=Rajkot |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.102664/page/n17 }}
*{{cite book|last=Sastri |first=Sivanath |title=A History of the Brahmo Samaj |date=1911–1912 |publisher=R. Chatterji |place=Calcutta |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.151398}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |first=Gouri Prosad |last=Mazoomdar |title=A Glimpse of the Life of Keshub Chunder Sen |location=Calcutta |publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co. |year=1912 }}
*{{Cite ODNB |first=Tapan |last=Raychaudhuri |title=Sen, Keshub Chunder (1838–1884) |id=47672 |year=2004 }}

==External links==
{{Library resources box|onlinebooks=yes|by=yes}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Keshab-Chunder-Sen Keshab Chunder Sen] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* {{cite web |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sen,_Keshab_Chandra |title=Sen, Keshab Chandra |work=[[Banglapedia]] |access-date=20 May 2019 }}
{{sister bar|auto=y|d=y}}

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{philosophy of religion}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Keshub Chandra Sen}}
[[Category:1838 births]]
[[Category:1884 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Brahmos]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian reformers]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Academics from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Burials at Brahmo Cemetery, Nabodebalaya]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Social workers from West Bengal]]

Colonialism

2026-03-27T06:05:52Z

Best time to visit kashmir:

{{Short description|Control by foreign groups}}
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{{Colonialism sidebar}}
[[File:De handelsloge van de VOC in Hougly in Bengalen Rijksmuseum SK-A-4282.jpeg|thumb|A 1665 illustration of a [[Dutch East India Company]] [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in [[Hugli-Chuchura]], depicting various elements of colonialism, including its hierarchies and impact on the colonized and their lands]]

'''Colonialism''' is the practice of extending and maintaining political, social, economic, and cultural domination over a territory and its people by another people in pursuit of interests defined in an often distant [[metropole]], who also claim superiority.<ref name="c602"/><ref name="Osterhammel16"/><ref name="Stanford"/><ref name="Rogers"/> While frequently an [[Imperialism|imperialist]] project, colonialism functions through differentiating between the targeted land and people, and that of the colonizers (a critical component of [[colonization]]). Rather than [[annexation]],<ref name="Schaefer"/> this typically culminates in organizing the colonized into [[colony|colonies]] separate to the colonizers' metropole.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="Osterhammel16"/> Colonialism sometimes deepens by developing [[settler colonialism]], whereby settlers from one or multiple colonizing metropoles occupy a territory with the intention of partially or completely supplanting the existing [[Indigenous peoples]], possibly [[Colonialism and genocide|amounting to genocide]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6"/>{{Rp|page=2}}<ref name="Jacobs 2009 p."/>

Colonialism monopolizes power by understanding conquered land and people to be inferior, based on beliefs of entitlement and superiority, justified with beliefs of having a [[civilizing mission]] to cultivate land and life, historically often rooted in the belief of a [[Christian mission]]. These beliefs and the actual colonization establish a so-called [[coloniality]],<ref name=":3"/><ref name=":4"/><ref name="coloniality"/> which keeps the colonized socio-economically [[Other (philosophy)|othered]] and [[Subaltern (postcolonialism)|subaltern]] through modern [[biopolitics]] of [[Heteronormativity|sexuality]], [[Patriarchy|gender]], [[Racism|race]], [[Ableism|disability]], and [[Class politics|class]], among others, resulting in [[Intersectionality|intersectional]] violence and [[discrimination]].<ref name="Stoler 1995 p.">{{cite book | last=Stoler | first=Ann Laura | title=Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things | publisher=Duke University Press | date=4 October 1995 | isbn=978-0-8223-7771-9 | doi=10.2307/j.ctv11319d6 | page=}}</ref><ref name="Abay Soldatic d999">{{cite web | last1=Abay | first1=Robel Afeworki | last2=Soldatic | first2=Karen | title=Intersectional Colonialities: Embodied Colonial Violence and Practices of Resistance at the Axis of Disability, Race, Indigeneity, Class, and Gender | website=Routledge & CRC Press | url=https://www.routledge.com/Intersectional-Colonialities-Embodied-Colonial-Violence-and-Practices-of-Resistance-at-the-Axis-of-Disability-Race-Indigeneity-Class-and-Gender/AfeworkiAbay-Soldatic/p/book/9781032247748 | access-date=8 March 2024}}</ref>

While different forms of colonialism have existed around the world, the concept has been developed as a description of European [[colonial empire]]s of the [[modern era]]. These spread globally from the 15th century to the mid-20th century, spanning 35% of Earth's land by 1800 and peaking at 84% by the beginning of World War I.<ref>{{Cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=73zeBgAAQBAJ |title= Why Did Europe Conquer the World? |last= Philip T. Hoffman |date= 2015 |publisher= Princeton University Press |isbn= 978-1-4008-6584-0 |pages= 2–3}}</ref> European colonialism employed [[mercantilism]] and [[Chartered company|chartered companies]], and established complex colonialities.

[[Decolonization]], which started in the 18th century, gradually led to the independence of colonies in waves, with a particular large wave of decolonizations happening in the [[aftermath of World War II]] between 1945 and 1975.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strang |first=David |date=1991 |title=Global Patterns of Decolonization, 1500–1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2600949 |journal=International Studies Quarterly |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=429–454 |doi=10.2307/2600949 |jstor=2600949 |issn=0020-8833|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Strang |first=David |date=1990 |title=From Dependency to Sovereignty: An Event History Analysis of Decolonization 1870-1987 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2095750 |journal=American Sociological Review |volume=55 |issue=6 |pages=846–860 |doi=10.2307/2095750 |jstor=2095750 |issn=0003-1224|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Colonialism has a [[Persistence studies|persistent impact]] on a wide range of modern outcomes, as scholars have shown that variations in colonial institutions can account for variations in [[economic development]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Johnson |first2=Simon |last3=Robinson |first3=James A. |date=2001 |title=The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation |url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/aer.91.5.1369 |journal=American Economic Review |language=en |volume=91 |issue=5 |pages=1369–1401 |doi=10.1257/aer.91.5.1369 |issn=0002-8282|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nunn |first=Nathan |date=2009 |title=The Importance of History for Economic Development |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143336 |journal=Annual Review of Economics |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=65–92 |doi=10.1146/annurev.economics.050708.143336 |issn=1941-1383}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nunn |first=Nathan |date=2020 |title=The historical roots of economic development |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaz9986 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=367 |issue=6485 |article-number=eaaz9986 |doi=10.1126/science.aaz9986 |issn=0036-8075 |pmid=32217703|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Government|regime types]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Alexander |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/colonial-origins-of-democracy-and-dictatorship/809A38273620DB49903539950F4D0191 |title=Colonial Origins of Democracy and Dictatorship |last2=Paine |first2=Jack |date=2024 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-42353-3 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781009423526}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gerring |first1=John |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/deep-roots-of-modern-democracy/6AA764716C8F6BC7FF8A64F6CA2DA565 |title=The Deep Roots of Modern Democracy: Geography and the Diffusion of Political Institutions |last2=Apfeld |first2=Brendan |last3=Wig |first3=Tore |last4=Tollefsen |first4=Andreas Forø |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-10037-3 |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781009115223}}</ref> and [[state capacity]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Herbst |first=Jeffrey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qh05m |title=States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control - Second Edition |date=2000 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-16414-4 |edition=REV - Revised, 2 |volume=149|jstor=j.ctt9qh05m }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ali |first1=Merima |last2=Fjeldstad |first2=Odd-Helge |last3=Jiang |first3=Boqian |last4=Shifa |first4=Abdulaziz B |date=2018 |title=Colonial Legacy, State-building and the Salience of Ethnicity in Sub-Saharan Africa |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecoj.12595 |journal=The Economic Journal |volume=129 |issue=619 |pages=1048–1081 |doi=10.1111/ecoj.12595 |issn=0013-0133|hdl=2263/71163 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Some academics have used the term [[neocolonialism]] to describe the continuation or imposition of elements of colonial rule through indirect means in the contemporary period.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Stanard |first=Matthew G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlNDwAAQBAJ |title=European Overseas Empire, 1879 – 1999: A Short History |date=2018 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-119-13013-0 |page=5 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Neocolonialism |encyclopedia=Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/neocolonialism |last=Halperin |first=Sandra |date=2 December 2023}}</ref>

{{TOC limit|3}}

== Etymology ==
{{Also|Colonization#Etymology}}
Colonialism is [[Etymology|etymologically]] derived from the Latin term [[Colonia (Roman)|colonia]], originally a designation for a type of city or outpost that was founded and populated by newly settled Roman citizens at the direction of the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] government. The word {{lang|la|colonia}} is then in turn derived from the Latin word {{lang|la|colonus}} ("farmer") and its root word {{lang|la|colere}} ("to cultivate, to till").<ref name="Stanford">{{Cite web |url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/colonialism/ |title=Colonialism |last=Margaret Kohn |date=29 August 2017 |website=[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] |publisher=[[Stanford University]] |access-date=5 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Lewis79">{{cite book|title=A Latin Dictionary |url=https://archive.org/details/latindictionaryf00lewi |author1=Charlton T. Lewis |author2=Charles Scott |year= 1879|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-864201-5 }}</ref>

== Definitions ==
[[File:The East offering its riches to Britannia - Roma Spiridone, 1778 - BL Foster 245.jpg|thumb|''[[The East Offering its Riches to Britannia]]'', painted by [[Spiridione Roma]] for the boardroom of the [[British East India Company]]]]

The earliest uses of ''colonialism'' referred to plantations that men emigrated to and settled. The term expanded its meaning in the early 20th century to act as a historical reference for European imperial expansion and the [[Imperialism|imperialist]] subjection of Asian and African peoples, while also serving as a paradigm for analysing the form of rule. Defining colonialism became necessary for the [[Non-Aligned Movement|international anti-colonial movement]], and it was discussed in the 1955 [[Bandung Conference]] and the contexts it applied to disputed. The concept entered the forefront of academia in the late 20th century, followed by the development of [[postcolonialism]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sultan |first=Nazmul |date=2024 |title=What Is Colonialism? The Dual Claims of a Twentieth-Century Political Category |journal=American Political Science Review |language=en |volume=119 |pages=435–448 |doi=10.1017/S0003055424000388 |issn=0003-0554 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

''[[Collins English Dictionary]]'' defines colonialism as "the practice by which a powerful country directly controls less powerful countries and uses their resources to increase its own power and wealth".<ref name="Collins">{{Cite web |url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/colonialism |title=Colonialism |year=2011 |website=[[Collins English Dictionary]] |publisher=[[HarperCollins]] |access-date=8 January 2012}}</ref> ''[[Merriam-Webster|Webster]]'s Encyclopedic Dictionary'' defined colonialism as "the policy of a nation seeking to extend or retain its authority over other people or territories".<ref name="Webster">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/webstersunabridg00newy/page/291 |title=Webster's unabridged dictionary of the English language |date=1989 |publisher=New York : Portland House : Distributed by Crown Publishers |via=Internet Archive |page=291 |isbn=978-0-517-68781-9}}</ref> The online ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary'' offers several definitions: "domination of a people or area by a foreign state or nation", "the practice of extending and maintaining a nation's political and economic control over another people or area" and "the policy of or belief in acquiring and retaining colonies".<ref name="Merriam">{{Cite web |title=Definition of COLONIALISM |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/colonialism |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704103344/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/colonialism |archive-date=2025-07-04 |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=www.merriam-webster.com |language=en}}</ref>

The ''[[Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]]'' defines it as "a practice of domination, which involves the subjugation of one people to another" and uses the term "to describe the process of European settlement and political control over the rest of the world, including the Americas, Australia, and parts of Africa and Asia". It discusses the distinction between colonialism, imperialism, and [[conquest]] and states that "[t]he difficulty of defining colonialism stems from the fact that the term is often used as a synonym for imperialism. Both colonialism and imperialism were forms of conquest that were expected to benefit Europe economically and strategically".<ref name="Stanford"/>

In his preface to [[Jürgen Osterhammel]]'s ''Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview'', Roger Tignor says "For Osterhammel, the essence of colonialism is the existence of colonies, which are by definition governed differently from other territories such as protectorates or informal spheres of influence."<ref name="Oster">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMfksrnWaUkC&pg=PR10 |title=Preface to Colonialism: a theoretical overview |last=Tignor |first=Roger |publisher=Markus Weiner Publishers |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-55876-340-1 |page=x |access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> In the book, Osterhammel asks, "How can 'colonialism' be defined independently from 'colony?{{'"}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMfksrnWaUkC&pg=PA15 |title=Colonialism: a theoretical overview |last=Osterhammel |first=Jürgen |publisher=Markus Weiner Publishers |others=trans. Shelley Frisch |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-55876-340-1 |page=15 |author-link=Jürgen Osterhammel |access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref> He settles on a three-sentence definition:

{{blockquote|Colonialism is a relationship between an indigenous (or forcibly imported) majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonised people are made and implemented by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that are often defined in a distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonised population, the colonisers are convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule.<ref name="Osterhammel16">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CMfksrnWaUkC&pg=PA16 |title=Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview |last=Osterhammel |first=Jürgen |publisher=Markus Weiner Publishers |others=trans. Shelley Frisch |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-55876-340-1 |page=16 |author-link=Jürgen Osterhammel |access-date=5 April 2010}}</ref>
}}

According to Julian Go, "Colonialism refers to the direct political control of a society and its people by a foreign ruling state... The ruling state monopolizes political power and keeps the subordinated society and its people in a legally inferior position."<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Go |first=Julian |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781405165518 |title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology |date=2007 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-2433-1 |editor-last=Ritzer |editor-first=George |edition=1 |language=en |chapter=Colonialism (Neocolonialism) |doi=10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosc071}}</ref> He also writes, "colonialism depends first and foremost upon the declaration of sovereignty and/or territorial seizure by a core state over another territory and its inhabitants who are classified as inferior subjects rather than equal citizens."<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Go |first=Julian |date=2024 |title=Reverberations of Empire: How the Colonial Past Shapes the Present |journal=Social Science History |language=en |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1017/ssh.2023.37 |issn=0145-5532|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Australian historian [[Lorenzo Veracini]] defines colonialism as the establishment and maintenance of an unequal relationship between a colonial metropole and a colonized territory through violence and argues that colonialism is sustained as an unequal relationship through the essential forces of displacement and violence.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=1-4}} The imbalance of power that results from a colonial relationship allows a colonial metropole to exploit unequal trading terms between it and its colonies.

Wendell Bell in ''The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Sociology'' describes colonialism (incl. [[internal colonialism]]) as a "a process by which [...] dominance is acquired and held by a foreign power over another people and land".<ref name="c602">{{cite book | last=Lachmann | first=Richard | title=The Encyclopedic Dictionary of Sociology | publisher=McGraw-Hill/Dushkin | publication-place=Guilford, Conn | date=1991 | isbn=978-0-87967-886-9 | page=51 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopedicdict0003unse_u7w4/page/n10/mode/1up?q=colonialism |quote='''COLONIALISM AND INTERNAL COLONIALISM''', the process by which political, social, economic, and cultural dominance is acquired and held by a foreign power over another people and land. Sometimes, settlers from the ruling power migrate to the colony, but usually their numbers have been small when compared to the size of the indigenous population that is subjugated. '''Colonialism''' was a mechanism through which Western institutions and culture spread, especially from the fifteenth century until World War I. Characteristically, however, colonial systems of stratification were marked by great inequalities, with European conquerors and Western ways dominant. Invidious distinctions generally degraded the indigenous peoples, cultures, languages, religions, occupations, and social systems — or, as in the case of the West Indies, the people specifically imported to the colony as slaves and indentured servants to provide laborers for the colonial masters. '''Internal colonialism''' refers to the position of subordinate groups and groups that are discriminated against within a given nation-state. By analogy, some writers argue that the status, degree of exploitation, and lack of self-determination of such domestic groups in their home countries are similar to those of colonial subjects in overseas dependencies ruled by an alien people. Furthermore, such groups are often differentiated by race and culture from the majority group and ruling classes. —Wendell Bell}}</ref> This definition is cited and complemented by the ''International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences'', clarifying that the rule of colonialism is different to [[annexation]] as it does not involve actual incorporation.<ref name="Schaefer">{{Citation |last=Schaefer |first=Richard T. |title=Minorities |date=2015-01-01 |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition) |pages=569–574 |editor-last=Wright |editor-first=James D. |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868320918 |access-date=2025-07-19 |place=Oxford |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-08-097087-5 |quote=Colonialism has been the most frequent way for one group of people to dominate another. Colonialism is the maintenance of political, social, economic, and cultural domination over people by a foreign power for an extended period (W. Bell, 1991). Colonialism is rule by outsiders but, unlike annexation, does not involve actual incorporation into the dominant people’s nation.}}</ref>

In ''A Dictionary of Human Geography'' colonialism is described as control over another people accompanied by an ideology of superiority and racism.<ref name="Rogers">{{Citation |last1=Rogers |first1=Alisdair |title=colonialism |date=2013-09-19 |work=A Dictionary of Human Geography |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199599868.001.0001/acref-9780199599868-e-236 |access-date=2025-07-19 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199599868.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-959986-8 |quote=The control over one territory and its peoples by another, and the ideologies of superiority and *racism often associated with such domination. |last2=Castree |first2=Noel |last3=Kitchin |first3=Rob |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Colonial studies have been criticized for [[Eurocentrism]] in determining the threshold between colonialism versus conquest.<ref name="k989">{{cite journal | last=Schayegh | first=Cyrus | title=Settler colonial studies: a historical analysis | journal=Settler Colonial Studies | volume=14 | issue=4 | date=2024 | issn=2201-473X | doi=10.1080/2201473X.2024.2371490 | doi-access=free | pages=470–497 }}</ref>

== Types of colonialism ==
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Rijsttafel TMnr 60053682.jpg|thumb|right|Dutch family in [[Java]], 1927]]

Modern studies of colonialism distinguish between various overlapping categories of colonialism, broadly classified into four types: [[settler colonialism]], [[exploitation colonialism]], [[Surrogate Colonialism|surrogate colonialism]], and [[internal colonialism]]. Some historians have identified other forms of colonialism, including national and trade forms.<ref name="Healy-2014">{{Cite book |title= The Shadow of Colonialism on Europe's Modern Past |last1=Healy |first1=Roisin |last2=Dal Lago |first2=Enrico |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-137-45075-3 |location=New York |page=126}}</ref>
* [[Settler colonialism]] involves large-scale [[immigration]] by [[settler]]s to colonies, often motivated by religious, political, or economic reasons. This form of colonialism aims largely to supplant prior existing populations with a settler one, and involves large number of settlers emigrating to colonies for the purpose of establishing settlements.<ref name="Healy-2014" /> [[Argentina]], [[Australia]], [[Brazil]], [[Canada]], [[Chile]], [[China]], [[Kashmir conflict|Indian Controlled Kashmir]], [[Israel]], [[New Zealand]], [[Northern Ireland]], [[Russia]], [[South Africa]], the [[United States]], and [[Uruguay]], are examples of nations created or expanded in their contemporary form by settler colonialism.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 40388468|last1 = Barker|first1 = Adam J.|title = The Contemporary Reality of Canadian Imperialism: Settler Colonialism and the Hybrid Colonial State|journal = American Indian Quarterly|volume = 33|issue = 3|pages = 325–351|year = 2009|doi = 10.1353/aiq.0.0054|s2cid = 162692337}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Glenn |first=Evelyn Nakano |date=2015 |title=Settler Colonialism as Structure: A Framework for Comparative Studies of U.S. Race and Gender Formation |url=http://ieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_9708.pdf |journal=Sociology of Race and Ethnicity |volume=1 |pages=52–72 |doi=10.1177/2332649214560440 |number=1 |s2cid=147875813 |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=23 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223191440/http://ieas.unideb.hu/admin/file_9708.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Veracini |first= Lorenzo |date=2007 |title=Historylessness: Australia as a settler colonial collective |journal=Postcolonial Studies |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=271–285 |doi=10.1080/13688790701488155|s2cid= 144872634 |hdl=1885/27945 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 41575861|last1 = Gold|first1 = Dore.|title = The Myth of Israel as a Colonialist Entity: An Instrument of Political Warfare to Delegitimize the Jewish State|journal = Jewish Political Studies Review|volume = 23|issue = 3/4|pages = 84–90|year = 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sabbagh-Khoury |first=Areej |date=15 March 2022 |title=Tracing Settler Colonialism: A Genealogy of a Paradigm in the Sociology of Knowledge Production in Israel |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0032329221999906 |journal=Politics & Society |volume=50 |issue=1|pages=44–83 |doi=10.1177/0032329221999906 |s2cid=233635930 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=83-84}} [[French Algeria|French-controlled Algeria]], [[Rhodesia]] (now [[Zimbabwe]]), [[Italian Libya|Italian-controlled Libya]], the [[Kenya Colony]], [[Japanese colonial empire|Japanese-controlled]] [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]] and [[Manchukuo|Manchuria]], and most infamously [[Generalplan Ost|Nazi-occupied Eastern Europe]]<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|pages=462-463}} are examples of past or failed attempts to establish settler colonies.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=83-84}}
* [[Exploitation colonialism]] involves fewer colonists and focuses on the exploitation of natural resources or labour to the benefit of the [[metropole]]. This form consists of [[trading post]]s as well as larger colonies where colonists would constitute much of the political and economic administration. The European [[Colonisation of Africa|colonization of Africa]] and [[Western imperialism in Asia|Asia]] was largely conducted under the auspices of exploitation colonialism.<ref>{{cite book |last=Murray |first=Martin J. |title=The Development of Capitalism in Colonial Indochina (1870–1940) |year=1980 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-04000-7 }}</ref>
* Surrogate colonialism involves a settlement project supported by a colonial power, in which most of the settlers do not come from the same ethnic group as the ruling power, as it has been (controversially) argued was the case of [[Mandatory Palestine]] and the [[Colony of Liberia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Atran|first=Scott|title=The Surrogate Colonization of Palestine 1917–1939|journal=American Ethnologist|date=November 1989|volume=16|issue=4|pages=719–744|doi=10.1525/ae.1989.16.4.02a00070|s2cid=130148053 |url=https://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/ijn_00000568/file/ijn_00000568_00.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180518081307/https://jeannicod.ccsd.cnrs.fr/ijn_00000568/file/ijn_00000568_00.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[https://cers.leeds.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/97/2016/04/On-Racialized-Citizenship-The-History-of-Black-colonialism-in-Liberia-Naomi-Whittaker.pdf On Racialized Citizenship: The History of Black colonialism in Liberia by Naomi Anderson Whittaker]</ref>
* [[Internal colonialism]] is a notion of uneven structural power between areas of a [[State (polity)|state]]. The source of exploitation comes from within the state. This is demonstrated in the way control and exploitation may pass from people from the colonizing country to an immigrant population within a newly independent country.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Race, Ethnicity, Crime, and Justice: An International Dilemma|last=Gabbidon |first=Shaun |publisher=SAGE |year=2010|isbn=978-1-4129-4988-0 |location=Los Angeles, CA |pages=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casanova |first=Pablo Gonzalez |date=1 April 1965 |title=Internal colonialism and national development |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02800542 |journal=Studies in Comparative International Development |language=en |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=27–37 |doi=10.1007/BF02800542 |s2cid=153821137 |issn=1936-6167|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Hakewill, A Picturesque Tour of the Island of Jamaica, Plate 04.jpg|thumb|Harbour Street, [[Kingston, Jamaica]], {{c.|1820}}]]
* National colonialism is a process involving elements of both settler and internal colonialism, in which nation-building and colonization are symbiotically connected, with the colonial regime seeking to remake the colonized peoples into their own cultural and political image. The goal is to integrate them into the state, but only as reflections of the state's preferred culture. The [[Taiwan]] under the KMT's military dictatorship is the archetypal example of a national-colonialist society.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wong |first1=Ting-Hong |title=Education and National Colonialism in Postwar Taiwan: The Paradoxical Use of Private Schools to Extend State Power, 1944–1966 |journal=History of Education Quarterly |date=May 2020 |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=156–184 |doi=10.1017/heq.2020.25|s2cid=225917190 }}</ref>
* Trade colonialism involves the undertaking of colonialist ventures in support of trade opportunities for merchants. This form of colonialism was most prominent in 19th-century Asia, where previously [[Isolationism|isolationist]] states were forced to open their ports to Western powers. Examples of this include the [[Opium Wars]] and the [[Bakumatsu|opening of Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Typology of Colonialism {{!}} Perspectives on History {{!}} AHA|url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism|access-date=11 May 2021|website=www.historians.org}}</ref><ref>[[Michael Auslin|Auslin, Michael R.]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=bS3w6tGiraEC ''Negotiating with Imperialism: The Unequal Treaties and the Culture of Japanese Diplomacy.''] Cambridge: [[Harvard University Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01521-0}}; {{OCLC|56493769}}</ref>

=== Versus imperialism ===
{{Excerpt|Imperialism#Colonialism|only=paragraphs|paragraphs=1}}

== Socio-cultural evolution ==
{{Further|Coloniality of power}}
When colonists settled in pre-populated areas, the societies and cultures of the people in those areas permanently changed. Colonial practices directly and indirectly forced the colonized peoples to abandon their traditional cultures and established complex systems of power, so-called [[Coloniality of power|colonialities]].<ref name="coloniality">{{Cite journal |last=Mignolo |first=Walter D. |date=2007-03-01 |title=Introduction: Coloniality of power and de-colonial thinking |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09502380601162498 |journal=Cultural Studies |volume=21 |issue=2–3 |pages=155–167 |doi=10.1080/09502380601162498 |issn=0950-2386|url-access=subscription }}</ref> For example, European colonizers in the United States implemented the [[American Indian boarding schools|residential schools]] program to force native children to assimilate into the hegemonic culture.

[[Cultural colonialism]] gave rise to culturally and ethnically mixed populations such as the [[mestizo]]s of the Americas, as well as racially divided populations such as those found in [[French Algeria]] or in [[Southern Rhodesia]]. In fact, everywhere where colonial powers established a consistent and continued presence, hybrid communities existed.

Notable examples in Asia include the [[Anglo-Burmese people|Anglo-Burmese]], [[Anglo-Indian]], [[Burgher people|Burgher]], [[Eurasian Singaporean]], [[Filipino mestizo]], [[Kristang people|Kristang]], and [[Macanese people]]s. In the [[Dutch East Indies]] (later [[Indonesia]]) the vast majority of "Dutch" settlers were in fact Eurasians known as [[Indo people|Indo-Europeans]], formally belonging to the European legal class in the colony.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C&pg=PA223 |title=Being "Dutch" in the Indies: A History of Creolisation and Empire, 1500–1920 |last1=Bosma |first1=U. |last2=Raben |first2=R. |date=2008 |publisher=NUS Press |isbn=978-9971-69-373-2 |location=Singapore |page=223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nN6G-lMk_DEC&pg=PA163 |title=Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies 1900–1942 |last=Gouda |first=Frances |date=2008 |publisher=Equinox |isbn=978-979-3780-62-7 |page=163 |chapter=Gender, Race, and Sexuality}}</ref>
[[File:American Progress (John Gast painting).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''[[American Progress]]'' (1872) by [[John Gast (painter)|John Gast]] is an allegorical representation of the idea of [[manifest destiny]]. [[Columbia (personification)|Columbia]], a personification of the United States, leads settler civilization westward, bringing light, stringing [[telegraph]] wire, holding a book,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mountjoy |first=Shane |title=Manifest Destiny: Westward Expansion |date=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |page=19|isbn=9781438119830 }}</ref> and highlighting different stages of economic activity and evolving forms of transportation,<ref>{{Cite web |title=John Gast, American Progress, 1872 |url=https://picturinghistory.gc.cuny.edu/john-gast-american-progress-1872/ |publisher=Picturing U.S. History }}</ref> while on the left, displacing [[Native Americans in the United States]] from their homeland.]]

== History ==
{{Main|History of colonialism|List of colonies|Chronology of Western colonialism}}

=== Antiquity ===
Activity that could be called colonialism has a long history, starting at least as early as the [[ancient Egypt]]ians. [[Phoenicia]]ns, [[Ancient Greece|Greeks]], and [[Ancient Rome|Romans]] founded [[colonies in antiquity]]. [[Phoenicia]] had an enterprising maritime trading-culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC; later the [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian Empire]] and various [[Greek colonisation|Greek city-states]] continued on this line of setting up colonies. The Romans would soon follow, setting up [[Colonia (Roman)|''coloniae'']] throughout the Mediterranean, in North Africa, and in Western Asia.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}

=== Medieval ===
From the 9th century [[Viking Age|Vikings]] ([[Norsemen]]) such as [[Leif Erikson]] established [[Viking expansion|colonies]] in Britain, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland, North America, present-day Russia and Ukraine, France (Normandy) and Sicily.<ref name="Page Sonnenburg 2003 p. 421">{{cite book | last1=Page | first1=M.E. | last2=Sonnenburg | first2=P.M. | title=Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia | publisher=ABC-CLIO | issue=v. 1 | year=2003 | isbn=978-1-57607-335-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qFTHBoRvQbsC&pg=PA421 | access-date=1 April 2023 | page=421}}</ref> In the 9th century a new wave of [[Mediterranean]] colonisation began, with competitors such as the [[Stato da Màr|Venetians]], [[Genoese colonies|Genovese]] and [[Duchy of Amalfi|Amalfians]] infiltrating the wealthy previously [[Byzantine]] or [[Eastern Roman]] islands and lands. European [[Crusades|Crusaders]] set up colonial regimes in [[Outremer]] (in [[the Levant]], 1097–1291) and in the [[Baltic Sea|Baltic littoral]] (12th century onwards). [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] began to dominate [[Dalmatia]] and reached its greatest nominal colonial extent at the conclusion of the [[Fourth Crusade]] in 1204, with the declaration of the [[Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae|acquisition of three octaves]] of the Byzantine Empire.<ref>Peter N. Stearns, ed., ''An Encyclopedia of World History'' (2001) pp 21–238</ref>

=== Modern ===
[[File:Philip II's realms in 1598.png|upright=1.35|thumb|[[Iberian Union]] of Spain and Portugal between 1580 and 1640]]

Modern colonialism is generally considered to have begun with the Spanish conquest of the Canary Islands when "the relationships involved in domination became recognisably colonial."<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=10}} Following the fall of [[Constantinople]] to the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1453, the sea routes discovered by Portuguese [[Prince Henry the Navigator]] (1394–1460) became central to [[trade]], and helped fuel the [[Age of Discovery]].<ref name="auto1">Charles R. Boxer, ''The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 1415–1825'' (1969)</ref> The [[Crown of Castile]] encountered the [[Americas]] in 1492 through sea travel and built [[trading post]]s or conquered large extents of land. The [[Treaty of Tordesillas]] divided the areas of these "new" lands between the [[Spanish Empire]] and the [[Portuguese Empire]] in 1494.<ref name="auto1" />

The 17th century saw the birth of the [[Dutch Empire]] and [[French colonial empire]], as well as the [[English overseas possessions]], which later became the [[British Empire]]. It also saw the establishment of [[Danish overseas colonies]] and [[Swedish overseas colonies]].<ref>Thomas Benjamin, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450'' (3 vol 2006)</ref>

A first wave of [[separatism]] started with the [[American Revolutionary War]] (1775–1783), initiating the [[British Empire#Rise of the "Second" British Empire (1783–1815)|Rise of the "Second" British Empire]] (1783–1815).<ref>[https://victorianweb.org/history/empire/Empire.html David Cody, "The British Empire" ''The Victorians Web'' (1988)]</ref> The [[Spanish Empire]] largely collapsed in the Americas with the [[Spanish American wars of independence]] (1808–1833). Empire-builders established several new colonies after this time, including in the [[German colonial empire]] and [[Belgian colonial empire]].<ref name="Melvin E. Page 2003">Melvin E. Page, ed., ''Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia'' (2003)</ref> Starting with the end of the [[French Revolution]] European authors such as [[Johann Gottfried Herder]], [[August von Kotzebue]], and [[Heinrich von Kleist]] prolifically published so as to conjure up sympathy for the oppressed native peoples and the slaves of the new world, thereby starting the idealization of ''native'' humans.<ref>{{cite book | author1=Dina Gusejnova |title=European Elites and Ideas of Empire 1917–1957 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |year=2016 |page=14 |isbn=9781107120624 }}</ref>

The [[Habsburg monarchy]], the [[Russian Empire]], and the [[Ottoman Empire]] existed at the same time but did not expand over oceans. Rather, these empires expanded through the conquest of neighbouring territories. There was, though, some [[Russian colonization of North America]] across the Bering Strait. The [[Empire of Brazil]] fought for hegemony in South America. The [[United States]] gained overseas territories after the 1898 [[Spanish–American War]], hence, the coining of the term "[[American imperialism]]".<ref>Benjamin, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450'' (3 vol 2006)</ref>

The [[Japanese colonial empire]] began in the mid-19th century with the settler colonization of [[Hokkaido]] and the destruction of the island's indigenous [[Ainu people]] before moving onto the [[Ryukyu Islands]] (the indigenous [[Ryukyuans|Ryukyuan people]] survived colonization more intact). After the [[Meiji Restoration]], Japan more formally developed its colonial policies with the help of European advisors. The stated purpose from the beginning was to compensate for the lack of resources on the main islands of Japan by securing control over natural resources in Asia for its own economic development and industrialization, not unlike its European counterparts. Japan defeated China in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] to control [[Korea under Japanese rule|Korea]] and the [[Taiwan under Japanese rule|island of Formosa]], now Taiwan, and later [[Russo-Japanese War|fought off the Russian Empire]] to control Port Arthur and [[Karafuto Prefecture|South Sakhalin]].<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|pages=147-152}}

In the late 19th century, many European powers became involved in the [[Scramble for Africa]].<ref name="Melvin E. Page 2003" />

=== 20th century ===
[[File:The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter 1908 Colonization Map.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|''The Harmsworth atlas and Gazetter'' 1908 European colonization map]]
The world's colonial population at the outbreak of the First World War{{snd}}a high point for colonialism{{snd}}totalled about 560 million people, of whom 70% lived in [[British possessions]], 10% in French possessions, 9% in Dutch possessions, 4% in Japanese possessions, 2% in German possessions, 2% in American possessions, 3% in Portuguese possessions, 1% in Belgian possessions and 0.5% in Italian possessions. The domestic domains of the colonial powers had a total population of about 370 million people.<ref>These statistics exclude the Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Spain and Denmark. U.S. Tariff Commission. ''Colonial tariff policies'' (1922), p. 5 [https://archive.org/details/colonialtariffpo00unit online]</ref> Outside Europe, few areas had remained without coming under formal colonial tutorship – and even [[Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)|Siam]], [[Qing dynasty|China]], [[Empire of Japan|Japan]], [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], [[Qajar Iran|Persia]], and [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] had felt varying degrees of Western colonial-style influence{{snd}}[[Concessions and leases in international relations|concessions]], [[Unequal treaty|unequal treaties]], [[extraterritoriality]] and the like.

Asking whether colonies paid, economic historian [[Grover Clark]] (1891–1938) argues an emphatic "No!" He reports that in every case the support cost, especially the military system necessary to support and defend colonies, outran the total trade they produced. Apart from the British Empire, they did not provide favoured destinations for the immigration of surplus metropole populations.<ref>Raymond Leslie Buell, "Do Colonies Pay?" ''The Saturday Review'', 1 August 1936 p 6 ]</ref> The question of whether colonies paid is a complicated one when recognizing the multiplicity of interests involved. In some cases colonial powers paid a lot in military costs while private investors pocketed the benefits. In other cases the colonial powers managed to move the burden of administrative costs to the colonies themselves by imposing taxes.<ref>Rönnbäck & Broberg (2019) Capital and Colonialism. The Return on British Investments in Africa 1869–1969 (Palgrave Studies in Economic History)</ref>

[[File:World 1914 empires colonies territory.PNG|thumb|upright=1.35|Map of colonial and land-based empires throughout the world in 1914]]
[[File:Colonialism in 1945 updated legend.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Imperial powers in 1945]]

==== World War I ====
The [[World War I|First World War]] brought the European colonial empires into conflict with each other with the fight sustained by their colonial territories.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=130}} War mobilization heightened colonial exploitation globally, sparking several anticolonial uprisings in response to forced conscription. Germany capitulated in large part due to the [[Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)|Allied sea blockade]] cutting off access to its overseas colonies, a disadvantage which German U-boats could not inflict on the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]]. The victorious Allies divided up the German colonial empire and much of the Ottoman Empire between themselves as [[League of Nations mandate]]s, grouping these territories into three classes according to how quickly it was deemed that they could prepare for independence. The empires of Russia and Austria collapsed in 1917–1918,<ref>[[G. M. Gathorne-Hardy]], ''A Short History of International Affairs, 1920–1939'' (4th ed. 1950), [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260425/page/n1 online]</ref> and the [[Soviet empire]] emerged.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kassymbekova |first=Botakoz |title=How Western scholars overlooked Russian imperialism |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2023/1/24/how-western-scholars-overlooked-russian-imperialism |date=24 January 2023 |access-date=13 April 2023 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref>

==== Interwar years ====
Anticolonial sentiment surged during the interwar years. The [[Easter Rising]] and [[Irish War of Independence]] led to the UK conceding independence to Ireland. Turkey became an independent country in the ruins of the Ottoman Empire and fought off interventions from Britain, France, and Italy. The first Pan-African Congress would take place in Paris in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Brian Russell |title=Artistic ambassadors: literary and international representation of the New Negro era |date=2013 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=978-0-8139-3368-9 |location=Charlottesville ; London |pages=121–122}}</ref> The Soviet Union positioned itself as "an explicitly anti-imperialist power" and would play an important role in the success of anticolonial resistance movements in Asia and Africa. The Third Socialist International settled the question of colonialism and the decision was made to instruct socialists to ally with anticolonial nationalist forces in the colonized world regardless of their position on Marxism. Anticolonial resistance movements gained power and followers through a mix of legal and illegal methods<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=130-136}}

However despite the rise in anticolonial sentiment, colonial powers still retained and expanded their grip on colonial territories. Any anticolonial opposition from colonized subjects, non-violent or otherwise, was met with brutal violence. South Africa, which was the result of settler colonization by the Dutch and later the English, became independent and included with it modern day Angola. Just under two decades later the new state would legally codify segregation in the [[Apartheid legislation]]. Japan seized Manchuria from China where it set up the puppet state of [[Manchukuo]] and both exploited natural resources for mainland industrialization and enacted a program of settler colonialism with the stated goal being the import of five million Japanese settlers. The Soviet Union despite branding itself as anti-imperialist and providing real material assistance to anticolonial resistance returned to its previous colonial "Russification" policies after 1930. Zionist settler colonization of Palestine continued expansion, now with the backing of the British empire after issuing the Balfour Declaration in 1917 and establishing the British Mandate for Palestine at the League of Nations. Several League of Nations Mandates were established which ostensibly promised independence to former colonies after a certain time period but which were under full control of a colonial power and in practice acted as a buffer period for the colonial power to set up a collaborationist regime for post-independence.<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|pages=130-136}}

In many ways conditions for colonized peoples also deteriorated. Settler colonialism and its accompanying logic of elimination vastly expanded in colonies such as Manchuria, Kenya, Mozambique, Palestine, Algeria, Libya, Angola and several others.{{Reference page|page=136}} Colonial powers having refined their methods of control over the era began to mix aspects of exploitation colonialism and settler colonialism, thus exacerbating colonial violence.

==== World War II ====
Many interpret [[World War II]] as an attempt by [[Nazi Germany]] and its allies to colonize the whole European continent, especially in the east. Lorenzo Veracini writes, "The global history of colonialism can be seen as bookended by two fateful moments: European armies crossed the strait of Gibraltar in the fifteenth century to establish unequal relations of domination in Africa, and a colonial army crossed it in the opposite direction in 1936, to conquer the metropole and pursue a civil war that subjected the metropolitan populations with a violence that had been until then reserved for restive colonized subjects."<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|page=5}} Adam Tooze posits that [[Operation Barbarossa]] is "far better understood as the last great land-grab in the long and bloody history of European colonialism."<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Tooze |first=J. Adam |title=The wages of destruction: the making and breaking of the Nazi economy |date=2008 |publisher=Penguin USA |isbn=978-0-14-311320-1 |location=New York |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|page=462}} He further writes, "From the moment that Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, the genocidal impulses of Nazi ideology towards both the Jews and the Slavs had taken on concrete form in an extraordinary programme of population displacement and colonial settlement."{{Rp|page=463}} [[Generalplan Ost]], the Nazi government's plan for the settler colonization of Eastern Europe, called for the mass murder and deportation of at least 30 million Slavs from Poland and the western Soviet Union in preparation for the importation of millions of German settlers.{{Rp|page=462-467}} The plan was lauded as a 'solution' to secure Germany's food supply for the duration of the war unlike in World War I and to end Germany's dependence on food imports to feed its large population. Hitler repeatedly drew parallels between the colonization plan and [[Manifest destiny|Manifest Destiny]] in the United States. [[Aimé Césaire]] argues in [[Discourse on Colonialism]], "[Europeans] tolerated that Nazism before it was inflicted on them, they absolved it, shut their eyes to it, legitimized it, because, until then, it had been applied only to non-European peoples."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Heiskanen |first=Jaakko |date=2021-12-01 |title=In the Shadow of Genocide: Ethnocide, Ethnic Cleansing, and International Order |url=https://academic.oup.com/isagsq/article/1/4/ksab030/6380106 |journal=Global Studies Quarterly |volume=1 |issue=4 |article-number=ksab030 |doi=10.1093/isagsq/ksab030 |issn=2634-3797}}</ref>

The colonial violence of World War II was not limited to Europe. Prior to the war, Italy expanded its colonial settlement program in Libya. Italy perpetrated the [[Libyan genocide (1929–1934)|Libyan genocide]] between 1929 and 1934 during and after the [[Second Italo-Senussi War]]. Up to 100,000 Libyans were killed, particularly [[Bedouin]]s in the [[Cyrenaica]] region. Italy lost control of Libya in 1943 to the British during the [[North African campaign]] of World War II.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mack Smith |first=Denis |title=Mussolini's Roman Empire |publisher=Longman |publication-place=London; New York |date=1976 |isbn=978-0-582-50266-6 |page=41}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pappé |first=Ilan |author-link=Ilan Pappé |title=The Modern Middle East |publisher=[[Routledge]] |publication-place=London; New York |date=2005 |isbn=978-0-415-54371-2 |oclc=ocm58647932| page=28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=St. John |first=Ronald Bruce |title=Libya: from colony to revolution |publisher=Oneworld |publication-place=Oxford |date=2012 |isbn=978-1-85168-919-4|page=73}}</ref> Italy also [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|invaded and occupied Ethiopia]] in 1935 where it enacted a system of segregation between Italian colonists and indigenous Ethiopians. Japan temporarily took control of European controlled colonies in Southeast Asia in order to overcome the sanctions placed on it that disrupted access to the resources of said colonies.<ref name=":6" />{{Reference page|page=140}}

==== Post-WWII decolonization ====
In the aftermath of World War II, [[decolonisation]] progressed rapidly. The tumultuous upheaval of the war significantly weakened the major colonial powers, and they quickly lost control of colonies such as Singapore, India, and Libya.<ref>{{cite book|last1=White|first1=Nicholas|chapter=Economics and the end of Empire|title=Decolonisation: The British Experience since 1945|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InQKBAAAQBAJ|series=Seminar Studies|date=17 July 2014|edition=2|location=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge|publication-date=2014|isbn=9781317701798|access-date=12 February 2021}}</ref> In addition, the [[United Nations]] shows support for decolonisation in its 1945 [[Chapter I of the United Nations Charter|charter]]. In 1960, the UN issued the [[Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples]], which affirmed its stance (though notably, colonial empires such as France, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States abstained).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Betts |first1=Raymond F |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2zm |title=Beyond Empire and Nation: The Decolonization of African and Asian societies, 1930s–1970s |last2=Bogaerts |first2=Els |last3=Raben |first3=Raben |publisher=Brill |year=2012 |pages=7–22|jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w8h2zm }}</ref>

The word "[[neocolonialism]]" originated from [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] in 1956,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sartre|first=Jean-Paul|title=Colonialism and Neocolonialism|publisher=Psychology Press|year=2001}}</ref> to refer to a variety of contexts since the decolonisation that took place after [[World War II]]. Generally it does not refer to a type of direct colonisation{{snd}}rather to colonialism or colonial-style exploitation by other means. Specifically, neocolonialism may refer to the theory that former or existing economic relationships, such as the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] and the [[Central American Free Trade Agreement]], or the operations of companies (such as [[Royal Dutch Shell]] in [[Nigeria]] and [[Brunei]]) fostered by former colonial powers were or are used to maintain control of former colonies and dependencies after the colonial independence movements of the post–World War II period.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Halperin |first1=Sandra |title=Neocolonialism {{!}} Definition, Examples, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/neocolonialism |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=29 November 2022 |language=en}}</ref> The term became popular in ex-colonies in the late 20th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last= Uzoigw |first= Godfrey N. |year= 2019 |title= Neocolonialism Is Dead: Long Live Neocolonialism |journal= Journal of Global South Studies |volume= 36 |issue= 1 |pages= 59–87 |doi= 10.1353/gss.2019.0004|s2cid=166252688}}</ref>

=== Contemporary ===
[[File:Palestine-Israel Historic Borders Over Time.png|thumb|Change in the borders of Israel and Palestine over time, showing the extent of Israeli control of territory formerly identified as Palestine.]]
While colonies of contiguous empires<ref>Forsyth, James. A history of the peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press, 1994.</ref> have been historically excluded, they can be seen as colonies.<ref name="Gilmartin2009">{{Cite book |last=Gilmartin |first=Mary |title=Key Concepts in Political Geography |year=2009 |isbn=9781412946728 |editor-last=Gallaher |editor-first=Carolyn |pages=115–123 |chapter=Colonialism/Imperialism |doi=10.4135/9781446279496.n13 |editor-last2=Dahlman |editor-first2=Carl |editor-last3=Gilmartin |editor-first3=Mary |editor-last4=Mountz |editor-first4=Alison |editor-last5=Shirlow |editor-first5=Peter |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBJclVnVdQC&pg=PA115}}</ref>
Contemporary expansion of colonies is seen by some in case of [[Russian imperialism]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 September 2022 |title=So-called referenda in Russian-controlled Ukraine 'cannot be regarded as legal': UN political affairs chief |work=UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1128161 |url-status=live |access-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928072533/https://news.un.org/en/story/2022/09/1128161 |archive-date=28 September 2022}}</ref> and [[Chinese imperialism]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Alessio |first1=Dominic |last2=Renfro |first2=Wesley |date=1 August 2022 |title=Building empires litorally in the South China Sea: artificial islands and contesting definitions of imperialism |journal=International Politics |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=687–706 |doi=10.1057/s41311-021-00328-x |issn=1740-3898 |s2cid=240567127}}</ref> Zionism is considered a modern colonialist movement, although it began in the 20th century. It has been categorized by some scholars as a settler colonialist movement.<ref>{{bulleted list|
| {{harvnb|Aaronson|1996|p=223|ps=: "On the other hand, our study has revealed that Jewish colonization resembled in many respects the model of pure "settlement of population" ("colonization de peuplement"), in the sense of involving colonization without colonialism."}}
| {{harvnb|Cohen|2011|p=128|ps=:"In February 1928, Weizmann submitted an official request to the government for a loan guarantee. He explained that the Zionist Loan was needed to promote further Jewish colonization in Palestine. [...] He advised that both the Zionists and the government should initiate a new period of Zionist colonizing activity as soon as possible."}}
| {{harvnb|Murphy|2005|p=}}:{{pn|date=August 2025}} "The first forty years of the twentieth century witnessed the transformation of Zionism from a philosophical discourse to a practical programme for the colonisation of Palestine."
| {{harvnb|Yadgar|2017|p=207|ps=:"At the foundation of the Zionist outlook stood the aspiration to establish a state. And absolute sovereignty is needed for Zionism more than for any other nation, because Zionism demanded the right of unrestricted immigration and unrestricted colonization, which can be brought about only by complete sovereignty."}}
| {{cite journal |last1=Shapira |first1=Anita |title=Land and Power: The Zionist Resort to Force, 1881–1948 |journal=[[The American Historical Review]] |date=1992a |volume=98 |issue=4 |page=355 |doi=10.1086/ahr/98.4.1302 |url=https://academic.oup.com/ahr/article-abstract/98/4/1302/129140 |access-date=19 July 2025 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |issn=0002-8762 |quote=In many respects, Zionism was unique as a national movement. One of its (presumably singular) characteristic features stemmed from the fact that it was a national liberation movement that was destined to function as a movement promoting settlement in a country of colonization. [...] Zionist psychology was molded by the conflicting parameters of a national liberation movement and a movement of European colonization in a Middle Eastern country. [...] The Zionist movement (in particular, it socialist variant) viewed itself as belonging to the forces striving for a better world and could not accept the fact that the framework of its activity was determined by the contours of a country of colonization.|url-access=subscription }}
| {{cite journal |last1=Elazari-Volcani |first1=J. |title=Jewish Colonization in Palestine |journal=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science |date=1932 |volume=164 |pages=84–94 |doi=10.1177/000271623216400112 |jstor=1018961 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1018961 |access-date=19 July 2025 |issn=0002-7162|url-access=subscription }}
| {{cite book |last1=Gelvin |first1=James L. |title=The Israel-Palestine Conflict: A History |date=11 March 2021 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |pages=49–80 |edition=4th |url=https://www.cambridge.org/highereducation/books/the-israel-palestine-conflict/5D389E3231527643CCE3F861003EC172/zionism-and-the-colonization-of-palestine/4C076CF1B5A8289FAECC6FA36262EC4A |access-date=19 July 2025 |chapter=Zionism and the Colonization of Palestine |doi=10.1017/9781108771634 |isbn=978-1-108-77163-4}}
| {{harvnb|Collins|2011|pp=169–185|ps=: "... and as subsequent work (Finkelstein 1995; Massad 2005; Pappe 2006; Said 1992; Shafir 1989) has definitively established, the architects of Zionism were conscious and often unapologetic about their status as colonizers."}}|{{harvnb|Bloom|2011|pp=2, 13, 49, 132|ps=: "Dr. [[Arthur Ruppin]] was sent to Palestine for the first time in 1907 by the heads of the German [World] Zionist Organization in order to make a pilot study of the possibilities for colonization. ... [[Franz Oppenheimer|Oppenheimer]] was a German sociologist and political economist. As a worldwide expert on colonization he became Herzl's advisor and formulated the first program for Zionist colonization, which he presented at the 6th Zionist Congress (Basel 1903) . ... [[Daniel Boyarin]] wrote that the group of Zionists who imagined themselves colonialists inclined to that persona "because such a representation was pivotal to the entire project of becoming 'white men'." Colonization was seen as a sign of belonging to western and modern culture;"}}
| {{harvnb|Robinson|2013|p=18|ps=: {{" '}}Never before', wrote Berl Katznelson, founding editor of the Histadrut daily, ''Davar'', 'has the white man undertaken colonization with that sense of justice and social progress which fills the Jew who comes to Palestine.{{' "}} [[Berl Katznelson]]}}
| {{harvnb|Alroey|2011|p=5|ps=: "[[Theodor Herzl|Herzl]] further sharpened the issue when he tried to make diplomacy precede settlement, precluding any possibility of preemptive and unplanned settlement in the Land of Israel: "Should the powers show themselves willing to grant us sovereignty over a neutral land, then the Society will enter into negotiations for the possession of this land. Here two regions come to mind: Palestine and Argentina. Significant experiments in colonization have been made in both countries, though on the mistaken principle of gradual infiltration of Jews. Infiltration is bound to end badly."}}
| {{harvnb|Jabotinsky|1923|ps=: "Colonisation can have only one aim, and Palestine Arabs cannot accept this aim. It lies in the very nature of things, and in this particular regard nature cannot be changed .. . Zionist colonisation must either stop, or else proceed regardless of the native population." [[Ze'ev Jabotinsky]] quoted in Alan Balfour, [https://books.google.com/books?id=D7p9DwAAQBAJ ''The Walls of Jerusalem: Preserving the Past, Controlling the Future''], [[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]], 2019, p. 59, {{isbn|978-1-119-18229-0}}.}}
| {{Cite journal |last=Piterberg |first=Gabriel |date=April 1, 2010 |title=Settlers and their States |url=https://newleftreview.org/issues/ii62/articles/gabriel-piterberg-settlers-and-their-states |journal=[[New Left Review]] |issue=62 |pages=115–124|article-number=2835 |doi=10.64590/odz |quote=It is within the typology of settler colonialisms that I place the Zionist colonization of Palestine and the state of Israel—a move which surely should have put to rest the tedious contention that Zionism could not be termed a colonial venture because it lacked the features of metropole colonialism; as if anyone were suggesting otherwise. What its apologists fail to confront is the settler-colonial paradigm.|url-access=subscription }}
}}</ref>

== Impact ==
{{Main|Analysis of Western European colonialism and colonization#Colonial actions and their impacts}}

[[File:Satterfield cartoon about brutalities committed by Western nations.jpg|thumb|A 1904 cartoon by [[Bob Satterfield (cartoonist)|Bob Satterfield]] about the brutality committed by Western nations: the personifications of England, the United States, and Germany carrying spears topped by the severed heads of Tibet, the Philippines, and Southwest Africa respectively. The caption describes this as "The advance guard of civilization".]]
[[File:Nieuws uit Indonesië, het werk van de Nederlandse dienst voor Volksgezondheid Weeknummer 46-21 - Open Beelden - 16742.ogv|thumb|The Dutch Public Health Service provides medical care for the natives of the [[Dutch East Indies]], May 1946.]]

The impacts of colonisation are immense and pervasive.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1713275,00.html |title=Come Back, Colonialism, All Is Forgiven |last=Perry |first=Alex |date=14 February 2008 |magazine=Time |access-date=29 September 2019 |language=en-US |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=14 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114132427/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1713275,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Various effects, both immediate and protracted, include the spread of virulent diseases, causing [[pandemic]]s, [[oppression]], unequal social relations through [[othering]] and economically through exclusion, [[detribalization]], [[original appropriation|appropriation]], [[Exploitation of natural resources|exploitation]], [[enslavement]], [[History of medicine#Modern medicine|medical advances]], the creation of new institutions, [[Slavery in Africa#Abolition|abolitionism]],<ref name="Lovejoy, Paul E. 2012">Lovejoy, Paul E. (2012). ''Transformations of Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa''. London: Cambridge University Press.</ref> changing infrastructure,<ref>Ferguson, Niall (2003). ''Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World''. London: Allen Lane.</ref> and technological progress.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thong |first=Tezenlo |date=2012 |title=Civilised Colonisers and Barbaric Colonised: Reclaiming Naga Identity by Demythologising Colonial Portraits |journal=History and Anthropology |volume=23 |pages=375–97 |doi=10.1080/02757206.2012.697060 |number=3|s2cid=162411962 }}</ref> Colonial practices also spur the spread of conquerors' languages, literature and cultural institutions, while endangering or obliterating those of [[indigenous peoples]], possibly [[Colonialism and genocide|amounting to genocide]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=McNamee |first=Lachlan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-x8EAAAQBAJ |title=Settling for Less: Why States Colonize and Why They Stop |date=2023 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-23781-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Veracini |first=Lorenzo |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003050599 |title=Colonialism: A Global History |date=2022-07-15 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-003-05059-9 |edition=1st |location=London |pages= |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781003050599}}</ref>{{Rp|page=2}}<ref name="Jacobs 2009 p.">{{cite book | last=Jacobs | first=Margaret D. | title=White Mother to a Dark Race | publisher=U of Nebraska Press | publication-place=Lincoln | date=1 July 2009 | isbn=978-0-8032-1100-1 | oclc=268789976 | pages=24, 81, 421, 430}}</ref> Despite the colonial suppression and narrative, colonised people may be able to build on their agency, potentially having influence on the imperial country or even challenging it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spurr |first=David |title=The Rhetoric of Empire: Colonial Discourse in Journalism, Travel Writing, and Imperial Administration |date=1993 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-9864-6 |series=Post-Contemporary Interventions |location=Durham}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Olumide|first=Yetunde Mercy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdNSDQAAQBAJ&q=The+native+cultures+of+the+colonised+peoples+can+also+have+a+powerful+influence+on+the+imperial+country&pg=PA934|title=The Vanishing Black African Woman: Volume Two: A Compendium of the Global Skin-Lightening Practice|date=6 October 2016|publisher=Langaa RPCIG|isbn=978-9956-763-68-9|language=en}}</ref> Often though this has been met with [[cultural appropriation]] and [[forced assimilation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Legault |first1=Gabrielle |last2=Bleau |first2=Denica |date=2025-04-03 |title=Indigenizing or Appropriating? Navigating the Boundaries of Institutional Decolonization |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2024.2445586 |journal=Capitalism Nature Socialism |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=71–91 |doi=10.1080/10455752.2024.2445586 |issn=1045-5752|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Hart |first=Jonathan |title=Cultural Appropriation: Colonialism and Postcolonialism |date=2003 |work=Columbus, Shakespeare, and the Interpretation of the New World |pages=149–173 |editor-last=Hart |editor-first=Jonathan |url=https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403973573_7 |access-date=2025-07-12 |place=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |language=en |doi=10.1057/9781403973573_7 |isbn=978-1-4039-7357-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

With respect to international borders, Britain and France traced close to 40% of the entire length of the world's international boundaries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miles |first1=William F. S. |title=Scars of Partition: Postcolonial Legacies in French and British Borderlands |date=2014 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |isbn=978-0-8032-6771-8 |page=3 |quote=Anglo-French carving of colonial space is a significant geographical legacy: nearly 40 percent of the entire length of today's international boundaries were traced by Britain and France.}}</ref>

=== Economy, trade and commerce ===
Economic expansion, sometimes described as the [[colonial surplus]], has accompanied imperial expansion since ancient times.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} Greek trade networks spread throughout the Mediterranean region while Roman trade expanded with the primary goal of directing tribute from the colonised areas towards the Roman metropole. According to [[Strabo]], by the time of emperor [[Augustus]], up to 120 Roman ships would set sail every year from [[Myos Hormos]] in [[Roman Egypt]] to India.<ref>"[https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/2E1*.html Strabo's Geography Book II Chapter 5 ]"</ref> With the development of trade routes under the [[Ottoman Empire]],

{{blockquote|[[Gujari]] Hindus, Syrian Muslims, Jews, Armenians, Christians from south and central Europe operated trading routes that supplied Persian and Arab horses to the armies of all three empires, Mocha coffee to [[Delhi]] and [[Belgrade]], Persian silk to India and [[Istanbul]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Peoples and Empires |last=Pagden |first=Anthony |publisher=Modern Library |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-8129-6761-6 |location=New York |page=45}}</ref>}}

[[File:16th century Portuguese Spanish trade routes.png|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Portuguese discoveries|Portuguese trade routes]] (blue) and the rival [[Manila galleon|Manila-Acapulco galleons]] trade routes (white) established in 1568]]

[[Aztec civilisation]] developed into an extensive empire that, much like the Roman Empire, had the goal of exacting tribute from the conquered colonial areas. For the Aztecs, a significant tribute was the acquisition of sacrificial victims for their religious rituals.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Peoples and Empires |last=Pagden |publisher= |year=2003 |isbn= |location= |page=5}}</ref>

On the other hand, European colonial empires sometimes attempted to channel, restrict and impede trade involving their colonies, funneling activity through the metropole and taxing accordingly.

Despite the general trend of economic expansion, the economic performance of former European colonies varies significantly. In "Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-run Growth", economists [[Daron Acemoglu]], [[Simon Johnson (economist)|Simon Johnson]] and [[James A. Robinson (Harvard University)|James A. Robinson]] compare the economic influences of the European colonists on different colonies and study what could explain the huge discrepancies in previous European colonies, for example, between West African colonies like [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Hong Kong]] and [[Singapore]].<ref name="Institutions">{{Cite book|doi = 10.1016/S1574-0684(05)01006-3|chapter = Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth|volume = 1A|pages = 385–472|title = Handbook of Economic Growth|year = 2005|last1 = Acemoglu|first1 = Daron|last2 = Johnson|first2 = Simon|last3 = Robinson|first3 = James A.|isbn = 9780444520418|chapter-url = http://economics.mit.edu/files/4469|access-date = 15 February 2016|archive-date = 5 February 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160205223556/http://economics.mit.edu/files/4469|url-status = dead}}</ref>

According to the paper, economic institutions are the determinant of the colonial success because they determine their financial performance and order for the distribution of resources. At the same time, these institutions are also consequences of political institutions – especially how [[de facto]] and [[de jure]] political power is allocated. To explain the different colonial cases, we thus need to look first into the political institutions that shaped the economic institutions.<ref name="Institutions" />

[[File:A Castro, Lorenzo - A Dutch East-Indiaman off Hoorn - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|[[Dutch East India Company]] was the first-ever [[multinational corporation]], financed by shares that established the [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange|first modern stock exchange]].]]

For example, one interesting observation is "the Reversal of Fortune"{{snd}}the less developed civilisations in 1500, like North America, Australia, and New Zealand, are now much richer than those countries who used to be in the prosperous civilisations in 1500 before the colonists came, like the Mughals in India and the Incas in the Americas. One explanation offered by the paper focuses on the political institutions of the various colonies: it was less likely for European colonists to introduce economic institutions where they could benefit quickly from the extraction of resources in the area. Therefore, given a more developed civilisation and denser population, European colonists would rather keep the existing economic systems than introduce an entirely new system; while in places with little to extract, European colonists would rather establish new economic institutions to protect their interests. Political institutions thus gave rise to different types of economic systems, which determined the colonial economic performance.<ref name="Institutions" />

European colonisation and development also changed gendered systems of power already in place around the world. In many pre-colonialist areas, women maintained power, prestige, or authority through reproductive or agricultural control. For example, in certain parts of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]] women maintained farmland in which they had usage rights. While men would make political and communal decisions for a community, the women would control the village's food supply or their individual family's land. This allowed women to achieve power and autonomy, even in patrilineal and patriarchal societies.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free/page/25 |title=No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and The Future of Women |last=Freedman |first=Estelle |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-345-45053-1 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free/page/25 25–26]}}</ref>

Through the rise of European colonialism came a large push for development and industrialisation of most economic systems. When working to improve productivity, Europeans focused mostly on male workers. Foreign aid arrived in the form of loans, land, credit, and tools to speed up development, but were only allocated to men. In a more European fashion, women were expected to serve on a more domestic level. The result was a technologic, economic, and class-based gender gap that widened over time.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free/page/113 |title=No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and The Future of Women |last=Freedman |publisher= Ballantine Books|year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-345-45053-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free/page/113 113]}}</ref>

Within a colony, the presence of extractive colonial institutions in a given area has been found have effects on the modern day economic development, institutions and infrastructure of these areas.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1093/restud/rdz017 | title=The Development Effects of the Extractive Colonial Economy: The Dutch Cultivation System in Java| journal=The Review of Economic Studies| volume=87| pages=164–203| year=2020| last1=Dell| first1=Melissa| last2=Olken| first2=Benjamin A.|url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/dell/publications/development-effects-extractive-colonial-economy-dutch-cultivation-system-java| doi-access=free| hdl=1721.1/136437| hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/0010414015600465 | title= Colonial Legacies and State Institutions in China: Evidence From a Natural Experiment| journal=Comparative Political Studies| volume=50| issue=4| pages=434–463| year=2017| last1=Mattingly| first1=Daniel C.| s2cid= 156822667|url=http://daniel-mattingly.com/s/Mattingly_CPS_Preprint.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714115343/http://daniel-mattingly.com/s/Mattingly_CPS_Preprint.pdf |archive-date=14 July 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Slavery and indentured servitude ===
{{Further|Atlantic slave trade|Indentured servant|Coolie|Blackbirding}}

European nations entered their imperial projects with the goal of enriching the European metropoles. Exploitation of non-Europeans and of other Europeans to support imperial goals was acceptable to the colonisers. Two outgrowths of this imperial agenda were the extension of slavery and indentured servitude. In the 17th century, nearly two-thirds of English settlers came to North America as indentured servants.<ref>Hofstadter, Richard, [http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/hpolscrv/whiteser.html "White Servitude"], Montgomery College. {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141009091039/http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/Departments/hpolscrv/whiteser.html |date= 2014-10-09 }}.</ref>

European slave traders brought large numbers of African slaves to the Americas by sail. Spain and Portugal had [[Atlantic slave trade|brought African slaves]] to work in African colonies such as [[Cape Verde]] and [[São Tomé and Príncipe]], and then in Latin America, by the 16th century. The British, French, and Dutch joined in the slave trade in subsequent centuries. The European colonial system took approximately 11 million Africans to the Caribbean and to North and South America as slaves.<ref name="King 2010 24">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/24|title=People on the Move: An Atlas of Migration|last=King|first=Russell|publisher=University of California Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-520-26124-2|location=Berkeley, Los Angeles|page=[https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/24 24]}}</ref>

[[File:Marchands d'esclaves de Gorée-Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur mg 8526.jpg|thumb|upright|Slave traders in Gorée, [[Senegal]], 18th century]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! European empire !! Colonial destination !! Number of slaves imported between 1450 and 1870<ref name="King 2010 24" />
|-
| Portuguese Empire|| Brazil || 3,646,800
|-
| British Empire || British Caribbean || 1,665,000
|-
| French Empire || French Caribbean || 1,600,200
|-
| Spanish Empire || Latin America || 1,552,100
|-
| Dutch Empire || Dutch Caribbean || 500,000
|-
| British Empire || British North America || 399,000
|}

[[Abolitionism|Abolitionists]] in Europe and Americas protested the inhumane treatment of African slaves, which led to the elimination of the slave trade (and later, of most forms of slavery) by the late 19th century. One (disputed) school of thought points to the role of abolitionism in the [[American Revolution]]: while the British colonial metropole started to move towards outlawing slavery, slave-owning elites in the [[Thirteen Colonies]] saw this as one of the reasons to fight for their post-colonial independence and for the right to develop and continue a largely slave-based economy.<ref>{{cite news|title=Our democracy's founding ideals were false when they were written. Black Americans have fought to make them true|last=Hannah-Jones|first=Nikole|author-link=Nikole Hannah-Jones|date=14 August 2019|magazine=[[The New York Times Magazine]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/08/14/magazine/black-history-american-democracy.html|quote=The wealth and prominence that allowed Jefferson, at just 33, and the other founding fathers to believe they could successfully break off from one of the mightiest empires in the world came from the dizzying profits generated by chattel slavery. In other words, we may never have revolted against Britain if the founders had not understood that slavery empowered them to do so; nor if they had not believed that independence was required in order to ensure that slavery would continue. It is not incidental that 10 of this nation's first 12 presidents were enslavers, and some might argue that this nation was founded not as a democracy but as a slavocracy.}}</ref>

British colonising activity in [[New Zealand]] from the early 19th century played a part in ending slave-taking and slave-keeping among the indigenous [[Māori people|Māori]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Petrie|first=Hazel|title=Outcasts of the Gods? The Struggle over Slavery in Maori New Zealand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xJzCgAAQBAJ|publisher=Auckland University Press|date=2015|isbn=9781775587859|access-date=17 June 2020|quote=Trade with the early explorers, whalers, sealers, and shore-based traders; interaction with missionaries; the availability of muskets; unprecedented warfare; new methods of dispute resolution; and English law all played their part in influencing the increase or decline of Maori captive-taking.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Firth|first=Raymond|year=1929|title=Primitive Economics of the New Zealand Maori|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JNGm14xd1JkC|series=Routledge Revivals|edition=reprint|location=Abingdon|publisher=Routledge|publication-date=2011|page=203|isbn=9780415694728|access-date=17 June 2020|quote=The economic value of the slave to the community was considerable. [...] Slavery among the Maori is certainly not comparable to the system as it existed among the ancient civilized states of Europe, but relative to the culture of this native people, it played an important part [...].}}</ref> On the other hand, British colonial [[History of South Africa (1815–1910)|administration in Southern Africa]], when it officially abolished slavery in the 1830s, caused rifts in society which arguably perpetuated slavery in the [[Boer Republics]] and fed into the philosophy of ''[[apartheid]]''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Lowe|first=Joshua|title=To what extent was the Great Trek undertaken to preserve Afrikaner Culture?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DrlABAAAQBAJ|publisher=GRIN|date=2014|page=2|isbn=9783656715245|access-date=17 June 2020|quote=There were also threats to what the Afrikaner perceived as tradition, and slavery was included in this perception. The abolition of slavery had an effect on why the Great Trek was undertaken and has links to the Afrikaner cultural preservation theory. Slavery was an integral part of Afrikaner society, and there was a sense of discontent when it was called to an end.}}</ref>

[[File:Slaves working on a plantation - Ten Views in the Island of Antigua (1823), plate III - BL.jpg|thumb|Planting the sugar cane, [[Antigua]], 1823]]

The labour shortages that resulted from abolition inspired European colonisers in Queensland, British Guaiana and Fiji (for example) to develop new sources of labour, re-adopting a system of indentured servitude. [[Indentured servant]]s consented to a contract with the European colonisers. Under their contract, the servant would work for an employer for a term of at least a year, while the employer agreed to pay for the servant's voyage to the colony, possibly pay for the return to the country of origin, and pay the employee a wage as well. The employees became "indentured" to the employer because they owed a debt back to the employer for their travel expense to the colony, which they were expected to pay through their wages. In practice, indentured servants were exploited through terrible working conditions and burdensome debts imposed by the employers, with whom the servants had no means of negotiating the debt once they arrived in the colony.

India and China were the largest source of indentured servants during the colonial era. Indentured servants from India travelled to British colonies in Asia, Africa and the Caribbean, and also to French and Portuguese colonies, while Chinese servants travelled to British and Dutch colonies. Between 1830 and 1930, around 30 million indentured servants migrated from India, and 24 million returned to India. China sent more indentured servants to European colonies, and around the same proportion returned to China.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/26|title=People on the Move: An Atlas of Migration|last=King|first=Russell|year=2010|pages=[https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/26 26–27]}}</ref>

Following the [[Scramble for Africa]], an early but secondary focus for most colonial regimes was the suppression of slavery and the slave trade. By the end of the colonial period they were mostly successful in this aim, though slavery persists in Africa and in the world at large with much the same practices of ''de facto'' servility despite legislative prohibition.<ref name="Lovejoy, Paul E. 2012" />

=== Military innovation ===
[[File:Aschanti Gefecht 11 july 1824 300dpi.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|The [[First Anglo-Ashanti War]], 1823–1831]]

Conquering forces have throughout history applied innovation in order to gain an advantage over the armies of the people they aim to conquer. Greeks developed the [[phalanx]] system, which enabled their military units to present themselves to their enemies as a wall, with foot soldiers using shields to cover one another during their advance on the battlefield. Under [[Philip II of Macedon]], they were able to organise thousands of soldiers into a formidable battle force, bringing together carefully trained infantry and cavalry regiments.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Peoples and Empires |last=Pagden |publisher= |year=2003 |isbn= |location= |page=6}}</ref> [[Alexander the Great]] exploited this military foundation further during his conquests.

The Spanish Empire held a major advantage over [[Mesoamerican]] warriors through the use of weapons made of stronger metal, predominantly iron, which was able to shatter the blades of axes used by the [[Aztec civilisation]] and others. The use of [[gunpowder]] weapons cemented the European military advantage over the peoples they sought to subjugate in the Americas and elsewhere.

=== End of empire ===
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}
[[File:Lord Pethic-Lawrence and Gandhi.jpg|thumb|[[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi|Gandhi]] with [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence|Lord Pethwick-Lawrence]], British Secretary of State for India, after a meeting on 18 April 1946]]

The populations of some colonial territories, such as Canada, enjoyed relative peace and prosperity as part of a European power, at least among the majority. Minority populations such as [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] peoples and French-Canadians experienced [[marginalisation]] and resented colonial practices. Francophone residents of [[Quebec]], for example, were vocal in opposing conscription into the armed services to fight on behalf of Britain during World War I, resulting in the [[Conscription crisis of 1917]]. Other European colonies had much more pronounced conflict between European settlers and the local population. Rebellions broke out in the later decades of the imperial era, such as India's [[Sepoy Rebellion|Sepoy Rebellion of 1857]].

The territorial boundaries imposed by European colonisers, notably in central Africa and South Asia, defied the existing boundaries of native populations that had previously interacted little with one another. European colonisers disregarded native political and cultural animosities, imposing peace upon people under their military control. Native populations were often relocated at the will of the colonial administrators.

The [[Partition of British India]] in August 1947 led to the [[Indian independence movement|Independence of India]] and the [[Pakistan Movement|creation of Pakistan]]. These events also caused much bloodshed at the time of the migration of immigrants from the two countries. Muslims from India and Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan migrated to the respective countries they sought independence for.

=== Post-independence population movement ===
[[File:Notting Hill Carnival 2002 large.jpg|thumb|The annual [[Notting Hill Carnival]] in [[London]] is a celebration led by the [[Trinidadian and Tobagonian British]] community.]]

In a reversal of the migration patterns experienced during the modern colonial era, post-independence era migration followed a route back towards the imperial country. In some cases, this was a movement of settlers of European origin returning to the land of their birth, or to an ancestral birthplace. 900,000 French colonists (known as the ''[[Pied-Noir]]s'') resettled in France following Algeria's independence in 1962. A significant number of these migrants were also of Algerian descent. 800,000 people of [[Processo Revolucionário Em Curso#The retornados|Portuguese]] origin migrated to Portugal after the independence of former colonies in Africa between 1974 and 1979; 300,000 settlers of Dutch origin migrated to the Netherlands from the [[Dutch West Indies]] after Dutch military control of the colony ended.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/35 |title=People on the Move: An Atlas of Migration |last=King |publisher= |year=2010 |isbn= |location= |page=[https://archive.org/details/peopleonmoveatla0000unse/page/35 35]}}</ref>

After WWII 300,000 Dutchmen from the [[Dutch East Indies]], of which the majority were people of Eurasian descent called [[Indo people|Indo Europeans]], repatriated to the Netherlands. A significant number later migrated to the US, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.<ref>Willems, Wim "De uittocht uit Indie (1945–1995), De geschiedenis van Indische Nederlanders" (Publisher: Bert Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001). {{ISBN|90-351-2361-1}}</ref><ref>Crul, Lindo and Lin Pang. Culture, Structure and Beyond, Changing identities and social positions of immigrants and their children (Het Spinhuis Publishers, 1999). {{ISBN|90-5589-173-8}}</ref>

Global travel and migration in general developed at an increasingly brisk pace throughout the era of European colonial expansion. Citizens of the former colonies of European countries may have a privileged status in some respects with regard to immigration rights when settling in the former European imperial nation. For example, rights to dual citizenship may be generous,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61 |title=British Nationality Act 1981 |publisher=The National Archives, United Kingdom |access-date=24 February 2012}}</ref> or larger immigrant quotas may be extended to former colonies.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kubicek |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6MJEAAAQBAJ |title=European Politics |date=2020-12-20 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-28191-0 |language=en}}</ref>

In some cases, the former European imperial nations continue to foster close political and economic ties with former colonies. The [[Commonwealth of Nations]] is an organisation that promotes cooperation between and among Britain and its former colonies, the Commonwealth members. A similar organisation exists for former colonies of France, the [[Francophonie]]; the [[Community of Portuguese Language Countries]] plays a similar role for former Portuguese colonies, and the [[Dutch Language Union]] is the equivalent for former colonies of the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Francophonie in Brief |url=https://www.francophonie.org/francophonie-brief-1763 |website=Portail de l'Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) |publisher=Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries – CPLP {{!}} DGES |url=https://www.dges.gov.pt/en/pagina/community-portuguese-speaking-countries-cplp |website=DGES- Direção-Geral de Ensino Superior |access-date=9 November 2022 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Taalunie – Union for the Dutch Language – Taalunie |url=https://taalunie.org/informatie/112/taalunie-union-for-the-dutch-language |website=taalunie.org |language=nl}}</ref>

Migration from former colonies has proven to be problematic for European countries, where the majority population may express hostility to ethnic minorities who have immigrated from former colonies. Cultural and religious conflict have often erupted in France in recent decades, between immigrants from the [[Maghreb]] countries of north Africa and the majority population of France. Nonetheless, immigration has changed the ethnic composition of France; by the 1980s, 25% of the total population of "inner Paris" and 14% of the metropolitan region were of foreign origin, mainly Algerian.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 45038321|title = Cultural Conflicts: North African Immigrants in France|journal = International Journal of Peace Studies|volume = 2|issue = 2|pages = 67–75|last1 = Seljuq|first1 = Affan|year = 1997|url=http://www.gmu.edu/programs/icar/ijps/vol2_2/seljuq.htm}}</ref>

=== Introduced diseases ===
{{See also|Globalisation and disease|Columbian Exchange|Impact and evaluation of colonialism and colonization}}
[[File:Florentinoviruela.JPG|thumb|Aztecs dying of smallpox, (''[[Florentine Codex]]'', 1540–1585)]]

Encounters between explorers and populations in the rest of the world often introduced new diseases, which sometimes caused local epidemics of extraordinary virulence.<ref>{{cite book|editor-first=Kenneth F. |editor-last=Kiple|title=The Cambridge Historical Dictionary of Disease|date=2003}}</ref> For example, [[smallpox]], measles, malaria, yellow fever, and others were unknown in pre-Columbian America.<ref>{{cite book|first=Alfred W. |last=Crosby, Jr.|title=The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492|date=1974}}</ref>

Half the native population of [[Hispaniola]] in 1518 was killed by smallpox. Smallpox also ravaged [[Mexico]] in the 1520s, killing 150,000 in [[Tenochtitlan]] alone, including the emperor, and [[Peru]] in the 1530s, aiding the European conquerors. [[Measles]] killed a further two million Mexican natives in the 17th century. In 1618–1619, smallpox wiped out 90% of the [[Massachusetts Bay]] Native Americans.<ref>Koplow, David, [http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9968/9968.ch01.html "Chapter 1: The Rise and Fall of Smallpox"], ''Smallpox – The Fight to Eradicate a Global Scourge'', University of California Press. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907093641/http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/9968/9968.ch01.html |date=7 September 2008 }}.</ref> Smallpox epidemics in 1780–1782 and [[1837-38 smallpox epidemic|1837–1838]] brought devastation and drastic depopulation among the [[Plains Indians]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Houston |first1=C.S. |last2=Houston |first2=S. |year=2000 |title=The first smallpox epidemic on the Canadian Plains: In the fur-traders' words |journal=The Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=112–15 |doi=10.1155/2000/782978 |pmc=2094753 |pmid=18159275|doi-access=free }}</ref> Some believe{{who|date=May 2021}} that the death of up to 95% of the [[Population history of indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American population]] of the [[New World]] was caused by [[Old World]] diseases.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/variables/smallpox.html |title=Guns Germs & Steel: Variables. Smallpox |website=www.pbs.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> Over the centuries, the Europeans had developed high degrees of [[Immunity (medical)|immunity]] to these diseases, while the [[indigenous peoples]] had no time to build such immunity.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/goodling.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080510163413/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/papers/goodling.html|url-status=dead|first=Stacy |last=Goodling|title=Effects of European Diseases on the Inhabitants of the New World|archive-date=10 May 2008}}</ref>

Smallpox decimated the native population of [[Australia]], killing around 50% of [[indigenous Australians]] in the early years of British colonisation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Smallpox Through History |url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508643/Smallpox_Through_History.html|work=Encarta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029184350/http://encarta.msn.com/media_701508643/Smallpox_Through_History.html |archive-date=29 October 2009}}</ref> It also killed many New Zealand [[Māori people|Māori]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.canr.msu.edu/overseas/nzenvironsci/infopart2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612021507/http://www.canr.msu.edu/overseas/nzenvironsci/infopart2.htm|url-status=dead|title=New Zealand Historical Perspective|archive-date=12 June 2010}}</ref> As late as 1848–49, as many as 40,000 out of 150,000 [[Hawaii]]ans are estimated to have died of [[measles]], [[whooping cough]] and [[influenza]]. Introduced diseases, notably smallpox, nearly wiped out the native population of [[Easter Island]].<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/how-did-easter-islands-ancient-statues-lead-to-the-destruction-of-an-entire-ecosystem-455877.html How did Easter Island's ancient statues lead to the destruction of an entire ecosystem?], ''The Independent''.</ref> In 1875, [[measles]] killed over 40,000 [[Fiji]]ans, approximately one-third of the population.<ref>[http://www.fsm.ac.fj/aboutfsm.html Fiji School of Medicine] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020165015/http://www.fsm.ac.fj/aboutfsm.html |date=20 October 2014 }}</ref> The [[Ainu people|Ainu]] population decreased drastically in the 19th century, due in large part
to infectious diseases brought by Japanese settlers pouring into [[Hokkaido]].<ref>Macintyre, Donald, [http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/ontheroad/japan.sapporo.ainu.html "Meeting the First Inhabitants"], TIMEasia.com, 21 August 2000. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622085958/http://www.time.com/time/asia/features/ontheroad/japan.sapporo.ainu.html |date=22 June 2011 }}.</ref>

Conversely, researchers have hypothesised that a precursor to [[syphilis]] may have been carried from the New World to Europe after [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]]'s voyages. The findings suggested Europeans could have carried the nonvenereal tropical bacteria home, where the organisms may have mutated into a more deadly form in the different conditions of Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/15/science/15syph.html |title=Genetic Study Bolsters Columbus Link to Syphilis|first=John Noble |last=Wilford|newspaper=The New York Times|date=15 January 2008}}</ref> The disease was more frequently fatal than it is today; syphilis was a major killer in Europe during the [[Renaissance]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Columbus May Have Brought Syphilis to Europe |url=http://www.livescience.com/history/080114-syphilis-columbus.html|first= Charles Q. |last=Choi |journal=LiveScience|date=15 January 2008 }}</ref> The [[first cholera pandemic]] began in [[Bengal]], then spread across India by 1820. Ten thousand British troops and countless Indians died during this [[pandemic]].<ref>[https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504 Cholera's seven pandemics]. CBC News. 2 December 2008.</ref> Between 1736 and 1834 only some 10% of [[East India Company]]'s officers survived to take the final voyage home.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/new/?revID=610 |title=Review {{!}} Sahib: The British Soldier in India, 1750–1914 by Richard Holmes|first=Nigel |last=Collett |date=27 October 2005 |website=Asian Review of Books|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530044859/http://www.asianreviewofbooks.com/new/?revID=610 |archive-date=30 May 2012 |access-date=29 September 2019}}</ref> [[Waldemar Haffkine]], who mainly worked in India, who developed and used [[vaccine]]s against [[cholera]] and [[bubonic plague]] in the 1890s, is considered the first [[microbiologist]].

According to a 2021 study by [[Jörg Baten]] and Laura Maravall on the [[Anthropometry|anthropometric]] influence of colonialism on Africans, the [[human height|average height]] of Africans decreased by 1.1 centimetres upon colonization and later recovered and increased overall during colonial rule. The authors attributed the decrease to diseases, such as [[malaria]] and [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]], [[Forced labour|forced labor]] during the early decades of colonial rule, conflicts, [[land grabbing]], and [[1890s African rinderpest epizootic|widespread cattle deaths]] from the [[rinderpest]] viral disease.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Baten|first1=Joerg |last2=Maravall|first2=Laura|date=2021|title=The Influence of Colonialism on Africa's Welfare: An Anthropometric Study|journal=Journal of Comparative Economics|volume=49|issue=3|pages=751–775|doi=10.1016/j.jce.2021.01.001}}</ref>

==== Countering disease ====
As early as 1803, the [[Enlightenment in Spain|Spanish]] Crown organised a mission (the [[Balmis expedition]]) to transport the smallpox vaccine to the [[Spanish Empire|Spanish colonies]], and establish mass vaccination programs there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/balmis.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041223112019/http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/balmis.htm|title=Dr. Francisco de Balmis and his Mission of Mercy, Society of Philippine Health History.|archive-date=23 December 2004}}</ref> By 1832, the federal government of the United States established a [[Smallpox vaccine|smallpox vaccination]] program for Native Americans.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/wicazo_sa_review/v018/18.2pearson01.html| title = Lewis Cass and the Politics of Disease: The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832.| access-date = 12 February 2022| archive-date = 5 February 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080205230347/http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=%2Fjournals%2Fwicazo_sa_review%2Fv018%2F18.2pearson01.html| url-status = dead}}</ref> Under the direction of [[Mountstuart Elphinstone]] a program was launched to propagate [[smallpox vaccination]] in India.<ref>[http://www.smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk/Other%20Asia/ongoingwork.htm Smallpox History – Other histories of smallpox in South Asia.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416015559/http://www.smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk/Other%20Asia/ongoingwork.htm |date=16 April 2012 }}</ref> From the beginning of the 20th century onwards, the elimination or control of disease in tropical countries became a driving force for all colonial powers.<ref>[http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=696 Conquest and Disease or Colonialism and Health?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207015726/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=696 |date=7 December 2008 }}, Gresham College | Lectures and Events.</ref> The [[African trypanosomiasis|sleeping sickness]] epidemic in Africa was arrested due to mobile teams systematically screening millions of people at risk.<ref>{{Cite web |website=WHO Media centre |year=2001 |title=Fact sheet N°259: African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs259/en/index.html}}</ref> In the 20th century, the world saw the biggest increase in its population in [[human history]] due to lessening of the [[mortality rate]] in many countries due to [[History of medicine#Modern medicine|medical advances]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Iliffe |first=John |year=1989 |title=The Origins of African Population Growth |journal=The Journal of African History |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=165–69 |doi=10.1017/s0021853700030942 |jstor=182701|s2cid=59931797 }}</ref> According to the [[United Nations|UN]], the [[world population]] has grown from 1.6 billion in 1900 to over eight billion today.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World Population by Year |url=https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/world-population-by-year/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Worldometer |language=en}}</ref>

== Botany ==
Colonial botany refers to the body of works concerning the study, cultivation, marketing and naming of the new plants that were acquired or traded during the age of European colonialism. Notable examples of these plants included sugar, [[nutmeg]], [[tobacco]], [[cloves]], [[cinnamon]], [[Peruvian bark]], peppers, ''[[Sassafras albidum]]'', and [[tea]]. This work was a large part of securing financing for colonial ambitions, supporting European expansion and ensuring the profitability of such endeavors. [[Vasco de Gama]] and [[Christopher Columbus]] were seeking to establish routes to trade spices, dyes and silk from the [[Moluccas]], India and China by sea that would be independent of the established routes controlled by Venetian and Middle Eastern merchants. Naturalists like [[Hendrik van Rheede]], [[Georg Eberhard Rumphius]], and [[Jacobus Bontius]] compiled data about eastern plants on behalf of the Europeans. Though [[Sweden]] did not possess an extensive colonial network, botanical research based on [[Carl Linnaeus]] identified and developed techniques to grow cinnamon, tea and rice locally as an alternative to costly imports.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Londa Schiebinger |editor2=Claudia Swan |title=Colonial Botany: Science, Commerce, and Politics in the Early Modern World |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |date=2007}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{Further|List of colonies}}
[[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-99-01.jpg|thumb|[[British Togoland]] in 1953]]

Settlers acted as the link between indigenous populations and the imperial hegemony, thus bridging the geographical, ideological and commercial gap between the colonisers and colonised. While the extent in which geography as an academic study is implicated in colonialism is contentious, geographical tools such as [[cartography]], [[shipbuilding]], [[navigation]], mining and agricultural productivity were instrumental in European colonial expansion. Colonisers' awareness of the Earth's surface and abundance of practical skills provided colonisers with a knowledge that, in turn, created power.<ref name="Painter">"Painter, J. & Jeffrey, A., 2009. ''Political Geography'', 2nd ed., Sage. "Imperialism" p. 23 (GIC).</ref>

Anne Godlewska and Neil Smith argue that "empire was 'quintessentially a geographical project{{'"}}.{{clarify|reason=What is the meaning of the quote within a quote?|date=March 2018}}<ref name="Nayak">{{Cite book |title=Geographical thought : an introduction to ideas in human geography |last1=Nayak |first1=Anoop |last2=Jeffrey |first2=Alex |date=2011 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |isbn=978-0-13-222824-4 |location=Harlow, England |pages=4–5}}</ref> Historical geographical theories such as [[environmental determinism]] legitimised colonialism by positing the view that some parts of the world were underdeveloped, which created notions of skewed evolution.<ref name="Painter" /> Geographers such as [[Ellen Churchill Semple]] and [[Ellsworth Huntington]] put forward the notion that northern climates bred vigour and intelligence as opposed to those indigenous to tropical climates (See [[The Tropics]]) viz a viz a combination of [[environmental determinism]] and [[Social Darwinism]] in their approach.<ref name="arnold">{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=David |date=March 2000 |title="Illusory Riches": Representations of the Tropical World, 1840–1950 |journal=Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=6–18 |doi=10.1111/1467-9493.00060|bibcode=2000SJTG...21....6A }}</ref>

Political geographers also maintain that colonial behaviour was reinforced by the physical mapping of the world, therefore creating a visual separation between "them" and "us". Geographers are primarily focused on the spaces of colonialism and imperialism; more specifically, the material and symbolic appropriation of space enabling colonialism.<ref name="Gallaher">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpBJclVnVdQC&pg=PA5 |title=Key Concepts in Political Geography |last1=Gallaher |first1=Carolyn |last2=Dahlman |first2=Carl T. |last3=Gilmartin |first3=Mary |last4=Mountz |first4=Alison |last5=Shirlow |first5=Peter |date=2009 |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-1-4129-4672-8 |location=London |pages=392 |author-link=Carolyn Gallaher |access-date=31 July 2014}}</ref>{{rp|5}}

[[File:Scramble-for-Africa-1880-1913-v2.png|thumb|upright=1.5|Comparison of Africa in the years 1880 and 1913]]

Maps played an extensive role in colonialism, as Bassett would put it "by providing geographical information in a convenient and standardised format, cartographers helped open West Africa to European conquest, commerce, and colonisation".<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 215456|title = Cartography and Empire Building in Nineteenth-Century West Africa|journal = Geographical Review|volume = 84|issue = 3|pages=316–335|last1 = Bassett|first1 = Thomas J.|s2cid = 161167051|year = 1994|doi = 10.2307/215456| bibcode=1994GeoRv..84..316B }}</ref> Because the relationship between colonialism and geography was not scientifically objective, cartography was often manipulated during the colonial era. Social norms and values had an effect on the constructing of maps. During colonialism map-makers used rhetoric in their formation of boundaries and in their art. The rhetoric favoured the view of the conquering Europeans; this is evident in the fact that any map created by a non-European was instantly regarded as inaccurate. Furthermore, European cartographers were required to follow a set of rules which led to ethnocentrism; portraying one's own ethnicity in the centre of the map. As [[J.B. Harley]] put it, "The steps in making a map{{snd}}selection, omission, simplification, classification, the creation of hierarchies, and 'symbolisation'{{snd}}are all inherently rhetorical."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harley |first=J. B. |title=Deconstructing the Map |journal=Cartographica |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=1–20 |date=1989 |doi=10.3138/E635-7827-1757-9T53|s2cid=145766679 |url=http://dlisv03.media.osaka-cu.ac.jp/contents/osakacu/kiyo/13423282-23-123.pdf }}</ref>

A common practice by the European cartographers of the time was to map unexplored areas as "blank spaces". This influenced the colonial powers as it sparked competition amongst them to explore and colonise these regions. Imperialists aggressively and passionately looked forward to filling these spaces for the glory of their respective countries.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 215456|title = Cartography and Empire Building in Nineteenth-Century West Africa|journal = Geographical Review|volume = 84|issue = 3|pages=322, 324–25|last1 = Bassett|first1 = Thomas J.|s2cid = 161167051|year = 1994|doi = 10.2307/215456| bibcode=1994GeoRv..84..316B }}</ref> The ''Dictionary of Human Geography'' notes that cartography was used to empty 'undiscovered' lands of their Indigenous meaning and bring them into spatial existence via the imposition of "Western place-names and borders, [therefore] priming 'virgin' (putatively empty land, 'wilderness') for colonisation (thus sexualising colonial landscapes as domains of male penetration), reconfiguring alien space as absolute, quantifiable and separable (as property)."<ref name="human geo">{{Cite book |title=The dictionary of human geography |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhumang00greg |url-access=limited |date=2009 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-3288-6 |editor-last=Gregory |editor-first=Derek |edition=5th |location=Chichester (UK) |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryhumang00greg/page/n114 96]–97 |editor-last2=Johnston |editor-first2=Ron |editor-last3=Pratt |editor-first3=Geraldine |editor-last4=Watts |editor-first4=Michael |editor-last5=Whatmore |editor-first5=Sarah}}</ref>

[[File:Arthur Mees Flags of A Free Empire 1910 Cornell CUL PJM 1167 01 (Reddit source).jpg|thumb|Map of the [[British Empire]] (as of 1910). At its height, it was the [[List of largest empires|largest empire]] in history.]]

David Livingstone stresses "that geography has meant different things at different times and in different places" and that we should keep an open mind in regards to the relationship between geography and colonialism instead of identifying boundaries.<ref name="Nayak" /> Geography as a discipline was not and is not an objective science, Painter and Jeffrey argue, rather it is based on assumptions about the physical world.<ref name="Painter" /> Comparison of [[wikt:exogeography|exogeographical]] representations of ostensibly tropical environments in science fiction art support this conjecture, finding the notion of the tropics to be an artificial collection of ideas and beliefs that are independent of geography.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Menadue |first=Christopher Benjamin |date=4 September 2018 |title=Cities in Flight: A Descriptive Examination of the Tropical City Imagined in Twentieth Century Science Fiction Cover Art |journal=ETropic: Electronic Journal of Studies in the Tropics |language=en |volume=17 |issue=2 |doi=10.25120/etropic.17.2.2018.3658 |issn=1448-2940|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Ocean and space ===
{{Further|Ocean colonization|Space colonization}}
With contemporary advances in [[deep sea]] and [[outer space]] technologies, colonization of the [[seabed]] and the Moon have become an object of non-terrestrial colonialism.<ref name="Greenpeace Aotearoa 2018 m713">{{cite web | title=Deep sea mining and neocolonialism in the Pacific | website=Greenpeace Aotearoa | date=29 May 2018 | url=https://www.greenpeace.org/aotearoa/story/deep-sea-mining-and-neocolonialism-in-the-pacific/ | access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="RNZ 2023 g366">{{cite web | title=Our deep sea is being colonised | website=[[RNZ]] | date=4 April 2023 | url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/487299/our-deep-sea-is-being-colonised | access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Smiles 2024 f731">{{cite web | last=Smiles | first=Deondre | title=The Settler Logics of (Outer) Space | website=Society & Space | date=11 March 2024 | url=https://www.societyandspace.org/articles/the-settler-logics-of-outer-space | access-date=12 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Greaves 2023 pp. 101–C3P68">{{cite book | last=Greaves | first=Margaret | title=Lyric Poetry and Space Exploration from Einstein to the Present | chapter="The Moon's Corpse Rising": The Poetic Moon and Imperialist Nostalgia from the U.S. to Kashmir | publisher=Oxford University PressOxford | date=22 June 2023 | isbn=978-0-19-286745-2 | doi=10.1093/oso/9780192867452.003.0004 | page=101–C3P68}}</ref>

== Marxism ==
Marxism views colonialism as a form of capitalism, enforcing exploitation and social change. [[Karl Marx|Marx]] thought that working within the global capitalist system, colonialism is closely associated with uneven development. It is an "instrument of wholesale destruction, dependency and systematic exploitation producing distorted economies, socio-psychological disorientation, massive poverty and neocolonial dependency".<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia | entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jXl0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT174 |title = Encyclopedia of International Development|isbn = 9781136952913|editor-last1 = Forsyth|editor-first1 = Tim|date = 2005|publisher=Routledge|entry=colonialism, history of|last=Watts|first=Michael}}</ref> Colonies are constructed into modes of production. The search for raw materials and the current search for new investment opportunities is a result{{according to whom|date=May 2021}} of inter-capitalist rivalry for [[capital accumulation]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]] regarded colonialism as the root cause of imperialism, as imperialism was distinguished by monopoly capitalism via colonialism and as Lyal S. Sunga explains: "Vladimir Lenin advocated forcefully the principle of [[self-determination]] of peoples in his "Theses on the Socialist Revolution and the Right of Nations to Self-Determination" as an integral plank in the programme of socialist internationalism" and he quotes Lenin who contended that "The right of nations to self-determination implies exclusively the right to independence in the political sense, the right to free political separation from the oppressor nation. Specifically, this demand for political democracy implies complete freedom to agitate for secession and for a referendum on secession by the seceding nation."<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dbb8eQH-vbQC&pg=PA90 | title=The Emerging System of International Criminal Law: Developments in Codification and Implementation| isbn=9789041104724| last1=Sunga| first1=Lyal S.| date=1997|pages=90ff|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers}} Sunga traces the origin of the international movement against colonialism, and relates it to the rise of the right to self-determination in international law.</ref> Non-Russian Marxists within the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|RSFSR]] and later the [[Soviet Union|USSR]], like [[Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev|Sultan Galiev]] and [[Vasyl' Shakhrai|Vasyl Shakhrai]], meanwhile, between 1918 and 1923 and then after 1929, considered the [[Soviet empire|Soviet regime]] a renewed version of [[Russian imperialism|Russian imperialism and colonialism]].

In his critique of colonialism in Africa, the Guyanese historian and political activist [[Walter Rodney]] states:<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwSSkemSJLcC&pg=PA224 |title=How Europe Underdeveloped Africa |last=Walter Rodney |publisher=East African Publishers |isbn=978-9966-25-113-8 |pages=149, 224|year=1972 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eyiZafDHpqoC&pg=PA271 |title=A Companion To Postcolonial Studies |last1=Henry Schwarz |last2=Sangeeta Ray |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-470-99833-5 |page=271}}</ref><blockquote>The decisiveness of the short period of colonialism and its negative consequences for Africa spring mainly from the fact that Africa lost power. Power is the ultimate determinant in human society, being basic to the relations within any group and between groups. It implies the ability to defend one's interests and if necessary to impose one's will by any means available ... When one society finds itself forced to relinquish power entirely to another society that in itself is a form of [[underdevelopment]] ... During the centuries of pre-colonial trade, some control over social political and economic life was retained in Africa, in spite of the disadvantageous commerce with Europeans. That little control over internal matters disappeared under colonialism. Colonialism went much further than trade. It meant a tendency towards direct appropriation by Europeans of the social institutions within Africa. Africans ceased to set indigenous cultural goals and standards, and lost full command of training young members of the society. Those were undoubtedly major steps backwards ... Colonialism was not merely a system of exploitation, but one whose essential purpose was to repatriate the profits to the so-called 'mother country'. From an African view-point, that amounted to consistent expatriation of surplus produced by African labour out of African resources. It meant the development of Europe as part of the same dialectical process in which Africa was underdeveloped. Colonial Africa fell within that part of the international capitalist economy from which surplus was drawn to feed the metropolitan sector. As seen earlier, exploitation of land and labour is essential for human social advance, but only on the assumption that the product is made available within the area where the exploitation takes place.</blockquote>According to Lenin, the new imperialism emphasised the transition of [[capitalism]] from [[free trade]] to a stage of [[monopoly]] capitalism to finance [[Capital (economics)|capital]]. He states it is, "connected with the intensification of the struggle for the partition of the world". As [[free trade]] thrives on [[exports]] of commodities{{according to whom|date=May 2021}}, monopoly capitalism thrived on the export of capital amassed by profits from banks and industry. This, to Lenin, was the highest stage of capitalism. He goes on to state that this form of capitalism was doomed for war between the capitalists and the exploited nations with the former inevitably losing. War is stated to be the consequence of imperialism. As a continuation of this thought, G.N. Uzoigwe states, "But it is now clear from more serious investigations of African history in this period that imperialism was essentially economic in its fundamental impulses."<ref>Boahen, A. Adu. ''Africa under Colonial Domination 1880–1935''. London: Heinemann, 1985. 11. Print.</ref>

== Liberalism and capitalism ==
[[Classical liberals]] were generally in abstract opposition to colonialism and imperialism, including [[Adam Smith]], [[Frédéric Bastiat]], [[Richard Cobden]], John Bright, Henry Richard, [[Herbert Spencer]], H.R. Fox Bourne, Edward Morel, Josephine Butler, W.J. Fox and [[William Ewart Gladstone]].<ref name="dk">[http://www.setav.org/ups/dosya/24514.pdf Liberal Anti-Imperialism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922011211/http://www.setav.org/ups/dosya/24514.pdf |date=22 September 2011 }}, professor Daniel Klein, 1 July 2004</ref> Their philosophies found the [[Imperialism|colonial enterprise]], particularly [[mercantilism]], in opposition to the principles of [[free trade]] and [[Political freedom|liberal policies]].<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |year=2007 |title=Anticolonialism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450 |publisher=Macmillan Reference USA |location=Detroit |url=https://www.academia.edu/9048629 |access-date=22 May 2015 |editor-last=Benjamin, Thomas |edition=Gale Virtual Reference Library |pages=57–65 |last=Hidalgo|first= Dennis}}</ref> [[Adam Smith]] wrote in ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' that Britain should grant independence to all of its colonies and also argued that it would be economically beneficial for British people in the average, although the merchants having mercantilist privileges would lose out.<ref name=dk/><ref>{{Cite book |title=The nature and causes of the wealth of nations ("Of Colonies") |last=Smith, Adam |publisher=T. Cadell |year=1811 |location=London |pages=343–84}}</ref>

== Race and gender ==
During the colonial era, the global process of colonisation served to spread and synthesize the social and political belief systems of the "mother-countries" which often included a belief in a certain natural racial superiority of the race of the mother-country. Colonialism also acted to reinforce these same racial belief systems within the "mother-countries" themselves. Usually also included within the colonial belief systems was a certain belief in the inherent superiority of male over female. This particular belief was often pre-existing amongst the pre-colonial societies, prior to their colonisation.<ref name="Stoler 1989">{{Cite journal |last=Stoler |first=Ann L. |date=Nov 1989 |title=Making Empire Respectable: The Politics of Race and Sexual Morality in 20th-Century Colonical Cultures |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136501/1/ae.1989.16.4.02a00030.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430113223/https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136501/1/ae.1989.16.4.02a00030.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2019 |url-status=live |journal=American Ethnologist |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=634–60 |doi=10.1525/ae.1989.16.4.02a00030|hdl=2027.42/136501 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Fee">{{Cite journal |pmid = 394780|year = 1979|last1 = Fee|first1 = E.|title = Nineteenth-century craniology: The study of the female skull|journal = Bulletin of the History of Medicine|volume = 53|issue = 3|pages = 415–33}}</ref><ref name="Fausto-Sterling 2001">{{Cite book |chapter=Gender, Race, and Nation: The Comparative Anatomy of "Hottentot" women in Europe, 1815–1817 |last=Fausto-Sterling |first=Anne |title=The Gender and Science Reader |publisher=Routledge |year=2001 |editor-last=Muriel Lederman and Ingrid Bartsch|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234102374}}</ref>

Popular political practices of the time reinforced colonial rule by legitimising European (and/ or Japanese) male authority, and also legitimising female and non-mother-country race inferiority through studies of [[craniology]], [[comparative anatomy]], and [[phrenology]].<ref name="Fee" /><ref name="Fausto-Sterling 2001" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CmJWBaANlsEC |title=The "Racial" Economy of Science |last=Stepan |first=Nancy |publisher=Indiana University press |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-253-20810-1 |editor-last=Sandra Harding |edition=3 |pages=359–76}}</ref> Biologists, naturalists, anthropologists, and ethnologists of the 19th century were focused on the study of colonised indigenous women, as in the case of [[Georges Cuvier]]'s study of [[Saartjie Baartman|Sarah Baartman]].<ref name="Fausto-Sterling 2001" /> Such cases embraced a natural superiority and inferiority relationship between the races based on the observations of naturalists' from the mother-countries. European studies along these lines gave rise to the perception that African women's anatomy, and especially genitalia, resembled those of mandrills, baboons, and monkeys, thus differentiating colonised Africans from what were viewed as the features of the evolutionarily superior, and thus rightfully authoritarian, European woman.<ref name="Fausto-Sterling 2001" />

In addition to what would now be viewed as pseudo-scientific studies of race, which tended to reinforce a belief in an inherent mother-country racial superiority, a new supposedly "science-based" ideology concerning gender roles also then emerged as an adjunct to the general body of beliefs of inherent superiority of the colonial era.<ref name=Fee /> Female inferiority across all cultures was emerging as an idea supposedly supported by [[craniology]] that led scientists to argue that the typical brain size of the female human was, on the average, slightly smaller than that of the male, thus inferring that therefore female humans must be less developed and less evolutionarily advanced than males.<ref name=Fee /> This finding of relative cranial size difference was later attributed to the general typical size difference of the human male body versus that of the typical human female body.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/brain-flapping/2013/dec/04/male-female-brains-real-differences Male and female brains: the REAL differences] 10 February 2016, by Dean Burnett, The Guardian</ref>

Within the former European colonies, non-Europeans and women sometimes faced invasive studies by the colonial powers in the interest of the then prevailing pro-colonial scientific ideology of the day.<ref name="Fausto-Sterling 2001" />

== Othering ==
[[Othering]] is the process of creating a separate entity to persons or groups who are labelled as different or non-normal due to the repetition of characteristics.<ref name="Mountz">{{Cite book |title=The Other, Key Concepts in Human Geography |last=Mountz |first=Alison |pages=2}}</ref> Othering is the creation of those who discriminate, to distinguish, label, categorise those who do not fit in the societal norm. Several scholars in recent decades developed the notion of the "other" as an epistemological concept in social theory.<ref name="Mountz" /> For example, postcolonial scholars, believed that colonising powers explained an "other" who were there to dominate, civilise, and extract resources through colonisation of land.<ref name="Mountz" />

Political geographers explain how colonial/imperial powers "othered" places they wanted to dominate to legalise their exploitation of the land.<ref name="Mountz" /> During and after the rise of colonialism the Western powers perceived the East as the "other", being different and separate from their societal norm. This viewpoint and separation of culture had divided the Eastern and Western culture creating a dominant/subordinate dynamic, both being the "other" towards themselves.<ref name="Mountz" />

== Post-colonialism ==
{{Main|Post-colonialism|Postcolonial literature}}

{{Further| Dutch Indies literature}}{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2021}}
[[File:HK Queen Victoria Street The Central Market.jpg|thumb| [[Queen Victoria Street, Hong Kong|Queen Victoria Street]] in the former British colony of [[Hong Kong]]]]

Post-colonialism (or post-colonial theory) can refer to a set of theories in philosophy and literature that grapple with the legacy of colonial rule. In this sense, one can regard post-colonial literature as a branch of [[postmodern literature]] concerned with the political and cultural independence of peoples formerly subjugated in colonial empires.

Many practitioners take [[Edward Said|Edward Saïd]]'s book [[Orientalism (book)|''Orientalism'']] (1978) as the theory's founding work (although French theorists such as [[Aimé Césaire]] (1913–2008) and [[Frantz Fanon]] (1925–1961) made similar claims decades before Saïd). Saïd analyzed the works of [[Honoré de Balzac|Balzac]], [[Charles Baudelaire|Baudelaire]] and [[Lautréamont]], arguing that they helped to shape a societal fantasy of European racial superiority.

Writers of post-colonial fiction interact with the traditional colonial [[discourse]], but modify or subvert it; for instance by retelling a familiar story from the perspective of an oppressed minor character in the story. [[Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak]]'s ''[[Subaltern (post-colonialism)|Can the Subaltern Speak?]]'' (1998) gave its name to [[Subaltern Studies]].

In ''A Critique of Postcolonial Reason'' (1999), Spivak argued that major works of European [[metaphysics]] (such as those of [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]] and [[Hegel]]) not only tend to exclude the subaltern from their discussions, but actively prevent non-Europeans from occupying positions as fully human [[subject (philosophy)|subjects]]. Hegel's ''[[Phenomenology of Spirit]]'' (1807), famous for its explicit ethnocentrism, considers [[Western culture|Western civilisation]] as the most accomplished of all, while Kant also had some traces of [[Racism|racialism]] in his work.

The 2014 [[YouGov]] survey found that British people are mostly proud of colonialism and the [[British Empire]]:<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/aug/24/colonial-nostalgia-horrors-of-empire-britain-olympic |title=Colonial nostalgia is back in fashion, blinding us to the horrors of empire |date=24 August 2016|first=Kehinde|last=Andrews|author-link=Kehinde Andrews|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>

{{blockquote|A new YouGov survey finds that most think the British Empire is more something to be proud of (59%) than to be ashamed of (19%). 23% don't know. Young people are least likely to feel pride over shame when it comes to the Empire, though about half (48%) of 18–24 year olds do. In comparison, about two-thirds (65%) of over 60s feel mostly proud. ... A third of British people (34%) also say they would like it if Britain still had an empire. Under half (45%) say they would not like the Empire to exist today. 20% don't know.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://yougov.co.uk/news/2014/07/26/britain-proud-its-empire/ |title=The British Empire is 'something to be proud of' |last=Dahlgreen |first=Will |date=26 July 2014 |publisher=YouGov}}</ref>}}

== Migrations ==
{{Further|Settler colonialism|Greater Europe}}
[[File:Tibetan Monks arrested in 2008 遭逮捕的西藏僧侶.jpg|thumb|right|Indigenous Tibetans protesting the [[Sinicization of Tibet]]]]
[[File:Emigrants Leave Ireland by Henry Doyle 1868.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Irish diaspora|Irish]] leaving Ireland, many in response to the [[Great Famine (Ireland)|Great Famine]] in the 1840s]]

Nations and regions outside [[Huaxia|Northern China]] with significant populations of [[Han Chinese]] ancestry:
* [[Xinjiang]]: 42.24% Han settlers, 44.96% Indigenous<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgtrt/eng/news/t1884310.htm|title=Main Data of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from the Seventh National Population Census|date=16 June 2021|website=www.fmprc.gov.cn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613171035/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgtrt/eng/news/t1884310.htm |archive-date=13 June 2022|publisher=Consulate General of the People's Republic of China in Toronto|access-date=8 August 2021}}</ref>
* [[Tibet]]: disputed. 12.2% Han Chinese in the [[Tibet Autonomous Region]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2021 |title=How Much Does Beijing Control the Ethnic Makeup of Tibet? |url=https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/how-much-does-beijing-control-ethnic-makeup-of-tibet |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=ChinaFile |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Taiwan]]: 95–97% Han Taiwanese, 2.3% Indigenous<ref>{{Cite thesis|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30h7d8r5|title=Re-conceptualizing Taiwan: Settler Colonial Criticism and Cultural Production|first=Lin-chin|last=Tsai|date=10 May 2019|via=escholarship.org}}</ref>
* [[Chuang Guandong|Manchuria]]: 80%+ Han Chinese, <20% Indigenous Manchurians.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HQ5KbXYhEB8C&dq=sedentary+farming+manchu&pg=PA141 Richards 2003], p. 141.</ref>

Nations and regions outside Europe with significant populations of [[European ethnic groups|European]] ancestry<ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html Ethnic groups by country.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106010801/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html |date=6 January 2019 }} Statistics (where available) from CIA Factbook.</ref>

[[File:Boerfamily1886.jpg|thumb|right|[[Boer]] family in South Africa, 1886]]

* '''[[Africa]]''' (see [[Europeans in Africa]])
** [[South Africa]] ([[European South African]]): 5.8% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=South Africa|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Namibia]] ([[European Namibians]]): 6.5% of the population, of which most are Afrikaans-speaking, in addition to a German-speaking minority.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Naimbia|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Réunion]]: estimated to be approximately 25% of the population<ref name="advan">{{Cite journal |last1=Tarnus |first1=Evelyne |last2=Bourdon |first2=Emmanuel |s2cid=19474655 |year=2006 |title=Anthropometric evaluations of body composition of undergraduate students at the University of La Réunion |journal=Advances in Physiology Education |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=248–53 |doi=10.1152/advan.00069.2005 |pmid=17108254}}</ref>
** [[Zimbabwe]] ([[Europeans in Zimbabwe]])
** [[Algeria]] ([[Pied-noir]])<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/5224244.stm |title=Former settlers return to Algeria |last=Laurenson |first=John |date=29 July 2006 |work=BBC News}}</ref>
** [[Botswana]]: 3% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Botswana|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Kenya]] ([[Europeans in Kenya]])
** [[Mauritius]] ([[Franco-Mauritian]])
** [[Morocco]] ([[European Moroccans]])<ref>De Azevedo, Raimondo Cagiano (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=N8VHizsqaH0C&pg=PA25 Migration and development co-operation.]''. Council of Europe. p. 25. {{ISBN|92-871-2611-9}}.</ref>
** [[Ivory Coast]] ([[French people]])<ref>"[http://countrystudies.us/ivory-coast/41.htm Ivory Coast – The Economy]". [[Library of Congress Country Studies]].</ref>
** [[Senegal]]<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2862.htm Senegal], About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities.</ref>
** [[Canary Islands]] ([[Spanish people|Spaniards]]), known as [[Canarian people|Canarians]].
** [[Seychelles]] ([[Franco-Seychellois]])
** [[Somalia]] ([[Italian Somalis]])
** [[Eritrea]] ([[Italian Eritreans]])
** [[Saint Helena]] (UK) including [[Tristan da Cunha]] (UK): predominantly European.
** [[Eswatini]]: 3% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Eswatini|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Tunisia]] ([[European Tunisians]])<ref>[http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2586700129.html Tunisia], Worldmark Encyclopedia of the Nations. Thomson Gale. 2007. ''Encyclopedia.com''.</ref>
[[File:Prokudin-Gorskii Russians in Central Asia.jpg|thumb|Russian settlers in [[Russian Turkestan|Central Asia]], present-day Kazakhstan, 1911]]
* '''[[Asia]]'''
** [[Siberia]] ([[Russians]], [[Volga Germans|Germans]] and [[Ukrainians in Russia|Ukrainians]])<ref>Fiona Hill, [http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727 Russia — Coming In From the Cold?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715022142/http://www.theglobalist.com/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3727 |date=15 July 2011 }}, [[The Globalist]], 23 February 2004</ref><ref>"[http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Siberian-Germans-Orientation.html Siberian Germans]".</ref>
** [[Kazakhstan]] ([[Russians in Kazakhstan]], [[Germans of Kazakhstan]]): 30% of the population<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15 ''Migrant Resettlement in the Russian Federation''] by Moya Flynn. (1994). p. 15.
{{ISBN|1-84331-117-8}}</ref><ref name="russians" />
** [[Uzbekistan]] ([[Russian diaspora|Russians]] and other [[Slavs]]): 6% of the population<ref name="russians">Robert Greenall, [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm "Russians left behind in Central Asia"], [[BBC News]], 23 November 2005.</ref>
** [[Kyrgyzstan]] (Russians and other Slavs): 14% of the population<ref name="russians" /><ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Kyrgyzstan|section=People and Society}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=XRXVbGwPgqIC&pg=PA125 ''The Kyrgyz – Children of Manas''] by Petr Kokaisl, Pavla Kokaislova (2009). p. 125. {{ISBN|80-254-6365-6}}.</ref>
** [[Turkmenistan]] (Russians and other Slavs): 4% of the population<ref name="russians" /><ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Turkemistan|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Tajikistan]] (Russians and other Slavs): 1% of the population<ref name="russians" /><ref>[http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/23.htm Tajikistan – Ethnic Groups]. Source: ''U.S. Library of Congress''.</ref>
** [[Hong Kong]]<ref>HK Census. "
[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?htmlTableID=139&excelID=&chartID=&tableID=139&ID=&subjectID=1 HK Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208065844/http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistical_tables/index.jsp?htmlTableID=139&excelID=&chartID=&tableID=139&ID=&subjectID=1 |date=8 December 2007 }}". ''Statistical Table''. Retrieved on 8 March 2007.</ref>
** [[Philippines]] (Spanish Ancestry): 3% of the population
** [[China]] ([[Russians in China]])
** [[Indian subcontinent]] ([[Anglo-Indians]])
* '''[[Latin America]]''' (see [[White Latin American]])
[[File:Italians Sao Paulo - original.jpg|thumb|right|Italian immigrants arriving in [[São Paulo]], Brazil, {{c.|1890}}]]
** [[Argentina]] ([[Ethnography of Argentina#Ethnic groups|European Immigration to Argentina]]): 97% European and mestizo of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Argentina|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Bolivia]]: 15% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Bolivia|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Brazil]] ([[White Brazilian]]): 47% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Brazil|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Chile]] ([[White Latin American#Chile|White Chilean]]): 60–70% of the population.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LcabJ98-t1wC&q=chile+60%25+blancos+Esteva-Fabregat&pg=PA93 |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |last=Fernández, Francisco Lizcano |publisher=UAEM |year=2007 |isbn=978-970-757-052-8}}</ref><ref>[http://www.infoamerica.org/primera/lb_2011.pdf Informe Latinobarómetro 2011], [[Latinobarómetro]] (p. 58).</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cruz-Coke |first1=R. |last2=Moreno |first2=R. S. |year=1994 |title=Genetic epidemiology of single gene defects in Chile |journal=Journal of Medical Genetics |volume=31 |issue=9 |pages=702–706 |doi=10.1136/jmg.31.9.702 |pmc=1050080 |pmid=7815439}}</ref>
** [[Colombia]] ([[White Colombian]]): 37% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Columbia|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Costa Rica]]: 83% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Costa Rica|section=People and Society|access-date=21 November 2007 }} = 3.9 million whites and mestizos</ref>
** [[Cuba]] ([[White Cuban]]): 65% of the population<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm |title=Tabla II.3 Población por color de la piel y grupos de edades, según zona de residencia y sexo |year=2002 |website=Censo de Población y Viviendas |publisher=Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas |language=es |access-date=13 October 2008 |archive-date=14 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414135412/http://www.cubagob.cu/otras_info/censo/tablas_html/ii_3.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** [[Dominican Republic]]: 16% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Dominican Republic|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Ecuador]]: 7% of the population<ref name="EC">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Ecuador|section=People and Society|access-date=26 November 2007}}</ref>
** [[Honduras]]: 1% of the population<ref name="CIATONGA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Honduras|date= 19 October 2021}}</ref>
** [[El Salvador]]: 12% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=El Salvador|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Mexico]] ([[White Mexican]]): 9% or ~17% of the population.<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Mexico|section=People and Society|access-date=24 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="MEG">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico |title=Mexico: Ethnic Groups |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=23 February 2024 }}</ref> and 70–80% more as [[Mestizo]]s.<ref name="MEG"/>
** [[Nicaragua]]: 17% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Nicaragua|section=People and Society|access-date=15 November 2007}}</ref>
** [[Panama]]: 10% of the population<ref name="PA">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Panama|section=People and Society|access-date=21 November 2007}}</ref>
** [[Puerto Rico]]: approx. 80% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Puerto Rico|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Peru]] ([[European Peruvian]]): 15% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Peru|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Paraguay]]: approx. 20% of the population<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Francisco Lizcano Fernández |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |journal=Convergencia |number=38 |date=May–August 2005 |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626010236/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 June 2013 |publisher=UAEM, México |issn=1405-1435}}</ref>
** [[Uruguay]] ([[White Latin American#Uruguay|White Uruguayan]]): 88% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Uruguay|section=People and Society}}</ref>
[[File:Menonite Children.JPG|thumb|[[Mennonites in Belize|Mennonites]] of German descent in [[Belize]]]]
** [[Venezuela]] ([[White Venezuelan]]): 42% of the population<ref>[http://www.ine.gov.ve/CENSO2011/documentos/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf Resultado Basico del XIV Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203105548/http://www.ine.gov.ve/CENSO2011/documentos/pdf/ResultadosBasicosCenso2011.pdf |date=3 December 2017 }} (p. 14).</ref>
* Rest of the '''[[Americas]]'''
** [[Bahamas]]: 12% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Bahamas The|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Barbados]] ([[White Barbadian]]): 4% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Barbados|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Bermuda]]: 34% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Bermuda|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Canada]] ([[European Canadians]]): 80% of the population<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92334&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |title=Canadian Census 2006 |access-date=23 August 2012 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019141854/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=92334&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=80&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** [[Falkland Islands]]: mostly of British descent.
** [[French Guiana]]: 12% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=French Guiana|section=People and Society|year=2006}}</ref>
** [[Greenland]]: 12% of the population<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.stalvik.com/Engelska/laegreenland.htm| title = Greenland| access-date = 23 August 2012| archive-date = 23 September 2010| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100923001626/http://www.stalvik.com/Engelska/laegreenland.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref>
** [[Martinique]]: 5% of the population<ref>[http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2003/geos/mb.html#People Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911195426/http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact2003/geos/mb.html#People |date=11 September 2018 }} World Factbook of CIA</ref>
** [[Saint Barthélemy]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.cieux.com/stbarth/stbfact.html| title = Fact Sheet on St. Barthélemy}}</ref>
** [[Trinidad and Tobago]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hawaii.edu/satocenter/langnet/definitions/trinidad.html| title = Trinidad French Creole}}</ref> 1% of the population
[[File:Portuguese immigrant family in Hawaii during the 19th century.jpg|thumb|[[Portuguese American|Portuguese]] immigrant family in Hawaii during the 19th century]]
** [[United States]] ([[European American]]): 72% of the population, including [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]] and [[Non-Hispanic Whites]].
* '''[[Oceania]]''' (see [[Europeans in Oceania]])
** [[Australia]] ([[European Australians]]): 90% of the population
** [[New Zealand]] ([[European New Zealanders]]): 78% of the population
** [[New Caledonia]] ([[Caldoche]]): 35% of the population
** [[French Polynesia]]: ([[Zoreilles]]) 10% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=French Polynesia|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Hawaii]]: 25% of the population<ref>{{cite web |url = https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table |title = American FactFinder – Results |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190521214830/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table |archive-date=21 May 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[Christmas Island]]: approx. 20% of the population.
** [[Guam]]: 7% of the population<ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Guam|section=People and Society}}</ref>
** [[Norfolk Island]]: 9→5% of the population

== See also ==
{{Portal|History}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em|rules=yes|gap=2em}}
* [[African independence movements]]
* [[Age of Discovery]]
* [[Anti-imperialism]]
* [[Chartered company]]
* [[Chinese imperialism]]
* [[Christianity and colonialism]]
* [[Civilising mission]]
* [[Client state]]
* [[Colonial Empire]]
* [[Colonialism in Switzerland]]
* [[Colonialism and the Olympic Games]]
* [[Coloniality of power]]
* [[Colonial war]]
* [[Cultural colonialism]]
* [[Decoloniality]]
* [[Decolonization of the Americas]]
* [[Developmentalism]]
* [[Direct colonial rule]]
* [[Empire of Liberty]]
* [[European colonization of Africa]]
* [[European colonization of the Americas]]
* [[European colonization of Micronesia]]
* [[European colonisation of Southeast Asia]]
* [[French law on colonialism]]
* [[German eastward expansion]]
* [[Global Empire]]
* [[Historiography of the British Empire]]
* [[Impact of Western European colonialism and colonisation]]
* [[International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)]]
* [[Orientalism]]
* [[Pluricontinental]]
* [[Protectorate]]
* [[Right of conquest]]
* [[Satellite state]]
* [[Stranger King (Concept)]]
* [[Western imperialism in Asia]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==Sources==
* {{cite journal |last1=Aaronson |first1=Ran |year=1996 |title=Settlement in Eretz Israel – A Colonialist Enterprise? "Critical" Scholarship and Historical Geography |journal=[[Israel Studies]] |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=214–229 |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8aPWE9P5iBoJ:130.102.44.246/journals/israel_studies/v001/1.2aaronsohn.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og |access-date=July 30, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221012913/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache%3A8aPWE9P5iBoJ%3A130.102.44.246%2Fjournals%2Fisrael_studies%2Fv001%2F1.2aaronsohn.pdf+&hl=en&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESiwmLNEhH3wwj1Tc0SKIwNXDI7Vn61MevIJkvxNF7UjJdGkVHTlf7yJcPdkujhi-GXEoUsSGjB8Y-cNtoc3AbqZP6uxc2NHFe9R1__kxvACSBMsGtcH4nYZmB5e8gSAdgbH_QT6&sig=AHIEtbSHallbycXdF9sWjGjOU4lvf4a6Og |archive-date=December 21, 2013 |url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal |last=Alroey |first=Gur |date=Fall 2011 |jstor=10.2979/jewisocistud.18.1.1 |title="Zionism without Zion"? Territorialist Ideology and the Zionist Movement, 1882–1956 |journal=[[Jewish Social Studies]] |volume=18 |number=1 |pages=1–32 |doi=10.2979/jewisocistud.18.1.1}}
* {{cite book |last=Bloom |first=Etan |date=2011 |title=Arthur Ruppin and the Production of Pre-Israeli Culture |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-20379-2}}
* {{cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Michael J. |date=2011 |title=Zionism and British imperialism II: Imperial financing in Palestine |journal=Journal of Israeli History: Politics, Society, Culture |volume=30 |number=2 |pages=115–139 |doi=10.1080/13531042.2011.610119}}
* {{cite book |last=Collins |first=John |chapter=A Dream Deterred: Palestine from Total War to Total Peace |date=2011 |title=Studies in Settler Colonialism: Politics, Identity and Culture |pages=169–185 |editor-last=Bateman |editor-first=Fiona |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FmKADAAAQBAJ&dq=John+Collins%2BA+Dream+Deterred:+Palestine+from+Total+War+to+Total+Peace&pg=PR6 |access-date=September 17, 2024 |place=London |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] UK |language=en |doi=10.1057/9780230306288_12 |isbn=978-0-230-30628-8}}
* {{cite web |last=Jabotinsky |first=Ze'ev |author-link=Ze'ev Jabotinsky |date=November 4, 1923 |title=The Iron Wall |url=http://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf |access-date=April 17, 2024 |archive-date=May 9, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240509210923/https://en.jabotinsky.org/media/9747/the-iron-wall.pdf |url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |last=Murphy |first=Emma C. |date=2005 |chapter=Zionism and the Palestine Question |title=A Companion to the History of the Middle East |pages=269–290 |chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9780470996423.ch15 |access-date=July 19, 2025 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |language=en |doi=10.1002/9780470996423.ch15 |isbn=978-0-470-99642-3}}
* {{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Shira |date=2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcM6AAAAQBAJ |title=Citizen Strangers: Palestinians and the Birth of Israel's Liberal Settler State |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-804-78802-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Yadgar |first=Yaacov |year=2017 |title=Sovereign Jews |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOJcDgAAQBAJ |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-1-4384-6535-7 |doi=10.1515/9781438465357-008}}

== Further reading ==
* Albertini, Rudolf von. ''European Colonial Rule, 1880–1940: The Impact of the West on India, Southeast Asia, and Africa'' (Praeger: 1982) 581 pp
* Benjamin, Thomas, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism Since 1450'' (Cengage Gale: 2006)
* Cooper, Frederick. ''Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History'' (University of California Press: 2005)
* Cotterell, Arthur. ''Western Power in Asia: Its Slow Rise and Swift Fall, 1415–1999'' (Wiley: 2009) popular history; [https://www.amazon.com/Western-Power-Asia-Slow-Swift/dp/0470824891/ excerpt]
* Getz, Trevor R. and Heather Streets-Salter, eds.: ''Modern Imperialism and Colonialism: A Global Perspective'' (Pearson College Div: 2010)
* {{cite journal |last1=Jensen |first1=Niklas Thode |last2=Simonsen |first2=Gunvor |year=2016 |title=Introduction: The historiography of slavery in the Danish-Norwegian West Indies, {{c.|1950}}–2016 |journal=[[Scandinavian Journal of History]] |volume=41 |issue=4–5 |pages=475–494 |doi=10.1080/03468755.2016.1210880 |doi-access=free}}
* LeCour Grandmaison, Olivier: ''Coloniser, Exterminer – Sur la guerre et l'Etat colonial'', Fayard, 2005, {{ISBN|2-213-62316-3}}
* Lindqvist, Sven: ''Exterminate All The Brutes'', 1992, New Press; Reprint edition (June 1997), {{ISBN|978-1-56584-359-2}}
* Morris, Richard B. and Graham W. Irwin, eds. ''Harper Encyclopedia of the Modern World: A Concise Reference History from 1760 to the Present'' (1970) [https://archive.org/details/harperencycloped00morr online]
* Ness, Immanuel and Zak Cope, eds. ''The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism'' (2 vol 2015), 1456 pp
* Nuzzo, Luigi: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2012041215 ''Colonial Law''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2010, retrieved: 17 December 2012.
* Osterhammel, Jürgen: ''Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview'', Princeton, NJ: M. Wiener, 1997.
* Page, Melvin E. et al. eds. ''Colonialism: An International Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia'' (3 vol 2003)
* Petringa, Maria, ''Brazza, A Life for Africa'' (2006), {{ISBN|978-1-4259-1198-0}}.
* [[Vijay Prashad|Prashad, Vijay]]: ''The Darker Nations: A People's History of the Third World'', The New Press, 2007. {{ISBN|978-1-56584-785-9}}
* {{cite book|first=Andres |last=[[Andres Resendez|Resendez]]|title= The Other Slavery: The Uncovered Story of Indian Enslavement in America| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2gpCgAAQBAJ&q=Rese%CC%81ndez%2C%20Andre%CC%81s.%202017.%20The%20other%20slavery%3A%20the%20uncovered%20story%20of%20indian%20enslavement%20in%20America.&pg=PP1|year=2016|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|pages=448|isbn=978-0544602670}}
* Rönnbäck, K. & Broberg, O. (2019) Capital and Colonialism. The Return on British Investments in Africa 1869–1969 (Palgrave Studies in Economic History)
* Schill, Pierre: ''Réveiller l'archive d'une guerre coloniale. Photographies et écrits de Gaston Chérau, correspondant de guerre lors du conflit italo-turc pour la Libye (1911–1912)'', Créaphis, 480 p., 2018 ({{ISBN|978-2-35428-141-0}}). ''Awaken the archive of a colonial war. Photographs and writings of a French war correspondent during the Italo-Turkish war in Libya (1911–1912)''. With contributions from art historian Caroline Recher, critic Smaranda Olcèse, writer Mathieu Larnaudie and historian Quentin Deluermoz.
* Stuchtey, Benedikt: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20101025319 ''Colonialism and Imperialism, 1450–1950''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2011, retrieved: 13 July 2011.
* Townsend, Mary Evelyn. ''European colonial expansion since 1871'' (1941).
* U.S. Tariff Commission. ''Colonial tariff policies'' (1922), worldwide; 922pp [https://archive.org/details/colonialtariffpo00unit survey online]
* Wendt, Reinhard: [http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20100921437 ''European Overseas Rule''], [[European History Online]], Mainz: [[Institute of European History]], 2011, retrieved: 13 June 2012.

=== Primary sources ===
* [[Joseph Conrad|Conrad, Joseph]], ''[[Heart of Darkness]]'', 1899
* [[Frantz Fanon|Fanon, Frantz]], ''[[The Wretched of the Earth]]'', Preface by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. Translated by Constance Farrington. London: Penguin Book, 2001
* [[Bartolomé de las Casas|Las Casas, Bartolomé de]], ''[[A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies]]'' (1542, published in 1552).

== External links ==
* {{Wikiquote-inline|colonialism}}
* {{cite SEP |url-id=colonialism |title=Colonialism |last=Kohn |first=Margaret}}
{{Colonization}}
{{Political philosophy}}
{{Indigenous rights footer}}
{{International relations}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Colonialism| ]]
[[Category:Cultural geography]]
[[Category:International relations theory]]
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Paramaras of Chandravati

2026-03-25T12:52:43Z

Best time to visit kashmir: starting new stub needs work

{{short description|10th-13th century dynasty of Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
The '''Paramaras of Chandravati''' ruled the area around the Arbuda mountain (present-day [[Mount Abu]]) in India during 10th-13th centuries. Their capital was located at [[Chandravati]], and their territory included parts of present-day southern [[Rajasthan]] and northern [[Gujarat]]. The most notable ruler of the dynasty was Dharavarsha, who helped his [[Chaulukya]] overlords repulse a [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] invasion at the [[Battle of Kasahrada]] in 1178.
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Paramaras of Abu
|common_name = Paramara
|government_type = Monarchy
|year_start = {{circa|10th century}} CE
|year_end = {{circa|13th century}} CE
|p1 = Paramaras of Malwa
|s1 = Delhi Sultanate
|capital = [[Chandravati]]
|religion = [[Hinduism]]
|leader1 =
|year_leader1 =
|leader2 =
|year_leader2 =
|today = [[India]]
}}

== Territory ==
<mapframe text="[[Find spot]]s of inscriptions issued during the Chandravati Paramara rule" width="400" height="400" zoom="7" longitude="72.76" latitude="24.45">
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},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-size": "small", "title": "[[Rohida]] (Roheda)" },
"geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [72.964, 24.610] }
},
{
"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-size": "small", "title": "[[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]]" },
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},
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"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-size": "small", "title": "Ajari" },
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"type": "Feature",
"properties": { "marker-symbol": "monument", "marker-size": "small", "title": "[[Achalgarh Fort|Achalgarh]]" },
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The Paramaras of Chandravati ruled the area around the Arbuda mountain (present-day [[Mount Abu]]). Their territory, called Arbuda (or Arvvuda in an inscription{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=97}}), spanned over present-day southern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat. Chandravati (also called Chandrapalyam or Chandrapalli in inscriptions{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=97}}), a town at the foot of the mountain, was their capital.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=93}}

== Political history ==

The Paramaras of Chandravati ruled between 10th and 13th centuries.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=93}} The 1161 CE inscription of the Paramara king Ranasimha refers to the [[Agnivansha]] myth, stating that the dynasty was created by the sage [[Vashistha]] during a ritual sacrifice. It then states that the historical king Utpalaraja was born in this dynasty at Chandrapalli,{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=101}} which is probably an alternative name for the kingdom's capital Chandravati.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=97}}

[[File:1867 photo of Hindu temple ruins at Chandravati, Gujarat.jpg|thumb|right|Hindu temple ruins at Chandravati]]

The inscription then names and praises Utpalaraja's successors, describing them using stereotyped phrases and [[double entendre]]s. Dhandhuka, the sixth ruler after Utpalaraja, had at least three sons. Punyapala, or Purnapala, the eldest of these, seems to have died without an heir, and was succeeded by his younger brother Dantivarmman. The throne then passed on to the third son Krishnadeva, whose descendants Kakkaladeva and Vikramasimha also subsequently became the kings. The throne then passed on to Dantivarmman's descendant Yashodhavala.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=103}}

According to Ranasimha's 1161 CE inscription, he was a son of Vikramasimha, and ruled after Yashodhavala. However, the Roheda inscription states that Yashodhavala's son Dharavarsha succeeded him on the throne, and that Ranasimha obtained the throne "for a while" (or "in the meanwhile").{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|pp=104-105}} Ranasimha's 1161 CE inscription states that Ranasimha vanquished the "immense army" of [[Malwa|Malava]] at the Parnna river.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=101}} The Roheda inscription also refers to this victory, although the relevant verse can be read interpreted to mean that either Ranasimha or Dharavarsha obtained this victory.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=105}} Based on the Roheda inscription, epigraphist H. V. Trivedi theorizes that while Dharavarsha was busy fighting an invasion from Malava, Ranasimha usurped the throne for a brief period. Historian [[R. C. Majumdar]] theorizes that it was Ranasimha who defeated the Malava army as the king of Chandravati, and subsequently ceded power to Dharavarsha.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=104}} Dániel Balogh, who edited Ranasimha's 1161 CE inscription, considers another possibility that Ranasimha acted as a regent for Dharavarsha. Balogh notes that Dharavarsha's earliest inscription is dated 1163 CE (1120 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]), while his last inscription dated 1219 CE (1276 VS). This means, he ruled for at least 56 years, which is unusually long for the dynasty. Thus, it is likely that he inherited the throne when he was a child, and had Ranasimha as his regent during his early regnal years.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=105}}

Epigraphist H. V. Trivedi identified the Parnna river as the Purna stream that flows beside the Girvad (Girwar) village near Mount Abu and Chandravati.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|pp=97-98}} Balogh doubts the accuracy of this identification, noting that this stream is too insignificant to be mentioned as a landmark in the inscription, and is not located on the way from Chadnravati to Malava, where the battle was likely fought. According to Balogh, "Parnna" may be a shorter form of "Parnnasha" ([[IAST]]: Parṇṇāśā), which is most likely another name for the [[Banas River]].{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=98}}
===Conflict with Ghurids===
Dharavarsha, who ruled as a [[Chaulukya]] feudatory, is regarded as the greatest ruler of the dynasty.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=95}} Dharavarsha was one of the Chaulukya vassals who repulsed a [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurid]] invasion at the [[Battle of Kasahrada]] in 1178;{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=138}} he is called "Darabaraz" ([[Hasan Nizami]]) or "Darabaras" ([[Firishta]]) by the Muslim chroniclers writing about the battle.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=140}}
===Conflict with Chahamanas===
[[Prithviraja III|Prithviraja Chauhan III]] launched a night attack on the region around Mount Abu, which was then ruled by Dharavarsha of the Paramaras of Chandravati, a feudatory of the [[Chaulukya dynasty]]. This event is described in the Sanskrit text Partha-Parakrama-Vyayoga, composed by his younger brother Prahaladana, which portrays the attack as unsuccessful for the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]] led by [[Prithviraja III]]. It likely took place during Prithviraja’s Gujarat campaign.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1959|p=76}}

== Religion ==

The 1161 CE inscription of Ranasimha begins with an invocation to [[Shiva]], describing him as the "stage director" of the world's creation, and naming [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]] as his assistants.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=101}}

== List of rulers ==

The following is a list of Paramara rulers of Chandravati, with approximate regnal years, as estimated by epigraphist H. V. Trivedi.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=103}}{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2010|p=270}} The rulers are sons of their predecessors unless noted otherwise:

{| class="wikitable"
! Regional Name !! [[IAST]] Name !! Reign (CE) !! Notes
|-
| Utpala-raja || Utpalarāja || c. 910–930 || Founder of dynasty
|-
| Arnno-raja or Aranya-raja || Arṇṇorāja or Araṇyarāja || c. 930–950 ||
|-
| Krishna-raja || Kṛṣṇarāja || c. 950–979 ||
|-
| Dhara-varaha or Dharani-varaha || Dharāvarāha or Dharaṇīvarāha || c. 970–990 ||
|-
| Dhurbhata || Dhūrbhaṭa || c. 990–1000 ||
|-
| Mahi-pala || Mahīpāla || c. 1000–1020 || son of Dharavaraha
|-
| Dhandhuka || Dhaṃdhuka || c. 1020–1040 ||
|-
| Punya-pala or Purna-pala || Puṇyapāla or Pūrṇapāla || c. 1040–1050 ||
|-
| Danti-varmman || Daṃtivarmman || c. 1050–1060 || son of Dhandhuka
|-
| Krishna-deva or Krishna-raja II || Kṛṣṇadeva or Kṛṣṇarāja II || c. 1060–1090 || son of Dhandhuka
|-
| Kakkala-deva, or Kakala-deva || Kakkaladeva, or Kākaladeva || c. 1090–1115 ||
|-
| Vikrama-simha || Vikramasiṃha || c. 1115–1145 ||
|-
| Yasho-dhavala || Yaśodhavala || c. 1145–1160 || great-grandson of Dantivarman through Yogaraja and Ramadeva
|-
| Rana-simha || Raṇasiṃha || ? || son of Vikramasimha; possibly a regent for Dharavarsha
|-
| Dhara-varsha || Dhārāvarṣa || c. 1160–1220 || son of Yashodhavala and the last known ruler of dynasty
|}

Yashodhavala's last inscription is dated c. 1150 CE (1207 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]); Ranasimha's inscription is dated 1161 CE (1218 VS); and Dharavarsha's earliest inscription is dated c. 1163 CE (1220 VS). This suggests that Ranasimha either held the throne sometime between 1150 and 1163, or acted as a regent during Dharavarsha's early regnal years.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=105}}

== Inscriptions ==

Some of the dynasty's inscriptions, written in [[Sanskrit]] language and [[Nagari script]], include:

* An inscription of Ranasimha from an unknown [[find spot]], dated 1218 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]] (1 November 1161 CE). Now in a private collection. It was edited and translated and edited by Sanskritologist Dániel Balogh in 2010.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2010|p=267}} It records the grant of Pippala-grama village and surrounding lands to the entire [[Brahmin|brahmana]] priestly community of the Vasa village. The inscription also refers to an earlier land donation by his father Vikramasimha.{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=102}} The inscription was inscribed by Soniya, the grandson of a [[Kayastha]] from [[Gauḍa (region)|Gauda]].{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=103}}
* Fragmentary [[Rohida]] (Roheda) inscription, now lost{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=95}}
* [[Pali, Rajasthan|Pali]] inscription of Dharavarsha{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=95}}
* Ajari inscription, dated 1223 VS{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=95}}
* [[Achalgarh Fort|Achalgadh]] inscription of Yashodhavala{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=97}}
* [[Achaleshwar Mahadev Temple|Achaleshvara]] inscription, dated 1225 VS{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=95}}
* Kayadra stone inscription of Dharavarsha{{sfn|Dániel Balogh|2012|p=97}}

== See also ==

* [[Paramara dynasty]]
* [[History of Rajasthan]]
* [[List of Rajput dynasties and states]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Dániel Balogh |title=Raṇasiṃha Revisited: A New Copper-plate Inscription of the Candrāvatī Paramāra Dynasty |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |series=Third Series |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=93–106 |jstor=41490376 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Dániel Balogh |title=A copperplate land grant by Raṇasiṃhadeva of the Candrāvatī Paramāras |journal=Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae |volume=63 |issue=3 |year=2010 |pages=259–273 |doi=10.1556/AOrient.63.2010.3.3 |jstor=23659005 }}
* {{cite book |author=Dasharatha Sharma |title=Early Chauhān Dynasties |publisher=S. Chand / Motilal Banarsidass |year=1959 |isbn=9780842606189 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n4gcAAAAMAAJ }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:10th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:13th-century disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Agnivansha]]
[[Category:History of Gujarat]]
[[Category:History of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sirohi district]]

Vellalore

2026-03-25T11:13:35Z

Best time to visit kashmir: basic updated article for accuracy additionally and improved wording

{{Multiple issues|
{{self-published|date=January 2016}}
{{original research|date=February 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vellalore
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = வெள்ளலூர்
| nickname =
| settlement_type = suburb
| image_skyline = Vellalore Karivaratharaja perumal thirukkoyil gopuram.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Vellalore Karivaratharaja Perumal Temple Tower
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10.980450|N|77.031570|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Vellalore Town Panchayat|url=https://www.townpanchayat.in/vellalore}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 16.64
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 24,872
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 641111
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0422 241
| registration_plate = TN 37
| website = http://www.vellalore.in
| footnotes =
}}

'''Vellalore''' is a [[panchayat town]] in [[Coimbatore district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is a southern suburb of the city. It is at 12 km east of [[Town Hall, Coimbatore|Townhall]], the centre of the city [[Coimbatore]]. It is situated on the southern bank of [[Noyyal River|Noyyal]] river.

==History==
Vellalore or Vellalur, the ancient trade centre is located in the southern bank of the [[Noyyal River|river Noyyal]]. It is ~60 km from [[Kodumanal]]. It is referred in the inscriptions of the Kongu chola as "Vellalur". However, in [[Chola dynasty|Cholan]] poorvapattayam mentioned as 'Velir' meaning chief of the clan was the ruler of this area. That might be one of the reason it is known after the name of the chief as 'vellalur'. Black and red ware, Russed coated ware, Red slipped ware and Black ware sherds were collected along with the broken pieces of dishes, vases and parts of urn pieces were recovered here. Many hoards of Roman coins were discovered during the British period. In the year 1842 five hundred and twenty two coins, in 1891, five hundred and forty seven coins were collected. These gold and silver coins belongs in between 1st Century BCE to 4th-century CE. In addition, Roman ornaments were also found.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. R. |first=Poonkuntran |access-date=February 21, 2023| quote=Vellalur or Vellalore regarding information is on Page 4 |title=Archaeological Excavations Of India (Volume II). Dr. R. Poonkuntran, K.Sridharan, Dr. S. Vasanthi, V. Ramamurthi. Excavation Report, 2011 |url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/e-publication |website=Government of Tamil Nadu, Department of Archaeology}}</ref> Vellalore had trade links with the [[Roman Empire]] since 100 BC.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/roman-artefacts-found-in-vellalore/articleshow/46481451.cms|title=Roman artefacts found in Vellalore|newspaper=The Times of India | access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref> Vellalore was one of the prominent towns in the era of [[Early Cholas]]. [[Karikala Chola]] built the Karivaradaraja perumal temple in 1 AD.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/in-search-of-muziris/article3742493.ece | title=In search of Muziris | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=7 May 2015}}</ref> During the medieval period Siva and Vishnu temples were constructed by the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] and [[Kongu Cholas|Kongu cholas]]. After the Kongu cholas, Vellalore slowley lost its historical importance.

==Geography==
Vellalore has an average elevation of 411 m (1,348 ft). Vellalore is situated on the southern bank of Noyyal River. It shares its border with [[Podanur]], [[Singanallur, Coimbatore|Singanallur]], [[Chettipalayam]], [[Eachanari]] and [[Nanjundapuram]].

===Vellalore Lake===
'''Vellalore Lake''' is a lake in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the lakes in the Noyyal river irrigation network.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Krithika|first=R.|date=2020-01-20|title=Why the breeding of spot-billed pelicans at Vellalore Lake is good news|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/why-the-breeding-of-spot-billed-pelicans-at-vellalore-lake-is-good-news/article30605799.ece|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The lake is spread over an area of 90 acres.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jeshi|first=K.|date=2018-06-20|title=Lakes of Coimbatore come alive after the monsoons|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/the-lakes-are-brimming-and-the-birds-have-returned-to-roost-despite-a-good-south-west-monsoon-is-everything-really-okay/article24209422.ece|access-date=2021-07-10|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Vellalore had a population of 17,294. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Vellalore has an average literacy rate of 64%, which is higher than the national average of 59.5%; male literacy is 70%, and female literacy is 59%. In Vellalore, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.

== Local Body Elections ==

=== 2022 Tamil Nadu Local Body Elections ===
The '''2022 Tamil Nadu Local Body Elections''' were conducted by the Tamil Nadu State Election Commission. Indirect election for the President and vice-president posts was postponed and later held on '''26 March 2022''', where AIADMK candidates were elected to those positions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-13 |title=ADMK wins indirect elections in Vellalore Town Panchayat in Coimbatore |url=http://simplicity.in/index.php/v1/coimbatore/english/city |access-date=2026-02-24 |website=simplicity.in |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Vellalore Local Body Election 2022.svg|300px|thumb|2022 election results by ward]]

==== Results ====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Party !! Wards Won !! Status
|-
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 8
| Ruling Party
|-
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 6
| Opposition
|-
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
| 1
| Opposition
|}

Total wards: 15<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Local Body Elections 2022 |url=https://tnsec.tn.gov.in/tnsec_static/election_results/ulbe2022/tp_cbe.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref>

=== 2011 Tamil Nadu Local Body Elections ===
The '''2011 Tamil Nadu Local Body Elections''' were conducted by the Tamil Nadu State Election Commission.

[[File:Vellalore Local Body Election 2011.svg|300px|thumb|2011 election results by ward]]

==== Results ====
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Party !! Wards Won !! Status
|-
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| 11
| Ruling Party
|-
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 3
| Opposition
|-
| {{party name with color|Independent}}
| 1
| Opposition
|}

Total wards: 15<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Tamil Nadu Local Body Election Results |url=https://tnsec.tn.gov.in/tnsec_static/election_results/rulbe2011/tp_cbe.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=24 February 2026 |website=Tamil Nadu State Election Commission}}</ref>

==Administration==
* Vellalore is administered by a [[Town Panchayat]].
* It was planned to include Vellalore in the [[Coimbatore]] corporation in 2011, but this plan was dropped later.<ref name="http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/gorders/maws_t_219_2010.pdf">{{cite web | url=http://www.tn.gov.in/dtp/gorders/maws_t_219_2010.pdf | title=TN govt order | website=www.tn.gov.in | access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2249069.ece | title=Slim chances for 3 local bodies to be a part of Corporation | work=News | date=19 July 2011 | access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref>
* Vellalore is a part of [[Kinathukadavu (state assembly constituency)]] and [[Pollachi (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Religion==
===Notable Temples===
*[[Theneeswarar Temple]]
*Karivaratharaja Perumal Temple
*Periya Vinayakar Temple
*Mariamman Temple
*Yama Dharmaraja Temple
*Muniappan Temple
*Kondathu mahaKaliamman Temple
*Arasannan Temple
*Pechiamman Temple
*madhuraiveeran Temple
* Arupaththu(60)veetukar or umamaheswarar Temple( ther kovil)

==Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus==
[[Coimbatore Integrated Bus Terminus|An Integrated bus terminus]] for [[Coimbatore]] was announced by the Chief Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]] at Vellalore at a cost of 178 Crore [[Indian rupee|Rupee]] and is under construction in Anbu Nagar near to the [[Coimbatore Bypass|Coimbatore Ring Road]].<ref name="The Hindu news">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/coimbatore-corporation-plans-to-build-new-bus-stand-in-vellalore/article6216746.ece | title=Coimbatore Corporation plans to build new bus stand in Vellalore | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Vellalore to get new bus stand">{{cite journal | url=http://www.vellalore.in | title=Vellalore }}</ref> However the plan was dropped in 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Palaniappan |first=V. S. |date=2023-02-10 |title=Integrated bus terminus project at Vellalore in Coimbatore dropped |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/integrated-bus-terminus-project-at-vellalore-in-coimbatore-dropped/article66493274.ece |access-date=2023-10-11 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category|Vellalore}}
{{commons category|Vellalore reservoir}}
{{Noyyal River}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Coimbatore]]

A. V. Gurava Reddy

2026-03-21T16:56:21Z

Best time to visit kashmir: basic enhanced content per sources and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian orthopedic surgeon}}
{{Resume-like|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{infobox person
| name = A. V. Gurava Reddy
|image = DrGuravaReddy.jpg
| alt = Orthopedic Surgeon
| caption = Orthopedic Surgeon
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = [[Guntur district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| occupation = Medical Doctor Managing Director, Sunshine hospitals, [[Hyderabad]], India
| known_for =
}}

'''A. V. Gurava Reddy''' is an Indian [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopedic surgeon]] and [[Joint replacement]] expert.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/ceramic-hip-replacement-a-boon-for-young-patients/article2108612.ece|title=Ceramic hip replacement a boon for young patients|author=Staff Reporter|work=The Hindu|date=16 June 2011}}</ref> He is the managing director and Chief Joint Replacement Surgeon at Sunshine Bone and Joint Institute – Sunshine Hospitals, a 300-bed NABH Accredited, Multispeciality hospital in [[Hyderabad]] India.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/health-city-to-come-up-at-gachibowli-soon/article372694.ece|title=Health city to come up at Gachibowli soon|work=The Hindu|date=11 January 2009}}</ref> A. V. Gurava Reddy is one of the leading surgeon(s) in India and performs about 4000 joint replacements per year. He has made sustained efforts to increase the awareness and acceptance of Joint replacement surgery in India.<ref name="thehindu.com"/> In 2021, Sunshine Hospital's majority stake was sold to [[Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group)]], commonly known as KIMS.

==Education==
*[[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S]] From [[Guntur Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
*[[Doctor of Medicine|D.Ortho]]-[[Diplomate of National Board|DNB]] from Sancheti Institute of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, [[Pune]], India<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sanchetihospital.org/|title=Sancheti Group|work=sanchetihospital.org}}</ref>
*[[Master of Surgery|M.Ch. Ortho]], [[University of Liverpool]], [[England]]
*[[Fellowship of the Royal College of Surgeons|FRCS]] (London)
*FRCS (Glasgow)
*FRCS (Edinburgh)

==Memberships==
*Member, Global Advisory Board, Depuy<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.depuy.com/|title=DePuy Synthes – Innovative Medical Devices & Solutions|work=depuy.com}}</ref> Johnson & Johnson Company
*Member, Global Advisory Committee, Stryker International
*Member, Global International Investigators Committee for CR-150

==Innovations in the field of Arthroplasty==
*Introduced the concept of Bilateral Simultaneous [[Knee replacement|total knee replacement]] in India: wherein the patients undergo both knee replacements in the same sitting thereby leading to a shorter period of rehabilitation, shorter stay away from home for outstation patients and reduction in the cost of 30% of cost on consumables to the patient.
*Introduced Bilateral staggered total knee replacement where the patients are not fit due to advanced age or comorbidities, where the knee replacement are done 3 days apart
*Rapid recovery protocol: concept of having selective patients being made to walk within 4 hours of surgery. This involves preemptive analgesia and special intraarticular injections at the time of surgery to give pain relief to the patients. The patients are discharged home after 48 hours and domiciliary care is provided.
*First to introduce "Computer aided navigation for Total knee Replacements"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brbj.com/resources/patient-education/hip-knee/computer-assisted-navigation-total-knee-replacement |title=Blue Ridge Bone & Joint |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185511/http://www.brbj.com/resources/patient-education/hip-knee/computer-assisted-navigation-total-knee-replacement |archivedate=2014-07-14 }}</ref> in Andhra Pradesh.

==Academics==
*Visiting Faculty at Badr-al-Sama Hospital Muscat, Oman<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.badralsamaahospitals.com/|title= Welcome Badr al samaa |work=badralsamaahospitals.com}}</ref>
*Visiting Faculty at the Goa Medical College for Revision Knee Arthroplasty
*Chairman of Sunshine Medical Academy of Research & Training
*Program Director, Arthroplasty Fellowship at Sunshine Bone & Joint Institute
*Authored a chapter in the “DELTA” compendium published by Delta group, Australia
*Co-Author, Research Made Easy
*Program Director, Diplomat at National Board (DNB)
*Tutor for FRCS & MRCS Training courses
*Examiner for FRCS/MRCS
*Conducted International & National conferences like DELTA Course, ISHKS
*Trains 10 post MS Orthopaedicians in Arthroplasty fellowships every 6 months and hosts about 40 shorter term trainings from India and abroad

==Clinical Investigator==
*Conducting research in Collaboration with CCMB to identify Early Biomarkers to diagnose Osteo Arthritis of the Knee and Degenerative disease of the Spine
*Collaborating with the University of Christchurch University, Canterbury UK on Stem cell research for treatment of Knee Arthritis
*Established Level 1 trauma centre at Sunshine Bone and Joint Institute is recognized as an Academic Partner by the GVK EMRI to train the paramedics in Emergency Trauma care and Resuscitation
*Conducted 6th National Conference of Indian Society of Hip & Knee Surgeons (ISHKS) at Sunshine Hospitals.
*Founder Member and Organizing secretary of ISHKS <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ishks.com/|title=ISHKS|work=ishks.com}}</ref>
*Principal Investigator for Multi National, Multi center randomized clinical trial for Depuy knee implant (CR-150 Paper link)
*Published internationally reviewed journal articles

==Awards and honours==
*Lifetime Achievement Award for Contribution to Healthcare (coordinated by IMA, Govt of AP, Indo-Global)
*Felicitated by Indo-German Orthopedic Foundation
*“Top Adult Reconstructive Orthopedic Surgeon in India” award from Leading physician of the World, USA
*“Outstanding citizen of Andhra Pradesh” by Indian Express Group
*Felicitated with the “Distinguished Doctor” award by British International Doctors Association in recognition of his pioneering
*Felicitated with the “Paul Harris Fellow” by Rotary International
*Excellence Award by Delhi Telugu Academy, Ugadi Puraskar 2010 for contribution in field of medicine.
*“Vocational Excellence Award” by Rotary International District.

==Popular Media==
*''Guruvayanam'' – A collection of his musings on life
*Member, Editorial Advisory Board for Family Health Guide, Indian Express
*Acted in a comical tele-serial named “Amrutham”
*Columnist in Andhra Jyoti's Navya
*“Dr. Gurava Reddy to kaburlu” – on Radio Tharanga,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://telugu.tharangamedia.com/ |title=Tharanga Media |access-date=9 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010031018/http://telugu.tharangamedia.com/ |archive-date=10 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an Internet global radio as a Radio Jockey and “Life of an Entrepreneur” on Telugu One Radio<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.teluguoneradio.com/|title=Telugu Radio 24/7 live radio (TORI)|date=26 August 2021|website=Teluguone Radio}}</ref>
*"Dr. Gurava Reddy" - Website<ref>{{URL|https://drguravareddy.com/}}</ref>

==Selling the Sunshine Hospital stake to KIMS==
In a notable healthcare deal, the ownership of Sunshine Hospital was transferred to [[Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences (hospital group)]], commonly known as KIMS, marking a significant shift in the healthcare industry. The transaction allowed KIMS to gain control over the hospital's operations and assets, potentially enhancing medical services for patients in the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/kims-to-acquire-51-stake-in-sunshine-hospitals-at-362-cr/article37207775.ece|title=KIMS to acquire 51% stake in Sunshine Hospitals at ₹362 cr|work=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite web | url=https://www.skedoc.com/hyderabad/doctor/dr-a-v-gurava-reddy-orthopaedic-surgeon | title=Dr. Gurava Reddy| publisher=Skedoc| work=Research| date=1 July 2020| access-date=10 January 2021}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, A. V. Gurava}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian medical researchers]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Indian orthopaedic surgeons]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian surgeons]]

Sivakara Deva I

2026-03-06T16:44:41Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created Basic Stub Needs Work - done

{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sivakara Deva I
| title = Unmattasimha or Unmattakeshari, Paramaposhaka, Paramatathagata
| succession = King of the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]]
| reign = c. 756 - 790 AD
| predecessor = Ksemankara Deva
| successor = Subhakara Deva I
| spouse = Jayavallabhi (Princess of [[Rarh]])
| issue = Subhakara deva I
| house = [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]]
| religion = [[Buddhism]]
}}

'''Maharaja Sivakara Deva I''' or '''Sivakara Unmattasimha/''' '''Unamattakeshari''' was a powerful monarch of the [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty|Bhaumakara dynasty]] who ruled in the late tertiary part of the 8th century A.D. He was the descendant of Ksemankara Deva who is believed to be the founder of the Bhaumakara rule in ancient Odra and also the earliest organizer of the [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]] system in the region. Sivakara Deva I pursued a career of conquest in the eastern part of [[India]] establishing the Bhaumakaras as the supreme power in the whole region during his lifetime. According to the Talcher plate of Sivakaradeva III, Sivakaradeva I alias Unmattasimha defeated the king of Radha(south-West Bengal).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=Krishna Chandra |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-orissa-1986/page/76/mode/1up |title=History of Orissa |pages=76}}</ref> When Unmattasimha was ruling in Orissa, Bengal was still in a state of disorder, and therefore the Radha king defeated by him can not be identified.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=Krishna Chandra |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-orissa-1986/page/77/mode/1up |title=History of Orissa |pages=77}}</ref> However, Sivakara I either started ruling from 756 CE or 786 CE.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=KC |url=https://archive.org/details/chronology-of-the-bhauma-karas-and-the-somavamsis-of-orissa-1961 |title=Chronology of Bhaumakaras and Somavamsis of Orissa |year=1961 |pages=18 |language=English}}</ref> He subjugated the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Ganga]] rulers of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] as his vassals. His dominions stretched from the border of Bengal in the north to the river Godavari in the south.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=Krishna Chandra |url=https://archive.org/details/history-of-orissa-1986/page/77/mode/1up |title=History of Orissa |pages=77}}</ref> He was a devout [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] who in 790 built the Sholampura Buddha Vihara<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orissapost.com/sholampur-buddha-vihar-cries-for-attention-tourist-tag/|title = Sholampur Buddha Vihar cries for attention, tourist tag|date = 15 December 2021}}</ref> and who adopted the epithets of Paramopasaka and Paramatathgata meaning a devout worshiper of Buddha which has been mentioned in the Neulpur charter of the Bhaumakaras.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Orissa, From the Earliest Times to the British Period by R.D.Banarji|publisher=New Age Publications|year=2006|isbn=81-88337-47-1|location=Subham Printers, Cuttack -10|pages=132–134}}</ref> He sent a Buddhist scholar as an emissary to the Chinese emperor Te-tsong or [[Emperor Dezong of Tang|Dezong]] with valuable [[Mahayana]] Buddhist manuscripts and established a new era of maritime trade and cultural relationship between ancient Odisha and China.

== Military Achievements ==
Sivakara Deva I is glorified as a military champion in eastern India across the inscriptions left by his descendants and others. The Talcher plates issued by one of his descendant Sivakara III compares him with the king [[Porus the Elder|Puru]] and states that he defeated and enslaved his enemies with his might. He is also described as an efficient archer in the battlefield being able to shoot multiple sharp arrows by drawing the bowstring until his ear.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/11/11_chapter%206.pdf|title=Political History of the Bhauma-Karas|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|pages=112–116|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.76699/2015.76699.Orissa-Under-The-Bhauma-Kings#page/n69/mode/2up|title=Orissa Under The Bhauma Kings|year=1934|pages=47}}</ref>

=== Conquest of Rarh ===

Sivakara Deva I marched with a huge army on Rarh and conquered the opponent after a high pitched battle with the forces of Rarh which was situated in the northern part of the Bhaumakara territory. Historian R.C.Banarjee identifies the mention of Rarh in the Bhaumakara inscription with the territory that comprised around the modern [[Bankura district|Bankura]] district confined between the rivers Ajay and Rup Narayan. He married Jayavallabhi who was the princess of Rarh kingdom after defeating the enemy. Historians have placed the northern extent of the Bhaumakara kingdom during this era to be Dandabhukti or the area surrounding modern [[Midnapore district|Medinapur]] and hence established that invasion of Rarh by Sivakara Deva I was just raid in order to subjugate the kingdom as feudal state under the Bhaumakara rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/12/12_chapter%207.pdf|title=Kingdom of the Bhauma-Karas|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Orissa by Dr. Purnachandra Das|publisher=Kalyani Publishers|year=2004|isbn=81-272-1367-5|location=New Delhi|pages=27–30}}</ref>

=== Conquest until River Godavari in the South ===

Sivakara Deva I sent his son Subhakara Deva I to conquer the southern territories of the early Eastern Ganga dynasty rulers which was also known as Svetaka Mandala or the heartland of Kalinga kingdom. The [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]] charter of [[Tribhuvana Mahadevi I]] provides a poetic indication of a fierce battle between the armies Kalinga comprising large number of war elephants and that of Utkala's Bhaumakara dynasty which ended in the later's victory. The entire region from the rivers [[Rushikulya]] to [[Godavari River|Godavari]] was subjugated by the Bhaumakaras though allowing the Eastern Gangas to continue ruling as vassals under them. An Eastern Ganga king named as Jayavarmadeva mentioned himself as the vassal of Sivakara Deva I in his [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] grant and by whose permission he gave away the grants.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/13/13_chapter%208.pdf|title=Feudatory States Under the Bhauma-Karas|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

== Relations with the Tang dynasty of China and personality ==
Sivakara Deva I is also recorded to have sent an eminent Mahayana Buddhist scholar named as Prajna with the manuscript called [[Gandavyuha|Gandavyuha Sutra]] to the [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] court of emperor Dezong in China personally autographed by him. The monk Prajna who was a scholar in Buddhist studies at the monastery of [[Ratnagiri, Odisha|Ratnagiri]] stayed in China for sometime and also translated the Buddhist manuscript Shat-paramita Sutra into Chinese. Sivakara Deva I is mentioned in the Chinese records as "''the fortunate monarch who does what is pure, the lion"''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2014/July/engpdf/47-51.pdf|title=Kalinga and China : A Study in Ancient Relations|website=www.magazines.odisha.gov.in|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref> This initiation of overseas cultural exchange indicates the existence of regular maritime routes for trade and cultural exchange between ancient Odisha and China.

The king is recorded to have many qualities of that employed both his heart and mind. He encouraged new talents and was always accompanied by several scholars. He was effort bound to solve the difficulties of his people and always tried to meet their hopes. The [[Angul district|Angul]] inscription of his descendant Dharma Mahadevi praises him as "''Unmattasimha acquired the ever-lasting renown and resembled the moon covering all regions with great lustre and delighting people by dispelling the heat''." The Dhenkanal charter of Tribhuvana Mahadevi I also praises him for the good qualities like spending money on the construction of various spiritual places, monasteries and temples. He avoided excess personal luxury and taxation of his subjects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/128809/11/11_chapter%206.pdf|title=Political History of the Bhauma-Kara|website=www.shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in|access-date=13 March 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:History of Odisha]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian monarchs]]

Shamantakamani

2026-03-06T01:06:23Z

Best time to visit kashmir:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shamantakamani
| image = Shamanthakamani.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sriram Adittya]]
| producer = V. Anand Prasad
| writer = Venky Arjun-Carthyk
| screenplay = Sriram Adittya
| story = Sriram Adittya
| starring = [[Nara Rohit]] [[Sudheer Babu]] [[Sundeep Kishan]] [[Aadi (Telugu actor)|Aadi Saikumar]] [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = [[Prawin Pudi]]
| studio = [[Bhavya Creations]]
| distributor = Freeze Frame Films (Overseas)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|7|14}}
| runtime = 127 mins
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Shamantakamani''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film, produced by V. Anand Prasad on [[Bhavya Creations]] banner and directed by [[Sriram Adittya]]. The film stars [[Nara Rohit]], [[Sudheer Babu]], [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Aadi (Telugu actor)|Aadi Saikumar]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sundeep-kishan-sudheer-babu-aadi-nara-rohit-samantha-kamani-4536182/ |title=Each lead character in Samantha Kamani is special: Sriram Adittya |work=The Indian Express |date=21 February 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806212228/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sundeep-kishan-sudheer-babu-aadi-nara-rohit-samantha-kamani-4536182/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] and music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]].

The film marked the debut of Sudheer Babu's son, Darshan as a child artist, the grandson of the veteran actor [[Krishna (Telugu actor)|Krishna]] and nephew to [[Mahesh Babu]]. The film's first look motion picture released on 28 May and teaser on 15 June 2017.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shamanthakamani-teaser-is-out/articleshow/59162683.cms|title='Shamanthakamani' teaser is out!|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 June 2017|archive-date=23 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623094432/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/shamanthakamani-teaser-is-out/articleshow/59162683.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 14 July 2017 and was a good entertainer.<ref name="toi">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/shamantakamani/movie-review/59594329.cms|title=Shamantakamani Review {3/5}: The movie makes for a good weekend watch|work=The Times of India}}</ref> In 2019, the film was dubbed into Hindi as ''Aakhari Baazi'' by Aditya Movies.

==Plot==
The film delves into the mysterious world of a {{INRConvert|5|c}} vintage [[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars|Rolls-Royce]] car called ''Shamanthakamani'' owned by a millionaire Jagannath, who had recently bought it in an auction. The vehicle is stolen from the parking lot of a 5-star hotel called ''Provotel,'' by Jagannath's son Krishna's error, setting off a chain of events. The Govt assigns a bent cop, Inspector Ranjith Kumar, to track it down. As the investigation unfolds, Ranjith narrows down on three people: Uma Maheswara Rao, a car mechanic, Kotipalli Siva, a villager, and Karthik, a middle-class youngster, whom Ranjith arrests.

They all have their own alibi: Uma Maheswara Rao is an age-bar bachelor who endears his neighbor, Bhanumati, a vegetable seller who is a widow. He seeks to propose to her in various ways but is diffident, so he calls Bhanumati for a date at the hotel. Siva schemes to elope from their village with his love interest, Sridevi, who backstabs him, and a devastated Siva, moves to the city when his pickpocket buddy intrudes into the hotel to alter his state. Karthik, the son of a bourgeois astrologer, has been in crush with an affluent girl, Madhu since they were teenagers. Currently, she returns from abroad, and he walks to receive her when Madhu stares at his lifestyle. Whereat, Karthik becomes enraged, declares to proceed to a classy party, and enters the hotel.

Amidst the unfolding drama, Krishna reveals a heartwarming secret to Ranjith. He is constantly the target of his father's scorn and his stepmother's mortification. The car holds a special place in his heart, as it carries memories of his late mother since she promised him to bestow in his childhood precisely what his father purchased on his birthday. So, he keenly feels it as his mother's boon from heaven. Krishna also confesses that he covertly lifted the vehicle to the party due to Jagannath's fear and pleads with Ranjith to retrieve it.

In his investigation, Ranjith discovers that three are not guilty: Uma Maheswara Rao opened the car to take a water bottle for vomiting Bhanumati; Siva and a girl, Smita, entered the vehicle for a failed one-night stand after she smells him as a rural dweller. Fortuitously, Ranjith's fate turns out when he detects their romance; he takes bribes from Siva, thinking he is the car owner. Later, an intoxicated Karthik sneaks the car keys from Krishna and advances to flaunt before Madhu, as she is leaving India for her master's by tomorrow. Later, he parked the car at the same spot and returned home. So, Ranjith closes the case with a lack of evidence and acquits them.

Here, as a flabbergast, Ranjith unveils to his acolyte constable Satyanarayana that the actual killer, Jagannath himself, has heisted the car by his P.A. Indeed, he got wind of I.T. raids because of buying the ''Shamanthakamani.'' Jagannath temporarily shifted the illegal documents, black money, and ornaments into the vehicle. Besides becoming conscious of Krishna's birthday party, he tactically spied on him and mandated his P.A. to steal it with the spare key. Following this, Jagannath forged a false complaint by Krishna to divert the matter into the media, and the I.T. department may not suspect ''Shamanthakamani''. Now, he offers a ₹ 30 lakh bribe to Ranjith to settle the issue. After a successful raid failure, Jagannath returns for his wealth and then ruses to destroy the car for safekeeping. Astonishingly, he collapses into cardiac arrest and becomes paralyzed, viewing the vanish of all the assets.

At last, it opens that Uma Maheswara Rao steals the diamonds when opening the car. Siva notices the black money and picks it up while bribing Ranjith. Karthik observes that he hadn't returned the key, which contained a rare diamond. Finally, the movie ends happily with Krishna not bothered about the theft and decides to take care of his father; Siva starts a bar & restaurant in Kotipalli and finds out that Sridevi's husband orders his friends to give drinks accessible to him all the time, Uma Maheswara Rao migrated to Dubai with his lady love, Karthik decides to go abroad for his masters along with Madhu. Ranjith ends up becoming the subject of a departmental inquiry for his corrupt practices.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Sudheer Babu]] as Krishna
**Master Darshan as Young Krishna
*[[Nara Rohit]] as Circle Inspector Ranjith Kumar
*[[Sundeep Kishan]] as Kotipalli Siva
*[[Aadi (Telugu actor)|Aadi Saikumar]] as Karthik Sastry
*[[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Uma Maheswara Rao
*[[Chandini Chowdary]] as Madhu, Karthik's girlfriend
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as Jaganath, Krishna's father
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as A. K. Ganapathi Sastry, Karthik's father
*[[Indraja]] as Bhanumathi, Uma Maheshwara Rao's love interest and a widowed woman
*[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]] as Krishna's mother
*[[Hema (actress)|Hema]] as Karthik's mother
*[[Satyam Rajesh]] as Siva's friend
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Banerjee]] as Madhu's father
*[[Raghu Karumanchi]] as Constable Satyanarayana
*[[Gundu Sudarshan]] as Mani Ratnam
*[[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as ACB Officer
*Surekha Vani as Krishna's step-mother
*Ananya Soni as Smitha
*Giridhar as Jaganath's P.A.
*Sarika Ramachandra Rao as Chandram
*Sriram R Eragam as A. K. Khan
*Jenny Honey as Sridevi, Siva's former love interest
*Laxman Meesala
*Abhay Bethiganti
*R.J.Hemanth as Krishna's friend
*[[Sriram Adittya]] in a cameo role as Sridevi's husband
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shamantakamani
| type = film
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|7|3}}
| recorded = 2017
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 3:59
| label =
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[Ami Thumi]]
| prev_year = 2017
| next_title = [[Aaradugula Bullet]]
| next_year = 2017
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 3:59
| all_writing =
| all_music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| all_lyrics = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| title1 = Padha Padha Padha
| extra1 = [[Ramya Behara]]
| length1 = 3:59
}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "On a whole, ''Shamanthakamani'' is an authentic thriller that entertains. You may watch it!"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/shamanthakamani.html|title=Shamanthakamani Review|work=Idlebrain|access-date=14 July 2017|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718052436/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/shamanthakamani.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "If it has to be called an experiment, the film doesn’t disappoint".<ref name="toi"/>

=== Box office ===
''Shamantakamani'' grossed over ₹3.3 crore on its opening day and collected a [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributor's share]] of ₹1.65 crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 15, 2017 |title=Shamantakamani 1st Day Total WW Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=3078&cid=6&fid=5693 |access-date=March 5, 2026 |website=Andhraboxoffice}}</ref> It minted a share of ₹3.51 crore in its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |date=July 17, 2017 |title=Shamanthakamani 3 days AP, TS Collections |url=https://www.telugu360.com/shamanthakamani-3-days-collections/ |access-date=March 5, 2026 |website=Telugu360}}</ref>

==References==
<references>

http://english.tupaki.com/movienews/article/Samanthakamani-Teaser/54648

</references>

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt7125262|title=Shamantakamani}}
{{Sriram Adittya}}

[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s comedy thriller films]]
[[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sriram Adittya]]

Ti Saddhya Kay Karte

2026-03-04T09:43:01Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created A Post Added Tags

{{Short description|2017 Marathi film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ti Saddhya Kay Karte
| image = Poster_of_Ti_saddhya_kay_karte.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Satish Rajwade]]
| producer = Nikhil Sane Arvind Jog Pallavi Rajwade
| screenplay = Manaswini Lata Ravindra
| story = Satish Rajwade
| starring = [[Ankush Chaudhari]] [[Tejashree Pradhan]] [[Abhinay Berde]] [[Aarya Ambekar]] Hruditya Rajwade Nirmohi Agnihotri
| music = [[Avinash–Vishwajeet]] [[Nilesh Moharir]] Mandar Aapte
| cinematography = Suhas Gujrathi
| editing = Rahul Bhatnakar
| studio = [[Zee Studios]]
| distributor = Zee Studios
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|1|6}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget = {{estimation}}{{INR|4.5 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-ti-sadhya-kay-karte-marathi-film-success-party-continues-15405519.html|title=Ti Sadhya Kay Karte Marathi Film success party continues|publisher=|access-date=20 January 2017|archive-date=20 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120124259/http://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-ti-sadhya-kay-karte-marathi-film-success-party-continues-15405519.html|url-status=live|website=Jagran.com}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|15-23 crore}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-success-party-of-marathi-film-ti-sadhya-kai-kartey-5510339-NOR.html|title=Its\' Party Time: 15 crores in 2 weeks of 'Ti Sadhya Kay Karte', celebrities threw a party|date=21 January 2017|publisher=|access-date=25 January 2017|archive-date=23 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123222257/http://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-MB-success-party-of-marathi-film-ti-sadhya-kai-kartey-5510339-NOR.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/-16488/box-office|title=Ti Sadhya Kay Karte Box office collection|date=17 March 2023|publisher=Cinestaan|access-date=16 March 2023|archive-date=17 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317020548/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/-16488/box-office|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ti Saddhya Kay Karte''''' ({{Translation|What does she do these days}}) is a 2017 [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film which is produced by [[Zee Studios]] and directed by [[Satish Rajwade]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/ankush-chaudhary-tejashri-pradhans-upcoming-movie-ti-sadhya-kay-karte-1365176/|title=पहिल्या प्रेमाचा दुसरा पार्ट 'ती सध्या काय करते'|date=19 December 2016|publisher=|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221155009/http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/ankush-chaudhary-tejashri-pradhans-upcoming-movie-ti-sadhya-kay-karte-1365176/|url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Ankush Chaudhari]] and [[Tejashree Pradhan]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/videos/ti-saddhya-kay-karte-teaser/articleshow/55961064.cms|title=Ti Saddhya Kay Karte tells you how to rekindle true love - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-date=19 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219232328/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/videos/ti-saddhya-kay-karte-teaser/articleshow/55961064.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Abhinay Berde]], son of actor [[Lakshmikant Berde]] and [[Aarya Ambekar]] play younger versions of the characters played by Ankush and Tejashree.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/abhinay-berde-makes-his-film-debut/articleshow/55271061.cms|title=Laxmikant Berde's son Abhinay to make his acting debut - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|publisher=|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-date=23 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223211043/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/abhinay-berde-makes-his-film-debut/articleshow/55271061.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 6 January 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/marathi-movie-ti-sadhya-kay-karte-will-release-on-6th-january-2017-1356135/|title=६ जानेवारीला कळेल 'ती सध्या काय करते'|date=7 December 2016|publisher=|access-date=21 December 2016|archive-date=21 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221162342/http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/marathi-movie-ti-sadhya-kay-karte-will-release-on-6th-january-2017-1356135/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ti Saddhya Kay Karte's trailer attached with [[Aamir Khan]]'s [[Dangal (2016 film)|''Dangal'']] was released in cinemas in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-promote-marathi-film-dangal/|title=Aamir Khan to promote Marathi film with Dangal - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=21 December 2016|publisher=|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230132309/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/aamir-khan-promote-marathi-film-dangal/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
A middle-aged Anurag wonders about his first love Tanvi, whom he has not seen in years. Back in college, he had wanted to confess his love for her. But they had a small quarrel where he yelled at her. She moved to [[Delhi]] and then to [[Boston]]. They marry different people. Anurag names his daughter after her. She comes to visit him after many years. They meet and he apologizes for his behaviour in college. They part after making a promise to stay friends and in touch.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6267944/|title = Ti Saddhya Kay Karte|website = [[IMDb]]|date = 6 January 2017|access-date = 25 May 2018|archive-date = 5 September 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170905203034/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt6267944/|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Cast==

* [[Ankush Chaudhari]] as Anurag (Anya)
** [[Abhinay Berde]] as young Anurag (Anya)
** Hruditya Rajwade as kid Anurag (Anya)
* Sumitkumar as Abhinav (Abhi dada)
* [[Tejashri Pradhan]] as Tanvi
** [[Aarya Ambekar]] as young Tanvi
** Nirmohi Agnihotri as kid Tanvi
* [[Urmila Kanitkar]] as Radhika
* [[Prasad Barve]] as Pavya
* [[Sanjay Mone]] as Anurag's Father
* [[Sukanya Kulkarni|Sukanya Kulkarni-Mone]] as Anurag's mother
* [[Tushar Dalvi]] as Tanvi's father
* Anuradha Rajadhyaksha as Tanvi's mother
* Isha Phadke as Mohini
* Nitesh Kalbande as young Pavya
* Rajas Bakshi
* Tanvi Joshi

==Release==

''Ti Saddhya Kay Karte'' released on 6 January 2017 with [[English language|English]] subtitles in [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]], [[Goa]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ti-saddhya-kay-karte/ET00051102|title=Ti Saddhya Kay Karte|last=BookMyShow|publisher=|access-date=7 January 2017|archive-date=7 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107181206/https://in.bookmyshow.com/movies/ti-saddhya-kay-karte/ET00051102|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Box office==
The film collected around {{INRConvert|6|C}} in first weekend. The film has grossed around {{INRConvert|15|c}} within 14 days and surpassed {{INRConvert|20|c}} mark within 3 weeks. The film ended up grossing {{INRConvert|22.54|c}} at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Do you know how Ti Sadhya Kay Karte did at the Box Office? |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/-16488/box-office |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=Cinestaan |language=en-us |archive-date=17 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317020548/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/-16488/box-office |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ti Saddhya Kay Karte
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Various
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|12|16}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 30:35
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The songs for the film were composed by various artists like [[Nilesh Moharir]], Avinash-Vishwajeet and Mandar Aapte.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saavn.com/s/album/marathi/Ti-Saddhya-Kay-Karte-2016/gFPNGExleIM_|title=Ti Saddhya Kay Karte by Nilesh Moharir, Vishwjeet Joshi|date=16 December 2016|publisher=|access-date=10 January 2017|archive-date=12 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170112185125/http://www.saavn.com/s/album/marathi/Ti-Saddhya-Kay-Karte-2016/gFPNGExleIM_|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Hrudayat Vaje Something
| length1 = 04:40
| lyrics1 = Vishwajeet Joshi
| extra1 = Vidhit Patankar
| music1 = [[Avinash-Vishwajeet]]
| title2 = Parikatha
| length2 = 03:55
| lyrics2 = Ashwini Shende
| extra2 = Kaushik Deshpande
| music2 = [[Nilesh Moharir]]
| title3 = Jara Jara
| length3 = 04:55
| lyrics3 = Ashwini Shende
| extra3 = [[Hrishikesh Ranade]], [[Aarya Ambekar]]
| music3 = Nilesh Moharir
| title4 = [https://lyricshungama.com/kitida-navyane-lyrics/ Kitida Navyane]
| length4 = 03:45
| lyrics4 = Devyani Karve-Kothari
| extra4 = Mandar Aapte, Aarya Ambekar
| music4 = Mandar Aapte
| title5 = Hrudayat Vaje Something(Female Version)
| length5 = 04:40
| lyrics5 = Vishwajeet Joshi
| extra5 = Aarya Ambekar
| music5 = Avinash-Vishwajeet
| title6 = Jara Jara(Reprise)
| length6 = 04:00
| lyrics6 = Ashwini Shende
| extra6 = Aarya Ambekar
| music6 = Nilesh Moharir
| title7 = [https://lyricshungama.com/hrudayat-vaje-something-lyrics-from-ti-sadhya-kai-karate/ Hrudayat Vaje Something(Male Version)]
| length7 = 04:40
| lyrics7 = Vishwajeet Joshi
| extra7 = [[Rohit Raut]]
| music7 = [[Avinash-Vishwajeet]]
| total_length = 30:35
}}

==See also==
* [[List of highest-grossing Marathi films|Highest grossing Marathi films]]
* [[List of most expensive Indian films]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6267944}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ti Saddhya Kay Karte}}
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2017 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Satish Rajwade]]

Shourya (2010 film)

2026-03-03T21:34:18Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created The Post W/ Infobox - done

{{About||the Telugu film|Shourya (2016 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shourya
| native_name =
| image = Shourya (2010 film).jpeg
| caption =
| director = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| screenplay = Saadhu kokila
| based_on = ''[[Souryam]]''
| producer = B. Basavaraj A. Venkatesh
| story = J. Siva kumar
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] [[Madalasa Sharma]] [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] [[Reema Wohra]]
| music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = Jo Ni Harsha
| studio = Sri Chamundeshwari Productions
| distributor = A. N. S. Productions
| released = {{Film date|2010|08|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| language = Kannada
| country = India
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Shourya''''' is a [[Kannada films of 2010|2010]] Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] written by [[Siva (director)|J. Siva Kumar]] and directed by [[Sadhu Kokila]]. The film stars [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and [[Madalasa Sharma]], making her debut in Kannada films,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/apr/27/madalasa-sharmas-kannada-debut-150716.amp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113624/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2010/apr/27/madalasa-sharmas-kannada-debut-150716.amp|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 August 2018|title=Madalasa Sharma's Kannada Debut|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 April 2020}}</ref> in the lead roles. It is a remake of the successful [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Souryam]]'' (2008) starring [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]] and [[Anushka Shetty]].

The film was released on 20 August 2010 across [[Karnataka]]. Upon release, it generally met with average reviews from the critics and audience.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/90308/shourya.html|title=Shourya : Muscle-show laced with emotion|publisher=Deccan Herald|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/shourya/movie-review/6420175.cms | title=Shourya Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of Shourya by Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

==Plot==
Surya ([[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]) and Vidya ([[Reema Wohra]]) are orphan siblings who are mistreated by the local goons. They are left to earn their living by begging on the streets. Vidya comes across an orphanage organizer and he takes her as an intern much to the respite of Surya who decides to stay away from her for her benefit. After 15 years, the now adult Surya, a cop, is on a mission to look out for Vijayendra Varma ([[Sampath Raj]]) and his team who were the killers of his guardian ([[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]). How he succeeds in finding them and unites with his sister forms the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Surya
* [[Madalasa Sharma]] as Shwetha
* [[Reema Wohra]] as Vidya
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Vijayendra Varma
* [[John Kokken]]
* Ravindra Nath
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]]
* [[Om Prakash Rao]]
* [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Jimson
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
* [[Chitra Shenoy]]
* [[Sudha Belawadi]]
* Shashikala
* Stunt Siddu
* Nanjundi Nagaraj
* [[K. S. L. Swamy]]
* Bangalore Nagesh
* Thimme Gowda
* [[Mumaith Khan]]
* Anantha Velu
* [[Shani Mahadevappa]]
* Mahesh Raj
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Shourya
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{film date|df=y|2010|6|26}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = Ashwini Media
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The audio was launched on the Ashwini Media label. The audio launch took place at a Bangalore hotel on 26 June 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/Events/22603.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924122227/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/kannada/Events/22603.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title='Shourya' Audio Launch|work=Indiaglitz|date=26 June 2010}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_music = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| all_lyrics = V. Sridhar, [[Tushar Ranganath]], V. Nagendra Prasad and [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Laka Laka
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Kaledu Hoythu
| extra2 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length2 =
| title3 = 100% Preethi
| extra3 = [[Kailash Kher]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Saturday Nine to Nine
| extra4 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length4 =
| title5 = Nee Ishtu Chennagidare
| extra5 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length5 =
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

Shruti Indira Lakshminarayana of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and says "Fans won't be disappointed with Darshan's acting either. He is convincing as the bold cop. Madalasa has ample scope for skin show. Reema handles her role well. Ramesh Bhat, Sudha Belawadi and Avinash play minor roles. Sampath Kumar does a neat job as villain Verma. All in all, Shourya is a commercial mass entertainer that will appeal to Darshan's fans".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-telugu-review-shourya/20100820.htm|title=Shourya is for Darshan fans|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=20 August 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "Sadhu Kokila's music is good. Bullet Prakash and Om Prakashrao have tried their best to make the audience giggle for a while during the post-intermission session. Though it is an action-oriented flick, a few sequences make the movie a worth watch for families".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2010/Aug/21/an-action-packed-flick-179808.html|title=An action-packed flick|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=21 August 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Sampath Kumar nee Raj makes a good debut, while John Kokken is wasted. Of the female leads, Madalasa has nothing much to do, like Anushka in "Shouryam". Tall Reema Vohra (of serial Saath Saath fame) plays Darshan's sister. There's no story, but Darshan fans won't mind its absence in the midst of this slug-fest".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/90308/shourya.html|title=Shourya|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=21 August 2010}}</ref> A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The comic track involving Sadhu in the first half and Bullet Prakash and Omprakash Rao in the second are a big relief to the tepid momentum the film insists on holding onto throughout. It was amusing to see frontbenchers go and touch Mumaith Khan on screen. It is gesture usually reserved for the male star on the opening day".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/shourya-the-image-trap/articleshow/21800546.cms|title=Shourya: The image trap|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=20 August 2010}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13690972}}

{{Sadhu Kokila}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shourya}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:2010 action films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:2010s masala films]]
[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sadhu Kokila]]

Pudukavithai

2026-03-03T05:17:59Z

Best time to visit kashmir: starting basic article added tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Pudukavithai.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. P. Muthuraman]]
| screenplay = [[Visu]]
| based_on = {{based_on|''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]''|M. R. Anand}}{{Efn|The story is credited to M. R. Anand although the writer of the original story, ''Naanu Neenu Jodi'', is A. R. Anand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Naa Ninna Mareyalare Summary, Latest News, Trailer, Cast, Where to Watch and More |url=https://screenrant.com/db/movie/naa-ninna-mareyalare/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114152559/https://screenrant.com/db/movie/naa-ninna-mareyalare/ |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=16 August 2025 |website=[[Screen Rant]] |language=en}}</ref>}}
| starring = [[Rajinikanth]] [[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]] [[Sukumari]]
| producer = Rajam Balachander
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = Babu
| editing = R. Vittal
| studio = [[Kavithalayaa Productions]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Films |url=https://kavithalayaa.in/films/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213255/https://kavithalayaa.in/films/ |archive-date=2 June 2021 |access-date=31 May 2021 |website=[[Kavithalayaa Productions]]}}</ref>
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|1982|6|11|df=y}}
| runtime = 139 Minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Pudukavithai''''' ({{translation|New Poem}}) is a 1982 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[S. P. Muthuraman]], starring [[Rajinikanth]], [[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]] and [[Sukumari]] with [[Saritha]] in a guest appearance. It is a remake of the 1976 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]''. The film was released on 11 June 1982.

== Plot ==
Anand has been a motorcycle contest champion for six years in a row. Winning the championship introduces him to Uma, the daughter of a haughty, rich, and arrogant Thilakavathy, who owns a vast tea estate called Tiger Estate in [[Ooty]]. Initially, Uma hates and mocks Anand for his dark complexion, which their car driver, Saminathan, overhears. Enraged, Saminathan drops Uma and her friends midway, as Saminathan is Anand’s paternal uncle. When Thilakavathy learns about this, she brutally whips him using her henchmen. Seeing his uncle beaten, Anand confronts Thilakavathy at her bungalow, thrashes her henchmen with the same whip, and warns Thilakavathy. To avenge Uma for mocking him as “black-skinned,” he forcibly kisses her and leaves.

Humiliated, Thilakavathy sends goons to torch Anand’s hut. Anand gets knocked down and locked inside as they set the hut ablaze. Coincidentally, Uma rescues Anand from the fire and confesses her love, and soon Anand too reciprocates. Thilakavathy is shocked that he escaped from the fire, unaware that it was Uma who rescued him. Anand works in a company in [[Coimbatore]] and has a chance to meet Uma only on weekends. He fakes leave on a Wednesday and goes to Ooty to meet her, but Uma drives downhill to Coimbatore to meet him. Realizing that they have crossed paths, both drive back and finally meet. Thilakavathy notices their union and beats Uma for loving him. Anand confronts Thilakavathy, asking her to accept their love, but she verbally abuses him. Uma decides to leave with Anand, abandoning her mother. Instantly, to stop Uma, Thilakavathy pretends to accept their union. Meanwhile, she fixes Uma’s marriage with another groom, Prem, in [[Dharmapuri]] on the 20th. At the same time, she lies to Uma, telling her that her marriage to Anand is fixed on the 25th.

To execute her plan, Thilakavathy cleverly sends Anand to [[Chennai|Madras]] under the pretense of arranging a passport for his honeymoon trip and restrains him there until Uma’s marriage is completed. Thilakavathy humiliates Saminathan as well when he comes to collect an invitation. Uma is shocked to discover her mother’s ruse of arranging her marriage with another groom and consumes poison, but Thilakavathy had replaced the bottle with sedatives, causing Uma only to faint. Using this, Thilakavathy transports Uma to Dharmapuri to carry out the marriage as planned. To ensure Uma does not resist, Thilakavathy, through her manager, threatens that if Uma refuses to marry Prem, Anand will be killed. Anand learns of Thilakavathy’s plan and soon, one of the goons reforms, helps Anand escape, and lends his bike to Anand to drive to Dharmapuri to stop the marriage. Braving many obstacles created by Thilakavathy, Anand rushes, but Uma’s wedding with Prem is completed by the time he arrives. Depressed, Anand resorts to alcoholism.

Years later, Anand is seemingly happily married to Kalyani and has a daughter, Uma, who studies in the second standard. Coincidentally, Anand meets Uma in his daughter’s school, where she happens to be the teacher. Anand learns that she, too, is happily married, has two children, and that she gave away all her properties to the workers after her mother died. Kalyani suspects Anand of infidelity with Uma and confronts her at school, insisting that Uma come to their house on [[Diwali|Deepavali]]. When Uma visits, Kalyani introduces Uma to her husband Ganesh, shocking Uma, who had believed all along that Anand was married to Kalyani. In the past, Kalyani and Ganesh had saved Anand when he lay drunk on a road, after which Anand stayed with them. Kalyani has since discovered Anand’s past and intends to reunite him with his former lover, Uma.

Uma pleads with Anand to marry soon, but he vehemently refuses. In her rush to leave, she forgets her handbag, and Anand goes to her house to return it. There, Anand sees a garlanded photo of Prem, Uma’s husband, and with no other option, Uma then reveals the truth—that her husband, a Flight Lieutenant, died in a crash just one week after their marriage. She confesses that she lied, just as Anand did, so that neither of them would feel guilty about being separated. Knowing that the life of a widow is not easy, Anand asks for Uma’s hand in marriage. The next day, he travels to her house only to find it locked. He then receives a letter from her, in which she writes that she does not wish to stain his life, as she believes being a widow is her destiny. She decides to leave for [[Mysore]].

Determined to marry her, Anand rushes to the railway station but fails to meet her in time. As the train departs, he speeds on his motorcycle and, despite many hindrances on the way, chases the train and reaches a mid-station along its route. Seeing Anand’s determination and pursuit, Uma has a change of heart. She deboards the train, and the two finally reunite, embracing each other.

== Cast ==
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Anand
* [[Jyothi (actress)|Jyothi]] as Uma
* [[Sukumari]] as Thilakavathy
* Srilekha Rajendran as Uma's friend
* Baby Deepa as Uma, Kalyani's daughter
* [[Thengai Srinivasan]] as Saminathan, Anand's uncle
* [[Poornam Viswanathan]] as Uma's father-in-law
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Ganesh
* I. S. R. as Thilakavathy's servant
* [[Saritha]] in a special appearance as Kalyani

== Production ==
''Pudukavithai'' was a remake of Kannada film ''[[Naa Ninna Mareyalare]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |location=New Delhi |pages=105}}</ref> While scouting locations to shoot the song "Vellai Pura Ondru" in scenic places like Coutralam and Munnar, Muthuraman witnessed a blanket of fog on the water at 4:30 in the morning, and that is where he immediately shot the song.<ref name="puthu">{{Cite book |last=Muthuraman |first=S. P. |author-link=S. P. Muthuraman |title=AVM Thandha SPM |publisher=Vikatan |year=2017 |edition=3rd |pages=234–235 |language=Tamil |oclc=607342391 |orig-date=2005}}</ref> A scene where Rajinikanth chases the train was shot at a route between Kanchipuram and Arakonam.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=27 April 2008 |title=ரயிலின் வேகத்தில் ரஜினி! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2008-04-27/kalki2008-04-27.pdf |access-date=14 January 2026 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=58-61 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pudhu Kavithai (1982) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002891 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131011172616/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/moviedetail.asp?mid=t0002891 |archive-date=11 October 2013 |access-date=10 October 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Puthu Kavithai Tamil Film EP Vinyl Record by Ilayraraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/puthu-kavithai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayraraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005103506/https://mossymart.com/product/puthu-kavithai-tamil-film-ep-vinyl-record-by-ilayraraaja/ |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=5 October 2021 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> The song "Vellai Pura Onru" is set in [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]] raga.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sundararaman |title=Raga Chintamani: A Guide to Carnatic Ragas Through Tamil Film Music |publisher=Pichhamal Chintamani |year=2007 |edition=2nd |pages=167 |oclc=295034757 |orig-date=2005}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_writing = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vellai Pura Onru
| note1 = duet
| length1 = 4:21
| extra1 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[S. Janaki]]
| title2 = Vaarey Vaa
| length2 = 4:28
| extra2 = K. J. Yesudas, S. Janaki
| title3 = Vellai Pura Ondru
| note3 = solo
| length3 = 4:24
| extra3 = K. J. Yesudas
| title4 = Vaa Vaa Vasanthamey
| length4 = 3:55
| extra4 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]
| total_length = 17:13
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Pudukavithai'' was released on 11 June 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சூப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் - ஒரு சரித்திரம் {{!}} சூப்பர் ஸ்டாரின் திரைக்காவியங்களின் பட்டியல்கள் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622114535/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/globalmusic/rajini02.asp |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> Playing on the film's title, Thiraignani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called it "Burr Burr Kavithai" (whoosh whoosh story).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=திரைஞானி |date=27 June 1982 |title=புதுக்கவிதை |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-06-27/page/n59/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230415134234/https://archive.org/details/kalki1982-06-27/page/n59/mode/2up |archive-date=15 April 2023 |access-date=14 April 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=59 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Noteslist ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{S. P. Muthuraman}}
{{Kavithalaya Productions}}

[[Category:1982 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1982 films]]
[[Category:1982 Indian films]]
[[Category:1982 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about arranged marriage]]
[[Category:Films about mother–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films about remarriage]]
[[Category:Films about widowhood in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. P. Muthuraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films set in mountains]]
[[Category:Films set in schools]]
[[Category:Films shot in Munnar]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Visu]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Ini Oru Sudhanthiram

2026-03-03T05:08:58Z

Best time to visit kashmir: small adjusted structure based on references also and improved wording

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Ini Oru Sudhanthiram.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Manivannan]]
| writer = Manivannan
| producer = Thirupur N. Venkatachalam
| starring = [[Sivakumar]]
| cinematography = A. Sabapathy
| editing = Gowthaman
| music = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| studio = Kalaikovil
| released = {{film date|1987|6|12|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Ini Oru Sudhanthiram''''' ({{Translation|Freedom Now}}) is a 1987 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political drama]] film written and directed by [[Manivannan]]. The film, starring [[Sivakumar]], was released on 12 June 1987,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ini Oru Sudhanthiram (1987) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/ini-oru-sudhanthiram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116034507/https://screen4screen.com/movies/ini-oru-sudhanthiram |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2020 |title=நட்சத்திரங்களுடன் ஒரு வண்ணத்துப்பூச்சி: 32- இயக்குநர் ராசி அழகப்பன் எழுதும் தொடர் |url=http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/rasi-azhagppan-32.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105065442/http://andhimazhai.com/news/view/rasi-azhagppan-32.html |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=Andhimazhai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=November 2022}}
Sundaramoorthy is an Indian liberal leader. He tries to obtain his [[pension]] money, but all his attempts are futile. His daughter Kannamma gets cheated by a collector and she gives birth to a baby but the collector avoids that baby. The collector is killed by Sundaramoorthy, who is sentenced to death. How the lives of such a leader and his family changes due to circumstances, forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Sivakumar]] as Sundaramoorthy<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Muthukaalai<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[Pandiyan (actor)|Pandiyan]] as Pandiyan
* [[Raja (Tamil actor)|Raja]] as Raja, the collector<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[Janagaraj]]
* [[Senthil]]
* [[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]] as Marudagam
* [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] as Kannamma<ref name="hindutamil" />
* [[Jeevitha]] as Thayamma
* [[Kovai Sarala]]
* [[Gandhimathi]]
* [[Sulakshana (actress)|Sulakshana]]
* [[Vinu Chakravarthy]]
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]]
* [[Thyagu (actor)|Thyagu]]
* [[Periya Karuppu Thevar]]
* [[Sathyaraj]] as an [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer (Guest appearance)<ref name="hindutamil" />
}}

== Production ==
''Ini Oru Sudhanthiram'', directed by Manivannan,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rao |first=Subha J. |date=11 May 2013 |title=Fifty and counting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fifty-and-counting/article4706162.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191107073619/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/fifty-and-counting/article4706162.ece |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=13 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> was Sivakumar's 154th film as an actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 May 2021 |title=நெஞ்சை நெகிழ வைத்த சிவாஜியின் சந்திப்பு |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2021/05/30021701/2685994/cinima-history-sivaji.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607043454/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2021/05/30021701/2685994/cinima-history-sivaji.vpf |archive-date=7 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> Raja played a character with negative shades, in contrast to the softer roles he was known for at the time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=6 November 2019 |title=From 'Kadalora Kavithaigal' to 'Adithya Varma': Tamil cinema's quintessential 'soft-spoken hero' Raja returns after a 20-year exile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-raja-profilefrom-kadalora-kavithaigal-to-adithya-varma-tamil-cinemas-quintessential-soft-spoken-hero-raja-returns-after-a-20-year-exile/article29900048.ece |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191107062826/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-raja-profile/article29900048.ece |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=12 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=சரோஜினி |date=24 January 2018 |title=கடலோரக் கவிதைகள் 'ராஜா' எங்கே போனார்?! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/special/2018/jan/24/kadalora-kavidhaigal-raja-2850526.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105074146/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/special/2018/jan/24/kadalora-kavidhaigal-raja-2850526.html |archive-date=5 January 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film was launched at office premises of Kalaikovil.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-311|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=14 July 2025|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]|page=3|date=21 September 1986|title=மணிவண்ணன் படத்தில் பாரதியார் பாடல் }}</ref> It was also launched at Prasad Studios with minister Arumainayagam's wife Tamilselvi lighting the lamp.<ref>{{cite news|title=இனி ஒரு சுதந்திரம்|work=Anna|language=ta|access-date=15 July 2025|url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-10-324|date=5 October 1986|page=4|via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref> The filming was held at [[Coonoor]] and [[Ooty]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 1986 |title=சுதந்திர போராட்ட தியாகியாக சிவக்குமார் |url=https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP372-6-23-11-9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250508012321/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_6_23_11_9/4.jp2/full/1000%2C1378/0/default.jpg |archive-date=8 May 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |work=Anna |pages=4 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Gangai Amaran]], who also wrote the lyrics. His sons [[Venkat Prabhu]] and [[Premgi Amaren]] contributed as singers, using the names "Prabhu Gangai Amaran" and "Prem Gangai Amaran", respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ini Oru Sudhanthiram 1986 Tamil Vinyl LP |url=https://www.bollywoodvinyl.in/products/ini-oru-sudhanthiram-1986-tamil-vinyl-l-p |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107072946/https://www.bollywoodvinyl.in/products/ini-oru-sudhanthiram-1986-tamil-vinyl-l-p |archive-date=7 November 2019 |access-date=12 July 2021 |website=Bollywoodvinyl.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |last2=M |first2=Ramakrishnan |date=10 December 2016 |title=Brand of brothers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Brand-of-brothers/article16789293.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215032003/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Brand-of-brothers/article16789293.ece |archive-date=15 December 2016 |access-date=7 November 2019 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pallikoodam
| extra1 = [[Venkat Prabhu|Prabhu Gangai Amaran]], [[Premgi Amaren|Prem Gangai Amaran]]
| length1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Gangai Amaran]]
| title2 = Enru Thaniyum
| extra2 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length2 =
| lyrics2 = Bharathiyar
| title3 = Solla Vallayo
| extra3 = [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| length3 =
| lyrics3 = Bharathiyar
| title4 = Kaigalile Valuvirukku
| extra4 = [[Malaysia Vasudevan]], K. S. Chithra
| length4 =
| lyrics4 = Jeeva Bharathi
| title5 = Mogathai Konruvidu
| extra5 = K. J. Yesudas, K. S. Chithra
| length5 =
| lyrics5 = Bharathiyar
| title6 = Partha Pasikuthadi
| extra6 = [[P. Jayachandran]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length6 =
| lyrics6 = Gangai Amaran
| title7 = Sonthangale
| extra7 = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| length7 =
| lyrics7 = Gangai Amaran
| title8 = Pattini
| extra8 = Malaysia Vasudevan
| length8 =
| lyrics8 = Nagai Swaminathan
}}

== Critical reception ==
[[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] (a duo) of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Sivakumar's acting, Chandrasekhar-Nalini's subplot, Vinu Chakravarthy's acting and characterisation. They appreciated Manivannan for skillfully having woven so many characters into separate threads and performed the puppet show without any problems while also praising his hard hitting dialogues but questioned him for making Sathyamurthy's character remain silent to the problems but raging only after he faces a problem.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=1987-06-28 |title=இனி ஒரு சுதந்திரம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1987-06-28/page/n14/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230523050836/https://archive.org/details/kalki1987-06-28/page/n13/mode/2up |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=5 January 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=13 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="hindutamil">{{Cite news |date=9 July 2021 |title=திரைப்படச்சோலை 47: இனி ஒரு சுதந்திரம் |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/691126-thiraippada-solai.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809045523/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/blogs/691126-thiraippada-solai.html |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=12 July 2021 |work=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=ta}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Manivannan}}

[[Category:1987 Indian films]]
[[Category:1980s political drama films]]
[[Category:1987 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Manivannan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Gangai Amaran]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language political drama films]]

Awesome Mausam

2026-03-02T09:37:31Z

Best time to visit kashmir: cleaned up structure further and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Awesome Mausam
| image = Awesome-mausam-2016-movie-realese-poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Yogesh Bhardwaj
| producer = Mukesh Choudhary
| writer = Adesh k Arjun
| screenplay = Yogesh Bhardwaj
| story = Yogesh Bhardwaj
| starring = Naina Ganguly(Ambalika Sarkar) Rahul Romy Sharma
| music = [[Mani Shankar]] [[Ishan Ghosh]] Komal Aran Atariya Yogesh Bhardwaj {{small|(lyrics)}}
| cinematography = Pratap S Choudhary
| editing = Govind Dubey
| studio = Triveni Movies International
| distributor = VIP (Vinay Choksy)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|03|18}}
| runtime = 131 Minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''Awesome Mausam''' is a 2016 [[Bollywood]] movie is directed by Yogesh Bhardwaj and Produced by Mukesh Choudhary.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awesome Mausam Story Plot Cast and reviews|url=http://movies.buzzintown.com/awesome-mausam/segment--synopsis/id--701294.html|website=Buzz in Town|accessdate=30 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411062412/http://movies.buzzintown.com/awesome-mausam/segment--synopsis/id--701294.html|archive-date=11 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film features Rahul Romy Sharma, Naina Ganguly(Ambalika Sarkar), Mukesh Tiwari, Suunil R Kumar, Raja Mishra and Suhasini Mulay.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awesome Mausam Movie Review & Rating|url=http://www.dekhnews.com/awesome-mausam-movie-review-rating-box-office-collection-hit-or-flop-by/|website=Dekh News|accessdate=30 March 2016|archive-date=14 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914155744/https://www.dekhnews.com/awesome-mausam-movie-review-rating-box-office-collection-hit-or-flop-by/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Plot==
This love story between a Hindu boy, Rahul Sharma (Rahul Romy Sharma) and Muslim girl, Ghazal Siddiqui (Ambalika Sarkar) invokes the ‘Laila-Majnu’ track to drive home its legendary leanings. Unfortunately there's really nothing much to recommend here save for a few lines of stinging thought-provoking dialogue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awesome Mausam (2016)|url=http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/7162554/top/movie_details.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701210558/http://m.bollywoodhungama.com/en/h5/movies/7162554/top/movie_details.php|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2016|website=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=3 April 2016}}</ref>

Rahul and Ghazal perform the Laila-Majnu play in their college and eventually fall in love. But the girl's uneducated, successful land shark, father, Siddiqui ([[Mukesh Tiwari]]) is livid about the pairing and puts up hurdles in their way. An NGO, basically a website tiled ‘Love Guard,’ started by Arjun (Manmohan tiwari) – a love-loss survivor, hopes to help and protect such couples achieve happily ever after. Suunil R Kumar played and important role as a friend of Rahul in the college premises till tragedy happens with him. A comedy scene has been performed by "Raja Mishra" with the catch phrase "got it" to lighten the mood of the audience. Rahul and Ghazal seek out his help but will that be enough to withstand the entire onslaught that Siddiqui has in store for them?

This film delivers its plea for Hindu-Muslim amity without much finesse or interest, it has all been done before and love stories of this nature and bent have become stale and passé. The lead performers are also not significantly worthy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Awesome Mausam: 'Tragic' romantic charade|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/awesome-mausam-tragic-romantic-charade/807178|website=The Free Press Journal|accessdate=31 March 2016|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412003605/http://www.freepressjournal.in/awesome-mausam-tragic-romantic-charade/807178|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast==
* Rahul Sharma
* [[Naina Ganguly]]
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]]
* [[Manmohan Tiwari]]
* [[Suhasini Mulay]]
* Vaarssh Bhatnagar
* Lalitesh Jha
* Prince Sondhi
* Manmohan Tiwari
* Shikha Itkan
* [[Suunil R Kumar]]
* Raja Mishra

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Awesome Mausam
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Sonu Nigam, Shaan, Palak Muchhal, KK, Javed Ali, Monali Thakur, Neha Bhasin, Priya Bhattacharya, Ishan Ghosh
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 24 February 2016
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 131 Minutes
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}
The music for ''Awesome Mausam'' has been composed by [[Javed Ali]], [[Ishan Ghosh]], Komal Aran Atariya The music rights have been acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]. The album contains total 6 tracks.
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1= Sathiyaan
| note1 =
| length1=5:49
| music1=Komal Aran Atariya
| writer1 =
| extra1= [[Sonu Nigam]]
| title2= Tere Naina Mere Naino Se
| note2 =
| length2= 4:55
| music2= Komal Aran Atariya
| writer2 =
| extra2= [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]], [[Palak Muchhal]]
| title3= Kaisi Yeh Pyaas Hai
| note3 =
| length3= 5:06
| music3=
| writer3 =
| extra3= [[KK (singer)|KK]], Priya Bhattacharya
| title4= Laila Majnu
| note4 =
| length4= 4:59
| music4= [[Javed Ali]]
| writer4 =
| extra4= [[Javed Ali]], [[Monali Thakur]]
| title5= Talli Dol
| length5= 4:13
| music5= [[Ishan Ghosh]]
| extra5= [[Benny Dayal]], Priya Bhattacharya, [[Ishan Ghosh]]
| title6= Wanna Wanna Fun
| length6= 4:15
| music6=
| extra6= [[Neha Bhasin]]
| total_length =32:46
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{BH movie|awesome-mausam}}
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2016 Indian films]]

Vasurna State

2026-02-28T16:38:42Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created New Article Initial Version - done

{{Short description|Princely state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name =Vasurna State
|common_name =Vasurna
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|era =
|year_start =
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India|Accession to the Union of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Surat Agency with all princely states with labels British India 1880-1933.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of Vasurna in the Dang region
|stat_area1 =342.24
|stat_year1 =1931
|stat_pop1 =7 329
|footnotes =
}}
'''Vasurna State''' was a minor [[princely state]] during the [[British Raj]] in what is today [[Gujarat State]] India. It was initially administered by the [[Surat Agency]] <ref>"Memoranda On The Indian States 1930", p. 290 https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275346/page/n311/mode/2up</ref> and then by the [[Western India States Agency]]. The state had a population of 7 329 and an area of 132.14 sq miles.<ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 104, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up</ref>

It was more specifically classified as one of the 14 minor princely states of the Dangs, in the [[Dang district, India]].<ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon", P. 51 https://archive.org/details/goldenbookofindi00lethrich/page/40/mode/2up</ref>

== History ==

The area of Khandesh became a British possession in 1818 following the defeat of [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao II]] during the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. The neighbouring Dang principalities were seen as separate states and conducted routine raids into the Khandesh territories. In 1825 the [[Gaekwar]] of [[Baroda]] sent a force of 10 000 men to subdue the Dangs but they were defeated, the Dang states only subjugated in 1839.<ref>Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref> During the campaign, the Rajas of Vasurna, Chinchli Gaded and Gadvi had looted villages in Peint and Baglan.<ref>A Memoir of the Khandesh Bhil Corps (1825-1891) by A. H. A. Simcox,, https://archive.org/details/KhandeshBhilCorps/page/n157/mode/2up.</ref>

In 1842 parts of the Dang teak forests, surrounding 446 villages, were leased by the Government in Bombay, the lease extended in perpetuity and to the whole territory in 1862. Some time after 1842 the tribute demanded of the Dang states by the Desmukh of Mulher lead to heavy disturbances, which resulted in the British Government deducting the Desmukh's tribute from the sum paid to the Dang chiefs for leasing their forests.<ref>Reorganization scheme for the establishment of direct political relations between the govt. and India and states in the Bombay presidency, 1931, p. 25-26 https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/Category/ItemDetails/ItemDetails?itemId=e9609138-b62c-4dea-a28d-ffabfa4480ee</ref>

In 1880 the state had a yearly revenue of ca. 230 £ (2300 Rupees) <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, 597, 605-606 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up</ref>

==Rulers==

The Rulers had the title of Raja <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1940, p. 30, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35376/page/n37/mode/2up</ref> The Dang Chiefs held the power to settle criminal and civil disputes, including being able to issue fines, have witches sentenced to be burnt alive and other capital offenders being killed by being shot by arrows.<ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, p. 603, https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/622/mode/2up</ref>

* Yashvantráv Lakshman fl. 1880 <ref>BK 353 -Gazetteer Of Bombay Presidency Vol 12 Khandesh, 606 https://archive.org/details/1880GazetteerOfBombayPresidencyVol12Khandesh353D/page/626/mode/2up</ref>
* Raja Jawahirsingh (Ratansingh Jeswantrao) (b. 1878) fl. 1893 <ref>"The golden book of India; a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated, of the Indian empire, with an appendix for Ceylon" p. 566, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.529478/page/n587/mode/2up</ref>
* Raja Pandurao Navsa (b. 1875) May 6, 1905-fl. 1915 <ref>Memoranda On Native States In Indian 1915, p. 250, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35687/page/n255/mode/2up</ref>
* Samansinh Pandurao (b. 1913) May 1, 1920-fl. 1935 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1935, p. 104, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.275347/page/n113/mode/2up</ref>
* Chandrasinh Samansinh (b. August 31, 1931) April 20, 1936- fl. 1939 <ref>Memoranda On The Indian States 1939 p. 26, https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35598/page/n35/mode/2up</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1948]]

Agriculture in India

2026-02-24T01:30:39Z

Best time to visit kashmir: expanded content

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}

[[File:Agricultural output India.svg|thumb|300 px|Development of agricultural output of India in 2015 US$]]
[[File:Share of labour force employed in agriculture in India.svg|thumb|300 px|Share of labour force employed in agriculture in India]]
The history of '''agriculture in India''' dates back to the [[South Asian Stone Age|Neolithic period]]. India [[List of countries by GDP sector composition|ranks]] second worldwide in farm outputs. As per the Indian economic survey 2020–21, agriculture employed more than 50% of the Indian workforce and contributed 20.2% to the country's GDP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/india-economic-survey-2018-for-farmers-agriculture-gdp-msp/1034266/|title=India economic survey 2018: Farmers gain as agriculture mechanisation speeds up, but more R&D needed|date=29 January 2018|website=The Financial Express|access-date=8 January 2019|archive-date=8 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108200706/https://www.financialexpress.com/budget/india-economic-survey-2018-for-farmers-agriculture-gdp-msp/1034266/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2016, agriculture and allied sectors like [[Animal husbandry in India|animal husbandry]], [[Forestry in India|forestry]] and [[Fishing in India|fisheries]] accounted for 17.5% of the [[GDP]] (gross domestic product) with about 41.49% of the workforce in 2020.<ref name="CIA">{{cite web |title=CIA Factbook: India-Economy |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/ |access-date=17 November 2018 |archive-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/news/41618996_1_gdp-foodgrains-allied-sectors |title=Agriculture's share in GDP declines to 13.7% in 2012–13 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=15 January 2015 |archive-date=6 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160906052509/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-30/news/41618996_1_gdp-foodgrains-allied-sectors }}</ref><ref>Staff, India Brand Equity Foundation [http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-Food.aspx Agriculture and Food in India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913065213/https://www.ibef.org/exports |date=13 September 2024 }} Accessed 7 May 2013</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Labor force by agriculture sector in India|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=IN|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607054517/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=IN|url-status=live}}</ref> India ranks first in the world with highest net cropped area followed by US and China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterreview.in/Story/Features/india-outranks-us-china-with-worlds-highest-net-cropland-area/2096/2#.W_A_iOgzZPY|title=India outranks US, China with world's highest net cropland area|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118011104/http://www.indiawaterreview.in/Story/Features/india-outranks-us-china-with-worlds-highest-net-cropland-area/2096/2#.W_A_iOgzZPY}}</ref> The economic contribution of agriculture to India's GDP is steadily declining with the country's broad-based economic growth. Still, agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of [[India]].

The total agriculture commodities export was US$3.50 billion in March–June 2020. India exported $38 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013, making it the seventh-largest agricultural exporter worldwide and the sixth largest net exporter.<ref name=usda2014/> Most of its agriculture exports serve developing and least developed nations.<ref name=usda2014>[https://www.fas.usda.gov/data/india-s-agricultural-exports-climb-record-high India's Agricultural Exports Climb to Record High], United States Department of Agriculture (2014)</ref> Indian agricultural/horticultural and processed foods are exported to more than 120 countries, primarily to Japan, [[Southeast Asia]], [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] countries, the [[European Union]] and the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-food-industry-india.aspx | title=Agriculture in India: Agricultural Exports & Food Industry in India {{pipe}} IBEF | access-date=3 May 2016 | archive-date=19 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419214357/http://www.ibef.org/exports/agriculture-and-food-industry-india.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.agriexam.com/?m=1 | title=Home | access-date=7 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908021654/http://www.agriexam.com/?m=1 | archive-date=8 September 2017 }}</ref>

[[Pesticides]] and [[fertilizers]] used in Indian agriculture have helped increase crop productivity, but their unregulated and excessive use has caused different ecosystem and fatal health problems.<ref>Vaidyanathan, A. Fertilizers use in Indian agriculture. J. Soc. Econ. Dev. 24 (Suppl 1), 6–21 (2022). {{doi|10.1007/s40847-022-00224-x}}</ref><ref name=bhaskar_1>Bhakar, A., Singh, Y.V., Abhishek et al. Pesticides in India in the twenty-first century and their impact on biodiversity. Vegetos 36, 768–778 (2023). {{doi|10.1007/s42535-022-00434-y}}</ref> Several studies published between 2011 and 2020 attribute 45 different types of [[cancers]] afflicting rural farm workers in India to pesticide usage. The chemicals have been shown to cause [[DNA]] damage, hormone disruption, and lead to a weakened [[immune system]].<ref name=bhaskar_1/> Occupational exposure to pesticides has been identified as a major trigger of the development of cancer.<ref name=bhaskar_1/> The principal classes of pesticides investigated in relation to their role in intoxication and cancer were [[insecticides]], [[herbicides]], and [[fungicides]].<ref>Vaidyanathan, A. Fertilizers use in Indian agriculture. J. Soc. Econ. Dev. 24 (Suppl 1), 6–21 (2022). {{doi|10.1007/s40847-022-00224-x}}</ref><ref name=bhaskar_1/> [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], a state in India, utilises the highest amount of chemical fertilizers in the country. Many of the pesticides sprayed on the state's crops are classified as class I by the [[World Health Organization]] because of their acute toxicity and are banned in places around the world, including Europe.<ref name=pedroso_2>Pedroso, T.M.A., Benvindo-Souza, M., de Araújo Nascimento, F. et al. Cancer and occupational exposure to pesticides: a bibliometric study of the past 10 years. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 17464–17475 (2022). {{doi|10.1007/s11356-021-17031-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jul/01/the-indian-state-where-farmers-sow-the-seeds-of-death|title=The Indian state where farmers sow the seeds of death|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=1 July 2019|author=Vivek Chaudhary|access-date=6 May 2024|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913065325/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jul/01/the-indian-state-where-farmers-sow-the-seeds-of-death|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Definition of farmer ==
Indian farmers are people who grow crops as a profession.<ref name=":0"/> Various government estimates ([[Census of India|Census]], [[Census of agriculture|Agricultural Census]], [[National Sample Survey Office (India)|National Sample Survey]] assessments, and Periodic Labour Force Surveys) give a different number of farmers in the country ranging from 37 million to 118 million as per the different definitions.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Agarwal|first=Kabir|date=9 March 2021|title=Indian Agriculture's Enduring Question: Just How Many Farmers Does the Country Have?|url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/indian-agricultures-enduring-question-just-how-many-farmers-does-the-country-have|access-date=22 March 2021|website=The Wire|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310073147/https://thewire.in/agriculture/indian-agricultures-enduring-question-just-how-many-farmers-does-the-country-have|url-status=live}}</ref> Some definitions take into account the number of holdings as compared to the number of farmers.<ref name=":1" /> Other definitions take into account possession of land, while others try to delink land ownership from the definition of a farmer.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Choudhary|first=Nitu|date=9 December 2020|title=Who is a farmer? What is The Government's Definition Of A Farmer?|url=https://smarteklavya.com/governments-definition-of-a-farmer-in-india/|access-date=22 March 2021|website=Smart Eklavya|language=en-GB|archive-date=11 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411222000/https://smarteklavya.com/governments-definition-of-a-farmer-in-india/}}</ref> Other terms also used include 'cultivator'.<ref name=":2" />

India's National Policy for Farmers 2007 defines farmer as:<ref name=":0">[https://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/npff2007%20%281%29.pdf National Policy for Farmers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724161352/http://agricoop.nic.in/sites/default/files/npff2007%20%281%29.pdf |date=24 July 2020 }}. ''Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India''. pp 4. Accessed on 22 March 2021.</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=For the purpose of this Policy, the term "FARMER" will refer to a person actively engaged in the economic and/or livelihood activity of growing crops and producing other primary agricultural commodities and will include all agricultural operational holders, cultivators, agricultural labourers, sharecroppers, tenants, poultry and livestock rearers, fishers, beekeepers, gardeners, pastoralists, non-corporate planters and planting labourers, as well as persons engaged in various farmingrelated occupations such as sericulture, vermiculture, and agro-forestry. The term will also include tribal families / persons engaged in shifting cultivation and in the collection, use and sale of timber and non-timber forest produce.}}
However this definition has not been adopted.<ref name=":0" />

==Overview==
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Threshing harvest Sangrur Punjab India.jpg
| image2 = Cotton picking in India.jpg
| image3 = A farmer and his cows.jpg
| image4 = Plucking tea in a tea garden of Assam.jpg
| perrow = 2/2
| footer = Threshing, cotton picking, rice farming and tea leaf plucking
}}
[[File:Employment_In_Agriculture,_Forestry_And_Fishing_(2021).svg|thumb|Worldwide employment In agriculture, forestry and fishing in 2021. India has one of the highest number of people employed in these sectors.]]
As per the 2014 [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] world agriculture statistics India is the world's largest producer of many fresh [[fruit]]s like banana, mango, guava, papaya, [[lemon]] and vegetables like chickpea, okra and [[milk]], major [[spice]]s like chili pepper, ginger, fibrous crops such as [[jute]], staples such as [[millet]]s and [[castor oil]] seed. India is the second largest producer of [[wheat]] and [[rice]], the world's major [[staple food|food staples]].<ref name="faostat.fao.org">{{cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor|title=FAOSTAT, 2014 data|publisher=Faostat.fao.org|access-date=17 September 2011|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407180211/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor}}</ref>

India is currently the world's second largest producer of several [[dried fruit|dry fruits]], agriculture-based [[textile]] raw materials, [[List of root vegetables|roots]] and [[tuber]] crops, [[Pulse (legume)|pulses]], farmed [[Fish (food)|fish]], [[Egg (food)|eggs]], [[coconut]], [[sugarcane]] and numerous [[vegetable]]s. India is ranked under the world's five largest producers of over 80% of agricultural produce items, including many [[cash crop]]s such as [[coffee]] and [[cotton]], in 2010.<ref name="faostat.fao.org"/> India is one of the world's five largest producers of [[livestock]] and [[poultry meat]], with one of the fastest growth rates, {{as of|2011|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Livestock and Poultry: World Markets & Trade|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|date=October 2011|url=https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/livestock_poultry.pdf|access-date=28 December 2011|archive-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011213233/http://www.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/livestock_poultry.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

One report from 2008 claimed that India's population is growing faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat.<ref name="nytagriculture">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/business/22indiafood.html?_r=1|title=The Food Chain in Fertile India, Growth Outstrips Agriculture|work=The New York Times|date=22 June 2008|first=Somini|last=Sengupta|access-date=23 April 2010|archive-date=23 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723172723/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/business/22indiafood.html?_r=1|url-status=live}}</ref> While other recent studies claim that India can easily feed its growing population, plus produce wheat and rice for global exports, if it can reduce food staple spoilage/wastage, improve its infrastructure and raise its farm productivity like those achieved by other developing countries such as [[Brazil]] and [[China]].<ref name=fao1a/><ref name=wboverview2/>

In fiscal year ending June 2011, with a normal monsoon season, Indian agriculture accomplished an all-time record production of 85.9 million tonnes of wheat, a 6.4% increase from a year earlier. Rice output in India hit a new record at 95.3 million tonnes, a 7% increase from the year earlier.<ref name=bloomberg1>{{cite web|title=India Allows Wheat Exports for the First Time in Four Years|date=8 September 2011|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-08/india-allows-wheat-exports-for-the-first-time-in-four-years-1-.html}}</ref> Lentils and many other food staples production also increased year over year. Indian farmers, thus produced about 71 kilograms of wheat and 80 kilograms of rice for every member of Indian population in 2011. The per capita supply of rice every year in India is now higher than the per capita consumption of rice every year in Japan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fish and Rice in the Japanese Diet|year=2006|publisher=Japan Review|url=http://www.japanreview.net/essays_fish_and_rice.htm|access-date=21 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406190801/http://www.japanreview.net/essays_fish_and_rice.htm|archive-date=6 April 2012}}</ref>

India exported $39 billion worth of agricultural products in 2013, making it the seventh largest agricultural exporter worldwide, and the sixth largest net exporter.<ref name=usda2014/> This represents explosive growth, as in 2004 net exports were about $5 billion.<ref name=usda2014/> India is the fastest growing exporter of agricultural products over a 10-year period, its $39 billion of net export is more than double the combined exports of the European Union (EU-28).<ref name="usda2014" /> It has become one of the world's largest supplier of rice, cotton, sugar and wheat. India exported around 2 million metric tonnes of wheat and 2.1 million metric tonnes of rice in 2011 to [[Africa]], [[Nepal]], [[Bangladesh]] and other regions around the world.<ref name=bloomberg1/>

[[Fishing in India|Aquaculture and catch fishery]] is among the fastest growing industries in India. Between 1990 and 2010, the Indian fish capture harvest doubled, while aquaculture harvest tripled. In 2008, India was the world's sixth largest producer of marine and freshwater capture fisheries and the second largest aquaculture farmed fish producer. India exported 600,000 metric tonnes of fish products to nearly half of the world's countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=The state of world fisheries and aquaculture, 2010|year=2010|publisher=FAO of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e.pdf|access-date=22 December 2011|archive-date=15 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915222055/http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Export of marine products from India (see statistics section) |publisher=Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, India |year=2008 |url=http://www.cift.res.in/innercontent.php?contentid=MTgw |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701054320/http://www.cift.res.in/innercontent.php?contentid=MTgw |archive-date=1 July 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles: India|year=2011|publisher=Food and Africulture Organisation of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_IN/3/en|access-date=22 December 2011|archive-date=13 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613175755/http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/FI-CP_IN/3/en|url-status=live}}</ref> Though the available nutritional standard is 100% of the requirement, India lags far behind in terms of [[Essential amino acid|quality protein]] intake at 20% which is to be tackled by making available protein rich food products such as eggs, meat, fish, chicken etc. at affordable prices<ref name="India: Global Food Security Index">{{Cite web|url=http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#India|title=India: Global Food Security Index|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712235613/http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#India}}</ref>

India has shown a steady average nationwide annual increase in the mass-produced per hectare for some agricultural items, over the last 60 years. These gains have come mainly from India's [[Green Revolution|green revolution]], improving road and power generation infrastructure, knowledge of gains and reforms.<ref name=rbi1/> Despite these recent accomplishments, agriculture has the potential for major productivity and total output gains, because crop yields in India are still just 30% to 60% of the best sustainable crop yields achievable in the farms of developed and other developing countries.<ref name=OSU2009>{{cite web|title=World Wheat, Corn and Rice |publisher=Oklahoma State University, FAOSTAT |url=http://nue.okstate.edu/crop_information/world_wheat_production.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610121002/http://www.nue.okstate.edu/Crop_Information/World_Wheat_Production.htm |archive-date=10 June 2015 }}</ref> Additionally, post harvest losses due to poor infrastructure and unorganised retail, caused India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world.<ref name=Econ312>{{cite news|title=Indian retail: The supermarket's last frontier|newspaper=The Economist|date=3 December 2011|url=https://www.economist.com/business/2011/12/03/the-supermarkets-last-frontier|access-date=28 December 2011|archive-date=31 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240331170933/https://www.economist.com/business/2011/12/03/the-supermarkets-last-frontier|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Emerging Trends, Challenges and Opportunities presentation, on publications page, see slides 7 through 21|author=Sinha, R.K.|publisher=National Seed Association of India|year=2010|url=http://www.nsai.co.in/Publication/exec/frmAllPublication.aspx?cID=Presentations|access-date=28 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115152923/http://nsai.co.in/Publication/exec/frmAllPublication.aspx?cID=Presentations|archive-date=15 November 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Kurmi zamindars.png|thumb|Kurmi farmers of rural [[Bihar]] have started using modern agriculture technology]]
One of India's major agricultural products, rice, is suffering as a result of shifting monsoon patterns. States in the East of the country ([[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], and [[Odisha]]), have experienced high temperatures and insufficient rainfall in 2022, in contrast to [[Central India|Central]] and [[South India|Southern India]], which has experienced excessive rain in recent months, resulting in flooding in the Southern states of [[Kerala]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=India sustainable rice cuts water use and emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/sustainable-rice-india |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223135242/https://www.eib.org/en/stories/sustainable-rice-india |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Tanvi |date=11 October 2021 |title=Climate Change Is Making India's Monsoon More Erratic |url=https://www.indiaspend.com/earthcheck/climate-change-is-making-indias-monsoon-more-erratic-780356 |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=www.indiaspend.com |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223135242/https://www.indiaspend.com/earthcheck/climate-change-is-making-indias-monsoon-more-erratic-780356 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |last=Koshy |first=Jacob |date=25 September 2022 |title=Explained {{!}} Shifting monsoon patterns |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/shifting-monsoon-patterns/article65935590.ece |access-date=23 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223135242/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/shifting-monsoon-patterns/article65935590.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The rice crop this season is therefore anticipated to decrease by roughly 6.77 million tonnes to 104.99 million, according to India's ministry of agriculture.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":12" />

A study on India's food and land-use systems highlights the need for improved skills, stronger institutional linkages, and increased research investment to enhance sustainability and resilience in agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |title=Food and Land Use Coalition Engagement in India - Phase II |url=https://www.teriin.org/project/food-and-land-use-coalition-engagement-india-phase-ii |website=TERI |access-date=31 March 2021}}</ref>

==History==
{{More citations needed|date=April 2016}}
{{main|History of agriculture in India}}
[[File:Farmers and Water Buffalo Plowing a Rice Field by Frank Bond.jpg|thumb|Farmers and [[Water buffalo|Water Buffalo]] Plowing a Rice Field, West Bengal, 1944]]
[[Vedic literature]] provides some of the earliest written record of agriculture in India. [[Rigveda]] hymns, for example, describes ploughing, fallowing, irrigation, fruit and vegetable cultivation. Other historical evidence suggests rice and cotton were cultivated in the [[Indus Valley]], and ploughing patterns from the [[Bronze Age]] have been excavated at [[Kalibangan]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name=pbs7>{{cite web|title=The Story of India: a PBS documentary|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service, United States|url=https://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/gallery/photos/7.html|access-date=23 August 2017|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825190252/http://www.pbs.org/thestoryofindia/gallery/photos/7.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bhumivargaha, an Indian [[Sanskrit]] text, suggested to be 2500 years old, classifies agricultural land into 12 categories: urvara (fertile), ushara (barren), maru (desert), aprahata (fallow), shadvala (grassy), pankikala (muddy), jalaprayah (watery), kachchaha (contiguous to water), sharkara (full of pebbles and pieces of limestone), sharkaravati (sandy), nadimatruka (watered from a river), and devamatruka (rainfed). Some archaeologists believe that rice was a domesticated crop along the banks of the river Ganges in the sixth millennium BC.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Agriculture in the Vedic Period |first=Mira |last=Roy |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol44_4_2_MRoy.pdf |journal=Indian Journal of History of Science |volume=44 |issue=4 |date=2009 |pages=497–520 |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825161613/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol44_4_2_MRoy.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> So were species of winter cereals (barley, oats, and wheat) and legumes (lentil and chickpea) grown in northwest India before the sixth millennium BC.{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} Other crops cultivated in India 3000 to 6000 years ago, include sesame, linseed, safflower, mustard, castor, mung bean, black gram, horse gram, pigeon pea, field pea, grass pea (khesari), fenugreek, cotton, jujube, grapes, dates, jack fruit, mango, mulberry, and black plum{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}. Indians may have domesticated river buffalo 5000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Agriculture and IFFCO |url=https://www.craaq.qc.ca/documents/files/Evenements/EPER1401/08_Gupta_Manish_ang.pdf |website=Quebec Reference Center for Agriculture and Agri-food |access-date=14 January 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153418/https://www.craaq.qc.ca/documents/files/Evenements/EPER1401/08_Gupta_Manish_ang.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

According to some scientists agriculture was widespread in the Indian peninsula, 10000–3000 years ago, well beyond the fertile plains of the north. For example, one study reports 12 sites in the southern Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka providing clear evidence of agriculture of pulses [[Vigna radiata]] and [[Macrotyloma uniflorum]], millet-grasses ([[Brachiaria]] ramosa and [[Setaria verticillata]]), wheats ([[Triticum dicoccum]], [[Triticum durum]]/[[Triticum aestivum|aestivum]]), barley ([[Hordeum vulgare]]), [[hyacinth bean]] ([[Lablab purpureus]]), [[sorghum]] ([[Sorghum bicolor]]), pearl millet ([[Pennisetum glaucum]]), [[finger millet]] ([[Eleusine coracana]]), [[cotton]] ([[Gossypium]] sp.), [[linseed]] ([[Linum]] sp.), as well as gathered fruits of [[Ziziphus]] and two [[Cucurbitaceae]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Early plant domestications in southern India: some preliminary archaeobotanical results|author=Fuller|journal=Vegetation History and Archaeobotany|volume=13|issue=2|year=2004|pages=115–129|doi=10.1007/s00334-004-0036-9|url=http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/people/staff/fuller/usercontent_profile/vha.pdf|last2=Korisettar|first2=Ravi|last3=Venkatasubbaiah|first3=P.C.|last4=Jones|first4=Martink.|bibcode=2004VegHA..13..115F |s2cid=8108444|display-authors=etal|access-date=22 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810225114/http://www.ucl.ac.uk/archaeology/people/staff/fuller/usercontent_profile/vha.pdf|archive-date=10 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Science in India with Special Reference to Agriculture|author=Tamboli and Nene|publisher=Agri History|url=http://www.agri-history.org/Science%20in%20India%20with%20Special%20Reference%20to%20Agriculture.pdf|access-date=22 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205185458/http://www.agri-history.org/Science%20in%20India%20with%20Special%20Reference%20to%20Agriculture.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2012|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

Some claim Indian agriculture began by 9000 BC as a result of early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops.<ref name="gupta57">Gupta, p. 57</ref> Settled life soon followed with implements and techniques being developed for agriculture.<ref name=harrisandgosden385>Harris & Gosden, p. 385</ref><ref name=lal>{{Cite journal|title=Thematic evolution of ISTRO: transition in scientific issues and research focus from 1955 to 2000|first=R.|last=Lal|journal=Soil and Tillage Research|volume=61|issue=1–2|date=August 2001|pages=3–12 [3]|doi=10.1016/S0167-1987(01)00184-2|bibcode=2001STilR..61....3L }}</ref> Double [[monsoon]]s led to two harvests being reaped in one year.<ref name="eb-agri">''agriculture, history of''. Encyclopædia Britannica 2008.</ref> Indian products soon reached trading networks and foreign crops were introduced.<ref name="eb-agri"/><ref name="shaffer310-311">Shaffer, pp. 310–311</ref> Plants and animals—considered esses "reeds that produce honey without bees" being grown. These were locally called साखर, (Sākhara). On their return journey soldiers carried the "honey bearing reeds", thus spreading [[sugar]] and [[sugarcane]] agriculture.<ref>{{cite book|title=Something about sugar: its history, growth, manufacture and distribution|last=Rolph|first=George|year=1873|url=https://basic-agriculture-information.blogspot.com/|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023041255/https://basic-agriculture-information.blogspot.com/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=agrisugar1>{{cite web|title=Agribusiness Handbook: Sugar beet white sugar|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations|year=2009|url=https://basic-agriculture-information.blogspot.com/|access-date=20 April 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023041255/https://basic-agriculture-information.blogspot.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> People in India had invented, by about 500 BC, the process to produce sugar crystals. In the local language, these crystals were called ''khanda'' (खण्ड), which is the source of the word ''candy''.<ref>{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Sugarcane: Saccharum Officinarum |url=http://www.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/ag&environ/Sugarcane.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106015828/http://www1.usaid.gov/locations/latin_america_caribbean/environment/docs/ag%26environ/Sugarcane.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2013 |access-date=4 May 2017 |publisher=USAID, Govt of United States |page=7.1}}</ref>

Before the 18th century, cultivation of sugarcane was largely confined to India. A few merchants began to trade in sugar – a luxury and an expensive spice in Europe until the 18th century. Sugar became widely popular in 18th-century Europe, then graduated to become a human necessity in the 19th century all over the world. Sugarcane plantations, just like [[cotton]] farms, became a major driver of large and forced human migrations in the 19th century and early 20th century – of people from Africa and from India, both in millions – influencing the ethnic mix, political conflicts and cultural evolution of Caribbean, South American, Indian Ocean and Pacific Island nations.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History |last=Mintz |first=Sidney |isbn=978-0-14-009233-2 |year=1986 |publisher=Penguin |url=https://archive.org/details/sweetnesspowerpl00mint }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Indian indentured labourers |publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom |year=2010 |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/indian-indentured-labour.htm |access-date=6 February 2012 |archive-date=23 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323014836/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/records/research-guides/indian-indentured-labour.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The history and past accomplishments of Indian agriculture thus influenced, in part, colonialism, slavery and slavery-like indentured labour practices in the new world, [[History of the Caribbean#Impact of colonialism on the Caribbean|Caribbean wars]] and world history in 18th and 19th centuries.<ref name=britain1>{{cite web|title=Forced Labour|year=2010|publisher=The National Archives, Government of the United Kingdom|url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm|access-date=6 February 2012|archive-date=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204015712/http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/blackhistory/india/forced.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=A Question of Labour: Indentured Immigration Into Trinidad & British Guiana, 1875–1917|last=Laurence|first=K|publisher=St Martin's Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-312-12172-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=St. Lucia's Indian Arrival Day|year=2009|publisher=Caribbean Repeating Islands|url=https://basic-agriculture-information.blogspot.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023041255/https://basic-agriculture-information.blogspot.com/|archive-date=23 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Lai|first=Walton|title=Indentured labor, Caribbean sugar: Chinese and Indian migrants to the British West Indies, 1838–1918|year=1993 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |isbn=978-0-8018-7746-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Steven Vertovik (Robin Cohen, ed.) |title=The Cambridge survey of world migration |year=1995 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/57 57–68] |isbn=978-0-521-44405-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgesurveyo00robi/page/57 |publisher=Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press }}</ref>

===Indian agriculture after independence===
Despite some stagnation during the later modern era the independent [[Republic of India]] was able to develop a comprehensive agricultural programme.<ref name="roy2006">Roy 2006</ref><ref name="kumar2006">Kumar 2006</ref>[[File:Tractor at Cotton Harvest.jpg|alt=|thumb|blueberry flower harvesting in India. This is a cash crop in [[Gujarat|Central Gujarat, India]].]]
In the years since its independence, India has made immense progress towards food security. Indian population has tripled, and food-grain production more than quadrupled. There has been a substantial increase in available food-grain per capita.
[[File:Rice fields water tank in punjab.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|250x250px|The state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] led India's [[Green Revolution]] and earned the distinction of being the country's bread basket.<ref name=":3">{{cite report |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_pun04.pdf |title=Human Development Report 2004, Punjab |date=2004 |author=[[Government of Punjab, India|The Government of Punjab]] |access-date=9 August 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110708073911/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/sdr_pdf/shdr_pun04.pdf| archive-date= 8 July 2011 | url-status= live}} Section: "The Green Revolution", pp. 17–20.</ref>]]
Before the mid-1960s, India relied on imports and food aid to meet domestic requirements. However, two years of severe drought in 1965 and 1966 convinced India to reform its agricultural policy and that it could not rely on foreign aid and imports for food security. India adopted significant policy reforms focused on the goal of food grain self-sufficiency. This ushered in India's [[Green Revolution]]. It began with the decision to adopt superior yielding, disease resistant wheat varieties in combination with better farming knowledge to improve productivity. The state of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] led India's [[Green Revolution|green revolution]] and earned the distinction of being the country's breadbasket.<ref name=":3" />

The initial increase in production was centred on the irrigated areas of the states of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]] and western [[Uttar Pradesh]]. With the farmers and the government officials focusing on farm productivity and knowledge transfer, India's total food grain production soared. A hectare of Indian wheat farm that produced an average of 0.8 tonnes in 1948, produced 4.7 tonnes of wheat in 1975 from the same land. Such rapid growth in farm productivity enabled India to become self-sufficient by the 1970s. It also empowered the smallholder farmers to seek further means to increase food staples produced per hectare. By 2000, Indian farms were adopting wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tonnes of wheat per hectare.<ref name=fao1a>{{cite web|title=Rapid growth of select Asian economies|year=2009|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/ag087e/AG087E05.htm|access-date=19 December 2011|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913065205/https://www.fao.org/4/ag087e/AG087E05.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Brief history of wheat improvement in India|year=2011|publisher=Directorate of Wheat Research, ICAR India|url=http://www.dwr.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=116|access-date=20 December 2011|archive-date=17 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117053227/http://www.dwr.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=116|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Sunflower farm, Agriculture in India, January 2013.jpg|alt=|thumb|Sunflower farm in Lepakshi, Andhra Pradesh]]

With agricultural policy success in wheat, India's Green Revolution technology spread to rice. However, since irrigation infrastructure was very poor, Indian farmers innovated with tube-wells, to harvest [[ground water]]. When gains from the new technology reached their limits in the states of initial adoption, the technology spread in the 1970s and 1980s to the states of eastern India — [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]]. The lasting benefits of the improved seeds and new technology extended principally to the irrigated areas which account for about one-third of the harvested crop area. In the 1980s, Indian agriculture policy shifted to "evolution of a production pattern in line with the demand pattern" leading to a shift in emphasis to other agricultural commodities like oilseed, fruit and vegetables. Farmers began adopting improved methods and technologies in dairying, fisheries and livestock, and meeting the diversified food needs of a growing population.

As with rice, the lasting benefits of improved seeds and improved farming technologies now largely depends on whether India develops infrastructure such as irrigation network, flood control systems, reliable electricity production capacity, all-season rural and urban highways, cold storage to prevent spoilage, modern retail, and competitive buyers of produce from Indian farmers. This is increasingly the focus of Indian agriculture policy.

India ranks 74 out of 113 major countries in terms of [[Global food security index|food security index]].<ref name="India: Global Food Security Index"/> India's agricultural economy is undergoing structural changes. Between 1970 and 2011, the GDP share of agriculture has fallen from 43% to 16%. This isn't because of reduced importance of agriculture or a consequence of agricultural policy; rather, it is largely due to the rapid economic growth in services, industrial output, and non-agricultural sectors in India between 2000 and 2010.

Agricultural scientist [[MS Swaminathan]] has played a vital role in the green revolution. In 2013, NDTV named him one of 25 living legends of India for outstanding contributions to agriculture and making India a food-sovereign country.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}
[[File:Buckingham Canal near KL University.JPG|alt=|thumb|An irrigation canal in Andhra Pradesh. [[Irrigation]] contributes significantly to agriculture in India.]]
Two states, Sikkim<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/article623309.ece "Sikkim to become a completely organic state by 2015"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708011519/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/article623309.ece |date=8 July 2014 }}. ''The Hindu''. 9 September 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2012.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053930/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-05-07/global-warming/28288790_1_organic-farming-organic-agriculture-organic-manure "Sikkim makes an organic shift"]. ''Times of India''. 7 May 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/08/07/stories/2010080753371900.htm "Sikkim 'livelihood schools' to promote organic farming"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528222608/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2010/08/07/stories/2010080753371900.htm |date=28 May 2013 }}. ''Hindu Business Line''. 6 August 2010. Retrieved 29 November 2012.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111222034653/http://telegraphindia.com/1111213/jsp/siliguri/story_14873566.jsp "Sikkim races on organic route"]. ''Telegraph India''. 12 December 2011. Retrieved 29 November 2012.</ref> and Kerala<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/state-to-switch-fully-to-organic-farming-by-2016-mohanan/article6517859.ece|title = State to switch fully to organic farming by 2016: Mohanan|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 19 October 2014|last1 = Martin|first1 = K. a.|access-date = 7 November 2014|archive-date = 8 November 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211108052919/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/state-to-switch-fully-to-organic-farming-by-2016-mohanan/article6517859.ece|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/CM-Will-Get-Total-Organic-Farming-State-Tag-by-2016/2014/11/07/article2511534.ece | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110084358/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/CM-Will-Get-Total-Organic-Farming-State-Tag-by-2016/2014/11/07/article2511534.ece | archive-date=10 November 2014 | title=CM: Will Get Total Organic Farming State Tag by 2016}}</ref> have planned to shift fully to [[organic farming]] by 2015 and 2016 respectively.

Rates of electricity usage for agricultural purposes have been discussed extensively over the years.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

==Irrigation==
{{main|Irrigation in India}}
Indian irrigation infrastructure includes a network of major and minor canals from rivers, groundwater well-based systems, tanks, and other [[rainwater harvesting]] projects for agricultural activities. Of these, the groundwater system is the largest.<ref name=ssground>S. Siebert et al. (2010), [http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al816e/al816e00.pdf Groundwater use for irrigation – a global inventory] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529070225/http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al816e/al816e00.pdf |date=29 May 2015 }}, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 14, pp. 1863–1880</ref> Of the 219.158 million hectares of cultivated land in India, about 66 million hectare can be irrigated by groundwater wells and an additional 58.5 million hectares by irrigation canals.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/irrigationmap/ind/IND-gmia.pdf Global map of irrigated areas: India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023195405/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/irrigationmap/ind/IND-gmia.pdf |date=23 October 2020 }} FAO-United Nations and Bonn University, Germany (2013)</ref> In 2010, only about 35% of agricultural land in India was reliably irrigated.<ref name=wbirrig>[http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.IRIG.AG.ZS/countries Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516152449/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.IRIG.AG.ZS/countries |date=16 May 2015 }} The World Bank (2013)</ref> About 2/3rd cultivated land in India is dependent on [[Monsoon of South Asia|monsoon]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/special-report/how-to-solve-the-problems-of-indias-rain-dependent-agricultural-land/articleshow/8845170.cms |title=Economic Times: ''How to solve the problems of India's rain-dependent agricultural land'' |work=The Economic Times |date=14 June 2011 |access-date=16 May 2015 |archive-date=29 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729174830/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/special-report/how-to-solve-the-problems-of-indias-rain-dependent-agricultural-land/articleshow/8845170.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The improvements in irrigation infrastructure in the last 50 years have helped India improve food security, reduce dependence on monsoons, improve agricultural productivity and create rural job opportunities. Dams used for irrigation projects have helped provide drinking water to a growing rural population, control flood and prevent drought-related damage to agriculture.<ref>[http://nwda.gov.in/ National Water Development Agency] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930132412/http://www.nwda.gov.in/ |date=30 September 2017 }} Ministry of Water Resources, Govt of India (2014)</ref> However, free electricity and attractive minimum support price for water intensive crops such as sugarcane and rice have encouraged ground [[water mining]] leading to [[groundwater depletion]] and poor water quality.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterreview.in/Story/Features/indias-thirsty-crops-upset-water-equation/2036/2#.W_BPIugzZPY|title=India's thirsty crops upset water equation|access-date=17 November 2018|archive-date=18 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181118013951/http://www.indiawaterreview.in/Story/Features/indias-thirsty-crops-upset-water-equation/2036/2#.W_BPIugzZPY}}</ref> A news report in 2019 states that more than 60% of the water available for farming in India is consumed by rice and sugar, two crops that occupy 24% of the cultivable area.<ref name=":4">{{cite news |last1=Biswas |first1=Soutik |title=India election 2019: How sugar influences the world's biggest vote |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-48173677 |access-date=13 May 2019 |work=BBC.com |agency=BBC |issue=8 May 2019 |publisher=BBC |date=2019}}</ref>
{{Further|topic=the innovative water harvesting technique|Bhungroo}}

==Output==
{{as of|2011}}, India had a large and diverse agricultural sector, accounting, on average, for about 16% of GDP and 10% of export earnings. India's arable land area of {{convert|159.7|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=off}} is the second largest in the world, after the United States. Its gross irrigated crop area of {{convert|82.6|e6ha|e6acre|abbr=off}} is the largest in the world. India is among the top three global producers of many crops, including wheat, rice, pulses, cotton, peanuts, fruits and vegetables. Worldwide, {{as of|2011|lc=y}}, India had the largest herds of buffalo and cattle, is the largest producer of milk and has one of the largest and fastest growing poultry industries.<ref>{{cite web|title=India: Basic Information|date=August 2011|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture – Economic Research Service|url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/international-markets-trade/countries-regions/india/basic-information.aspx|access-date=8 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717115211/http://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/international-markets-trade/countries-regions/india/basic-information.aspx|archive-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>

===Major products and yields===
The following table presents the 20 most important agricultural products in India, by economic value, in 2009. Included in the table is the average productivity of India's farms for each produce. For context and comparison, included is the average of the most productive farms in the world and name of country where the most productive farms existed in 2010. The table suggests India has large potential for further accomplishments from productivity increases, in increased agricultural output and agricultural incomes.<ref name="fao2011p">{{cite web|url=http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor |title=FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2010 data |year=2011 |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151638/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 |archive-date=14 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bulletin: Economic Development and Agriculture in India|author=Adam Cagliarini and Anthony Rush|date=June 2011|publisher=Reserve Bank of Australia|pages=15–22|url=http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/jun/pdf/bu-0611-3.pdf|access-date=8 January 2012|archive-date=22 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322210515/http://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2011/jun/pdf/bu-0611-3.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Largest agricultural products in India by value<ref>{{cite web|title=Food and Agricultural commodities production / Commodities by country / India|year=2013|publisher=[[FAOSTAT]]|url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/root_0/commodities_by_country/E|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=2 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602142434/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/root_0/commodities_by_country/E|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Production / Crops / India|year=2014|publisher=[[FAOSTAT]]|url=http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E|access-date=3 May 2016|archive-date=22 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122053717/http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/Q/QC/E}}</ref>
!Rank
!Commodity
!Value (US$, 2016)
! Unit price (US$ / kilogram, 2009)
!Average yield (tonnes per hectare, 2017)
! colspan="2" | Most productive country (tonnes per hectare, 2017)
|-
| 1 || [[Rice]] || $70.18 billion || 0.27 || 3.85 || 9.82 || Australia
|-
| 2 || [[Water buffalo|Buffalo milk]] || $43.09 billion || 0.4 || 2.00<ref name="topy">Tonnes per livestock animal</ref>||2.00<ref name="topy"/>||India
|-
| 3 || [[Milk#Cow's milk|Cow milk]] || $32.55 billion || 0.31 || 1.2<ref name="topy" /> || 10.3<ref name="topy" /> || Israel
|-
| 4 || [[Wheat]] || $26.06 billion || 0.15|| 2.8 || 8.9 || [[Netherlands]]
|-
| 5 || [[Cotton]] (Lint + Seeds) || $23.30 billion || 1.43|| 1.6 || 4.6 || Israel
|-
| 6 ||[[Mango]]es, [[guava]]s|| $14.52 billion || 0.6|| 6.3 || 40.6 ||[[Cape Verde]]
|-
| 7 || Fresh Vegetables || $11.87 billion || 0.19|| 13.4 || 76.8 || United States
|-
| 8 || Chicken meat || $9.32 billion || 0.64|| 10.6 || 20.2 ||[[Cyprus]]
|-
| 9 || [[Potato]]es || $8.23 billion || 0.15|| 19.9 || 44.3 || United States
|-
| 10 ||[[Banana]]|| $8.13 billion || 0.28|| 37.8 || 59.3 ||[[Indonesia]]
|-
| 11 ||[[Sugarcane|Sugar cane]]|| $7.44 billion || 0.03|| 66 || 125 ||[[Peru]]
|-
| 12 || Maize || $5.81 billion || 0.42|| 1.1 || 5.5 ||[[Nicaragua]]
|-
|13
|Oranges
|$5.62 billion
|
|
|
|
|-
| 14 || [[Tomato]]es|| $5.50 billion || 0.37|| 19.3 || 55.9 || China
|-
| 15 ||[[Chickpea|Chick peas]]|| $5.40 billion || 0.4|| 0.9 || 2.8 || China
|-
| 16 ||[[Okra]]|| $5.25 billion || 0.35|| 7.6 || 23.9 || Israel
|-
| 17 ||[[Soybean]]s|| $5.13 billion || 0.26|| 1.1 || 3.7 ||[[Turkey]]
|-
| 18 || Hen eggs || $4.64 billion || 2.7|| 0.1<ref name="topy" />|| 0.42<ref name="topy" />|| Japan
|-
| 19 || Cauliflower and Broccoli || $4.33 billion || 2.69|| 0.138<ref name="topy" />|| 0.424<ref name="topy" />||[[Thailand]]
|-
| 20 || [[Onion]]s|| $4.05 billion || 0.21|| 16.6 || 67.3 || Ireland
|-
|}
In 2019, as per Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database ([[Faostat|FAOSTAT]]) data, India produces various agriculture products in following values:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agricultural Production in india, 2019|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+[[Faostat|FAOSTAT]] data for India, 2019
!Item
!Value
(in tonnes)
|-
|Apples
|2,316,000
|-
|Bananas
|30,460,000
|-
|Beans, green
|725,998
|-
|Cashew nuts, with shell
|743,000
|-
|Castor oil seed
|1,196,680
|-
|Cauliflowers and broccoli
|9,083,000
|-
|Cherries
|11,107
|-
|Chick peas
|9,937,990
|-
|Chillies and peppers, dry
|1,743,000
|-
|Chillies and peppers, green
|81,837
|-
|Coconuts
|14,682,000
|-
|Coffee, green
|319,500
|-
|Cucumbers and gherkins
|199,018
|-
|Garlic
|2,910,000
|-
|Ginger
|1 788,000
|-
|Grapes
|3,041,000
|-
|Lemons and limes
|3,482,000
|-
|Mangoes, mangosteens, guavas
|25,631,000
|-
|Melons, other (inc.cantaloupes)
|1,266,000
|-
|Mushrooms and truffles
|182,000
|-
|Oilseeds nes
|42,000
|-
|Onions, dry
|22,819,000
|-
|Oranges
|9,509,000
|-
|Papayas
|6,050,000
|-
|Pears
|300,000
|-
|Pineapples
|1,711,000
|-
|Potatoes
|50,190,000
|-
|Rice, paddy
|177,645,000
|-
|Soybeans
|13,267,520
|-
|Sugar cane
|405,416,180
|-
|Sweet potatoes
|1,156,000
|-
|Tea
|1,390,080
|-
|Tobacco, unmanufactured
|804,454
|-
|Tomatoes
|19,007,000
|-
|Watermelons
|2,495,000
|-
|Wheat
|103,596,230
|}
In addition to growth in total output, agriculture in India has shown an increase in average agricultural output per hectare in last 60 years. The table below presents average farm productivity in India over three farming years for some crops. Improving road and power generation infrastructure, knowledge gains and reforms has allowed India to increase farm productivity between 40% and 500% over 40 years.<ref name=rbi1/> India's recent accomplishments in crop yields while being impressive, are still just 30% to 60% of the best crop yields achievable in the farms of developed as well as other developing countries. Additionally, despite these gains in farm productivity, losses after harvest due to poor infrastructure and unorganised retail cause India to experience some of the highest food losses in the world.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Agriculture productivity in India, growth in average yields from 1970 to 2010 (in kilogram per hectare)
! Crop<ref name=rbi1>{{cite web|title=Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy|year=2011|publisher=Reserve Bank of India: India's Central Bank|url=http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/AnnualPublications.aspx?head=Handbook%20of%20Statistics%20on%20Indian%20Economy|access-date=22 December 2011|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111142640/http://rbi.org.in/scripts/AnnualPublications.aspx?head=Handbook%20of%20Statistics%20on%20Indian%20Economy|url-status=live}}</ref>!! Average yield, 1970–1971 !! Average yield, 1990–1991 !! Average yield, 2010–2011<ref>Data checks suggest there is a difference between FAO's statistics office and Reserve Bank of India estimates; these differences are small and may be because of the fiscal year start months.</ref>
!Average yield, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=India agriculture proction|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| Rice || 1123 || 1740 || 2240
|4057.7
|-
| Wheat || 1307 || 2281 || 2938
|3533.4
|-
| Pulses || 524 || 578 || 689
|441.3
|-
| Oilseeds || 579 || 771 || 1325
|1592.8
|-
| Sugarcane || 48322 || 65395 || 68596
|80104.5
|-
| Tea || 1182 || 1652 || 1669
|2212.8
|-
| Cotton || 106 || 225 || 510
|1156.6
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Production of crop for various years (in thousands of hectare)<ref>{{Cite web|title=production of crops in India|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|access-date=25 December 2020|archive-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|url-status=live}}</ref>
!Crop
!1961
!1971
!1981
!1991
!2001
!2011
|-
|Rice
|34694
|34694
|40708.4
|42648.7
|44900
|44010
|-
|Wheat
|12927
|18240.5
|22278.8
|24167.1
|25730.6
|29068.6
|-
|Pulses
|3592
|2582.8
|2388
|2123.1
|1650
|1700
|-
|Oil seeds
|486
|453.3
|557.5
|557.5
|716.7
|1471
|-
|Sugar cane
|2413
|2615
|2666.6
|3686
|4315.7
|4944.39
|-
|Tea
|331.229
|358.675
|384.242
|421
|504
|600
|-
|Cotton
|7719
|7800
|8057.4
|7661.4
|9100
|12178
|}

=== World's largest producer ===
The Statistics Office of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] reported that, per final numbers for 2009, India had grown to become the world's largest producer of the following agricultural products:<ref name="fao2009">{{cite web|title=Country Rank in the World, by commodity|year=2011|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url=http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=339&lang=en&country=100|access-date=19 December 2011|archive-date=15 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415050423/http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=339&lang=en&country=100|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>These are food and agriculture classification groups. For definition with list of botanical species covered under each classification, consult FAOSTAT of the United Nations; Link: http://faostat.fao.org/site/384/default.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101010222/http://faostat.fao.org/site/384/default.aspx |date=1 January 2012 }}</ref>
{{ columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* Fresh fruit
* [[Lemon|Lemons]] and limes
* [[Buffalo milk]], whole, fresh
* [[Castor oil]] seeds
* [[Sunflower seed]]s
* [[Sorghum]]
* [[Millet]]
* [[Spice|Spices]]
* [[Okra]]
* [[Jute]]
* [[Beeswax]]
* [[Bananas]]
* [[Mangoes]], [[Mangosteen|mangosteens]], [[guavas]]
* Pulses
* Indigenous buffalo meat
* [[Fruit]], tropical
* [[Ginger]]
* [[Chick peas]]
* [[Areca nuts]]
* Other [[Bast fibre|bastfibres]]
* [[Pigeon peas]]
* [[Papaya|Papayas]]
* [[Chillies]] and [[Bell peppers|peppers]], dry
* [[Anise]], [[Illicium verum|badian]], [[fennel]], [[coriander]]
* Goat milk, whole, fresh
}}
Per final numbers for 2009, India is the world's second largest producer of the following agricultural products:<ref name=fao2009/>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Wheat]]
* [[Rice]]
* Fresh vegetables
* [[Sugar cane]]
* [[Peanut|Groundnuts]], with shell
* [[Lentils]]
* [[Garlic]]
* [[Cauliflowers]] and [[broccoli]]
* [[Peas]], green
* [[Sesame seed]]
* [[Cashew nuts]], with shell
* Silk-worm cocoons, reelable
* Cow milk, whole, fresh
* [[Tea]]
* [[Potatoes]]
* [[Onions]]
* [[Cotton lint]]
* Cotton seed
* [[Eggplants]] (aubergines)
* [[Nutmeg]], [[mace (spice)|mace]] and [[cardamoms]]
* Indigenous goat meat
* [[Cabbages]] and other brassicas
* [[Pumpkins]], [[squash (plant)|squash]] and [[gourds]]
}}
In 2009, India was the world's third largest producer of eggs, oranges, coconuts, tomatoes, peas and beans.<ref name=fao2009/>

India and China are competing to establish the world record on rice yields. [[Yuan Longping]] of China National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Centre set a world record for rice yield in 2010 at 19 tonnes per hectare in a demonstration plot. In 2011, this record was surpassed by an Indian farmer, Sumant Kumar, with 22.4 tonnes per hectare in Bihar, also in a demonstration plot. These farmers claim to have employed newly developed rice breeds and system of rice intensification (SRI), a recent innovation in farming. The claimed Chinese and Indian yields have yet to be demonstrated on 7 hectare farm lots and that these are reproducible over two consecutive years on the same farm.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Scientist's Perspective on Experience with SRI in CHINA for Raising the Yields of Super Hybrid Rice |year=2010 |author=L.P. Yuan |url=https://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/proc1/sri_06.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120010557/http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/proc1/sri_06.pdf |archive-date=20 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian farmer sets new world record in rice yield|work=The Philippine Star|date=18 December 2011|url=http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=759471|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120910223042/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=759471|archive-date=10 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Grassroots heroes lead Bihar's rural revolution|publisher=India Today|date=10 January 2012|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/giridhar-jha/story/grassroots-heroes-lead-rural-revolution-of-bihar-89055-2012-01-09|access-date=12 January 2012|archive-date=3 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103002917/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/grassroots-heroes-lead-rural-revolution-of-bihar/1/168028.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=System of Rice Intensification|publisher=Cornell University|year=2011|url=https://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/|access-date=12 January 2012|archive-date=19 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111219080308/http://sri.ciifad.cornell.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Horticulture===
[[File:Orchards in snow, Sangla, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg|thumb|Apple orchards in [[Sangla, India|Sangla]] in the [[Kinnaur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. India has the [[List of countries by area under apple cultivation|second largest area under apple cultivation]] in the world and is its [[List of countries by apple production|fifth largest producer]] globally, with production coming mostly from Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh]]
The total production and economic value of horticultural produce, such as fruits, vegetables and nuts has doubled in India over the 10-year period from 2002 to 2012. In 2012, the production from horticulture exceeded grain output for the first time. The total horticulture produce reached 277.4 million metric tonnes in 2013, making India the second largest producer of horticultural products after China.<ref name=lmhort>[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/3G6kcLhA6CUfw6K3OJu8wI/Deficit-rains-spare-horticulture-record-production-expected.html Deficit rains spare horticulture, record production expected] Livemint, S Bera, Hindustan Times (19 January 2015)</ref> Of this, India in 2013 produced 81 million tonnes of fruits, 162 million tonnes of vegetables, 5.7 million tonnes of spices, 17 million tonnes of nuts and plantation products (cashew, cacao, coconut, etc.), 1 million tonnes of aromatic horticulture produce and 1.7 million tonnes of flowers (7.6 billion [[cut flowers]]).<ref>[http://nhb.gov.in/area%20_production.html Final Area & Production Estimates for Horticulture Crops for 2012–2013] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206141018/http://nhb.gov.in/area%20_production.html |date=6 February 2015 }} Government of India (2014)</ref><ref>[http://india.gov.in/topics/agriculture/horticulture Horticulture output] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118224523/http://india.gov.in/topics/agriculture/horticulture |date=18 January 2015 }} Horticulture Board of India</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Horticultural productivity in India, 2013
! Country<ref name=hp2013>{{cite web|title=Horticulture in India|year=2014|publisher=MOSPI, Government of India|url=http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/SYB2015/CH-9-HORTICULTURE/horticulture.pdf|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807063230/http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/SYB2015/CH-9-HORTICULTURE/horticulture.pdf|archive-date=7 August 2015}}</ref>!! Area under fruits production (million hectares)<ref name=hp2013/>!! Average fruits yield (metric tonnes per hectare)<ref name=hp2013/> !! Area under vegetable production (million hectares)<ref name=hp2013/>!! Average vegetable yield (metric tonnes per hectare)<ref name=hp2013/>
|-
| {{flag|India}} || 7.0 || 11.6 || 9.2 || 52.36
|-
| {{flag|China}} || 11.8 || 11.6 || 24.6 || 23.4
|-
| {{flag|Spain}} || 1.54 || 9.1 || 0.32 || 39.3
|-
| {{flag|United States}} || 1.14 || 23.3 || 1.1 || 32.5
|-
| World || 57.3 || 11.3 || 60.0 || 19.7
|-
|}

During the 2013 fiscal year, India exported horticulture products worth {{INRconvert|14365|c}}, nearly double the value of its 2010 exports.<ref name=lmhort/> Along with these farm-level gains, the losses between farm and consumer increased and are estimated to range between 51 and 82 million metric tonnes a year.

===Organic agriculture===
====History====
[[Organic farming|Organic agriculture]] is the practice of using ecologically based [[Manure|manures]] and [[compost]] to cultivate [[Organic food|food]]. It prohibits the use of any synthetic [[Fertilizer|fertilizers]], [[Pesticide|pesticides]], or [[Genetically modified organism|genetically modified organisms]].<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last1=Paramasivam |first1=Sivaraj |last2=Henry |first2=Philip |last3=Seethapathy |first3=Parthasarathy |last4=Rajamohan |first4=Thulasiram |date=2 September 2022 |title=A strategic model for empowering farmers by improving livelihood security through organic farming practices in Tamil Nadu, India {{!}} Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka |url=https://jas.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/jas.v17i3.9926 |language=en-US |doi=10.4038/jas.v17i3.9926}}</ref> Organic farming was the norm in India for most of its history, but significant [[Demographics of Africa|population growth]] in the mid-20th century forced farmers to find new ways to provide enough food to support the country.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Dash |first1=Sarthak |last2=Priyadarshini |first2=Sugyanta |last3=Dulla |first3=Nisrutha |date=1 February 2024 |title=Food security and sustainability dimensions of organic farming in the context of India: a comprehensive scientometric review (2010–2023) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31867-4 |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=14484–14502 |doi=10.1007/s11356-024-31867-4 |pmid=38305964 |bibcode=2024ESPR...3114484D |issn=1614-7499}}</ref> [[M. S. Swaminathan]], an agricultural scientist, led an initiative known as the [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]] to integrate new technology into existing Indian agrarian practices to increase the farms' yields and general productivity. India began to adopt synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and new [[Irrigation in India|irrigation]] technology to accomplish this goal. The revolution slowly decreased the frequency of organic farming.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Biplab |date=1977 |title=India's Green Revolution |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4365324 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=12 |issue=6/8 |pages=241–260 |jstor=4365324 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

==== Current status ====
Due to the Green Revolution, a large majority of farmland in India is not organic. Most Indian farmland is concentrated in large [[Intensive farming|commercial farms]] that prioritise high yields and maximum [[Economy of India|economic gain]].<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal |last1=Dash |first1=Sarthak |last2=Priyadarshini |first2=Sugyanta |last3=Dulla |first3=Nisrutha |date=1 February 2024 |title=Food security and sustainability dimensions of organic farming in the context of India: a comprehensive scientometric review (2010–2023) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31867-4 |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=14484–14502 |doi=10.1007/s11356-024-31867-4 |pmid=38305964 |bibcode=2024ESPR...3114484D |issn=1614-7499}}</ref> Organic farmland occupies around 2% of all farmland in India, which is most commonly divided into many small [[Subsistence agriculture|subsistence farms]].<ref name=":13" /> Despite this, India still holds the ninth most organic farmland in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=John Paull |first1=PhD |last2=Hennig |first2=Benjamin D. |date=1 January 2016 |title=Atlas of Organics: Four maps of the world of organic agriculture |url=https://www.academia.edu/25648267 |journal=Journal of Organics}}</ref>

There are several reasons why only a few large-scale organic farms exist in India. Organic farming requires more land, materials, and labour to achieve the same production levels as non-organic farms, so large-scale organic farming is highly inefficient.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Ashima |title=OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN ORGANIC FARMING: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE |url=https://www.academia.edu/31342795}}</ref> Organic agriculture is more expensive and time-consuming compared to conventional farming practices, which further explains the lack of large organic farms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Norman |first=Siebrecht |date=January 2020 |title=Sustainable Agriculture and Its Implementation Gap—Overcoming Obstacles to Implementation |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/9/3853 |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=12 |issue=9 |doi= |issn=2071-1050 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430143942/https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/12/9/3853 |archive-date=30 April 2025}}</ref>

Organic agriculture has fed [[India]] for centuries and it is again a growing sector in India. Organic production offers clean and green production methods without the use of synthetic [[fertilisers]] and [[pesticides]] and it achieves a premium price in the market place. India has 650,000 organic producers, which is more than any other country.<ref>Paull, John & Hennig, Benjamin (2016) rider Vinay Kumar [https://www.academia.edu/25648267/Atlas_of_Organics_Four_maps_of_the_world_of_organic_agriculture Atlas of Organics: Four Maps of the World of Organic Agriculture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724091014/https://www.academia.edu/25648267/Atlas_of_Organics_Four_maps_of_the_world_of_organic_agriculture |date=24 July 2019 }} Journal of Organics. 3(1): 25–32.</ref> India also has 4 million hectares of land certified as organic wildculture, which is third in the world (after [[Finland]] and [[Zambia]]).<ref>Paull, John (2016) [https://www.academia.edu/26803383/Organics_Olympiad_2016_Global_Indices_of_Leadership_in_Organic_Agriculture Organics Olympiad 2016: Global Indices of Leadership in Organic Agriculture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171112005847/http://www.academia.edu/26803383/Organics_Olympiad_2016_Global_Indices_of_Leadership_in_Organic_Agriculture |date=12 November 2017 }}, Journal of Social and Development Sciences. 7(2):79–87</ref> As non-availability of edible biomass is impeding the growth of animal husbandry in India, organic production of protein-rich cattle, fish, and poultry feed using [[biogas]]/methane/natural gas by cultivating [[Methylococcus capsulatus]] bacteria with a tiny land and water footprint is a solution for ensuring adequate protein-rich food to the population.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf |title=BioProtein Production |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510151825/http://www.ntva.no/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/04-huslid.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/ |title=Food made from natural gas will soon feed farm animals – and us |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212070800/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2112298-food-made-from-natural-gas-will-soon-feed-farm-animals-and-us/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |title=New venture selects Cargill's Tennessee site to produce Calysta FeedKind Protein |access-date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230182858/https://www.cargill.com/2016/new-venture-selects-cargill-tennessee-to-produce-feedkind |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf |title=Assessment of environmental impact of FeedKind protein |access-date=20 June 2017 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802163726/https://www.carbontrust.com/media/672719/calysta-feedkind.pdf }}</ref>

==Agriculture-based cooperatives==
[[File:Transportation of sugarcane from field to Factory.jpg|alt=|thumb|Transporting harvested sugarcane in a field in [[Maharashtra]], India]]

India has seen a huge growth in [[cooperative|cooperative societies]], mainly in the farming sector, since 1947 when the country gained independence from Britain. The country has networks of cooperatives at the local, regional, state and national levels that assist in agricultural marketing. The commodities that are mostly handled are food grains, jute, cotton, sugar, milk, fruit and nuts<ref>Vadivelu, A. and Kiran, B.R., 2013. Problems and prospects of agricultural marketing in India: An overview. International journal of agricultural and food science, 3(3), pp.108–118.[https://web.archive.org/web/20180214014449/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/cf6d/670ba9286ea36faf8fa4932eedb5b3a87e8d.pdf]</ref> Support by the state government led to more than 25,000 cooperatives being set up by the 1990s in the state of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal |last1=Dahiwale |first1=S. M. |title=Consolidation of Maratha Dominance in Maharashtra |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=11 February 1995 |volume=30 |issue=6 |pages=340–342 |jstor=4402382 }}</ref>

===Sugar industry===
Most of the [[sugar production]] in [[Sugar industry in India|India]] takes place at mills owned by local cooperative societies.<ref name=":4" /> The members of the society include all farmers, small and large, supplying [[sugarcane]] to the mill.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://coopsugar.org/history.php |title=National Federation of Cooperative Sugar Factories Limited |publisher=Coopsugar.org |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205214802/http://coopsugar.org/history.php |archive-date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> Over the last fifty years, the local sugar mills have played a crucial part in encouraging political participation and as a stepping stone for aspiring politicians.<ref>{{cite web |last=Patil |first=Anil |url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jul/09sugar.htm |title=Sugar cooperatives on death bed in Maharashtra |publisher=Rediff India |date=9 July 2007 |access-date=27 December 2011 |archive-date=28 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828234602/http://www.rediff.com/money/2007/jul/09sugar.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> This is particularly true in the state of [[Maharashtra]] where a large number of politicians belonging to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] or [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] had ties to sugar cooperatives from their local area and has created a symbiotic relationship between the sugar factories and local politics.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Baviskar, B.S.|last1=Mathew|first1=George|title=Inclusion and exclusion in local governance: field studies from rural India|date=2008|publisher=SAGE|location=London|isbn=978-81-7829-860-3|page=319|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLmGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA317|access-date=11 December 2019|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913065204/https://books.google.com/books?id=PLmGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA317|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the policy of "profits for the company but losses to be borne by the government", has made a number of these operations inefficient.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers2/Das72.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=9 May 2019 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051908/http://www.helsinki.fi/iehc2006/papers2/Das72.pdf }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Marketing ===
As with sugar, cooperatives play a significant part in the overall marketing of fruit and vegetables in India. Since the 1980s, the amount of produce handled by Cooperative societies has increased exponentially. Common fruit and vegetables marketed by the societies include bananas, mangoes, grapes, onions and many others.<ref name="SubrahmanyamGajanana2000">{{cite book|author1=K. V. Subrahmanyam|author2=T. M. Gajanana|title=Cooperative Marketing of Fruits and Vegetables in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRX2XYcJn7gC&pg=PA5|year=2000|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-820-2|pages=45–60|access-date=9 May 2019|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913065205/https://books.google.com/books?id=hRX2XYcJn7gC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Dairy industry===
[[File:Banas Dairy Faridabad.jpg|alt=|thumb|The Banas Dairy Plant in Faridabad, Haryana]]

Dairy farming based on the [[Amul|Amul Pattern]], with a single marketing cooperative, is India's largest self-sustaining industry and its largest rural employment provider. Successful implementation of the Amul model has made India the world's largest milk producer.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Scholten|first1=Bruce A.|title=India's white revolution Operation Flood, food aid and development|date=2010|publisher=Tauris Academic Studies|location=London|isbn=978-1-4416-7658-0|page=10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2DwBAwAAQBAJ&q=Cooperatives+india+milk&pg=PR5|access-date=6 December 2020|archive-date=13 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913065205/https://books.google.com/books?id=2DwBAwAAQBAJ&q=Cooperatives+india+milk&pg=PR5|url-status=live}}</ref> Here small, marginal farmers with a couple or so heads of milch cattle queue up twice daily to pour milk from their small containers into the village union collection points. The milk after processing at the district unions is then marketed by the state cooperative federation nationally under the Amul brand name, India's largest food brand. With the Anand pattern three-fourth of the price paid by the mainly urban consumers goes into the hands of millions of small dairy farmers, who are the owners of the brand and the cooperative.<ref>Damodaran, H., 2008. Patidars and Marathas. In India's New Capitalists (pp. 216–258). Palgrave Macmillan, London.</ref>

===Banking and rural credit===
[[Cooperative movement in India|Cooperative banks]] play a great part in providing credit in rural parts of India. Just like the sugar cooperatives, these institutions serve as the power base for local politicians.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

==Problems==
[[File:India districts productivity.pdf|thumb|District wise agricultural productivity in India (2003–05). Productivity varies highly across regions.]]
[[File:Shop selling spices, at Khari Baoli, Old Delhi.jpg|alt=|thumb|Spices at a store, at Khari Baoli, Old Delhi. Farmers with limited marketing options sell their surplus produce.]]
[[File:Vegetable shop in Edavanna, Malappuram Distsrict, Kerala, India.jpg|alt=|thumb|India lacks cold storage, food packaging, and a safe and efficient rural transport system. This causes one of the world's highest food spoilage rates, particularly during monsoons and other adverse weather conditions. Consumers buy agricultural produce in suburban markets such as the one shown or from roadside vendors.]]
[[File:Traditional ploughing - Karnataka.jpg|alt=|thumb|Indian agriculture includes a mix of traditional to modern farming techniques. In some parts of India, traditional use of cattle to plough remains in use. Traditional farms have some of the lowest per capita productivities and farmer incomes.]]
[[File:Utsav tractor.jpg|alt=|thumb|Since 2002, India has become the world's largest manufacturer of [[tractor]]s with 29% of world's output in 2013; it is also the world's largest tractor market.<ref>[http://www.aem.org/News/Advisors/AEM/?HL=Global_Tractor_Market_Analysis_Available_to_AEM_Members_from_Agrievolution_Alliance&A=1292 Global Tractor Market Analysis Available to AEM Members from Agrievolution Alliance Association of Equipment Manufacturers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208233236/http://www.aem.org/News/Advisors/AEM/?HL=Global_Tractor_Market_Analysis_Available_to_AEM_Members_from_Agrievolution_Alliance&A=1292 |date=8 December 2015 }}, Wisconsin, USA (2014)</ref><ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/ac52bec2-bb1b-11e3-948c-00144feabdc0.html India proves fertile ground for tractor makers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913065320/https://www.ft.com/content/ac52bec2-bb1b-11e3-948c-00144feabdc0 |date=13 September 2024 }} The Financial Times (8 April 2014) (subscription required)</ref> Above, a tractor in Rewari, Haryana.]]

{{blockquote|"Slow agricultural growth is a concern for policymakers as some two-thirds of India's people depend on rural employment for a living. Current agricultural practices are neither economically nor environmentally sustainable and India's yields for many agricultural commodities are low. Poorly maintained irrigation systems and almost universal lack of good extension services are among the factors responsible. Farmers' access to markets is hampered by poor roads, rudimentary market infrastructure, and excessive regulation."|World Bank: "India Country Overview 2008"<ref name="wboverview">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|title=India Country Overview 2008|year=2008|publisher=World Bank|access-date=10 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522115104/http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|"With a population of just over 1.3 billion, India is the world's largest democracy. In the past decade, the country has witnessed accelerated economic growth, emerged as a global player with the world's fourth largest economy in purchasing power parity terms, and made progress towards achieving most of the Millennium Development Goals. India's integration into the global economy has been accompanied by impressive economic growth that has brought significant economic and social benefits to the country. Nevertheless, disparities in income and human development are on the rise. Preliminary estimates suggest that in 2009–10 the combined all India poverty rate was 32 % compared to 37 % in 2004–05. Going forward, it will be essential for India to build a productive, competitive, and diversified agricultural sector and facilitate rural, non-farm entrepreneurship and employment. Encouraging policies that promote competition in agricultural marketing will ensure that farmers receive better prices."|World Bank: "India Country Overview 2011"<ref name="wboverview2">{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|title=India Country Overview 2011|year=2011|publisher=World Bank|access-date=10 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522115104/http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20195738~menuPK:295591~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:295584,00.html|archive-date=22 May 2011}}</ref>}}

A 2003 analysis of India's agricultural growth from 1970 to 2001 by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] identified systemic problems in Indian agriculture. For food staples, the annual growth rate in production during the six-year segments 1970–76, 1976–82, 1982–88, 1988–1994, 1994–2000 were found to be respectively 2.5, 2.5, 3.0, 2.6, and 1.8% per annum. Corresponding analyses for the index of total agricultural production show a similar pattern, with the growth rate for 1994–2000 attaining only 1.5% per annum.<ref>{{Cite FTP |title=SMALLHOLDER FARMERS IN INDIA: FOOD SECURITY AND AGRICULTURAL POLICY|year=2003|server=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/005/ac484e/ac484e00.pdf}}</ref>

The biggest problem of farmers is the low price for their farm produce. A recent study showed that proper pricing based on energy of production and equating farming wages to Industrial wages may be beneficial for the farmers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/107507/bring-cheer-farming-community-giving-produce-proper-price/ |title=How much should a fair price of farmer's produce be? |date=7 July 2017 |access-date=10 February 2018 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913065207/https://thebetterindia.com/107507/bring-cheer-farming-community-giving-produce-proper-price/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
India has very poor rural roads affecting timely supply of inputs and timely transfer of outputs from Indian farms. Irrigation systems are inadequate, leading to crop failures in some parts of the country because of lack of water. In other areas regional floods, poor seed quality and inefficient farming practices, lack of cold storage and harvest spoilage cause over 30% of farmer's produce going to waste, lack of [[Retailing in India|organised retail]] and competing buyers thereby limiting Indian farmer's ability to sell the surplus and commercial crops.

The Indian farmer receives just 10% to 23% of the price the Indian consumer pays for exactly the same produce, the difference going to losses, inefficiencies and middlemen. Farmers in developed economies of Europe and the United States receive 64% to 81%.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

===Productivity===
Although India has attained self-sufficiency in food staples, the productivity of its farms is below that of Brazil, the United States, France and other nations. Indian [[wheat]] farms, for example, produce about a third of the wheat per hectare per year compared to farms in France. Rice productivity in India was less than half that of China. Other staples productivity in India is similarly low. Indian [[total factor productivity]] growth remains below 2% per annum; in contrast, China's total factor productivity growths is about 6% per annum, even though China also has [[smallholding]] farmers. Several studies suggest India could eradicate its hunger and malnutrition and be a major source of food for the world by achieving productivity comparable with other countries.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

By contrast, Indian farms in some regions post the best yields, for sugarcane, cassava and tea crops.<ref>[http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor Production Crops – Yield by Country] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114151638/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567 |date=14 January 2013 }}, FAO United Nations 2011</ref>

Crop yields vary significantly between Indian states. Some states produce two to three times more grain per hectare than others.

As the map shows, the traditional regions of high agricultural productivity in India are the north west (Punjab, Haryana and Western Uttar Pradesh), coastal districts on both coasts, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. In recent years, the states of Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh in central India and Gujarat in the west have shown rapid agricultural growth.<ref>{{cite report|author= Ashok Gulati|author2= Pallavi Rajkhowa|author3= Pravesh Sharma|date= April 2017|title= Making Rapid Strides- Agriculture in Madhya Pradesh: Sources, Drivers, and Policy Lessons|url= http://icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper_339.pdf|publisher= ICRIER|page= 9|access-date= 11 January 2019|quote= "Figure 8: State-wise Agriculture Growth Rate (2005–06 to 2014–15)"|archive-date= 12 January 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190112150221/http://icrier.org/pdf/Working_Paper_339.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref>

The table compares the statewide average yields for a few major agricultural crops in India, for 2001–2002.<ref name=ap1/>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Crop<ref name=ap1>{{cite journal|date=December 2003|journal=Asia-Pacific Development Journal|volume=10|author=Mahadevan, Renuka|title=Productivity growth in Indian agriculture: The role of globalization and economic reform|pages=57–72|issue=2|doi=10.18356/5728288b-en|s2cid=13201950}}</ref>!! Average farm yield in Bihar !! Average farm yield in Karnataka !! Average farm yield in Punjab
|-
| || kilogram per hectare || kilogram per hectare || kilogram per hectare
|-
| Wheat || 2020 || unknown || 3880
|-
| Rice || 1370 || 2380 || 3130
|-
| Pulses || 610 || 470 || 820
|-
| Oil seeds || 620 || 680 || 1200
|-
| Sugarcane || 45510 || 79560 || 65300
|-
|}
[[File:Woman harvesting wheat, Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, India ggia version.jpg|thumb|Woman harvesting wheat using traditional methods, Raisen district, Madhya Pradesh, India]]
Crop yields for some farms in India are within 90% of the best achieved yields by farms in developed countries such as the United States and in European Union. No single state of India is best in every crop. Tamil Nadu achieved highest yields in rice and sugarcane, [[Haryana]] in wheat and coarse grains, Karnataka in cotton, Bihar in pulses, while other states do well in horticulture, aquaculture, flower and fruit plantations. These differences in agricultural productivity are a function of local infrastructure, [[soil quality]], micro-climates, local resources, farmer knowledge and innovations.<ref name=ap1/>

The Indian food distribution system is highly inefficient. Movement of agricultural produce is heavily regulated, with inter-state and even inter-district restrictions on marketing and movement of agricultural goods.<ref name=ap1/>

One study suggests Indian agricultural policy should best focus on improving rural infrastructure primarily in the form of irrigation and flood control infrastructure, knowledge transfer of better yielding and more disease resistant seeds. Additionally, cold storage, hygienic food packaging and efficient modern retail to reduce waste can improve output and rural incomes.<ref name=ap1/>

The low productivity in India is a result of the following factors:
* The average size of land holdings is very small (less than 2 hectares) and is subject to fragmentation due to land ceiling acts, and in some cases, family disputes. Such small holdings are often over-manned, resulting in disguised unemployment and low productivity of labour. Some reports claim smallholder farming may not be cause of poor productivity, since the productivity is higher in China and many developing economies even though China smallholder farmers constitute over 97% of its farming population.<ref>{{Cite FTP |title=Rapid growth of select Asian economies|year=2006|server=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|url-status=dead|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/ag087e/ag087e00.pdf}}</ref> A Chinese smallholder farmer is able to rent his land to larger farmers, China's organised retail and extensive Chinese highways are able to provide the incentive and infrastructure necessary to its farmers for sharp increases in farm productivity.
* Adoption of modern agricultural practices and use of [[Agricultural machinery|technology]] is inadequate in comparison with Green Revolution methods and technologies, hampered by ignorance of such practices, high costs and impracticality in the case of small land holdings.
* According to the [[World Bank]], Indian branch's ''Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development'', India's large [[agricultural subsidies]] are hampering productivity-enhancing investment. This evaluation is based largely on a productivity agenda and does not take any ecological implications into account. According to a neo-liberal view, over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty because the government intervenes in labour, land, and credit markets. India has inadequate infrastructure and services.<ref name="agriculturepriorities">{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPAGRI/0,,contentMDK:20273764~menuPK:548214~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:452766,00.html|title=India: Priorities for Agriculture and Rural Development|publisher=World Bank|access-date=8 January 2009|archive-date=21 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090121122011/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/EXTSAREGTOPAGRI/0,,contentMDK:20273764~menuPK:548214~pagePK:34004173~piPK:34003707~theSitePK:452766,00.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The World Bank also says that the allocation of water is inefficient, unsustainable and inequitable. The [[irrigation]] infrastructure is deteriorating.<ref name="agriculturepriorities"/> The overuse of water is being covered by over-pumping aquifers but, as these are falling by one foot of groundwater each year, this is a limited resource.<ref>{{cite web |last=Biello |first=David |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-india-running-out-of-water |title=Is Northwestern India's Breadbasket Running Out of Water? |publisher=Scientificamerican.com |date=11 November 2009 |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-date=24 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924063518/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=is-india-running-out-of-water |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] released a report that food security may be a big problem in the region post 2030.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/un-climate-panel-warns-india-of-severe-food-water-shortage/article1-1202760.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401001555/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/un-climate-panel-warns-india-of-severe-food-water-shortage/article1-1202760.aspx |archive-date=1 April 2014 |title=UN climate panel warns India of severe food, water shortage |last1=Chauhan |first1=Chetan |date=1 April 2014 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=31 March 2014}}</ref>
* Illiteracy, general socio-economic backwardness, slow progress in implementing land reforms and inadequate or inefficient finance and marketing services for farm produce.
* Inconsistent government policy. Agricultural subsidies and taxes are often changed without notice for short term political ends.
* Irrigation facilities are inadequate, as revealed by the fact that only 52.6% of the land was irrigated in 2003–04,<ref name="agri">{{cite web |title=Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2004 |year=2004 |url=http://dacnet.nic.in/eands/4.6(a)All%20lndia%20Area,%20Production%20and%20Yield%20of%20Rice.xls |format=XLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410122527/http://dacnet.nic.in/eands/4.6(a)All%20lndia%20Area,%20Production%20and%20Yield%20of%20Rice.xls |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref> which result in farmers still being dependent on rainfall, specifically the [[monsoon]] season. A good monsoon results in a robust growth for the economy, while a poor monsoon leads to a sluggish growth.<ref name="schand-ind.eco-3">{{cite book|author=Sankaran, S|title=Indian Economy: Problems, Policies and Development|pages=492–493|chapter=28}}</ref> Farm credit is regulated by [[NABARD]], which is the statutory apex agent for rural development in the subcontinent. At the same time, over-pumping made possible by subsidised electric power is leading to an alarming drop in aquifer levels.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090812143938.htm |title=Satellites Unlock Secret To Northern India's Vanishing Water |publisher=Sciencedaily.com |date=19 August 2009 |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-date=21 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321144734/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090812143938.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.water.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/India%20Conference/India%20Conference.pdf |title=Columbia Conference on Water Security in India |access-date=17 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100622154550/http://water.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/India%20Conference/India%20Conference.pdf |archive-date=22 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bI1tBl1IZ98C&pg=PA77 |title=Keepers of the spring: reclaiming our water in an age of globalisation, By Fred Pearce, p. 77 |date=1 November 2004 |access-date=17 September 2011 |isbn=978-1-59726-893-6 |last1=Pearce |first1=Fred |publisher=Island Press |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913065708/https://books.google.com/books?id=bI1tBl1IZ98C&pg=PA77 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* A third of all food that is produced rots due to inefficient supply chains and the use of the "[[Walmarting|Walmart model]]" to improve efficiency is blocked by laws against foreign investment in the retail sector.<ref>Zakaria, Fareed. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120108012653/http://globalpublicsquare.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/21/zakaria-india-as-the-broken-bric/ "Zakaria: Is India the broken BRIC?"] ''CNN'', 21 December 2011.</ref>

===Farmer suicides===
{{main|Farmers' suicides in India}}
In 2012, the [[National Crime Records Bureau]] of India reported 13,754 farmer suicides.<ref name=ncrb2012>National Crime Reports Bureau, [http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/ADSI2012.pdf ADSI Report Annual – 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130810222918/http://ncrb.nic.in/CD-ADSI-2012/ADSI2012.pdf |date=10 August 2013 }} Government of India, p. 242, Table 2.11</ref> Farmer suicides account for 11.2% of all suicides in India.<ref name=ncrb2012/><ref name="Nagraj">{{cite web|author=Nagraj, K. |year=2008 |title=Farmers suicide in India: magnitudes, trends and spatial patterns |url=http://www.macroscan.com/anl/mar08/pdf/Farmers_Suicides.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512173317/http://www.macroscan.com/anl/mar08/pdf/Farmers_Suicides.pdf |archive-date=12 May 2011 }}</ref> Activists and scholars have offered a number of conflicting reasons for farmer suicides, such as monsoon failure, high debt burdens, [[genetically modified crops]], government policies, public mental health, personal issues and family problems.<ref>Gruère, G. & Sengupta, D. (2011), Bt cotton and farmer suicides in India: an evidence-based assessment, The Journal of Development Studies, 47(2), 316–337</ref><ref>Schurman, R. (2013), Shadow space: suicides and the predicament of rural India, Journal of Peasant Studies, 40(3), 597–601</ref><ref>Das, A. (2011), Farmers' suicide in India: implications for public mental health, International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 57(1), 21–29</ref>

According to an NCRB data, in 2022, India saw 11,290 suicides in the farming sector. This was a 3.75 per cent rise from the 10,881 suicides in 2021. In 2022, there were 5,207 farmers suicides compared to 5,318 in 2021. There were 6,083 suicides of farm labourers in 2022, as compared to 5,563 in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2023 |title=NCRB report shows farm suicides on rise: Why more farm labourers ending lives than farmers after Covid |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/ncrb-report-farm-suicides-rise-farm-labourers-covid-9055694/ |access-date=27 June 2025 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Marketing===
Agromarketing is poorly developed in India.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Shail Bala |title=Rural marketing environment problems and strategies |date=2003 |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/167792/11/11_chapter%206.pdf |access-date=30 March 2021 |archive-date=25 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025044308/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/167792/11/11_chapter%206.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Diversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural purpose===
Indian National Policy for Farmers of 2007<ref name="policy2007">[http://agricoop.nic.in/NPF/npff2007.pdf National Policy for Farmers, 2007] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824071258/http://agricoop.nic.in/npf/npff2007.pdf |date=24 August 2015 }}</ref> stated that "prime farmland must be conserved for agriculture except under exceptional circumstances, provided that the agencies that are provided with agricultural land for non-agricultural projects should compensate for treatment and full development of equivalent degraded or wastelands elsewhere". The policy suggested that, as far as possible, land with low farming yields or that was not farmable should be earmarked for non-agricultural purposes such as construction, industrial parks and other commercial development.<ref name="policy2007"/>

[[Amartya Sen]] offered a counter viewpoint, stating that "prohibiting the use of agricultural land for commercial and industrial development is ultimately self-defeating".<ref name="telegraphindia.com">The Telegraph. 23 July 2007 [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041624/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070723/asp/nation/story_8094453.asp 'Prohibiting the use of agricultural land for industries is ultimately self-defeating']</ref> He stated that agricultural land may be better suited for non-agriculture purposes if industrial production could generate many times more than the value of the product produced by agriculture.<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/> Sen suggested India needed to bring productive industry everywhere, wherever there are advantages of production, market needs and the locational preferences of managers, engineers, technical experts as well as unskilled labour because of education, healthcare and other infrastructure. He stated that instead of government controlling land allocation based on soil characteristics, the market economy should determine productive allocation of land.<ref name="telegraphindia.com"/>

Please check the validity of the source listed above.

===Climate change===
{{excerpt|Climate change in India|Reduced crop yields}}

==Initiatives==
{{AI-generated|section=Initiatives|date=December 2025}}
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The required level of investment for the development of marketing, storage and cold storage infrastructure is estimated to be huge. The government has not been able to implement schemes to raise investment in marketing infrastructure. Among these schemes are 'Construction of Rural Godowns', 'Market Research and Information Network', and 'Development / Strengthening of [[Agricultural Marketing]] Infrastructure, Grading and Standardisation'.<ref>[http://india.gov.in/sectors/agriculture/agri_marketing.php Agriculture marketing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205003341/http://india.gov.in/sectors/agriculture/agri_marketing.php |date=5 February 2008 }} india.gov Retrieved in February 2008</ref>

The [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research]] (ICAR), established in 1905, was responsible for the search leading to the "[[Indian Green Revolution]]" of the 1970s. The ICAR is the apex body in agriculture and related allied fields, including research and education.<ref>[http://www.iari.res.in/objectives.php Objectives] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024132458/http://www.iari.res.in/objectives.php |date=24 October 2007 }} Indian agricultural research institute, Retrieved in December 2007</ref> The Union Minister of Agriculture is the president of the ICAR. The [[Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute]] develops new techniques for the design of agricultural experiments, analyses data in agriculture, and specialises in statistical techniques for animal and plant breeding.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Recently (May 2016) the government of India has set up the Farmers Commission to completely evaluate the agriculture programme.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://krishakayog.gov.in/ |title=Farmers Commission |access-date=23 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511165307/http://krishakayog.gov.in/ |archive-date=11 May 2010 }}</ref> Its recommendations have had a mixed reception.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

In November 2011, India announced major reforms in [[Retailing in India|organised retail]]. These reforms would include logistics and retail of agricultural produce. The announcement led to major political controversy. The reforms were placed on hold by the government in December 2011.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

In the summer of 2012, the subsidised electricity for pumping, which has caused an alarming drop in aquifer levels, put additional strain on the country's electrical grid due to a 19% drop in monsoon rains and may have contributed to a blackout across much of the country. In response the state of [[Bihar]] offered farmers over $100 million in subsidised diesel to operate their pumps.<ref>[http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/08/2012845225626683.html " Drought fears loom in India as monsoon stalls."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805040301/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia/2012/08/2012845225626683.html |date=5 August 2012 }} ''al Jazeera'', 5 August 2012.</ref>

In 2015, [[Narendra Modi]] announced to double farmer's income by 2022.<ref>{{citation |title=PM Modi: Target to double farmers' income by 2022 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/farmers-rally-bareilly-target-to-double-farmers-income-by-2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 February 2016 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-date=3 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503125659/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/farmers-rally-bareilly-target-to-double-farmers-income-by-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Startups with niche technology and new business models are working to solve problems in Indian agriculture and its marketing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/real-indian-startups-will-be-in-agriculture|title=Tech in Asia – Connecting Asia's startup ecosystem|website=www.techinasia.com|language=en-US|access-date=4 June 2016|archive-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630204158/https://www.techinasia.com/real-indian-startups-will-be-in-agriculture|url-status=live}}</ref> Kandawale is one such e-commerce website which sells Indian red onions to bulk users direct from farmers, reducing unnecessary cost escalations.

In July 2025, the [[Government of India]] launched the [[Prime minister|Prime Minister]] Dhan-Dhaanya Krishi Yojana, a six-year initiative with an annual outlay of ₹24,000 crore, aimed at boosting crop yields and [[Farmer|farmers]]' income in 100 low-performing districts.

Starting from the 2025–26 rabi season, the scheme will benefit around 1.7 crore [[Farmer|farmers]] through convergence of 36 existing schemes across multiple ministries. It focuses on [[crop diversification]], sustainable practices, [[irrigation]], storage infrastructure, and improved access to credit.

District-level plans, monitored through 117 key indicators, will align with national goals of self-reliance, [[organic farming]], and increased [[Agriculture|agricultural]] productivity. The initiative is a major step towards achieving [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]] in the [[agriculture sector]].<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Govt clears farm scheme with Rs 24k cr annual outlay for 6 yrs to be implemented from Oct |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/07/16/del66-cab-2ndld-agri.html |magazine=The Week |agency=PTI |date=16 July 2025 |access-date=17 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Agriculture and the Indian economy ===

The contributions of agriculture in the Indian economy have been increasing over the years. According to the economic survey, the share of agriculture in gross domestic product (GDP) reached almost 20% for the first time in 17 years, making a sole bright spot in performance during financial year 2020–2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agri share in GDP hit 20% after 17 years: Economic Survey|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/agri-share-in-gdp-hit-20-after-17-years-economic-survey-75271|access-date=28 March 2021|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=29 January 2021|language=en|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418182103/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/agriculture/agri-share-in-gdp-hit-20-after-17-years-economic-survey-75271|url-status=live}}</ref>

Modern farms and agriculture operations have changed over the years primarily because of advancements in technology, including sensors, devices, machines, and information technology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Agriculture Technology {{!}} National Institute of Food and Agriculture|url=https://www.nifa.usda.gov/topics/agriculture-technology|access-date=28 March 2021|website=nifa.usda.gov|archive-date=5 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305145704/https://nifa.usda.gov/topic/agriculture-technology|url-status=live}}</ref>

Personalized e-commerce stores and market places have brought farming products like fertilizers, seeds, machines and equipment that help farmers grow quality products. Educational portals let farmers know innovative things about farming that increase the contributions of agriculture to the economy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Applying modern tech to agriculture|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/applying-modern-tech-to-agriculture-66017|access-date=28 March 2021|website=www.downtoearth.org.in|date=5 August 2019|language=en|archive-date=29 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129063905/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/applying-modern-tech-to-agriculture-66017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=E-Commerce for Ag Business: Advantages and Challenges|url=https://extension.psu.edu/e-commerce-for-ag-business-advantages-and-challenges|access-date=28 March 2021|website=Penn State Extension|language=en|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314083401/https://extension.psu.edu/e-commerce-for-ag-business-advantages-and-challenges|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Organic farming ===

==== Historical initiatives ====
The [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution's]] shift to new farming methods, such as irrigation and synthetic fertilizers, led to negative effects on the [[Environment of India|environment]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last1=Paramasivam |first1=Sivaraj |last2=Henry |first2=Philip |last3=Seethapathy |first3=Parthasarathy |last4=Rajamohan |first4=Thulasiram |date=2 September 2022 |title=A strategic model for empowering farmers by improving livelihood security through organic farming practices in Tamil Nadu, India {{!}} Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka |url=https://jas.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/jas.v17i3.9926 |language=en-US |doi=10.4038/jas.v17i3.9926}}</ref> The rise of commercial farms to support the Indian population, coupled with demands from other countries, resulted in mass [[Deforestation in India|deforestation]]. Excess water from irrigation systems collects [[Pesticide poisoning|toxic chemicals]] from pesticides, leading to [[Runoff model (reservoir)|runoff]] into streams that kills [[Wildlife of India|wildlife]] and pollutes [[Water resources|freshwater sources]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Niggli |first=Urs |date=February 2015 |title=Sustainability of organic food production: challenges and innovations |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/sustainability-of-organic-food-production-challenges-and-innovations/AC943956EBE48385706EAB58DEF71BB5 |journal=Proceedings of the Nutrition Society |language=en |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=83–88 |doi=10.1017/S0029665114001438 |pmid=25221987 |issn=0029-6651}}</ref> These and other effects have prompted concerns about the [[sustainability]] of non-organic farming, thereby raising awareness about the importance of adopting more [[Sustainable agriculture|sustainable organic farming practices]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gabriel |first1=Doreen |last2=Sait |first2=Steven M. |last3=Kunin |first3=William E. |last4=Benton |first4=Tim G. |date=2013 |title=Food production vs. biodiversity: comparing organic and conventional agriculture |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2664.12035 |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |language=en |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=355–364 |doi=10.1111/1365-2664.12035 |bibcode=2013JApEc..50..355G |issn=1365-2664}}</ref>

One leader of this development was [[Albert Howard|Sir Albert Howard.]] He was an [[English people|English]] [[Botany|botanist]] who helped advance organic agricultural developments through numerous publications on sustainable organic farming methods in India.<ref name=":34">{{Cite journal |last=Singh |first=Ashima |title=OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN ORGANIC FARMING: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE |url=https://www.academia.edu/31342795}}</ref> He raised awareness about the adverse effects of non-organic farming on the environment and helped educate the Indian population about the benefits of organic farming. His work and contributions to the field of organic agriculture led him to be known as the founder of the organic farming movement.<ref name=":34" />

==== Recent initiatives ====
With the recent concerns about [[Herbicide|non-organic farming practices]] and their possibly adverse health effects, there has been a noticeable increase in demand for [[organic food]] in India.<ref name=":14">{{Cite journal |last1=Dash |first1=Sarthak |last2=Priyadarshini |first2=Sugyanta |last3=Dulla |first3=Nisrutha |date=1 February 2024 |title=Food security and sustainability dimensions of organic farming in the context of India: a comprehensive scientometric review (2010–2023) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31867-4 |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=14484–14502 |doi=10.1007/s11356-024-31867-4 |pmid=38305964 |bibcode=2024ESPR...3114484D |issn=1614-7499}}</ref> As more people notice the negative effects of non-organic farming on sustainability, it contributes to grow the organic farming movement. [[Government of India|The Government of India]] is also playing an active role in promoting organic agriculture, as its various initiatives, like Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana and zero-budget natural farming, are making organic farming more accessible and sustainable.<ref name=":14" /> Most initiatives now focus on how organic agriculture can lead to improvements in the country's sustainability.

Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) was launched in 2015 by the [[Narendra Modi]] regime to promote organic farming, under which farmers form organic farming clusters of 50 or more farmers with a minimum total area of {{convert|50|acre|order=flip}} to share organic methods using traditional sustainable methods, costs, and [[marketing]], etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana {{!}} District South West, Government of Delhi {{!}} India |url=https://dmsouthwest.delhi.gov.in/scheme/paramparagat-krishi-vikas-yojana/ |access-date=12 October 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> It initially aimed to have 10,000 clusters by 2018 with at least {{convert|500,000|acre|order=flip}} under organic farming. It also aimed for the government to cover certification costs while promoting the use of traditional resources in organic farming. The government provides {{convert|20,000|$/acre|$/ha|$=₹|abbr=off|order=flip}} or {{convert|{{To USD|20000|IND|year=2019}}|$/acre|$/ha|$=US$|abbr=off|order=flip}} benefit over three years.<ref name=ins1>[https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/10-important-government-schemes-agriculture-sector-divd-1593413-2019-08-30 10 important government schemes for agriculture sector] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723104804/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/10-important-government-schemes-agriculture-sector-divd-1593413-2019-08-30 |date=23 July 2021 }}, India today, 30 August 2019.</ref>

Other techniques of organic farming like [[Zero Budget Natural Farming|zero budget natural farming]] (ZBNF) have been implemented by many small-scale farmers in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], Kerala.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Khadse |first1=Ashlesha |last2=Rosset |first2=Peter M. |date=September 2019 |title=Zero Budget Natural Farming in India – from inception to institutionalization |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AgSFS..43..848K/abstract |journal=Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems |language=en |volume=43 |issue=7–8 |pages=848–871 |doi=10.1080/21683565.2019.1608349 |bibcode=2019AgSFS..43..848K |issn=2168-3565}}</ref> In this process they implement more natural and ecological methods of farming that decrease or completely cease use of pesticides and damaging chemicals. This alleviates damage caused by chemical overuse and mono cropping which is depleting the formerly fertile forest-land in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Münster |first=Daniel |date=March 2017 |title=Zero Budget Natural Farming and Bovine Entanglements in South India |url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/7771/ |journal=RCC Perspectives: Transformations in Environment and Society |issue=1 |pages=25–32 |language=en |doi=10.5282/RCC/7771 |access-date=29 April 2023 |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913065712/https://www.environmentandsociety.org/perspectives/2017/1/article/zero-budget-natural-farming-and-bovine-entanglements-south-india |url-status=live }}</ref>

One specific initiative is increasing the availability of [[organic farming]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":24">{{Cite book |last=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |first=Government of Tamil Nadu |title=Disposal of the Wet Waste Through Micro Composting Centres (MCC) |publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration, Government of Tamil Nadu |location=Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India |pages=1-18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Government of Tamil Nadu|The Government of Tamil Nadu]] has been publishing resources for farmers in the state to reduce their dependence on chemical fertilizers like Diammonium Phosphate and Urea.<ref name=":24" /> One specific resource outlines the creation of [[Compost|micro-compositing centers]], also known as decentralized compositing centers. These are centers all around Tamil Nadu that turn people’s trash into compost and cleaning supplies.<ref name=":24" />

An example of an existing center is [[Chennai]] Composting Center.<ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=Compost Connect – Namma Ooru Foundation |url=https://nammaooru.org/compost-connect/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |language=en-GB}}</ref> This is a Micro Composting Center that repurposes one ton of trash and turns it into organic compost every day for large suppliers and [[Farm|farms]] around Chennai.<ref name=":33" /> By repurposing trash into compost to reduce [[fertilizer]] use in the area, Chennai Composting Center is creating a more [[Sustainable agriculture|sustainable]] agricultural community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Shobana |date=2025-04-25 |title=What stench? Chennai composting centre turns trash into treasure, minus the smell |url=https://citizenmatters.in/micro-composting-centre-chennai-waste-300-tonnes-compost-windrow-composting-namma-ooru-gcc/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Citizen Matters |language=en-US}}</ref>

Along with progression with organic farming methods, new technologies in the form of [[Hygrometer|moisture sensors]] and [[Artificial intelligence in agriculture|artificial intelligence]] are also being implemented in the Indian farming sector. Farmers are using moisture sensors to ensure that different crops have the exact amount of water that they need, which ensures that farmers can maximise crop yield.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcus |first=Hardie |date=2020–2021 |title=Review of Novel and Emerging Proximal Soil Moisture Sensors for Use in Agriculture |journal=Sensors |language=en |volume=20 |issue=23 |page=6934 |doi=10.3390/s20236934 |pmid=33291606 |pmc=7730258 |bibcode=2020Senso..20.6934H |doi-access=free |issn=1424-8220 }}</ref> Along with this, artificial intelligence techniques are being implemented in [[Food processing|food processing plants]] across India. AI provides more efficient ways to produce, harvest, and sell crops products as well as an emphasis on checking defective crops and improving the potential for healthy crop production.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jha |first1=Kirtan |last2=Doshi |first2=Aalap |last3=Patel |first3=Poojan |last4=Shah |first4=Manan |date=1 June 2019 |title=A comprehensive review on automation in agriculture using artificial intelligence |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589721719300182 |journal=Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture |volume=2 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1016/j.aiia.2019.05.004 |issn=2589-7217}}</ref> This further helps maximise crop yield as Rayda Ayed describes in her research on the effects of artificial intelligence in India.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ben Ayed |first1=Rayda |last2=Hanana |first2=Mohsen |date=22 April 2021 |title=Artificial Intelligence to Improve the Food and Agriculture Sector |journal=Journal of Food Quality |language=en |volume=2021 |article-number=e5584754 |doi=10.1155/2021/5584754 |issn=0146-9428 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==== Sustainability ====
Organic farming practices are currently having a positive effect on India's environment and will further improve the country's sustainability if continued. Specifically, it has a direct link to improving the [[Economy of India|economic]] sustainability of non-commercial farmers.<ref name=":15">{{Cite journal |last1=Dash |first1=Sarthak |last2=Priyadarshini |first2=Sugyanta |last3=Dulla |first3=Nisrutha |date=1 February 2024 |title=Food security and sustainability dimensions of organic farming in the context of India: a comprehensive scientometric review (2010–2023) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31867-4 |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=14484–14502 |doi=10.1007/s11356-024-31867-4 |pmid=38305964 |bibcode=2024ESPR...3114484D |issn=1614-7499}}</ref> Organic farmers can sell products on a small scale at a higher price than non-organic products. This enables them to increase their earnings on food sales and achieve greater economic sustainability.<ref name=":15" /> Further, organic farming is also creating more jobs in rural areas, as organic farms require more labour compared to non-organic ones.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal |last1=Paramasivam |first1=Sivaraj |last2=Henry |first2=Philip |last3=Seethapathy |first3=Parthasarathy |last4=Rajamohan |first4=Thulasiram |date=2 September 2022 |title=A strategic model for empowering farmers by improving livelihood security through organic farming practices in Tamil Nadu, India {{!}} Journal of Agricultural Sciences – Sri Lanka |url=https://jas.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/jas.v17i3.9926 |language=en-US |doi=10.4038/jas.v17i3.9926}}</ref>

This applies to two specific fertilizers used in India, [[Urea]] and [[Diammonium phosphate|Diammonium Phosphate]] (DAP).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Randive |first=Kirtikumar |last2=Raut |first2=Tejashree |last3=Jawadand |first3=Sanjeevani |date=2021-10-01 |title=An overview of the global fertilizer trends and India’s position in 2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-020-00246-z |journal=Mineral Economics |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=371–384 |doi=10.1007/s13563-020-00246-z |issn=2191-2211}}</ref> Urea is the most imported fertilizer in India, and it has many adverse health effects on those who use it.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Dickerson |first=Aisha S. |last2=Lee |first2=Janice S. |last3=Keshava |first3=Channa |last4=Hotchkiss |first4=Andrew |last5=Persad |first5=Amanda S. |date=2018-06-01 |title=Assessment of Health Effects of Exogenous Urea: Summary and Key Findings |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-018-0198-8 |journal=Current Environmental Health Reports |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=205–212 |doi=10.1007/s40572-018-0198-8 |issn=2196-5412 |pmc=9161740 |pmid=29713991}}</ref> When these fertilizers come into contact with uncovered skin, they can cause [[irritation]] and, if left untreated, lead to skin damage.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=Rajendra |date=1998 |title=Fertilizer urea, food security, health and the environment |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24101710 |journal=Current Science |volume=75 |issue=7 |pages=677–683 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> Diammonium Phosphate also causes similar effects when it comes into contact with uncovered skin and eyes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) Safety Data Sheet |url=https://www.cropnutrition.com/resource-library/diammonium-phosphate-dap-safety-data-sheet/ |access-date=2025-12-13 |website=Mosaic Crop Nutrition |language=en-US}}</ref> Skin irritation comes from these fertilizers releasing compounds such as [[Ammonia pollution|ammonia]] and [[Agricultural pollution|nitrogen oxides]], which are harmful to both the human body and the [[Soil erosion|soil]] they are applied to.<ref name=":04" />

Regarding the environment, Urea, Diammonium Phosphate, and other fertilizers in India increase atmospheric nitrogen levels and [[Soil erosion|strip soil of its nutrients]].<ref name=":17" /> When these fertilizers are spread along farms, they react with water and release ammonia, which increases the amount of nitrogen in the air, and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.<ref name=":17" /> This causes air and soil pollution, with adverse long-term effects.<ref name=":04" /> The continued use of these fertilizers is damaging [[Environment of India|India's environment]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Randive |first=Kirtikumar |last2=Raut |first2=Tejashree |last3=Jawadand |first3=Sanjeevani |date=2021-10-01 |title=An overview of the global fertilizer trends and India’s position in 2020 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-020-00246-z |journal=Mineral Economics |language=en |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=371–384 |doi=10.1007/s13563-020-00246-z |issn=2191-2211}}</ref>

In terms of [[Environmental Performance Index|environmental sustainability]], organic farms do not use any artificial pesticides or fertilizers. This means that there is no toxic runoff or other environmentally damaging effects from organic farms.<ref name=":23" /> Avoiding these dangerous chemicals also leads to a healthier environment for farmers, as they do not have to deal with any threatening chemicals.<ref name=":15" />

==== The future of organic agriculture ====
Organic farming has a combination of positive and negative outlooks in India. On the positive side, organic farming's high levels of sustainability offer it a promising future. Organic farms contribute to safer and healthier lives for both farmers and consumers due to their lack of dangerous chemicals, making the industry's projected outlook long-lasting and promising.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal |last1=Dash |first1=Sarthak |last2=Priyadarshini |first2=Sugyanta |last3=Dulla |first3=Nisrutha |date=1 February 2024 |title=Food security and sustainability dimensions of organic farming in the context of India: a comprehensive scientometric review (2010–2023) |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31867-4 |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=31 |issue=10 |pages=14484–14502 |doi=10.1007/s11356-024-31867-4 |pmid=38305964 |bibcode=2024ESPR...3114484D |issn=1614-7499}}</ref>

On the other hand, organic farms have some adverse effects. For example, organic farms have lower yields compared to non-organic farms. Compensating for this issue results in organic farmers cultivating more land to produce similar amounts of crops.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Niggli |first=Urs |date=February 2015 |title=Sustainability of organic food production: challenges and innovations |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/proceedings-of-the-nutrition-society/article/sustainability-of-organic-food-production-challenges-and-innovations/AC943956EBE48385706EAB58DEF71BB5 |journal=Proceedings of the Nutrition Society |language=en |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=83–88 |doi=10.1017/S0029665114001438 |pmid=25221987 |issn=0029-6651}}</ref> This leads to deforestation, which is not sustainable. The ideal form of agriculture in India calls for a combination of both organic and [[Agriculture|non-organic farming techniques]] to maximise yields while promoting economic and environmental sustainability.<ref name=":03" />

=== Government schemes ===
{{Dynamic list|multiple=no}}

* [[2020 Indian agriculture acts]]
* [[Atal Bhujal Yojana]]
* [[E-NAM]] for online agrimarketing
* [[Gramin Bhandaran Yojana]] for local storage
* [[Irrigation in India#MIcro|Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF)]]
* [[National Action Plan for Climate Change#National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)|National Mission For Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)]]
* [[Fishing in India#FTE|National Scheme on Fisheries Training and Extension]]
* [[Fishing in India#WF|National Scheme on Welfare of Fishermen]]
* [[Pradhan Mantri Kisan Samman Nidhi]] (PMKSN) for minimum support scheme
* [[Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana]] (PMKSY) for irrigation
* [[#OF|Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)]] for organic farming
* [[Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana]] (PMFBY) for crop insurance

==Maps==
<gallery class="center" widths="750">
Image:Minor crops of India.png|Minor crop areas in India: '''P''' [[pulses]], '''S''' [[sugarcane]], '''J''' [[jute]], '''Cn''' [[coconut]], '''C''' [[cotton]], and '''T''' [[tea]]
Image:Major crop areas India.png|Major crop areas in India
Image:India Natural vegetation.svg|Natural vegetation zones in India
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Agriculture and Agronomy|India}}
{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}

* [[2020 Indian agriculture acts]]
* [[Climate of India#Agro-climatic zones|Agro-climatic zones of India]]{{Broken anchor|date=3 June 2024|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Climate of India#Agro-climatic zones|reason= The anchor (Agro-climatic zones) [[Special:Diff/1044575534|has been deleted]].}}
* [[Animal husbandry in India]]
* [[Beekeeping in India]]
* [[Biotechnology in India]]
* [[Farmers' suicides in India]]
* [[Farming systems in India]]
* [[Fishing in India]]
* [[List of banned and restricted pesticides in India]]
* [[Health effects of pesticides]]
* [[Environmental impact of pesticides]]
* [[Irrigation in India]]
* [[List of countries by employment in agriculture]]
* [[Pesticide poisoning]]
* [[Retailing in India]]
* [[Rice production in India]]
* [[Roads in India|Rural roads and infrastructure in India]]
* [[Women in agriculture in India]]
{{div col end}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=Bihar Peasant Life|author=George A. Grierson |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press, Calcutta |year=1885|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924072688025#page/n7/mode/2up }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/109212600%20 Agarwal, Ankit (2011), "Theory of Optimum Utilisation of Resources in agriculture during the Gupta Period"]{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, History Today 12, New Delhi, {{ISSN|2249-748X}}.
* Akhilesh, K. B., and Kavitha Sooda. "A Study on Impact of Technology Intervention in the Field of Agriculture in India." in ''Smart Technologies'' (Springer, Singapore, 2020) pp. 373–385.
* Bhagowalia, Priya, S. Kadiyala, and D. Headey. "Agriculture, income and nutrition linkages in India: Insights from a nationally representative survey." (2012). [https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/id/eprint/1440436/1/Agriculture,%20income%20and%20nutrition%20linkages%20in%20India%20Insights%20from%20a%20nationally%20representative%20survey.pdf online]
* Bhan, Suraj, and U. K. Behera. "Conservation agriculture in India–Problems, prospects and policy issues." ''International Soil and Water Conservation Research'' 2.4 (2014): 1–12.
* Bharti, N. (2018), "Evolution of agriculture finance in India: a historical perspective", ''Agricultural Finance Review,'' Vol. 78 No. 3, pp. 376–392. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-05-2017-0035
* Brink, Lars. "Support to Agriculture in India in 1995-2013 and the Rules of the WTO." International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium (IATRC) ''Working Paper 14-01'' (2014) [https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/166343/files/WP%2014-01%20Brink.pdf online].
* Brown, Trent. ''Farmers, Subalterns, and activists: social politics of sustainable agriculture in India'' (Cambridge University Press, 2018).
* Chauhan, Bhagirath Singh, et al. "Global warming and its possible impact on agriculture in India." in ''Advances in agronomy'' (Academic Press, 2014) pp. 65–121.[https://www.academia.edu/download/44620724/105_1_._Global_warming_effect_on_Indian_agriculture.pdf online]{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Chengappa, P. G. "Presidential Address: Secondary Agriculture: A Driver for Growth of Primary Agriculture in India." ''Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics'' 68.902-2016-66819 (2013): 1–19. [https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/206316/files/Chengappa68_1.pdf online]
* Dev, S. Mahendra, Srijit Mishra, and Vijay Laxmi Pandey. "Agriculture in India: Performance, Challenges, and Opportunities." in ''A Concise Handbook of the Indian Economy in the 21st Century'' (Oxford University Press, 2014) pp. 321–350.
* Goyal, S. & Prabha, & Rai, Dr & Singh, Shree Ram. ''Indian Agriculture and Farmers-Problems and Reforms.'' (2016)
* Kekane Maruti Arjun. "Indian, Agriculture- Status, Importance and Role in Indian Economy," ''International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology'', {{ISSN|2249-3050}}, Volume 4, Number 4 (2013), pp. 343–346.
* Kumar, Anjani, Krishna M. Singh, and Shradhajali Sinha. "Institutional credit to agriculture sector in India: Status, performance and determinants." ''Agricultural Economics Research Review'' 23.2 (2010): 253-264 [https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/96935/files/6-Anjani-Kumar.pdf online].
* Manida, Mr M., and G. Nedumaran. "Agriculture In India: Information About Indian Agriculture & Its Importance." ''Aegaeum Journal'', 8#3 (2020) [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manida_Micheal/publication/340296811_AGRICULTURE_IN_INDIA_INFORMATION_ABOUT_INDIAN_AGRICULTURE_AND_ITS_IMPORTANCE/links/5e832841a6fdcca789e232e1/AGRICULTURE-IN-INDIA-INFORMATION-ABOUT-INDIAN-AGRICULTURE-AND-ITS-IMPORTANCE.pdf online]
* Mathur, Archana S., Surajit Das, and Subhalakshmi Sircar. "Status of agriculture in India: trends and prospects." ''Economic and political weekly'' (2006): 5327-5336 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4419078 online].
* Nedumaran, Dr G. "E-Agriculture and Rural Development in India." (2020). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Manida_Micheal/publication/338422120_E-Agriculture_and_Rural_Development_in_India/links/5e142ca492851c8364b5e3ba/E-Agriculture-and-Rural-Development-in-India.pdf online]
* Ramakumar, R. "Large-scale Investments in Agriculture in India." ''IDS Bulletin'' 43 (2012): 92–103. [https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/bitstream/handle/20.500.12413/7542/IDSB_43_s1_10.1111-j.1759-5436.2012.00351.x.pdf?sequence=1 online]
* Ramakumar, R. "Agriculture and the Covid-19 Pandemic: An Analysis with Special Reference to India." ''Review of Agrarian Studies'' 10.2369-2020-1856 (2020) [https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/308095/files/Covid-19_and_Agriculture.pdf online].
* Saradhi, Byra Pardha, et al. "Significant Trends in the Digital Transformation of Agriculture in India." ''International Journal of Grid and Distributed Computing'' 13.1 (2020): 2703-2709 [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Byra_Pardha_Saradhi2/publication/343760731_Significant_Trends_in_the_Digital_Transformation_of_Agriculture_in_India/links/5f3e25c9a6fdcccc43d7c35d/Significant-Trends-in-the-Digital-Transformation-of-Agriculture-in-India.pdfonline].
* {{citation |last=Sharma |first=Shalendra D. |title=Development and Democracy in India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4bV4cKpPlIC&pg=PA125 |year=1999 |publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers |isbn=978-1-55587-810-8 |pages=125–}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425001028/http://agricoop.nic.in/SIA111213312.pdf ''State of Indian Agriculture 2011–12''. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, March 2012]

==External links==
{{commons}}
{{wikiquote}}

* [http://countrystudies.us/india/102.htm ''Indian Agriculture''. U.S. Library of Congress.]
* [https://www.indiastatagri.com/ ''Indian Agriculture Data''. Statistical information about Agriculture in India.]
* [http://agricoop.nic.in/ Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081012170718/http://www.manage.gov.in/managelib/agrinet/agriIndia.htm Indian Council for Agricultural Research Home Page.]
* [http://www.biodiversityofindia.org/index.php?title=Principal_crops_of_India_and_problems_with_Indian_agriculture Principal crops of India and problems with Indian agriculture] A collection of statistics (from India Statistical Report, 2011) along with sections of this Wikipedia article and YouTube videos.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130615064535/http://brightergreen.org/a.php?id=46title=Brighter_Green_Policy_Paper:_Veg_or_NonVeg_India_at_a_Crossroads Brighter Green Policy Paper: Veg or NonVeg, India at a Crossroads] A December 2011 policy paper analysing the forces behind the rising consumption and production of meat, eggs, and dairy products in India, and the effects on India's people, environment, animals, and the global climate.
*{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304441404579121313326574626 |title=India's farmers start to mechanise amid a labour shortage, increasing productivity. - WSJ.com |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date= 28 October 2013|access-date=30 October 2013|newspaper=Wall Street Journal |last1=Mukherji |first1=Biman }}

{{Navboxes

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[[Category:Agriculture in India| ]]

Wesley Higher Secondary School

2026-02-21T05:28:17Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created A Article W/ Refs - done

{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Wesley Higher Secondary School
| image = Wesley_School_Royapettah_Chennai_Main_Building.jpg
| motto = {{langx|la|In Gloriam Dei Optimi Maximi}}
| motto_translation = The School Strives to Conduct All Activities to the Glory of God
| coordinates = {{coord|13.057313|80.2642908|display=inline,title_region:IN_type:edu}}
| established = {{Start date and age|1818}}
| founder = Rev. James Lynch
| type = [[Education in India#Government aided private schools|Government aided private]]
| denomination = [[Christianity in India|Christian]]
| affiliation = Institutions of Meston Education and Development Association
| educational_authority = [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
| address = West Cott Road, [[Royapettah]]
| city = [[Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| postal_code = 600014
| gender = Boys
| website = {{URL|wesleyschool.in}}
}}

'''Wesley Higher Secondary School''' is a [[Education in India#Government aided private schools|government-aided private]] [[Single-sex education|boys']] [[secondary school]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], India. The school is affiliated with the Institutions of Meston Education and Development Association; a [[Christianity in India|Christian]] organisation.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mestoncollege.edu.in/aboutMestonCollege.htm |title=About the College |work=Meston College of Education |publisher= |date=n.d. |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref>

==History==
A group of followers of [[John Wesley]] set sail from Britain for India under the leadership of [[Thomas Coke (bishop)|Thomas Coke]]. Coke died in 1814 on the voyage, and [[Rev James Lynch|Rev. James Lynch]] (1775–1858), one of those accompanied Coke, founded the Methodist Mission in India, establishing a small school and a chapel at [[Royapettah]], [[Madras]] (now Chennai) in 1818.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rev James Lynch journal |url=https://archives.soas.ac.uk/records/MMS/17/02/08/07 |website=archives.soas.ac.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref>

Royapettah School, a High School, was founded shortly after 1848, by [[Ebenezer Jenkins]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=34174|title=Jenkins, Ebenezer Evans|first=Tim|last=Macquiban}}</ref> He managed to establish Wesley Arts College in those days. When the Arts College was closed in 1935, Meston College of Education emerged in 1937 headed by Rev. T.R. Foulger. The Wesley High School in addition to its regular academic activities served as a practising school for this professional college.

In conformity with the structural change in school education introduced by the Government of Tamil Nadu, the institution was upgraded as a Higher Secondary School for boys in 1978, with academic courses at +2 level. The School is also involved in welfare education by arranging integrated programmes for handicapped children.

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Schools|India|Christianity}}}}
* [[Education in India]]
* [[List of schools in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Boys' schools in India]]
[[Category:Christian schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Chennai]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1818]]
[[Category:1818 establishments in India]]

Simple Gogoi

2026-02-12T02:45:08Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created The Article W/ Refs - done

{{Short description|Indian film director (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox person
|image = Simple Gogoi.JPG
|caption = Simple Gogoi 2013
|birth_name = Simple Gogoi
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|8|01|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Jorhat]], India
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse =
|occupation = [[Film director|Director]], [[Filmmaker]], [[Script Writer]]
|children =
|relatives = Late Sarbeswar Gogoi (Father), Late Purnima Gogoi (Mother), Abhilash Gogoi (Brother), Panchamita Gogoi (Sister)
|years active = 2001–present
|organisation = [[DY365]]
|notable_works = Aakakh (Mega Assamese Serial), Priyanka(Assamese Movie), Anurag Tumar Babey(TV Serial), [[Tumi Jodi Kuwa]] (Assamese Movie), Ee Jak Sopun Jen Borokhun (Mega Assamese Serial)
|signature =
|signature_alt =
|signature_size =
}}
'''Simple Gogoi''' (born 1 August 1976) is a [[Film director|director]]<ref>{{cite web|title=rupali parda news|url=http://www.rupaliparda.com/each_news.aspx?id=2| work=on Rupaliparda|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> from Assam, India. Her first movie is ''Tumi Jodi Kua'' and later she worked on mega serials, Ad Films and more than hundred music videos.

== Early life ==
Simple was born in [[Jorhat]], [[Assam]]. She is the second child of Late Sarbeswar Gogoi and Late Purnima Gogoi. She graduated from [[Jagannath Barooah College]], Jorhat. In 1998 she moved to Russia and took her lessons on [[advertising]], [[editing]], [[Film direction|direction]] at Moscow State University of Culture and Arts. She also took her lessons on language at [[Peoples' Friendship University of Russia]]. After returning from Russia on 2001 she assisted [[Shivam Nair]] for TV serial Rooh on [[Zee TV]] and worked on house call World of Entertainment. She assisted Manas Adhikari for two years in [[Guwahati]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}} Simple came into [[Cinema of Assam|Assamese Film Industry]] in late 2002.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article/ News|url=http://meghalayatimes.info/index.php/front-page/19232-simple-gogoi-s-tumi-jodi-kua-assamese-movie-set-for-may-release| work=on Meghalaya Times Newspaper|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Simple currently lives in [[Guwahati]], Assam with her younger sister Panchamita Gogoi, elder brother Abhilash Gogoi, [[Sister-in-law]] Rupjyoti Dutta and with her cousins.

== Career ==
Simple has worked in a number of Assamese films / TV Serials as [[Film director|Director]], [[Script Writer]], [[Screenplay]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Article|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-11-10|work=on Sentinel Assam|accessdate=10 November 2012|archive-date=19 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019121500/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-11-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> Those are Aakakh (Mega Assamese Serial), Priyanka (Assamese Movie), Anurag Tumar Babey (TV Serial).<ref>{{cite web|title=News/ Article|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-12-15|work=on Sentinel Assam Newspaper|accessdate=15 December 2012|archive-date=12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112065355/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday2.php?sec=17&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2012-12-15|url-status=dead}}</ref> She worked as Creative Concept Director from June 2013 to October 2014 at [[DY365]] News Channel's Entertainment Channel Jonack.

[[Tumi Jodi Kuwa]] ({{lang|as|তুমি যদি কোৱা}}) is an Assamese musical, romantic drama film directed, dialogue and script written by Simple Gogoi and produced by Teron Jitumoni under the banner of L.N. Films. The film was released on 14 June 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article/ News|url=http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112064744/http://www.sentinelassam.com/saturday/saturday1.php?sec=16&subsec=0&ppr=3&dtP=2013-04-20|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 January 2014|work=on Sentinel Assam Newspaper|access-date=20 April 2013}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
*''[[Tumi Jodi Kuwa]]'' (2013)
*''Aakakh'' (Assamese mega serial)
*''Priyanka'' (Assamese film)
*''Anurag Tumar Babey'' (TV serial)

== References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130629075306/http://www.friedeye.com/2013/05/simple-gogoi-simply-chilled/ Simple Gogoi- Simply chilled] at [http://www.friedeye.com/ Fried Eye]
* [http://www.magicalassam.com/2013/05/new-assamese-movie-tumi-jodi-kua-by.html News] on [http://www.magicalassam.com/ Magical Assam blog]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogoi, Simple}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Assamese-language film directors]]
[[Category:People from Jorhat district]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Indian women television directors]]
[[Category:Indian television directors]]
[[Category:Women artists from Assam]]
[[Category:Film directors from Assam]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Gautam Sanyal

2026-02-05T04:23:38Z

Best time to visit kashmir: cleanup layout for consistency

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Gautam Sanyal
|image = Gautam Sanyal - Principal Secretary CSS.png
|imagesize = 100px
|smallimage = 
|alt =
|caption =
|order =
|office =
|term_start =
|term_end =
|deputy =
|taoiseach =
|succeeding =
|predecessor =
|successor =
|birth_date = 14 October 1951
|nationality = Indian
|alma_mater =
|spouse =
|children =
|
}}

'''Gautam Sanyal''' is an Indian career civil servant who currently serves as [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] to [[Government of West Bengal]], since June 2015.<ref name="Appointment Sanyal">{{cite web|title=Appointment of Gautam Sanyal as Principal Secretary: Government of West Bengal|url=http://wbpar.gov.in/writereaddata/988-PAR(IAS)_b.pdf|work=[[Government of West Bengal]]|access-date=8 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Principal Secretary Sanyal">{{cite web|title=Unfulfilled once, sealed now - CM's aide is elevated as Principal Secretary|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150627/jsp/frontpage/story_28183.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627091520/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1150627/jsp/frontpage/story_28183.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 June 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref><ref name="Principal PS GS">{{cite news|title=Row over retired officer's promotion|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Row-over-retired-officers-promotion/articleshow/47848369.cms?|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 June 2015 |access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> In June 2016, he was re-appointed<ref name="Re Appointment Sanyal 2016">{{cite web|title=Re-employment of Shri Goutam Sanyal as Principal Secretary to Hon'ble Chief Minister (Archived)|url=http://www.wbpar.gov.in/writereaddata/829_b.pdf|work=[[Government of West Bengal]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805103121/http://www.wbpar.gov.in/writereaddata/829_b.pdf|access-date=13 July 2016|archive-date=5 August 2020}}</ref> as Principal Secretary and his tenure co-terminus with that of [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]].<ref name="Re Appointment Sanyal 2016"/><ref name="WB 2016 Appointments">{{cite web|title=Sovan lines up his team|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160601/jsp/bengal/story_88726.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601132351/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160601/jsp/bengal/story_88726.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 June 2016|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta) ]]|access-date=13 July 2016}}</ref>

He previously served as Secretary to Chief Minister of West Bengal from 2011 to 2015.<ref name="WB Home">{{cite web |title=Archive: Contact Numbers of Officers of Home Department (WB) |url=http://wb.gov.in/portal/wbhome/cms/HOMECMSPortletWindow;jsessionid=ED77A6BC9F129766479AA5FFB53A8C62.node1?alf_f_name=key_officials_contact.txt&action=e&windowstate=normal&alf_path=WebContent%2Fhomepagelinks%2Fimplinks&mode=view |work=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (West Bengal)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=19 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618190655/http://wb.gov.in/portal/wbhome/cms/HOMECMSPortletWindow%3Bjsessionid%3DED77A6BC9F129766479AA5FFB53A8C62.node1?alf_f_name=key_officials_contact.txt&action=e&windowstate=normal&alf_path=WebContent%2Fhomepagelinks%2Fimplinks&mode=view |archive-date=18 June 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Sanyal CMO Secretary">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/10504166.cms |title=West Bengal CMO to be headed by retired officer Gautam Sanyal |access-date=17 January 2012 |last= |first= |author2= |date= 27 October 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Sanyal Secretary">{{cite web |url=http://post.jagran.com/mamata-reinducting-retired-officials-to-guide-wb-on-path-of-progress-1311220133 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062206/http://post.jagran.com/mamata-reinducting-retired-officials-to-guide-wb-on-path-of-progress-1311220133 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee appoints Gautam Sanyal as Secretary |access-date=17 January 2012 |last= |first= |author2= |date= |publisher=Jagran Post Newspaper}}</ref> He also previously served as [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]]. He is a 1976 batch [[Central Secretariat Service]] [[Civil Services of India|officer]].<ref name="Civil List 2010 CSS">{{cite web |url=http://persmin.gov.in/DOPT/CSWing/CSDivision/CSS/css_civillist/civil_list_css_2010.pdf |title=Year 2010 Civil List of Group A officers of CSS |access-date=9 February 2012 |last= |first= |author2= |date= |publisher=[[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions (India)|Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]], Government of India}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Sanyal has a [[Bachelor of Arts]] in political science from [[Ashutosh College]], a Masters in Sociology from [[Delhi University]] in 1997, and later earned a [[Master of Business Administration]] from [[United Kingdom]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==Career==
{{multiple image
| total_width = 500
| image1 = The Union Minister for Railways, Kumari Mamata Banerjee interacting with the media persons after presentation of Railway Budget 2011-12, in New Delhi on February 25, 2011.jpg
| alt1 = Budhhadeb Banerjee interacting with the media persons after presentation of Railway Budget 2011-12, in New Delhi
| image2 = The Union Minister of Railways, Mamata Banerjee giving finishing touches to the Railway Budget 2011-12, in New Delhi on February 24, 2011.jpg
| alt2 = Mamata Banerjee giving finishing touches to the Railway Budget 2011-12, in New Delhi
| footer = [[Mamata Banerjee]] seen here with Chairman and members of Railway Board, Gautam Sanyal (right) and also seen interacting with the media persons after the presentation of Railway Budget 2011-12.
}}
===West Bengal===
Sanyal initially joined the [[West Bengal Revenue Service|West Bengal Subordinate Commercial Tax Service]] as an Assistant Commercial Tax Officer in 1973.
===Government of India===
Sanyal joined the [[Central Secretariat Service]] in 1976<ref name="Civil List 2010 CSS"/> after qualifying through the [[Civil Services Examination]]. He served as Under Secretary to [[Government of India]] in the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] in 1990 and later as Deputy Secretary to Government of India in the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]] in 1998.

He was later empanelled as [[Joint Secretary to Government of India]] in June 2009 by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (India)|Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] and served in the [[Ministry of Food Processing Industries (India)|Ministry of Food Processing Industries]].<ref name="Core Team Mamata">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/Sectors/In-Mamata-absence-team-kept-on-the-job/Article1-428356.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125092744/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/Sectors/In-Mamata-absence-team-kept-on-the-job/Article1-428356.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 January 2013|title=In Mamata absence, core team of bureaucrats kept on the job|access-date=7 March 2012|last=Jha|first=Srinand|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> He was also the board member of the [[Food Safety and Standards Authority of India]].<ref name="Sanyal Board">{{cite web|title=Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)|url=http://supremecourtcaselaw.com/Food_Safety_Standards_Authority_of_India_(FSSAI).htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090930110955/http://supremecourtcaselaw.com/Food_Safety_Standards_Authority_of_India_(FSSAI).htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 September 2009|work=SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CASELAW|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sanyal FSSAI">{{cite web|title=FSSAI gets a new CEO, 7 ex-officio members|url=http://www.fnbnews.com/article/detnews.asp?articleid=25301&sectionid=38|work=Food & Beverage News|access-date=18 June 2014}}</ref>

He later served as [[Officer on Special Duty (India)|Officer on Special Duty]]<ref name="Core Team Mamata"/> to [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Cabinet Minister of Railways]] from 2009 to 2011. He retired in 2011.

After retirement from the Central Government, he was appointed as Secretary to the Chief Minister of West Bengal. His appointment and tenure to the post was made co-terminous with that of the Chief Minister.<ref name="Sanyal Bengal">{{cite web |url=http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=400668&catid=42 |title=Food minister wants extension for dept secy|access-date=26 October 2012 |last= |first= |author2= |date= |publisher=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]}}</ref>

==Recognition==
He is the first non [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer<ref name="Sanyal footsteps">{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/election-news/in-mayas-footsteps/880243|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126041007/http://www.indianexpress.com/election-news/in-mayas-footsteps/880243|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=In Mayawati's footsteps|access-date=21 January 2012|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="Loop government">{{cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/columnists/caught-loop-047|title=Caught in the loop|access-date=9 February 2012|publisher=[[Asian Age]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206124246/http://www.asianage.com/columnists/caught-loop-047|archive-date=6 December 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in West Bengal and the first retired civil servant<ref name="Sanyal tenure CMO">{{cite web |url=http://202.144.14.20/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=388572&catid=35&year=2011&month=11&day=2&Itemid=66 |title=West Bengal Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee man in perpetuity! |access-date=21 January 2012 |last= |first= |author2= |date= |publisher=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121128225744/http://202.144.14.20/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&show=archive&id=388572&catid=35&year=2011&month=11&day=2&Itemid=66 |archive-date=28 November 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> to hold the position of Secretary in the Chief Ministers Office. He also became the first non IAS officer in history to hold the position of [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] in [[State governments of India]].<ref name="Lobby IAS">{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/IAS-Lobby-Frets-Over-Eroding-Monopoly/2015/08/09/article2964488.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811213626/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/IAS-Lobby-Frets-Over-Eroding-Monopoly/2015/08/09/article2964488.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2015 |title=IAS Lobby Frets Over Eroding Monopoly|access-date=14 August 2015 |last= |first= |author2= |date= |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="DOPT">{{cite web |url=http://www.bureaucracytoday.com/latestnews.aspx?id=120276 |title=DoPT rejects IAS Association plea|access-date=14 August 2015 |last= |first= |author2= |date= |publisher=Bureaucracy Today}}</ref>

In 2011, a news blog declared him as the new poster boy of India's civil services.<ref name="Gautam Mamta Pulok">{{cite web|title=Gautam Sanyal is Mamata's Pulok; shows how a CSS officer can upset IAS power|url=http://www.babusofindia.com/2011/10/gautam-sanyal-is-mamatas-pulok-shows.html|publisher=Babus of India|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref> [[The Indian Express]] and [[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] rate him as top state bureaucrat in India<ref name="2013 Powerful Indians"/><ref name="Indians 2013"/> in the article most powerful Indians for the year 2013.<ref name="2013 Powerful Indians">{{cite web|title=The most powerful Indians in 2013: Top Public Figures|date=23 April 2013 |url=http://m.indianexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2013-top-public-figures/1106108/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=12 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="Indians 2013">{{cite web|title=The most powerful Indians in 2013: Top Public Figures|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2013-top-public-figures/1106108/0|publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|access-date=12 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041147/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/the-most-powerful-indians-in-2013-top-public-figures/1106108/0|archive-date=24 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Many media articles consider him to the most powerful civil servant in the state in India<ref name="Dilli">{{cite web|title=Dilli Ka Babu|url=https://afternoondc.in/nation/dilli-ka-babu/article_81830|publisher=[[Afternoon (newspaper)|Afternoon]]|access-date=12 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620213725/https://afternoondc.in/nation/dilli-ka-babu/article_81830|archive-date=20 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Delhi power">{{cite web|title=No love lost|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130414/commentary-op-ed/commentary/no-love-lost|publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=12 June 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525080557/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130414/commentary-op-ed/commentary/no-love-lost|archive-date=25 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and the "most important officer" in the [[Government of West Bengal]].<ref name="West Bengal panel">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/government-and-policy/article3595195.ece|title=West Bengal forms 11-member panel to check price rise|access-date=21 January 2012|publisher=[[Business Line]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120704125737/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/government-and-policy/article3595195.ece|archive-date=4 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Sanyal retired head">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-27/kolkata/30327940_1_ias-officer-chief-secretary-principal-secretary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031085734/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-27/kolkata/30327940_1_ias-officer-chief-secretary-principal-secretary |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 October 2011 |title=CMO to be headed by retired officer|access-date=21 January 2012 |last= |first= |author2= |date= |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="West Bengal">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/she-stops-to-conquer/925068/0 |title=She stops to conquer|access-date=19 October 2012 |last=Nagchoudhury |first=Subrata |date= 18 March 2012|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref name="West Bengal bureaucracy">{{cite web |url=https://gfilesmagazine.blogspot.com/2011_09_01_archive.html |title=Mamata vs Babus: West Bengal Bureaucracy|access-date=21 January 2012 |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Diptendra |date= |publisher=gfiles Magazine}}</ref>

In 2015, [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]] (DOPT) of Government of India rejected petition filed by the IAS association against the appointment of Gautam Sanyal as the Principal Secretary.<ref name="IAS fret monopoly">{{cite web|title=IAS Lobby Frets Over Eroding Monopoly|date=9 August 2015 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2015/aug/09/ias-lobby-frets-over-eroding-monopoly-797006.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605102008/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2015/aug/09/IAS-Lobby-Frets-Over-Eroding-Monopoly-797006.html|url-status=live|archive-date=5 June 2020|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=5 June 2020}}</ref> In 2018, [[India Today]] listed Sanyal in top 10 hidden corridor power in India.<ref name="Top 10 Power India">{{cite web|title=Official Top 10: Hidden power|date=19 April 2018 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20180430-indian-bureaucracy-india-top-bureaucrats-powerful-ajit-doval-amitabh-kant-1216644-2018-04-19|publisher=[[India Today]]|access-date=18 June 2018}}</ref>

==Issues==
In 2013, media articles reported that [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI director]] [[Ranjit Sinha]] had placed Sanyal on his hit-list.<ref name="Gautam List">{{cite web|title=Mamata's men on CBI hit-list|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/buzzword/mamatas-men-on-cbi-hit-list|publisher=[[The Sunday Guardian]]|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="Sanyal CBI bay">{{cite web|title=Saradha: The Cookie Can Crumble Thus|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?285479|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook (magazine)]]|access-date=23 September 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924044949/http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?285479|archive-date=24 September 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Mamata Tenure">{{cite web|title=Mamata Banerjee's tenure as railway minister under CBI scanner|date=12 May 2013 |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/world/india/mamata-banerjee-s-tenure-as-railway-minister-under-cbi-scanner-1.1182400|publisher=[[Gulf News]]|access-date=23 September 2014}}</ref> In 2019, media reported that Sanyal is in the process of investigation by [[Enforcement Directorate]] in connection with the disinvestment of a state government company in [[West Bengal]].<ref name="Probe ED">{{cite web|title=Not just Rajeev Kumar, 3 more top IAS and IPS officers close to Mamata are being probed|date=27 August 2019 |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/not-just-rajeev-kumar-3-more-top-ias-and-ips-officers-close-to-mamata-are-being-probed/281308/|publisher=The Print|access-date=27 September 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{portal|Biography|India}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180617215111/http://rcwb.in/rcwb/about-us/list-of-departmental-secretaries-west-bengal/ Departmental Secretaries (Archived)] ''Official Government of West Bengal'' (2018)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190523101330/http://wbpar.gov.in/writereaddata/988-PAR(IAS)_b.pdf Appointment to Government (Archived)] ''Official Government of West Bengal, Personnel and Administrative Reforms'' (2015)
* [https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2015/aug/09/ias-lobby-frets-over-eroding-monopoly-797006.html IAS Lobby Frets Over Eroding Monopoly] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605102008/https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2015/aug/09/IAS-Lobby-Frets-Over-Eroding-Monopoly-797006.html |date=2020-06-05}} ''The New Indian Express'' (2015)
* {{cite web
|url=http://alpha.newsx.com/story/super-cmo-be-real-power-centre-wb
|title=Super CMO: Power Center in West Bengal
|publisher=NewsX
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120117150432/http://alpha.newsx.com/story/super-cmo-be-real-power-centre-wb
|archive-date=17 January 2012
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}
* {{cite news
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/8497849.cms
|title=Trusted officials on the list: CM Mamta Banerjee
|work=The Times of India
|date=22 May 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424052130/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/PDATOI/articleshow/8497849.cms
|archive-date=24 April 2024
|url-status=live
|df=dmy
}}
* [http://www.thesundayindian.com/en/story/mamata-ropes-in-officials-from-railway-ministry/29069/ Mamata ropes in officials from Railway Ministry]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite web
|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_mamata-wants-to-run-rlys-from-kolkata_1258987
|title=Mamata wants to run Railways from Kolkata
|publisher=Daily News and Analysis (DNA)
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130121141056/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_mamata-wants-to-run-rlys-from-kolkata_1258987
|archive-date=21 January 2013
|url-status=dead
|df=dmy
}}
* [http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=377406&catid=35 Civil Servants scramble to keep up with workaholic Chief Minister]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023613/http://www.qcin.org/archives/foodsaftylaunch/index.htm The list of Presentations of the Proceedings of Food Safety And Quality Year 2008–09]

{{s-start}}
{{s-prec|india}}
{{s-break}}
{{s-vac|unknown}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Indian order of precedence|Order of Precedence of India]] ''as Joint Secretary to Government of India''|years=2009 to 2011}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanyal, Gautam}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Asutosh College alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian government officials]]
[[Category:Central Secretariat Service officers]]

Majaz

2026-02-04T22:47:28Z

Best time to visit kashmir: minor adjusted citations to improve readability and improved wording

#REDIRECT [[Majaz Lakhnawi]]

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Dhandhuka taluka

2026-01-18T22:30:39Z

Best time to visit kashmir: created a post

{{Short description|Taluka in Ahmedabad district, Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dhandhuka
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]] of [[Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Dhandhuka]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_relief = 1
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-079
| registration_plate = GJ
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
| coordinates = {{Coord|format=dms|display=it}}
| module =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 09
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
'''Dhandhuka''' is a [[taluka]] of [[Ahmedabad District]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=My Taluka|url=http://ahmedabaddp.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad/english/my-village.htm|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|accessdate=3 May 2012|archive-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401122956/http://ahmedabaddp.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad/english/My-village.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> A taluka is a district subdivision in India that is in charge of managing and collecting taxes for a specific area inside the district. Dhandhuka is capital of Dhandhuka Taluka.

== Population ==
It has a population of 30,049,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhandhuka - Geographic Facts & Maps - MapSof.net |url=https://www.mapsof.net/dhandhuka |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=www.mapsof.net}}</ref>of which 22.36% reside in rural areas and 77.64% in urban areas. 8.38% of the population is Scheduled Caste and 0.24% is Scheduled Tribe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhandhuka Taluka Population Ahmadabad, Gujarat, List of Villages & Towns in Dhandhuka Taluka |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/gujarat/ahmadabad/dhandhuka-population.html |access-date=2025-06-17 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Dhandhuka Religion Population ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Description
!Population
!Percentage
|-
|Total
|145,252
|100%
|-
|Hindu
|128,483
|88.46%
|-
|Muslim
|15,832
|10.9%
|-
|Jain
|698
|0.48%
|-
|Christian
|131
|0.09%
|-
|Sikh
|20
|0.01%
|-
|Religion not stated
|77
|0.05%
|-
|Buddhist
|11
|0.01%
|-
|Other religions and persuasions
|0
|0%
|}

== Dhandhuka urban & rural population ==
Out of the total population, 50% live in urban areas and 60% live in rural areas.{{Clarification needed|date=October 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Description
!Urban
!Rural
|-
|Number of households
|6,350
|20,572
|-
|Total Population
|32,475
|112,777
|-
|Population (%)
|52.35%
|47.88%
|-
|Male Population
|17,001
|58,783
|-
|Female Population
|15,474
|53,994
|-
|Sex Ratio
|910
|919
|-
|Literacy (%)
|72%
|61.81%
|}

== List of cities in Dhandhuka ==
Below is a comprehensive list of all towns and cities of Dhandhuka district.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Town
!Population
!Literacy
!Sex-ratio
|-
|Dhandhuka (M)
|32,475
|72%
|910
|}

== List of villages in Dhandhuka ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Village
!Population
!Literacy
!Sex-ratio
|-
|Bajarda
|4,488
|63.28%
|940
|-
|Adval
|3,455
|67.21%
|890
|-
|Bajarda
|4,488
|63.28%
|940
|-
|Adval
|3,455
|67.21%
|890
|-
|Padana
|3,259
|62.9%
|907
|-
|Rojka
|3,257
|66.87%
|933
|-
|Bavliyari
|3,010
|57.38%
|864
|-
|Akru
|3,009
|62.61%
|889
|-
|Kotda
|2,981
|57.97%
|927
|-
|Fedra
|2,947
|62.4%
|910
|-
|Chandarva
|2,903
|55.25%
|984
|-
|Chandarva
|2,903
|55.25%
|984
|-
|Chhasiyana
|2,805
|65.03%
|917
|-
|Dholera
|2,779
|70.96%
|957
|-
|Gamph
|2,559
|64.87%
|900
|-
|Mingalpur
|2,485
|47.24%
|963
|-
|Pachchham
|2,447
|62.16%
|897
|-
|Tagadi
|2,352
|69.09%
|955
|-
|Bhangadh
|2,330
|45.06%
|868
|-
|Vasana
|2,276
|72.63%
|926
|-
|Gunjar
|2,216
|69.04%
|930
|-
|Mota Tradiya
|2,198
|56.6%
|959
|-
|Ambli
|2,197
|49.52%
|879
|-
|Vagad
|2,161
|67.01%
|919
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ahmedabad district}}

[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]

{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Sunitha (actress)

2026-01-17T15:23:38Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created A Pg W/ Sources - done

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{multiple issues|
{{BLP one source|date=October 2013}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sunitha
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sunitha Venugopal Sivaramakrishnan
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| other_names = Kodai Mazhai Vidhya, Vidyashree
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 1986{{endash}}1996
| spouse = {{Marriage|Raj|1996}}
| children = Shashank (b.1998)
}}

'''Sunitha''' is a former Indian actress known for her roles in films made in South India from 1986 to 1996.

==Movie career==
She entered the film industry through the movie ''[[Kodai Mazhai]]'', a 1986 Tamil movie directed by Muktha S. Sundar, with music by [[Ilayaraja]], starring [[Rajinikanth]] (Not Major, Guest Role), [[Prasad (actor)|Prasad]] and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] and ''[[Ponmana Selvan]]'' (1989), starring [[Vijayakanth]], directed by P. Vasu. The same year saw the release of [[Vijayakanth]]'s movie ''Rajanadai'' and ''[[Varavu Nalla Uravu]]'' (1990), a family movie, for which director [[Visu]] won the Tamil Nadu State Award for Best Story Writer. She was also in ''Nenja Thottu Sollu'' a Tamil movie, a female oriented story based on a character called Pongona, directed by T. N. Kanna.

She starred in the Malayalam movies ''Nirabhedangal'', directed by [[Sajan (director)|Sajan]], starring [[Prathap Pothen]], [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] and ''[[Kanikanum Neram]]'', directed by [[Rajasenan]], starring [[Ratheesh]] and [[Saritha]] in 1987. Her popular movies include ''[[Mrugaya (1989 film)|Mrugaya]]'', a Malayalam action drama written by A. K. Lohithadas and directed by [[IV Sasi]]; starring [[Mammootty]] ''Appu'', directed by Dennis Joseph and written by Sreekumaran Thampi, starring [[Mohanlal]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]]; ''[[Gajakesariyogam]]'', directed by [[P. G. Viswambharan]], starring [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] and [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], and ''[[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]]'', directed by [[I. V. Sasi]], written by [[Ranjith]] and [[Georgootty C/O Georgootty]], produced under the banner of Chandragiri Productions. It was Haridas' directorial debut. Haridas won the State Award for Best New face Director for this film, starring [[Jayaram]] and [[Thilakan]], She starred in ''[[Mimics Parade]]'' and ''[[Kasargod Khader Bhai]]'', comedy films directed by Thulasidas, starring [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] and [[Jagadeesh]]; ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi]]'', directed by [[Kamal (director)|Kamal]], written by Ranjith and Nathan, starring Jayaram and Shamili; ''[[Savidham]]'', directed by George Kithu, starring [[Nedumudi Venu]] and [[Santhi Krishna]]; ''[[Snehasagaram]]'', directed by Sathyan Anthikkad, starring Murali and Manoj K. Jayan; ''[[Mukha Chithram]]'', directed by [[Suresh Unnithan]]; ''[[Samooham]]'', directed by [[Sathyan Anthikad]], with Suhasini Manirathnam and Suresh Gopi; ''[[Vatsalyam]]'', directed by Cochin Haneefa, written by Lohithadas, starring [[Mammootty]] and [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]; ''[[Nandini Oppol]]'', directed by Mohan Kuplari, starring [[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] and [[Nedumudi Venu]]; ''[[Sowbhagyam]]'', directed by [[Sandhya Mohan]]; ''Pradakshinam'', directed by Pradeep Chockli, starring [[Manoj K. Jayan]] and [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]], and ''[[Kaliveedu]]'', a family drama exploring a marital relationship, directed by [[Sibi Malayil]], starring [[Jayaram]] and [[Manju Warrier]].

She entered the Kannada film industry in 1990 through the movies ''Anukulakobba Ganda'', directed by M. S. Rajashekar, starring [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]]; ''Aralida Hoovugalu'', directed by Chi Dattharaj, starring [[Shivarajkumar]] and [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]; ''Puksatte Ganda Hotte Tumba Unda'' a typical drama movie directed by Raj Kishore, starring [[Ambareesh]] and ''Roll Call Ramakrishna'', directed by B. Rama Murthy, produced by S. R. Raajeshwari, with music by Upendra Kumar, starring [[Ananth Nag]] and Devraj.

She has paired with leading Indian actors such as [[Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Jagadish]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Jayaram]], [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Anant Nag]], [[Shivaraj Kumar]], [[Raghavendra Rajkumar]] and many others.

==As a dancer==
''Sunitha'', alternatively known as ''Kodai Mazhai Vidya'' and ''Vidyasree'', is a well known Indian classical dancer. She is trained in the [[Bharata Natyam]] style of dancing. She began dancing at the age of 3 and did her arangetram at the age of 11. She has had the privilege of experiencing the old tradition of "Gurukulam". She received her training in the Vazhuvoor style of Bharatanatyam from Padmashree Vazhuvoor Ramaiyya Pillai and his son Kalaimamani Vazhuvoor R. Samaraj. To date, she has given more than 200 dance recitals all over the world. She has performed dances in many stage shows all over the world with [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Mammooty|Mammootty]], [[Mohanlal]], [[Vineeth]] etc.

Sunitha owns and serves as artistic director at the ''Nrithyanjali School of Dance'', based in [[United States]].<ref name=nrithyanjali>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nrithyanjalisc.com/indian-dance-school-guru.html |title=Sunitha Raj's Nrithyanjali |access-date=7 August 2012}}</ref> She has enriched the cultural life of [[South Carolina]] by dedicating herself to teaching and performing classical dance over the past ten years.

==Personal life==
She is born to Venugopal Shivaramakrishnan and Bhuvana in [[Palakkad, Kerala]](3). She married Raj in 1996 and has a son, Shashaank, born in 1998. She currently resides in [[South Carolina]], United States with her family.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14412595&programId=1073752204&channelId=-1073750705&BV_ID=@@@&tabId=3 |title=Manorama Online {{!}} Movies {{!}} Interviews {{!}} |website=www.manoramaonline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701205657/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14412595&programId=1073752204&BV_ID=@@@&channelId=-1073750705&tabId=3 |archive-date=1 July 2013}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role!! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1986 ||''[[Kodai Mazhai]]'' ||Vidhya || rowspan="2" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Debut Movie as Heroine
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1987 ||[[Maaveeran (1986 film)|''Maaveeran'']] || Helina||
|-
|''[[Kanikanum Neram]]'' || Indu||[[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Neram Nalla Irukku]]'' ||Rukku ||Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Nirabhedangal]]''|| Indu||Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Oorai Therinjikitten]]'' ||Vidhya || rowspan="2" |Tamil||
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Uzhaithu Vaazha Vendum]]'' ||Rani ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1989 || [[Mrugaya (1989 film)|''Mrugaya'']] || Bhagyalakshmi||Malayalam||''Vettaikkaran Siluva'' in Tamil ''Mrugam'' in Telugu
|-
| ''[[Ponmana Selvan]]''||Radha || rowspan="3" |Tamil ||''Gharana Raja'' in Telugu
|-
| [[Dravidan (1989 film)|''Dravidan'']]||Sarada ||
|-
| ''[[Rajanadai]]''||Thenmozhi||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1990|| [[Appu (1990 film)|''Appu'']]|| Sarojini|| Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Anukoolakkobba Ganda]]'' || Radha || [[Kannada]]||
|-
| ''Gajakesariyogam''|| Karthika|| Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Varavu Nalla Uravu]]''|| Valarmathi || Tamil||
|-
| rowspan="12" | 1991||[[Neelagiri (film)|''Neelagiri'']] ||Lakshmi ||Malayalam ||Telugu as ''Rowdy Rajyam''
|-
| ''[[Roll Call Ramakrishna]]''|| Swapna || Kannada||
|-
| ''[[Mimics Parade]]''|| Sandhya Cheriyan|| Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Kollur Kala]]'' || Rani||Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Georgootty C/O Georgootty]]''|| Alice|| rowspan="2" |Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Irikku MD Akathundu]]''||Ancy Sreedharan ||
|-
| ''[[Aralida Hoovugalu]]'' || Sudha ||Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Pookkalam Varavayi]]''||Thulasi || rowspan="4" |Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Utharakandam]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Kunjikiliye Koodevide]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Mukha Chithram]]''|| Sunanda||
|-
| ''[[Puksatte Ganda Hotte Tumba Vunda]]''|| Revathi || Kannada||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1992|| ''[[Snehasaagaram]]''|| Kaveri|| rowspan="6" |Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Mukhamudhra]]''||Devi ||
|-
|''[[Manthrikacheppu]]''||Shyama||
|-
| ''[[Aardram]]''|| Sainaba ||
|-
| ''[[Savidham]]''||Neelima ||
|-
| ''[[Ponnurukkum Pakshi]]''|| Amminikutty ||
|-
| ''[[Nenja Thottu Chollu]]''|| Pongana || Tamil||
|-
| ''[[Kasargod Khader Bhai]]''|| Sandhya Cheriyan|| rowspan="2" | Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Poochakkaru Mani Kettum]]''|| Radhika||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1993||''[[Karpagam Vanthachu]]'' || Radha|| Tamil ||Telugu as ''Bejawada Rowdy''
|-
|''[[Sowbhagyam]]''|| Indhu || rowspan="8" | Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Vakkeel Vasudev]]''||Sridevi ||
|-
|''[[Aagneyam]]''|| Ramani||
|-
| ''[[Vatsalyam]]''||Sudha ||
|-
| ''[[Addeham Enna Iddeham]]''|| Mercy ||
|-
| ''[[Samooham]]''|| Radhika||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994||''[[Nandini Oppol]]'' || Maya ||
|-
| ''Pradakshinam''||Sudha ||
|-
| 1995|| ''[[Chiranjeevi Rajagowda]]'' || Vasantha ||Kannada ||
|-
| 1996|| ''[[Kaliveedu]]''|| Urmila||Malayalam ||
|-
| 1997|| ''[[Adimai Sangili]]'' ||Arkani||Tamil||
|-
| 2011|| ''[[Again Kasargod Khader Bhai]]''||Sandhya Cheriyan ||Malayalam ||Archive footage Cameo
|-
|}

==TV serial==
* Ini Njan Onnu Visramikkatte - [[DD Malayalam]] serial

==References==
{{Reflist}}
3.^https://digital.mathrubhumi.com/m5/3008463/Grihalakshmi/Grihalakshmi-2021-March-1-15#sample/5/1

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1526740|Sunitha}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sunitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chakala

2026-01-14T11:25:26Z

Best time to visit kashmir:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chakala
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Mumbai
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19|6|41|N|72|51|39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code = 022
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Chakala''' is a locality in the suburb of [[Andheri]] in [[Mumbai]]. Administratively, it is a village in the [[Andheri]] [[taluka]] of the [[Mumbai Suburban district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mumbaisuburban.gov.in/en/village-panchayats/ |title=Administrative Setup: Villages |publisher=Mumbai Suburban District Administration |access-date=2025-10-09 }}</ref>

== History ==

The locality draws its name from ''Chaquelem'', one of the 13 villages in the vicinity of [[Marol]] that converted to Catholicism in 1588 after the advent of the Portuguese on [[Salsette Island]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lopez |first1=Rachel |title=Mumbaiwale: How did the Metro and Monorail stations get their names? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/mumbaiwale-how-did-the-metro-and-monorail-stations-get-their-names/story-QRhyHPaaMweIxkwn4GrBsK.html |accessdate=14 November 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 September 2018}}</ref>

Chakala had a station on the [[Salsette–Trombay Railway]], which was dismantled after the rail line closed down in 1934.

== Transport ==

It is served by the [[Western Express Highway metro station|Western Express Highway]] and [[Chakala (J. B. Nagar) metro station|Chakala (J. B. Nagar)]] stations on [[Blue Line (Mumbai Metro)|Blue Line 1]] of the [[Mumbai Metro]].

== Economy ==

Chakala is an industrial locality, and is home to many other small scale businesses. It is close to the airport, and the [[Nepal Airlines]] has its Mumbai office in the Rathour House in Chakala.<ref>"[http://www.nepalairlines.com.np/?section=intofic&action=browse International Offices Contact Information]." Nepal Airlines. Retrieved on 31 December 2011. "Mumbai (OfflineOffice), India Nepal Airlines Rathour House 101 First Floor, Andheri Kurla Road, Chakala, Mumbai"</ref>

==Schools and Colleges==
The following are the educational institutions located at Chakala:
* [[Guru Nanak Mission High School]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Guru Nanak Mission High School, 5/B, Mahakali Caves Rd, Chakala, Gundavali, Andheri East, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400093 {{!}} ENTRANCEINDIA |url=https://entranceindia.com/city-institution-bom/guru-nanak-mission-high-school-in-andheri-east-mumbai/ |date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@ravisinghuk/guru-nanak-punjabi-sabha-a-sikh-charity-based-in-mumbai-2897d4c6ecdd | title=Guru Nanak Punjabi Sabha: A Sikh Charity Based in Mumbai | date=11 February 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Holy Family High School (Mumbai)|Holy Family High School]]

==Religious Institutions==
The following is a list of churches and temples in Chakala:
* [[Gurdwara Guru Nanak Punjabi Sabha Chakala]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurdwara Guru Nanak Punjabi Sabha Chakala in the city Mumbai |url=https://in.worldorgs.com/catalog/mumbai/gurudwara/gurdwara-guru-nanak-punjabi-sabha-chakala |website=in.worldorgs.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://medium.com/@ravisinghuk/guru-nanak-punjabi-sabha-a-sikh-charity-based-in-mumbai-2897d4c6ecdd | title=Guru Nanak Punjabi Sabha: A Sikh Charity Based in Mumbai | date=11 February 2023 }}</ref>
* [http://www.holyfamilychurchchakala.com/ Holy Family Church] <ref>{{cite web |title=Holy Family Parish |url=http://www.holyfamilychurchchakala.com/ |website=www.holyfamilychurchchakala.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://irfca.org/faq/faq-gauge.html Irfca.org]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201449/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/nmirror/mmpaper.asp?sectid=14&articleid=102520050844578102520050557281 Mumbai Mirror], 25 Oct 2005, Manoj R Nair

[[Category:Andheri]]

Lonely Planet

2026-01-08T13:37:48Z

Best time to visit kashmir: clean up

{{Short description|Publisher of travel guidebooks}}
{{About|the guidebook publisher|the film|Lonely Planet (film) {{!}}''Lonely Planet'' (film)||Lonely Planet (disambiguation)}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox publisher
| name = Lonely Planet
| image = Lonely Planet.svg
| image_size = 240px
| caption =
| parent = Lonely Planet Global, Inc.
| status =
| traded_as =
| predecessor =
| founded = 1973<ref name="guardian"/>
| founders = {{ubl|[[Tony Wheeler]]|[[Maureen Wheeler]]}}
| successor =
| country = Australia
| headquarters = [[Fort Mill, South Carolina]], U.S.
| distribution = {{unbulleted list|[[Grantham Book Service]] (UK) | [[Hachette Book Group]] (North America) | [[United Book Distributors]] (Australia) |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/trade|title=Trade|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref>}}
| publications = [[Book]]s [[Mobile app]]s [[Video]] [[Magazine]]
| topics = [[Guide book|Travel guides]] (worldwide)
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| owner = [[Red Ventures]]
| numemployees = 400 staff, 200 authors<ref name=about>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/about/ |title=About Us |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.lonelyplanet.com/|lonelyplanet.com}}
|keypeople=[[Philippe von Borries]] (president; November 2020 – May 2023)
}}
{{Lead too short|date=April 2025}}
'''Lonely Planet''' is a travel [[guide book]] publisher.<ref name=Fildes>{{cite news |title=BBC gives Lonely Planet guides a home in first major acquisition |first=Nic |last=Fildes |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/bbc-gives-lonely-planet-guides-a-home-in-first-major-acquisition-395739.html |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=2 October 2007 |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> Founded in Australia in 1973,<ref name="guardian">{{Cite web|date=2017-02-24|title=Lonely Planet co-founder: 'The first book was an accident'|url=http://www.theguardian.com/small-business-network/2017/feb/24/lonely-planet-co-founder-travel-empire-gap-year|access-date=2021-10-07|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> the company has printed over 150 million books.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-01 |title=The Points Guy Owner Red Ventures Buys Lonely Planet |url=https://skift.com/2020/12/01/the-points-guy-owner-red-ventures-buys-lonely-planet-in-travel-guidebook-play/ |access-date=2022-07-17 |website=Skift |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:2008TIBE Day4 Hall1 AustraliaPavilion TheWheelers.jpg|thumb|[[Maureen Wheeler]] and [[Tony Wheeler]], the two co-founders of Lonely Planet, in 2008]]
===20th century===
Lonely Planet was founded by married couple [[Maureen Wheeler|Maureen]] and [[Tony Wheeler]]. In 1972, they embarked on an overland trip through Europe and Asia to Australia following the route of the [[Oxford and Cambridge Far Eastern Expedition]].<ref name=bailey>{{cite web|url=http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/97083.html |title=Asia's overland route |date=20 July 2006 |publisher=[[LiveJournal]] |access-date=5 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224071023/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/97083.html |archive-date=24 February 2012 }}</ref><ref name=MacLean>{{cite book |title=Magic bus: on the hippie trail from Istanbul to India |last=MacLean |first=Rory |author-link=Rory MacLean |year=2007 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-0-14-101595-8}}</ref>

The company name originates from the [[Mondegreen|misheard]] "lovely planet" in a song written by [[Matthew Moore]].<ref name=Wheeler1>{{cite book |title=Unlikely Destinations: The Lonely Planet Story |last1=Wheeler |first1=Tony |last2=Wheeler |first2=Maureen |author-link2=Maureen Wheeler |year=2007 |publisher=[[Tuttle Publishing|Periplus Editions]] |isbn=978-0-7946-0523-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/unlikelydestinat00tony }}</ref> Lonely Planet's first book, ''Across Asia on the Cheap'',<ref name=fundinguniverse>{{cite web |url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Lonely-Planet-Publications-Pty-Ltd-Company-History.html |title=Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd. |publisher=fundinguniverse.com |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> had 94 pages; it was written by the couple in their home.<ref name="Car">{{cite news|title=Journey's end for the guidebook gurus?|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2007/oct/07/escape.travelbooks|access-date=26 May 2014|newspaper=The Observer|date=7 October 2007|author-first1=Carole|author-last1= Cadwalladr}}</ref> The original 1973 print run consisted of stapled booklets<ref name="Emily">{{cite news|title=A Lonely Planet Founder Looks Back|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/travel/a-lonely-planet-founder-looks-back.html|access-date=26 May 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=7 June 2013|author-first1=Emily|author-last1= Brennan}}</ref> with pale blue cardboard covers.<ref>[https://www.publishinghistory.com/lonely-planet-guides.html Lonely Planet Guides – Book Series List], publishinghistory.com. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</ref>

Wheeler returned to [[Asia]] to write ''Across Asia on the Cheap: A Complete Guide to Making the Overland Trip'', published in 1975.<ref name="Wheeler1975">{{cite book|author-first1=Tony|author-last1= Wheeler|title=Across Asia on the Cheap: A Complete Guide to Making the Overland Trip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9FENHQAACAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|isbn=978-0-9598080-2-5}}</ref>

The Lonely Planet guide book series initially expanded to cover other countries in Asia, with the India guide book in 1981,<ref name=Steves>{{cite web |url=http://www.ricksteves.com/radio/archive.htm#115 |title=Tony Wheeler's "Lonely Planet" |first=Rick |last=Steves |author-link=Rick Steves |date=24 November 2007 |publisher=ricksteves.com |access-date=24 November 2007}}</ref> and expanded to the rest of the world later.<ref name="Out">{{cite web |author-first1=Charles |author-last1=Bethea |date=27 March 2014 |title=The 25-Year-Old at the Helm of Lonely Planet |url=http://www.outsideonline.com/adventure-travel/The-25-Year-Old-at-the-Helm-of-Lonely-Planet.html |access-date=26 May 2014 |work=Outside Magazine}}</ref> [[Geoff Crowther]] was renowned for frequently inserting his opinions into the text of the guides he wrote. His writing was instrumental to the rise of Lonely Planet. The journalist used the term "Geoffness", in tribute to Crowther,{{clarify|date=June 2023}} to describe a quality that has been lost in travel guides.<ref name="Car" />

By 1999, Lonely Planet had sold 30 million copies of its travel guides. The company's authors consequently benefited from profit-sharing and expensive events were held at the Melbourne office, at which Lonely Planet authors would arrive in limousines.<ref name="Out" />

===21st century===
[[File:Lonely Planet Australia travel guide 16th Edition.png|thumb|The 16th edition of Lonely Planet's ''Australia'' guide, published in 2011]]
In 2007, the Wheelers and [[John Singleton (Australian entrepreneur)|John Singleton]] sold a 75% stake in the company to [[BBC Worldwide]], worth an estimated £63 million at the time.<ref name="Car" /> The company was publishing 500 titles and ventured into television production. BBC Worldwide struggled following the acquisition, registering a £3.2 million loss in the year to the end of March 2009. By the end of March 2010, profits of £1.9 million had been generated, as digital revenues had risen 37% year-on-year over the preceding 12 months, a ''Lonely Planet'' magazine had grown and non-print revenues increased from 9% in 2007 to 22%.

Lonely Planet's digital presence included 140 apps and 8.5 million unique users for lonelyplanet.com, which hosted the Thorn Tree travel forum.<ref name="Mark">{{cite news|title=BBC to buy out Lonely Planet|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/feb/18/bbc-worldwide-lonely-planet-travel-guides|access-date=26 May 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=18 February 2011|author-first1=Mark|author-last1= Sweney}}</ref> In 2011, BBC Worldwide acquired the remaining 25% of the company for £42.1 million (A$67.2 million) from the Wheelers.<ref name="smh-business">{{cite news |title=BBC takes last slice of Planet |url=http://www.smh.com.au/business/bbc-takes-last-slice-of-planet-20110219-1b09f.html |newspaper=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=20 February 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref>

====BBC's sale to NC2====
[[File:LonelyPlanetBuildingFootscray.jpg|thumb|Lonely Planet's former headquarters in [[Footscray, Victoria]], in 2006]]
By 2012, the [[BBC]] wanted to divest itself of the company and in March 2013 confirmed the sale of Lonely Planet to [[Brad M. Kelley|Brad Kelley]]'s NC2 Media for [[United States dollar|US$]]77.8 million (£51.5 million), at nearly an £80 million (US$118.89 million) loss.<ref name="Eric">{{cite news|title=U.S. Buyer for BBC's Book Unit on Travel|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/20/business/media/bbc-to-sell-lonely-planet-travel-guidebooks.html|access-date=26 May 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=19 March 2013|author-first1=Eric|author-last1= Pfanner}}</ref>

====Red Ventures====
In December 2020, NC2 Media sold Lonely Planet to [[Red Ventures]] for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Ventures Acquires Lonely Planet|date=December 2020 |url=https://redventures.com/press/press-releases/red-ventures-acquires-lonely-planet|language=en|accessdate=December 1, 2020}}</ref> Lonely Planet offices continue to operate in [[Dublin]], [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]] and [[New Delhi]]. Phillippe von Borries, a former co-founder and CEO of [[Refinery29]], was named head of the company.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-15 |title=Lonely Planet Buys Local Experts Site Elsewhere for Trip Planning |url=https://skift.com/2022/02/15/lonely-planet-buys-local-experts-site-elsewhere-to-go-deeper-into-trip-planning/ |access-date=2022-07-16 |website=Skift |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2022, Lonely Planet bought Elsewhere, a website that links travellers directly with experts who assist in designing trips.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rashaad |first=Jorden |date=2022-02-15 |title=Lonely Planet Buys Local Experts Site Elsewhere for Trip Planning|url=https://skift.com/2022/02/15/lonely-planet-buys-local-experts-site-elsewhere-to-go-deeper-into-trip-planning/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=[[Refinery29]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024, Lonely Planet announced that it had withdrawn from the market in China and ceased publishing travel guides in simplified Chinese.<ref>[https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1015405 Lonely Planet Reaches the End of the Road in China]</ref>

==Products==
[[File:Lonely Planet guide books, 2013 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Lonely Planet guide books]]

Lonely Planet's online community, the Thorn Tree,<ref name=ThornTree>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/thorntree/index.jspa |title=Thorn Tree Travel Forum |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=5 March 2011}}</ref> was created in 1996. It is named for a Naivasha thorn tree (''[[Acacia xanthophloea]]'') that has been used as a message board for the city of [[Nairobi]], Kenya since 1902.<ref name="FitzpatrickBewer2009">{{cite book|author-first1=Mary|author-last1= Fitzpatrick|author-first2=Tim|author-last2= Bewer|author-first3=Matthew |author-last3=Firestone|title=East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3e8P7XvcokC&pg=PA288|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-769-1|page=290}}</ref> The tree still exists in the [[Stanley Hotel, Nairobi]]. In April 2020, the forum was locked and left in read-only mode as part of Lonely Planet temporarily halting business in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. In September 2021, the Thorn Tree was shut down.<ref>{{cite web|title=LONELY PLANET AXES LEGENDARY THORN TREE TRAVEL COMMUNITY|publisher=PhocusWire|author-first1=Kevin |author-last1=May|url=https://www.phocuswire.com/Lonely-Planet-axes-legendary-Thorn-Tree-travel-community|date=September 27, 2021|access-date=November 29, 2021}}</ref>

In 2009, Lonely Planet began publishing a monthly travel magazine called ''Lonely Planet Traveller''. It is available in digital versions for a number of countries.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jason |url=http://skift.com/2014/11/03/skift-forum-video-lonely-planets-ceo-on-the-future-of-travel-content/ |title=Skift Forum Video: Lonely Planet's CEO on the Future of Travel Content|website=skift.com |date= 3 November 2014}}</ref>

Lonely Planet also had its own television production company, which has produced series such as ''[[Globe Trekker]]'', ''Lonely Planet Six Degrees'' and ''Lonely Planet: Roads Less Travelled''.<ref name=natgeotv>{{cite news|title=Lonely Planet: Roads Less Travelled |url=http://natgeotv.com.au/programmes/lonely-planet-roads-less-travelled/biographies |publisher=[[National Geographic Channel (Australia)|National Geographic Channel Australia and New Zealand]] |access-date=24 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106194835/http://natgeotv.com.au/programmes/lonely-planet-roads-less-travelled/biographies |archive-date=6 November 2009 }}</ref> Toby Amies and Asha Gill (both British TV presenters) took part in Lonely Planet Six Degrees.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

==Controversies==
In 1996, in response to a "Visit Myanmar" campaign by the [[State Peace and Development Council|Burmese military government]], the Burmese opposition [[National League for Democracy]] (NLD) and its leader [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] called for a tourism boycott.<ref name="smh-opposition">{{cite news|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/suu-kyis-party-ends-opposition-to-tourism-20110529-1fasg.html|title=Suu Kyi's party ends opposition to tourism|author-first1=Ben|author-last1= Doherty|date=30 May 2011|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110602172407/http://www.smh.com.au/world/suu-kyis-party-ends-opposition-to-tourism-20110529-1fasg.html|archive-date=2 June 2011}}</ref> As the publication of Lonely Planet's guidebook to [[Myanmar]] ([[Burma]]) is seen by some as an encouragement to visit that country, this led to calls for a boycott of Lonely Planet.<ref name=NewsLimited>{{cite news |title=Unions call to boycott Lonely Planet |url=http://www.news.com.au/travel/news/unions-call-to-boycott-lonely-planet/story-e6frfq80-1111115617829 |date=22 February 2008 |access-date=24 August 2010}}</ref> Lonely Planet's view is that it highlights the issues surrounding a visit to the country and that it wants to make sure readers make an informed decision.<ref name=responsible>{{cite web |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/about/responsible-travel |title=Responsible travel |last1=Wheeler |first1=Tony |last2=Wheeler |first2=Maureen |publisher=Lonely Planet |access-date=24 August 2010}}</ref> In 2009, the NLD formally dropped its previous stance and now welcomes visitors "who are keen to promote the welfare of the common people".<ref name="smh-opposition"/>

Lonely Planet popularity in the 21st century means a mention in a Lonely Planet guidebook is likely to inspire large numbers of travellers to that location. In 2010, for instance, Lonely Planet was blamed{{clarification needed|date=September 2024}} for the rise of what is sometimes referred to as the "[[Banana Pancake Trail]]" in [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=hackwriters>{{cite web |url=http://www.hackwriters.com/Madras.htm |title=Madras and The Lonely Planet People |first=Colin |last=Todhunter |publisher=hackwriters.com |access-date=24 August 2010}}</ref><ref name=Priestley>{{cite web |url=http://www.chiangmainews.com/ecmn/viewfa.php?id=2228 |title=Pictures courtesy of Lonely Planet Publications |first=Harry |last=Priestley |date=July 2008 |publisher=chiangmainews.com |access-date=10 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215042500/http://www.chiangmainews.com/ecmn/viewfa.php?id=2228 |archive-date=15 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In March 2019, Lonely Planet posted a video on [[Facebook]] falsely claiming that the [[Banaue Rice Terraces]] in the [[Philippines]] were created by the Chinese, leading to criticism. The magazine later posted on [[Twitter]] in April 2019 that their Facebook video was indeed "misleading" and that they would update the next Philippines book edition but would not scrap current editions that already wrongfully state that the terraces were made by the Chinese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2019/4/2/lonely-planet-apology.html|title=Lonely Planet corrects 'misleading' post on Banaue Rice Terraces|website=cnn|access-date=27 April 2020|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124110409/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/lifestyle/2019/4/2/lonely-planet-apology.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1102274/lonely-planet-admits-error-in-banaue-rice-terraces-video-misleading|title=Lonely Planet admits error in Banaue Rice Terraces video 'misleading'|first=Neil Arwin|last=Mercado|website=newsinfo.inquirer.net|date=2 April 2019}}</ref>

==In popular culture ==
In April 2008, American writer [[Thomas Kohnstamm]] published the memoir ''[[Do Travel Writers Go to Hell?]]'' in which he described research shortcuts he employed while writing guidebooks for Lonely Planet. In a follow-up interview, he first claimed that in one case he had not even visited the country he wrote about but, subsequent to the ensuing publicity boost for his new book, Kohnstamm clarified that, in this particular edition, he had only been contracted to update the five-page history section and had never been expected to revisit the country for that small history section contract.<ref name="sundaytelegraphsydney"> [https://web.archive.org/web/20121002000348/http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/lonely-planets-bad-trip/story-e6frewt0-1111116046776 "Lonely Planet's bad trip "], ''[[The Sunday Telegraph (Sydney)|The Sunday Telegraph]]'' (Sydney), 13 April 2008. Retrieved 21 February 2021.</ref> After a review of Kohnstamm's guidebooks, Lonely Planet's then-publisher Piers Pickard stated that he had "failed to find any inaccuracies" in them.<ref name="sundaytelegraphsydney" />

In 2009, Australian author and former Lonely Planet guidebook writer [[Mic Looby]] published a fictional account of the guidebook writing business, titled ''Paradise Updated'', in which the travel guide business was satirised.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guest review: Elena Gomez on Mic Looby's Paradise Updated|url=http://blogs.crikey.com.au/literaryminded/2009/10/13/guest-review-elena-gomez-on-mic-loobys-paradise-updated/|work=Crikey Blog|publisher=Private Media Pty Ltd|accessdate=20 September 2013|author-first1=Angela |author-last1=Myer|author-first2=Elena |author-last2=Gomez |date=13 October 2009}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Category commons}}
*[https://www.lonelyplanet.com/ Official website]

{{Tourism}}
{{Red Ventures}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lonely Planet| ]]
[[Category:1973 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:2020 mergers and acquisitions]]
[[Category:Australian travel television series]]
[[Category:Australian travel websites]]
[[Category:Companies based in Melbourne]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 2009]]
[[Category:Mass media in Melbourne]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1973]]
[[Category:Publishing companies of Australia]]
[[Category:Red Ventures]]
[[Category:Tourism magazines]]
[[Category:Travel guide books]]

Reginald Sinclair

2025-12-29T03:21:32Z

Best time to visit kashmir: starting initial stub w/ refs...

{{short description|English cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name =
| image =
| country = England
| fullname = Reginald Leahy Sinclair
| nickname =
| birth_date = 20 April 1874
| birth_place = [[Kolhapur]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1928|3|23|1874|4|20|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Ditchling]], [[Sussex]], England
| heightft =
| heightinch =
| batting = Unknown
| bowling = Unknown
| role =
| family =
| club1 = [[Europeans cricket team|Europeans]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1893/94–1903/04}}
| club2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| year2 = 1902/03
| columns = 1
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| matches1 = 14
| runs1 = 88
| bat avg1 = 6.28
| 100s/50s1 = –/–
| top score1 = 45
| deliveries1 = 1,945
| wickets1 = 64
| bowl avg1 = 11.23
| fivefor1 = 7
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 6/34
| catches/stumpings1 = 6/–
| date = 26 November
| year = 2022
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/reginald-sinclair-34427 Cricinfo
}}

'''Reginald Leahy Sinclair''' {{postnominal|JP}} (20 April 1874 — 23 March 1928) was an [[English people|English]] first-class [[cricket]]er and an officer in the [[Indian Civil Service]].

The son of George Sinclair, a surgeon,<ref>Marriages. ''[[The Gentlewoman]]''. 6 May 1905. p. 67.</ref> he was born in [[British India]] at [[Kolhapur]] in April 1874. He was educated in England at [[Repton School]], where he played for the school cricket team.<ref name="BOOK">{{cite book |title=Repton School Register 1557-1910 |date=1910 |publisher=A. J. Lawrence |page=329 |url=https://archive.org/details/b28994218 |language=en}}</ref> After completing his education, he proceeded to India where he was an assistant collector of salt revenues and a [[Justice of the peace#India|justice of the peace]]. He was awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]] for work during the [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]].<ref name="BOOK"/> While in India, Sinclair played [[first-class cricket]] from 1893 to 1903 on fourteen occasions, thirteen of which came for the [[Europeans cricket team]] in the [[Bombay Quadrangular|Bombay Presidency Match]], with a further appearance for [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] against the touring [[Oxford University Authentics cricket team|Oxford University Authentics]] in 1902.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14563/First-Class_Matches.html|title=First-Class Matches played by Reginald Sinclair|publisher=CricketArchive|accessdate=26 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> A prolific wicket-taker, Sinclair took 64 wickets in first-class cricket at an [[batting average (cricket)|average]] of 11.23, taking a [[five wicket haul]] on three occasions and took [[Ten-wicket haul|ten wickets in a match]] once.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14563/f_Bowling_by_Team.html|title=First-Class Bowling For Each Team by Reginald Sinclair|publisher=CricketArchive|accessdate=26 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> His best innings figures of 6 for 34 against the [[Parsis cricket team|Parsees]] in August 1895, a match which saw him taking match figures of 11 for 77.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/4/4444.html|title=Europeans v Parsees, Bombay Presidency Match 1895/96|publisher=CricketArchive|accessdate=26 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Playing as a [[Batting order (cricket)#Lower order or tail|lower order batsman]], he scored 88 runs at a [[batting average (cricket)|batting average]] of 6.28. His highest score with the bat was 45, which came for Bombay; his next highest score was 14 for the Europeans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/14/14563/f_Batting_by_Team.html|title=First-Class Batting and Fielding For Each Team by Reginald Sinclair|publisher=CricketArchive|accessdate=26 November 2022|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Sinclair later retired to England, where he died in March 1928 at [[Ditchling|Ditchling, Sussex]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cricinfo|id=34427}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinclair, Archibald}}
[[Category:1874 births]]
[[Category:1928 deaths]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kolhapur]]
[[Category:People educated at Repton School]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:English justices of the peace]]
[[Category:English cricketers]]
[[Category:Europeans cricketers]]
[[Category:Mumbai cricketers]]

Shashwat Singh

2025-12-17T17:47:09Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created New Bio V1

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{COI|date=June 2025}}
{{Notability|date=May 2025}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shashwat Singh
| image = Singer Shashwat Singh at the premiere of Metro In Dino.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]] (present-day [[Prayagraj]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]] ([[BCom]])
| occupation = Playback singer
| years_active = 2015–present
}}

'''Shashwat Singh''' is an Indian playback singer who primarily works in the [[Hindi film industry]]. Singh made his playback singing debut with the song "Wat Wat Wat" from the 2015 film ''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Arijit Could Have Sung It Solo, But...': Shashwat Singh On 'Wat Wat Wat' And His New Track 'Burai' {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/arijit-could-have-sung-it-solo-but-shashwat-singh-on-wat-wat-wat-and-his-new-track-burai-exclusive-9231884.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Since his debut, Singh has collaborated with [[A. R. Rahman]] on several projects, including the 2025 film ''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]'', in which he sang the track "Sugar Baby".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shashwat Singh's distinctive voice strikes a chord with two new tracks |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shashwat-singhs-distinctive-voice-strikes-a-chord-with-two-new-tracks/articleshow/121721289.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 May 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=4 July 2025 |title=Here's what working with AR Rahman meant for singer Shashwat Singh's journey |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/entertainment/heres-what-working-with-ar-rahman-meant-for-singer-shashwat-singhs-journey-617514 |access-date=6 July 2025 |website=Millennium Post}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Shashwat Singh was born and raised in [[Allahabad]] (now [[Prayagraj]]), [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. He grew up in a family of doctors and teachers who encouraged his passion for music from an early age. He studied at St. Joseph's College, Prayagraj, where he began learning the acoustic guitar. Later, he trained in [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] flute under the guidance of Sappan Prasanna. Singh holds a [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]]. He considers his formal musical journey to have begun at [[A. R. Rahman]]’s [[KM Music Conservatory]] in [[Chennai]], where he trained in [[Western classical music]]. During his time in Chennai, he also took [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]] vocal lessons. Shashwat Singh's elder sister, [[Nidhi Singh]], is an actress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Permanent Roommates actor Nidhi Singh reveals singer Shashwat Singh is her brother |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shahswat-singh-permanent-roomates-actor-nidhi-singh-brother-2757813-2025-07-18 |work=India Today |date=18 July 2025 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh has contributed vocals to several notable songs in Hindi cinema, including "Ruby Ruby" from<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Working with AR Rahman is surreal: Wat Wat Wat singer Shashwat Singh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/working-with-ar-rahman-is-surreal-wat-wat-wat-singer-shashwat-singh/story-tEHLrMh8btrb3mA6LI40vI.html
|website=Hindustan Times
|date=2016-03-24
|access-date=2025-06-13
}}</ref> ''[[Sanju]]'', "Haan Main Galat" from ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'', "Sarsariya" from ''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=I badly needed 'Sarsariya': Singer Shashwat Singh |url=https://www.radioandmusic.com/entertainment/editorial/news/160726-i-badly-needed-sarsariya-singer-shashwat |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=www.radioandmusic.com |language=en}}</ref> "Alizeh" from ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'', "Show Me The Thumka" from ''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Show Me The Thumka Singer Shashwat Singh on Touring with Arijit Singh, Juggling Bollywood and Indie Music {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/show-me-the-thumka-singer-shashwat-singh-on-touring-with-arijit-singh-juggling-bollywood-and-indie-music-exclusive-7264003.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-28 |title=Singer Shashwat Singh: Ranbir Kapoor has a flavour of his own; I am glad to have been his voice in multiple movies - Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/singer-shashwat-singh-ranbir-kapoor-has-a-flavour-of-his-own-i-am-glad-to-have-been-his-voice-in-multiple-movies-exclusive/articleshow/99060300.cms |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> "Mere Sawaal Ka" from "[[Shehzada]]",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khullar |first=Muskan |date=2023-03-07 |title=EXCL: 'There's so much to take from the ocean' Shashwat Singh on being mentored by AR Rahman |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Mar/07/excl-theres-so-much-to-take-from-the-ocean-shashwat-singh-on-being-mentored-by-ar-rahman-47528.html |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-03-14 |title=EXCLUSIVE: 'Show Me The Thumka' singer Shashwat Singh: "Remixes work because of their recall value" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-show-thumka-singer-shashwat-singh-remixes-work-recall-value/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |language=en}}</ref> and "Saregama Carvaan Medley" from ''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]'',<ref>{{cite web |last=Iyer |first=Arun |title=Interview: Singer Shashwat Singh on creating the magic of yesteryears with Saregama medley, Rocky Aur Rani|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2023/Aug/24/interview-singer-shashwat-singhon-creating-the-magic-of-yesteryears-with-saregama-medley-rocky-aur-rani-52489.html |website=Indulge Express |date=24 August 2023 |access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref> among others.

In 2020, he performed five songs for the film "[[99 Songs]]".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mary |first=S. B. Vijaya |date=2021-04-26 |title=Shashwat Singh on recording for '99 Songs' and finding space in the indie music realm |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/shashwat-singh-on-singing-for-a-r-rahmans-99-songs/article34414706.ece |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Apart from Hindi, Singh has also recorded songs in other Indian languages, including Tamil,Telegu <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shashwat Singh: Must ensure song's context is retained |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/shashwat-singh-must-ensure-songs-context-is-retained-23244280 |website=Mid-Day |date=August 30, 2022 |access-date=30 July 2025}}</ref> and Bengali.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-02-10 |title=There are talented composers in Bengal & I would be thrilled to collaborate with them: Shashwat Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/there-are-talented-composers-in-bengal-i-would-be-thrilled-to-collaborate-with-them-shashwat-singh/articleshow/118111840.cms |access-date=2025-05-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Check out the Marathi song 'Janina Bhalolaga' sung by Nikhita Gandhi and Shashwat Singh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/check-out-the-marathi-song-janina-bhalolaga-sung-by-nikhita-gandhi-and-shashwat-singh/videoshow/94028983.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> In addition to playback singing, he performs at live concerts and events with his band.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shashwat Singh is set to wow audiences today in a live concert in the city |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/health/shashwat-singh-is-set-to-wow-audiences-today-in-a-live-concert-in-the-city/771040?utm_source=recommendation&ref=recommendation |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mesmerising Melodies Echoed at an Unforgettable Concert By Shashwat Singh, with t2 |url=https://t2online.in/not-in-use/health/mesmerising-melodies-echoed-at-an-unforgettable-concert-by-shashwat-singh,-with-t2/805986?utm_source=recommendation&ref=recommendation |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025 Shashwat Singh<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Shashwat Singh: I am first an indie artist and then a playback singer|url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/shashwat-singh-i-am-first-an-indie-artist-and-then-a-playback-singer/
|website=Rolling Stone India
|date=2023-12-04
|access-date=2025-06-13
}}</ref> collaborated with [[Nikhita Gandhi]] to form a musical duo under the name 'ShNik'
.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Apurva |first=P |title=Shashwat Singh and Nikhita Gandhi drops a bold new urban-folk anthem Kaari |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/music/2025/Aug/27/shashwat-singh-and-nikhita-gandhi-drops-a-bold-new-urban-folk-anthem-kaari |website=Indulge |publisher=Indulge (Indulgexpress) |date=27 August 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025 |language=en }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=TNN |title=ShNik's Kaari blends everyday stories with urban folk sounds|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/shniks-kaari-blends-everyday-stories-with-urban-folk sounds/articleshow/123499471.cms |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2025 |access-date=1 September 2025 |language=en }}</ref> Their debut single, "Kaahe," blends elements of folk and hip-hop.<ref>{{cite web |title=Singers Shashwat Singh and Nikhita Gandhi on their new musical collaboration SHNIK |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2025/Apr/05/singers-shashwat-singh-and-nikhita-gandhi-on-their-new-musical-collaboration-shnik |website=Indulge Express |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=5 April 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Folk meets hip hop: Shashwat Singh and Nikhita Gandhi debut with 'Kaahe' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/folk-meets-hip-hop-shashwat-singh-and-nikhita-gandhi-debut-with-kaahe/articleshow/119795125.cms |website=The Times of India |publisher=The Times Group |date=5 April 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> That same year, Singh lent his voice to singles such as "Burai",<ref>{{cite web |title=Popular Bollywood singer Shashwat Singh has released new song in this love season |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/popular-bollywood-singer-shashwat-singh-has-released-new-song-in-this-love-season/200347388.cms |website=Ei Samay |language=bn |date=2025 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Hit Bollywood singer Shashwat Singh releases soulful romantic ballad 'Burai' for Valentine's Day |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/hit-bollywood-singer-shashwat-singh-releases-soulful-romantic-ballad-burai-for-valentines-day-1860351 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=14 February 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> "Talab",<ref>{{cite web |title=Love, loss, and lyrics: Shashwat Singh's soundtrack for every mood |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2025/Feb/14/love-loss-and-lyrics-shashwat-singhs-soundtrack-for-every-mood |website=The New Indian Express – Indulge |date=14 February 2025 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> and "Jachhey Mujhe";<ref>{{cite web |title=Elli AvrRam and Shivin Narang soak in love in romantic single 'Jachhey Mujhe' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/elli-avrram-and-shivin-narang-soak-in-love-in-romantic-single-jachhey-mujhe/articleshow/118209650.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2025 |access-date=21 June 2025}}</ref> and 'Zamaana Lage'<ref>{{cite web |title='Metro In Dino' singer Shashwat Singhi was told to Google the song lyrics |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/metro-in-dino-singer-shashwat-singhi-was-told-to-google-the-song-lyrics-23569675 |website=Mid-Day |date=7 May 2024 |access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|title=Shashwat Singh's distinctive voice strikes a chord with two new tracks|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/shashwat-singhs-distinctive-voice-strikes-a-chord-with-two-new-tracks/articleshow/121721289.cms
|website=The Times of India
|date=2024-03-09
|access-date=2025-06-13
}}</ref> from the film ''[[Metro... In Dino]]''.<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Singer Shashwat Singh on bagging Zamaana Lage from Metro...In Dino |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/music/2025/Jun/07/singer-shashwat-singh-on-bagging-zamaana-lage-from-metroin-dino
|website=Indulge Express
|date=2025-06-07
|access-date=2025-06-13
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=I would love to sing for Shah Rukh Khan, says Shashwat Singh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/i-would-love-to-sing-for-shah-rukh-khan-says-shashwat-singh-10090000/ |website=The Indian Express |date=27 June 2025 |access-date=29 June 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last=Janani
|first=K.
|title=Shashwat Singh on singing Zamaana Lage with Arijit Singh: It was a market call
|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shashwat-singh-zamaana-lage-arijit-singh-mitro-in-dino-2753033-2025-07-09
|website=India Today
|date=9 July 2025
|access-date=9 July 2025
}}</ref>

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Co-Singer(s)
! Lyrics
! Composer
! Notes
|-
|2015
|''[[Tamasha (2015 film)|Tamasha]]''
|"Wat Wat Wat"
|[[Arijit Singh]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]]
|rowspan=2|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
|''[[Mohenjo Daro (film)|Mohenjo Daro]]''
|"Sarsariya"
|[[Shashaa Tirupati]]
|[[Javed Akhtar]]
|
|-
|''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]''
|"Alizeh"
|Arijit Singh, [[Ash King]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
|[[Pritam]]
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Sanju]]''
|"Ruby Ruby"
|[[Poorvi Koutish]]
|Irshad Kamil
|A. R. Rahman
|
|-
|2019
|''[[The Sky Is Pink]]''
|"Pink Gulabi Sky"
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|[[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]
|Pritam
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2020
|''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''
|"Mile Sur 2.0"
|[[Navraj Hans]], [[Shalmali Kholgade]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]], Vayu, Shashwat Singh, IP Singh, Rakesh Maini
|Jigar Saraiya, [[Vayu Shrivastav|Vayu]], IP Singh
|[[Sachin-Jigar]]
|
|-
|''[[Love Aaj Kal (2020 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]''
|"Haan Main Galat"
|Arijit Singh
|Irshad Kamil
|Pritam
|
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Bhangra Paa Le]]''
|"Peg Sheg"
|[[Jonita Gandhi]], [[Akasa Singh]], A Bazz
|colspan=2|[[JAM8]], A Bazz
|
|-
|"Ho Ja Rangeela Re"
|Solo
|[[Rishi Rich]], Yash Narvekar, JAM8
|[[Yash Narvekar]], JAM8
|
|-
|rowspan=7|2021
|rowspan=5|''[[99 Songs]]''
|"Teri Nazar"
|Navneet Virk, Dilshaad Shabbir Shaikh
|rowspan=5|A. R. Rahman
|
|-
|"Nayi Nayi"
|[[Raftaar (rapper)|Raftaar]]
|Navneet Virk, Raftaar
|
|-
|"O Aashiqa"
|rowspan=2|A. R. Rahman
|rowspan=3|Navneet Virk
|
|-
|"Sofia"
|
|-
|"Jwalamukhi (Female Version)"
|Poorvi Koutish
|
|-
|''[[Meenakshi Sundareshwar]]''
|"Mann Kesar Kesar"
|[[Aanandi Joshi]], Goldie Sohel
|[[Raj Shekhar]]
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|[[Netflix]] film
|-
|''[[Tadap (2021 film)|Tadap]]''
|"Tere Siva Jag Mein"
|[[Darshan Raval]], [[Shilpa Rao]], Charan
|Irshad Kamil, Charan
|rowspan=3|Pritam
|
|-
|rowspan=3|2022
|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2]]''
|"De Taali"
|[[Armaan Malik]], [[Yo Yo Honey Singh]]
|Amitabh Bhattacharya, Yo Yo Honey Singh
|
|-
|''[[Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva]]''
|"Kesariya (Dance Mix)"
|[[Antara Mitra]]
|Amitabh Bhattacharya
|
|-
|''[[Chup: Revenge of the Artist]]''
|"Gaya Gaya Gaya"
|Rupali Moghe
|[[Swanand Kirkire]]
|[[Amit Trivedi]]
|
|-
|rowspan=4|2023
|''[[Shehzada (2023 film)|Shehzada]]''
|"Mere Sawal Ka"
|Shalmali Kholgade
|Shloke Lal
|rowspan=4|Pritam
|
|-
|''[[Tu Jhoothi Main Makkaar]]''
|"Show Me The Thumka"
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|Amitabh Bhattacharya
|
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[Rocky Aur Rani Kii Prem Kahaani]]''
|"Saregama Carvaan Medley"
|[[Jonita Gandhi]]
|
|
|-
|"Abhi Na Jao (Film Version 2)"
|Solo
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Kahan Shuru Kahan Khatam]]''
|"Ek Ladki Bheegi Bhagi Si"
|IP Singh, [[Kishore Kumar]]
|IP Singh, [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
|[[S. D. Burman]], Akshay & IP
|
|-
|rowspan=7|2025
|rowspan=4|''[[Metro... In Dino]]''
|"Zamana Laage" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Farzeen |first=Sana |date=2025-07-09 |title=Shashwat Singh on singing Zamaana Lage with Arijit Singh: It was a market call |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/shashwat-singh-zamaana-lage-arijit-singh-mitro-in-dino-2753033-2025-07-09 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|Arijit Singh
|rowspan=2|Qaisar Ul Jafri, Sandeep Shrivastava
|rowspan=4|Pritam
|Side A
|-
|"Zamana Laage (Rewind)"
|Solo
|rowspan=3|Side B
|-
|"Ishq Ya Tharak"
|[[Aditya Roy Kapur]], [[Nikhita Gandhi]], [[Antara Mitra]]
|Amitabh Bhattacharya
|-
|"Das Haasil Sau Baaki (Acapella)"
|[[Papon (singer)|Papon]], Nikhita Gandhi
|Sandeep Srivastava
|-
|''[[Thug Life (2025 film)|Thug Life]]''
|"Sugar Baby"
|Nikhita Gandhi, Shuba
|Shuba, Mehboob
| [[A. R. Rahman]]
|
|-
| rowspan=2|''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]'' <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-04 |title=Shashwat Singh and Nikhita Gandhi team up for War 2 song |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/shashwat-singh-and-nikhita-gandhi-team-up-for-war-2-song/articleshow/123089960.cms |access-date=2025-08-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|"Ulagena Uruveduthaay"
| rowspan=2|Nikhita Gandhi
| rowspan=2|Amitabh Bhattacharya
| rowspan=2|[[Pritam]]
| Tamil dubbed
|-
|"Oopiri Ooyalaga"
| Telugu dubbed
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=4150902}}
* [https://open.spotify.com/artist/6iv4lysB1yHXoZJ2gfqTdh?si=hAeV7_48SHyAhxEpOBys8w Shashwat Singh on Spotify]
* [https://music.apple.com/in/artist/shashwat-singh/645678791 Shashwat Singh on Apple Music]
* [https://www.saavn.com/s/artist/shashwat-singh-albums/gJthH4uEIuI_ Shashwat Singh on JioSaavn]
* [https://music.amazon.in/artists/B00RQFW17M Shashwat Singh on Amazon Music]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Shashwat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:People from Prayagraj]]

Suchitra Bandekar

2025-11-28T22:17:27Z

Best time to visit kashmir:

{{Short description|Indian actress and producer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suchitra Bandekar
| image = Suchitra Bandekar with Aadesh Bandekar.jpg
| caption = with [[Aadesh Bandekar]]
| other_names =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1972|10|10}}
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]]
| birth_name = Suchitra Gudekar
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress| Producer}}
| yearsactive = 1994–present
| known_for =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Aadesh Bandekar]]|1990}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2 June 2020|title=लग्नात असा होता दोघांचा अंदाज ? ३० वर्षापूर्वी अडकले होते लग्नबंधनात, व्हायरल होतोय Wedding Album|url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/suchitra-and-aadesh-bandekar-wedding-album-goes-viral-social-media-srj-a591/|access-date=2021-01-01|website=Lokmat|language=mr-IN}}</ref>
| children = Soham Bandekar<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=गोष्ट मांडायला आवडते! – सुचित्रा आदेश बांदेकर यांचा मुलगा सोहम बांदेकर {{!}} Saamana (सामना)|url=https://www.saamana.com/soham-bandekar-new-serial-lalit-205/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180818055358/http://www.saamana.com/soham-bandekar-new-serial-lalit-205/|archive-date=2018-08-18|access-date=2021-01-01|website=|language=en-US|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}
'''Suchitra Bandekar''' is an Indian actress. She mainly works in Hindi and Marathi films and television.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-27 |title=अशाप्रकारे आदेश बांदेकर यांनी प्रपोज केले होते सुचित्रा बांदेकर यांना |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/way-order-bandekar-was-proposed-suchitra-bandekar/ |access-date=2021-01-01 |website=Lokmat |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-28|title=बांदेकरांची 'होम मिनिस्टर' २० वर्षांनंतर रंगभूमीवर|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/suchitra-bandekar-returning-on-marathi-stage-play-after-20-years-1520343/|access-date=2021-01-01|website=Loksatta|language=mr-IN}}</ref>

== Childhood ==
She was born and brought up in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suchitra Bandekar movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/suchitra-bandekar-44665|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514124315/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/suchitra-bandekar-44665|url-status=live|archive-date=14 May 2021|access-date=2021-01-01|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> She attended school in Balmohan Vidya Mandir and college in [[D. G. Ruparel College of Arts, Science and Commerce|D. G. Ruparel College, Dadar]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}

== Personal life ==
Suchitra got married with her long time boyfriend [[Aadesh Bandekar]] in 1990. {{citation needed|date=January 2024}} She has a son, named Soham Bandekar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-13|title=या आहेत आदेश बांदेकरांच्या \'होम मिनिस्टर\', 26 वर्षांपूर्वी पळून जाऊन 50 रुपयांत केले होते लग्न|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/BOL-MB-home-minister-completes-13-years-love-story-of-aadesh-and-suchitra-bandekar-5693814-PHO.html/|access-date=2021-01-01|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.

|-
| 1990
| ''Paradeshi Chadhei''
| Mona Choudhury, Mr.Choudhury (Sr.)'s great grand daughter, Gagan Chodhury's daughter
| [[Odia cinema|Odia film]]<ref>{{Cite web|title='IMDB-Paradeshi Chadhei|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1431299/?ref_=nmbio_mbio|access-date=2025-07-15|website=IMDB}}</ref>
|-
|1994
|''[[Jazbaat (1994 film)|Jazbaat]]''
|Jagdish's Employee
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008
|''[[Full 3 Dhamaal]]''
|Saudamini Pradhan
|
|-
|''Shirdi Saibaba''
|
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy|Me Shivaji Raje Bhosale Boltoy]]''
|Sumitra Bhosale
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='Me Shivajiraje Bhosale Boltoy' - Mahesh Manjrekar: Movies of the actor-director you should not miss|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/mahesh-manjrekar-movies-of-the-actor-director-you-should-not-miss/Me-Shivajiraje-Bhosale-Boltoy/photostory/64137094.cms|access-date=2021-01-01|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
|''[[Mala Aai Vhhaychy!]]''
|Deshpande Madam
|
|-
|''[[Singham]]''
|Savita Bhosale
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Amrutham Chandamamalo|Amrutham Chandmamalo]]''
|Santha
|
|-
|''[[Ishq Wala Love]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rama Madhav]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''Ranangan''
|Kalandi
|
|-
|''[[Simmba]]''
|Mrs. Mohile
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Simmba Cast List {{!}} Simmba Movie Star Cast {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Movie Trailer {{!}} Review- Bollywood Hungama|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/simmba/cast/|access-date=|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Jhimma]]''
|Vaishali
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Suchitra Bandekar kick-starts dubbing for Hemant Dhome's 'Jhimma' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/suchitra-bandekar-kick-starts-dubbing-for-hemant-dhomes-jhimma/articleshow/76562747.cms|access-date=30 March 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
|''[[Baipan Bhaari Deva]]''
|Pallavi
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-30 |title=Kedhar Shinde's multi-starrer 'Baipan Bhaari Deva' to hit screens on January 28, 2022 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/kedhar-shindes-multi-starrer-baipan-bhaari-deva-to-hit-screens-on-january-28-2022/articleshow/88001701.cms |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jhimma 2]]''
| Vaishali
| <ref>{{Cite news |title='Jhimma 2': Siddharth Chandekar shares a BTS picture with the team from the sets of the film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jhimma-2-siddharth-chandekar-shares-a-bts-picture-with-the-team-from-the-sets-of-the-film/articleshow/104917082.cms |access-date=3 November 2023 |work=The Times of India|date=2 November 2023}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==
=== Actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1994-1995
|''[[Tehkikaat]]''
|Episodic role
|
|-
|1997
|''[[Byomkesh Bakshi]]''
| Deepa
|credited as Suchitra Gudekar
|-
|1995-1999
|''[[Hum Paanch (TV series)|Hum Paanch]]''
|Babli<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-09-23|title=The 'Hum Paanch' cast: Then and now|url=https://www.news18.com/photogallery/movies/the-hum-paanch-cast-then-and-now-951362.html|access-date=2021-01-01|website=[[News18]]}}</ref>
|
|-
|1999-2001
|''[[Don't Worry Ho Jayega]]''
|Manju
|
|-
|2002-2005
|''[[Avantika (TV series)|Avantika]]''
|Urmila
|
|-
|2002
|''Raat''
|
|
|-
|2006-2007
|''[[Ghar Ki Lakshmi Betiyann]]''
|Phulki Garodia
|
|-
|2007-2009
|''[[Vahinisaheb]]''
|Yamini (Akkasaheb)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-27|title=वहिनीसाहेबांचा दरारा आता पुन्हा अनुभवायला मिळणार, सुचित्रा बांदेकर-भार्गवी चिरमुलेची गाजलेली मालिका 'वहिनीसाहेब' पुन्हा प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/suchitra-bandekar-bhargavi-chiramules-hit-serial-vahinisaheb-on-zee-yuva-127556976.html|access-date=2021-01-01|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
|
|-
|2010
|''[[Do Hanson Ka Jodaa]]''
|
|
|-
|2011-2012
|''Aabhas Ha''
|Arjun's mother
|
|-
|2011
|''Don Kinare Doghi Aapan''
|Sadhana
|
|-
|2012–2013
|''[[Mujhse Kuchh Kehti...Yeh Khamoshiyaan]]''
|Sumitra Bhosle
|
|-
|2012-2014
|''[[Pyaar Ka Dard Hai Meetha Meetha Pyaara Pyaara]]''
|Manorama Manik Deewan (Chachi ji)
|
|-
|2014-2015
|''[[Mere Rang Mein Rangne Waali]]''
|Ishaani Chaturvedi
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Manpasand Ki Shaadi]]''
|Sharda Shinde
|
|}

=== Producer ===
* ''[[Lakshya (TV series)|Lakshya]]'' on [[Star Pravah]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lakshya completes 700 episodes - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/marathi/Lakshya-completes-700-episodes/articleshow/46409681.cms|access-date=2021-01-01|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Nanda Saukhya Bhare]]'' on [[Zee Marathi]]
* ''[[Tharla Tar Mag]]'' on [[Star Pravah]]
* ''Lalit 205'' on [[Star Pravah]]
* ''Almost Sufal Sampurna'' on [[Zee Yuva]]{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}}
* ''[[Nave Lakshya]]'' on [[Star Pravah]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-22|title=नवी मालिका: महाराष्ट्र पोलिसांचं चातुर्य आणि साहसाची गोष्ट सांगणारी मालिका 'नवे लक्ष्य', आदेश बांदेकरांचा मुलगा करतोय पदार्पण|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/entertainment/marathi-cinema/news/new-show-nave-lakshya-coming-soon-128255678.html|access-date=2021-03-08|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref>
* ''Shabbas Sunbai'' on [[Sun Marathi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm2983527/ Suchitra Bandekar] on [[IMDb]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandekar, Suchitra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:1972 births]]

Manish Wadhwa

2025-11-27T14:03:32Z

Best time to visit kashmir: updated details

{{Short description|Indian actor and voice actor (born 1972)}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manish Wadhwa
| image =
| native_name =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1972}}{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}
| birth_place = Ambala, Haryana (India)
| occupation = Actor, [[voice actor]]
| known for = ''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]'' ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]'' ''[[Peshwa Bajirao]]'' ''[[Gadar 2]]''
| years_active = 1988–present
| spouse = Priyanka Wadhwa
| website = https://www.manishwadhwa.in/
| imagesize =
}}

'''Manish Wadhwa''' (born 1972) is an Indian actor and voice actor.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/r-balkis-chup-revenge-of-the-artist-to-hit-screens-on-september-23/article65809375.ece | title=A dream-come-true debut for 'Shyam Singha Roy' actor Manish Wadhwa | newspaper=The Hindu | date=27 December 2021 | access-date=1 September 2022 | archive-date=1 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901040531/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/r-balkis-chup-revenge-of-the-artist-to-hit-screens-on-september-23/article65809375.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Actings-my-first-love-Manish-Wadhwa/articleshow/9383563.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001153746/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-28/tv/29821202_1_gujarati-first-love-chanakya|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-10-01|title=Acting's my first love: Manish Wadhwa|date=2011-07-28|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2013-07-07}}</ref><ref name="timeof">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv/news-and-gossip/After-CGMs-Rishiraj-Manish-Wadhwa-in-Mahadev/articleshow/17140604.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130708061108/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-08/tv/34993923_1_rishiraj-pawar-mahadev-mohit-raina|url-status=live|archive-date=2013-07-08|title=After CGM's Rishiraj, Manish Wadhwa in Mahadev|date=2012-11-08|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2013-07-07}}</ref> He is best known for his roles [[Chanakya]] in [[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|''Chandragupta Maurya'']], [[Balaji Vishwanath|Balaji Vishwanath Bhatt]] in [[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|''Peshwa Bajirao'']], [[Kamsa|Kans]] in ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]'', Amal Nanda/Dansh in ''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]'' and [[Major General]] Hamid Iqbal In ''[[Gadar 2]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gadar 2's Manish Wadhwa speaks on Shah Rukh Khan, 'Jawan', 'Pathaan' success & more {{!}} Etimes - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/etimes/bollywood/gadar-2s-manish-wadhwa-speaks-on-shah-rukh-khan-jawan-pathaan-success-more/videoshow/103461504.cms |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-19 |title=Gadar 2 actor Manish Wadhwa recalls Sunny Deol's reaction after shooting climax: 'He came, adjusted my collar and asked…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gadar-2-manish-wadhwa-recalls-sunny-deol-reaction-after-shooting-climax-8899619/ |access-date=2023-10-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Rahul (film)|Rahul]]'' || Rohit Singh ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose: The Forgotten Hero]]'' || Captain Inayat Gyani ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Padmaavat]]'' || Gandharv Sen ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]'' || Moropant ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' || Mahant || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2023 || ''[[Pathaan (film)|Pathaan]]'' || General Qadir ||
|-
| ''[[Gadar 2]]'' || [[Major General]] Hamid Iqbal ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Gadar 2 (2023) Release Date, Cast, Trailer, OTT, Songs, And Everything - indvox |url=https://indvox.com/gadar-2-2023-release-date-cast-trailer-ott-songs-and-everything/ |access-date=2023-01-27 |language=en-US |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127060054/https://indvox.com/gadar-2-2023-release-date-cast-trailer-ott-songs-and-everything/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]'' || Rajpurohit ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-30 |title=Manish Wadhwa, Vijay Raaz, Sanjay Mishra Slip Into Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3 Characters. See EXCLUSIVE Pics |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/vijay-raaz-sanjay-mishra-slip-into-bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-characters-see-exclusive-pics-article-112126682 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''[[Deva (2025 film)|Deva]]'' || Prabhat Jadhav ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-01 |title='Deva' box office collection day 1: Shahid Kapoor's cop drama makes less than ₹10 crore on day 1, lags behind Varun Dhawan's 'Baby John' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/deva-box-office-collection-day-1-shahid-kapoors-cop-drama-makes-less-than-rs10-crore-on-day-1-lags-behind-varun-dhawans-baby-john-462978-2025-02-01 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Badass Ravi Kumar]]'' || Zaid Bashir ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-05 |title='Badass Ravi Kumar' trailer: Himesh Reshammiya's funky tribute to '80s Bollywood masala cinema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/badass-ravi-kumar-trailer-himesh-reshammiyas-funky-tribute-to-80s-bollywood-masala-cinema/article69064053.ece |access-date=2025-01-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
*''[[Aamrapali (TV serial)|Aamrapali]]'' as [[Ajatashatru]]
*''[[Mitwa Phool Kamal Ke]]'' as Nirbhay Choudhary
*''[[Kohinoor]]'' as Kaali
*''[[Chandragupta Maurya (2011 TV series)|Chandragupta Maurya]]'' as [[Chanakya]]
*''[[Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? Ek Baar Phir]]'' as Niranjan Agnihotri
*''[[Maha Kumbh: Ek Rahasaya, Ek Kahani]]'' as Shivanand
*''Time Machine'' as Kartik Devraj
*''[[Siya Ke Ram]]'' as [[Vishwamitra]]
*''[[Naagarjuna – Ek Yoddha]]'' as Vasuki
*''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]'' - Crime Patrol In [[Chambal (region)|Chambal]] as Dacoit Leader (Season 3 - Episode 1)
*''[[Peshwa Bajirao (TV series)|Peshwa Bajirao]]'' as [[Balaji Vishwanath Bhat]]
* ''[[Paramavatar Shri Krishna]]'' as Maharaj [[Kans]]
*''Kahat Hanuman Jai Shri Ram'' as [[Ravana]]
*''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]'' as Amal Nanda (Veer's father)/Dansh
*''[[The Railway Men]]'' as Mirza<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2023-11-18 |title=Web Series Review: The Railway Men : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/web-series-review-railway-men/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Dubbing career==
He began his career performing at the theatre in Mumbai for comedy show ''Khatta Meetha''. He has also recorded voices for commercials and Hindi dubbed movies. He is also a member of AVA India, which is an association group for Indian actors and voice artists. He is known for dubbing for [[Sebastian Stan]] as [[Bucky Barnes|Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier]] in [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] films in Hindi.

==Dubbing roles==
===Live action television series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Episodes !! Original airdate !! Dub airdate !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Power Rangers Dino Thunder]]'' || [[Latham Gaines]] || Dr.Anton Mercer || Hindi || English || 17 || February 14 - November 20, 2004 || || Aired on [[Jetix]] then [[Disney XD]] and [[Nickelodeon Sonic]].
|-
| ''[[Lucifer (TV series)|Lucifer]]'' || [[Tom Welling]] || Lieutenant Marcus Pierce / [[Cain]] || Hindi || English || 24 || October 2, 2017 - May 14, 2018 || || Aired on and streaming on [[Netflix India]].
|-
|''[[The Falcon and the Winter Soldier]]''
|[[Sebastian Stan]]
|[[Bucky Barnes|Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier]]
|Hindi
|English
|6
|March 19 –
April 23, 2021
|March 19 –
April 23, 2021
|Aired on and streaming on [[Disney Plus Hotstar]].
|-
| ''[[The Sandman (TV series)|The Sandman]]'' || [[Boyd Holbrook]] || [[Corinthian (comics)|Corinthian]] || Hindi || English || 10 || August 5, 2022 || || Aired and streaming on [[Netflix India]].
|-
| ''[[Transformers: War for Cybertron Trilogy]]'' || [[Bill Rogers (voice actor)|Bill Rogers]] || [[Wheeljack]] || Hindi || English || 18(voiced 16) || July 30, 2020 – July 29, 2021 || July 30, 2020 – July 29, 2021 || Aired and streaming on [[Netflix India]].
|}

===Live action films===
====Hollywood films====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Year release !! Dub Year release !! Notes
|-
|''[[Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)|Charlie and the Chocolate Factory]]'' || [[Johnny Depp]] || [[Willy Wonka]] || Hindi || English || 2005 || 2005 ||
|-
| ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: Prince Caspian]]'' || [[Damián Alcázar]] || Lord Sopespian || Hindi || English || 2008 || 2008 || Manish's name was mentioned on the Hindi dub credits of the DVD release of the film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUod6nbGfwQ |title=The Chronicles of Narnia – Prince Caspian (Hindi Credits) – YouTube |publisher=YouTube.com |date=2014-03-24 |access-date=2014-08-22 |archive-date=4 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804104432/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUod6nbGfwQ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader]]'' || Unknown actor || Unknown character || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 || Manish's name was mentioned on the Hindi dub credits of the DVD release of the film, also containing the Tamil and Telugu credits.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRTuu3aI1Cc |title=The Chronicles of Narnia - Voyage of the Dawn Trader (Hindi, Tamil and Telugu Credits) - YouTube |publisher=YouTube.com |date=2014-03-08 |access-date=2014-03-10 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208103358/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LRTuu3aI1Cc |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Predators (2010 film)|Predators]]'' || [[Walton Goggins]] || Stans || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[Inferno (2016 film)|Inferno]]'' || [[Ben Foster (actor)|Ben Foster]] || Bertrand Zobrist || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| ''[[Tron: Legacy]]'' || [[Michael Sheen]] || [[List of Tron characters#Castor/Zuse|Zuse / Castor]] || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[The Twilight Saga: New Moon]]'' || [[Taylor Lautner]] || [[Jacob Black]] || Hindi || English || 2009 || 2009 ||
|-
| ''[[The Twilight Saga: Eclipse]]'' || [[Taylor Lautner]] || Jacob Black || Hindi || English || 2010 || 2010 ||
|-
| ''[[The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 1]]'' || [[Taylor Lautner]] || Jacob Black || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2]]'' || [[Taylor Lautner]] || Jacob Black || Hindi || English || 2012 || 2012 ||
|-
| ''[[The Finest Hours (2016 film)|The Finest Hours]]'' || [[Chris Pine]] || [[Bernard C. Webber|Bernard "Bernie" Webber]] || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| ''[[Kingsman: The Golden Circle]]'' || [[Channing Tatum]] || Tequila || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
| ''[[Captain America: The First Avenger]]'' || [[Sebastian Stan]] || [[James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes]] || Hindi || English || 2011 || 2011 ||
|-
| ''[[Captain America: The Winter Soldier]]'' || [[Sebastian Stan]] || [[Bucky Barnes|Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier]] || Hindi || English || 2014 || 2014 ||
|-
| ''[[Captain America: Civil War]]'' || [[Sebastian Stan]] || [[Bucky Barnes|Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier]] || Hindi || English || 2016 || 2016 ||
|-
| ''[[Black Panther (film)|Black Panther]]'' || [[Sebastian Stan]] || [[Bucky Barnes|Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier]] || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 || The character had an uncredited cameo
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' || [[Sebastian Stan]] || [[Bucky Barnes|Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier]] || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' || [[Sebastian Stan]] || [[Bucky Barnes|Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier]] || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Mission: Impossible – Fallout]]'' || [[Wes Bentley]] || Erik || Hindi || English || 2018 || 2018 ||
|-
| ''[[Triple Frontier (film)|Triple Frontier]]'' || [[Ben Affleck]] || Tom "Redfly" Davis || Hindi || English || 2019 || 2019 ||
|-
| ''[[Provoked (film)|Provoked]]'' || Unknown Actor || Chris Jones || Hindi || English || 2006 || 2006 ||
|-
|}

====South Indian films====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film title !! Actor !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Year release !! Dub Year release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Jagame Thandhiram]]'' || [[Baba Bhaskar]] || Theerthamalai || Hindi || Tamil || 2021 || 2021 ||
|-
|}

===Animated films===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Film title !! Original voice !! Character !! Dub Language !! Original Language !! Original Year release !! Dub Year release !! Notes
|-
| ''[[Lady and the Tramp]]'' || Lee Millar || Jim Dear || Hindi || English || 1955 || ||
|-
| ''[[Ferdinand (film)|Ferdinand]]'' || [[John Cena]] || Ferdinand || Hindi || English || 2017 || 2017 ||
|-
|}

==Awards==
* [[Apsara]] best actor award<ref name="news">{{cite web|url=http://www.newsofdelhi.com/entertainment/manish-wadhwa-won-the-best-actor-award-for-his-amazing-performance-as-chanakya-in-chandragupta-maurya|title=Best Actor Award|publisher=NewsOfDelhi.com|date=|access-date=2013-07-07|archive-date=23 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823113001/http://www.newsofdelhi.com/entertainment/manish-wadhwa-won-the-best-actor-award-for-his-amazing-performance-as-chanakya-in-chandragupta-maurya|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Indian Telly Awards 2012 best actor in lead role jury award

==See also==
* [[Dubbing (filmmaking)]]
* [[List of Indian dubbing artists]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Telly Award Best Lead Actor}}
{{Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wadhwa, Manish}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Panchagni (TV series)

2025-11-26T10:02:47Z

Best time to visit kashmir: starting initial details added tags...

{{short description|Indian Malayalam soap opera}}
{{About|the 2024 Malayalam soap opera|the 1986 Malayalam film|Panchagni}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Panchagni TV series.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| writer =
| director = Manoj Sreekalam
| starring = Lima Babu 
Jayakrishnan Anoop Surya Vaishnavi Sai Kumar Dileep Shankar
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 269
| producer =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]]
| company =
| network = [[Flowers TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|08|05}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2025|05|31}}
| related =
}}

'''''Panchagni''''' is an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[soap opera]] directed by Manoj Sreekalam. It aired on [[Flowers TV]] from 5 August 2024 to 31 May 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/flowers-tv-program-schedule/|title=Flowers TV Program Schedule, New Serial Panchagni Starts from 05 August, Monday to Saturday at 09:00 PM|work=Kerala TV|date=5 August 2024 }}</ref> It stars Lima Babu, Jayakrishnan, Anoop Surya, Vaishnavi Sai Kumar and Dileep Shankar in lead roles.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.keralatv.in/find-panchagni-malayalam-serial-star-cast/?amp|title=Panchagni Malayalam TV Serial On Flowers TV Starts from 05 August, Every Monday to Saturday at 09:00 PM|website=Kerala TV|date=2 August 2024 }}</ref> The title of the series is adapted from 1986 Malayalam film ''[[Panchagni]]''.<ref name="auto"/>

==Synopsis==
Renuka is wife of Chandrasenan and they have three daughters. At the time of her fourth delivery, she laboured twin daughters and she died. Chandrasenan refused to take these children as he wanted a boy. He married Kalavathy a rich woman. Kalavathy married him in condition to avoid all the five daughters. Amrita, elder daughter took care of all others alone. Years later, they begin a restaurant named ''Pancharatnam''. Kalavathy tries in many ways to close their business.

==Cast==
*[[Dileep Shankar]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam Actor Dileep Sankar Found Dead In Hotel Room; Police Say This...|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/malayalam-actor-dileep-sankar-found-dead-in-hotel-room-police-say-this-2837421.html|website=Zee News|date=29 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>/ Firosh as Chandrasenan
*[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashri Nair]] as Renuka
*Vaishnavi Saikumar<ref>{{cite web |title='ഇത് പുത്തൻ അദ്ധ്യായം'; വൈഷ്‌ണവി സായ്‌കുമാർ ഇനി പഞ്ചാഗ്നിയിൽ!|url=https://flowersoriginals.com/2024/07/vaishnavi-saikumar-to-star-in-upcoming-serial-panchagni/|website=Flowers Originals|date=25 July 2024|language=ml}}</ref> as Kalavathy
*Anoop Soorya as Sumesh
*Karthika Kannan as Shyamala
*Saji Vakkanad as Sahadevan
*Jayakrishnan as Abhimanyu
*[[Leema Babu]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/photo-gallery/cinema/panchagni-flowers-tv-malayalam-serial-star-leema-babu-s-visheshangal/photoshow/112843130.cms|title=അമൃത ആയി എത്തുന്ന ലീമ, DQ ന്റെ ഒപ്പമെത്തിയ ആൾ; സ്വന്തമായി ഹോട്ടൽ ബിസിനസും; വിശേഷങ്ങൾ|website=Samayam|date=27 August 2024}}</ref> / Veena Nair<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/lima-babu-quit-from-panchagni-serial-she-replies-on-fans-comments/articleshow/116491516.cms|title=അഭിമന്യുവിന്റെ നായികയാകാൻ ഇനി ലിമ വരില്ല! ഞാൻ ഇനി അതിലേക്ക് ഇല്ല; അഷിതക്ക് പിന്നാലെ ലിമയുടെയും പിന്മാറ്റം!|website=Samayam|date=20 December 2024}}</ref> as Amrita
*Ashika/Della George as Anakha
*Sindhu Varma as Ambika
*Kiran Dev as Akash
*Manu Martin as Vivek
*Prasanth kumar p as Jayesh
*Rubeena as Aradhya
*Rubiseena as Athira
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] as [[Sukhamo Devi (TV series)|Prabhavathi]]

==Production==
The majority of shooting took place at [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]. Dileep Shankar who appeared as Chandrasenan, lead role of the series was found dead on 29 December 2024 in a private hotel at Vanross Junction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Television actor Dileep Shankar found dead in Thiruvananthapuram hotel|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/television-actor-dileep-shankar-found-dead/article69040192.ece|website=The Hindu|date=29 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> He rented the hotel room for the shooting of the series before four days and had not been seen outside for the last two days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam actor Dileep Shankar found dead in hotel room|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/malayalam-film-and-television-actor-dileep-shankar-found-dead-in-hotel-room-in-thiruvananthapuram-9750117/|website=The Indian Express|date=29 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> The other actors of the series called the actor on the phone but could not reach him. After which, they arrived at the hotel to check up on Dileep and Hotel staff discovered his body after noticing a foul smell coming from the room.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam Actor Dileep Shankar Found Dead In Hotel Room, Cops Launch Probe|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/malayalam-actor-dileep-shankar-found-dead-in-thiruvananthapuram-hotel-room-7356551|website=The NDTV|date=29 December 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam TV actor Dileep Sankar found dead in hotel room|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/malayalam-tv-actor-dileep-sankar-found-dead-in-hotel-room/articleshow/116764595.cms|website=The Times Of India|date=29 December 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Film and television actor Dileep Shankar found dead at TVM hotel|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/12/29/actor-dileep-shankar-found-dead-thiruvananthapuram-hotel.html|website=The Times Of India|date=29 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> Police confirmed that the actor died before two days.<ref>{{cite web |title=How did Dileep Sankar die? Malayalam TV actor found dead in Thiruvananthapuram hotel room|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2024/12/29/how-did-dileep-sankar-die-malayalam-tv-actor-found-dead-in-thiruvananthapuram-hotel-room.html|website=The Week|date=29 December 2024|language=en}}</ref> Police have recovered some medicines for Liver diseases and empty liquor bottles from his room.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/actress-seema-g-nair-heartfelt-note-after-hearing-actor-dileep-shankar-found-dead-news-sp93d2|title=അഞ്ച് ദിവസം മുൻപ് വിളിച്ചതല്ലേ, നിനക്ക് എന്താണ് പറ്റിയത് ദിലീപേ..; മനംനൊന്ത് സീമ ജി നായർ|website=Asianet News|date=29 December 2024}}</ref> Manoj Sreekalam, the director of the series stated that the actor had been suffering from a serious illness and was receiving treatment for it but the nature of the illness is unknown to them.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malayalam actor Dileep Shankar found dead in hotel room|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-actor-dileep-shankar-found-dead-in-hotel-room-1.10205564|website=Mathrubhumi News|date=29 December 2024|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.sunnxt.com/malayalam-shorts-panchagni-2024/detail/199565/0 Panchagni - Sun NXT]

[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:Flowers (TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]

William Walter Murray Yeatts

2025-11-13T07:41:37Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created Basic Entry V1

'''William Walter Murray Yeatts''' (died 4 August 1948) was [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|Census Commissioner]] for the 1941 census of India, which was the last such exercise prior to the country's [[Independence of India|independence]] from the [[British Raj]]. He was appointed to the same office for the 1951 census, having elected to stay in the country, but died before it took place.

Yeatts was educated in [[Edinburgh]], Scotland. In 1914, following being awarded a degree, he joined the [[Royal Artillery]] and served during [[World War I]]. He then joined the [[Indian Civil Service]] in [[Madras]]. Between 1932 and 1946 he held various positions in the Government of India, culminating in his appointments as Census Commissioner for the 1941 and 1951 censuses of that country.<ref name="hc">{{cite journal |title=In Memoriam |journal=Himalayan Journal |issue=16 |year=1950 |url=https://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/in-memoriam-29/ |publisher=The Himalayan Club}}</ref><ref name="Mitra">{{cite journal |title=Census 1961: New Pathways |first=Asok |last=Mitra |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=29 |issue=51/52 |date=17–24 December 1994 |pages=3207–3221 |jstor=4402155}} {{subscription required}}</ref> He had previously been involved in the 1931 census of [[Madras Presidency]].<ref>{{cite book |first=I. P. |last=Desai |chapter=Crime: Primitive Law and Some Social Anthropologists |page=162 |title=Tribal Communities and Social Change |editor-first=Pariyaram Mathew |editor-last=Chacko |publisher=SAGE |year=2005 |isbn=9780761933311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJzjiSSYSaoC&pg=PA162}}</ref>

His oversight of the 1941 census was inauspicious, in part because of the limitations imposed by the onset of [[World War II]] and in part because of significant changes that he was persuaded to make to the methodology.<ref name="Mitra" /> A keen sportsman, although aloof, his term as president of the [[Himalayan Club]] was also affected by the war, with the club's activities being necessarily curtailed.<ref name="hc" />

Yeatts was made a [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire]] in 1938 and a [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India]] in 1946. He died in Edinburgh on 4 August 1948.<ref name="hc" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yeatts, William Walter Murray}}
[[Category:Date of birth unknown]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Royal Artillery personnel]]
[[Category:20th-century British Army personnel]]

K. Padmarajan

2025-10-22T09:39:06Z

Best time to visit kashmir:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''K. Padmarajan''' is an Indian [[perennial candidate]] known for losing 238 elections. He is from the Indian town of [[Mettur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. The [[Limca Book of Records]] listed Padmarajan as the "most unsuccessful candidate" and the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of World Records]] as the candidate with the most contested [[election]]s.<ref name="financialexp">{{cite news |title=Meet 'serial loser' K Padmarajan, who has never won, yet features in Limca Book of Records |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/meet-serial-loser-k-padmarajan-who-has-never-won-yet-features-in-limca-book-of-records/3446625/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=Financialexpress |date=4 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Padmarajan is the owner of a tyre repair shop<ref name="financialexp" /> and is a self-described [[Homeopathy|homoeopathic]] doctor.<ref>{{cite news |title='Election King' Padmarajan files nomination in Telangana despite 236 defeats in panchayat to president poll |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/telangana-assembly-elections/election-king-padmarajan-files-nomination-in-telangana-despite-236-defeats-in-panchayat-to-president-poll/articleshow/105000156.cms?from=mdr |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=6 November 2023}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Padmarajan started running for various local offices in 1988. Since then, he has lost all 238 elections that he has run in. He runs as an [[Independent politician|independent]] and encourages people to not vote for him.<ref>{{cite news |title=From 'Election King' to 'Dhartipakad': Meet the serial 'election losers' who refuse to quit |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/from-election-king-to-dhartipakad-meet-the-serial-election-losers-who-refuse-to-quit/articleshow/109026389.cms |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=The Economic Times |date=4 April 2024}}</ref> He uses his election failures as a way to inspire new generations to engage with the political process.<ref>{{cite news |title=He Has Lost 238 Times, But Will Contest Lok Sabha Polls Again |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tyre-repair-shop-owner-who-lost-238-elections-to-contest-again-5325744 |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=India's biggest election loser ready to fight again |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2484106/offbeat |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=Arab News |date=28 March 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Padmarajan has run in 6 [[President of India|presidential]], 6 [[Vice President of India|vice-presidential]], 32 [[Lok Sabha]], 50 [[Rajya Sabha]], and 73 [[Parliament of India|Parliamentary]] elections.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sriram |first1=Varsha |title='I Hope I Never Win': Why India's Biggest Election Loser Loves to Lose |url=https://www.thequint.com/videos/meet-india-biggest-election-loser-k-padmarajan-lok-sabha-polls-tamil-nadu |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=TheQuint |date=3 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Hotte Paksha Rangaswamy]]
* [[Joginder Singh (politician)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Independent politicians in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Tana Toraja Regency

2025-10-13T23:50:57Z

Best time to visit kashmir: creating new post v1...

{{Short description|Regency in South Sulawesi, Indonesia}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name =Tana Toraja Regency
| native_name = {{lang|id|Kabupaten Tana Toraja}}
| native_name_lang = id
| image_skyline = Ke'te' Kesu' 1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The traditional ''[[tongkonan]]''s in {{ill|Kete Kesu|id}}
| type = [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia|Regency]]
| image_seal = Coat of Arms, Tana Toraga Regency.png
| seal_alt =
| motto =
| image_map = {{#property:p242}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location within [[South Sulawesi]]
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| established_title = Anniversary
| established_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|1247|9|1}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Indonesia]]
| subdivision_type1 = Province
| subdivision_name1 = [[South Sulawesi]]
| seat_type = [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
| seat = [[Makale, Indonesia|Makale]]
| leader_title = Regent
| leader_name = {{Ill|Zadrak Tombeg|lt=Zadrak Tombeg|id}}
| leader_title1 = Vice Regent
| leader_name1 = {{Ill|Erianto Laso Paundanan|lt=Erianto Laso Paundanan|id}}
| area_footnotes = <ref name="TORAJA2020">{{Cite web|date=2018-07-20|title=Kabupaten Tana Toraja Dalam Angka 2020|url=https://tatorkab.bps.go.id/publication/2020/04/27/2bd1f8c1d4c15124361b7e31/kabupaten-tana-toraja-dalam-angka-2020.html|language=id-ID|access-date=2020-06-12}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 2043.62
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_m =
| population_as_of = mid 2023 estimate
| population_total = 257901
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Tana Toraja Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7318)</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Time in Indonesia|WITA]]
| utc_offset1 = +8
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Indonesia|Area code]]
| area_code = (+62) 423
| website = {{URL|http://www.tanatorajakab.go.id/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tana Toraja''' '''Regency''' ([[Indonesian language|indonesian]] Kabupaten tana toraja [[toraja language]] tondok toraya) is a landlocked regency (''[[kabupaten]]'') of [[South Sulawesi]] Province of [[Indonesia]], and home to the [[Toraja]] ethnic group. It covers an area of {{cvt|2,054.30|km2}} and had a population of 221,081 at the 2010 census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and 280,794 at the 2020 census;<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 291,046 (comprising 150,655 males and 140,391 females),<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2023">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2023, ''Kabupaten Tana Toraja Dalam Angka 2023'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7318)</ref> but the official figure for mid 2023 was a much reduced total of 257,901 (comprising 132,284 males and 125,617 females).<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Tana Toraja Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7318)</ref>

The local government seat is in the town of [[Makale, Indonesia|Makale]], while the traditional center of Toraja culture is in [[Rantepao]]. Formerly, the Tana Toraja area covered a larger area, but on 24 June 2008 this was divided into two regencies, consisting of Tana Toraja with its capital at Makale and [[North Toraja Regency|Toraja Utara (North Toraja)]] with its capital at Rantepao.

The Tana Toraja boundary was determined by the [[Dutch East Indies]] government in 1909. In 1926, Tana Toraja was under the administration of the [[Bugis]] state, [[Luwu]]. The ''regentschap'' (or regency) status was given on 8 October 1946, the last regency given by the Dutch. Since 1984, Tana Toraja has been named as the second [[tourist destination]] after [[Bali]] by the Ministry of Tourism, Indonesia. Since then, hundreds of thousands of foreign visitors have visited this regency. In addition, numerous Western [[anthropologists]] have come to Tana Toraja to study the indigenous culture and people of Toraja.

[[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM 'Leden van de 'Toradjasche Christelijke Jongelieden Vereeniging 'Boenga Lalan'' voor de pastorie te Malaboh Toraja Sulawesi.' TMnr 10001356.jpg|thumb|right|375px|[[Christianity in Indonesia|Christian mission]] in Tana Toraja Regency, Netherlands colonial period. ''picture credits : [[Tropenmuseum]]''.]]

== History ==
The government in Toraja has been started since the government [[Dutch East Indies]]. Based on the Emergency Law No. 3 of 1957, the District Level II Tana Toraja was formed which was inaugurated on 31 August 1957 with the first Regent of the Regional Head named Lakitta.<ref name="SEJARAH">{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=Sejarah Singkat Terbentuknya Kabupaten Tana Toraja dan Toraja Utara|url=https://www.torajaculture.com/2013/10/sejarah-singkat-terbentuknya-kabupaten-tana-toraja-dan-toraja-utara.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809151746/https://www.torajaculture.com/2013/10/sejarah-singkat-terbentuknya-kabupaten-tana-toraja-dan-toraja-utara.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 9, 2021|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref>

Decree of the Governor of the First Level Region of South Sulawesi Number 954/XI/1998 dated 14 December 1998, the district of Tana Toraja consisted of 9 definitive districts, 6 district representatives, 22 districts, and 63 villages. Then Law No. 22/1999 on Regional Government was issued, and followed up by issuing Regional Regulation No. 18 of 2000 dated 29 December 2000, 6 district representatives were changed to definitive districts, bringing the total number of districts to 15 definitive districts, 22 districts and 63 villages.<ref name="SEJARAH"/>

In 2001, the regional regulation no. 2 of 2001 dated 11 April 2001 provided for the entire description of the existing "village" to changed their names to "lembang". After the stipulation of Regional Regulation No. 2 of 2001 concerning the First Amendment to Regional Regulation No. 18 of 2000, the Regional Regulation of Tana-Toraja Regency Number 8 of 2004 concerning the second amendment to the Regional Regulation Number 18 of 2000, as well as the regional regulation number 6 of 2005 concerning the amendment of the Third Regional Regulation Number 18 of 2000, the Tana Toraja Regency area developed into 40 administrative districts (''kecamatan''), subdivided into 87 urban ''kelurahan'' and 223'' lembang'' (rural villages).<ref name="SEJARAH"/>

Next came the discourse of regional expansion, namely [[North Toraja Regency]]. The discourse of the expansion has created pros and cons among the Toraja people themselves. The formation of North Toraja Regency was finally determined through the plenary session of the People's Representative Council on 24 June 2008. However, the inauguration of North Toraja Regency was carried out two months later, which was coupled with the commemoration of the 51st anniversary of Tana Toraja Regency, namely on 31 August 2008.<ref name="SEJARAH"/>

== Geography ==
Tana Toraja is centrally placed in the island of [[Sulawesi]], 300 km north of [[Makassar]], the provincial capital of South Sulawesi. It lies between latitude of 2°-3° South and longitude 119°-120° East (center: {{coord|3|S|120|E|display=inline,title}}). The total area (since the separation of the new regency of North Toraja) is 2,043.62 km2, about 4.5% of the total area of South Sulawesi province. The topography of Tana Toraja is mountainous; its minimum elevation is 150 m, while the maximum is 3,083 above the sea level.<ref name="official">
{{cite web
|title = Official Tana Toraja website
|url = http://www.toraja.go.id/
|language = Indonesian
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20051110010516/http://www.toraja.go.id/
|archive-date = 2005-11-10
}}</ref>

== Administrative districts ==
Tana Toraja Regency comprises nineteen administrative [[Districts of Indonesia|Districts]] (''Kecamatan''), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 census<ref name="Biro Pusat Statistik 2011">Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011.</ref> and the 2020 census,<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2021">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.</ref> together with the official estimates as at mid 2023.<ref name="Badan Pusat Statistik 2024">Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Kabupaten Tana Toraja Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.7318)</ref> The table also includes the locations of the administrative centres of the districts, the numbers of [[administrative village]]s within each district (totaling 47 urban ''kelurahan'' and 112 rural ''desa''), and its post code.

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|-
! Kode Wilayah|| Name of District (''kecamatan'') ||Area in km2|| Pop'n census 2010|| Pop'n census 2020|| Pop'n estimate mid 2023||Admin centre|| No. of villages|| Post code
|-
| 73.18.03 || Bonggakaradeng ||align="right"|205.69||align="right"|6,668||align="right"|8,023||align="right"|6,990||Ratte Buttu||align="center"|6 (a) ||91872
|-
| 73.18.09 || Simbuang ||align="right"|193.81||align="right"|6,166||align="right"|7,959||align="right"|6,640||Simbuang||align="center"|6 (a) ||91874
|-
| 73.18.37 || Rano ||align="right"|88.97||align="right"|6,042||align="right"|7,649||align="right"|6,610||Rumandan||align="center"|5||91875
|-
| 73.18.28 || Mappak ||align="right"|165.16||align="right"|5,509||align="right"|7,018||align="right"|5,840||Kondo Dewata||align="center"|6 (a) ||91873
|-
| 73.18.12 || Mengkendek ||align="right"|195.72||align="right"|27,342||align="right"|36,390||align="right"|33,500||Rante Kalua||align="center"|17 (b) ||91870
|-
| 73.18.19 || Gandangbatu Sillanan ||align="right"|108.07||align="right"|19,238||align="right"|23,049||align="right"|21,190||Benteng Ambeso||align="center"|12 (c) ||91871
|-
| 73.18.13 || Sangalla ||align="right"|36.05||align="right"|6,606||align="right"|7,958||align="right"|7,510||Bulian Massabu||align="center"|5 (d) ||91881
|-
| 73.18.33 || Sangalla Selatan (South Sangalla)||align="right"|47.55||align="right"|7,361||align="right"|9,557||align="right"|8,660||Rante Alang||align="center"|5 (a) ||91882
|-
| 73.18.34 || Sangalla Utara (North Sangalla)||align="right"|27.81||align="right"|7,327||align="right"|9,041||align="right"|8,370||Tombang||align="center"|6 (d) ||91883
|-
| 73.18.05 || Makale ||align="right"|39.54||align="right"|33,631||align="right"|38,814||align="right"|36,310||Bombangan||align="center"|15 (e) ||91811 -91817
|-
| 73.18.29 || Makale Selatan (South Makale)||align="right"|61.38||align="right"|12,415||align="right"|16,609||align="right"|15,490||Tiromanda||align="center"|8 (f) ||91815
|-
| 73.18.27 || Makale Utara (North Makale)||align="right"|25.94||align="right"|11,799||align="right"|14,602||align="right"|13,350||Lion Tondokiring||align="center"|5 (g) ||91812 -91817
|-
| 73.18.01 || Saluputti ||align="right"|87.09||align="right"|7,424||align="right"|9,741||align="right"|9,390||Pattan Ulusalu||align="center"|9 (a) ||91864
|-
| 73.18.02 || Bittuang ||align="right"|162.42||align="right"|14,247||align="right"|18,692||align="right"|17,450||Bittuang||align="center"|15 (a) ||91896
|-
| 73.18.20 || Rembon ||align="right"|133.77||align="right"|18,219||align="right"| 24,662||align="right"|22,650||Talion||align="center"|13 (d) ||91860
|-
| 73.18.31 || Masanda ||align="right"|134.07||align="right"|6,278||align="right"|8,495||align="right"|7,950||Pondingao||align="center"|8||91894
|-
| 73.18.35 || Malimbong Balepe ||align="right"|210.37||align="right"|8,923||align="right"|10,517||align="right"|9,610||Malimbong||align="center"|6 (a) ||91861
|-
| 73.18.11 || Rantetayo ||align="right"|60.04||align="right"|10,737||align="right"|14,614||align="right"|13,380||Padang Iring||align="center"|6 (h) ||91863
|-
| 73.18.38 || Kurra ||align="right"|60.19||align="right"|5,149||align="right"|7,404||align="right"|7,040||Ratte Kurra||align="center"|6 (a) ||91862
|-
| ||'''''Totals''''' ||align="right"|''2,043.62''||align="right"|''221,081''||align="right"|''280,794''||align="right"|''257,901''||[[Makale, Indonesia|''Makale'']]||align="center"|''159''||
|}

Notes: (a) includes one ''kelurahan''. (b) comprising 4 ''kelurahan'' and 13 ''desa''. (c) comprising 3 ''kelurahan'' and 9 ''desa''. (d) including 2 ''kelurahan''. (e) comprising 14 ''kelurahan'' and one ''desa''. (f) comprising 4 ''kelurahan'' and 4 ''desa''. (g) all 5 are ''kelurahan''. (h) comprising 3 ''kelurahan'' and 3 ''desa''.

== Demographics ==
=== Ethnicity ===
[[Image:Tarian Pagellu.jpg|thumb|left|Pagellu Dance, Toraja traditional dance]]
[[Image:Rumah Adat Tongkonan (Toraja) 01.jpg|thumb|right|Toraja traditional house]]
The original tribe that inhabits Tana Toraja is the [[Torajan people|Toraja]] tribe. The Toraja people are a tribe who live in the mountainous region of the northern part of the province of [[South Sulawesi]], Indonesia. The population of the Toraja people is estimated at around 1 million people, and 500,000 of them are in Tana Toraja Regency, [[North Toraja Regency]], and [[Mamasa Regency]]. Most of the Toraja people embrace [[Christianity]], while some adhere to [[Islam]] and an animist belief known as Aluk Todolo. The Indonesian government has recognized this belief as part of the Hindu religion.<ref name="SUKU">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-21|title=Kabupaten Toraja Utara|url=https://sulselprov.go.id/pages/des_kab/20|language=id-ID|access-date=2022-01-21|archive-date=2022-01-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121100122/https://sulselprov.go.id/pages/des_kab/20}}</ref>

The word Toraja itself comes from the [[Buginese language|Bugis language]], namely "to riaja" which means "people who live in the land above". In 1909, the Dutch colonial government called this tribe the Toraja. The Toraja tribe is famous for its funeral rituals, [[Tongkonan]] traditional houses and also various types of wood carvings typical of Toraja. Toraja funeral rituals are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days.<ref name="SUKU"/>

Before the 20th century, the Toraja tribe still lived in autonomous villages. They previously still adhered to [[animism]], and had not been touched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, Dutch [[Missionary|missionaries]] arrived and began to spread Christianity. Then, around the 1970s, Toraja people began to open up to the outside world, and Tana Toraja district (before it was expanded) became a symbol of Indonesian tourism. Then there was the development of Tana Toraja tourism, and it was studied by [[anthropology]]. So that in 1990-1s, the Toraja people underwent a cultural transformation, from a society with traditional and agrarian beliefs, to a society that was predominantly Christian, and the tourism sector in the Tana Toraja area continued to increase.<ref name="SUKU"/>

=== Religion ===
[[Image:MakaleGerejaToraja.JPG|thumb|left|Toraja Church in Makale]]
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Tana Toraja Regency (2021)
|label1 = [[Protestantism]]
|value1 = 69.49
|color1 = DodgerBlue
|label2 = [[Roman Catholic]]
|value2 = 16.45
|color2 = DarkOrchid
|label3 = [[Islam]]
|value3 = 12.17
|color3 = DarkGreen
|label4 = [[Hinduism]]
|value4 = 1.71
|color4 = Orange
|label5 = [[Buddhism]]
|value5 = 0.17
|color5 = Yellow
|label6 = Other
|value6 = 0.01
|color6 = black

}}
Based on data from the Ministry of Home Affairs in 2021, it is noted that a large majority of Tana Toraja's population (85.94%) adhered to [[Christianity]], including 69.49% following [[Protestantism]] and 16.45% [[Roman Catholic]]ism. Most of the remaining population (12.17%) followed [[Islam]], with smaller minorities adhering to [[Hinduism]] (1.71%) and [[Buddhism]] (0.17%) and other faiths (0.01%).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=Visualisasi Data Kependuduakan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2020|url=https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-01-26|archive-date=2022-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705211227/http://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-26|title=Penduduk Menurut Wilayah dan Agama yang Dianut di Kabupaten Tana Toraja|url=https://sp2010.bps.go.id/index.php/site/tabel?search-tabel=Penduduk+Menurut+Wilayah+dan+Agama+yang+Dianut&tid=321&search-wilayah=Kabupaten+Tana+Toraja&wid=7318000000&lang=id|language=id-ID|access-date=2021-01-26}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
=== Tourist attractions ===
[[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Schaalmodellen van Toraja huizen Celebes TMnr 60028782.jpg|thumb|right|Miniature of a Toraja house at a celebration in 1910–1940.]]
[[Image:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Dodenfeest in Toraja Celebes TMnr 10003185.jpg|thumb|right|Celebrations in Toraja before 1939.]]
The life of the indigenous people, namely the [[Torajan people|Toraja]] people, as well as a unique culture, makes this highland area in South Sulawesi chosen by tourists to see and learn Toraja culture.

In 1974, Tongkonan Siguntu' dirara (traditional ceremony / Rambu Tuka') was attended by delegates from 60 foreign countries who attended the PATA conference in Jakarta in 1974. Since then Toraja has become known as a cultural tourism destination in Indonesia.

=== Buntu Kalando ===
Tongkonan/house where Puang Sangalla' (king of Sangalla') lives. As the resting place of Puang Sangala' and also the palace where the government of the Sangalla' kingdom was managed at that time, Tongkonan Buntu Kalando had the title "tando tananan langi' lantangna Kaero tongkonan layuk". Currently Tongkonan Buntu Kalando is used as a museum to store prehistoric objects and relics of the Sangalla kingdom.

=== Kambira ===
The graves of babies whose teeth have not yet grown (aged 6 months and under) are placed in a living tree that is hollowed out.

=== Pallawa ===
Tongkonan Pallawa is one of the tongkonan or traditional houses and is located among the bamboo trees at the top of the hill. The tongkonan is decorated with a number of buffalo horns that are plugged in the front of the traditional house. It is located about 12 km to the north of Rantepao.<ref name="Farida et al">{{cite journal |last1=Farida |first1=U |last2=Bin-Tahir |first2=S Z |title=Bureaucratic reform of tourism sector public services in Tana Toraja Regency |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |date=1 October 2019 |volume=340 |issue=1 |article-number=012045 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/340/1/012045 |s2cid=211469363 |language=en |issn=1755-1307|doi-access=free }} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0)] license.</ref>

=== Lemo ===
The place is often referred to as the home of the spirits. At the Lemo cemetery, we can see corpses kept in the open air, in the middle of steep rocks. This burial complex is a blend of death, art and ritual. At certain times the clothes of the corpses will be changed through the Ma' Nene ceremony.<ref name="Farida et al"/>

Located on Burake Hill, Tana Toraja has built the [[Jesus Buntu Burake|Statue of Jesus Christ Blessing]] which is claimed to be the tallest [[List of statues of Jesus|Jesus statue]] in the world. This means that the location of the statue is at an altitude of 1100 meters above sea level or the location of the tallest statue in the world, while the size of the statue itself is not the highest in the world.<ref name="Farida et al"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-20|title=Patung Yesus Tertinggi di Dunia Ada di Toraja, Ini Foto-Foto Keindahan Alamnya|url=http://makassar.tribunnews.com/2016/08/18/patung-yesus-tertinggi-di-dunia-ada-di-toraja-ini-foto-foto-keindahannya-alamnya|language=id-ID|access-date=2018-07-20}}</ref>

== Conservation efforts ==
Tana Toraja is one of the conservation sites for the [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] cultural civilization which is still well-maintained today. Traditional culture, music, dance, oral literary arts, language, houses, carvings, weaving and culinary which are still very traditional, have made the Indonesian government strive for Tana Toraja to be known internationally, including by nominating Tana Toraja to [[UNESCO]] to become a UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]] since 2009.

Japan also supported making Tana Toraja a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has committed to participate in conservation efforts, especially related to [[Rumah adat|traditional houses]] in the area. This support was conveyed in a meeting between the Indonesian and Japanese delegations on September 11, 2010, after the Asian and European Culture Minister Meeting in Poznan, Poland.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Girikallo |first=Adianus S. |last2=Payangan |first2=Otto R. |last3=Laba |first3=Abdul R. |last4=Madris |date=September 2018 |title=The Influence of Tourism Product Innovation on the Performance of Tourism Destinations through Mediation of Tourists' Satisfaction in Tana Toraja South Sulawesi (Ecotourism approach in developing a Tongkonan house into a tourist home stay) |url=https://ijisrt.com/the-influence-of-tourism-product-innovation-on-the-performance-of-tourism-destinations-through-mediation-of-tourists-satisfaction-in-tana-toraja-south-sulawesi-ecotourism-approach-in-develop |journal=International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology |volume=3 |issue=9 |page=520 |issn=2456-2165 |via=IJISRT}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Indonesia}}
{{Commons category|Tana Toraja Regency}}

* [[List of regencies and cities of Indonesia]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100103095547/http://www.torajatreasures.com/ Toraja Treasures.com] - Toraja online information.
* {{Official website|http://www.tanatorajakab.go.id/}}
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Tana Toraja}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140710095250/http://www.elenastravelgram.com/2014/07/tana-toraja-indonesia.html Rural Tana Toraja Region: Photo Essay]

{{South Sulawesi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tana Toraja Regency| ]]
[[Category:Regencies of South Sulawesi]]

Jesin TK

2025-09-26T10:42:40Z

Best time to visit kashmir: starting the data w/ refs.

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jesin TK
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Jesin Thonikkara
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| height = 185 cm
| position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]]
| currentclub = [[East Bengal FC]]/[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal Reserves]]
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| youthyears2 =
| youthclubs2 =
| years1 = 2021–2022
| clubs1 = [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2022–
| clubs2 = [[East Bengal FC]]
| caps2 = 41
| goals2 = 24
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 22 January 2023
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Jesin Thonikkara''' is an Indian professional [[Football player|footballer]] from [[Malappuram]], [[Kerala]] who plays for [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal FC]] and its [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|reserve]] team.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakraborty |first=Swapnomoy |title=Jesin TK and Jijo Joseph all set to sign for East Bengal FC |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-ebfc-jesin-tk-jijo-joseph-join-east-bengal |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref> He has represented [[Kerala football team|Kerala State Football Team]] in [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2022 |first=Adwaidh |last=Rajan |title=Kerala's Jesin TK resurrects his football career with five-star display |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/keralas-jesin-tk-resurrects-his-football-career-with-five-star-display/articleshow/91200915.cms |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rayan |first=Stan |date=2022-05-04 |title=Jesin living out a dream |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/jesin-living-out-a-dream/article65381905.ece |access-date=2022-07-27 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He scored five goals in Semi-final of [[2021–22 Santosh Trophy|Santosh Trophy 2021–22]] against Karnataka to gain acclaim and attention.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/meet-t-k-jesin-kerala-s-new-soccer-sensation-1944605-2022-05-02|title=Meet T.K. Jesin, Kerala’s new soccer sensation - India Today Insight News|website=India Today|date=2022-05-02|first=Jeemon|last=Jacob|access-date=2022-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2022|title=Substitute Jesin TK strikes five times as Kerala enter Santosh Trophy final |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/substitute-jesin-tk-strikes-five-times-as-kerala-enter-santosh-trophy-final/articleshow/91159890.cms |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He played for [[Kerala United FC|Kerala United]] in [[Kerala Premier League]] before joining East Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-05-10 |title='My aim is to play in ISL or I-League,' claims Kerala's Santosh Trophy hero Jesin TK |url=https://www.90min.com/posts/my-aim-is-to-play-in-isl-or-i-league-claims-kerala-s-santosh-trophy-hero-jesin-tk |access-date=2022-07-27 |website=90min.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|22 September 2025}}<ref name=soccerway>{{soccerway|jesin-thonikkara/951556}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
! colspan="2" |Others
! colspan="2" |[[AFC Cup|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan=1 |[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal II]]
|[[2022–23 East Bengal FC season|2022–23]]
|rowspan=1 |[[I-League 2]]
| 4 || 1 || colspan=6 | – || 4 || 1
|-
|rowspan=5 |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
|[[2022–23 East Bengal FC season|2022–23]]
|rowspan=4 |[[Indian Super League]]
| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4{{efn|name=CFL|Appearances in the [[Calcutta Football League]].}} || 1 || colspan=2 | – || 4 || 1
|-
|[[2023–24 East Bengal FC season|2023–24]]
| 2 || 0 || 1{{efn|name=Super Cup|Appearances in the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]].}} || 0 || 10{{efn|name=CFL}} || 6 || colspan=2 | – || 13 || 6
|-
|[[2024–25 East Bengal FC season|2024–25]]
| 4 || 0 || 2{{efn|name=Durand Cup|Appearances in the [[Durand Cup]].}}|| 1 || 14{{efn|name=CFL}} || 13 || 0 || 0 || 18 || 14
|-
|[[2025–26 East Bengal FC season|2025–26]]
| 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 7{{efn|name=CFL}} || 5 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 5
|-
!colspan=2 |'''East Bengal total'''
! 6 !! 0 !! 3 !! 1 !! 35 !! 25 !! 0 !! 0 !! 44 !! 26
|-
!colspan=3 |'''Career total'''
! 10 !! 1 !! 3 !! 1 !! 35 !! 25 !! 0 !! 0 !! 44 !! 26
|}
{{notelist}}

== Honours ==
''' East Bengal'''
* [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]: [[2024 Indian Super Cup|2024]]
* [[Calcutta Football League]]: [[2024 CFL Premier Division|2024]], [[2025 CFL Premier Division|2025]]

'''Individual'''
* [[Calcutta Football League]] Golden boot: [[2024 CFL Premier Division|2024]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{East Bengal FC squad}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:TK, Jesin}}
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]

{{Kerala-stub}}

Vashishtha Narayan Singh

2025-09-24T23:16:23Z

Best time to visit kashmir: Created New Bio V1

{{short description|Indian academic (1946–2019)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Vashishtha Narayan Singh
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1946|4|2}} 
| birth_place = Basantpur, [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur District]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|11|14|1946|4|2|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Patna, Bihar]], India
| other_names =
| occupation = Academic
| alma_mater = [[Netarhat Residential School]] [[Patna Science College]] [[University of California, Berkeley]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[John L. Kelley]]
| workplaces = [[University of Washington]] [[IIT Kanpur]] [[Tata_Institute_of_Fundamental_Research|TIFR, Mumbai]] [[Indian_Statistical_Institute|I.S.I. Kolkata]]
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2020)
| website =
}}

'''Vashishtha Narayan Singh''' (2 April 1946 – 14 November 2019) was an Indian mathematician and academic. He taught mathematics at various institutes in India between the 1960s and the 1970s. He is popular on social media for supposedly having challenged [[Einstein's Theory of Relativity]] but there are no credible sources that prove so. In the early 1970s, Singh was diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]] due to which he was repeatedly in and out of psychiatric hospitals and only returned to academia in 2014. He was posthumously awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award of India for his contributions, in 2020.

== Early life and career ==
Singh was born on 2 April 1946 to Lal Bahadur Singh, a police constable, and Lahaso Devi in the Basantpur village of the [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]] district in [[Bihar]], India.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/a-mathematician-who-ignited-minds-scholars/articleshow/72060739.cms|title=Vashishtha Narayan Singh dies: A mathematician who ignited minds|last=Mishra|first=B. K.|website=The Times of India|date=15 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref>

Singh was a child prodigy.<ref name=":4" /> He received his primary and secondary education from [[Netarhat Residential School]], and he received his college education from [[Patna Science College]].<ref name="beautiful">{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-s-own-beautiful-mind-113070500963_1.html|title=India's own beautiful mind?|date=5 July 2013|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=8 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409002013/http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/india-s-own-beautiful-mind-113070500963_1.html|archive-date=9 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.netarhatvidyalaya.com/current/achievements.htm |title=Achievements of Netarhat Vidyalay |publisher=Netarhat Vidyalay |access-date=6 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205203516/http://www.netarhatvidyalaya.com/current/achievements.htm |archive-date=5 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> He received recognition as a student when he was allowed by [[Patna University]] to appear for examination in the first year of its three-year [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]] (Hons.) Mathematics course and later [[Master of Science|MSc]] examination the next year.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Nation-fails-its-sick-maths-wizard/articleshow/597829.cms|title=Nation fails its sick maths wizard|date=3 April 2004|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2014|location=Patna|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108125527/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Nation-fails-its-sick-maths-wizard/articleshow/597829.cms|archive-date=8 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/maths-wizard-vashistha-narayan-singh-dies-at-78-in-patna-hospital/story-iZoN2bWphkUIJx8BAhyiQN.html|title=Maths wizard Vashistha Narayan Singh dies at 78 in Patna hospital|date=15 November 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref>

Singh joined the [[University of California, Berkeley]] in 1965 and received a PhD in [[Reproducing kernel Hilbert space|Reproducing Kernels and Operators with a Cyclic Vector]] (Cycle Vector Space Theory) in 1969 under doctoral advisor [[John L. Kelley]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/noted-mathematician-vashishtha-singh-no-more/article29978988.ece|title=Noted mathematician Vashishtha Singh no more|date=15 November 2019|work=The Hindu|access-date=15 November 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://math.berkeley.edu/people/grad/vashishtha-narayan-singh |title=Vashishtha Narayan Singh |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |access-date=4 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140215110948/http://math.berkeley.edu/people/grad/vashishtha-narayan-singh |archive-date=15 February 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

After receiving his PhD, Singh joined the [[University of Washington]] as an assistant professor. He returned to India in 1974 to teach at [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/story/indian-mathematician-vashishtha-narayan-singh-help-the-us-nasa-apollo-mission-tedu-1-1137504.html|title=चांद पर पहली बार गया था इंसान, ऐसे की थी वशिष्ठ नारायण ने NASA की मदद|website=aajtak.intoday.in|date=15 November 2019 |language=hi|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref> After eight months, he joined [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR), Bombay where he worked on a short-term position. Later he was appointed a faculty at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]], Kolkata.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theiitian.com/disturbed-genius-in-penury-vasistha-narayan-singh/|title=Disturbed Genius in Penury : Former IIT Prof. Vasistha Singh|publisher=The PanIIT Alumni Association|access-date=6 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225522/http://theiitian.com/disturbed-genius-in-penury-vasistha-narayan-singh/|archive-date=8 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" />

== Later life ==
Singh married Vandana Rani Singh in 1973 and they divorced in 1976. He was later diagnosed with [[schizophrenia]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> With his condition worsening in the late 1970s, he was admitted to the [[Central Institute of Psychiatry]] in [[Kanke]] (now in [[Jharkhand]]) and remained there until 1985.<ref name=":4" />

In 1987, Singh returned to his village of Basantpur. He disappeared during his train journey to [[Pune]] in 1989 and was found four years later in 1993 in Doriganj near [[Chhapra]] of [[Saran district]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> He was then admitted to the [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences]] (NIMHANS), [[Bangalore]]. In 2002, he was treated at the [[Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences]] (IHBAS), Delhi.<ref name=":4" />

In 2014, Singh was appointed a visiting professor at [[Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University]] (BNMU) in [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]].<ref name="toi2013">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Forgotten-mathematics-legend-Vashishtha-Narayan-Singh-back-in-academia/articleshow/19625294.cms|title=Forgotten mathematics legend Vashishtha Narayan Singh back in academia|last=Prasad|first=Bhuvneshwar|date=19 April 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=7 April 2014|location=Patna|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619080241/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Forgotten-mathematics-legend-Vashishtha-Narayan-Singh-back-in-academia/articleshow/19625294.cms|archive-date=19 June 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/11/15/noted-mathematician-vashishtha-singh-dies-hospital-denies-ambulance-to-carry-his-body.html|title=Noted mathematician Vashishtha Singh dies; hospital denies ambulance to carry his body|website=The Week|language=en|access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref>

Singh died on 14 November 2019 at [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]] in Patna after prolonged illness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/renowned-mathematician-vashishtha-dies-in-patna-family-made-to-wait-for-ambulance-1618915-2019-11-14|title=Mathematician, who challenged Einstein's theory, dies; family made to wait for ambulance|last=Jha|first=Sujeet|date=14 November 2019|website=India Today|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114133259/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/renowned-mathematician-vashishtha-dies-in-patna-family-made-to-wait-for-ambulance-1618915-2019-11-14|archive-date=14 November 2019|access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/mathematician-vashishtha-narayan-singh-dies-in-patna-2132356|title=Mathematician Vashishtha Narayan Singh Dies In Patna|website=NDTV.com|access-date=15 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114084834/https://www.ndtv.com/education/mathematician-vashishtha-narayan-singh-dies-in-patna-2132356|archive-date=14 November 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Awards ==
Singh was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award of India, posthumously in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/padma-awards-for-george-vashishtha-six-others-from-state/articleshow/73620093.cms|title=Padma awards for George, Vashishtha & six others from state|date=26 January 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-ministers-arun-jaitley-sushma-swaraj-and-george-fernandes-given-padma-vibhushan/articleshow/73617205.cms|title=Arun Jaitley, Sushma Swaraj, George Fernandes given Padma Vibhushan posthumously. Here's full list of Padma award recipients|date=26 January 2020|publisher=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS |url=https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229004803/https://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/2020AwardeesList.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-29 |access-date=25 January 2020 |website=padmaawards.gov.in}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

Filmmaker [[Prakash Jha]] announced a biographical film on Singh's life in 2018.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/prakash-jha-to-direct-biopic-on-mathematician-vashishtha-narayan-singh-1826305.html|title=Prakash Jha to Direct Biopic on Mathematician Vashishtha Narayan Singh|website=News18|date=28 July 2018 |access-date=15 November 2019}}</ref> Singh's brother Ayodhya Prasad Singh, citing pending legal guardianship issues, said that no film rights had been granted.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/indias-unknown-beautiful-mind/articleshow/72080015.cms|title=India's unknown beautiful mind|date=16 November 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/cmcm/no-authority-to-make-biopic-on-vashishtha-narayan-singh-mathematicians-brother-ayodhya-prasad-singh|title=No authority to make biopic on Vashishtha Narayan Singh: Mathematician's brother Ayodhya Prasad Singh|date=10 August 2018|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|access-date=16 November 2019}}</ref>

==Publication==
* {{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Vashishtha N.|date=1974|title=Reproducing kernels and operators with a cyclic vector. I.|url=https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pjm/1102911984|journal=Pacific Journal of Mathematics|language=en|volume=52|issue=2|pages=567–584|doi=10.2140/pjm.1974.52.567|issn=0030-8730|doi-access=free}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{2000s Padma Shri Award Recipients in Science & Engineering}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vashishtha Narayan}}
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Sultanpur Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:41:33Z

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{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sultanpur
| constituency_no = 189
| map_image = 189-Sultanpur Sadar.svg
| mla = [[Vinod Singh (Sultanpur politician)|Vinod Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
| reservation = None
| type= SLA
}}
'''Sultanpur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Sultanpur and some other parts of [[Sadar tehsil]] in [[Sultanpur district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Sultanpur is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Sultanpur Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 188 amongst 403 constituencies. As of 2022, it is represented by [[Vinod Singh (Sultanpur politician)|Vinod Singh]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Om Prakash Pandey]]<ref name="election2002">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3260-uttar-pradesh-2002/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<ref name="election2007">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3261-uttar-pradesh-2007/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Anoop Sanda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|[[Surya Bhan Singh]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Vinod Singh (Sultanpur politician)|Vinod Singh]]<ref name=results2022/>
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sultanpur<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Vinod Singh (Sultanpur politician) | Vinod Singh ]]
|votes = {{formatnum:92715}}
|percentage = 42.24
|change = -0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anoop Sanda
|votes = {{formatnum:91706}}
|percentage = 41.78
|change = +15.79
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dr. Devi Sahay Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:22521}}
|percentage = 10.26
|change = -16.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Mirja Akram Beg
|votes = {{formatnum:5251}}
|percentage = 2.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Firoz Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:2655}}
|percentage = 1.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1443}}
|percentage = 0.66
|change = +0.05
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:1009}}
|percentage = 0.46
|change = -15.35
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:219508}}
|percentage = 57.68
|change = +0.92
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
[[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate '''Surya Bhan Singh''' won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] defeating [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] candidate '''Syed Mujeed Ahmad''' by a margin of 32,393 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election]]: Sultanpu<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Surya Bhan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:86786}}
|percentage = 42.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mujeeb Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:54393}}
|percentage = 26.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Anoop Sanda
|votes = {{formatnum:53238}}
|percentage = 25.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Sarv Sambhaav Party
|candidate = Ram Dular Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:1859}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1234}}
|percentage = 0.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32393}}
|percentage = 15.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:204858}}
|percentage = 56.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Sultanpur district]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|26.26|82.07|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sultanpur, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sultanpur district]]