https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=BernadineMedwort 2026-08-17T18:37:18Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayankondam_Assembly_constituency&diff=505942 2026-05-07T02:37:54Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: done...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|One of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India}}<br /> {{coord|11.2121853|79.3458554|display=title}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 150<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Jayankondam.svg<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | district = [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency|Chidambaram]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = [[G. Vaithilingam]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | name = Jayankondam<br /> | electors = 263,450 <br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Jayankondam''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Ariyalur district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 150. It falls under [[Chidambaram Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ariyalur.nic.in/edocs/election/District%20Profile.pdf |title=District Profile |website=Ariyalur district |publisher=National Informatics Centre |access-date= 25 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> Most successful party: DMK (six times).<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | [[Ayyavu]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | [[K. R. Viswanathan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | [[Jegadambal Velayudam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[K. A. A. K. Moorthy]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[A. Chinnasamy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | [[V. Karunamurthy]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> | [[P. Thangavelu]]<br /> | {{party color cell|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> | [[Indian National Congress (I)]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> | [[N. Masilamani]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | [[K. C. Ganesan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> | [[K. K. Chinnappan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> | K. C. Ganesan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> | [[S. Annadurai]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam | rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> | [[K. Rajendran]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> | [[J. Guru (alias) Gurunathan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> | [[J. K. N. Ramajeyalingam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | [[Ka. So. Ka. Kannan]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | [[G. Vaithilingam]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;; width:300px<br /> |+ Demographics (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vikatan.com/government-and-politics/election/59185-mla-scorecard-kaduvetti-guru |publisher=[[Vikadan]]|title=என்ன செய்தார் எம்.எல்.ஏ.? - காடுவெட்டி குரு (ஜெயங்கொண்டம்) |year=2019|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Data<br /> |-<br /> |Created<br /> |2016<br /> |-<br /> |[[Vanniyar]]<br /> |37%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Sengunthar]] (Mudaliyar)<br /> |22%<br /> |-<br /> |[[Dalits]]<br /> |21%<br /> |-<br /> |Others<br /> |20%<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|46.00}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|37.09}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}|51.53}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|45.91}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.60}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.93}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|44.69}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|31.14}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|62.94}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.76}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|44.75}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|57.78}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.57}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.16}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|48.37}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party}}|31.55}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S22150.htm&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[G. Vaithilingam]]|party=Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes= 88,992 |percentage= 38.94%|change=-4.54%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ka. So. Ka. Kannan]]|party= Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|votes= 70,502 |percentage= 30.85% |change=-15.15%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. G. Rajendran|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|votes=55,538<br /> |percentage= 24.30% |change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Revathi Kalaimani|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi|votes= 6,192 |percentage= 2.71% |change=-1.89%}}<br /> {{Election box candidate|candidate=[[Kaduvetti Guru|Kaduvetti Ravi]]&lt;ref&gt;Son of the late Kaduvetti Guru&lt;/ref&gt;|party=[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= 1,203 |percentage= 0.53% |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes= 416 |percentage= 0.18%|change=-0.68%}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= 18,490 |percentage=8.09% |change=+5.52%}}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2021 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ka. So. Ka. Kannan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=99,529 |percentage=46.00% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Balu |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=94,077 |percentage=43.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahalingam Neela |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=9,956 |percentage=4.60% |change=3.95% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sornalatha @ G. Latha |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=4,700 |percentage=2.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,864 |percentage=0.86% |change=-0.09% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. K. Siva |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,560 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Kesavarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,546 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=946 |percentage=0.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Neelamegam |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=605 |percentage=0.28% |change=-0.01% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Natarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=418 |percentage=0.19% |change=-36.89% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sathishkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=349 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,452 |percentage=2.52% |change=-8.72% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=216,368 |percentage=81.26% |change= -0.14% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=408 |percentage=0.19% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 266,268 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 8.91% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=J. K. N. Ramajeyalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=75,672 |percentage=37.09% |change=-6.03% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kaduvetti Guru|Guru @ Gurunathan. J]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=52,738 |percentage=25.85% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Rajendran |party=Indian National Congress |votes=46,868 |percentage=22.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. S. Kandasamy |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=21,405 |percentage=10.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,950 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Krishnamoorthy |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,325 |percentage=0.65% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Krishnamoorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,092 |percentage=0.54% |change=-0.45% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Rajkumar |party=Independent politician |votes=605 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Chinnadurai |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=584 |percentage=0.29% |change=-0.41% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Ulaganathan |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=414 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Irulapo. Selvakumar |party=Independent politician |votes=350 |percentage=0.17% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,934 |percentage=11.24% |change=2.83% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=204,038 |percentage=81.40% |change= -1.85% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 250,673 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= -14.44% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2011 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu |work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kaduvetti Guru|Guru @ Gurunathan. J]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=92,739 |percentage=51.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Elavazhagan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=77,601 |percentage=43.12% |change=-2.80% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Krishnamoorthy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,775 |percentage=0.99% |change=0.14% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Ramachandran |party=Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi |votes=1,771 |percentage=0.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Vadivel |party=Independent politician |votes=1,698 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gnanasekaran |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,255 |percentage=0.70% |change=-0.11% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Ganesan |party=Independent politician |votes=989 |percentage=0.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Chakkaravarthi |party=Independent politician |votes=948 |percentage=0.53% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Mallika |party=Independent politician |votes=916 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Asaithambi |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=289 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,138 |percentage=8.41% |change=6.89% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=216,216 |percentage=83.24% |change= 2.43% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,981 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.61% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rajendran |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,999 |percentage=45.91% |change=-10.68% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Kaduvetti Guru|J. Guru @ Gurunathan]] |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=59,948 |percentage=44.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Johnson |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,435 |percentage=4.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Senthamil Selvi |party=Independent politician |votes=1,866 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramesh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,189 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sasikumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,139 |percentage=0.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Umapathi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,095 |percentage=0.81% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Kaviyarasi |party=Independent politician |votes=976 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ayyappan |party=Independent politician |votes=384 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,051 |percentage=1.52% |change=-18.43% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=135,031 |percentage=80.81% |change= 10.54% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,088 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.68% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001 |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=S. Annadurai |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=70,948 |percentage=56.60% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Ganesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,938 |percentage=36.65% |change=-6.29% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. N. Ramachandran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,511 |percentage=3.60% |change=-1.01% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. S. Veeraswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=2,029 |percentage=1.62% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. C. Elaiyaradhakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,262 |percentage=1.01% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Senthamizhchelvi |party=Independent politician |votes=671 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,010 |percentage=19.95% |change=9.72% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=125,359 |percentage=70.28% |change= -7.70% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 178,379 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.66% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Ganesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,421 |percentage=42.93% |change=18.69% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gurunathan Alias Guru |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=39,931 |percentage=32.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Masilamani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,500 |percentage=18.43% |change=-26.26% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhana Sekhar |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=5,631 |percentage=4.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Ramalingam |party=Independent politician |votes=962 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sentamil Selvi |party=Independent politician |votes=248 |percentage=0.20% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Panchamirtham |party=Janata Party |votes=221 |percentage=0.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Pattusamy Asanc |party=Independent politician |votes=121 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Tk. Anna |party=Independent politician |votes=66 |percentage=0.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,490 |percentage=10.23% |change=-4.39% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=122,101 |percentage=77.98% |change= 1.61% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,927 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -1.76% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. K. Chinnappan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,406 |percentage=44.69% |change=32.07% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Durairaju |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=33,238 |percentage=30.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Ganesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=26,801 |percentage=24.24% |change=-6.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Ganesan |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=569 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Annan |party=Independent politician |votes=431 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. N. Nehruji |party=Independent politician |votes=112 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,168 |percentage=14.62% |change=7.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=110,557 |percentage=76.37% |change= 21.36% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 151,898 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.54% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Ganesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,847 |percentage=31.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthukumarasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=17,980 |percentage=24.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Muthaiyan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=15,628 |percentage=21.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Masilamani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,256 |percentage=12.62% |change=-50.32% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Eramalingam |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=6,480 |percentage=8.83% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Moorthy Alias Kaliyamoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=822 |percentage=1.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Rathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=216 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Samidurai |party=Independent politician |votes=64 |percentage=0.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Sowrirajan |party=Independent politician |votes=37 |percentage=0.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Chitrarasu |party=Independent politician |votes=27 |percentage=0.04% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,867 |percentage=6.63% |change=-31.36% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=73,357 |percentage=55.02% |change= -23.82% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,399 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -31.79% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | archive-date = 17 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=N. Masilamani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,468 |percentage=62.94% |change=17.17% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Pannirselvam |party=Janata Party |votes=22,778 |percentage=24.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Thiagarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=6,778 |percentage=7.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Gangasalam |party=Indian National Congress (Jagjivan) |votes=1,943 |percentage=2.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Anbarasan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,432 |percentage=1.57% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. K. Annan |party=Independent politician |votes=529 |percentage=0.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. K. Moorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=262 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. R. Vijaya Kumari |party=Independent politician |votes=120 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=34,690 |percentage=37.99% |change=32.36% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=91,310 |percentage=78.83% |change= 4.34% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,972 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 17.17% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Thangavelu |party=Indian National Congress |votes=39,862 |percentage=45.76% |change=35.82% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Selvarajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,955 |percentage=40.13% |change=-4.62% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Karunamurthi |party=Independent politician |votes=11,512 |percentage=13.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Era. Erajalakshimi |party=Independent politician |votes=773 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,907 |percentage=5.63% |change=-9.11% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=87,102 |percentage=74.49% |change= 1.15% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 118,164 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.01% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=V. Karunamurthy |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=35,540 |percentage=44.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Ganesan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=23,828 |percentage=30.01% |change=-27.77% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Mathivanan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,898 |percentage=9.95% |change=-30.79% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=7,701 |percentage=9.70% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=U. S. Ramamoorthy |party=Janata Party |votes=4,193 |percentage=5.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. S. Alagesan Pillai |party=Independent politician |votes=252 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,712 |percentage=14.75% |change=-2.30% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=79,412 |percentage=73.35% |change= -7.15% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,695 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.03% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971 | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Chinnasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=41,627 |percentage=57.78% |change=5.21% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramasamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,346 |percentage=40.73% |change=-2.82% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Ramasamy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,071 |percentage=1.49% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,281 |percentage=17.05% |change=8.03% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=72,044 |percentage=80.50% |change= -0.52% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,719 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 5.21% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. A. K. Moorthy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,751 |percentage=52.57% |change=0.41% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ramasami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,791 |percentage=43.56% |change=4.27% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,607 |percentage=2.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Nayathan |party=Independent politician |votes=951 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,960 |percentage=9.02% |change=-3.86% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,100 |percentage=81.01% |change= 8.38% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,525 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.41% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India |title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Jagadambal Velayudam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,005 |percentage=52.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Samikkannu Padayachi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,856 |percentage=39.28% |change=-9.09% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.M. K. Subbaraya Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,668 |percentage=4.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. K. Manickam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,526 |percentage=2.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Thangarajan |party=Independent politician |votes=842 |percentage=1.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Raghavan |party=Independent politician |votes=374 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,149 |percentage=12.88% |change=-10.09% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,271 |percentage=72.63% |change= 23.60% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 91,628 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.79% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. R. Viswanathan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,232 |percentage=48.37% |change=30.79% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Jayaramulu Chettiar |party=Independent politician |votes=10,625 |percentage=25.40% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ayyaru |party=Independent politician |votes=5,133 |percentage=12.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Baskaran |party=Independent politician |votes=2,517 |percentage=6.02% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raghava Vandaiyar |party=Independent politician |votes=2,023 |percentage=4.84% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rathinam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,296 |percentage=3.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,607 |percentage=22.97% |change=22.63% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=41,826 |percentage=49.03% |change= -79.45% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,309 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |swing= 16.82% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Jayankondam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Ayyavu |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=58,397 |percentage=31.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthukumaraswami Mudaliar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,548 |percentage=17.58% |change=17.58% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veeraswami |party=Independent politician |votes=8,291 |percentage=4.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,849 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=127,325 |percentage=88.36% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,066 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |title=Statistical reports of assembly elections |access-date=8 July 2010 |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp |archive-date=5 October 2010 }}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Nadu assembly elections|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Ariyalur district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratua_Assembly_constituency&diff=529920 2026-05-03T07:30:30Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: made details...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Ratua<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Ratua.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Ratua Assembly Constituency<br /> | map_alt = <br /> | mla = [[Samar Mukherjee (Malda politician)|Samar Mukherjee]]<br /> | party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]<br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> | state = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | district = [[Malda district|Malda]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Maldaha Uttar]]<br /> | constituency_no = 48<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | electors = 282,451<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | abolished = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ratua Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Malda district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 48 Ratua Assembly constituency covers [[Ratua I (Community development block)|Ratua I]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Araidanga, Paranpur, Pukuria and Sambalpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Ratua II (Community development block)|Ratua II]] community development block.&lt;ref name =delimitation&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 12 July 2014 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ratua Assembly constituency is part of No. 7 [[Maldaha Uttar (Lok Sabha constituency)]].&lt;ref name =delimitation/&gt; It was earlier part of [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Election<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<br /> |Md Sayeed Mia<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |Sourindra Mohan Mishra<br /> |-<br /> |[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dhaneswar Saha<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> |Sourindra Mohan Mishra<br /> |-<br /> |[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<br /> |Mohammad Ali<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Nirendra Chandra Sinha<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> |Mohammad Ali<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]<br /> |Samar Mukherjee<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Mumtaz Begum<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |Samar Mukherjee<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Sailen Sarkar]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2|dab=yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Samar Mukherjee<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> ===2026===<br /> {{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratua}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Samar Mukherjee <br /> |party = Trinamool Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Abhishek Singhania <br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Jahur Alam<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = Md. Mottakin Alam<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Royal Islam|party=Janata Unnayan Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]<br /> |party = None of the above (India)<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = {{formatnum:}}<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = <br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> In the 2021 election, Samar Mukherjee of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival, Abhishek Singhania of BJP.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Ratua}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Samar Mukherjee<br /> |votes = 130,674<br /> |percentage = 59.63<br /> |change = +31.01<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Abhishek Singhania<br /> |votes = 55,024<br /> |percentage = 25.11<br /> |change = +11.29<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Najema Khatun<br /> |votes = 16,173<br /> |percentage = 7.38<br /> |change = -44.48<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Payel Khatun<br /> |votes = 8,628<br /> |percentage = 3.94<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Welfare Party of India<br /> |candidate = Arafat Ali<br /> |votes = 2,102<br /> |percentage = 0.96<br /> |change = -1.34<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above <br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 2,051<br /> |percentage = 0.94<br /> |change = -0.23<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Chaitanya Rabidas<br /> |votes = 1,682<br /> |percentage = 0.77<br /> |change = -0.05<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Ashok Chowdhury<br /> |votes = 1,387<br /> |percentage = 0.63 <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Sabina Easmin<br /> |votes = 856<br /> |percentage = 0.39<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Sk. Israil<br /> |votes = 571<br /> |percentage = 0.26<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 219,148<br /> |percentage = 83.06<br /> |change = +5.31<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> In the 2016 election, Samar Mukherjee of Congress defeated his nearest rival, Shehnaz Quadery of Trinamool Congress.<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Ratua constituency}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Samar Mukherjee<br /> |votes = 96,517<br /> |percentage = 51.86<br /> |change = +3.52<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = All India Trinamool Congress<br /> |candidate = Shehnaz Quadery<br /> |votes = 53,312<br /> |percentage = 28.62<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Sanjay Kumar Saha<br /> |votes = 25,746<br /> |percentage = 13.82<br /> |change = +11.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Welfare Party of India<br /> |candidate = Arafat Ali<br /> |votes = 4,290<br /> |percentage = 2.30<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = None of the above <br /> |candidate = [[None of the above]]<br /> |votes = 2,181<br /> |percentage = 1.17<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Independent (politician)<br /> |candidate = Emdadul Haque<br /> |votes = 1,572<br /> |percentage = 0.84<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br /> |candidate = Md. Kabatulla<br /> |votes = 1,531<br /> |percentage = 0.82<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bahujan Mukti Party<br /> |candidate = Sekh Alamin<br /> |votes = 1,029<br /> |percentage = 0.55<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 186,248<br /> |percentage = 77.75<br /> |change = -2.65<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> In the 2011 election, Samar Mukherjee of Congress defeated his nearest rival Sailen Sarkar of CPI(M).<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Ratua constituency&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2011&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&amp;cid=48| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130615160053/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&amp;cid=48| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 15 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Ratua | publisher = Empowering India |access-date = 8 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = Samar Mukherjee<br /> |votes = 74,936<br /> |percentage = 48.34<br /> |change = +3.63#<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |candidate = Sailen Sarkar<br /> |votes = 68,075<br /> |percentage = 43.92<br /> |change = -4.45<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Imadul Hoque<br /> |votes = 5,068<br /> |percentage = 3.27<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = Dilip Agorwalla<br /> |votes = 3,457<br /> |percentage = 2.23<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Ashoke Kumar Saha<br /> |votes = 1,856<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|<br /> |party = Independent<br /> |candidate = Ataur<br /> |votes = 1,622<br /> |percentage = <br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 155,014<br /> |percentage = 80.40<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)<br /> |swing = +8.08#<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> .# Swing based on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentage in 2011.<br /> <br /> ===1977–2006===<br /> In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]]&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2006&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 2001&lt;ref name=vidhansabha2001&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; state assembly elections, Sailen Sarkar of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the Ratua assembly seat defeating Asit Bose and Samar Mukherjee, both of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], respectively. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Samar Mukherjee of Congress defeated Mozammel Haque of CPI(M) in 1996.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1996&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mumtaz Begum of CPI(M) defeated Biswanath Guha and Niren Chandra Sinha, both of Congress, in 1991&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1991&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 1987&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1987&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; respectively. Samar Mukherjee of Congress defeated Mohammad Ali of CPI(M) in 1982.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1982&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mohammad Ali of CPI(M) defeated Niren Chandra Sinha of Congress in 1977.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1977&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp43.htm | title = 43 - Ratua Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===1951–1972===<br /> Nirendra Chandra Sinha of Congress won in 1972&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1972&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and 1971.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1971&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mohammad Ali, Independent, won in 1969.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1969&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sourindra Mohan Mishra of Congress won in 1967.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1967&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhanswar Saha of Congress won the Ratua seat in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]].&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1962&gt;{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ratua was a joint seat in [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]].&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1957&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sourindra Mohan Mishra and Dhaneswar Saha, both of Congress, won in 1957. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Md. Sayeed Mia of Congress won the Ratua seat.&lt;ref name=vidhansabha1952&gt;{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 9 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Malda topics}}<br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> {{West Bengal elections}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Malda district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ryuko_Hira&diff=531163 2026-05-03T02:50:23Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: made new pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian investor and philanthropist (born 1948)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Multiple Issues|{{peacock|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=January 2026}}}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Padma Shri]]<br /> | name = Ryuko Hira<br /> | image = Official Portrait of Ryuko Hira.jpg<br /> | caption = Hira in 2016<br /> | birth_name = Kamlesh Punjabi<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1948|05|30}}<br /> | birth_place = Jaipur, Rajasthan, India<br /> | alma_mater = [[Gemological Institute of America]]<br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Investor|philanthropist}}<br /> | organization = HMI Hotel Group<br /> | known_for = {{hlist|Trade and Tourism|Indo-Japan Relations|Sri Sathya Sai Baba}}<br /> | father = <br /> | awards = Padma Shri Award 2022, Pravasia Bharatiya Samman Award 2010<br /> | website = https://hmihotelgroup.com/corporate/<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ryuko Hira''' (born 30 May 1948) is an Indian-born [[businessman]] and [[philanthropist]] based in [[Japan]]. He serves as the president of the HMI Hotel Group and the Ora Group of companies.<br /> <br /> According to a 2018 report in the ''[[The Japan Times|Japan Times]]'', he was described as one of the largest individual Indian investors in Japan at that time, with investments estimated at approximately US$2.5 billion and a [[net worth]] exceeding US$10 billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Kao |first=Yung-hsiang |date=2018-04-15 |title=As HMI expands, sights set on drawing Indian visitors |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2018/04/15/people/hmi-expands-sights-set-drawing-indian-visitors/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=The Japan Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, he was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India’s fourth-highest civilian honour, for his work in trade and industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Padma Awards 2022 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125143803/https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/padmaawardees2022.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-25 |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mass media in India|Indian]] and [[Mass media in Japan|Japanese media]] have reported on his involvement in initiatives focused on economic relations between [[Japan]] and [[India]].<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Ryuko Hira was born in [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], India, in the Parijat Bungalow, which today houses [[Dena Bank]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bank of Baroda |url=https://bankofbaroda.bank.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104004605/https://www.denabank.com/ |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |access-date=4 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is the son of Seth Khemchand Kundamal Panjabi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Ryuko Hira: Bridging cultures and building legacies between India and Japan |url=https://www.globalindian.com/story/cover-story/ryuko-hira-india-and-japan-hmi-group-hotel-philanthropy/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=The Global Indian |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He completed part of his schooling in Mumbai, attending [[Hill Grange High School]] and later Sitaram Prakash High School, where he obtained a Secondary School Certificate from the Maharashtra Board of Education.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Green |first=Nile |title=How Asia found herself: a story of intercultural understanding |date=2022 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-26865-2 |location=New Haven London}}&lt;/ref&gt; He graduated in [[gemology]] from the [[Gemological Institute of America]] (GIA) and attended a 12-week course at the [[Cornell University School of Hotel Administration]]. He later completed a Japanese language course at [[Sophia University]] in [[Tokyo]], and then a diploma in character development from the Institute of Sathya Sai Education, Japan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Giri |first=A.R. |date=October 2006 |title=Striving for Moral Awakening |journal=People of Indian Origin |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=25–37}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Family Background:==<br /> His family history can be traced back to the eighteenth century, with the birth of his great-grandfather Seth Jagatrai in [[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad, Sindh Province]] (in what is now [[West Pakistan]]). The family was also known as the Jagtianis due to having the same filial name. The family had a legacy of procuring jewels and ornaments from Muslim royalty like ([[Mughal Empire|Mugals]]), or [[Mir (title)|Mirs]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> The Jagtianis spread over four generations and expanded their trading business beyond the [[Indian subcontinent]], into Southeast Asia and Japan. The [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] between 1902 and 1922 allowed 50 Indian companies to set up operations in Japan. Hira's uncle, Pitamberdas Merghraj, first partnered with the firm of Dalamals in [[Yokohama]] during this period. Merghraj then began independently exporting silk from Yokohama to British India in 1918. He was successful in this endeavour, and so was joined by other family members. Due to the [[1923 Great Kantō earthquake|Great Kanto Earthquake]] in 1923, his business was moved to [[Kobe]]. In Kobe, his new focus became buying cultivated corals which he would export to India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> While in Hong Kong, Hira learned about the business under the guidance of Chandiram. The business office moved to Tokyo in 1966. The family business was featured in a one-hour documentary special hosted by Japan's National Television, [[NHK]], airing on 2 December 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; After the death of Shri Chandiram in 1986, the family estate was divided, and Hira took over the real estate development portion. In the same year, Hira founded the Ora Group of Companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;gallery heights=&quot;200&quot; widths=&quot;200&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Seth Kundamal Chandumal Panjabi.jpg|Seth Kundamal Chandumal Panjabi in 1890. Hira's grandfather was the founder of V. Kundamal Chandumal Jewellers.<br /> File:Seth Khemnchand Kundamal Panjabi.jpg|Seth Khemnchand Kundamal Panjabi in the 1960s. Hira's father.<br /> File:Seth Parsram Viroomal Panjabi.jpg|Seth Parsram Viroomal Panjabi in the 1940s. Hira's uncle.<br /> File:Ryuko Hira with his brothers.jpg|Hira with his brothers (from the left): Rajesh, Chandiram, Hiro, Kamlesh (Ryuko), and Premji.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> [[HMI Hotel Group|Hotel Management International (HMI Hotel Group) Ltd.]] is a hotel management company, established in 1985. HMI manages over 40 hotels, like the &quot;Crown Palais Hotel&quot;, which are multiple hotels of the same name.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=IHG Hotels &amp; Resorts signs a strategic partnership with HMI, a Japanese hotel management firm, to rebrand three HMI's operating hotels in Japan to ANA Crowne Plaza |url=https://www.travelvoice.jp/english/hmi-signs-a-strategic-partnership-with-ihg-hotels-resorts-to-rebrand-three-hmi-s-operating-hotels-in-japan-to-ana-crowne-plaza |access-date=2026-03-25 |website=Travel Voice |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> HMI also played a large part in the real estate development of the [[Naha Airport|Naha Airport Terminal Co., Ltd.]], [[Kitakyushu Airport|Kitakyushu Air Terminal Co., Ltd.]], and [[Kobe Airport|Kobe Airport Terminal Co., Ltd]].{{citation needed|date=February 2026}}<br /> <br /> For the promotion of Japan-India tourism exchanges, Hira is an advisor to the [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism|Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism of Japan]], the [[Japan Tourism Agency]], and the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism of India]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot; caption=&quot;Representative HMI Hotel Group Properties across Japan&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Rizzan Sea Park Hotel in Tancha-Bay of HMI Hotel Group.jpg|Rizzan Sea-Park Hotel in Tancha Bay, Okinawa Prefecture, is the largest hotel in [[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]] with 826 rooms<br /> File:Hotel Crown Palais Kobe of HMI Hotel Group.jpg|Hotel Crown Palais Kobe, and Harborland Centre Building, a large-scale complex building facing the JR Kobe station in Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture<br /> File:Tsumagoi Resort Sai No Sato of HMI Hotel Group.jpg|Tsumagoi Resort - Sai No Sato in Kakegawa City, Shizuoka Prefecture. An expansive, lush-green 140-hectare resort renowned for music and sports events<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> Hira, through his hospitality business, hosted [[Naruhito|His Highness Crown Prince Naruhito]] (1998), [[Akihito|Their Majesties, Emperor Akihito]] and [[Empress Michiko]] (June 2008), and several other state guests. During the [[26th G8 summit|2000 G8 Summit]], many of the meetings were hosted at the Rizzan Sea-Park Hotel in Okinawa. [[Jacques Chirac|French President Jacques Chirac]], the [[Jean Chrétien|Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien]], and other leaders of the 2000 G8 Summit stayed at the hotel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;270&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Ryuko Hira with President Jacques Chirac of France during the G8 Summit of 2000 in Rizzan Sea-Park Hotel.png|Ryuko Hira with President Jacques Chirac of France during the G8 Summit of 2000 in Rizzan Sea-Park Hotel<br /> File:Ryuko Hira with Prime Minister Jean Chrétien of Canada during the G8 Summit of 2000 in Rizzan Sea-Park Hotel.png|Ryuko Hira with Prime Minister Jean Chrétien of Canada during the G8 Summit of 2000 in the Rizzan Sea-Park Hotel<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> HMI group signed a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of understanding (MOU)]] with the [[government of Uttar Pradesh]], about their hotel development businesses, at the UP Global Investor Summit 2023 held in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India, on 11 February 2023. The MOU involves developing 30 chain hotels and acquiring existing national hotel operations in commercially viable business and tourism destinations. In conjunction with U.P.'s economic and tourism growth plans, this is an investment of ¥130 billion and approximately 10,000 jobs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-02-11 |title=Japan's HMI Group to develop 30 hotels in UP, invest ₹7.2k cr in state |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/japans-hmi-group-to-develop-30-hotels-in-u-p-invest-rs-7-2k-cr-in-state-101676133395773.html |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Social contributions==<br /> Hira has been elected to many advisory councils and appointed to roles across several organizations in Japan. He became the first Indian director of the Japan-India Association in June 2004. He is also the representative director of Sai Hira India Foundation, an organization that &quot;attempts to benefit Japan and India through tourism, economics, philosophy, and culture&quot;, according to them.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br /> <br /> He has supported cultural and philanthropic projects in Japan associated with Indian traditions and firms. He sponsored five Hindu prayer halls across Japan, which provide community service by cooking food for the homeless. Hira's association with Sathya Sai Publications Japan, inspired by [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sri Sathya Sai Baba]] and his teachings.&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot; caption=&quot;Sri Sathya Sai Prayer Halls in Japan&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Sri Sathya Sai Prayer Hall in Tokyo, Tokyo Prefecture.jpg|Sri Sathya Sai Prayer Hall in Tokyo, Tokyo Prefecture<br /> File:Sri Sathya Sai Prayer Hall in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture.jpg|Sri Sathya Sai Prayer Hall in Yokohama City, Kanagawa Prefecture<br /> File:Sri Sathya Sai Prayer Hall in Osaka, Osaka Prefecture.jpg|Sri Sathya Sai Prayer Hall in Osaka, Osaka Prefecture<br /> File:Sri Sathya Sai Prayer Hall in Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture.jpg|Sri Sathya Sai Prayer Hall in Kyoto, Kyoto Prefecture<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;During [[Dalai Lama|H.H. Dalai Lama]]'s visit to Japan in November 2009, Hira hosted his holiness at the Okinawa Prefecture Peace Memorial Park. He also led an economic delegation to India in November 2015, which was notably participated in by Mr. [[Osamu Suzuki (businessman)|Osamu Suzuki]], Chairman of [[Suzuki|Suzuki Motor Corporation]], who also attended the 34th Convocation of the [[Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning]]. In [[Prasanthi Nilayam|Prashanti Nilayam]], the delegation was also guided by Hira to the largest statue in the world of Lord [[Hanuman]], the Hindu deity, who is also known as &quot;Maruti&quot; - India's largest brand of [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Suzuki Cars]]. In 1990, Hira patronized the construction of the [[Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Puttaparthi|Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences]] in [[Puttaparthi]], which was inaugurated by the Prime Minister of India, [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|P.V. Narasimha Rao]], in 1991, and in 2000, the construction of the Chaitanya Jyoti Museum in Prashanti Nilayam.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br /> <br /> In October 2017, the 72nd Arts Festival by the [[Agency for Cultural Affairs|Agency of Cultural Affairs in Japan]], and the '2017 - The Year of Japan-India Friendly Exchanges' which was adopted by the governments of Japan and India, were conducted. During this, the great Indian epic [[Mahabharata|'Mahabharata]]' was produced by the [[Kabuki theatre|National Kabuki Theatre]] in Japan under the title 'The War Chronicles of Mahabharata'. The production was delivered in a traditional Kabuki-style art form. Renowned Kabuki actors such as Onoe Kikunosuke, [[Bandō Tamasaburō V|Bando Tamasaburo]], and [[Onoe Kikugorō V|Onoe Kikugoro VII]] were part of its cast. As a commemoration of the 70th year of [[India–Japan relations|Indo-Japan relations]], and the centenary anniversary of the Indian Commerce and Industry Association Japan (ICIJ), Hira and the Okinawa-India Friendship Association hosted a special screening of 'The War Chronicles of Mahabharata'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=70th Anniversary of the Establishment of the Diplomatic Relations between Japan and India |url=https://www.in.emb-japan.go.jp/itpr_ja/70th_Anniversary_of_JapanIndia.html |access-date=January 13, 2023 |website=in.emb-japan.go.jp}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2019, Hira hosted the foundation stone ceremony for the Sri Sathya Sai Sanathana Samskruti - Spiritual Centre, as a project to promote further cultural exchanges between India and Japan, at Tsumagoi Resort - Sai No Sato. The project was hosted in collaboration with the Sri Sathya Sai Organization in Japan. The ceremony was attended by the chief guest, President of India, [[Ram Nath Kovind|Ramnath Kovind]], [[Savita Kovind|First Lady of India Madam Savita Kovind]], Ambassador of India to Japan Sanjay Kumar Verma, [[Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism|Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism]] [[Kazuyoshi Akaba]], and [[Suzuki|Suzuki Motor Company]] Chairman [[Osamu Suzuki (businessman)|Osamu Suzuki]], amongst others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=President Sri Ram nath Kovind Launches &quot;Sri Sathya Sai Sanathana Samskruti&quot; in Japan |url=https://archive.sssmediacentre.org/journals/vol_17/01NOV19/President-Sri-Ram-Nath-Kovind-Sri-Sathya-Sai-Sanathana-Samkruti-in-japan.htm |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=archive.sssmediacentre.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;270&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Hira with president.png|Ryuko Hira alongside President of India Ramnath Kovind, First Lady of India Madam Savita Kovind, during the foundation stone ceremony for the Sri Sathya Sai Sanathana Samskruti in Japan in October 2019.<br /> File:Ryuko Hira with H.H. Dalai Lama.jpg|Ryuko Hira with the Dalai Lama during his visit to Okinawa Prefecture in November 2009.<br /> File:Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao with Hira during SSSIHMS inauguration.jpg|Prime Minister of India P.V. Narasimha Rao with Ryuko Hira during the Inauguration of Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences in November 1991.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;In July 2023, the Sai Hira Global Convention Centre was inaugurated by Prime Minister of India [[Narendra Modi]], in the presence of the Governor of Andhra Pradesh Abdul Nazeer, at [[Prasanthi Nilayam|Prashanti Nilayam]], Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh. During the inauguration, the Prime Minister spoke on the potential and significance of the convention centre, his connection to Sri Sathya Sai Baba, and specifically mentioned his close relationship with Ryuko Hira during his address. Hira was honored during the ceremony by the Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust for his contributions to the Sathya Sai Community. In 2023, the Sai Hira Global Convention Centre was inaugurated at Puttaparthi in Andhra Pradesh, India, following a donation from Hira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PM inaugurates Sai Hira Global Convention Centre in Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh via VC |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pm-inaugurates-sai-hira-global-convention-centre-in-puttaparthi-andhra-pradesh-via-vc/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.pmindia.gov.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=PM's address at inauguration of Sai Hira Global Convention Centre in Puttaparthi, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/pms-address-at-inauguration-of-sai-hira-global-convention-centre-in-puttaparthi-andhra-pradesh/ |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=www.pmindia.gov.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;270&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Sai Hira Global Convention Center.jpg|Sai Hira Global Convention Centre<br /> File:Prime Minister of India H.E. Narendra Modi addressing the gathering at the inauguration of Sai Hira Global Convention Centre.jpg|Prime Minister of India - Narendra Modi addressing the gathering at the inauguration of Sai Hira Global Convention Centre<br /> File:Ryuko Hira being felicitated by Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust during the inauguration of 'Sai Hira Global Convention Centre'.jpg|Ryuko Hira being felicitated by Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust during the inauguration of 'Sai Hira Global Convention Centre'<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Involvement in Indo-Japan relations==<br /> Over the decades, Hira has played a vital role in coordinating agreements, memorandums, and the like amongst various tier governments of India and Japan. Some prominent examples of Hira's contribution as a coordinator can be noted in the following memorandums:<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Chronological list of memoranda involving Ryuko Hira's contribution<br /> !Year<br /> !Month<br /> !Memorandum<br /> |-<br /> |2018<br /> |October<br /> |[[Ministry of Ayush]] - [[Kanagawa Prefecture]] MOU<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |November<br /> |[[Gujarat|State of Gujarat]] - [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyogo Prefecture]] MOC<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |August<br /> |Gujarat - Hyogo Goodwill, Education and Economic Delegation<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |March<br /> |[[Karnataka|State of Karnataka]] - [[Mie Prefecture]] MOU<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |December<br /> |[[Kerala|State of Kerala]] - [[San'in region|San In District]] MOU<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |December<br /> |Establishment of Toyama - India Association<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |December<br /> |[[Andhra Pradesh]] - [[Toyama Prefecture|Toyama]] Memorandum of State Level Cooperation<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |November<br /> |[[Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology]] - [[Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning|Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Education]] Comprehensive Memorandum of Understanding<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |November<br /> |[[Andhra Pradesh]] - [[Shizuoka Prefecture|Shizuoka]], [[Ishikawa Prefecture|Ishikawa]] Economic and Education Delegation<br /> |-<br /> |2015<br /> |July<br /> |[[Rajasthan]] - [[Aichi Prefecture|Aichi]] Economic Delegation<br /> |-<br /> |2014<br /> | September<br /> |[[India–Japan relations|India-Japan]] Tourism Treaty<br /> |-<br /> |2013<br /> |October<br /> |[[Maharashtra]] - [[Wakayama Prefecture|Wakayama]] Comprehensive MOU<br /> |-<br /> |2002<br /> | -<br /> |[[Okinawa Prefecture|Okinawa]]-India Friendship Association<br /> |}Hira was amongst the guests invited to attend the welcome dinner, hosted by Indian president [[Pranab Mukherjee]] at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], in honor of [[Akihito|Their Majesties, Emperor Akihito]] and [[Empress Michiko]] of Japan's state visit to India in November-December 2013. During this visit, Sai Hira India Foundation sponsored an exhibition at the [[India International Centre]] in New Delhi, on the anniversary of the Emperor's visit to India as Crown Prince fifty-three years prior, in December 1960.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hira |first=Ryuko |date=January 2014 |title=One Indian View of the Imperial Visit |url=https://www.japan-india.com/english/backnumber/0b4b5ea31a4936cf75eaba1293f9f606e6984c3d |journal=Monthly Journal of the Japan-India Association |volume=111 |issue=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2014, Hira played a role in the establishment of a memorandum between the [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism of the Republic of India]] and the [[Japan Tourism Agency]], the [[Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism|Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism]]. In cooperation with the [[Japan National Tourism Organization|Japan National Tourism Organization (JNTO)]], Hira's contributed to major relaxations of short-term visas for Indian citizens visiting Japan.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} In January 2016, Hira was invited by the [[Chief Cabinet Secretary]], [[Yoshihide Suga]], for an expert meeting at the [[Prime Minister's Official Residence (Japan)|Prime Minister’s official residence]], wherein he proposed policy measures to liberalize tourism from India to Japan over the next 5 years.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} <br /> <br /> In April 2016, he delivered a lecture at the Ceremonial Occasion Research Institute Co., Ltd, about the culture of ceremonial occasions in India. Hira was also involved in the tourism and transport sectors during [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Modi]]'s official visit to Japan in November 2016 and October 2018, as well as [[Shinzo Abe|Prime Minister Abe]]'s official visit to India in September 2017. Hira has participated in the [[G20]] Tourism Ministers' Meeting held in [[Niseko, Hokkaido]], wherein he also attended the Indo-Japan bilateral tourism conference. In October 2019, Hira was instrumental in the launch of the new [[All Nippon Airways|ANA flight]] route from [[Narita International Airport|Narita]] to [[Chennai]] and attended its inauguration ceremony.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;270&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Ryuko Hira with Governor Suzuki of Hokkaido Prefecture.png|alt=|Ryuko Hira with Governor Naomichi Suzuki of Hokkaido Prefecture during the G20 Tourism Ministers' Meeting in October 2019.<br /> File:Ryuko Hira with Prime Minister of India H.E. Narendra Modi.jpg|alt=|Ryuko Hira with Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi, during the Aichi-India Friendship Agreement in September 2014.<br /> File:SHIF Accreditation.jpg|Sai Hira India Foundation was accredited in the 'Memories of Their Majesties in India 53 years ago' exhibition in November 2013.<br /> File:Ryuko Hira with Prime Minister of Japan H.E. Shinzo Abe and Minister of Economy, Trade, and Industry of Japan H.E. Yasutoshi Nishimura.jpg|Ryuko Hira with Prime Minister of Japan - Shinzo Abe and Minister of Economy, Trade, and Industry of Japan - Yasutoshi Nishimura<br /> File:Ryuko Hira with Ambassador of India to Japan H.E. Sanjay Kumar Verma and other dignitaries during the Narita-Chennai flight inauguration in October 2019.png|Ryuko Hira with Ambassador of India to Japan, H.E. Sanjay Kumar Verma, and other dignitaries during the Narita-Chennai flight inauguration in October 2019.<br /> File:Ryuko Hira with Prime Minister Narendra Modi of India.jpg|Ryuko Hira with the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, in July 2023<br /> File:Ryuko Hira with Prime Minister of India H.E. Narendra Modi at the JNTO Robot Pavilion during his State visit in October 2018.png|Ryuko Hira guiding Prime Minister of India - Narendra Modi at the JNTO Robot Pavilion during his State visit in October 2018<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Honors and awards==<br /> * In April 2024, [[Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism|Japan's Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism]] ([[Tetsuo Saito]]) presented Hira with the National Award of Honor for Tourism in recognition of his 40 years of work in Japan's hotel industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=15 April 2024 |title=Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Homepage |url=https://www.mlit.go.jp/report/press/kanbo03_hh_000377.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In 2023, [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]] and the [[List of governors of Andhra Pradesh|Governor of Andhra Pradesh]], [[Abdul Nazer Mahdani|Abdul Nazeer]], recognized Hira for his contributions to the establishment of the Sai Hira Global Convention Centre.<br /> * In 2022, the president of India conferred on Hira the [[Padma Shri|Padma Shri award]] for his contribution to the field of trade and industry, recognizing his role as a senior business leader in Japan, instrumental in promoting India-Japan relations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> * In 2022, Hira was honoured jointly by the [[Cabinet Office (Japan)|Cabinet Office of Japan]] and the Director of the Okinawa General Bureau for his substantial contribution to the tourism and land transportation industries in [[Okinawa Prefecture]]. Apart from this, he has also been conferred with several Japanese travel and tourism industry awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-06-26 |title=HMI比良社長、沖縄総合事務局長賞を受賞 |url=https://www.kankokeizai.com/hmi%e6%af%94%e8%89%af%e7%a4%be%e9%95%b7%e3%80%81%e6%b2%96%e7%b8%84%e7%b7%8f%e5%90%88%e4%ba%8b%e5%8b%99%e5%b1%80%e9%95%b7%e8%b3%9e%e3%82%92%e5%8f%97%e8%b3%9e/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=観光経済新聞}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In 2010, the president of India conferred on Hira the [[Pravasi Bharatiya Samman|Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award]] for his entrepreneurship and his contribution to the Indian community in Japan in the cultural, economic, and social fields.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=17th Pravasi Bhartiya Divas 2023 to Be Held at Indore in Next Year |url=https://pbdindia.gov.in/pbsa-awardees-prev |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=pbdindia.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In 1998, Hira was honoured at the [[Great Hall of the People]] during [[Soong Mei-ling|Madame Chiang Kai-shek`s]] 100th birth anniversary for hosting the first All-China Provinces' Human Values Essay Contest.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=私の旅 |url=https://www.sairamnews.com/watashinotabi |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=SATHYA SAI RAM NEWS |language=ja}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * In 1992, Hira was honoured for his contribution to and lectures on [[Buddhism]] at the 'First Conference in Korea for Teachers to Introduce Human Values (EHV)' by the Sathya Sai Organization of Korea at [[Dongguk University]], Seoul, Korea.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery widths=&quot;270&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Ryuko Hira awarded by MLIT Japan in 2024.png|Ryuko Hira being conferred the National Award of Honor by Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Tetsuo Saito, in April 2024<br /> File:Padma Shri Awardee Ryuko Hira.jpg|Ryuko Hira being awarded Padma Shri in March 2023<br /> File:Awardees of Pravasia Bharatiya Samman 2010.jpg|Ryuko Hira amongst fellow Pravasia Bharatiya Samman Awardees in 2010<br /> File:Okinawa Award Ryuko Hira.png|Ryuko Hira being honored in Okinawa in 2022<br /> File:Ryuko Hira being felicitated by Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust during the inauguration of 'Sai Hira Global Convention Centre'.jpg|Ryuko Hira being felicitated by Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust during the inauguration of 'Sai Hira Global Convention Centre' in July 2023<br /> File:Ryuko Hira being awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award by President Pratibha Patil in January 2010.jpg|Ryuko Hira being awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman Award by President Pratibha Patil in January 2010.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> Hira has written and published 61 articles in major Japanese daily newspapers to raise India's visibility among Japanese readers. In 1974, Hira sponsored and supported 13 Japanese scholars for the publication of the first Sanskrit, Hindi to-Japanese Dictionary. In addition, the same team translated and published nine volumes of the great Indian epic '[[Mahabharata]],' [[Vedas]], and [[Upanishads]], works of [[Adi Shankara|Sri Adi Shankaracharya]], several books on [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and a compendium of [[Hindu deities]]. On the 50th anniversary of the 'Indo-Japanese Cultural Treaty' in 2007, the Embassy of India in Japan and the Institute of Sathya Sai Education jointly honoured the scholars with awards and citations. Since 1978, Hira has also sponsored, translated, and published over 132 periodicals and books in the Japanese language on Indian culture and spirituality through Sathya Sai Publications Japan.<br /> [[File:Secrets of India Inauguration Ceremony.jpg|thumb|269x269px|Ryuko Hira alongside the Ambassador of India to Japan - Deepa Wadhwa, and other guests during the inauguration ceremony of the book 'Secrets of India - インドのひみつ']]<br /> In 1981, Hira sponsored a Hindi-language commentary (translated by [[NHK]]) for visitors to the [[Hiroshima Peace Memorial]] to benefit Indian visitors. Since 1983, Hira has served as the chief editor of ''Sairam News'', a monthly newsletter published by Sathya Sai Publications Japan. In an affinity survey poll conducted by the Cabinet Office of Japan in 2010, young Japanese students were found to have no interest in India, mainly due to the lack of availability of lesson books introducing India to primary school students of Japan. In response, Hira published a book entitled ''Secrets of India'', with the support of the All Japan National Congress of Parent Teacher Associations. The book was officially released in 2012 by the Embassy of India in Japan on the 60th anniversary of [[India–Japan relations|India-Japan Diplomatic Relations]]. The book was received by 23,500 primary schools and public libraries across Japan, and from 2012 to 2017, over seven million Japanese elementary school students read the book as a study of India.{{fact|date=April 2025}}<br /> <br /> Most of Hira's books are sold on the Japanese Amazon bookstore today. Over 30 books have been placed at national and regional public libraries, including the cultural centre library of the Embassy of India in Japan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Devotion to Sathya Sai Baba==<br /> He was first introduced to [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sri Sathya Sai Baba]] in 1978 and has been a student, and adopted a lifestyle in line with their teaching since then. Hira has supported philanthropic initiatives associated with the Sri Sathya Sai movement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Ryuko Hira |url=https://www.amazon.com/Study-Sathya-Sai-Ryuko-Hira/dp/B000HCDDNC |title=The Study of Sathya Sai |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Sri Sathya Sai Seva Organization |location=Puttaparthi |access-date=9 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Hira has been associated with organizations connected to the teachings of Sri Sathya Sai Baba and served as chairman of the Sri Sathya Sai Organization’s Region B, which included over 80 countries. He is currently a trustee of the [[Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust]] and President of both Sathya Sai Publications Japan and the Institute of Sathya Sai Education Japan. He has organized workshops, exhibitions, and symposiums on [[Gayatri Mantra]] and its significance, the harms of alcohol and smoking, and the national annual Sai conventions in Japan. A spiritual milestone was achieved on the 80th Birthday of Sri Sathya Sai Baba on 23 November 2005, when over 100 young Japanese fluently recited the whole of the [[Vedas]] in perfect [[Sanskrit]] pronunciation without referring to the text from memory. Since then, 300 Japanese have learned to recite the Vedas with appreciable pronunciation and decipher their meanings.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|Tohoku earthquake and tsunami]] occurred in the [[Oshika Peninsula]] on 11 March 2011, with over 22,000 casualties. The Sathya Sai Organization Japan was one of the first service organizations to respond to the disaster. On 12 March 2011, the next morning, the team prepared 3,600 two-litre water bottles and 300 fresh onigiris and advanced to the disaster sites. Hira's Hotel Pearl City Sendai and Hotel Pearl City Kesennuma were used as a deceased victims identification centre, as well as the base of operations for [[NHK]] and local police forces. With the assistance of the Japanese Coast Guard, the relief items were delivered to the victims via boats and helicopters. Sairam News reported that under the leadership of Ryuko Hira, contributions from members from all over the country, and the Embassy of India in Japan, various relief supplies including towels, socks, heating packs, emergency blue sheets, undergarments, portable gas stoves, diapers, sanitary products, clothes, rice, frozen foods, juices, and other emergency food items continued to be delivered to the victims for 6 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=April 2011 |title=東北地方太平洋沖地震 被災者支援活動報告 |url=https://sathyasai.or.jp/ssp/ |journal=Sairam News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery widths=&quot;240&quot; heights=&quot;180&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Tohoku shinsai truck.png|The Sathya Sai Organization's emergency service truck carrying support relief items arriving at the disaster site.<br /> File:Hotel Pearl City Sendai.png|Ryuko Hira alongside the service members outside Hotel Pearl City Sendai, instructing the team.<br /> File:Tohoku Shinsai Service.png|Sathya Sai Youth carrying the relief item boxes to be loaded onto the coast guard patrol boats.<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;In similar service activities, during the [[Great Hanshin earthquake|Great Hanshin Earthquake]] that occurred on 17 January 1995 in [[Hyōgo Prefecture|Hyogo Prefecture]], Sathya Sai Organization Japan responded to the disaster immediately. Sairam News reported that water, emergency food items, blankets, and other relief items were delivered to the victims. There were members themselves who were victims but still volunteered in the spirit of Sai Service.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=March 1995 |title=阪神大震災 |url=https://sathyasai.or.jp/ssp/ |journal=Sairam News |volume=41 |pages=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Name and citizenship==<br /> [[File:Hira Mountains and Lake Biwa.jpg|thumb|The Hira Mountains in Shiga Prefecture where Ryuko Hira received his prophesized name.]]<br /> In an article Hira wrote for the Monthly Journal of the [[Japan-India Association]] titled 'True Indian?', he explains the meaning and story behind his Japanese citizenship and name. In 1975, the [[Government of India]], under [[Indira Gandhi]]'s prime ministership, imposed a '[[States of emergency in India|State of Emergency in India]], which led to new rules and regulations on oversea Indians, as well as the nationalization of India's major banks and public services in the wider interests of discouraging [[communism]] and promoting [[Socialism|socialist]] reforms.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} <br /> <br /> Hira writes that his Hira writes about the socialist reforms that happened at that time, which led to his family to make long-term commitments to Japan. His first Indian name, 'Kamlesh', meant the lord of lotus flowers, and his last name, 'Panjabi', meant 5 rivers. He states that the direct translation of his name would be queer in Japanese characters, and since most local government officers did not read or write English at the time, his name being written in [[Kanji]] was a legal requirement. <br /> <br /> Hira's friend, Mr. Mihara from [[Kyoto]], introduced him to a Japanese priest of the Hindu temple of Lord Vishnu (Bishamon-ten) located on top of [[Hira Mountains|Mount Hira]] in [[Shiga Prefecture]]. This priest specialized in the art of [[Japanese calligraphy]] and 'Jikaku' - the number of strokes in a Kanji character that decides the destiny of a name. After 21 days of meeting with the priest, he received the name Hira Ryuko (比良 竜虎). Hira represents Mount Hira, '竜/Ryu' and '虎/Ko', the two kanji represent dragon (Japan) and tiger (India) respectively, symbolizing prosperity and strength. According to later interviews, Hira said that a priest suggested the name ‘Ryuko’ to symbolize cultural links between Japan and India.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Hira |first=Ryuko |date=December 2009 |title=True Indian? |url=https://www.japan-india.com/english/backnumber/b5f453b26e89ac639533a745008d8ccd088c6275 |journal=Monthly Journal of the Japan-India Association |volume=106 |issue=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)#Padma Shri Award recipients in the year 2022|Padma Shri Award recipients in 2022]]<br /> * [[HMI Hotel Group|Hotel Management International (HMI Hotel Group)]]<br /> * [[Sathya Sai Baba|Sri Sathya Sai Baba]]<br /> * [[Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Learning]]<br /> * [[Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences, Puttaparthi|Sri Sathya Sai Institute of Higher Medical Sciences]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Additional reading==<br /> * Extracts from Hira's ''Tryst with Divinity'' interview with Radio Sai's Karuna Munshi, which was first broadcast on 6 August 2013: {{cite web |last1=Karuna Munshi |title=Sai Samurai – Ryuko Hira of Japan |url=https://archive.sssmediacentre.org/journals/vol_12/01FEB14/Sai-Samurai-Ryuko-Hira-of-Japan.htm |website=Sri Sathya Sai Media Centre |publisher=Sri Sathya Sai Central Trust |access-date=9 March 2022}}<br /> * {{cite journal |title=Sathya Sai Values-Based Education in Japan |journal=Sanathana Sarathi |last=Hira |first=Ryuko |date=November 2019 |volume=November 2019 |issue=Special Issue |pages=25–29 |url=https://saisundaram.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/November_2019.pdf |access-date=9 March 2022}}<br /> * {{Cite news |last=G.V.R. |first=Subba Rao |date=31 July 2018 |title=Jaipur-born Ryuko Hira bats for Japanese FDI in A.P. |language=English |work=The Hindu |location=Andhra Pradesh |publication-place=Vijaywada |publication-date=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/jaipur-born-ryuko-hira-bats-for-japanese-fdi-in-ap/article24559747.ece |access-date=25 August 2022}}<br /> * {{Cite news |last=Kao |first=Yung-Hsiang |date=15 Apr 2018 |title=As HMI expands, sights set on drawing Indian visitors |work=The Japan Times |url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/author/int-yung-hsiang_kao/}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Hira |first=Ryuko |date=18 January 2010 |title=True Indian? |url=https://www.japan-india.com/files/view/articles_files_pdf_public/src/8e27063bad1da67bd39824f89f0504ff.pdf |journal=Monthly Journal of Japan-India Association |volume=106 |issue=10}}<br /> * {{Cite web |last=Sairam News |title=Watashi No Tabi (My Journey) |url=https://www.sairamnews.com/watashinotabi |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=Sairam News}}<br /> * {{Cite journal |last=Hira |first=Ryuko |date=1 January 2014 |title=One Indian View of the Imperial Visit |url=https://www.japan-india.com/backnumber/0b4b5ea31a4936cf75eaba1293f9f606e6984c3d |journal=Monthly Journal of Japan-India Association |volume=111 |issue=1}}<br /> * {{Cite news |last=BBC Migration |date=30 January 2019 |title=Fourteen Richest Indians Who Are Settled in Abroad. |work=BBC Migration Consultants |url=https://www.bbcmigration.com/fourteen-richest-indians-who-are-settled-in-abroad/}}<br /> * {{Cite news |date=25 April 2017 |title=Focussing on visitors from overseas |work=Chuunichi Shimbun Shizuoka |url=https://www.sainosato.jp/english/news/pdf/news_2017_04_25_02.pdf }}<br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Trade &amp; Industry}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:People from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian diaspora in Japan]]<br /> [[Category:Indian expatriates in Japan]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in trade and industry]]<br /> [[Category:1948 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian philanthropists]]<br /> [[Category:Japanese hoteliers]]<br /> [[Category:Hoteliers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Jaipur]]<br /> [[Category:Indian hoteliers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Indian investors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian chief executives]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Rajasthan]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Jaipur]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Naturalized citizens of Japan]]<br /> [[Category:Japanese people of Indian descent]]<br /> [[Category:Followers of Sathya Sai Baba]]<br /> [[Category:Japanese businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Japanese business executives]]<br /> [[Category:Japanese chief executives]]<br /> [[Category:Japanese company founders]]<br /> [[Category:Japanese investors]]<br /> [[Category:Japanese philanthropists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Japanese businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Japanese businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Japanese philanthropists]]<br /> [[Category:Sophia University alumni]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thane_Municipal_Corporation&diff=481362 2026-05-01T06:39:53Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Governing body of the city of Thane, Maharashtra, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox legislature<br /> | name = Thane Municipal Corporation<br /> |native_name=''Ṭhāṇē Mahānagarapālikā''|native_name_lang=ma| established = {{start date and age|1982}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Thane Municipal Corporation|url=https://thanecity.gov.in/tmc/CitizenHome.html|access-date=2021-09-25|website=thanecity.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | coa_pic =<br /> | coa_res = 300px<br /> | coa_alt = <br /> |coa_caption=[[Emblem|Emblem of Thane Municipal Corporation]]| coa-pic =<br /> | coa-res =<br /> | house_type = Municipal Corporation <br /> | body = Thane<br /> | leader1_type = Mayor<br /> | leader1 = Sharmila Pimplolkar<br /> | party1 = [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena (SHS)]]<br /> | leader3_type = Municipal Commissioner &amp; Administrator<br /> | leader3 =<br /> Saurabh Rao, [[Indian Administrative Services|IAS]]<br /> | leader2_type = Deputy Mayor<br /> | leader2 = Krishna Dadu Patil<br /> | party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | members = 131<br /> | structure1 = TMC2026.svg<br /> | structure1_res = 250px<br /> | political_groups1 = <br /> '''Government (104)'''<br /> :*{{Color box|{{Party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}}} [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]] (75)<br /> :*{{Color box|{{Party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (28)<br /> :* {{Party legend|Independent|1|shortname=IND}}<br /> ''' Opposition (27)'''<br /> :*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|12}}<br /> :*{{Party legend|Nationalist Congress Party|9}}<br /> :*{{Party legend|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|5}}<br /> :*{{Party legend|Shiv Sena (UBT)|1}}<br /> <br /> | last_election1 = [[2025–26 Maharashtra local election|15 January 2026]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=BMC, 28 other municipal corporations to go for polls on January 15; result on January 16 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/maharashtra/maharashtra-bmc-28-other-municipal-corporations-to-go-for-polls-on-january-15-result-on-january-16-latest-updates-2025-12-15-1021804 |publisher=India TV News |date=15 December 2025}} &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | next_election1= 2031<br /> | website = http://www.thanecity.gov.in<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Thane Municipal Corporation (TMC)''' is the governing body of the city of [[Thane]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Maharashtra]]. The [[municipal corporation]] consisting of democratically elected members, is headed by a [[mayor]] and administers the city's infrastructure, public services and [[Thane Municipal Transport|transport]]. Members from the nation's and state's leading political parties such as the [[Nationalist Congress Party]], [[Indian National Congress]], [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], [[Bhartiya Janata Party]] and the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] hold elected offices in the corporation.<br /> <br /> The TMC has jurisdiction over the towns of [[Kalwa, Thane|Kalwa]], [[Diva]] and [[Mumbra]]-[[Kausa]], along with the main city of Thane.&lt;ref name=&quot;wholltake&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Who'll take Thane and Kalyan?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thane/Wholl-take-Thane-and-Kalyan/articleshow/4537432.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103103445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-16/thane/28170773_1_thane-and-kalyan-kalva-and-mumbra-ls-constituencies|url-status=live|archive-date=3 January 2013|date=16 May 2009|location=Thane|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2012-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thane Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal_corporation_(India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.<br /> <br /> == Wards ==<br /> Thane Municipal Corporation is divided into 47 [[Ward (electoral subdivision)|wards]], of which 46 wards elect 3 members while 1 ward elects 4 members, making the number of seats 131.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://thanecity.gov.in/tmc/cache/1/17-May-22/EIP/EIP_PUBLIC_NOTICES/HOME_PAGE/1652810904323/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0-2%20%E0%A4%87%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607164620/https://thanecity.gov.in/tmc/cache/1/17-May-22/EIP/EIP_PUBLIC_NOTICES/HOME_PAGE/1652810904323/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0-2%20%E0%A4%87%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80.pdf |archive-date=2022-06-07 |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=thanecity.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, since 2022, it has been under administrative rule after the term of the last elected body ended.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |date=2022-03-04 |title=TMC Corporator : ठाणे महापालिका नगरसेवकांचा कार्यकाळ संपला, उद्यापासून प्रशासकीय राजवट सुरू |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/maharashtra/thane/term-of-thane-municipal-corporation-corporators-is-over-administrative-rule-will-start-from-tomorrow-653451.html |access-date=2025-11-03 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; As per news reports, in November 2025 the Thane Municipal Corporation finalised ward-wise reservation for 131 seats across 33 wards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Panel system in Thane civic body election softens impact of ward reservation reshuffle, say parties|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/panel-system-in-thane-civic-body-election-softens-impact-of-ward-reservation-reshuffle-say-parties/articleshow/125253623.cms|work=The Times of India|date=2025-11-11|access-date=2025-11-28|issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Zone<br /> !Ward Number<br /> !Ward Name<br /> !Areas Covered<br /> !Assembly Constituency<br /> !Councillor<br /> !Political Group<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |1<br /> |Ovala, Bhainderpada, Vadavali, Kavesar<br /> |Gaimukh, Nagla Bunder, Ovala, Bhayender Pada, Lodha Splendora, Kasarvadavali gaon, Vijay Park, Everest country side, Sukur Enclave, Sukur Residency, Tropical lagoons, Swastik Residency, Hill spring, Cosmos Park, Vijay Gardens, Vijay Vilas, Vijay Orion, Unnati Woods, Kanchanpushpa, Kavesar, Waghbil, Vijay Nagari, Vijay Enclave, Vijay Annex, Vasant Leela, Rodas Enclave<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |2<br /> |Hiranandani Estate, Patlipada, Kingkong Nagar. <br /> |Dongari pada, Patli pada, Kingkong Nagar, Vasant Leela (Part), Rutu Estate, Hiranandani Estate, Brajbhoomi, Brahmand Phase 8, Swastik Park A, B<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |3<br /> |Brahmand, Kolshet, Azad Nagar,<br /> |One Hiranandani Park, Anamitra Society, Brahmand, Swastik Park C, Regency Tower, Azadnagar, Durga Nagar, Kolshet Varcha gaon, Akbar Camp<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |4<br /> |Manpada, Manorama Nagar, Majivada village<br /> |St. Xavier's High School, Manpada, Part of Manoramanagar, Siddheshwar Vishwanath Mandir, Shruti Garden, Aban Park, Runwal Pearl, Pride Park, Rewale Lake, Majivada Village,<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |5<br /> |Kokani Pada, Nilkanth Greens, Borivade.<br /> |Gaimukh, Puranik Rumah Bali, Vihang Hills, Cosmos Hawayan, Harmony Horizon, Pushpanjali Residency, Rosa Gardenia, Haware city, Park woods, Happy Valley, Kalpataru Hills, Shubharambh, Garden Estate<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |6<br /> |Yeoor, Shivai Nagar<br /> |Yeoor Village - Patlipada, Upvan Talao Area , Golibar Maidan Area, Voltas Company, Surendra Industries, Pokhran Road No. 2 Konkani Pada, Shivai Nagar area, Devdaya Nagar, Misalwadi Area, Glaxo Company, Blue Star Company and Some part of Voltas Company<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |7<br /> |Vasant Vihar, Sudhdhachal, Pawar Nagar, MHADA<br /> |Gandhi Nagar Area, Asher Residency, Jawahar Nagar, Glendale Society, Vasant Vihar Society &amp; Mhada Colony, Pawar Nagar, Sindhchanchal, Surendra Industries Area, Nilgiri Society, Ma Niketan area, Tata Serene, Wadhwa<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |8<br /> |Hiranandani Medows, Dharmaveer Nagar, Subhash Nagar<br /> |Subhash Nagar area, Nilkanth Palms, Nal pada, Lok Upavan, Tulshidham, BSUP Buildings, Hiranandani Meadows, Lokpuram, Godrej Society, Acme Ozone, Dosti Imperia, Varun Garden, Hyde Park, Kashinath Ghanekar Natyagruh Area<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |9<br /> |Balkum, Ram Maruti Nagar, Runwal Garden City<br /> |Dadlani Park, Ashok Nagar, Balkum Pada no. 1, 2, 3, Highland Haven, Lodha Complex (some parts), Rustomjee Urbania (part) Dhokali Village, Siddheshwar Garden, Pride Palm.<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |10<br /> |Vartak Nagar, Laxmi- Chirag Nagar, Oswal Park.<br /> |Maitri Garden, Oswal Park, Hardas Nagar, Vasant Lawns, Avalon, Viviana Mall Area, Raymond Company Area, Valmik Nagar, Vartak Nagar Mhada Colony, Bhimnagar, Mahakalinagar, Sainath Nagar,<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |11<br /> |Reptakos Company, Vedant Complex, Samata Nagar, Kores Nakshtra<br /> |Reptocos Company Vedanta Complex, Samata Nagar, Kores, Nakshatra, Dosti Vihar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |12<br /> |Shashri Nagar, Pareira Nagar, Rifle range<br /> |Shashri Nagar, Pareira Nagar, Rifle range<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |13<br /> |Indira Nagar, Hanuman Nagar, Lokmanya Nagar Pada No. 4<br /> | Lokmanya Nagar Pada No. 4, Part of Panchpakhadi MHADA Colony<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |14<br /> |Savarkar Nagar, Davle Nagar, Karwalo Nagar<br /> |Savarkar Nagar, R. J. Thakur College area, ESIS Hospital Area.<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |15<br /> |Ambika Nagar, Dnyaneshwar Nagar<br /> |Ambika Nagar, Dnyaneshwar Nagar, Wimbledon Park, Hanuman Nagar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |16<br /> |Louis Wadi, Ramchandra Nagar, Koram Mall<br /> |Louis Wadi, Ramchandra Nagar, Koram Mall<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |17<br /> |VRINDAVAN (Part), SHRIRANG SOCIETY, Gokul Nagar<br /> |Vrindavan, Shrirang Society, Azadnagar, Ambeghosale lake, Sumer castle, Vikas complex, Runwal nagar A, Kolbad Road, Gokul nagar, Golden Park, Rutu Park<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |18<br /> |SAKET, RUSTOMJEE, RABODI, KRANTI NAGAR, AKASHGANGA, PANCHGANGA, K VILLA<br /> |RUSTOMJEE ( South of Bhivandi Bypass Road), SAKET, RABODI KRANTI NAGAR, K VILLA (Part), Holly Cross School Area, Rabodi, Vrindavan (Part) AKASHGANGA, PANCHGANGA<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |19<br /> |CHARAI, POLICE COLONY, K VILLA<br /> |CHARAI, POLICE COLONY, K VILLA<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |20<br /> |SIDDHESHWA R TALAO, KOLBAD<br /> |SIDDHESHWAR TALAO, RAMABAI AMBEDKAR NAGAR, RUNWAL NAGAR B, KOLBAD, BRAHMALA TALAO, GOKULDAS WADI, SINGH NAGAR, SHELAR PADA, GANESH WADI<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |21<br /> |Panchpakhadi, Naupada, Bhaskar Colony, Tekdi Bunglow, Namdevwadi<br /> |Panchpakhadi, Naupada, Bhaskar Colony, Tekdi Bunglow, Namdevwadi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |22<br /> |Ramkrishna Nagar, Hajuri, Railadevi Lake, Maharashtra Nagar<br /> |Ramkrishna Nagar, Hajuri, Railadevi Lake, Maharashtra Nagar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |23<br /> |CP Talao, Nehru Nagar, Part Indira Nagar<br /> |CP Talao, Nehru Nagar, Part Indira Nagar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |24<br /> |Shri Nagar, Shanti Nagar, Ram Nagar<br /> |Shri Nagar, Shanti Nagar, Ram Nagar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |25<br /> |Kisan Nagar No. 2<br /> |Kisan Nagar No. 2<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |26<br /> |Kisan Nagar No. 1, Padwal Nagar, Ratanbai Compound<br /> |Kisan Nagar No. 1, Padwal Nagar, Ratanbai Compound<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |27<br /> |Anand Nagar, Kashish Park, Raheja Garden, Raghunath Nagar <br /> |Anand Nagar, Kashish Park, Raheja Garden, Raghunath Nagar <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |28<br /> |Naupada, Ram Maruti Road, Gokhale Road, Brahman Society, Ghantali, Vishnu Nagar<br /> |Naupada, Ram Maruti Road, Gokhale Road, Brahman Society, Ghantali, Vishnu Nagar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |29<br /> |Chendani, (East &amp; West), Kharten Road, Kharkal Ali, Mahagiri<br /> |Chendani, (East &amp; West), Kharten Road, Kharkal Ali, Mahagiri<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |30<br /> |Kopari, Kopari Colony, Siddharth Nagar, Daulat Nagar, Sindhi Colony<br /> |Kopari, Kopari Colony, Siddharth Nagar, Daulat Nagar, Sindhi Colony<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |31<br /> |Vitawa, Surya nagar<br /> |Vitawa, Surya nagar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |32<br /> |Mafatlal Co, Shivaji Nagar<br /> |Mafatlal Co, Shivaji Nagar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |33<br /> |Kalwa Car Shed, Kalwa Gaon,<br /> |Kalwa Car Shed, Kalwa Gaon, CSM Hospital, TMT.<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |34<br /> |Manisha Nagar, Janaki Nagar, Mahatma Phule Nagar<br /> |Manisha Nagar, Janaki Nagar, Mahatma Phule Nagar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |35<br /> |Parsik Nagar, Khari-Pakhadi, Sanghavi Valley<br /> |Parsik Nagar, Khari-Pakhadi, Sanghavi Valley<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |36<br /> |Gholai Nagar, Atkoneshwar Nagar, Puand Pada, Waghoba Nagar<br /> |Gholai Nagar, Atkoneshwar Nagar, Puand Pada, Waghoba Nagar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |37<br /> |Parsik Retibandar, Rana Nagar, Datt Wadi, Part Of Shailesh Nagar<br /> |Parsik Retibandar, Rana Nagar, Datt Wadi, Part Of Shailesh Nagar<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |38<br /> |Part Of Bombay Colony, Santosh Nagar, Part Of Anand Koliwada, Samshad Nagar, Mittal Ground<br /> |Part Of Bombay Colony, Santosh Nagar, Part Of Anand Koliwada, Samshad Nagar, Mittal Ground<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |39<br /> |Part Of Shailesh Nagar, Part Of Bombay Colony, Part Anand Nagar Koliwada, Ambedkar Nagar, Sanjay Nagar <br /> |Part Of Shailesh Nagar, Part Of Bombay Colony, Part Anand Nagar Koliwada, Ambedkar Nagar, Sanjay Nagar <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |40<br /> |Part Of Amrut Nagar, Shivaji Nagar, <br /> |Part Of Amrut Nagar, Shivaji Nagar, <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |41<br /> |Ghaswala Compound, Part Charni Pada, Rashid Compound<br /> |Ghaswala Compound, Part Charni Pada, Rashid Compound<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |42<br /> |Kausa Stadium, STP, Kausa Cemetery<br /> |Kausa Stadium, STP, Kausa Cemetery<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |43<br /> |Sabe, Diva<br /> |Sabe, Diva<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |44<br /> |Dativali, Betwade<br /> |Betwade, Mhatardi, Dativali (part), Diva (part, Mumbra Colony Road)<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |45<br /> |Aagasan, B R Nagar <br /> |Aagasan, B R Nagar <br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |46<br /> |Desai, Daighar, Kausa Lake<br /> |Desai, Daighar (part), Sabe (part), shil (part), Dawale, Padle, Sonkhar, Domkhar, Sagarli, Khidkali. Kausa Lake<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> |47<br /> |Shil Bypass<br /> |Shil (part), Daighar (part), Kausa (part)<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Taxes in Thane ==<br /> The municipal corporation has recently added a new tax as a substitute for Octroi i.e. [[Local Body Tax]] from 1 April 2013.&lt;ref&gt;[http://lbtthane.blogspot.in/2013/04/is-lbt-applicable-in-thane.html LBT Thane Blog]&lt;/ref&gt; This indirect tax has been repealed.<br /> <br /> == Revenue sources ==<br /> <br /> The following are the Income sources for the Corporation from the Central and State Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;Th11&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=The Hindu Businessline |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Th12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Th13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |website=Financial Express |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Revenue from taxes === <br /> Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Property tax.<br /> * Profession tax.<br /> * Entertainment tax.<br /> * Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.<br /> * Advertisement tax.<br /> <br /> === Revenue from non-tax sources ===<br /> <br /> Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.<br /> <br /> * Water usage charges.<br /> * Fees from Documentation services.<br /> * Rent received from municipal property.<br /> * Funds from municipal bonds.<br /> * Fines &amp; Penalty &amp; late fees etc.<br /> <br /> ==List of Mayors==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> !#<br /> !Name<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Term<br /> !Election<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Satish Pradhan]]<br /> |1986<br /> |1987<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Vasant Davkhare]]<br /> |1987<br /> |1988<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |Manohar Salvi<br /> |1988<br /> |1990<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |Mohan Gupte<br /> |1990<br /> |1991<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |Ashoka Raul<br /> |1991<br /> |1992<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |Naeem Khan<br /> |1992<br /> |1993<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |[[Anant Tare]]<br /> |1993<br /> |1996<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;13&quot; style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}&quot; |<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |Manohar Gadhwe<br /> |1996<br /> |1997<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |Vijaya Deshmukh<br /> |1997<br /> |1998<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1997<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |Prem Singh Rajput<br /> |1998<br /> |1999<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |Ramesh Vaity<br /> |1999<br /> |2002<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |Sharda Raut<br /> |2002<br /> |2005<br /> |<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2002<br /> |-<br /> |13<br /> |[[Rajan Vichare]]<br /> |2005<br /> |2007<br /> |<br /> |- <br /> |17<br /> |Smita Indulkar<br /> |10 March 2007<br /> |3 December 2009<br /> |{{ayd|10 March 2007|3 December 2009}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> |Ashok Vaity<br /> |3 December 2009<br /> |5 March 2012<br /> |{{ayd|3 December 2009|5 March 2012}}<br /> |-<br /> |19<br /> |Harish Chandra Patil<br /> |6 March 2012<br /> |10 September 2014<br /> |{{ayd|6 March 2012|10 September 2014}}<br /> |rowspan=2|2012<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> |[[Sanjay More]]<br /> |10 September 2014<br /> |5 March 2017<br /> |{{ayd|10 September 2014|5 March 2017}}<br /> |-<br /> |21<br /> |[[Meenakshi Shinde]]<br /> |6 March 2017<br /> |21 November 2019<br /> |{{ayd|6 March 2017|21 November 2019}}<br /> |rowspan=2|2017<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> |[[Naresh Mhaske]]<br /> |21 November 2019<br /> |5 March 2022<br /> |{{ayd|21 November 2019|5 March 2022}}<br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> |Sharmila Pimplolkar<br /> |30 January 2026<br /> |''Incumbent''<br /> |{{ayd|30 January 2026}}<br /> |2026<br /> |[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena (SHS)]]<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}&quot; |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> === 2026 results ===<br /> === Results by alliance or party ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+Source{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Alliance/ Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Seats<br /> |-<br /> ! Contested<br /> ! Won<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4 bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|<br /> ! rowspan=4|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] + [[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|SHS]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|40<br /> | 28<br /> |-<br /> | {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|87<br /> | 75<br /> |-<br /> | {{Party name with color|Mumbra Vikas Aghadi}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|4<br /> | 0<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;style=&quot;background:#ffead6&quot; | '''Total'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffead6; text-align:left&quot; | '''131'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#ffead6&quot; |103<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=4 bgcolor={{party color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}|<br /> ! rowspan=4|[[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]] + [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]] + [[Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar|NCP(SP)]]<br /> | {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (UBT)}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|53<br /> | 1<br /> |-<br /> | {{Party name with color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|34<br /> | 0<br /> |-<br /> | {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar}}<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:left&quot;|36<br /> | 12<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;2&quot;style=&quot;background:#fccea2&quot; | '''Total'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#fccea2; text-align:left&quot; | '''123'''<br /> | style=&quot;background:#fccea2&quot; | 13<br /> |-<br /> | {{Party color cell| Indian National Congress}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | 96<br /> | 0<br /> |-<br /> | {{Party color cell|Nationalist Congress Party (post–2023)}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]<br /> |75 <br /> | 9<br /> |-<br /> | {{Party color cell|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]<br /> | 14<br /> | 5<br /> |-<br /> | {{Party color cell|Independent politician}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Independents<br /> |<br /> | 1<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Total<br /> ! <br /> ! 131<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 2017 results ===<br /> The results of Election 2017 are shown in the following table.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Shiv Sena is set for a clear majority in Thane |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/thane-municipal-election-results-2017-live-updates-bjp-shiv-sena-congress-ncp-devendra-fadnavis-uddhav-thackeray/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Voter turnout was 58.08%.<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=2| Party !! Seats<br /> !+/-<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Shiv Sena}}&quot;| <br /> | '''[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SHS)''' <br /> | '''67'''<br /> |'''{{Increase}} 14'''<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}&quot;| || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || 34<br /> |{{Steady}}<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot;| ||[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || 23<br /> |{{Increase}} 15<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;| ||[[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || 3<br /> |{{Decrease}} 15<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}}&quot;| ||[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen]] (AIMIM) || 2<br /> |{{Increase}} 2<br /> |-<br /> | bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Independent politician}}&quot;| ||Independents || 2<br /> |{{Decrease}} 5<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=2|{{center|'''Total'''}}<br /> |'''131'''<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === 2012 results ===<br /> The results of election 2012 are shown in the following table.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |title=Results &lt;!-- The real title is in Marathi as a graphic and I can't read it, please fix if you can --&gt; |language=mr |access-date=21 July 2013 |archive-date=29 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529095752/http://www.mahasec.com/marathi/results.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {|class=&quot;sortable wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=2| Party !! Seats<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Shiv Sena}}&quot;| || [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] (SHS) || 53<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}&quot;| || [[Nationalist Congress Party]] (NCP) || 34<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot;| || [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) || 18<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot;| || [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) || 8<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Maharashtra Navnirman Sena}}&quot;| || [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS) || 7<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}&quot;| || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] (BSP) || 2<br /> |-<br /> |bgcolor=&quot;{{party color|Independent politician}}&quot;| || Independents|| 8 <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=2|{{center|'''Total'''}} ||130<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Municipal Corporations in Maharashtra}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Thane]]<br /> [[Category:Municipal corporations in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Year of establishment missing]]<br /> [[Category:1982 establishments in Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Thane Municipal Corporation]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shape_of_Momo&diff=534630 2026-04-29T20:04:14Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Adding Data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 film by Tribeny Rai}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | native_name = {{Infobox name module|language=ne|title=छोरा जस्तै}}<br /> | director = Tribeny Rai<br /> | producer = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Geeta Rai<br /> * Kislay<br /> }}<br /> | starring = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Gaumaya Gurung<br /> * Pashupati Rai<br /> }}<br /> | editing = {{Plainlist|<br /> * Aalayam Anil Kumar<br /> * Kislay<br /> }}<br /> | music = Mikhail Marak<br /> | studio = {{Plain list|<br /> * Dalley Khorsani Productions<br /> * Kathkala Films<br /> * Aizoa Pictures<br /> }}<br /> | distributor = [[Celluloid Dreams]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2025}}<br /> | runtime = 114 minutes&lt;ref name = &quot;IndiaTodaySan&quot;/&gt;<br /> | country = {{Plainlist|<br /> * India<br /> * Nepal<br /> * South Korea<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Shape of Momo''''' ([[Nepali language|Nepali]]: छोरा जस्तै, {{Tooltip|transl.|translation}} Like a Son) is a 2025 [[Nepali language|Nepali-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Tribeny Rai, in her directorial debut. Loosely based on Rai's life, it follows Bishnu, a woman who returns to her hometown after quitting her job. The film premiered at the [[30th Busan International Film Festival]] and will be distributed by [[Celluloid Dreams]].<br /> <br /> == Premise ==<br /> Bishnu quits her job in [[Delhi]] and returns to her mountain village in [[Sikkim]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dhar |first=Debanjan |date=2025-09-21 |title=Shape of Momo Review {{!}} Tribeny Rai’s Elegant Debut Prises Through Intergenerational Womanhood |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/movie-review/shape-of-momo-review-tribeny-rais-elegant-debut-prises-through-intergenerational-womanhood |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dealing with the patriarchal norms of her household, she finds herself grappling with family expectations, societal pressure, and her sense of self.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=A.K. |first=Arun |date=17 September 2025 |title=Tribeny Rai by Arun A.K. - Three generations of women confront societal norms and emotional challenges in their Himalayan village. |url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/2025/09/17/tribeny-rai-by-arun-a-k/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=[[Bomb (magazine)|Bomb]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Debashree |date=2025-08-22 |title=30th Busan International Film Festival: Must-Watch Indian Films |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/30th-busan-international-film-festival-must-watch-indian-films/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> <br /> === Writing ===<br /> The film was influenced by Rai's own experiences returning to her hometown of Nandok, [[Sikkim]] after graduating from [[film school]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Deepak |first=Sukant |date=31 August 2025 |title=Gender is political: Sikkimese filmmaker Tribeny Rai’s ‘The Shape of Momo’ is headed for Busan |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/variety/gender-is-political-sikkimese-filmmaker-tribeny-rais-the-shape-of-momo-is-headed-for-busan/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-10-06 |title=‘Shape of Momo’ by Sikkim filmmaker bags two awards at Busan Film Festival |url=https://assamtribune.com/entertainment/shape-of-momo-by-sikkim-filmmaker-bags-two-awards-at-busan-film-festival-1593550 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Assam Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She described a &quot;quiet struggle&quot; that many of her peers faced, stating: &quot;We leave the places that shaped us in search of opportunity, freedom and a better life, only to find ourselves belonging nowhere.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-09-21 |title=Busan, San Sebastián Title ‘Shape of Momo’ Dismantles Mountain Utopia Clichés in Debut Feature |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/festivals/shape-of-momo-tribeny-rai-busan-san-sebastian-1236525542/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rai was influenced by the work of [[Jia Zhangke]], [[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]] and [[Apichatpong Weerasethakul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Namrata |date=2025-08-29 |title=Tribeny Rai: Even in the absence of men, women carry the burden of patriarchy |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2025/Aug/29/internationalinterviews2025aug27tribeny-rai-even-in-the-absence-of-men-women-carry-the-burden-of-patriarchy |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Anjum |first=Nawaid |date=2025-10-12 |title=Tribeny Rai interview: ‘Sikkim lives in my mind as pieces of places, people, sounds’ |url=https://thefederal.com/films/tribeny-rai-sikkim-shape-of-momo-busan-international-film-festival-northeast-211104 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=The Federal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rai first pitched the film at a talent camp at the 2019 [[Fajr International Film Festival]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chhetri |first=Vivek |date=2025-08-08 |title=Shape of Momo set for San Sebastian Film Festival in Spain, steam hits global stage |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/shape-of-momo-set-for-san-sebastian-film-festival-in-spain-steam-hits-global-stage-prnt/cid/2116947 |access-date=2025-11-23 |work=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Chhetri |first=Vivek |date=2025-03-21 |title=Sikkim's Momo to tickle Cannes tastebuds; Film's global appeal in buffet section |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sikkims-momo-to-tickle-cannes-tastebuds-films-global-appeal-in-buffet-section-prnt/cid/2089978 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420040508/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/sikkims-momo-to-tickle-cannes-tastebuds-films-global-appeal-in-buffet-section-prnt/cid/2089978 |archive-date=2025-04-20 |access-date=2025-11-24 |work=The Telegraph |language=en }}&lt;/ref&gt; The script was first developed at the Clinik.Kathmandu script lab.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; The script was further developed at Filmlab South Asia at the [[Dharamshala International Film Festival]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Rai stated that her first draft of the script was &quot;more like a complaint letter&quot; and that co-writer Kislay brought objectivity to the script.&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sahani |first=Alaka |date=2025-11-24 |title=Tribeny Rai’s Shape of Momo competes for top IFFI awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tribeny-rais-shape-of-momo-competes-for-top-iffi-awards-10380667/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> Rai stated that she aimed to find an actress for the [[protagonist]] that looked like her. Gaumaya Gurung was selected as Bishnu, the lead. Bishnu's mother was played by Pashupati Rai and her grandmother was played by a relative of Rai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Nongmaithem |first=Herojit |date=2025-11-10 |title=Shape of Momo director Tribeny Rai on Independent Filmmaking from Sikkim, 2025 |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/tribeny-rai-sikkim-independent-cinema/article70261713.ece |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Frontline |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> Filming began in January 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; and was shot primarily in Nandok, [[East Sikkim]] and [[Assam–Lingjey Assembly constituency|Assam-Lingjey]], East Sikkim.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;IndiaTodaySan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Habib |first=Atiqul |date=2025-09-26 |title=Sikkimese filmmaker Tribeny Rai’s ‘Shape of Momo’ wows audiences at San Sebastián Film Festival |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/sikkimese-filmmaker-tribeny-rais-shape-of-momo-wows-audiences-at-san-sebastian-film-festival-1283088-2025-09-26 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=India Today NE |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was shot entirely in the [[Nepali language]], Rai's [[mother tongue]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt; The film crew mostly composed of graduates from [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute|SRFTI]], where Rai graduated, and [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Post-production ===<br /> The film was produced by Dalley Khorsani Production, in association with Kathkala Films and Aizoa Pictures.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pradhan |first=Sujal |date=2025-08-05 |title=Sikkim filmmaker Tribeny Rai’s debut feature 'Shape of Momo' selected for San Sebastián Film Festival 2025 |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/sikkim-filmmaker-tribeny-rais-debut-feature-shape-of-momo-selected-for-san-sebastian-film-festival-2025-1256509-2025-08-05 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=India Today NE |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was produced by Geeta Rai and Kislay and co-produced by Neha Malik, Himanshu Kohli, and Jung Woo Lee.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-10-05 |title='Shape of Momo' by Sikkim filmmaker Tribeny Rai bags two awards at Busan Film Festival |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/shape-of-momo-by-sikkim-filmmaker-tribeny-rai-bags-two-awards-at-busan-film-festival-1503495307.html |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mike Goodridge served as an executive producer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 August 2025 |title=Tribeny Rai’s debut Nepali film selected for San Sebastián Film Festival |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tribeny-rais-debut-nepali-film-selected-for-san-sebastin-film-festival |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Sikkim Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; A demo of the film was shown at the 2022 [[Festival des 3 Continents]]' Produire au Sud Film Lab (South Asia).&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=2024-11-21 |title=Film Bazaar Work-in-Progress ‘Shape of Momo’ Aims to Reshape Women’s Position in Society |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/film-bazaar-shape-of-momo-women-in-society-1236216460/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rai stated in November 2024 that the film was in its final stages of editing.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; It was shown at the November 2024 [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]] Film Bazaar Work-in-Progress Lab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |last2=Frater |first2=Patrick |date=2024-11-24 |title=‘Kurinji,’ ‘Hunter’s Moon’ and ‘Shape of Momo’ Claim Project and Work-in-Progress Awards at Film Bazaar |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/film-bazaar-winners-kurinji-hunters-moon-1236221945/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2025-08-23 |title=Sikkim filmmaker Tribeny Rai’s ‘Shape of Momo’ to be screened at Busan International Film Festival 2025 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/sikkim-filmmakers-debut-feature-shape-of-momo-to-be-screened-at-busan-international-film-festival-2025/cid/2119345 |access-date=2025-11-24 |work=Telegraph India}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film completed production in August 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Music ===<br /> Mikhail Marak composed the film's score, his debut film score. He met Rai while studying at SRFTI.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Nabamita |date=2025-10-26 |title='Shape of Momo' was a challenging project: Mikhail Marak |url=https://meghalayamonitor.com/shape-of-momo-was-a-challenging-project-mikhail-marak/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Meghalaya Monitor |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> A demo of the film was shown at the [[49th Hong Kong International Film Festival]], where it won the &quot;HAF Goes to Cannes&quot; Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 February 2025 |title=Sikkimese Filmmaker Tribeny Rai’s Debut Film Shape Of Momo Selected For Hong Kong Film Festival 2025 |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/sikkimese-filmmaker-tribeny-rais-debut-film-shape-of-momo-selected-for-hong-kong-film-festival-2025/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Northeast Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dasgupta |first=Priyanka |date=2025-03-26 |title=SRFTI alumna 1st woman from Hills wins international film award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/srfti-alumna-1st-woman-from-hills-to-win-intl-film-award/articleshow/119314027.cms |access-date=2025-11-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; An excerpt of the film was shown &quot;HAF Goes to Cannes&quot; program at the [[2025 Cannes Film Festival]] in May 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 May 2025 |title=Sikkimese film ‘Shape of Momo’ showcased at Cannes Film Market |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/sikkimese-film-shape-of-momo-showcased-at-cannes-film-market |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Sikkim Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 March 2025 |title=Sikkimese Filmmaker Tribeny Rai’s Debut Film ‘Shape Of Momo’ Wins ‘HAF Goes To Cannes’ Award At Hong Kong Film Festival |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/sikkimese-filmmaker-tribeny-rais-debut-film-shape-of-momo-wins-haf-goes-to-cannes-award-at-hong-kong-film-festival/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Northeast Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; It had its world premiere at the [[30th Busan International Film Festival]] in September 2025, where it won the Songwon Vision Award and the Taipei Film Commission Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 Oct 2025 |title=Sikkimese filmmaker Tribeny Geeta Rai’s ‘Shape of Momo’ wins 2 awards at Busan film festival |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/sikkimese-filmmaker-tribeny-geeta-rais-shape-of-momo-wins-2-awards-at-busan-film-festival/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Garima |date=2025-10-06 |title=Tribeny Rai's Shape Of Momo Wins Two Awards At Busan International Film Festival |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/tribeny-rais-shape-of-momo-wins-two-awards-at-busan-international-film-festival |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Celluloid Dreams]] acquired global sales rights in September 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-09-17 |title=Busan, San Sebastián Title ‘Shape of Momo’ Boarded by Celluloid Dreams (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/shape-of-momo-busan-san-sebastian-celluloid-dreams-1236521348/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; It was shown at the [[San Sebastián International Film Festival]] in September 2025 and was nominated for the New Directors Award.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 September 2025 |title=‘Shape of Momo’ marks powerful European debut for Sikkimese filmmaker Tribeny Rai |url=https://www.sikkimexpress.com/news-details/shape-of-momo-marks-powerful-european-debut-for-sikkimese-filmmaker-tribeny-rai |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Sikkim Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was shown at the [[Kolkata International Film Festival]], where it won the Golden Royal Bengal Tiger Award,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 November 2025 |title=Tribeny Rai’s ‘Shape of Momo’ wins top honour at Kolkata International Film Festival 2025 |url=https://sikkimexpress.com/news-details/tribeny-rais-shape-of-momo-wins-top-honour-at-kolkata-international-film-festival-2025 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=Sikkim Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Aparmita |date=2025-11-13 |title=Sikkimese filmmaker Tribeny Rai’s 'Shape of Momo' debut film wins top honour at Kolkata festival |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/sikkimese-filmmaker-tribeny-rais-shape-of-momo-debut-film-wins-top-honour-at-kolkata-festival-1303538-2025-11-13 |access-date=2025-11-24 |website=India Today NE |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[56th International Film Festival of India]], and the [[36th Singapore International Film Festival]] in November 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-11-08 |title=‘Shape of Momo,’ ‘Fury’ Among Contenders for IFFI Goa’s Best Debut Feature Prize |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/festivals/shape-of-momo-fury-iffi-debut-film-prize-1236573028/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=8 November 2025 |title=From Sikkim to the World: Shape of Momo Continues Its Festival Journey |url=https://neindiabroadcast.com/2025/11/08/from-sikkim-to-the-world-shape-of-momo-continues-its-festival-journey/ |access-date=2025-11-24 |work=NE India Broadcast}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s Nepali-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Sikkim]]<br /> [[Category:2025 independent films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian independent films]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rama_Rama_Raghurama&diff=529049 2026-04-28T18:51:22Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: made new pg...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Rama Rama Raghurama<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --&gt;<br /> | director = [[R. Raghuraj|Raghuraj]]<br /> | writer = Raghuraj<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | based_on = &lt;!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --&gt;<br /> | producer = B V Pramod&lt;Br /&gt;G N Rajashekar Naidu<br /> | starring = [[Rangayana Raghu]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = A V Krishnakumar<br /> | editing = P R Sounder Rajan<br /> | music = [[V. Harikrishna]]<br /> | studio = Maya Movies<br /> | distributor = &lt;!-- or: | distributors = --&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|3|3}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Rama Rama Raghurama''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]] language film directed by [[R. Raghuraj|Raghuraj]] and starring [[Rangayana Raghu]]. The music of the film was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sify&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Weak script makes 'Rama Rama Raghurama' ordinary movie (Kannada Movie Review)|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/weak-script-makes-rama-rama-raghurama-ordinary-movie-kannada-movie-review-news-national-ldgq4macbcjsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314020440/http://www.sify.com/movies/weak-script-makes-rama-rama-raghurama-ordinary-movie-kannada-movie-review-news-national-ldgq4macbcjsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 March 2016|accessdate=18 February 2016|work=Sify}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> {{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br /> Raghurama, an honest police constable fails to fulfill his professional and personal responsibilities. Hence, he undertakes series of attempts to end his life on duty.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Colbegin}}<br /> * [[Rangayana Raghu]] as Raghurama <br /> * Lakshmi Sharma <br /> * [[Sadhu Kokila]] as Raghurama's brother-in-law<br /> * [[Doddanna]]<br /> * [[Shobharaj]]<br /> * Dr. Nagesh Kaveti <br /> * ''Friends'' Haridas G.<br /> * [[Bullet Prakash]] <br /> * [[Achyuth Kumar]] <br /> * Srinivas Gowda <br /> * Siddesh <br /> * [[Sundar Raj]]<br /> * [[Loknath]]<br /> * [[Arun Sagar]]<br /> * Mico Nagaraj <br /> * M. N. Suresh <br /> * Mallesh Mysore <br /> * NGEF Ramamurthy <br /> * Sangeetha <br /> * Anil Kumar <br /> * Raghava Uday <br /> {{Colend}}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> === Critical response ===<br /> <br /> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and says &quot;Lakshmi Sharma impresses you with the small role she plays as a lover. Doddanna, Sundararaj and Loknath give you a good dose of comic relief. Music by V Harikrishna and cinematography by Krishnakumar are okay&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rama-rama-raghurama/movie-review/12160001.cms?from=mdr|title=RAMA RAMA RAGHURAMA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 July 2017|access-date=7 September 2022|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907055305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rama-rama-raghurama/movie-review/12160001.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote &quot;In a bizarre twist of fate, the more he tries to end his life the more positive things happen to him. Doddanna has shown some fine acting skills, and Shobaraj is also convincing as a villain. However, Sadhu Kokila and Bullet Prakash failed to impress the audience&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Mar/05/rama-rama-raghurama-232942.html|title=Rama Rama Raghurama|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=5 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from [[Deccan Herald]] wrote &quot;A V Krishnakumar’s camerawork is adequate, complimenting Harikrishna’s music. The makers, determined to give a ‘dream debut as hero’ to Raghu ensure that none of the other actors, except the leading lady (!) are mentioned. Still, Achyuta, Bullet, Doddanna, Sadhu Kokila, Lokanath, Shobhraj and even Rachna Maurya shine in their roles. Rama Rama Raghurama may just turn out to be more than standard fare if the India-Ireland match falls flat of expectations&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/143276/alls-well-ends-well.html|title=All's well that ends well|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=5 March 2011|access-date=7 September 2022|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907055310/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/143276/alls-well-ends-well.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; A critic from [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote  &quot;Curiously, the director clubs one scene with another with a prop, not always connected to each other. Though it has nothing to do with the narrative, it hits you and brings out a laughter or two. Shobraj and ‘Uncle’ Loknath stand out with their performances. The music and cinematography are standard fare&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/fresh-stripes-rama-rama-raghurama/articleshow/21666314.cms|title=Fresh stripes: Rama Rama Raghurama|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=3 March 2011|access-date=7 September 2022|archive-date=7 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907055306/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/fresh-stripes-rama-rama-raghurama/articleshow/21666314.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|13906998}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2011 films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by R. Raghuraj]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022%E2%80%9323_Bengaluru_FC_season&diff=482974 2026-04-28T07:31:12Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|10th season in the existence of Bengaluru FC}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox football club season<br /> | club = [[Bengaluru FC]]<br /> | logo =<br /> | season = [[List of Bengaluru FC seasons|2022–23]]<br /> | manager = {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Simon Grayson]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon_Grayson_appointment&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/bengaluru-fc-appoints-simon-grayson-head-coach/|title=Bengaluru FC appoints Simon Grayson as Head Coach|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=8 June 2022|access-date=8 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | chairman = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parth Jindal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/owners/|title=Bengaluru FC Owners|publisher=Bengaluru FC}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> | league = [[Indian Super League]]<br /> | league result = [[2022–23 Indian Super League|Runners-up (league 4th)]]<br /> | cup1 = [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]<br /> | cup1 result = [[2023 Indian Super Cup|Runners-up]]<br /> | cup2 = [[Durand Cup]]<br /> | cup2 result = [[2022 Durand Cup|Champions]] (first title)<br /> | league topscorer = &lt;br/&gt; {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]] &lt;br /&gt; {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernandez]] &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(6 goals each)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | season topscorer = &lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]] &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(11 goals)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | largest win = [[#BFCIAF|4–0]] &lt;br /&gt; &lt;small&gt;(vs [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | largest loss = 0–4 &lt;small&gt;(vs [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]])&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | highest attendance = 28,001<br /> | lowest attendance =<br /> | average attendance = 11,371<br /> | pattern_la1 = _redborder<br /> | pattern_b1 = _bengalurufc_home_2022_23<br /> | pattern_ra1= _redborder<br /> | pattern_sh1 = _red stripes<br /> | pattern_so1 =_redtop <br /> | leftarm1= 324893<br /> | body1= 324893<br /> | rightarm1= 324893<br /> | shorts1= 324893<br /> | socks1= 324893<br /> | pattern_la2 = _blue border <br /> | pattern_b2 = _bengalurufc_away_2022_23<br /> | pattern_ra2 = _blue border<br /> | pattern_sh2 = _blue stripes<br /> | pattern_so2 = _bluetop<br /> | leftarm2 = FFFFFF<br /> | body2 = FFFFFF<br /> | rightarm2 = FFFFFF<br /> | shorts2 = FFFFFF<br /> | socks2 = FFFFFF<br /> | pattern_la3 = _blue border <br /> | pattern_b3 = _bengalurufc_third_2022_23<br /> | pattern_ra3 = _blue border<br /> | pattern_sh3 = _blue stripes<br /> | pattern_so3 = _bluetop<br /> | leftarm3 = 389c68<br /> | body3 = 389c68<br /> | rightarm3 = 389c68<br /> | shorts3 = 389c68<br /> | socks3 = 389c68<br /> | updated = 10 March 2022<br /> | prevseason = [[2021–22 Bengaluru FC season|2021–22]]<br /> | nextseason = [[2023–24 Bengaluru FC season|2023–24]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''2022–23 season''' is [[Bengaluru FC]]'s tenth season as a club since its establishment in 2013.&lt;ref name=&quot;JSWLaunch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=JSW Sports launches Bengaluru FC |url=http://i-league.org/?p=7088 |website=I-League |access-date=1 August 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203033708/http://i-league.org/?p=7088 |archive-date=3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; After spending two seasons in [[Goa]], at a centralised venue due to [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Goa to host ISL, first big sporting spectacle in times of pandemic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-to-host-isl-first-big-sporting-spectacle-in-times-of-pandemic/articleshow/77583618.cms |access-date=17 August 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 August 2020 |archive-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706114520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-to-host-isl-first-big-sporting-spectacle-in-times-of-pandemic/articleshow/77583618.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/isl-set-to-allow-crowds-first-time-in-two-years/article38437376.ece|title=ISL set to allow crowds for the first time in two years|work=[[Sportstar]]|date=24 February 2022 |access-date=16 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; the club will return to [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], despite the concerns raised by the athletes.&lt;ref name=&quot;kanteerava_row&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/football/2022/feb/25/no-football-in-kanteerava-stadium-says-karnataka-sports-minister-2423594.html|title=No football in Kanteerava stadium says Karnataka Sports Minister|work=The New Indian Express|date=25 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; This season also marks as the final season leading to the decennial anniversary of the club on 20 July 2023.<br /> <br /> Bengaluru's season commenced with the [[2022 Durand Cup|2022 edition]] of [[Durand Cup]], which also acts as a curtain raiser for the domestic season.&lt;ref name=&quot;durand_cup_afc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-12 |title=Durand Cup Brings Something 'New', Along with AFC Cup Slot in 131st Edition |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-brings-something-new-along-with-afc-cup-slot-in-131st-edition-5741257.html |access-date=2022-08-12 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812193514/https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-brings-something-new-along-with-afc-cup-slot-in-131st-edition-5741257.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23 season]] of [[Indian Super League]] will see the blues returning to the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] after three years despite the concerns raised by the athletes.&lt;ref name=&quot;kanteerava_row&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pitch_work&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/other-sports/pitch-work-at-bengaluru-stadium-hinders-track-athletes-1133105.html|title=Pitch work at Bengaluru stadium hinders track athletes|work=Deccan Herald|date=5 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] returning after three years, the inaugural edition's champions will also participate in the tournament which is set to be held in [[2023 Indian Super Cup|2023]] after the league ends.&lt;ref name=&quot;super_cup&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=25 May 2022 |title=Nine-month calendar for Indian football from next season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/no-change-in-isl-format-for-next-season-super-cup-set-to-return/articleshow/89932146.cms |access-date=25 May 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]|location=Panaji}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{main|2021–22 Bengaluru FC season}}<br /> In the previous season, the rebuilt Bengaluru FC squad led by [[Marco Pezzaiuoli]] finished sixth in the Indian Super League,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/isl-2021-22-sc-east-bengal-end-season-rock-bottom-as-bengaluru-fc-sign-off-with-a-win-4840259.html|title=ISL 2021-22: SC East Bengal End Season Rock-bottom as Bengaluru FC Sign Off With a Win|publisher=News18|date=5 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; it was the club's second worst finish in the league after ending up in the seventh spot in [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21 season]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/isl-2020-21-bengaluru-fc-team-review-a-season-of-disappointment-but-new-coach-brings-new-hope-3509768.html|title=ISL 2020-21 Bengaluru FC Team Review: A Season of Disappointment But New Coach Brings New Hope|publisher=News18|date=8 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before the league, Bengaluru FC made their fifth appearance in the [[2021 AFC Cup|2021 season]] of [[AFC Cup]] where they failed to make it past the group stage after finishing third behind [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] and [[Bashundhara Kings]] with four points.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://footballnet.in/2021/continental-football/afc-cup/blues-round-off-afc-cup-campaign-with-6-2-win-over-maziya-src/|title=Blues round off AFC Cup campaign with 6-2 win over Maziya S&amp;RC|publisher=Footballnet|date=24 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, in the [[2021 Durand Cup|2021 edition]] of [[Durand Cup]], Bengaluru fielded their reserve squad with the assistant head coach [[Naushad Moosa]] leading the young team. The team's unbeaten run of four games was halted by [[FC Goa]] in the second semifinal, where they went down by a 7–6 margin on penalties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/reports/spirited-bengaluru-exit-durand-cup-defeat-sudden-death-fc-goa/|title=Spirited Bengaluru exit Durand Cup with defeat in sudden death to FC Goa|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=30 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-durand-cup-2021-fc-goa-beat-bengaluru-fc-penalty-shootout|title=Durand Cup 2021: FC Goa into final after penalty shootout win over Bengaluru FC|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=23 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After failing to qualify for the playoffs in two consecutive seasons, Bengaluru began to make changes in the squad with the likes of defenders [[Pratik Chaudhari]]&lt;ref name=&quot;pratik&quot;/&gt; and [[Sarthak Golui]]&lt;ref name=&quot;sarthak&quot;/&gt; parting ways with the club along with the foreigners [[Iman Basafa]],&lt;ref name=&quot;iman&quot;/&gt; [[Cleiton Silva]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cleiton&quot;/&gt; and the head coach [[Marco Pezzaiuoli]] who was on the performance-based contract.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marco Appointment&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=12 February 2021|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2021/club-news/marco-pezzaiuoli-appointed-new-head-coach-bengaluru-fc/|title=Marco Pezzaiuoli appointed as new Head Coach of Bengaluru FC|website=Bengaluru FC}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 June, Bengaluru appointed former [[Fleetwood Town F.C.|Fleetwood Town]] coach, [[Simon Grayson]] as their new head coach on a two-year contract.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon_Grayson_appointment&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote<br /> | text = When I spoke to the owner ([[Parth Jindal]]), his mindset was the same as mine. I want this club to be winning trophies again. I know that BFC has been very successful in the past, but the last few years haven't worked out like everybody would have liked it to. That happens in football – you learn from it and strive to do better – to get players to work harder on and off the pitch; that's the exciting part for me.<br /> | author = [[Simon Grayson]]<br /> | title = after completing formalities of the deal<br /> | source = [https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/bengaluru-fc-appoints-simon-grayson-head-coach/ Bengaluru FC]<br /> | character =<br /> | multiline =<br /> | class =<br /> | style = &lt;!--font-style:italic;--&gt; font-size:15px;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Following the head coach's appointment, Bengaluru then handed over contract extensions for [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]],&lt;ref name=&quot;roshan_2026&quot;/&gt; [[Lara Sharma]] and [[Wungngayam Muirang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;lara_muirang&quot;/&gt; on two-years each and a three-year deal respectively. Later, on 20 June, [[Ashique Kuruniyan]] who had served the club for three seasons moved to [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]] while [[Prabir Das]] from the same club was announced as a new [[Fullback (association football)|right wingback]] addition.&lt;ref name=&quot;welcome_prabir&quot;/&gt; Two days later, the club strengthened their midfield by signing Spanish international [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]] on a two-year deal.&lt;ref name=&quot;welcome_javi&quot;/&gt; The management further extended the contracts of [[Parag Shrivas]],&lt;ref name=&quot;parag_2025&quot;/&gt; [[Leon Augustine]]&lt;ref name=&quot;bhutia_leon&quot;/&gt; and [[Namgyal Bhutia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bhutia_leon&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Come July and Bengaluru would make a double deal with the likes of the 22-year-olds from [[I-League]] sides, [[Amrit Gope]] the former [[TRAU FC|TRAU]] goalkeeper signed a two-year deal, and [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]] the former [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohamemedan]] winger penned a deal that ends in 2025.&lt;ref name=&quot;Faisal gope&quot;/&gt; A tragedy shook the Indian football fraternity on 4 July after [[Adrian Luna]], the [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] player, disclosed the passing of his six-year-old daughter to whom many players and clubs including Bengaluru FC paid condolences to.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1543904981010780160|user=bengalurufc|title=Your little one is a star that shines brightly from above, Adrian. ✨ Sending love and strength your way from everyone in the Bengaluru FC family. 💙💛}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-kerala-blasters-stalwart-adrian-luna-reveals-passing-6-year-old-daughter|title=Kerala Blasters stalwart Adrian Luna discloses the passing of his 6-year-old daughter|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=23 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 July, Bengaluru filled the void created by the departure of left-back [[Ajith Kumar (footballer)|Ajith Kumar]] by signing [[Hira Mondal]] from [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]. On 15 July, [[Yrondu Musavu-King]], the Gabonese center-back parted ways with the club after serving for one season.&lt;ref name=&quot;thankyou_king&quot;/&gt; Three days later, Bengaluru made their biggest signing of the season after they closed the deal with the Fijian star striker [[Roy Krishna]]&lt;ref name=&quot;welcome_roy&quot;/&gt; who had previously won the Indian Super League Golden Ball in [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21 season]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/isl-news/isl-2020-21-final-golden-ball-award-roy-krishna-mumbai-city-fc-vs-atk-mohun-bagan-mcfc-vs-atkmb/article34061799.eceurl=https://|title =ISL 2021 final: ATKMB's Roy Krishna wins Golden Ball award|website=The Hindu|date =13 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> 20 July 2022 marked the ninth anniversary of Bengaluru FC's foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1549605758567796736|user=bengalurufc|title=Bengaluru, this is us. ALL of us. And today, we celebrate nine years of a love story that never stops giving. ♥️ Who are we? #WeAreBFC 🔵}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CEO of the club, Mandar Tamhane, tweeted in celebration of the foundation day,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1549619608742920192|user=MandarTamhane1|title=Nine years of several emotions, trophies, and memories. But more importantly, nine years of learning, forging friendships, and building something special. Looking forward to nine more.}}&lt;/ref&gt; along with the former Bengaluru FC players [[Darren Caldeira]], [[Cameron Watson (soccer)|Cameron Watson]] and the reserve team head coach [[Naushad Moosa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1549714288100593665|user=darrencaldeira|title=Happy 9th, @bengalurufc. Blast from the past, @WestBlockBlues.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1549712120602071040|user=CamWatson_14|title=Happy foundation day @bengalurufc Memories that will last forever 🙏🏻🎉}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1549687605804953600|user=NaushadMoosa9|title=A fantastic organization that I have fallen more in love with every single day. Every single player, the first team down to the U8s, the supporters, and the staff members have made this team the family it is. Here's to many more!}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 July, Bengaluru completed their Asian slot by signing the six-foot five-inch tall center-back [[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksander Jovanovic]] from Australia.&lt;ref name=&quot;welcome_aleksandar&quot;/&gt; A day later, the club made four new domestic signings by bringing in the two local talents Sudheer Kotikela and Ankith Padmanabhan from the [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka state team]] along with the two young Goan players, Felixson Fernandes and Clarence Fernandes. They had been scouted from the [[JSW Youth Cup]] held a few months earlier in April.&lt;ref name=&quot;quad signings&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Transfers in===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; text-align:left&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|No.<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Position<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Player<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Previous club<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Date<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Fee<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 33<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Prabir Das]]<br /> | [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | 20 June 2022<br /> | Undisclosed<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;welcome_prabir&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/bengaluru-fc-sign-right-back-prabir-das-atk-mohun-bagan/|title=Bengaluru FC sign right-back Prabir Das from ATK Mohun Bagan|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=20 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 18<br /> |{{sort|?|MF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]]<br /> | [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br /> | 22 June 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;welcome_javi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/bengaluru-fc-sign-spanish-midfielder-javier-hernandez/|title=Bengaluru FC sign Spanish midfielder Javier Hernandez|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=22 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 23<br /> |{{sort|?|FW}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]]<br /> | [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> | 1 July 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Faisal gope&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/bengaluru-fc-sign-promising-youngsters-amrit-gope-faisal-ali/|title=Bengaluru FC sign promising youngsters Amrit Gope and Faisal Ali|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=1 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 50<br /> |{{sort|?|GK}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Amrit Gope]]<br /> | [[TRAU FC|TRAU]]<br /> | 1 July 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;Faisal gope&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 20<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Hira Mondal]]<br /> | [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> | 5 July 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/hira-mondal-signs-two-year-deal-bengaluru-fc-continue-shore-squad/|title=Hira Mondal signs two-year-deal as Bengaluru FC continue to shore up squad|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=5 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 22<br /> |{{sort|?|FW}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|FIJ}} [[Roy Krishna]]<br /> | [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | 18 July 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;welcome_roy&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/bengaluru-fc-make-statement-roy-krishna-agrees-two-year-deal/|title=Bengaluru FC make statement as Roy Krishna agrees two-year deal |publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=18 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|SER}} [[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksander Jovanovic]]<br /> | {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Macarthur FC]]<br /> | 22 July 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;welcome_aleksandar&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/bengaluru-fc-sign-aussie-defender-aleksandar-jovanovic/|title=Bengaluru FC sign Aussie defender Aleksandar Jovanović |publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=22 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 24<br /> |{{sort|?|FW}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudheer Kotikala]]<br /> | [[Kickstart FC]]<br /> | 23 July 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;quad signings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/blues-add-depth-squad-four-new-signings/|title=Blues add depth to squad with four new signings |publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=23 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> |{{sort|?|FW}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankith Padmanabhan]]<br /> | [[Kickstart FC]]<br /> | 23 July 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;quad signings&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Clarence Fernandes]]<br /> | [[Dempo SC|Dempo U-18]]<br /> | 23 July 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;quad signings&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Felixson Fernandes]]<br /> | [[Reliance Foundation Youth Sports|RF Young Champs]]<br /> | 23 July 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;quad signings&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 3<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sandesh Jhingan]]<br /> | [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | 14 August 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;welcome_jhingan&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Transfers out===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; text-align:left&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|No.<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Position<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Player<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Outgoing club<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Date<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Fee<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 4<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Pratik Chaudhari]]<br /> | [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> | 5 June 2022<br /> | Free agent<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;pratik&quot;&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1533410975893708800|user=bengalurufc|title=The BFC family wishes defender Pratik Chaudhari the best as he bids farewell to the club after two years of service.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 16<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sarthak Golui]]<br /> | [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> | 5 June 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;sarthak&quot;&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1533464508428996608|user=bengalurufc|title=The BFC family wishes defender Sarthak Golui the best as he moves on in search of a new adventure.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 10<br /> |{{sort|?|MF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IRN}} [[Iman Basafa]]<br /> | {{flagicon|Iran}} [[F.C. Kheybar Khorramabad|Kheybar Khorramabad]]<br /> | 6 June 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;iman&quot;&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1533763576120635392|user=bengalurufc|title=The BFC family wishes midfielder Iman Basafa the best for all the challenges that lie ahead.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 23<br /> |{{sort|?|FW}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Cleiton Silva]]<br /> | [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> | 6 June 2022<br /> | [[Free transfer (association football)|Free transfer]]<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;cleiton&quot;&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1533827274679541760|user=bengalurufc|title=For the screamers, the somersaults, the samba, and for giving our badge everything you had, every single time. 🇧🇷}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 22<br /> |{{sort|?|FW}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ashique Kuruniyan]]<br /> | [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | 20 June 2022<br /> | Undisclosed<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;ashique_departs&quot;&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1538760476620132352|user=bengalurufc|title=We're bidding farewell to winger Ashique Kuruniyan, as he moves on in search of a new challenge.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 29<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|GAB}} [[Yrondu Musavu-King]]<br /> | Without a club<br /> | 15 July 2022<br /> | Free agent<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;thankyou_king&quot;&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1547944218777522176|user=bengalurufc|title=The Blues have mutually parted ways with Yrondu Musavu-King and would like to thank the defender for his time at the club. 👑}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 19<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajith Kumar (footballer)|Ajith Kumar]]<br /> | [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]<br /> | 28 July 2022<br /> | Undisclosed<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1552543673837006848|user=bengalurufc|title=The Blues would like to thank Ajith Kumar for his time at the club as he completes his transfer to Chennaiyin FC for an undisclosed fee. All the best for the future! 🔵}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Loans out===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; text-align:left&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|No.<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Position<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Player<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Outgoing club<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Date<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Fee<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Duration<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 26<br /> |{{sort|?|FW}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Bidyashagar Singh]]<br /> | [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> | 17 August 2022<br /> | Undisclosed <br /> | 1 year<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;bidya_loan&quot;&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1559752513540071426|user=bengalurufc|title=UPDATE: Striker Bidyashagar Singh has completed a loan move to Kerala Blasters until the end of the season. We're wishing him well!}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 20<br /> |{{sort|?|MF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ajay Chhetri]]<br /> | [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|Punjab FC]]<br /> | 1 September 2022<br /> | Undisclosed <br /> | 1 year<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;ajay_loan&quot;&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1565348187526668290|user=bengalurufc|title=UPDATE: Blues midfielder Ajay Chhetri has completed a season-long loan switch to I-League side RoundGlass Punjab FC. All the best, Ajay! 🔵}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | <br /> |{{sort|?|FW}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rahul Raju]]<br /> | [[Gokulam Kerala FC|Gokulam Kerala]]<br /> | 31 August 2022<br /> | Undisclosed <br /> | 1 year<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;raju_loan&quot;&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1564995236128239616|user=bengalurufc|title=UPDATE: Blue Colts' striker Rahul Raju has completed a loan move to I-League side @GokulamKeralaFC, until the end of the 2022-23 season.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Contract extensions===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; text-align:left&quot;<br /> !style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|No.<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Position<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Player<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Date<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}}|Ref<br /> |-<br /> | 32<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]]<br /> | 2026<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;roshan_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/naorem-roshan-singh-commits-future-bengaluru-fc/|title=Naorem Roshan Singh commits future to Bengaluru FC |publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=10 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 30<br /> |{{sort|?|GK}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Lara Sharma]]<br /> | 2026<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;lara_muirang&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/lara-muirang-sign-extensions-bengaluru-fc/|title=Lara, Muirang sign extensions with Bengaluru FC|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=14 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 15<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Wungngayam Muirang]]<br /> | 2025<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;lara_muirang&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 27<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Parag Shrivas]]<br /> | 2025<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;parag_2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/parag-shrivas-signs-fresh-three-year-deal-bengaluru-fc/|title= Parag Shrivas signs fresh three-year deal with Bengaluru FC|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=25 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 25<br /> |{{sort|?|DF}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Namgyal Bhutia]]<br /> | 2026<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;bhutia_leon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/bengaluru-fc-hands-extensions-leon-bhutia/|title=Bengaluru FC hands extensions to Leon, Bhutia|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=28 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 31<br /> |{{sort|?|FW}}<br /> !scope=&quot;row&quot;| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Leon Augustine]]<br /> | 2025<br /> | &lt;ref name=&quot;bhutia_leon&quot;/&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Players==<br /> Bengaluru FC has 38 players under contract; the following list of players is subject to change during the transfer season. The final squad for the [[Indian Super League|ISL]] will be officially announced by the club later.<br /> <br /> ===Players under contract===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:90%; width:80%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|No.<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Name<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Nationality<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Position<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Date of Birth (Age)<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Since<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Until<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Picked for [[2022 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]&lt;ref name=&quot;durandcup_squad&quot;/&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Picked for [[2022–23 Indian Super League|ISL]]&lt;ref name=&quot;isl_squad&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/blues-announce-squad-for-2022-23-indian-super-league-campaign/|title=Blues announce squad for 2022-23 Indian Super League campaign|date=6 October 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|Picked for [[2023 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2023/club-news/bengaluru-fc-announce-squad-for-hero-super-cup/|title=Bengaluru FC announce squad for Hero Super Cup|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=6 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center;&quot;|Goalkeepers<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1992|2|3}}<br /> |2017<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |30<br /> |[[Lara Sharma]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1999|10|1}}<br /> |2020<br /> |2026<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |43<br /> |Sharon Padattil<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|2000|4|18}}<br /> |2020<br /> |2023<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |50<br /> |[[Amrit Gope]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1999|9|12}}<br /> |2022<br /> |2024<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center;&quot;|Defenders<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |[[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksandar Jovanović]]<br /> |{{flagicon|Australia}} {{flagicon|SER}}<br /> |[[Centre-back|CB]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1997|11|15}}<br /> |2022<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Sandesh Jhingan]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|CB]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1993|7|21}}<br /> |2022<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |[[Alan Costa]] ‡<br /> |{{flagicon|Brazil}}<br /> |[[Centre-back|CB]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1990|10|30}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{NA}}<br /> |-<br /> |15<br /> |[[Wungngayam Muirang]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Centre-back|CB]]/[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1999|2|16}}<br /> |2020<br /> |2025<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |20<br /> |[[Hira Mondal]] ‡<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1991|8|11}}<br /> |2022<br /> |2024<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{NA}}<br /> |-<br /> |27<br /> |[[Parag Shrivas]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Centre-back|CB]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1997|6|9}}<br /> |2019<br /> |2025<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |32<br /> |[[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Fullback (association football)|LB]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1999|2|2}}<br /> |2020<br /> |2026<br /> |{{yes}}{{efn|joined after first two group stage games&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/news-durand-cup-2022-naorem-roshan-singh-joins-bengaluru-fc-kolkata|title=Durand Cup 2022: Naorem Roshan Singh joins Bengaluru FC in Kolkata|publisher=Sportskeeda|date=26 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=Roshan_durand}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |33<br /> |[[Prabir Das]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Fullback (association football)|RB]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1993|12|20}}<br /> |2022<br /> |2025<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |—<br /> |Clarence Fernandes<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|DF]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|2004|7|25}}<br /> |2022<br /> |2025<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> |—<br /> |Felixson Fernandes<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Defender (association football)|CB]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|2003|1|28}}<br /> |2022<br /> |2025<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center;&quot;|Midfielders<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Ajay Chhetri]] †<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|CDM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1993|7|7}}<br /> |2018<br /> |2022<br /> |{{NA}}<br /> |{{NA}}<br /> |{{NA}}<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Bruno Ramires]]<br /> |{{flagicon|Brazil}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|CM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1984|3|18}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |[[Jayesh Rane]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder (association football)|CDM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1993|2|20}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2024<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh Singh]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|CDM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|2000|8|7}}<br /> |2019<br /> |2024<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |[[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]]<br /> |{{flagicon|Spain}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|CAM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1989|6|6}}<br /> |2022<br /> |2024<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |12<br /> |[[Danish Farooq Bhat]] †<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|LM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1996|5|9}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{NA}}<br /> |-<br /> |18<br /> |[[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|CDM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1997|1|1}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |25<br /> |[[Namgyal Bhutia]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|RM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1999|8|11}}<br /> |2020<br /> |2026<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |28<br /> |[[Amay Morajkar]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|CDM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|2000|6|20}}<br /> |2020<br /> |2024<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> |31<br /> |[[Leon Augustine]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Winger (association football)|RW]]/[[Midfielder|RM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1998|10|2}}<br /> |2019<br /> |2025<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |35<br /> |Biswa Darjee<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|LM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1999|11|8}}<br /> |2020<br /> |2024<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |36<br /> |Thoi Singh<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|2004|5|4}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |40<br /> |[[Damaitphang Lyngdoh]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|CAM]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|2003|10|7}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2024<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |42<br /> |Akashdeep Singh<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Midfielder|MF]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|2002|2|18}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2024<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center;&quot;|Forwards<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |[[Prince Ibara]]<br /> |{{flagicon|Congo}}<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|CF]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1996|2|7}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |[[Sunil Chhetri]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|CF]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1984|8|3}}<br /> |2013<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |14<br /> |[[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|CF]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|2001|9|2}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2023<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |17<br /> |[[Edmund Lalrindika]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|CF]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1999|4|24}}<br /> |2019<br /> |2022<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> |21<br /> |[[Udanta Singh]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Winger (association football)|RW]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1996|6|14}}<br /> |2014<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> |22<br /> |[[Roy Krishna]]<br /> |{{flagicon|Fiji}}<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|CF]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1987|8|30}}<br /> |2022<br /> |2023<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |23<br /> |[[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Winger (association football)|RW]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1999|10|20}}<br /> |2022<br /> |2025<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> |24<br /> |Sudheer Kotikela<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | &lt;!--{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|0000|0|0}}--&gt;20 August<br /> |2022<br /> |2024<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |-<br /> |26<br /> |[[Bidyashagar Singh]] †<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|1998|3|11}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2024<br /> |{{NA}}<br /> |{{NA}}<br /> |{{NA}}<br /> |-<br /> |38<br /> |[[Sivasakthi Narayanan]]<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|CF]]<br /> |{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|2001|7|9}}<br /> |2021<br /> |2022<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |{{yes}}<br /> |-<br /> |−<br /> |Ankith Padmanabhan<br /> |{{flagicon|IND}}<br /> |[[Forward (association football)|FW]]<br /> | &lt;!--{{Birth date and age2|df=yes|2022|6|1|0000|0|0}}--&gt;<br /> |2022<br /> |2025<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> |{{no}}<br /> {{Fb_cs_footer|s=[http://bengalurfc.com Bengaluru FC]|u=3 August 2022|date=August 2022}}<br /> &lt;sup&gt;†&lt;/sup&gt; <br /> Loaned out.<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ===Injury record===<br /> {{Fb inj header 1}}<br /> {{fb inj player 1 |n=14 |bg= |pos=GK |ni=IND |p=[[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]] |t='''knee injury''' |sts=r |s=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1448157227538255875|user=bengalurufc|title=UPDATE: Bengaluru FC can confirm that striker @Harmanpreet_17 suffered an injury to his knee in the Durand Cup semifinal,and will be out for the duration of the 2021-22 ISL. We're wishing him a quick return and will continue to assist him at every stage of his recovery.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite twitter|number=1569913726777847808|user=Harmanpreet_17|title=Happy to be back 🙌🏽}}&lt;/ref&gt; |m= [[2021 Durand Cup|2021 Durand Cup semifinal]] ''vs [[FC Goa|Goa]]'' |injd=13 October 2021 |retd= 14 September 2022}}<br /> {{fb inj player 1 |n=42 |bg= |pos=MF |ni=IND |p=Akashdeep Singh |t='''Unknown injury''' |sts=r |s=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1461594276807069697|user=bengalurufc|title=MP: While all our foreign players are available, we do have Harmanpreet who hasn't joined the squad, Parag has an injury to his elbow, and also Akashdeep and Rohit who will take a bit longer to return from their injuries.}}&lt;/ref&gt; |m= [[2021 Durand Cup|2021 Durand Cup semifinal]] ''vs [[FC Goa|Goa]]'' |injd=29 September 2021 |retd= Unknown}}<br /> {{fb inj player 1 |n=28 |bg= |pos=MF |ni=IND |p=[[Amay Morajkar]] |t='''Unknown injury''' |sts=r |s=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1491662198258933761|user=bengalurufc|title=MP: Ashique is back working with the team, but he's far away from a return. King, Amay, and Harmanpreet are out for the season, and Rohit is also injured after the last game. We had a few players back from COVID, but they are still weak, so it will take them time.}}&lt;/ref&gt; |m= Unknown |injd=10 February 2022 |retd= 29 March 2022}}<br /> {{fb inj player 1 |n=9 |bg= |pos=FW |ni=CGO |p=[[Prince Ibara]] |t='''Unknown injury''' |sts= |s=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1564548404675432448|user=bengalurufc|title=8' Early blow for the Blues as Prince Ibara pulls up with an injury. Grayson's signaled for Sivasakthi to warm up. 0-0.}}&lt;/ref&gt; |m=[[2022 Durand Cup]] ''vs [[FC Goa|Goa]]'' |injd=30 August 2022 |retd= ''Left the club injured''}}<br /> {{Fb inj footer 1|u= 10 September 2022|s=[https://bengalurufc.com// Bengaluru FC] |date=September 2022}}<br /> <br /> ==Pre-season==<br /> Bengaluru FC kicked off their pre-season training on 25 July 2022 with [[Simon Grayson]] leading the available squad in [[Bellary|Ballari]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1551555719085772800|user=bengalurufc|title=A new era begins!💥 Simon Grayson took charge of his first session as the Blues regrouped for pre-season in Bellary. Let's go, BFC!}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sunil Chhetri]] was part of the initial squad and made his record 10th pre-season appearance for the club.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1551555921158868992|user=bengalurufc|title=About time! 🔥 The skipper, into his TENTH season with the Blues, leads pre-season preparations ahead of the 2022-23 campaign.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Midfielder [[Amay Morajkar]], who had been out from the squad due to a long-term injury, also returned to the senior team in the training camp.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1551556277221801984|user=bengalurufc|title=After a successful recovery from a long-term injury, Amay Morajkar put on impressive performances in the #RFDevelopmentLeague and is now raring to go with the first team.}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 27 July, the squad trained at [[Inspire Institute of Sport]], a high-performance training center in Vijaynagar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1552302227703812099|user=bengalurufc|title=The Blues hit the facilities at the @IIS_Vijayanagar earlier today for a session on the yoga mats.}}&lt;/ref&gt; New foreign signings [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]] and [[Roy Krishna]] joined the training camp three days later.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1553276772233641984|user=bengalurufc|title=Guess who's here! 🇪🇸 @javih89}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1553278895822368769|user=bengalurufc|title=We know you've waited to see this man in Blue! 😍🇫🇯}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 14 August, faithful of Bengaluru FC reunited with the team for the first time in three years as the club hosted its traditional open pre-season training sessions at [[Bangalore Football Stadium]] (BFS), which is an event attended by the fans every season, to watch the club kickoff its new season. This season's event also featured the sale of free digital tickets for the first time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1555902277352796160|user=bengalurufc|title=𝐑𝐄𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐓 𝐓𝐇𝐄 𝐁𝐅𝐒! 🔵🏟️ After two long years, the Blues are ready to kick off the new season in front of the fans. Register now and stand a chance to win exclusive giveaways. Turn up for Bengaluru. 📢🔥}}&lt;/ref&gt; The last time when such an event was hosted at [[Bangalore Football Stadium|BFS]] was back in 2019 for the [[2019–20 Bengaluru FC season|2019–20 season]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2019/club-news/bengaluru-fc-kick-off-pre-season-bfs/|title=Carles Cuadrat's Men Hit Ground Running With Light Training Session.|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=13 September 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the player announcement at the event, the club took off fans for a surprise after [[Sandesh Jhingan]] was announced as their new signing out of the blue. The Indian international had previously donned Bengaluru's jersey in the [[2016–17 Bengaluru FC season|2016-17 season]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1558705277834514432|user=bengalurufc|title=SUPER SUNDAY SURPRISE! 🔥 We've let our faithful have this one first. The Blues have unveiled #NewBlue Sandesh Jhingan to the West Block Blues at their open training session at the BFS. He's ours, Bengaluru! 🤩}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;welcome_jhingan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/uncategorized/bengaluru-fc-sign-defender-sandesh-jhingan/|title=Bengaluru FC sign defender Sandesh Jhingan |publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=14 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Competitions==<br /> <br /> === Overview ===<br /> {{Fb overview2<br /> |c=1<br /> |c1=[[2022–23 Indian Super League|Super League]]<br /> |fm1= [[#1|8 October 2022]]<br /> |lm1= [[#Final|18 March 2023]]<br /> |sr1=[[#1|Matchday 1]]<br /> |fp1= [[#Final|4th out of 11; Runners up]]<br /> |w1=13<br /> |l1=9<br /> |d1=2<br /> |f1=32<br /> |a1=27<br /> |c2=[[2023 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]<br /> |fm2= [[#BFCSDFCSC|8 April 2023]]<br /> |lm2= [[#OFCBFC_SCFinal|25 April 2023]]<br /> |sr2= [[#BFCSDFCSC|Group Stage]]<br /> |fp2= [[#OFCBFC_SCFinal|Runners up]] <br /> |w2=2<br /> |l2=1<br /> |d2=2<br /> |f2=7<br /> |a2=4<br /> |c3= [[Durand Cup]]<br /> |fm3= [[#JFCBFCDC|17 August 2022]]<br /> |lm3= [[#MCFCBFC_DCFinal|18 September 2022]]<br /> |sr3= [[2022 Durand Cup#Group A|Group Stage]]<br /> |fp3= [[#MCFCBFC_DCFinal|Champions]]<br /> |w3=5<br /> |l3=0<br /> |d3=2<br /> |f3=14<br /> |a3=6<br /> |u=16 February 2022<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Indian Super League ===<br /> {{Main|2022–23 Indian Super League}}<br /> <br /> The league returned to its traditional home-away format after spending two seasons at a centralized venue in [[Goa]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|pandemic]]. In August, the athletes raised concerns about the damage to the athletic track in [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] due to pitch maintenance work. In response to this, the Department of Youth Empowerment and Sports (DYES), [[Government of Karnataka]], had stated that it was regular upkeep work and the stadium could be let out for football purposes as per 'official procedures.'&lt;ref name=&quot;kanteerava_row&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pitch_work&quot;/&gt; The league kicked off in October, and a total of six instead of four top-placed teams qualified for the playoffs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/isl-to-introduce-six-team-playoffs-from-next-season/articleshow/91220633.cms?from=mdr|title=ISL to introduce six-team playoffs from next season|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Summary ====<br /> <br /> ==== League table ====<br /> {{:2022–23 Indian Super League|showteam=BFC}}<br /> <br /> ==== Result summary ====<br /> {{Fb_rs|hw=7|hd=0|hl=3|hgf=14|hga=9|aw=4|ad=1|al=5|agf=13|aga=14|dp=0}}<br /> <br /> ==== Results by round ====<br /> {{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b|header=Matchday <br /> |label1= Ground<br /> | res1= H/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|A]]/[[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium|A]]/[[Kalinga Stadium|A]]/H/[[Mumbai Football Arena|A]]/[[Fatorda Stadium|A]]/H/[[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|A]]/H/H/[[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan|A]]/[[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium|A]]/H/[[JRD Tata Sports Complex|A]]/H/[[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan|A]]/H/H/H<br /> |label2= Result<br /> | res2 = W/D/L/L/L/L/W/L/L/W/L/L/W/W/W/W/W/W/W/W<br /> |label3= Position<br /> | res3= 2/3/5/6/9/10/9/9/9/8/8/9/7/8/7/6/6/5/4/3<br /> &lt;!-- --&gt;<br /> |text_H=Home|text_A=Away<br /> |color_W=green2|text_W=Win<br /> |color_D=yellow2|text_D=Draw<br /> |color_L=red2|text_L=Loss<br /> |color_1=1st|color_2=green1|color_3=yellow1|color_4=yellow1|color_5=yellow1|color_6=yellow1<br /> <br /> |updated=<br /> |source=[https://www.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/matches/ soccerway]<br /> |date=9 October 2022<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== League stage ====<br /> The fixtures for the [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23 season]] of ISL were announced on 1 September. Bengaluru FC faced [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]] on 8 October.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/press-releases/hero-isl-2022-23-season-starts-on-october-7th-in-kochi|title=Hero ISL 2022-23 Season starts on October 7th in Kochi|publisher=ISL|date=1 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-super-league/story/4735400/isl-2022-23-new-format-fixtures-schedule-fans-back-in-stadiums-indian-football-news|title=ISL 2022-23: New playoff format, no break for World Cup(s) – 7 takeaways from the ISL fixtures|publisher=ESPN|date=1 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |id = 1<br /> |round = 1<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|10|8|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = [[Alan Costa|Alan]] {{goal|87}}<br /> |score = 1–0<br /> |report = https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/12732<br /> |team2 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br /> |goals2 = * [[Gaurav Bora|Bora]] {{yel|60}}<br /> * [[Gani Nigam|Gani]] {{yel|81}}<br /> * [[Imran Khan (footballer)|Imran]] {{yel|86}}<br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = 19,379<br /> |referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta<br /> |motm = [[Alan Costa]] (Bengaluru)<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 2<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|10|14|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]<br /> |goals1 = *[[Prasanth Karuthadathkuni|Prasanth]] {{goal|45+1}}<br /> *[[Debjit Majumder|Majumder]] {{sent off|0|82}}<br /> |score = 1–1<br /> |report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/10/14/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/bengaluru/3949678/<br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|5}} {{yel|90+7}}<br /> |stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Chennai]]<br /> |attendance = 11,564<br /> |referee = Crystal J.<br /> |motm = [[Jiteshwor Singh]] (Chennaiyin)<br /> |result = D<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 3<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|10|22|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]<br /> |goals1 = *[[Bartholomew Ogbeche|Ogbeche]] {{goal|83}}<br /> *[[Akash Mishra|Mishra]] {{yel|86}}<br /> |score = 1–0<br /> |report = https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/10/22/india/indian-super-league/hyderabad/bengaluru/3949684/<br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{yel|84}} <br /> |stadium = [[G. M. C. Balayogi Athletic Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Hyderabad]]<br /> |attendance = 10,543<br /> |referee = Umesh Bora<br /> |motm = [[Bartholomew Ogbeche|Ogbeche]] (Hyderabad)<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 4<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|10|27|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 1–0<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Kalinga Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bhubaneswar]]<br /> |attendance = 6,811<br /> |referee =<br /> |motm = Nandha Kumar Sekar<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 5<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|11|11|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = 12,817<br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 6<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|11|17|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 4–0<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]<br /> |location = [[Mumbai]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 7<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|11|26|df=y}}<br /> |time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 0–2<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Margao]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 8<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|12|3|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 9<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|12|11|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 3–2<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)]]<br /> |location = [[Kochi]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 10<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|12|17|df=y}}<br /> |time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 1–0<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 11<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|12|23|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 0–3<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 12<br /> |date = {{Start date|2022|12|30|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 2–1<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = L<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 13<br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|1|6|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 1–2<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Indira Gandhi Athletic Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Guwahati]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 14<br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|1|14|df=y}}<br /> |time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 3–1<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 15<br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|1|19|df=y}}<br /> |time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 0–3<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]]<br /> |location = [[Jamshedpur]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 16<br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|1|28|df=y}}<br /> |time = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 3–1<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result =W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 17<br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|2|5|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan FC|ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 1–2<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> |location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result =W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 18<br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|2|11|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 1–0<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 19<br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|2|15|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = <br /> *[[Naorem Roshan Singh]] {{yel|51}}<br /> *[[Sunil Chhetri]] {{goal|57}}<br /> *[[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernadez]] {{goal|70}}<br /> |score = 2–1<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]<br /> |goals2 = <br /> *[[Ahmed Jahouh]] {{yel|26}}<br /> *[[Vignesh Dakshinamurthy]] {{yel|45}}<br /> *[[Mourtada Fall]] {{goal|77}}<br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = 20<br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|2|23|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 3–1<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = <br /> |referee =<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Playoffs ====<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = Eliminator<br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|3|3|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals1 = [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|96}}<br /> |score = 1–0<br /> |aet = yes<br /> |report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/53093-bengaluru-fc-vs-kerala-blasters-fc<br /> |team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> |goals2 = <br /> |stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> |location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> |attendance = 20,301<br /> |referee = Crystal John<br /> |motm =<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Semifinals ====<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |round = <br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|3|7|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> |score = 0–1<br /> |report = https://it.soccerway.com/matches/2023/03/07/india/indian-super-league/mumbai-city/bengaluru/4033741/<br /> |team2 = Bengaluru<br /> |goals2 = {{goal|78}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]]<br /> |stadium = [[Mumbai Football Arena]]<br /> |location = [[Mumbai]]<br /> |attendance = 6,124<br /> |referee = R Venkatesh<br /> |motm = [[Prabir Das]]<br /> |result = W<br /> }}<br /> {{football box collapsible <br /> | id = Bengaluru v Mumbai City<br /> | date = 12 March 2023<br /> | time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | score = 1–2<br /> | penaltyscore = 9–8<br /> | aet = yes<br /> | report = https://www.indiansuperleague.com/matchcentre/53097-bengaluru-fc-vs-mumbai-city-fc<br /> | team2 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]<br /> | goals1 = [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi H.]] {{goal|22}}<br /> | goals2 = *[[Bipin Singh|Bipin]] {{goal|31}}<br /> *[[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab]] {{goal|66}}<br /> | penalties1 =<br /> *[[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi H.]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Alan Costa]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Pablo Pérez (footballer, born 1993)|Pérez]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Prabir Das|Prabir]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{pengoal}}<br /> | penalties2 =<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Stewart]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Jorge Pereyra Díaz|Pereyra Díaz]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Lallianzuala Chhangte|LZ Chhangte]] <br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Ahmed Jahouh|F. A. H. Jahouh]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Rahul Bheke|Rahul]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Vikram Partap Singh Sandhu|Vikram]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Mourtada Fall|M. Fall]] <br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Vinit Rai|Vinit R]]<br /> *{{penmiss}} [[Mehtab Singh (footballer)|Mehtab]]<br /> | stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]]<br /> | location = [[Bengaluru]]<br /> | attendance = 21,901<br /> | referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta<br /> |result=L<br /> }}<br /> ''2–2 on aggregate. Bengaluru won 9–8 on penalties.''<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ====Final====<br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |id =final<br /> |round = Final<br /> |date = {{Start date|2023|3|18|df=y}}<br /> |time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |team1 = [[Bengaluru FC]]<br /> |score = 2–2<br /> | aet = y<br /> |report = <br /> |team2 = [[ATK Mohun Bagan]]<br /> |goals1 = <br /> * [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|45+4|p}}<br /> * [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|78}}<br /> |goals2 = [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]] {{goal|14|p|85|p}}<br /> | penaltyscore = 3-4<br /> | penalties1 =<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Alan Costa]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]]<br /> *{{penmiss}} [[Bruno Ramires|B. Ramires]]<br /> *{{pengoal}} [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] <br /> *{{penmiss}} [[Pablo Pérez (footballer, born 1993)|Pérez]]<br /> | penalties2 =<br /> *[[Dimitri Petratos|D. Petratos]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Liston Colaco|Liston]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Kiyan Nassiri|Kiyan]] {{pengoal}}<br /> *[[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir]] {{pengoal}} <br /> |location = [[Margao]] [[Goa]]<br /> |stadium = [[Fatorda Stadium]] <br /> |attendance = 11879 <br /> |referee = Harish Kundu<br /> |result = L<br /> |motm = [[Dimitri Petratos|Petratos]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Durand Cup===<br /> {{main|2022 Durand Cup}}<br /> Bengaluru FC had never won the [[Durand Cup]] and made their fourth appearance in the 131st edition of the tournament. They were clubbed in Group A with the defending champions [[FC Goa]], two-time champions [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]], [[Jamshedpur FC]] and one-time runners-up [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]], which is one of the four traditional [[Indian Armed Forces|armed forces']] teams.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/durand-cup-2022-hero-isl-teams-eye-first-silverware-of-longer-indian-football-season|title=Durand Cup 2022: Hero ISL teams eye first silverware of longer Indian football season|publisher=Indian Super League|date=22 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sunil Chhetri]] was reportedly set to play in [[Durand Cup]] after a gap of nine years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/football/sunil-chhetri-to-return-where-football-journey-started/cid/1873965|title=Sunil Chhetri to return where football journey started|work=The Telegraph|date=10 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 15 August, Bengaluru announced a 25-man squad of primary players for the tournament which confirmed [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri's]] participation.&lt;ref name=&quot;durandcup_squad&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/club-news/bengaluru-fc-announce-25-man-squad-131st-durand-cup/|title=Bengaluru FC announce 25-man squad for 131st Durand Cup |publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=15 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Group A====<br /> {{main|2022 Durand Cup group stage}}<br /> <br /> The squad touched down in [[Kolkata]] on 15 August and started their preparations on the same day for the first group stage game against [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] two days later.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite twitter|number=1559135895047241729|title=The Blues have touched down in Kolkata ✈️ and hit the field for their first training session ahead of the #2022DurandCup. #WeAreBFC 🔵|user=bengalurufc}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/preview/bengaluru-fc-begin-durand-cup-campaign-jamshedpur-challenge/|title=Bengaluru FC begin Durand Cup campaign with Jamshedpur challenge|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=16 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bengaluru were facing the reserve side of [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] led by youth team coach Indranil Chakraborty. Sunil Chhetri opened the scoring for the dominant Bengaluru in the 23rd minute before debutant [[Roy Krishna]] doubled the lead in the 56th minute, helping Bengaluru kick-off their missing silverware quest with a 2–1 win, despite Rishi's consolation goal for Jamshedpur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/reports/blues-begin-durand-cup-win-jamshedpur-fc/|title=Blues begin Durand Cup with win over Jamshedpur FC|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=17 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mykhel.com/football/durand-cup-2022-bengaluru-fc-begin-with-win-over-jamshedpur-fc-195842.html|title=Durand Cup 2022: Bengaluru FC begin with win over Jamshedpur FC; Odisha demolish NorthEast|publisher=My Khel|date=17 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the second game, Bengaluru faced [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]] on 23 August where they breezed past the [[Indian Armed Forces|armed force]] side after scoring four goals in response to none. [[Roy Krishna]] and [[Sunil Chhetri]] found themselves on the scoresheet yet again in the first half while the substitutes [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]] and [[Sivasakthi Narayanan]] added two more to the tally in the latter half. Bengaluru moved jointly to the top of the table along with [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/reports/blues-cruise-4-0-winners-past-indian-air-force-ft/|title= Blues cruise 4-0 winners past Indian Air Force FT |publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=23 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/durand-cup-bengaluru-fc-humble-indian-air-force-4-0-8107714/|title=Durand Cup: Bengaluru FC humble Indian Air Force 4-0|work=The Indian Express|date=23 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the game, Bengaluru alleged [[Racism in association football|racial abuse]] on one of their player from one of the opposition's player and raised the issue to the relevant authorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/bengaluru-fc-allege-racial-abuse-on-one-of-their-footballers-in-durand-cup-2022-tie-vs-indian-air-force-news-218503|title=Bengaluru FC Allege Racial Abuse 'On One Of Their Footballers' In Durand Cup 2022 Tie Vs Indian Air Force |publisher=Outlook India|date=24 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite twitter|number=1562140183197544450|title=Bengaluru FC is aware of a racist comment made by a player from the opposition, towards one of our players, during the Durand Cup game that took place on Tuesday evening. We are in touch with the relevant authorities in this regard. Our message is clear -- discrimination has no place anywhere. Football is for everyone.|user=bengalurufc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> With two wins in two games, Bengaluru FC then faced the defending champions [[FC Goa]] who were fielding a reserve side this time around. Bengaluru yet again took an early 2-0 lead via back-to-back goals from [[Sunil Chhetri]] and [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Sivasakthi]] but failed to hold the lead after the Goan side with the likes of [[Phrangki Buam]] and [[Princeton Rebello]] who managed to equalise the score. Despite a draw, it ensured Bengaluru's qualification to the knock-out stage, with a game left to be played against hosts [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/reports/blues-enter-durand-cup-knockouts-with-2-2-draw-against-fc-goa/|title=Blues enter Durand Cup knockouts with 2-2 draw against FC Goa|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=30 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/fc-goa-hold-bengaluru-fc-to-2-2-draw-in-durand-cup-8121530/|title=FC Goa hold Bengaluru FC to 2-2 draw in Durand Cup|work=The Indian Express|date=30 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bengaluru's final group stage encounter was against hosts [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan SC]]. With both the teams already making cut into the knock-out stage, the match determined who tops the table in Group A and by virtue of which, will face an easier side from Group D in the quarter-finals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/preview/blues-face-black-panthers-in-battle-for-top-spot-in-kolkata/|title= Blues face Black Panthers in battle for top spot in Kolkata |publisher=Blues face Black Panthers in battle for top spot in Kolkata|date=1 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Simon Grayson]] made nine changes in the playing eleven from their previous game against Goa. A wonderful team combination play saw Mohammedan get an early lead in the 13th minute after [[Ningthoujam Pritam Singh]] tapped in the rebounded save from the Bengaluru's custodian [[Lara Sharma]]. The game turned into Bengaluru's way after Mohammedan's [[Abhishek Halder]] was sent off and his team was down to 10-men on the pitch. Bengaluru kept knokcing on the doors and finally broke it thanks to the [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Sivasakthi's]] shot which struck the crossbar and fell inwards before bouncing out. The game ended at stalemate and Mohammedan topped the group while Bengaluru's quarter-final clash was set up against [[Odisha FC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-mohammedan-sc-top-group-after-1-1-draw-with-bengaluru-fc-5878927.html|title=Durand Cup: Mohammedan SC Top Group after 1-1 Draw with Bengaluru FC|publisher=News18|date=2 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{:2022 Durand Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=BEN}}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | id = JFCBFCDC<br /> | round = 2<br /> | date = {{start date|2022|08|17|df=y}} <br /> | time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> | score = 1−2<br /> | report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11959 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | goals1 = * Thakuri {{yel|25}}<br /> * Angelo {{yel|40}}<br /> * Rishi {{goal|61}}<br /> | goals2 = * [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|23}}<br /> * [[Hira Mondal|Mondal]] {{sent off|2|42|58}}<br /> * [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|56}}<br /> * [[Parag Shrivas|Shrivas]] {{yel|86}}<br /> | location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | result = W<br /> | motm = [[Sunil Chhetri]] (Bengaluru)<br /> | referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | id = BFCIAF<br /> | round = 5<br /> | date = {{start date|2022|08|23|df=y}} <br /> | time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | score = 4−0<br /> | report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11975 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]<br /> | goals1 = * [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|9}}<br /> * Songliansiam {{goal|23|o.g.}}<br /> * [[Bruno Ramires|Ramires]] {{yel|61}}<br /> * [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Ali]] {{goal|68}}<br /> * [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{goal|90+2}}<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | result = W<br /> | motm = [[Roy Krishna]] (Bengaluru)<br /> | referee = Surojit Das<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = 8<br /> | date = {{start date|2022|08|30|df=y}} <br /> | time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | score = 2−2<br /> | report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11981 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]<br /> | goals1 = * [[Bruno Ramires|Ramires]] {{yel|9}}<br /> * [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|24}}<br /> * [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{goal|26}}<br /> * [[Udanta Singh|Udanta]] {{yel|56}}<br /> | goals2 = * [[Phrangki Buam|Buam]] {{goal|53}}<br /> * [[Princeton Rebello|Rebello]] {{goal|64}}<br /> | location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | result = D<br /> | motm = [[Phrangki Buam]] (Goa)<br /> | referee = Crystal John<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = 10<br /> | date = {{start date|2022|09|02|df=y}} <br /> | time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br /> | score = 1–1<br /> | report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/11967 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | goals1 = * [[Ningthoujam Pritam Singh|Pritam]] {{goal|13}} {{yel|24}}<br /> * [[Vanlalzuidika Chhakchhuak|Vanlalzuidika]] {{yel|27}}<br /> * [[Abhishek Halder|Halder]] {{sent off|2|60|73}}<br /> * [[Abhishek Ambekar|Ambekar]] {{yel|61}}<br /> * [[Ousmane N'Diaye (footballer)|N'Diaye]] {{yel|90+2}}<br /> | goals2 = * [[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh]] {{yel|34}}<br /> * [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit]] {{yel|66}}<br /> * [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{goal|90+1}}<br /> | location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium = [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | result = D<br /> | motm = [[Shaher Shaheen]] (Mohammedan)<br /> | referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna|C R Srikrishna]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ====Knockout stage====<br /> {{main|2022 Durand Cup#Knockout stage}}<br /> <br /> After finishing second in the group stage, Bengaluru faced the toppers of Group D, [[Odisha FC|Odisha]] in the third quarter-final. Both the sides did not lose a single game until this round, and as a matter of a fact, Odisha had won all their games in the group stage without conceding a single goal while scoring twelve.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/preview/bengaluru-face-odisha-challenge-in-durand-cup-quarterfinal/|title=Blues Take on Juggernauts at Kishore Bharati Krirangan As Knockout Stages Commence|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=9 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/durand-cup-2022-in-form-odisha-fc-and-bengaluru-fc-clash-in-a-mouth-watering-quarter-final|title=Durand Cup 2022: In-form Odisha FC and Bengaluru FC clash in a mouth-watering quarter-final|publisher=Indian Super League|date=19 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Naorem Roshan Singh]] who had returned to the squad from an illness was started by [[Simon Grayson]] for the first time in the tournament. After a close encounter in the first half, both the teams failed to disturb the scoresheet and it was much of the same in the second half. With only ten minutes left in the game, [[Shubham Sarangi]] went into the booking for the second time and was sent off, thus reducing Odisha to 10-men on the field. Bengaluru tried to take advantage of the situation, but were unable to score and hence pushed the game into extra-time.&lt;ref name=&quot;OFCBEN_DC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/reports/krishna-screamer-at-death-sends-bengaluru-through-to-durand-semis/|title=Krishna screamer at death sends Bengaluru through to Durand semis|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=10 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFCBEN_DC_NEWS18&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-2022-bengaluru-beat-10-man-odisha-2-1-in-extra-time-enter-semis-for-fourth-time-in-a-row-5933581.html|title= Durand Cup 2022: Bengaluru Beat 10-man Odisha 2-1 in Extra-time, Enter Semis For Fourth Time in a Row|publisher=News18|date=10 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Seven minutes into extra-time and one minute after being substituted, [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Sivasakthi]] gave Bengaluru the lead after turning the ball in which was rebounded off former Bengaluru FC's goalkeeper, [[Lalthuammawia Ralte|Ralte's]] save. Despite having a numerical disadvantage, Odisha managed to pull off an equaliser as [[Diego Maurício]] headed home a free-kick in to the net in the 115th minute. When the game seemed to be heading towards a penalty shootout to break the tie, [[Lalthuammawia Ralte|Ralte]] gave the ball away cheaply in the form of a throw in during the added time in the second half of the extra time, which was then picked up by Bengaluru and an attack was initiated with [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]] playing it to [[Roy Krishna]] who then scored a 25-yard stunner to take Bengaluru FC into their third semi-final.&lt;ref name=&quot;OFCBEN_DC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;OFCBEN_DC_NEWS18&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Semi-final was a barrier that Bengaluru had never been able to cross previously in two different attempts. In their third attempt, Bengaluru met [[Hyderabad FC]] in the second semi-final at the [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]. Hyderabad had topped Group C with three wins in four and had beaten [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] 3-1 in the fourth quarter-final on their way to maiden semi-final appearance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/preview/durand-cup-final-on-offer-as-blues-lock-horns-with-hyderabad-fc/|title=Durand Cup final on offer as Blues lock horns with Hyderabad FC|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=14 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; An evenly poised encounter saw Bengaluru score the opener at the half-hour mark via an own goal from [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad's]] [[Odei Onaindia]]. [[Jayesh Rane]], who had replaced [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernandez]] from the previous game, played out wide to [[Prabir Das]] who put an inch perfect delivery near the goal mouth towards on rushing [[Roy Krishna]], which was then deflected in to the net by Hyderabad's defender.<br /> <br /> In the second half, Hyderabad threw everything at the goal, made several attacking moves and earned several set pieces but to no avail as Bengaluru's backline came on top with the likes of trio: [[Sandesh Jhingan]], [[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksander Jovanovic]] and [[Parag Shrivas]]. Bengaluru were in to the finals of the [[Durand Cup]] for the first time in their history, and their first final appearance in any tournament since the [[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19 season's]] final of [[Indian Super League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/reports/blues-enter-maiden-durand-cup-final-with-1-0-win-over-hyderabad-fc/|title=Blues enter maiden Durand Cup final with 1-0 win over Hyderabad FC|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=14 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/durand-cup-own-goal-helps-bengaluru-fc-beat-hyderabad-fc-1-0-and-book-spot-in-final-5966437.html|title=Durand Cup: Own Goal Helps Bengaluru FC Beat Hyderabad FC 1-0 and Book Spot in Final|publisher=News18|date=15 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bengaluru also became the only Indian club to play final of every major club competition in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite twitter|number=1570466133110853636|title=The Blues are now the ONLY team to play in the final of every major club competition in the country. 🇮🇳 Durand Cup 2022 ✅ Super Cup 2018 ✅ Indian Super League 2018, 2019 ✅ Federation Cup 2015, 2017 ✅|user=bengalurufc}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = Quarter-final<br /> | date = {{start date|2022|09|10|df=y}}<br /> | time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br /> | score = 1−2<br /> | aet = yes<br /> | report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/12849 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | goals1 = * [[Narender Gahlot|Gahlot]] {{yel|30}}<br /> * [[Osama Malik|Malik]] {{yel|72}}<br /> * [[Shubham Sarangi|Sarangi]] {{sent off|2|75|85}}<br /> * [[Sahil Panwar|Panwar]] {{yel|90+2}}<br /> * [[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|115}}<br /> | goals2 = * [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{yel|27}}<br /> * [[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan]] {{yel|39}}<br /> * [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{goal|97}}<br /> * [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{yel|90}} {{goal|120+1}}<br /> | location = [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium = [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | result = W<br /> | motm = [[Roy Krishna]] (Bengaluru)<br /> | referee = Dipu Roy<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = Semi-final<br /> | date = {{Start date|2022|09|15|df=y}} <br /> | time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | goals1 = * [[Parag Shrivas|Shrivas]] {{yel|17}}<br /> * [[Odei Onaindia|Onaindia]] {{goal|31|o.g.}}<br /> * [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{yel|38}}<br /> | score = 1–0<br /> | report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/12943 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]<br /> | goals2 = <br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | result = W<br /> | motm = [[Parag Shrivas|Shrivas]]<br /> | referee = Rowan Arumughan<br /> }}<br /> <br /> =====Final=====<br /> {{main|2022 Durand Cup final}}<br /> <br /> It was Bengaluru's maiden Durand Cup final appearance and their first cup final since the [[2018 Indian Super Cup|2018 Super Cup]]. They were up against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]], who were also playing their maiden Durand Cup final. Mumbai City had topped Group B with two wins, a draw and a defeat at the hands of [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]. En route to the final, they had beaten [[Chennaiyin FC]] in the quarter-final in an eight goal thriller which was settled in the extra-time by [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart's]] 118th-minute winner, while in the semi-final, Mumbai overcame Mohammedan's challenge thanks to a 90th-minute winner by [[Bipin Singh Thounaojam|Bipin Singh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/preview/bengaluru-to-battle-mumbai-for-durand-cup-glory-2/|title=Bengaluru to battle Mumbai for Durand Cup glory|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=17 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the traditional pre-match formalities in the Durand Cup final by the [[Indian Army]], the matched kick-off with Bengaluru starting the game brightly of the two teams. It took only eleven minutes for the first time starter [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Sivasakthi]], also the top scorer for Bengaluru in the tournament to take his side into an early lead. [[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksander Jovanovic's]] long ball directed at Sivasakthi, who beat the defense of Senegalese [[Mourtada Fall]] to successfully chip past the hapless [[Phurba Lachenpa]] in goal. Mumbai had their fair share of chances and they managed to convert one of those. It was exactly at the half hour mark when Mumbai pulled things to a level from a quickly taken free-kick as [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] tapped the ball in off a rebounded shot that [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu|Gurpreet]] parried away. Both the sides went in to the half-time break with everything to play for in the latter half.<br /> <br /> After the resumption, Bengaluru continued to attack and take their lead back and came close during the 60th minute when [[Jayesh Rane|Jayesh's]] deftly lobbed ball in towards [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] saw Lachenpa saving the shot. A minute later, Bengaluru did find their lead as Chhetri's corner found the header of [[Alan Costa]] to make it 2-1 for Bengaluru in the 56th minute. Mumbai then initiated several attacks on Bengaluru's defense but one of those attacks was converted into a counter attack by Bengaluru, who almost put the game to bed had Lachenpa not made a wonderful save of Chhetri's shot. Mumbai almost equalised when [[Greg Stewart (footballer)|Greg Stewart's]] long ranger shot rolled past few inches away from the goalpost. A final free-kick attempt by Mumbai was shot wide and the final whistle was blown, Bengaluru had grabbed their seventh trophy in the form of maiden Durand Cup silverware.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bengalurufc.com/2022/reports/bengaluru-fc-are-durand-cup-champions/|title=Bengaluru FC are Durand Cup champions|publisher=Bengaluru FC|date=18 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/bengaluru-fc-beat-mumbai-city-fc-2-1-to-win-maiden-durand-cup-title-5985061.html|title=Bengaluru FC Beat Mumbai City FC 2-1 to Win Maiden Durand Cup Title|publisher=News18|date=18 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | id = MCFCBFC_DCFinal<br /> | round = Final<br /> | date = {{Start date|2022|09|18|df=y}} <br /> | time = 18.00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]<br /> | goals1 = * [[Lalengmawia Ralte|Apuia]] {{goal|30}}<br /> * [[Mourtada Fall|Fall]] {{yel|44}}<br /> | score = 1–2<br /> | report = [https://www.the-aiff.com/match-center/cms/13048 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | goals2 = * [[Sivasakthi Narayanan|Narayanan]] {{goal|10}}<br /> * [[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{yel|56}}<br /> * [[Alan Costa|Costa]] {{goal|56}}<br /> * [[Bruno Ramires|Ramires]] {{yel|90+5}}<br /> | location= [[Kolkata]]<br /> | stadium= [[Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]]<br /> | attendance = <br /> | result = W<br /> | motm = [[Bruno Ramires]] ([[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]])<br /> | referee = [[C. R. Srikrishna|C R Srikrishna]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===Super Cup===<br /> {{Main|2023 Indian Super Cup}}<br /> <br /> [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]] returned to the Indian football calendar after it was suspended following the [[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019 edition]]. Bengaluru FC, the inaugural edition's champions, will be participating in the 20-team tournament of eleven teams featuring from [[Indian Super League|ISL]] and nine from [[I-League]].&lt;ref name=&quot;super_cup&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Group A====<br /> {{Main|2023 Indian Super Cup group stage}}<br /> {{:2023 Indian Super Cup group stage|transcludesection=Group A|showteam=BEN}}<br /> <br /> ===== Matches =====<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> |id=BFCSDFCSC<br /> | round = 1<br /> | date = {{Start date|2023|04|08|df=y}} <br /> | time = 17:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | score = 1–1<br /> | report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18428 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Sreenidi Deccan FC|Sreenidi Deccan]]<br /> | goals1 = * [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{goal|10}}<br /> | goals2 = * [[Faysal Shayesteh|Shayesteh]] {{goal|21}}<br /> * [[Thounaogam Dinesh Singh|Dinesh]] {{yel|24}}<br /> | location = [[Kozhikode]]<br /> | stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]<br /> | attendance = 3,214<br /> | motm = [[Bijay Chhetri]] (Sreenidi Deccan)<br /> | referee = Rowan Arumughan<br /> |result=D<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = 2<br /> | date = {{Start date|2023|04|12|df=y}} <br /> | time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[RoundGlass Punjab FC|RoundGlass Punjab]]<br /> | score = 0–2<br /> | report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18442 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | goals1 = * K. Lhungdim {{yel|35}}<br /> * [[Naocha Singh|Naocha]] {{sent off|2|54|78}}<br /> | goals2 = * [[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Kumar]] {{yel|39}}<br /> * [[Parag Shrivas|Shrivas]] {{yel|40}}<br /> * [[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{yel|53}}<br /> * [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta]] {{goal|67}}<br /> * [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Hernández]] {{goal|90+6|p}} <br /> | location = [[Kozhikode]]<br /> | stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]<br /> | attendance = 2,375<br /> | motm = [[Sandesh Jhingan]] (Bengaluru)<br /> | referee = Pratik Mondal<br /> |result=W<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = 3<br /> | date = {{Start date|2023|04|16|df=y}} <br /> | time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]<br /> | score = 1–1<br /> | report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18444 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]]<br /> | goals1 = * [[Roy Krishna|Krishna]] {{goal|23}} {{yel|45}}<br /> | goals2 = * [[Marko Lešković|Lešković]] {{yel|35}}<br /> * [[Dimitrios Diamantakos|Diamantakos]] {{goal|77}}<br /> | location = [[Kozhikode]]<br /> | stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]<br /> | attendance = 22,565<br /> | motm = [[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]] (Bengaluru)<br /> | referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta<br /> |result=D<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==== Semi-finals ====<br /> <br /> {{football box collapsible<br /> | round = SF<br /> | date = {{Start date|2023|04|21|df=y}} <br /> | time = 20:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = Bengaluru<br /> | score = 2–0<br /> | report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18803 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]<br /> | goals1 = * [[Sandesh Jhingan|Jhingan]] {{yel|53}}<br /> * [[Jayesh Rane|Rane]] {{goal|67}}<br /> * [[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{goal|84}}<br /> | goals2 = * [[Laldinliana Renthlei|Renthlei]] {{yel|61}}<br /> | location = [[Kozhikode|Calicut, Kerala]]<br /> | stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]<br /> | attendance = 3,458<br /> | result = W<br /> | motm = [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] (Bengaluru)<br /> | referee = Venkatesh R <br /> }}<br /> ====Final====<br /> {{football box collapsible <br /> |id=OFCBFC_SCFinal<br /> | date = {{Start date|2023|04|25|df=y}}<br /> | time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | team1 = Bengaluru<br /> | score = 1–2<br /> | report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=18859 Report]<br /> | team2 = [[Odisha FC|Odisha]]<br /> | goals1 = *[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh]] {{yel|22}}<br /> *[[Sunil Chhetri|Chhetri]] {{yel|60}}, {{goal|85|p}}<br /> | goals2 = *[[Diego Maurício|Maurício]] {{goal|23||38}}<br /> * [[Amrinder Singh|Amrinder]] {{yel|29}}<br /> * [[Narender Gahlot|Narender]] {{yel|90+3}}<br /> | location = [[Kozhikode]]<br /> | stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]<br /> | attendance = 6,952<br /> | motm = [[Diego Maurício]] (Odisha)<br /> | referee = Rahul Kumar Gupta<br /> |result=L<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Accolades==<br /> Bengaluru's captain, [[Sunil Chhetri]], won the [[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] [[AIFF Player of the Year Awards|men's player of the year]] award for the record seventh time. He was nominated by the [[India national football team|Indian national team's]] head coach [[Igor Stimac]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/sunil-chhetri-manisha-kalyan-named-mens-and-womens-aiff-footballer-of-year/article65749865.ece|title=Sunil Chhetri, Manisha Kalyan named men's and women's AIFF Footballer of Year|work=The Hindu|date=9 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sunil Chhetri, Manisha Kalyan bag AIFF Footballer of the Year awards|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/sunil-chhetri-manisha-kalyan-bags-aiff-footballer-of-the-year-award-1.7771016#:~:text=09%20August%202022%2C%2002%3A23%20PM%20IST&amp;text=Sunil%20Chhetri%20bagged%20the%20All,by%20any%20player%20in%20history.|access-date=9 August 2022|website=english.mathrubhumi.com|publisher=Mathrubhumi Sports|location=[[Kozhikode]], Kerala|date=9 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809095258/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/sunil-chhetri-manisha-kalyan-bags-aiff-footballer-of-the-year-award-1.7771016|archive-date=9 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personnel==<br /> <br /> [[File:Simon Grayson (2018).jpg|thumb|Grayson in 2018.]]<br /> <br /> The German coach [[Marco Pezzaiuoli]], who was previously appointed on a performance-based three-year contract in 2021, was released on 8 June 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;Marco Appointment&quot;/&gt; On the same day, Bengaluru FC appointed the English manager [[Simon Grayson]] as their new head coach on a two-year deal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon_Grayson_appointment&quot;/&gt; On 29 July, Englishmen Eric Kinder and [[Andy Beasley]] were appointed as the assistant and goalkeeping coaches, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;eric_andy&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center;&quot;|Position<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center;&quot;|Name<br /> |-<br /> | Head coach<br /> | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Simon Grayson]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Simon_Grayson_appointment&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Assistant coach<br /> | {{flagicon|ENG}} Eric Kinder&lt;ref name=&quot;eric_andy&quot;&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1552987622762749957|user=bengalurufc|title=The Blues are delighted to announce that Andy Beasley (goalkeeping coach) and Eric Kinder (assistant coach) will be a part of Simon Grayson's technical staff. Welcome to the family! 🔵}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Assistant coach/Reserve team Head Coach<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Naushad Moosa]]<br /> |-<br /> | Goalkeeping coach<br /> | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Andy Beasley]]&lt;ref name=&quot;eric_andy&quot;/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Strength and conditioning coach<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} Diwakar M.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite twitter|number=1554140260464205825|user=bengalurufc|title=The gaffer shares a light moment with S&amp;C Coach Diwakar as the Blues continue their preparations in the pre-season, ahead of a trip to Kolkata for the Durand Cup.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Team manager<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} Rosewall Da Cunha<br /> |-<br /> | Video analyst<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} Alwin Lawrence<br /> |-<br /> | Masseur<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} Manu Prasad<br /> |-<br /> | Kit Boy<br /> | {{flagicon|IND}} Gireesh PM<br /> |}<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Statistics==<br /> {{Section update|date=May 2023}}<br /> ===Appearances and goals===<br /> {{Efs start|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|ISL]]|[[2022 Durand Cup|Durand Cup]]|[[2023 Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=12 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center| Goalkeepers<br /> {{Efs player|no=1|name=[[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+0|0|5+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=30|name=[[Lara Sharma]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+0|0|1+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=43|name=Sharon Padattil|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=50|name=[[Amrit Gope]]|pos=GK|nat=IND|0+0|0|1+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=12 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center| Defenders<br /> |-<br /> {{Efs player|no=2|name=[[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksandar Jovanović]]|pos=DF|nat=AUS|0+0|0|5+1|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=3|name=[[Sandesh Jhingan]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|5+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=5|name=[[Alan Costa]]|pos=DF|nat=BRA|0+0|0|3+1|1|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=15|name=[[Wungngayam Muirang]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|1+1|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=20|name=[[Hira Mondal]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|3+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=27|name=[[Parag Shrivas]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|4+2|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=32|name=[[Roshan Singh (footballer)|Roshan Singh]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|3+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=33|name=[[Prabir Das]]|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|6+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=—|name=Clarence Fernandes|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=—|name=Felixson Fernandes|pos=DF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=12 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center| Midfielders<br /> |-<br /> {{Efs player|no=4|name=[[Ajay Chhetri]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=6|name=[[Bruno Ramires]]|pos=MF|nat=BRA|0+0|0|6+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=7|name=[[Jayesh Rane]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|3+2|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=8|name=[[Suresh Singh Wangjam]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|3+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=10|name=[[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]]|pos=MF|nat=ESP|0+0|0|2+1|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=12|name=[[Danish Farooq Bhat]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|2+3|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=18|name=[[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|4+1|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=25|name=[[Namgyal Bhutia]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|2+3|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=28|name=[[Amay Morajkar]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=31|name=[[Leon Augustine]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|1+4|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=35|name=Biswa Darjee|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=40|name=[[Damaitphang Lyngdoh]]|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=42|name=Akashdeep Singh|pos=MF|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=12 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|2px}}; text-align:center| Forwards<br /> |-<br /> {{Efs player|no=9|name=[[Prince Ibara]]|pos=FW|nat=CGO|0+0|0|1+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=11|name=[[Sunil Chhetri]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+0|0|7+0|2|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=14|name=[[Harmanpreet Singh (footballer)|Harmanpreet Singh]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=17|name=[[Edmund Lalrindika]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=19|name=[[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+0|0|1+4|1|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=21|name=[[Udanta Singh]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+0|0|2+3|0|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=22|name=[[Roy Krishna]]|pos=FW|nat=FIJ|0+0|0|5+1|3|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=24|name=Sudheer Kotikela|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> &lt;!--{{Efs player|no=26|name=[[Bidyashagar Singh]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}--&gt;<br /> {{Efs player|no=39|name=[[Sivasakthi Narayanan]]|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+0|0|1+5|5|0+0|0}}<br /> {{Efs player|no=—|name=Ankith Padmanabhan|pos=FW|nat=IND|0+0|0|0+0|0|0+0|0}}<br /> |-<br /> {{Efs end|s=[https://int.soccerway.com/teams/india/bengaluru/25367/squad/ soccerway]|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Updated: 18 September 2022&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Goal scorers===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%; text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}<br /> !width=150 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|Player<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|ISL<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|DC<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|SC<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|Total<br /> |-<br /> ||'''1''' ||38 ||[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Sivasakthi Narayanan]] ||0 ||4 ||0 ||'''5'''<br /> |-<br /> ||'''2''' ||22 ||[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ||{{flagicon|Fiji}} ||[[Roy Krishna]] ||0 ||3 ||0 ||'''3'''<br /> |-<br /> ||'''3'''||11 ||[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Sunil Chhetri]] ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''2'''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2 |'''4''' ||23 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]] ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''1'''<br /> |-<br /> ||5 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]] ||{{flagicon|Brazil}} ||[[Alan Costa]] ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''1'''<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=5|[[Own goal]]s<br /> | 0<br /> | 2<br /> | 0<br /> |'''2'''<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''TOTALS'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''14'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''14'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;small&gt;Updated: 18 September 2022&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Clean sheets===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%; text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}<br /> !width=150 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|Player<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|ISL<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|DC<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|SC<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|Total<br /> |-<br /> | '''1''' ||1 ||[[Goalkeeper (association football)|GK]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || align=left| [[Gurpreet Singh Sandhu]] ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''2'''<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''TOTALS'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''2'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''2'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;small&gt;Updated: 15 September 2022&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Assists===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%; text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;1&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}<br /> !width=150 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|Player<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|ISL<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|DC<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|SC<br /> !width=80 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};|Total<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3| '''1''' ||23 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || align=left| [[Prabir Das]] ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''2'''<br /> |-<br /> ||21 ||[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || align=left| [[Udanta Singh]] ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''2'''<br /> |-<br /> ||2 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]] || {{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|SER}} || align=left|[[Aleksandar Jovanovic (footballer, born 1989)|Aleksander Jovanovic]] ||0 ||2 ||0 ||'''2'''<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5| '''2''' ||22 ||[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ||{{flagicon|Fiji}} || align=left| [[Roy Krishna]] ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''1'''<br /> |-<br /> ||8 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || align=left| [[Suresh Singh Wangjam]] ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''1'''<br /> |-<br /> ||31 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || align=left| [[Leon Augustine]] ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''1'''<br /> |-<br /> ||19 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|FW]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || align=left| [[Faisal Ali (footballer)|Faisal Ali]] ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''1'''<br /> |-<br /> ||11 ||[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} || align=left| [[Sunil Chhetri]] ||0 ||1 ||0 ||'''1'''<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''TOTALS'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''11'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''11'''<br /> |}<br /> &lt;small&gt;Updated: 18 September 2022&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Disciplinary record===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};&quot;|{{Abbr|Rank|Rank}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};&quot;|{{Abbr|No.|Squad Number}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};&quot;|{{Abbr|Pos|Position}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; !width=15 style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};&quot;|{{Tooltip| Nat | Nationality}}<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};&quot;|Player<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;color:#2545A0;&quot;|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|ISL]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;color:#2545A0;&quot;|[[2022 Durand Cup|DC]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;color:#2545A0;&quot;|[[2023 Indian Super Cup|SC]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};&quot;|Total<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width: 450px; background:#2545A0; color:#FFFFFF; {{box-shadow border|a|#FF0000|1px}};&quot;|Notes<br /> |-<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb red card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb red card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb red card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb yellow card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb second yellow card}}<br /> !width=34 |{{Fb red card}}<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=2 |'''1''' ||22 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Hira Mondal]] ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||{{small|Missed a game, against [[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]] (red card)&lt;br/&gt;(23 August 2022)}}<br /> |-<br /> ||6 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|DF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Bruno Ramires]] ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||3 ||0 ||0 ||N/A<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=3 |'''2''' ||18 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Rohit Kumar (footballer)|Rohit Kumar]] ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||N/A<br /> |-<br /> ||32 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Naorem Roshan Singh|Roshan Singh]] ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||N/A<br /> |-<br /> ||27 ||[[Defender (association football)|DF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Parag Shrivas]] ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||2 ||0 ||0 ||N/A<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=5|'''3''' ||21 ||[[Forward (association football)|FW]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Udanta Singh]] ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||N/A<br /> |-<br /> ||8 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Suresh Singh Wangjam|Suresh Singh]] ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||N/A<br /> |-<br /> ||10 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]] ||{{flagicon|ESP}} ||[[Javi Hernández (footballer, born 1989)|Javi Hernández]] ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||N/A<br /> |-<br /> ||22 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]] ||{{flagicon|IND}} ||[[Roy Krishna]] ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||N/A<br /> |-<br /> ||6 ||[[Midfielder (association football)|MF]] ||{{flagicon|BRA}} ||[[Bruno Ramires]] ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||0 ||1 ||0 ||0 ||N/A<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;5&quot;|'''TOTALS'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''11'''<br /> | '''1'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> | '''11'''<br /> | '''1'''<br /> | '''0'''<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> &lt;small&gt;''Disciplinary points (yellow card = 1 point, red card as a result of two yellow cards = 3 points, direct red card = 3 points, yellow card followed by direct red card = 4 points);''&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> &lt;small&gt;Updated: 18 September 2022&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Bengaluru FC seasons]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Bengaluru FC}}<br /> {{2022–23 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2022-23 Bengaluru FC Season}}<br /> [[Category:Bengaluru FC seasons]]<br /> [[Category:2020s in Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:2022–23 Indian Super League season by team|Bengaluru]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Satpal_Brahamchari&diff=533499 2026-04-23T09:02:04Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Adding A Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Satpal Brahamchari<br /> | office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br /> | term_start = 2024<br /> | predecessor = [[Ramesh Chander Kaushik]]<br /> | constituency = [[Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency|Sonipat]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Satpal Brahamchari''' is an [[Indian politician]] and social worker. He is currently serving as a [[Member of Parliament]] of [[18th Lok Sabha|18th]] [[Lok Sabha]] representing [[Sonipat Lok Sabha constituency|Sonipat]]. He belongs to [[Indian National Congress]].He was born in Gangoli Village Jind District.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=लाइव |first=एबीपी |date=2024-06-04 |title=Sonipat Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/sonipat-election-result-2024-live-updates-haryana-lok-sabha-election-result-vote-counting-live-winner-loser-tally-bjp-nda-congress-india-2704676 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Quint |first=The |date=2024-06-04 |title=Sonipat Election Result 2024 Live Updates: Congress' Satpal Brahamchari Has Won This Lok Sabha Seat |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/sonipat-election-result-2024-live-updates-counting-of-votes-haryana-lok-sabha-seat-latest-news |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 June 2024 |title=Sonepat LS seat: Congress's Brahamchari edges past BJP's Badoli by over 21K votes |url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/sonepat-ls-seat-congresss-brahamchari-edges-past-bjps-badoli-by-over-21k-votes-627936 |work=Tribune India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{18th Lok Sabha members from Haryana}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahamchari, Satpal}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Uttarakhand]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance candidates in 2024 Indian general election]]<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]<br /> <br /> {{Haryana-INC-politician-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holehonnur_Assembly_constituency&diff=503019 2026-04-14T03:55:55Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Holehonnur<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | map_image = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | district = [[Shimoga district|Shimoga]]<br /> | division = [[Bangalore division|Bangalore]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency|Shimoga]]<br /> | constituency_no = 159<br /> | established = 1978<br /> | reservation = SC<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | mla = <br /> | party = <br /> | alliance = <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]<br /> | electors = <br /> }}<br /> '''Holehonnur Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Shimoga Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | G. Basavannappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Kariyanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || G. Basavannappa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Kariyanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || G. Basavannappa || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |}<br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2004 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holehonnur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basavannappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 50,071 |percentage = 44.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kariyanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,769 |percentage = 39.10% |change = {{decrease}}7.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chuda Naika |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 12,132 |percentage = 10.84% |change = {{increase}}6.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandrasena Chowhan Mr |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,476 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chandra Naika. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,438 |percentage = 1.28% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shridhara. S. P |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,021 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,302 |percentage = 5.63% |change = {{decrease}}10.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 111,956 |percentage = 71.18% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 111,944}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,285 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.54 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.39 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1999 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holehonnur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kariyanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,512 |percentage = 46.12% |change = {{increase}}21.98 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basavannappa |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 29,123 |percentage = 30.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Chooda Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 15,125 |percentage = 15.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. T. Lalitha Naik |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,964 |percentage = 4.11% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Kariyappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,249 |percentage = 2.33% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Hanumanthappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,543 |percentage = 1.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,389 |percentage = 15.94% |change = {{increase}}14.04 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 101,686 |percentage = 71.46% |change = {{decrease}}1.51 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 96,516}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 5,064 |percentage = 4.98% |change = {{increase}}2.86 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 142,292 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.76 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}20.08 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1994 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holehonnur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basavannappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 24,999 |percentage = 26.04% |change = {{increase}}6.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kariyanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,174 |percentage = 24.14% |change = {{decrease}}21.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Chooda Naik |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 23,047 |percentage = 24.01% |change = {{decrease}}2.95 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Lakshmana Naik |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 15,182 |percentage = 15.82% |change = {{increase}}12.52 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Chenna Naik |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 6,674 |percentage = 6.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganesh |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,098 |percentage = 1.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gurusidda Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 647 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parashurama Naik |party = Janata Party |votes = 631 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,825 |percentage = 1.90% |change = {{decrease}}16.59 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 98,176 |percentage = 72.97% |change = {{increase}}3.02 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 95,996}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 2,080 |percentage = 2.12% |change = {{decrease}}4.11 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,545 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.69 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}19.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1989 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holehonnur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kariyanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,674 |percentage = 45.44% |change = {{decrease}}0.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Chooda Naik |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 22,940 |percentage = 26.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. R. Naik |party = Janata Dal |votes = 16,328 |percentage = 19.19% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Ramachandra Naik |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,979 |percentage = 3.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Swamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,805 |percentage = 3.30% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,734 |percentage = 18.49% |change = {{increase}}14.48 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 90,758 |percentage = 69.95% |change = {{increase}}1.02 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 85,102}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 5,656 |percentage = 6.23% |change = {{increase}}4.48 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 129,751 |ref = |change = {{increase}}32.94 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.54 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holehonnur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basavannappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 33,036 |percentage = 49.98% |change = {{decrease}}2.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kariyanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,388 |percentage = 45.98% |change = {{increase}}1.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subbalaxmi |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,020 |percentage = 1.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Halanaik. H |party = Independent politician |votes = 870 |percentage = 1.32% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Chenna Naik |party = Independent politician |votes = 443 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,648 |percentage = 4.01% |change = {{decrease}}4.06 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 67,275 |percentage = 68.93% |change = {{increase}}4.86 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 66,095}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,180 |percentage = 1.75% |change = {{decrease}}0.85 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,601 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.87 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.26 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holehonnur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basavannappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 30,056 |percentage = 52.24% |change = {{increase}}11.97 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Chenna Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,413 |percentage = 44.17% |change = {{increase}}38.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. K. Hanumanthappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 965 |percentage = 1.68% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shekarappa. B |party = Independent politician |votes = 501 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yellappa. P |party = Independent politician |votes = 373 |percentage = 0.65% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,643 |percentage = 8.07% |change = {{decrease}}2.09 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 59,068 |percentage = 64.07% |change = {{decrease}}7.21 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 57,535}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,533 |percentage = 2.60% |change = {{decrease}}0.23 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,186 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.34 }}<br /> {{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}1.81 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 1978 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Holehonnur &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. Basavannappa |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 28,160 |percentage = 50.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. G. Chenna Naik |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,487 |percentage = 40.27% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. T. Krishna Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,122 |percentage = 5.59% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Munirathanam |party = Independent politician |votes = 864 |percentage = 1.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. K. Maruthy |party = Independent politician |votes = 651 |percentage = 1.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narasimaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 558 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,673 |percentage = 10.16% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 57,467 |percentage = 71.28% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 55,842}}<br /> {{Election box rejected |votes = 1,625 |percentage = 2.83% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,621 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> {{Coord|13.987709|75.687507|region:IN|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Hassan district]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Mysore State]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-election-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shalom_Bible_Seminary&diff=534442 2026-04-12T20:11:40Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Redirect page</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Kohima district#Education]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R to related topic}}<br /> }}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indo-Greek_Wars&diff=504366 2026-04-10T20:16:07Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}}<br /> {{inline citations needed|date=February 2024}}[[File:Alexander victory coin Babylon silver c 322 BCE.jpg|thumb|Victory coin of Alexander the Great, minted in [[Babylon]] c. 322 BCE, following his campaigns in the subcontinent.&lt;br&gt;'''Obv''': Alexander being crowned by [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]].&lt;br&gt;'''Rev''': Alexander attacking king [[King Porus|Porus]] on his elephant.&lt;br&gt;Silver. [[British Museum]]]]<br /> In ancient times, trade between the [[Indian subcontinent]] and [[Greece]] flourished with [[silk]], [[spices]] and [[gold]] being traded. The Greeks invaded [[South Asia]] several times, starting with the conquest of [[Alexander the Great]] and later with the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]].<br /> <br /> ==Legend of the God Bacchus in Ancient India==<br /> [[File:Bacchus returning from India.jpg|thumb|left|Bacchus/ Dionysus returning from [[ancient India]]]]<br /> A legendary account states that when the Greek God [[Bacchus]]/[[Dionysus]] grew up, he discovered the culture of the vine and the mode of extracting its precious juice, being the first to do so;&lt;ref&gt;Bull, 255&lt;/ref&gt; but Hera struck him with madness, and drove him forth a wanderer through various parts of the earth. In [[Phrygia]] the goddess [[Cybele]], better known to the Greeks as [[Rhea (mythology)|Rhea]], cured him and taught him her religious rites, and he set out on a progress through Asia teaching the people the cultivation of the vine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Arrian |title=Anabasis Alexandri |publisher=Loeb Classical Library |year=1929 |volume=2 |pages=123–125}}&lt;/ref&gt; The most famous part of his wanderings is his expedition to the [[Indian subcontinent]], which is said to have lasted several years fighting a king known as [[Deriades]]. According to a legend, when [[Alexander the Great]] reached a city called [[Nagara (ancient city)|Nysa]] near the [[Indus River]], the locals said that their city was founded by Dionysus in the distant past and their city was dedicated to the god Dionysus.&lt;ref&gt;[[Arrian of Nicomedia|Arrian]], Anabasis, 5.1.1–2.2&lt;/ref&gt; These travels took something of the form of military conquests; according to [[Diodorus Siculus]] he conquered the whole world except for [[British Isles|Britain]] and [[Ethiopia]].&lt;ref&gt;Bull, 253&lt;/ref&gt; Returning in triumph (he was considered the founder of the triumphal procession) he undertook to introduce his worship into Greece, but was opposed by some princes who dreaded its introduction on account of the disorders and madness it brought with it (e.g. [[Pentheus]] or [[Lycurgus of Thrace|Lycurgus]]).<br /> <br /> ==Campagin of Alexander the Great (327–326 BC)==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2024}}<br /> [[File:AlexanderConquestsInIndia.jpg|thumb|250px|Campaigns and landmarks of Alexander's invasion of the Indian subcontinent]]<br /> [[File:Autonomous Indian tribes conquered by Alexander.jpg|thumb|250px|Autonomous ancient Indian tribes conquered by Alexander the Great]]<br /> {{Main|Indian campaign of Alexander the Great}}<br /> In 327 BC [[Alexander the Great]] began his foray into [[Punjab region|Punjab]]. King [[Ambhi]], ruler of [[Taxila]], surrendered the city to Alexander. Many people had fled to a high fortress/rock called [[Aornos]]. Alexander took Aornos by storm after a successful siege. Alexander fought an epic battle against the ancient Indian monarch [[King Porus|Porus]] in the [[Battle of Hydaspes]] (326).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Plutarch |title=Life of Alexander |publisher=Loeb Classical Library |year=1919 |chapter=62}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> East of Porus' kingdom, near the [[Ganges River]], was the powerful kingdom of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], under the [[Nanda Dynasty]].<br /> <br /> According to [[Plutarch]], at the time of Alexander's Battle of the Hydaspes River, Magadha's army further east numbered 200,000 infantry, 80,000 cavalry, 8,000 chariots, and 6,000 war elephants, which was discouraging for Alexander's men and stayed their further progress into the Indian subcontinent:<br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;As for the Macedonians, however, their struggle with Porus blunted their courage and stayed their further advance into India. For having had all they could do to repulse an enemy who mustered only twenty thousand infantry and two thousand horse, they violently opposed Alexander when he insisted on crossing the river Ganges also, the width of which, as they learned, was •thirty-two furlongs, its depth •a hundred fathoms, while its banks on the further side were covered with multitudes of men-at‑arms and horsemen and elephants. For they were told that the kings of the Ganderites and Praesii were awaiting them with eighty thousand horsemen, two hundred thousand footmen, eight thousand chariots, and six thousand fighting elephants. And there was no boasting in these reports. For Androcottus, who reigned there not long afterwards, made a present to Seleucus of five hundred elephants, and with an army of six hundred thousand men overran and subdued all India.<br /> &lt;br&gt; --''Plutarch, Parallel Lives, &quot;Life of Alexander&quot; ''&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Exhausted and frightened by the prospect of facing another giant Indian army at the Ganges River, his army mutinied at the [[Beas River|Hyphasis]] (modern Beas), refusing to march further east. Alexander, after meeting his officer [[Coenus (general)|Coenus]], was convinced that it was better to return.<br /> <br /> Alexander was forced to turn south, conquering his way down the [[Indus]] to the [[Arabian Sea]]. He sent much of his army to [[Carmania (satrapy)|Carmania]] (modern southern Iran) with his general [[Craterus]], and commissioned a fleet to explore the [[Persian Gulf]] shore under his admiral [[Nearchus]], while he led the rest of his forces back to Persia by the southern route through [[Gedrosia]] (modern Makran in southern Pakistan).<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Sophytes.jpg|thumb|350px|Coin of [[Sophytes]] (305–294 BC)]] --&gt;<br /> [[File:EasternSatrapsAfterAlexander with ceded territories.jpg|thumb|200px|Hellenistic satrapies in ancient India after Alexander]]<br /> Alexander left behind Greek forces which established themselves in the city of [[Taxila]], now in [[Pakistan]]. Several generals, such as [[Eudemus (general)|Eudemus]] and [[Peithon, son of Agenor|Peithon]] governed the newly established province until around 316 BC. One of them, [[Sophytes]] (305–294 BC), was an independent Indian prince in the Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Strabo |title=Geographica |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1932 |volume=15 |chapter=1.27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Seleucid–Mauryan War (305 BC)==<br /> {{Main|Seleucid–Mauryan War}}<br /> [[File:Lorber 130.jpg|thumb|250px|Tetradrachm of [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]] from [[Seleucia]]. Obverse: the head of [[Zeus]], Reverse: [[Athena]] with elephants]]<br /> <br /> Alexander's army mutinied along the [[Hyphasis]], as Alexander died before he could make a conquest in fighting the [[Nanda Empire]], making the Beas River the eastern border of the [[Macedonian Empire]].{{cn|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> Following Alexander's death, [[Seleucus I Nicator]], founder of the [[Seleucid dynasty]] and former [[Diadochi]], gained control over Mesopotamia and the eastern satraps of the former Macedonian Empire. Seleucus unsuccessfully tried to campaign in India by invading what is now [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in northern India and [[Pakistan]] in 305 BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Military History p76&quot;&gt;The Encyclopedia of Military History, R Dupuy and E Dupuy p76&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, in India, [[Chandragupta Maurya]], the founder of the [[Maurya Empire]] with the help of [[Chanakya]] his mentor and political advisor, rose to power by overthrowing the [[Nanda Empire]] in [[Pataliputra]]. His next course of action was to lead his armies into the Indus to battle with the Seleucid Empire and annex the satraps. The [[Seleucid-Mauryan War]] waged on for over two years, resulting in significant territorial and political change in the region. To resolve the conflict both parties finally settled upon a marriage alliance. Chandragupta annexed the Greek satraps, while also gaining the daughter of Seleucus in marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Kosmin |first=Paul J. |title=The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-674-72882-0 |pages=277 |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; In exchange [[Basileus]] Seleucus received 500 prized war elephant from the Indian Emperor, an asset which was used to decisively win the [[Battle of Ipsus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Military History p76&quot;/&gt;<br /> Seleucus also sent an ambassador named [[Megasthenes]] to Chandragupta's court, who repeatedly visited Chandragupta's capital of [[Pataliputra]] (modern [[Patna, India|Patna]] in Bihar state). Megasthenes wrote detailed descriptions of India and Chandragupta's reign.<br /> <br /> Continued diplomatic exchanges and good relations between the Seleucids and the Mauryan emperors are then documented throughout the duration of the Mauryan empire.<br /> <br /> ==Indo-Greek rule (180 BC – 10 AD)==<br /> [[File:Indo-Greeks 100bc.jpg|thumb|300px|Indo-Greek Kingdoms in 100 BC]]<br /> [[File:Demetrius I of Bactria.jpg|thumb|200px|The founder of the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom]] [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] (205–171 BC), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquests in the Indus Valley]]<br /> <br /> In 180 BC, the [[Indo-Greeks]], invaded parts of northwest and northern India and ruled in the Punjab region. They are an extension of the [[Greco-Bactrian]] dynasty of Greek kings (the [[Euthydemids]]) located in neighbouring [[Bactria]].<br /> <br /> The invasion of northern India followed the destruction of the [[Mauryan]] dynasty by the general [[Pushyamitra Shunga]], who then founded the new Indian [[Shunga dynasty]] (185 BC-78 BC). The Indo-Greek king [[Milinda|Menander]] may have campaigned as far as the capital [[Pataliputra]] in eastern India (today [[Patna, India|Patna]]): &quot;Those who came after Alexander went to the [[Ganges]] and Pataliputra&quot; ([[Strabo]], XV.698 &lt;ref&gt;&quot;...those who, after Alexander, advanced beyond the Hypanis to the Ganges and Palibothra.&quot; [[Strabo]], XV.27 [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Strabo/15A2*.html]&lt;/ref&gt;).<br /> <br /> The [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greeks]] ruled various parts of north-western South Asia until the end of the 1st century BC, when they were conquered by the Scythians and Kushans.<br /> <br /> ==Legacy==<br /> {{main|Hellenistic influence on Indian art}}<br /> Buddhism flourished under the Indo-Greeks, leading to the [[Greco-Buddhist]] cultural syncretism. The arts of the Indian sub-continent were also quite affected by Hellenistic art during and after these interactions.&lt;ref&gt;Halkias 2014 and 2015; https://www.academia.edu/5974580/When_the_Greeks_Converted_the_Buddha_Asymmetrical_Transfers_of_Knowledge_in_Indo-Greek_Cultures {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190607190438/https://www.academia.edu/5974580/When_the_Greeks_Converted_the_Buddha_Asymmetrical_Transfers_of_Knowledge_in_Indo-Greek_Cultures |date=2019-06-07 }} &amp; https://www.academia.edu/12679460/The_Self-immolation_of_Kalanos_and_other_Luminous_Encounters_Among_Greeks_and_Indian_Buddhists_in_the_Hellenistic_World {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208221329/https://www.academia.edu/12679460/The_Self-immolation_of_Kalanos_and_other_Luminous_Encounters_Among_Greeks_and_Indian_Buddhists_in_the_Hellenistic_World |date=2022-12-08 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations]]<br /> * [[Indo-Mediterranean]] <br /> * [[Indo-Roman relations]]<br /> * [[Indo-Roman trade relations]] <br /> * [[Indian maritime history]]<br /> * [[Spice trade]] <br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * Bull, Malcolm, The Mirror of the Gods, How Renaissance Artists Rediscovered the Pagan Gods, Oxford UP, 2005, {{ISBN|9780195219234}}<br /> <br /> * Dalby, Andrew (2005). The Story of Bacchus. London: British Museum Press. {{ISBN|0-7141-2255-6}}.<br /> <br /> * Halkias, Georgios. “When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures.” In Religions and Trade: Religious Formation, Transformation and Cross-Cultural Exchange between East and West, ed. Volker Rabens. Leiden: Brill, 2013: 65–115.<br /> <br /> * ________. “The Self-immolation of Kalanos and other Luminous Encounters among Greeks and Indian Buddhists in the Hellenistic world.” Journal of the Oxford Centre for Buddhist Studies, Vol. VIII, 2015: 163–186.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Middle kingdoms of India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Greek Conquests In India}}<br /> [[Category:Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving ancient Greece]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving ancient India]]<br /> [[Category:Invasions of India]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=L._Narasimha_Reddy&diff=511422 2026-04-09T22:58:52Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian judge}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[Judge|Justice]] (Retd.)<br /> | name = L. Narasimha Reddy<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = <br /> | office = [[Chief Justice]] [[Patna High Court]]<br /> | term_start = 2 January 2015<br /> | term_end = 31 July 2015<br /> | nominator = <br /> | appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Rekha Manharlal Doshit]]<br /> | successor = Hon. [[Iqbal Ahmed Ansari|Iqbal A. Ansari]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1953|08|01|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]] (now [[Telangana]]), India<br /> | citizenship = Indian<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | spouse = Indira<br /> | children = L. Aravind Reddy, Ashrita <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Justice L. Narasimha Reddy''' (born 1 August 1953) was the [[Chief Justice]] of [[Patna High Court]] and was the senior most judge of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://patnahighcourt.bih.nic.in/Judges_Dtl.aspx?ID=MQ%3d%3d-1HVw%2b63zNZA%3d |title=The High Court of Judicature at Patna |accessdate=2014-03-11 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304071705/http://patnahighcourt.bih.nic.in/Judges_Dtl.aspx?ID=MQ%3D%3D-1HVw+63zNZA%3D |archivedate=4 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was recently{{When|date=July 2025|reason=month and year}} appointed Chairman CAT and as the Chancellor of [[University of Hyderabad]] and the [[North-Eastern Hill University]].<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Narasimha Reddy was born in an agricultural family in Gavicharla village, [[Warangal]], [[Telangana]]. He received his [[B.Sc.]] degree from C.K.M. College, [[Warangal]], and went on to earn his bachelor's as well as master's degree in law (international law) from [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Hon | url=http://supremecourtcaselaw.com/jus_lnreddy.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021125233638/http://supremecourtcaselaw.com:80/jus_lnreddy.htm | access-date=2025-02-18 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=2002-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, L. Narasimha}}<br /> [[Category:1953 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]<br /> [[Category:People from Hanamkonda district]]<br /> [[Category:Judges of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]<br /> [[Category:Chief justices of the Patna High Court]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_cricket_team_in_Ireland_in_2026&diff=504195 2026-04-07T11:47:18Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|International cricket tour}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket tour<br /> | series_name = Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2026<br /> | team1_image = Cricket Ireland flag.svg<br /> | team1_name = Ireland<br /> | team2_image = Flag of India.svg<br /> | team2_name = India<br /> | from_date = 26<br /> | to_date = 28 June 2026<br /> | team1_captain = <br /> | team2_captain = <br /> | no_of_twenty20s = 2<br /> | team1_twenty20s_won = <br /> | team2_twenty20s_won = <br /> | team1_twenty20s_most_runs = <br /> | team2_twenty20s_most_runs = <br /> | team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = <br /> | team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = <br /> | player_of_twenty20_series = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] is scheduled to tour Ireland in June 2026 to play the [[Ireland cricket team]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/womens-t20-worldcup-2026/news/ireland-announce-schedule-for-big-home-assignments-in-2026 |title=Ireland announce schedule for big home assignments in 2026 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] |access-date=21 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/138090/india-likely-to-tour-ireland-in-late-june-for-white-ball-matches-cricbuzzcom |title=India to play two T20Is against Ireland on June 26, 28 |work=[[Cricbuzz]] |access-date=21 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tour will consist of two [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cp327w16d6go|title=Ireland to face India in Stormont T20 matches |work=[[BBC News]] |access-date=21 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Men's Future Tours Program |url=https://resources.pulse.icc-cricket.com/ICC/document/2022/08/17/9ecd5af8-4657-475f-ae1e-733b04f69750/Men-s-FTP-upto-2027.pdf |access-date=21 March 2026 |work=[[International Cricket Council]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2026, [[Cricket Ireland]] (CI) confirmed the fixtures for the tour, as a part of the 2026 home international season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cricketireland.ie/news/mens-fixtures-revealed/|title=Men’s fixtures revealed |work=[[Cricket Ireland]] |access-date=21 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;!--<br /> ==Squads==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:auto&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !{{cr|IRE}}<br /> !{{cr|IND}}<br /> |-<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;<br /> |<br /> *Ireland Squad<br /> |<br /> *India Squad<br /> |}<br /> --&gt;<br /> == T20I series ==<br /> ===1st T20I===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 26 June 2026<br /> | time = 13:30<br /> | night =<br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br /> | score1 = <br /> | runs1 = <br /> | wickets1 = <br /> | score2 = <br /> | runs2 = <br /> | wickets2 = <br /> | result = <br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1528548.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Stormont Cricket Ground]], [[Belfast]]<br /> | umpires = <br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = <br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2nd T20I===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 28 June 2026<br /> | time = 13:30<br /> | night = <br /> | team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}<br /> | team2 = {{cr|IND}}<br /> | score1 = <br /> | runs1 = <br /> | wickets1 = <br /> | score2 = <br /> | runs2 = <br /> | wickets2 = <br /> | result = <br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1528549.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Stormont Cricket Ground]], [[Belfast]]<br /> | umpires = <br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = <br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-ireland-2026-1528532 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]<br /> <br /> {{International cricket tours of Ireland}}<br /> {{International cricket in 2026}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2026 in Irish cricket]]<br /> [[Category:2026 in Indian cricket]]<br /> [[Category:International cricket competitions in 2026]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricket tours of Ireland]]<br /> <br /> {{Cricket-tour-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Ke_Naam&diff=528971 2026-04-05T11:01:37Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: made article...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1992 Indian film by Anand Patwardhan}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = ''Ram ke Naam''&lt;br&gt;''In the Name of God''<br /> | image = Ram ke Naam.jpg<br /> | director = [[Anand Patwardhan]]<br /> | producer = Anand Patwardhan<br /> | editing = Anand Patwardhan<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|1992|09||Film South Asia}}<br /> | runtime = 75 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = English, Hindi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ram ke Naam''''' (English: ''In the Name of God'') is a 1992 documentary by Indian filmmaker [[Anand Patwardhan]]. The film explores the campaign waged by the right-wing [[Hindutva]] organisation [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] to build a temple to the Hindu deity [[Rama|Ram]] at the site of the [[Babri Masjid]] in [[Ayodhya]], as well as the [[Violence against Muslims in India|communal violence]] that it triggered. A couple of months after ''Ram ke Naam'' was released, activists of the VHP and other Hindu nationalist groups [[Demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolished the Babri Masjid]] in 1992, provoking further violence. The film earned Patwardhan a wide recognition, and received several national and international awards.<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> {{Main|Ayodhya dispute}}<br /> In 1526 following the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] invasion of the Indian subcontinent, [[Mir Baqi]], a general of the emperor [[Babur]], built a mosque at Ayodhya which he named after Babur. Hindus believe that Ayodhya is the birthplace of the deity [[Rama]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hindbus&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Bhagat|first=Rasheeda|title=The Ayodhya Conundrum|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2010/09/28/stories/2010092850310800.htm|access-date=29 September 2010|newspaper=The Hindu Business Line|date=28 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Local traditions hold that a temple to Rama stood at the site and was demolished by Baqi. The site was used for religious purposes by people of both beliefs until 1949.&lt;ref name=&quot;van der Veer 1987&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=van der Veer |first=Peter |title='God must be Liberated!' A Hindu Liberation Movement in Ayodhya |journal=Modern Asian Studies |volume=21 |number=2 |year=1987 |pages=283–301 |jstor=312648 |doi=10.1017/s0026749x00013810|s2cid=69004346 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Narain 1993&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Narain|first1=Harsh|title=The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources|location=New Delhi|publisher=Penman Publications|isbn=81-85504-16-4|date=1993|pages=8–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; In that year, idols of Rama were surreptitiously placed inside the mosque. An uproar followed, and multiple civil suits were filed laying claim to the site. The site was declared to be in dispute, and the gates to the mosque were locked.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ayodhya Timeline BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Timeline: Ayodhya holy site crisis|date=6 December 2012|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11436552|publisher=BBC News|access-date=19 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In the 1980s, the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), a [[Hindu nationalist]] organisation, began a campaign to build a temple dedicated to Rama at the site, with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) backing the movement politically.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Guha|first1=Ramachandra|title=India after Gandhi: the history of the world's largest democracy|date=2007|publisher=Picador|location=India|isbn=978-0-330-39610-3|edition=1st|pages=582–598}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Katju |first=Manjari |title=Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics |publisher=Orient Blackswan |year=2013 |isbn=978-81-250-2476-7 |pages=88–112}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Lochtefeld |first=James G. |title=The Vishva Hindu Parishad and the Roots of Hindu Militancy |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Religion |volume=62 |number=2 |year=1994 |pages=587–602 |jstor=1465279 |doi=10.1093/jaarel/lxii.2.587}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 1990, the BJP leader [[L. K. Advani]] began a &quot;[[Ram Rath Yatra|rath yatra]],&quot; or chariot journey, to the city of Ayodhya in support of the movement. The journey triggered communal riots in several cities, leading to Advani's arrest by the government of Bihar. A large number of volunteers nonetheless reached Ayodhya, and attacked the mosque. This resulted in a pitched battle with government's paramilitary forces that ended with the death of several VHP volunteers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guha2007a&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Guha|first=Ramachandra|title=India After Gandhi|year=2007|publisher=MacMillan|pages=633–659}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Synopsis==<br /> ''Ram ke Naam'' explores the VHP's campaign to demolish the Babri Masjid and build a temple to Rama in its place. The film begins with a clip of an organizer describing Advani's ''rath yatra'' in 1990. It then shows scenes from the ''yatra'', with young men dressed in saffron seen in Ayodhya, followed by a video prepared by the VHP. The video depicts an incident at the temple in 1949, when an idol of Rama &quot;appeared&quot; inside the mosque. In the VHP's retelling, Rama is shown descending from the sky and miraculously appearing in the mosque, watched by astonished spectators, followed by a member of the VHP telling the same story.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pande 1992&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Pande|first1=Mrinal|title=Ram Ke Naam Chronicle of a demolition Foretold|journal=Manushi|date=November 1992|issue=73|url=http://www.manushi.in/docs/66ram_ke_naam.pdf|access-date=21 December 2014|archive-date=26 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126185502/http://www.manushi.in/docs/66ram_ke_naam.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The documentary then shifts to interviews with Muslim residents, who state that they do not have access to justice, and describe the destruction that occurred during communal riots in 1986. Patwardhan then interviews young male members of the VHP, who say that they will take Ayodhya by force if they need to. One of the men is unable to answer a question about historicity of Rama's date of birth. The film then shows Advani's ''yatra'' entering the state of [[Bihar]], and several provocative speeches by politicians of the BJP. This is followed by an interview with a tax inspector, who was fired for objecting to irregularities in the tax returns of the VHP. Patwardhan interviews [[Baba Lal Das]], a Hindu priest of the idols within the mosque compound, who described the VHP's agitation as unnecessary, and an attempt to create religious tension. The film concludes with a clip of people at a BJP rally attempting to justify the assassination of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] by [[Nathuram Godse]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Pande 1992&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception and analysis==<br /> The film received a positive reception from critics, and also received several national and international awards. A review in the magazine ''[[Manushi]]'' stated that the film was a reminder of &quot;that rare commodity called truth,&quot; and went on to say that although the film might be considered to have flaws of a technical nature, it should be mandatory viewing for people who wished to understand the Ayodhya dispute.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pande 1992&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The VHP and its affiliates in the [[Sangh Parivar]] reacted with hostility to the film, stating that it was &quot;anti-Hindu.&quot; In 1993 volunteers of the [[Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad]] and the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] prevented the documentary from being screened at a college in [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sen 1993&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Manjula|title=College Barred From Screening Film|work=The Times of India|date=26 December 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2002, the VHP also prevented the movie from being screened at the [[American Museum of Natural History]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=Namrata|title=Naked Man Outside Frame|journal=Outlook|date=9 August 2011|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?278045|access-date=19 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Maclay|first1=Kathleen|title=Anand Patwardhan, the 'Michael Moore of India,' brings his hard-hitting documentary films to campus|url=http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/10/13_patwardhan.shtml|publisher=UC Berkeley News|access-date=19 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a screening of the documentary at [[ILS Law College]] on 27 December 2014 was cancelled due to threats from right wing organisations, Patwardhan officially released the documentary on YouTube.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.punemirror.in/entertainment/bollywood/These-right-wingers-cant-decide-what-India-should-see/articleshow/45781228.cms | title='These right-wingers can't decide what India should see' | work=[[Pune Mirror]] | date=7 Jan 2015 | access-date=7 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2019, YouTube put an age restriction on the documentary which now opens with a disclaimer saying it may be “inappropriate for some users” even though the film holds a U certificate (for unrestricted public exhibition) from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/912806/youtube-blocks-anand-patwardhans-documentary-ram-ke-naam-for-users-under-the-age-of-18|title = YouTube blocks Anand Patwardhan's documentary 'Ram Ke Naam' for users under the age of 18| date=11 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2019, a screening of the film at the [[Hyderabad Central University]] was interrupted and the organisers detained by police.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/education/three-campuses-the-brouhaha-over-the-screening-of-ram-ke-naam/cid/1702124|title=Three campuses: The brouhaha over the screening of Ram Ke Naam}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Patwardhan was already fairly well known thanks to his earlier films, such as ''[[Prisoners of Conscience]]'', which critiqued the [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency]] imposed by Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] in the mid 1970s. However, ''Ram ke Naam'' earned him a wide recognition for the first time.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lal 2005&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Lal|first1=Vinay|title=Travails of the Nation Some Notes on Indian Documentaries|journal=Third Text|date=March 2005|volume=19|issue=2|doi=10.1080/0952882042000328089|s2cid=142194323}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] [[Filmfare Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]], India, 1992<br /> * [[National Film Awards|National Film Award]], [[National Film Award for Best Investigative Film|Best Investigative Documentary]], India, 1992&lt;ref name=NFA1992&gt;{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/40th_nff_1993.pdf|title=40th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=2 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Ecumenical Prize, Nyon, Switzerland, 1993<br /> * Documentary Prize, [[Fribourg International Film Festival]], Switzerland, 1993&lt;ref name=IMDB&gt;{{cite web|title=Anand Patwardhan|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0666674/awards|publisher=Internet Movie Database|access-date=23 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Citizen’s Prize, [[Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival]], Japan, 1992&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=YIDDF 1993|url=http://www.yidff.jp/93/93list-e.html|publisher=Yamagata International Documentary Film Festival|access-date=23 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://patwardhan.com/wp/?page_id=178 Official website of Anand Patwardhan]<br /> * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OO-VaJBHiik ''Ram ke Naam'' on You Tube]<br /> *[https://indiankanoon.org/doc/206282/ Directorate General of Doordarshan v. Anand Patwardhan]. Case law regarding [[Doordarshan]]'s refusal to broadcast the film<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:Anand Patwardhan]]<br /> [[Category:Ayodhya dispute]]<br /> [[Category:1992 controversies]]<br /> [[Category:Religious controversies in film]]<br /> [[Category:Religious controversies in India]]<br /> [[Category:Political controversies in film]]<br /> [[Category:Political controversies in India]]<br /> [[Category:Art works that caused riots]]<br /> [[Category:Film censorship in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]<br /> [[Category:Censored films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Anand Patwardhan]]<br /> [[Category:1992 Indian films]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=About_Love_(2019_film)&diff=484413 2026-04-05T06:42:35Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2019 Indian documentary}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = About Love<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | director = Archana Atul Phadke<br /> | producer = Archana Atul Phadke &lt;br&gt; Abhay Kumar<br /> | writer = <br /> | starring = Maneesha Phadke &lt;br&gt; Atul Phadke &lt;br&gt; Neela Phadke &lt;br&gt; Madhav Phadke &lt;br&gt; Sagarika Phadke &lt;br&gt; Rohan Phadke &lt;br&gt; Laali Phadke &lt;br&gt; Gurbani Bagga Phadke &lt;br&gt; Sonal Phadke &lt;br&gt; Sushila Bai<br /> | music = Shane Mendonsa<br /> | cinematography = Archana Atul Phadke<br /> | editing = Archa Atul Phadke &lt;br&gt; Abhay Kumar<br /> | distributor = [[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]] (Europe)&lt;br /&gt;[[PBS]] (US)<br /> | released = {{Film date|2019|6|6|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = 91 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Marathi&lt;br/&gt;English<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''About Love''''' is a 2019 Indian documentary film directed and edited by Archana Atul Phadke. Filmed over three years, the film follows three generations of the Phadke family living in the family home in [[South Mumbai|southern Mumbai]]. It premiered at the 2019 [[Sheffield DocFest|Sheffield International Documentary Festival]], where Phadke won the New Talent Award.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * Maneesha Phadke<br /> * Atul Phadke<br /> * Neela Phadke<br /> * Madhav Phadke<br /> * Sagarika Phadke<br /> * Rohan Phadke<br /> * Laali Phadke<br /> * Gurbani Bagga Phadke<br /> * Sonal Phadke<br /> * Sushila Bai<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> The documentary follows three years in the life of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] Phadke family living in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], including family patriarch Madhav and his wife of 68 years, Neela; their son Atul and his wife Maneesha, who have been married for 32 years; and Atul and Maneesha's children, including single daughters Archana and Sagarika, as well as their son Rohan, who is engaged to a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] woman, Gurbani. Also living in the home is Madhave's brother Laali; the family are assisted by their maid of 52 years, Sushila. The film, composed of footage recorded by Archana, features scenes of domesticity, including arguments between Madhave and Neela, as well as Atul and Maneesha; preparations for Rohan's wedding to Gurbani; Madhave and Laali's declining health, including Madhave's eventual death and Laali's move into a care home; and Maneesha writing stories about [[Radha Krishna]].<br /> <br /> Throughout the film, Archana and Sagarika are questioned on their unwillingness to get married, while Neela and Maneesha speak about the difficulties of being wives. The film culminates with Rohan's marriage, and his new wife Gurbani being formally welcomed into the family home.<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> ''About Love'' was filmed over the course of three years by Phadke, using a handheld camera, primarily within the multi-storey family home she had grown up in southern Mumbai, which had belonged to the Phadke family since 1902.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Goswami |first=Ahendrila |date=29 August 2021 |title=About Love [2019] review: a nuanced exploration of love in a regular, Indian family |url=https://www.highonfilms.com/about-love-2019-mubi-review/ |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=High on Films |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Deborah |date=19 October 2019 |title='About Love': film review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/love-1248869/ |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baughan |first=Nikki |date=17 June 2019 |title='About Love': Sheffield review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/about-love-sheffield-review/5140441.article |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[Screen International]] |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Phadke had become a 2017 alumnus of [[Berlinale Talents]], the [[Berlin International Film Festival]]'s talent development programme, following the release of her short film ''Uski Baarish'' (2013);&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Nidhi |date=October 2019 |title=About Love: Archana Phadke |url=https://www.platform-mag.com/film/about-love-archana-phadke.html |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=Platform}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''About Love'' is her first feature film as a director.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archana Phadke |url=https://www.berlinale-talents.de/bt//bt/talent/archana-phadke/profile |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[Berlinale Talents]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''About Love'' premiered at the Sheffield International Documentary Festival in 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; That same year, it was also screened at the [[Mumbai Film Festival]], as part of the India Gold selection, as well as at the Indian Film Festival of Stuttgart.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=11 December 2022 |title=प्रेमाची परिभाषा सांगणारा अर्चना फडकेचा 'अबाउट लव्ह' |url=https://www.lokmat.com/movies/archana-phadkes-about-love-feature-film-a603/ |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film subsequently aired on [[PBS]] in the United States and on [[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]] elsewhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Love |url=https://mubi.com/films/about-love-2019 |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[Mubi (streaming service)|Mubi]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''About Love'' has received a positive critical reception both within India and internationally.<br /> <br /> In India, in a five star review, ''[[Mashable]]'' called it a &quot;beautiful piece of cinema&quot;, though did criticise the shaky quality of the handheld camera footage as being at times distracting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Pramit |date=25 October 2019 |title=About Love review: Archa Phadke's intimate film will make you hug your family members |url=https://in.mashable.com/entertainment/7942/about-love-review-archana-phadkes-intimate-film-will-make-you-hug-your-family-members |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[Mashable]] |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ishita Sengupta in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' commended the film for highlighting the role of women within Indian family structures, which are often patriarchal in nature, and called it &quot;a lesson in owning [and] accepting your 'embarrassing' family&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Ishita |date=25 October 2019 |title=About Love: a lesson in owning/accepting your 'embarrassing' family |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/about-love-archana-phadke-mami-6087766/ |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Internationally, Ahendrila Goswani from ''High on Films'' called Phadke &quot;comic as well as cruel&quot; in how she portrayed her family, ultimately commending the &quot;beauty&quot; that emerged from its depiction of the mundaneness of the family's day-to-day life.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Writing for ''[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]'', Nikki Baughan praised Phadke's &quot;frank approach and eye for detail&quot; in drawing poignancy from &quot;quiet, unassuming moments&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Deborah Young from ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' called it a &quot;small, unpretentious film about ordinary people&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> Phadke won the New Talent Award at the 2019 Sheffield International Documentary Festival for ''About Love''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Jennifer |date=7 August 2020 |title=POV: About Love |url=https://www.kpbs.org/news/arts-culture/2020/08/07/pov-about-love |access-date=29 January 2023 |website=[[KPBS Public Media|KPBS]] |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film also won Best Film at the 2019 Indian Film Festival of Stuttgart.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2019 documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian documentary films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 Marathi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2019 English-language films]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alok_Kumar_Shakya&diff=485686 2026-04-03T03:05:42Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = '''Alok Kumar Shakya'''<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | constituency3 = [[Bhongaon (Assembly constituency)|Bhongaon]]<br /> | predecessor3 = Late Shri [[Ram Autar Shakya]] (MLA)<br /> | successor = [[Ram Naresh Agnihotri]]<br /> | term_start2 = May 2007<br /> | term_end2 = March 2012<br /> | office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for &lt;br&gt;[[Bhongaon (Assembly constituency)|Bhongaon]]<br /> | term_start3 = February 2002<br /> | term_end3 = May 2007<br /> | constituency4 = <br /> | office4 = <br /> | term_start = March 2012<br /> | term_end = March 2017<br /> | predecessor4 = <br /> | successor4 = <br /> | constituency5 = <br /> | office5 = <br /> | term_start5 = <br /> | term_end5 = <br /> | predecessor5 = <br /> | successor5 = <br /> | constituency6 = <br /> | office6 = <br /> | term_start6 = <br /> | term_end6 = <br /> | predecessor6 = <br /> | successor6 = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|3|15}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Member Profile&quot;/&gt;<br /> | birth_place = district&lt;ref name=&quot;Member Profile&quot;/&gt;<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | resting_place_coordinates = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | parents = Late Shri Ram Autar Shakya (MLA) (father)&lt;ref name=&quot;Member Profile&quot;/&gt;<br /> | citizenship = <br /> <br /> <br /> | | party = [[Samajwadi Party]]<br /> | spouse = Smt Rekha Shakya<br /> | children = 1 son (Utkarsh Shakya) and 1 daughter (Nishtha Shakya)<br /> | relations = <br /> | alma_mater = Chaudhary Charan Singh University&lt;ref name=&quot;C jiandidate affidavit&quot; /&gt;<br /> | occupation = <br /> | profession = <br /> Agriculture Social Service And Politician<br /> | cabinet = <br /> | committees = <br /> | portfolio = '''Technical Education Minister''' (2013 - 2015)<br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | blank1 = <br /> | data1 = <br /> }}<br /> '''Alok Kumar Shakya'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12046/16|title=Member profile|website=UP Legislative Assembly|access-date=27 July 2023|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507013400/https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12046/16|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a member of the [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th]], [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th]] and [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]] in India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Member Profile&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Member Profile|publisher=Legislative Assembly official website|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/108.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092634/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/pdfs/members_profile/108.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;C jiandidate affidavit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Candidate affidavit|publisher=My neta.info|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1391|archive-date=11 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211052934/http://myneta.info/up2012/candidate.php?candidate_id=1391|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He represents the [[Bhongaon (Assembly constituency)|Bhongaon]] constituency of Uttar Pradesh and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.&lt;ref name=&quot;2012 Election Results&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|archive-date=8 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508084526/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2007 Election Results&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713102642/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;2002 Election Results&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713105915/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;All MLAs from constituency&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=All MLAs from constituency|publisher=elections.in|accessdate=10 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bhongaon.html|archive-date=11 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211151937/http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/bhongaon.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, prior to by-election in [[Mainpuri Assembly constituency]], Shakya was appointed district president of Samajwadi Party for Mainpuri. This was done in a bid to secure the support of [[Shakya (surname)|Shakya]] voters, who were the most populous group after [[Yadav]]s in this constituency. He has also served as a minister in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/mainpuri/samajwadi-party-appoints-alok-shakya-as-mainpuri-district-president-ahead-of-loksabha-byelection/articleshow/95416615.cms|title=Mainpuri Bypoll: सपा का बड़ा दांव, उपचुनाव से पहले पूर्व MLA आलोक शाक्य को बनाया मैनपुरी का नया जिलाध्यक्ष|website=Navbharat Times|accessdate=27 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Alok Kumar was born in Mainpuri district. He attended the Chaudhary Charan Singh University and attained Bachelor of Arts degree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Member Profile&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;C jiandidate affidavit&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political career==<br /> Alok Kumar has been a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] for three terms. He represented the [[Bhongaon (Assembly constituency)|Bhongaon]] constituency and is a member of the [[Samajwadi Party]] political party.&lt;ref name=&quot;Member Profile&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;C jiandidate affidavit&quot; /&gt;<br /> Alok Kumar is the only leader who holds the record of consecutive three time MLA from constituency Bhongaon since the Independence. In 2012 U. P. General Elections Alok Kumar won the Bhongaon seat by the margin of over 50,000 votes from his competitor Sakshi Maharaj, prominent and strong leader of Bharatiya Janta Party. <br /> He also held the position of State Minister of Technical Education in Uttar Pradesh Government during his third tenure as MLA.<br /> The main cause of losing his seat in 2017 is the division of votes in his constituency due to family feud in Yadav Parivaar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/samajwadi-party-manages-to-hold-on-to-mainpuri-bastion/articleshow/57599211.cms|title=Samajwadi Party manages to hold on to Mainpuri bastion|website=Times of India|accessdate=27 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He lost his seat in the [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Assembly election]] to Ram Naresh Agnihotri of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/bhongaon-mla-results|title=BHONGAON Election Result 2017, Winner, BHONGAON MLA, Uttar Pradesh|access-date=22 March 2017|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323143209/http://www.ndtv.com/elections/uttar-pradesh/bhongaon-mla-results|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/mainpuri-mainpuri-bhongaon-assembly-seat-result-live-update-win-loss-bjp-ram-naresh-agnihotri-sp-alok-kumar-shakya-bsp-ashok-kumar-singh-4036287.html|title=Bhongaon Assembly Seat Result Live : समाजवाद के मजबूत किले भोगांव सीट पर भाजपा ने दोबारा लहराया परचम, सपा को करीब 4700 वोटों से हराया|website=News18|accessdate=27 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Posts held==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments<br /> |-<br /> | 01 || 2012 || 2017 || Member, [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 02 || 2007 || 2012 || Member, [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 03 || 2002 || 2007 || Member, [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Legislative Assembly]] ||<br /> |-<br /> | 04 || 2013 || 2015 || Minister of State for [[Technical Education]] ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Bhongaon (Assembly constituency)]]<br /> * [[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> * [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> {{Portal bar|India|Politics}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shakya, Alok Kumar}}<br /> [[Category:1972 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mainpuri district]]<br /> [[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2007–2012]]<br /> [[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2012–2017]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malayalam_script&diff=450440 2026-03-24T12:00:28Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Brahmic script used commonly to write the Malayalam language}}<br /> {{Distinguish|Jawi script{{!}}Malay script}}<br /> {{use dmy dates |date=March 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox Writing system<br /> | name = Malayalam script<br /> | languages = [[Malayalam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Sanskrit]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tulu language|Tulu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jeseri]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Konkani language|Konkani]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Paniya]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Betta Kurumba]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Ravula language|Ravula]] and other minor languages<br /> | type = [[Abugida]]<br /> | time = {{abbr|c.|Circa}} 830 – present&lt;ref name=&quot;Omniglot&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vazhapally Temple&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vazhapally Temple|url=http://www.vazhappallytemple.org/history.html|publisher=Vazhappally Sree Mahadeva Temple|access-date=2009-10-31|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109014543/http://www.vazhappallytemple.org/history.html|archive-date=2011-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | fam1 = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs|Egyptian]]<br /> | fam2 = [[Proto-Sinaitic]]<br /> | fam3 = [[Phoenician script|Phoenician]]<br /> | fam4 = [[Aramaic script|Aramaic]]<br /> | fam5 = [[Brahmi script]]<br /> | fam6 = [[Tamil-Brahmi]]<br /> | fam7 = [[Pallava script]]<br /> | fam8 = [[Grantha script]] (with Vattezhuthu influence)<br /> | sisters = [[Tigalari script]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Thirke script]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dhives Akuru]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Saurashtra script]]<br /> | unicode = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0D00.pdf U+0D00–U+0D7F]<br /> | iso15924 = Mlym<br /> | sample = Malayalam script sample.jpg<br /> | imagesize = 250px<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br /> {{Malayalam transliteration}}<br /> {{brahmic}}<br /> <br /> '''Malayalam script''' ({{transliteration|ml|ISO|Malayāḷa lipi}}; {{IPA|ml|mələjaːɭə lipi|IPA}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_a&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grammatical Sketch&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf |title=Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text |access-date=2020-12-22 |archive-date=2012-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911225521/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; / {{langx|ml|മലയാളലിപി}}) is a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmic]] [[abugida]] used to write [[Malayalam]], the principal language of [[Kerala]], [[India]], spoken by 45 million people. Malayalam is a [[Dravidian language]] spoken in the Indian state of Kerala and the union territories of [[Lakshadweep]] and Puducherry (Mahé district) by the [[Malayali]] people. It is one of the [[official scripts of the Indian Republic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |title=Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations 1910–2010 |website=media.johnwiley.com.au |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=M. Paul|contribution=Malayalam|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=16th|publisher=[[SIL International]]|year=2009|contribution-url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=mal|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/|access-date=2009-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The Malayalam script resembles [[Tulu script]] and [[Tigalari script]], used to write the [[Tulu language]], spoken in [[Tulu Nadu|coastal Karnataka]] ([[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district|Udupi]] districts) and the northernmost [[Kasargod district]] of Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tulu Unicode 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Vaishnavi Murthy K Y |author2=Vinodh Rajan |title= L2/17-378 Preliminary proposal to encode Tigalari script in Unicode |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17378-tigalari.pdf |website=www.unicode.org |access-date=28 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Like many Indic scripts, it is an alphasyllabary ([[abugida]]), a writing system that is partially &quot;alphabetic&quot; and partially syllable-based. The modern Malayalam alphabet has 15 vowel letters, 42 consonant letters, and a few other symbols. The Malayalam script is a [[Vatteluttu alphabet]] extended with symbols from the [[Grantha alphabet]] to represent [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan loanwords]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Krishnamurti|first=Bhadriraju|title=The Dravidian Languages|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=85|isbn=9781139435338|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC&amp;q=grantha+script}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The script is also used to write several minority languages such as [[Paniya language|Paniya]], [[Betta Kurumba language|Betta Kurumba]], and [[Ravula language|Ravula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_&quot;&gt;''Ethnologue'' (16th ed.): [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=pcg &quot;Paniya&quot;], [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=xub &quot;Kurumba, Betta&quot;], and [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=yea &quot;Ravula&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; The Malayalam language itself has been historically written in several different scripts.<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Malayalam was first written in [[Vattezhuthu script]], an ancient script of [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] languages. Modern Malayalam script evolved from the [[Grantha alphabet]], and [[Vattezhuthu]], both of which evolved independently from [[Tamil-Brahmi script]].<br /> <br /> Vatteluttu ({{langx|ml|വട്ടെഴുത്ത്|Vaṭṭeḻuttŭ|translit-std=ISO|round writing}}) is a script that had evolved from Tamil-Brahmi and was once used extensively in the southern part of present-day [[Tamil Nadu]] and in [[Kerala]]. The [[Vazhappally]] inscription issued by [[Rajashekhara Varman]] is the earliest example, dating from about 830 CE.&lt;ref name=&quot;Omniglot&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Malayalam alphabet, pronunciation and language|first=Simon|last=Ager|work=Omniglot|url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/malayalam.htm|year=1998|access-date=2009-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vazhapally Temple&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vazhapally Temple|url=http://www.vazhappallytemple.org/history.html|publisher=Vazhappally Sree Mahadeva Temple|access-date=2009-10-31|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109014543/http://www.vazhappallytemple.org/history.html|archive-date=2011-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the medieval period, the [[Tigalari script]] that was used for writing [[Tulu language|Tulu]] in [[South Canara]], and [[Sanskrit]] in the adjacent [[Malabar District|Malabar region]], was very similar to the modern Malayalam script.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tulu Unicode 2017&quot;/&gt; In the Tamil state, the modern [[Tamil script]] had supplanted Vattezhuthu by the 15th century, but in the [[Malabar Coast|Malabar]] region, Vattezhuthu remained in general use up to the 17th century,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_b&quot;&gt;Burnell (1874), p. 39.&lt;/ref&gt; or the 18th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;s&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Script|url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/evol_lang.htm#The%20Script|access-date=2009-11-20|publisher=Malayalam Resource Centre|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725044626/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/evol_lang.htm#The%20Script|archive-date=2011-07-25|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; A variant form of this script, [[Kolezhuthu]], was used until about the 19th century mainly in the [[Malabar District|Malabar]]-[[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] area.&lt;ref name=&quot;l&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alphabets|publisher=Government of Kerala|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/language%20&amp;%20literature/alphabets.htm|access-date=2009-10-29|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109222758/http://www.kerala.gov.in/language%20%26%20literature/alphabets.htm|archive-date=2009-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another variant form, [[Malayanma]], was used in the south of [[Thiruvananthapuram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;l&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to [[Arthur Coke Burnell]], one form of the Grantha alphabet, originally used in the [[Chola dynasty]], was imported into the southwest coast of India in the 8th or 9th century, and then modified in course of time in this secluded area, where communication with the east coast was very limited.&lt;ref name=&quot;b35&quot;&gt;Burnell (1874), p. 35.&lt;/ref&gt; It later evolved into Tigalari-Malayalam script was used by the [[Malayali]], Havyaka Brahmins and Tulu Brahmin people, but was originally only used to write [[Sanskrit]]. This script split into two scripts: Tigalari and Malayalam. While Malayalam script was extended and modified to write vernacular language Malayalam, the Tigalari was written for Sanskrit only.&lt;ref name=&quot;b35&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_2009a&quot;&gt;{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Grantha alphabet|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc|Encyclopædia Britannica]]|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/241814/Grantha-alphabet|year=2009|access-date=2009-10-28}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Malabar, this writing system was termed Arya-eluttu ({{lang|ml|ആര്യ എഴുത്ത്}}, ''Ārya eḻuttŭ''),&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_c&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=EPIGRAPHY - Inscriptions in Grantha Script|url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins3.htm|access-date=2009-11-11|publisher=Department of Archaeology, [[government of Tamil Nadu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111183842/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/epi/ins3.htm|archive-date=2010-01-11|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; meaning &quot;Arya writing&quot; (Sanskrit is [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]] while Malayalam is a [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]]).<br /> <br /> Vatteluttu was in general use, but was not suitable for literature where many Sanskrit words were used. Like Tamil-Brahmi, it was originally used to write [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and as such, did not have letters for voiced or aspirated consonants used in Sanskrit but not used in Tamil. For this reason, Vatteluttu and the Grantha alphabet were sometimes mixed, as in the [[Manipravalam]]. One of the oldest examples of the Manipravalam literature, ''Vaishikatantram'' ({{lang|ml|വൈശികതന്ത്രം}}, ''Vaiśikatantram''), dates back to the 12th century,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_d&quot;&gt;Nampoothiri, N. M. (1999), [http://malabarandkeralastudies.net/downloadingfiles/pdffiles/culturaltraditionsinmedeivalkerala.pdf &quot;Cultural Traditions in Medieval Kerala&quot;]{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (PDF) in Cherian, P. J., ''Perspectives on Kerala History: The Second Millennium'', Kerala Council for Historical Research, {{ISBN|81-85499-35-7}}, retrieved 2009-11-20.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_e&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Development of Literature|url=http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/devliterature.htm|access-date=2009-11-20|publisher=Malayalam Resource Centre|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130704044944/http://www.malayalamresourcecentre.org/Mrc/Tutor/devliterature.htm|archive-date=2013-07-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; where the earliest form of the Malayalam script was used, which seems to have been systematised to some extent by the first half of the 13th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;Omniglot&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;s&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]] is credited with developing Malayalam script into its current form through the intermixing and modification of ''[[Vatteluttu]]'', ''[[Kolezhuthu]]'', and [[Grantha script]], which were used to write the inscriptions and literary works of Old and Middle Malayalam.&lt;ref name=&quot;mlm&quot;/&gt; He further eliminated excess and unnecessary letters from the modified script.&lt;ref name=&quot;mlm&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hence, Ezhuthachan is also known as ''The Father of modern Malayalam''.&lt;ref name=&quot;mlm&quot;/&gt; The development of modern Malayalam script was also heavily influenced by the [[Tigalari script]], which was used to write the [[Tulu language]], due to the influence of [[Tuluva Brahmin]]s in Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;mlm&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan, a poet from around the 16th century,&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism|publisher=Blackwell Publishing, Wiley India|year=2003|isbn=9780470998694|editor-last=Flood|editor-first=Gavin|location=New Delhi|pages=173–74|chapter=The Literature of Hinduism in Malayalam|doi=10.1002/9780470998694}}&lt;/ref&gt; used Arya-eluttu to write his Malayalam poems based on Classical Sanskrit literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;b35&quot;/&gt; For a few letters missing in Arya-eluttu (''ḷa'', ''ḻa'', ''ṟa''), he used Vatteluttu. The popularity of his works caused the Malayali people to call him the father of the Malayalam language, which also popularised Arya-eluttu as a script to write Malayalam. Grantha did not have distinctions between ''e'' and ''ē'', and between ''o'' and ''ō'', as it was as an alphabet to write a Sanskrit language. The Malayalam script as it is today was modified in the middle of the 19th century when [[Hermann Gundert]] invented the new vowel signs to distinguish them.&lt;ref name=&quot;b35&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> By the 19th century, old scripts like Kolezhuthu had been supplanted by Arya-eluttu – that is the current Malayalam script. It is now widely used in the Malayali press in Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_f&quot;&gt;Andronov, Mikhail Sergeevich. ''A Grammar of the Malayalam Language in Historical Treatment''. Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 1996.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Orthography reform==<br /> In 1961, the [[Government of Kerala]] reformed the [[orthography]] of Malayalam by a government order to the education department.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_1971&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08039-kerala-order.pdf|title=Malayalam Script—Adoption of New Script for Use—Orders Issued|year=1971|publisher=Government of Kerala|access-date=2009-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_g&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFQG2DCaIsIC&amp;pg=PR26|title=Malayalam by R. E. Asher, T. C. Kumari|isbn=9780415022422|last1=Asher|first1=R. E.|last2=Kumari|first2=T. C.|year=1997|publisher=Psychology Press }}&lt;/ref&gt; The objective was to simplify the script for print and typewriting technology of that time, by reducing the number of [[Glyph|glyphs]] required. In 1967, the government appointed a committee headed by [[Sooranad Kunjan Pillai]], who was the editor of the Malayalam Lexicon project. It reduced the number of glyphs required for Malayalam printing from around 1000 to around 250. Above committee's recommendations were further modified by another committee in 1969.<br /> <br /> This proposal was later accepted by major newspapers in January 1971. The reformed script came into effect on 15 April 1971 (the [[Kerala New Year]]), by a government order released on 23 March 1971.<br /> <br /> === Recommendations by the committees ===<br /> <br /> ==== Use non-ligating vowel signs for ''u'', ''ū'', and ''r̥'' ====<br /> In the traditional orthography that had been taught in the primary education system before the reforms, any consonant or consonant ligature followed by the vowel sign ''u'', ''ū'', or ''r̥'' were represented by a cursive consonant-vowel ligature. The glyph of each consonant had its own way of ligating with these vowel signs. This irregularity was simplified in the reformed script.&lt;ref&gt;Manohar, Kavya &amp; Thottingal, Santhosh. (2018). [https://thottingal.in/documents/Malayalam%20Orthographic%20Reforms_%20Impact%20on%20Language%20and%20Popular%20Culture.pdf &quot;Malayalam Orthographic Reforms: Impact on Language and Popular Culture&quot;]. Presented at the ''Graphematik 2018''.&lt;/ref&gt; Thus, a vowel sign or consonant sign would always have a disconnected symbol that did not fuse with the base consonant.<br /> <br /> Examples:<br /> * ''ku'' → {{lang|ml|കു}} <br /> * ''kū'' → {{lang|ml|കൂ}}<br /> * ''kr̥'' → {{lang|ml|കൃ}}<br /> * ''nu'' → {{lang|ml|നു}}<br /> * ''śu'' → {{lang|ml|ശു}}<br /> <br /> ==== Split uncommon conjuncts with ''Chandrakkala'' ====<br /> Also, most of traditional consonant-consonant ligatures, especially the less common ones only used to write words of Sanskrit origin, were split into non-ligated forms with explicit ''chandrakkala''. For example:<br /> * {{lang|ml|ഗ്}} ''g'' + {{lang|ml|ദ}} ''da'' → ''gda'' {{lang|ml|ഗ്‌ദ}}<br /> * {{lang|ml|ല്‌}} ''l'' + {{lang|ml|ത}} ''ta'' → ''lta'' {{lang|ml|ല്‌ത}}<br /> * {{lang|ml|ശ്}} ''ś'' + {{lang|ml|ന}} ''na'' → ''śna'' {{lang|ml|ശ്‌ന}}<br /> * {{lang|ml|ശ്}} ''ś'' + {{lang|ml|മ}} ''ma'' → ''śma'' {{lang|ml|ശ്‌മ}}<br /> <br /> # The ligature ('''{{lang|ml|ശ്മ}}''') ''śma'' is required as an additional letter. For examples, '''{{lang|ml|ശ്മശാനം}}''', ''śmaśanam'', is the word for [[cemetery]].<br /> <br /> ==== Use non-ligating sign for conjoining ''ra'' ====<br /> Any consonant or consonant ligature followed by the conjoining ''ra'' is represented by a cursive tail attached to the consonant or the consonant-ligature. In the reformed script, this consonant sign would be disconnected from the base and represented as a left-bracket like symbol placed on the left side of the cluster.<br /> * ''kra'' → {{lang|ml|ക‌്ര}}<br /> * ''kru'' → {{lang|ml|ക‌്ര‌ു}}<br /> <br /> === Current status ===<br /> Today the reformed orthography, is commonly called ''put̪iya lipi'' ({{langx|ml|പുതിയ ലിപി}}) and traditional system, ''pazhaya lipi'' ({{langx|ml|പഴയ ലിപി}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;John&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaimalayalam.com/lipi.htm|title=The Concept of ലിപി (Lipi)|last=John|first=Vijay|work=Learn Malayalam Online!|access-date=2009-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Current print media almost entirely uses reformed orthography. The state-run primary education introduces the Malayalam writing to the pupils in reformed script only and the books are printed accordingly. However, the digital media uses both traditional and reformed in almost equal proportions as the fonts for both the orthographies are commonly available.<br /> <br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> <br /> ===Characteristics===<br /> The basic characters can be classified as follows:<br /> * [[Vowel]]s ({{lang|ml|സ്വരം}}, ''svaram'')<br /> *# Independent vowel letters<br /> *# Dependent vowel signs ({{lang|ml|സ്വരചിഹ്നം}},''svarachinnam'')<br /> * [[Consonant]] letters ({{lang|ml|വ്യഞ്ജനം}}, ''vyañjanam'')<br /> <br /> An independent vowel letter is used as the first letter of a word that begins with a vowel. A consonant letter, despite its name, does not represent a pure consonant, but represents a consonant + a short vowel /a/ by default. For example, {{lang|ml|ക}} is the first consonant letter of the Malayalam alphabet, which represents /ka/, not a simple /k/. A vowel sign is a [[diacritic]] attached to a consonant letter to indicate that the consonant is followed by a vowel other than /a/. If the following vowel is /a/, no vowel sign is needed. The [[phoneme]] /a/ that follows a consonant by default is called an [[inherent vowel]]. In Malayalam, its phonetic value is [[Roundedness|unrounded]] {{IPAblink|ɐ}},&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_a&quot;&gt;Canepari (2005), pp. 396, 140.&lt;/ref&gt; or {{IPAblink|ə}} as an [[allophone]]. To denote a pure consonant sound not followed by a vowel, a special diacritic ''[[virama]]'' is used to cancel the inherent vowel. The following are examples where a consonant letter is used with or without a diacritic.<br /> * {{lang|ml|ക്}} /k/ = /k/ which is a consonant sound<br /> *{{lang|ml|ക}} ''ka'' = {{lang|ml|ക്}} /k/ + {{lang|ml|അ}} vowel sign a<br /> *{{lang|ml|കി}} ''ki'' = {{lang|ml|ക്}} /''k/'' + {{lang|ml|ഇ}} vowel sign ''i''<br /> * {{lang|ml|കു}} ''ku'' = {{lang|ml|ക്}} /''k/'' + {{lang|ml|ഉ}} vowel sign ''u''<br /> * {{lang|ml|കൈ}} ''kai'' = {{lang|ml|ക്}} /''k/'' + {{lang|ml|ഐ}} vowel sign ''ai''<br /> <br /> Malayalam alphabet is [[unicase]], or does not have a [[letter case|case]] distinction. It is written from left to right, but certain vowel signs are attached to the left (the opposite direction) of a consonant letter that it logically follows. In the word {{lang|ml|കേരളം}} ([[Kerala|''Kēraḷam'']]), the vowel sign {{lang|ml| േ}} (''ē'') visually appears in the leftmost position, though the vowel ''ē'' logically follows the consonant ''k''.<br /> <br /> ===Malayalam letters===<br /> ====Vowels====<br /> =====Vowel letters and vowel signs=====<br /> The following tables show the independent vowel letters and the corresponding dependent vowel signs (diacritics) of the Malayalam script, with '''romanizations''' in [[ISO 15919]], transcriptions in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA).<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> |+[[Monophthong]]s<br /> !rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;width:4em&quot;|&amp;nbsp;!!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Vowel length|Short]]!!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Long<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Independent!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dependent!!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Indep.!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dependent<br /> |-<br /> !Vowel sign!!Example!!Vowel sign!!Example<br /> |-<br /> !''a''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|അ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''a'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/a/}}<br /> |''(none)''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pa'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/pa/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ആ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''ā'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/aː/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ാ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പാ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pā'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/paː/}}<br /> |-<br /> !''i''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഇ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''i'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/i/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ി}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പി}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pi'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/pi/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഈ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''ī'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/iː/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ീ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പീ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pī'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/piː/}}<br /> |-<br /> !''u''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഉ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''u'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/u/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ു}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പു}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pu'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/pu/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഊ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''ū'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/uː/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ൂ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പൂ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pū'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/puː/}}<br /> |-<br /> !''r̥''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഋ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''r̥'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/rɨ/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ൃ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പൃ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pr̥'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/prɨ/}}<br /> |style=&quot;background:#ddd&quot;|&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ൠ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''r̥̄'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/rɨː/}}<br /> |style=&quot;background:#ddd&quot;|&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ൄ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |style=&quot;background:#ddd&quot;|&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പൄ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pr̥̄'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/prɨː/}}<br /> |-style=&quot;background:#ddd&quot;<br /> !''l̥''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഌ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''l̥'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/lɨ/}}<br /> |&lt;big style=&quot;margin-left:1em&quot;&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ൢ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പൢ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pl̥'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/plɨ/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ൡ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''l̥̄'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/lɨː/}}<br /> |&lt;big style=&quot;margin-left:1em&quot;&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ൣ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പൣ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pl̥̄'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/plɨː/}}<br /> |-<br /> !''e''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|എ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''e'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/e/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;െ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പെ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pe'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/pe/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഏ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''ē'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/eː/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;േ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പേ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pē'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/peː/}}<br /> |-<br /> !''o''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഒ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''o'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/o/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ൊ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പൊ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''po'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/po/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഓ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''ō'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/oː/}}<br /> |ോ&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പോ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pō'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/poː/}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ''r̥'', ''r̥̄'', ''l̥'', ''l̥̄'', used to write [[Sanskrit]] words, are treated as vowels. They are called semi-vowels and are phonetically closer to vowels in Malayalam and in Classical Sanskrit where [[Pāṇini|Panini]], the Sanskrit grammarian, groups them with vowel sounds in his sutras. (see ''[[Proto-Indo-European language]]'' and ''[[Vedic Sanskrit]]''). The letters and signs for ''r̥̄'', ''l̥'', ''l̥̄'' are very rare, and are not considered as part of the modern orthography.&lt;ref name=&quot;K&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=December 18, 2001 |title=Report of the Committee on Malayalam Character Encoding and Keyboard Layout Standardisation |periodical=[[Kerala Gazette]] |publisher=Government of Kerala |volume=46 |issue=2023 |url=http://www.clickeralam.org/malayalam.html |access-date=2009-10-08 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091006202624/http://www.clickeralam.org/malayalam.html |archive-date=October 6, 2009 }} See also [http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~mp/malayalam/keyboard/malayalam%20standardization%20report.pdf the May 2001 version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131052558/http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~mp/malayalam/keyboard/malayalam%20standardization%20report.pdf |date=2010-01-31 }} (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The vowel signs ''ā'', ''i'', ''ī'' are placed to the right of a consonant letter to which it is attached. The vowel signs ''e'', ''ē'', ''ai'' are placed to the left of a consonant letter. The vowel signs ''o'' and ''ō'' consist of two parts: the first part goes to the left of a consonant letter and the second part goes to the right of it. In the reformed orthography, the vowel signs ''u'', ''ū'', ''r̥'' are simply placed to the right of the consonant letter, while they often make consonant-vowel ligatures in the traditional orthography.<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> |+[[Diphthong]]s<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:4em&quot;|&amp;nbsp;!!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Independent!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Dependent<br /> |-<br /> !Vowel sign!!Example<br /> |-<br /> !''ai''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഐ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''ai'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/ai̯/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ൈ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പൈ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pai'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/pai̯/}}<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''au''<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഔ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''au'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/au̯/}}<br /> |style=&quot;background:#ddd&quot;|&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ൌ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''(archaic)''<br /> |style=&quot;background:#ddd&quot;|&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പൌ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pau'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/pau̯/}}<br /> |-<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ൗ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;br /&gt;''(modern)''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പൗ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''pau'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/pau̯/}}<br /> |}<br /> It is important to note the vowel duration as it can be used to differentiate words that would otherwise be the same. For example, {{IPA|/kalam/}} means &quot;earthenware pot&quot; while {{IPA|/kaːlam/}} means &quot;time&quot; or &quot;season&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_h&quot;&gt;Asher, R. E. ''Malayalam''. Ed. T. C. Kumari 1934-. London; New York : Routledge, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Anusvaram====<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> |+''Anusvaram''<br /> !style=&quot;width:4em&quot;|''aṁ''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|അം}}&lt;/big&gt; '''aṁ'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/am/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ം}}&lt;/big&gt; m̐&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/m/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പം}}&lt;/big&gt; '''paṁ'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/pam/}}<br /> |}<br /> An ''anusvaram'' ({{lang|ml|അനുസ്വാരം}} ''anusvāram''), or an ''[[anusvara]],'' originally denoted the [[nasalization]] where the preceding vowel was changed into a [[nasalised vowel]], and hence is traditionally treated as a kind of vowel sign. In Malayalam, however, it simply represents a consonant {{IPA|/m/}} after a vowel, though this {{IPA|/m/}} may be [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilated]] to another [[nasal stop|nasal consonant]]. It is a special consonant letter, different from a &quot;normal&quot; consonant letter, in that it is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel. In general, an ''anusvara'' at the end of a word in an Indian language is transliterated as ''ṁ'' in [[ISO 15919]], but a Malayalam ''anusvara'' at the end of a word is transliterated as ''m'' without a dot.<br /> <br /> =====Visargam=====<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> |+''Visargam ഃ''<br /> !style=&quot;width:4em&quot;|''aḥ''<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|അഃ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''aḥ'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/ah/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ഃ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''ḥ'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/h/}}<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|പഃ}}&lt;/big&gt; '''paḥ'''&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|/pah/}}<br /> |}<br /> A ''visargam'' ({{lang|ml|വിസർഗം}}, ''visargam''), or ''[[visarga]]'', represents a consonant {{IPA|/h/}} after a vowel, and is transliterated as ''ḥ''. Like the ''anusvara'', it is a special symbol, and is never followed by an inherent vowel or another vowel.<br /> <br /> [[File:Malayalam vowel signs.svg|thumb|center|800px|Malayalam vowel signs combined with letter &lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|'''ക'''}}&lt;/big&gt; (ka)]]<br /> <br /> ==Consonants==<br /> <br /> === Basic consonant letters ===<br /> The following tables show the basic consonant letters of the Malayalam script, with '''romanizations''' in [[ISO 15919]], transcriptions in [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]], and Unicode {{mono|CHARACTER NAMES}}. The character names used in the report of the Government of Kerala committee (2001) are shown in ''lowercase italics'' when different from Unicode character names.&lt;ref name=&quot;K&quot;/&gt; Those alternative names are based on the traditional romanization used by the [[Malayali]] people. For example, ''tha'' in &quot;[[Thiruvananthapuram|Thiruvanan''tha''puram]]&quot; is neither ISO '''tha''' nor Unicode {{mono|THA}}, but ''tha'' in this sense ({{lang|ml|ത}}). The [[Indian Script Code for Information Interchange|ISCII]] (IS 13194:1991) character names are given in parentheses when different from the above.<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> |+''[[Shiksha#Pratishakhyas|Varga]]'' consonants<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|&amp;nbsp;!!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Voiceless]]!!colspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Voice (phonetics)|Voiced]]<br /> |-<br /> !Unaspirated!![[Aspiration (phonetics)|Aspirated]]!!Unaspirated!!Aspirated!![[Nasal stop|Nasal]]<br /> |-<br /> ![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ക|ipa=/ka/|iso=ka|notes={{mono|KA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഖ|ipa=/kʰa/|iso=kha|notes={{mono|KHA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഗ|ipa=/ɡa/|iso=ga|notes={{mono|GA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഘ|ipa=/ɡʱa/|iso=gha|notes={{mono|GHA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ങ|ipa=/ŋa/|iso=ṅa|notes={{mono|NGA}} }}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]&lt;br /&gt;or&lt;br /&gt;[[Alveolo-palatal consonant|Alveolo-palatal]]&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ച|ipa=/t͡ʃa/|iso=ca|notes={{mono|CHA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഛ|ipa=/t͡ʃʰa/|iso=cha|notes={{mono|CHHA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ജ|ipa=/d͡ʒa/|iso=ja|notes={{mono|JA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഝ|ipa=/d͡ʒʱa/|iso=jha|notes={{mono|JHA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഞ|ipa=/ɲa/|iso=ña|notes={{mono|NHA}} |note=(nja) }}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ട|ipa=/ʈa/|iso=ṭa|notes={{mono|TTA}} |note=(hard ta) }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഠ|ipa=/ʈʰa/|iso=ṭha|notes={{mono|TTHA}} |note=(hard tha) }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഡ|ipa=/ɖa/|iso=ḍa|notes={{mono|DDA}} |note=(hard da) }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഢ|ipa=/ɖʱa/|iso=ḍha|notes={{mono|DDHA}} |note=(hard dha) }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ണ|ipa=/ɳa/|iso=ṇa|notes={{mono|NNA}} |note=(hard na) }}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Dental consonant|Dental]]<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ത|ipa=/t̪a/|iso=ta|notes={{mono|TA}} |note=(soft ta) }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഥ|ipa=/t̪ʰa/|iso=tha|notes={{mono|THA}} |note=(soft tha) }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ദ|ipa=/d̪a/|iso=da|notes={{mono|DA}} |note=(soft da) }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ധ|ipa=/d̪ʱa/|iso=dha|notes={{mono|DHA}} |note=(soft dha) }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ന|ipa=/n̪a, na/|iso=na|notes={{mono|NA}} |note=(soft na) }}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=പ|ipa=/pa/|iso=pa|notes={{mono|PA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഫ|ipa=/pʰa/|iso=pha|notes={{mono|PHA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ബ|ipa=/ba/|iso=ba|notes={{mono|BA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഭ|ipa=/bʱa/|iso=bha|notes={{mono|BHA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=മ|ipa=/ma/|iso=ma|notes={{mono|MA}} }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> |+Other consonants<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=യ|ipa=/ja/|iso=ya|notes={{mono|YA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ര|ipa=/ɾa/|iso=ra|notes={{mono|RA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ല|ipa=/la/|iso=la|notes={{mono|LA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=വ|ipa=/ʋa/|iso=va|notes={{mono|VA}} }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ശ|ipa=/ɕa/|iso=śa|notes={{mono|SHA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഷ|ipa=/ʂa/|iso=ṣa|notes={{mono|SSA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=സ|ipa=/sa/|iso=sa|notes={{mono|SA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഹ|ipa=/ha/&lt;ref name=&quot;Grammatical Sketch&quot;/&gt;|iso=ha|notes={{mono|HA}} }}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ള|ipa={{IPAslink|ɭ|ɭa}}|iso=ḷa|notes={{mono|LLA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഴ|ipa={{IPAslink|ɻ|ɻa}}|iso=ḻa|notes={{mono|LLLA}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=റ|ipa=/ra, ta/|iso=ṟa|notes={{mono|RRA}}{{Refn|group=note|name=K|(1) Repetition of this letter ({{lang|ml|റ + റ}}) represents a [[gemination|geminated]] [[voiceless alveolar plosive]], {{IPA|/tːa/}}, it can also occur initially in loans where it can not be geminated; (2) ''[[#Chillus|chillu-n]]'' + this letter ({{lang|ml|ൻ + റ}}) often represents {{IPA|[nda]}}; (3) otherwise [[alveolar trill]] (apical) {{IPA|/ra/}}.}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഩ|ipa=/na/|iso=ṉa|notes={{mono|NNNA}}{{refn|group=note|name=L|Corresponds to Tamil ''ṉa'' {{lang|ta|ன}}. Used rarely in scholarly texts to represent the alveolar nasal, as opposed to the dental nasal.&lt;ref name=&quot;N3494&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Proposal to add two characters for Malayalam to the BMP of the UCS|first=Michael|last=Everson|work=ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3494|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3494.pdf|year=2007|access-date=2009-09-09|author-link=Michael Everson|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124055942/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n3494.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In ordinary texts both are represented by ''na'' {{lang|ml|ന}}.}} }}<br /> | {{Letter|s=Mlym|ch=ഺ|ipa=/ta/|iso=ṯa|notes={{mono|TTTA}}{{refn|group=note|name=M|Used rarely in scholarly texts to represent the voiceless alveolar plosive, as opposed to the [[voiceless dental plosive]] represented by ''ta'' {{lang|ml|ത}}. In ordinary texts this sound is represented by ''ṟṟa'' {{lang|ml|റ്റ}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;N3494&quot;/&gt;}} }}<br /> |}<br /> {{reflist|group=note}}<br /> <br /> === Chillus ===<br /> {{See also|#Chillus in Unicode}}<br /> A ''chillu'', or a ''chillaksharam'' ({{lang|ml|ചില്ലക്ഷരം}}, ''cillakṣaram''), is a special consonant letter that represents a pure consonant independently, without help of a [[virama]]. Unlike a consonant represented by an ordinary consonant letter, this consonant is never followed by an inherent vowel. [[#Anusvaram|Anusvara]] and [[#Visargam|visarga]] fit this definition but are not usually included. ISCII and Unicode 5.0 treat a ''chillu'' as a glyph variant of a normal (&quot;base&quot;) consonant letter.&lt;ref name=&quot;TUS50&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Unicode, Inc|title=South Asian Scripts-I|work=The Unicode Standard 5.0 — Electronic Edition|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.0.0/ch09.pdf|pages=42–44|year=1991–2007|access-date=2009-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Unicode 5.1 and later, however, ''chillu'' letters are treated as independent characters, encoded atomically.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unicode5.1.0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Six independent chillu letters (0D7A..0D7F) had been encoded in Unicode 5.1.,&lt;ref name=&quot;Unicode5.1.0&quot;/&gt; three additional chillu letters (0D54..0D56) were encoded with the publication of Unicode 9.0.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.unicode.org/Public/12.1.0/ucd/DerivedAge.txt Unicode 12.1.0 Derived Age]. Published 2019-04-01, Retrieved 2019-09-15.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> |+''Chillu'' letters<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Letter<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Unicode name<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Base<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Remarks<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Examples<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|ml|ൺ}}<br /> | {{mono|CHILLU NN}} || {{transliteration|ml|ṇa}} '''{{lang|ml|ണ}}'''|| || {{lang|ml|കൂൺ}} (kūṇ, &quot;mushroom&quot;)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|ml|ൻ}}<br /> | {{mono|CHILLU N}} || {{transliteration|ml|ṉa}} '''{{lang|ml|ഩ}}'''|| Chillu of alveolar nasal ''ṉa''.|| {{lang|ml|അവൻ}} (avaṉ, &quot;he&quot;)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|ml|ർ}}<br /> | {{mono|CHILLU RR}} || {{transliteration|ml|ṟa}} '''{{lang|ml|റ}}'''|| Historically stood for {{transliteration|ml|ra}} {{lang|ml|ര}}, not {{transliteration|ml|ṟa}} {{lang|ml|റ}}. || {{lang|ml|അവർ}} (avar̠, &quot;they&quot;)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|ml|ൽ}}<br /> | {{mono|CHILLU L}} || {{transliteration|ml|la}} '''{{lang|ml|ല}}'''|| In Sanskrit texts, this stands for final {{transliteration|ml|ta}} {{lang|ml|ത}}. || {{lang|ml|ഒടുവിൽ}} (oṭuvil, &quot;finally&quot;), {{lang|sa|തൽ}} (tat, Sanskrit &quot;that&quot;)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|ml|ൾ}}<br /> | {{mono|CHILLU LL}} || {{transliteration|ml|ḷa}} '''{{lang|ml|ള}}'''|| || {{lang|ml|അവൾ}} (avaḷ, &quot;she&quot;)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|ml|ൿ}}<br /> | {{mono|CHILLU K}} || {{transliteration|ml|ka}} '''{{lang|ml|ക}}'''|| Not in modern use || {{lang|ml|വാൿചാതുരി}} (vākcāturi, &quot;fluency&quot;), {{lang|sa|പൃഥൿ}}, (pr̥thak, Sanskrit &quot;each&quot;)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|ml|ൔ}}<br /> | {{mono|CHILLU M}} || {{transliteration|ml|ma}} '''{{lang|ml|മ}}'''|| Not in modern use ||<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|ml|ൕ}}<br /> | {{mono|CHILLU Y}} || {{transliteration|ml|ya}} '''{{lang|ml|യ}}'''|| Not in modern use ||<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; | {{lang|ml|ൖ}}<br /> | {{mono|CHILLU LLL}} || {{transliteration|ml|ḻa}} '''{{lang|ml|ഴ}}'''|| Not in modern use ||<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Chandrakkala ===<br /> The virama in Malayalam is called candrakkala (chandrakkala), it has two functions:&lt;ref&gt;Cibu Johny; Shiju Alex; Sunil V S. (2015). L2/14-014R [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14014r-circular-virama.pdf ''Proposal to encode Malayalam Sign Circular Virama''].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cibu Johny; Shiju Alex; Sunil V S. (2015). L2/14-015R [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14015r-vertical-virama.pdf ''Proposal to encode Malayalam Sign Vertical Bar Virama''].&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|Srinidhi A and Sridatta A made comments on the proposals of Cibu Johny et al.&lt;ref&gt;Srinidhi, A. &amp; Sridatta, A. (2017). L2/17-207 [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17207-malayalam-candrakkala.pdf ''On the Origin of Malayalam Candrakkala''].&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> *As virama: used to suppress the inherent vowel<br /> *As samvruthokaram: represent the &quot;half-u&quot; sound /ə̆/<br /> <br /> ==== As virama ====<br /> ''Chandrakkala'' &lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;്}}&lt;/big&gt; ({{lang|ml|ചന്ദ്രക്കല}}, ''candrakkala'') is a diacritic attached to a consonant letter to show that the consonant is not followed by an inherent vowel or any other vowel (for example, {{lang|ml|ക}} ''ka'' → {{lang|ml|ക്}} ''k''). This kind of diacritic is common in Indic scripts, generically called ''[[virama]]'' in Sanskrit, or ''halant'' in Hindi.<br /> <br /> ==== Half-u ====<br /> At the end of a word, the same symbol sometimes represents a very short vowel, known as &quot;half-u&quot;, or &quot;samvruthokaram&quot; ({{lang|ml|സംവൃതോകാരം}}, ''{{transliteration|ml|ISO|saṁvr̥tōkāram}}''), or ''{{transliteration|ml|ISO|kuṟṟiyal ukaram}}'' ({{lang|ml|കുറ്റിയൽ ഉകരം}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;ChitrajakumarEtGangadharan2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05213-samvruktokaram.pdf|date=2005-08-07|title=Samvruthokaram and Chandrakkala|access-date=2010-08-23|first1=R|last1=Chitrajakumar|first2=N|last2=Gangadharan|publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]]|url-status=live|archive-date=2014-07-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712144726/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2005/05213-samvruktokaram.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; The exact pronunciation of this vowel varies from dialect to dialect, but it is approximately {{IPA|[ɯ̽]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;N3126&quot;/&gt; or {{IPA|[ɨ]}}, and transliterated as '''ŭ''' (for example, {{lang|ml|ന}} ''na'' → {{lang|ml|ന്}} ''nŭ''). Optionally, a vowel sign ''u'' is inserted, as in {{lang|ml|നു്}} (= {{lang|ml|ന}} + {{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;ു}} + {{lang|ml|&amp;nbsp;്}}). According to one author, this alternative form is historically more correct, though the simplified form without a vowel sign ''u'' is common nowadays.&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;/&gt; This means that the same spelling {{lang|ml|ന്}} may represent either ''n'' or ''nŭ'' depending on the context. Generally, it is ''nŭ'' at the end of a word, and ''n'' elsewhere; {{lang|ml|നു്}} always represents ''nŭ''.<br /> <br /> The [[virama]] of [[Tigalari script]] behave similarly to Malayalam. Virama has three functions: to suppress the inherent vowel (as the halant of Devanagari); to form conjunct consonants; to represent the half-u.&lt;ref&gt;Murthy, Vaishnavi &amp; Rajan, Vinodh. (2017). L2/17-378 [http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17378-tigalari.pdf ''Preliminary proposal to encode Tigalari script in Unicode''] (pp. 12-15).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Srinidhi, A. &amp; Sridatta, A. (2017). L2/17-182 [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17182-tigalari-cmt.pdf ''Comments on encoding the Tigalari script''] (pp. 9-11).&lt;/ref&gt; [[Devanagari]] supports half-u for Kashmiri; for example {{lang|ml|നു്}} is written as {{lang|hi|नॖ}}.<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == Ligatures ==<br /> <br /> === Consonant ligatures ===<br /> Like in other [[Brahmic family of scripts|Indic scripts]], a [[#Chandrakkala|virama]] is used in the Malayalam script to cancel—or &quot;kill&quot;—the [[inherent vowel]] of a consonant letter and represent a consonant without a vowel, so-called a &quot;dead&quot; consonant. For example,<br /> # {{lang|ml|ന}} is a consonant letter ''na'',<br /> # {{lang|ml| ്}} is a virama; therefore,<br /> # {{lang|ml|ന്‌}} (''na'' + virama) represents a dead consonant ''n''.<br /> If this ''n'' {{lang|ml|ന്‌}} is further followed by another consonant letter, for example, ''ma'' {{lang|ml|മ}}, the result may look like {{lang|ml|ന്‌മ}}, which represents ''nma'' as ''na'' + virama + ''ma''. In this case, two elements ''n'' {{lang|ml|ന്‌}} and ''ma'' {{lang|ml|മ}} are simply placed one by one, side by side. Alternatively, ''nma'' can be also written as a [[Typographic ligature|ligature]] {{lang|ml|ന്മ}}.<br /> <br /> Generally, when a dead consonant letter C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and another consonant letter C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are conjoined, the result may be either:<br /> # A fully conjoined ligature of C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;+C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;;<br /> # Half-conjoined—<br /> #* C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;-conjoining: a modified form (half form) of C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; attached to the original form (full form) of C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;<br /> #* C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-conjoining: a modified form of C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; attached to the full form of C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;; or<br /> # Non-ligated: full forms of C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; and C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; with a visible virama.&lt;ref name=&quot;Constable2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Constable|first=Peter|title=Clarification of the Use of Zero Width Joiner in Indic Scripts|work=Public Review Issue #37|url=https://www.unicode.org/review/pr-37.pdf|publisher=Unicode, Inc|year=2004|access-date=2009-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> If the result is fully or half-conjoined, the (conceptual) virama which made C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt; dead becomes invisible, only logically existing in a [[character encoding]] scheme such as Unicode. If the result is non-ligated, a virama is visible, attached to C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;. The glyphs for ''nma'' has a visible virama if not ligated ({{lang|ml|ന്‌മ}}), but if ligated, the virama disappears ({{lang|ml|ന്മ}}). Usually the difference between those forms is superficial and both are semantically identical, just like the meaning of the English word ''palaeography'' does not change even if it is spelled ''palæography'', with the ligature [[æ]].<br /> <br /> ==== Common consonant ligatures ====<br /> Several consonant-consonant ligatures are used commonly even in the new orthography.<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; lang=&quot;ml&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> |+{{lang|en|Common ligatures}}<br /> |- lang=&quot;en&quot;<br /> !&amp;nbsp;!!''kka''!!''ṅka''!!''ṅṅa''!!''cca''!!''ñca''!!''ñña''!!''ṭṭa''!!''ṇṭa''!!''ṇṇa''!!''tta''!!''nta''!!''nna''!!''ppa''!!''mpa''!!''mma''<br /> |-<br /> !{{lang|en|Non-ligated}}<br /> |ക്‌ക||ങ്‌ക||ങ്‌ങ||ച്‌ച||ഞ്‌ച||ഞ്‌ഞ||ട്‌ട||ണ്‌ട||ണ്‌ണ||ത്‌ത||ന്‌ത||ന്‌ന||പ്‌പ||മ്‌പ||മ്‌മ<br /> |-<br /> !{{lang|en|Ligated}}<br /> |ക്ക||ങ്ക||ങ്ങ||ച്ച||ഞ്ച||ഞ്ഞ||ട്ട||ണ്ട||ണ്ണ||ത്ത||ന്ത||ന്ന||പ്പ||മ്പ||മ്മ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The ligature ''mpa'' {{lang|ml|മ്പ}} was historically derived from ''npa'' {{lang|ml|ന്‌പ}}. The ligatures ''cca'', ''bba'', ''yya'', and ''vva'' are special in that a doubled consonant is denoted by a triangle sign below a consonant letter.<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; lang=&quot;ml&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> |- lang=&quot;en&quot;<br /> !&amp;nbsp;!!''cca''!!''bba''!!''yya''!!''vva''<br /> |-<br /> !{{lang|en|Non-ligated}}<br /> |ച്‌ച||ബ്‌ബ||യ്‌യ||വ്‌വ<br /> |-<br /> !{{lang|en|Ligated}}<br /> |ച്ച||ബ്ബ||യ്യ||വ്വ<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==== Consonant + ''ya'', ''va'', ''la'', ''ra'' ====<br /> # The consonant letter ''ya'' is generally C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-conjoining after a consonant in both orthographies. For example,<br /> * ''k'' {{lang|ml|ക്}} + ''ya'' {{lang|ml|യ}} = ''kya'' {{lang|ml|ക്യ}}<br /> * ''p'' {{lang|ml|പ്}} + ''ya'' {{lang|ml|യ}} = ''pya'' {{lang|ml|പ്യ}}<br /> <br /> In ''kya'' {{lang|ml|ക്യ}}, a variant form of ''ya'' ({{lang|ml| ്യ}}) is placed after the full form of ''ka'' {{lang|ml|ക}}, just like ''ki'' {{lang|ml|കി}} is written ''ka'' {{lang|ml|ക}} followed by the vowel sign ''i'' {{lang|ml| ി}}. In other words, the variant form of ''ya'' ({{lang|ml| ്യ}}) used after a consonant letter can be considered as a diacritic. Since it is placed after the base character, it is sometimes referred to as a ''post-base'' form. An exception is ''yya'' {{lang|ml|യ്യ}} (see above).<br /> <br /> # Similarly, ''va'' ({{lang|ml| ്വ}}) after a consonant takes a post-base form:<br /> * ''k'' {{lang|ml|ക്}} + ''va'' {{lang|ml|വ}} = ''kva'' {{lang|ml|ക്വ}}<br /> * ''p'' {{lang|ml|പ്}} + ''va'' {{lang|ml|വ}} = ''pva'' {{lang|ml|പ്വ}}<br /> An exception is ''vva'' {{lang|ml|വ്വ}} (see above).<br /> <br /> # The consonant letter ''la'' ({{lang|ml| ്ല}}) after a consonant traditionally takes a below-base form. These forms are used also in the new orthography, though some fonts do not support them.<br /> * ''k'' {{lang|ml|ക്}} + ''la'' {{lang|ml|ല}} = ''kla'' {{lang|ml|ക്ല}}<br /> * ''p'' {{lang|ml|പ്}} + ''la'' {{lang|ml|ല}} = ''pla'' {{lang|ml|പ്ല}}<br /> * ''l'' {{lang|ml|ല്}} + ''la'' {{lang|ml|ല}} = ''lla'' {{lang|ml|ല്ല}}<br /> <br /> # A consonant letter ''ra'' (്ര) after a consonant usually takes a pre-base form in the reformed orthography, while this combination makes a fully conjoined ligature in the traditional orthography.<br /> * ''k'' {{lang|ml|ക്}} + ''ra'' {{lang|ml|ര}} = ''kra'' {{lang|ml|ക്ര}}<br /> * ''p'' {{lang|ml|പ്}} + ''ra'' {{lang|ml|ര}} = ''pra'' {{lang|ml|പ്ര}}<br /> <br /> ==== ''nṯa'' and ''ṯṯa'' ====<br /> The ligature ''nṯa'' is written as ''n'' {{lang|ml|ന്‌}} + ''ṟa'' {{lang|ml|റ}} and pronounced {{IPA|/nda/}}. The ligature ''ṯṯa'' is written as ''ṟ'' {{lang|ml|റ്}} + ''ṟa'' {{lang|ml|റ}}.<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; lang=&quot;ml&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> |- lang=&quot;en&quot;<br /> !&amp;nbsp;!!''nṯa''!!''ṯṯa''<br /> |-<br /> !{{lang|en|Non-ligated}}<br /> |ന്‌റ||റ്‌റ<br /> |-<br /> !{{lang|en|Ligated}}<br /> |ന്റ||റ്റ<br /> |-<br /> !{{lang|en|Digraph}}<br /> |ൻറ||ററ<br /> |}<br /> In those two ligatures, a small ''ṟa'' {{lang|ml|‌റ}} is written below the first letter (''chillu-n'' if it is a dead ''n''). Alternatively, the letter ''ṟa'' is sometimes written to the right of the first letter, making a [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]] (just like {{lang|el|[[Iota adscript|ωι]]}} used instead of {{lang|el|[[Iota subscript|ῳ]]}} in Greek). The spelling {{lang|ml|ൻറ}} is therefore read either ''nṟa'' (two separate letters) or ''nṯa'' (digraph) depending on the word like in {{lang|ml|എൻറോൾ}} (en̠r̠ōḷ) 'enroll' or {{lang|ml|ഹെൻറി}} (hen̠r̠i) 'Henry' but {{lang|ml|ന്റ}} is always read ''nṯa''. Similarly, {{lang|ml|‌റ‌റ}} is read either ''ṟaṟa'' or ''ṯṯa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unicode5.1.0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> === Dot reph ===<br /> In the traditional orthography, a dead consonant ''r'' before a consonant sometimes takes an above-base form, known as a ''dot reph'', which looks like a short vertical line or a dot. Generally, a ''chillu-r'' is used instead of a dot reph in the reformed orthography.<br /> <br /> *r {{lang|ml|ര്}} + ga {{lang|ml|ഗ}} = rga {{lang|ml|ൎഗ}} (Reformed: {{lang|ml|ർഗ}})<br /> *r {{lang|ml|ര്}} + ja {{lang|ml|ജ}} = rja {{lang|ml|ൎജ}} (Reformed: {{lang|ml|ർജ}})<br /> <br /> === Consonant-vowel ligatures ===<br /> In the pre-1971 orthography, consonant + the vowels u, ū, r̥ were written as ligatures, post-1971 they are written with symbols after the letter. They can be still seen in old signs and used by people who learned to write before 1971.<br /> <br /> r̥̄ l̥ l̥̄ (which are not part of modern orthography) were also written as ligatures but there were not any words with l̥̄ even in Sanskrit; r̥̄ was only used grammatically instead of r̥ in Sanskrit so it was not used either; there is only one root with l̥ in Sanskrit {{lang|sa|कॢप्त}} which was loaned into Malayalam as {{lang|ml|കൢപ്തം}}.<br /> <br /> === Consonant-consonant ligatures ===<br /> Although there are consonant-consonant ligatures used even now like {{lang|ml|ന്ത}} and {{lang|ml|ണ്ട}} almost all clusters were written as ligatures before 1971, most of the time the second consonant was written to the bottom right of the first consonant, in consonant + r clusters the {{lang|ml| ്ര}} was attached to the main consonant, now its detached and placed to the left.<br /> <br /> === Archaic signs ===<br /> === {{lang|ml|ഺ}} ===<br /> {{lang|ml|ഺ}} was made by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]] and it was not used as a single letter, in his orthography {{lang|ml|റ്റ}} (ṯṯ) was written as {{lang|ml|ഺ്ഺ}} and {{lang|ml|ന്റ}} (ṉḏ) as {{lang|ml|ഩ്ഺ}}.<br /> <br /> ==== Archaic viramas ====<br /> Before chandrakkala was made, there were two other viramas used simultaneously, the vertical bar virama {{lang|hi| ഻}} and circular virama {{lang|hi| ഼}}. The vertical bar virama was used exclusively for loanwords and circular virama just for native words. Before the vertical bar virama used to cut through the main consonant and it led to the creation of the chillu letters. It was sometimes confused with the dot reph {{lang|hi| ൎ }} since they look similar but both of them are used for different purposes (see above for dot reph).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2014/14015r-vertical-virama.pdf |access-date=11 March 2024 |title=Proposal to encode Malayalam Sign: Vertical Bar Virama |date=19 January 2015 |website=Unicode}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Chandrabindu ====<br /> {{lang|hi| ഁ}} was like the chandrabindu from other scripts and was used to nasalise the vowel; it was only used for writing Sanskrit and Prakrits. It is archaic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://unicode.org/L2/L2010/10392r2-chandrabindus.pdf|access-date=11 March 2024 |title=Request to encode South Indian CANDRABINDU-s |date=11 October 2010 |website=Unicode}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Other Anusvaras ====<br /> {{lang|hi|ഄ}} was used like the Devanagari {{lang|hi|ꣳ}} and contrasts with the normal anusvara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17276r-malayalam-vedic.pdf |access-date=11 March 2024 |title=Proposal to encode 0D00 Malayalam Sign Combining Anusvara Above |date=30 December 2013 |website=Unicode}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang|hi| ഀ}} was not really used in Malayalam but was used in the Grantha script, in it the normal anusvara {{lang|ml| ം}} represents gemination of the next consonant and this anusvara represents an actual linguistic anusvara. Both are archaic.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2014/14003-malayalam-anusvara-above.pdf |access-date=11 March 2024 |title=Proposal to encode Malayalam Letter Vedic Anusvara |date=8 December 2017 |website=Unicode}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Numeral system ==<br /> {{Main|Malayalam numerals}}<br /> Malayalam [[numeral system]] is archaic and no longer commonly used. Instead, the common [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Hindu-Arabic numeral system]] is followed.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> !0!!1!!2!!3!!4!!5!!6!!7!!8!!9!!10!!100!!1000!!{{1/4}}!!{{1/2}}!!{{3/4}}<br /> |- style=&quot;font-size:large&quot; lang=&quot;ml&quot;<br /> |൦||൧||൨||൩||൪||൫||൬||൭||൮||൯||൰||൱||൲||൳||൴||൵<br /> |}<br /> Number &quot;11&quot; is written as &quot;{{lang|ml|൰൧}}&quot; and not &quot;{{lang|ml|൧൧}}&quot;. &quot;32&quot; is written as &quot;{{lang|ml|൩൰൨}}&quot; similar to the [[Tamil numerals|Tamil numeral system]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> !11!!20!!21!!30!!110!!10,099<br /> |- style=&quot;font-size:large&quot; lang=&quot;ml&quot;<br /> |൰൧||൨൰<br /> |൨൰൧||൩൰||൱൰<br /> |൰൲൯൰൯<br /> |}<br /> Suppose the number is &quot;2013&quot;. It is read in Malayalam as &quot;'''{{lang|ml|രണ്ടായിരത്തി പതിമൂന്ന്}}'''&quot; (raṇḍāyiratti padimūnnu). It is split into :<br /> <br /> * {{lang|ml|രണ്ട്}} (raṇḍŭ) : 2 - '''{{lang|ml|൨}}'''<br /> * {{lang|ml|ആയിരം}} (āyiram) : 1000 - '''{{lang|ml|൲}}'''<br /> * {{lang|ml|പത്ത്}} (pattŭ) : 10 - '''{{lang|ml|൰}}'''<br /> * {{lang|ml|മൂന്ന്}} (mūnnŭ) : 3 - '''{{lang|ml|൩}}'''<br /> <br /> Combine them together to get the Malayalam number &quot;'''{{lang|ml|൨൲൰൩}}'''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://shijualex.in/malayalam-numerals-old-system/|title=മലയാള അക്കങ്ങൾ|last=Alex|first=Shiju|date=2013-08-22|website=ഗ്രന്ഥപ്പുര|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Other symbols===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:80%;margin-left:30px&quot;<br /> !Praslesham<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|ഽ}}&lt;/big&gt;||Corresponds to [[Devanagari]] [[avagraha]], used when a Sanskrit phrase containing an ''avagraha'' is written in Malayalam script. The symbol indicates the [[elision]] of the word-initial vowel ''a'' after a word that ends in ''ā'', ''ē'', or ''ō'', and is transliterated as an apostrophe (’), or sometimes as a colon + an apostrophe (:’).&lt;br /&gt;({{indic|lang=ml|indic=പ്രശ്ലേഷം|trans=praślēṣam}})<br /> |-<br /> !Malayalam date mark<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|൹}}&lt;/big&gt;<br /> |Used in an abbreviation of a date.<br /> |-<br /> ![[Danda]]<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|।}}&lt;/big&gt;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Archaic punctuation marks used as full stops or for delimiting [[verse (poetry)|verses]].<br /> |-<br /> !Double danda<br /> |&lt;big&gt;{{lang|ml|॥}}&lt;/big&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Sample text==<br /> The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<br /> <br /> ===English===<br /> All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf|url-status=live |archive-date=15 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315165415/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/eng.pdf|format=PDF |website=OHCHR.org |publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|page=2|access-date=16 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Malayalam===<br /> {{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യരെല്ലാവരും തുല്യാവകാശങ്ങളോടും അന്തസ്സോടും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തോടും കൂടി ജനിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളവരാണ്‌. അന്യോന്യം ഭ്രാതൃഭാവത്തോടെ പെരുമാറുവാനാണ്‌ മനുഷ്യന് വിവേകബുദ്ധിയും മനസാക്ഷിയും സിദ്ധമായിരിക്കുന്നത്‌}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;UDHR_Malayalam&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mjs.pdf|title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Malayalam|trans-title=മനുഷ്യാവകാശങ്ങളെക്കുറിക്കുന്ന പൊതുപ്രഖ്യാപനം|url-status=live|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202232710/http://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/mjs.pdf|website=OHCHR.org|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|format=PDF |page=3|language=ml|access-date=16 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Romanisation (ISO 15919)===<br /> man̠uṣyarellāvaruṁ tulyāvakāśaṅṅaḷōṭuṁ antassōṭuṁ svātantryattōṭuṅkūṭi jan̠icciṭṭuḷḷavarāṇ‌ŭ. an̠yōn̠yaṁ bhrātr̥bhāvattōṭe perumāṟuvān̠āṇ‌ŭ man̠uṣyan̠ŭ vivēkabuddhiyuṁ man̠asākṣiyuṁ siddhamāyirikkunnat‌ŭ.<br /> <br /> ===IPA===<br /> /manuʂjaɾelːaːʋaɾum t̪uljaːʋakaːʃaŋːaɭoːʈum an̪t̪asːoːʈum sʋaːt̪an̪tɾjat̪ːoːʈuŋkuːʈi d͡ʒanit͡ʃːiʈːuɭːaʋaɾaːɳɨ̆ ǁ anjoːnjam bʱraːt̪rɨ̆bʱaːʋat̪ːoːʈe peɾumaːruʋaːnaːɳɨ̆ manuʂjanɨ̆ ʋiʋeːkabud̪ːʱijum manasaːkʂijum sid̪ːʱamaːjiɾikːun̪ːat̪ɨ̆ ǁ/<br /> <br /> ==Unicode==<br /> Malayalam script was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.<br /> <br /> ===Block===<br /> {{Main|Malayalam (Unicode block)}}<br /> The Unicode block for Malayalam is U+0D00–U+0D7F:<br /> <br /> {{Unicode chart Malayalam}}<br /> <br /> ===Chillus in Unicode===<br /> For example, ''avan'' {{lang|ml|അവൻ}} (&quot;he&quot;) is written as ''a'' {{lang|ml|അ}} + ''va'' {{lang|ml|വ}} + ''chillu-n'' {{lang|ml|ൻ}}, where ''chillu-n'' represents the ''n'' sound without a vowel. In other Indic scripts, the same word would be possibly written as ''a'' + ''va'' + ''na'' + virama. However, in Malayalam script, that sequence represents a different word, ''avanŭ'' {{lang|ml|അവന്‌}} (&quot;to him&quot;), and is not interchangeable with ''avan''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johny2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Johny|first=Cibu C.|title=Unicode Public Review Issue #66: Encoding of Chillu Forms in Malayalam|url=https://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/chillu/issue66.htm|year=2005|access-date=2009-09-16|archive-date=10 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610210605/http://varamozhi.sourceforge.net/chillu/issue66.htm|url-status=dead}} See also [https://www.unicode.org/~emuller/iwg/p28/05085-pri66-fdbk-cibu.pdf L2/05-085] (PDF).&lt;/ref&gt; This is because in modern Malayalam script, the sign for a virama also works as the sign for a [[#Half-u|vowel ''ŭ'']] at the end of a word, and is not able to cleanly &quot;kill&quot; the inherent vowel in this case.&lt;ref name=&quot;N3126&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Muller|first=Eric|title=Malayalam cillaksarams|work=JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3126 L2/06-207|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/N3126.pdf|year=2006|access-date=2009-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> To differentiate a pure consonant (''chillu'') and a consonant with ''ŭ'', [[zero-width joiner]] (ZWJ) and [[zero-width non-joiner]] (ZWNJ) were used before Unicode 5.1.&lt;ref name=&quot;TUS50&quot;/&gt; However, this system was problematic. Among other things, glyph variants specified by ZWJ or ZWNJ are supposed to be non-semantic, whereas a ''chillu'' (expressed as letter + virama + ZWJ) and the same consonant followed by a ''ŭ'' (expressed as letter + virama + ZWNJ) are often [[Semantics|semantically]] different. After a long debate,&lt;ref name=&quot;N3126&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;S&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Chitrajakumar|first1=R.|last2=Gangadharan|first2=N.|name-list-style=amp|title=Chandrakkala. Samvruthokaram. Chillaksharam.|work=L2/05-210|url=https://www.unicode.org/~emuller/iwg/p28/05210-malayalam.pdf|year=2005|access-date=2009-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nine ''chillu letters'' now have their own [[code point]]s since Unicode 9.0 (though only 5 of them are used in modern Malayalam), though applications should also be prepared to handle data in the representation specified in Unicode 5.0.&lt;ref name=&quot;Unicode5.1.0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Unicode, Inc|title=Malayalam Chillu Characters|work=Unicode 5.1.0|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode5.1.0/#Malayalam_Chillu_Characters|year=2008|access-date=2009-09-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; This means, fonts should display chillus in both sequences; while an input method should output standard chillus.<br /> <br /> The ligature ''nṯa'' {{lang|ml|ന്റ}} is very common and supported by most Malayalam fonts in one way or another, but exactly how it should be encoded was not clear in Unicode 5.0 and earlier, and two incompatible implementations are currently in use.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Encoding of Chillu Forms in Malayalam|work=Public Review Issue #66]|url=https://www.unicode.org/review/pr-66.html|publisher=Unicode, Inc|year=2005|access-date=2009-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Unicode 5.1 (2008), the sequence to represent it was explicitly redefined as ''chillu-n'' + virama + ''ṟa'' ({{lang|ml|ൻ്റ|}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;Unicode5.1.0&quot;/&gt; {{lang|ml|ന്റ}} ligature is often considered to be the correct form to represent n̠d̠ as {{lang|ml|ൻറ}} can also represent n̠r̠ but in many computers it is only shown with {{lang|ml|ൻ}} + {{lang|ml| ്}} + {{lang|ml|റ}} even though a chandrakkala cannot be after a chillu letter, other computers show it with {{lang|ml|ന}} + {{lang|ml| ്}} + {{lang|ml|റ}}. Some computers display {{lang|ml|ൻ്റ}} ({{lang|ml|ൻ}} + {{lang|ml| ്}} + {{lang|ml|റ}}) and {{lang|ml|ന്റ}} ({{lang|ml|ന}} + {{lang|ml| ്}} + {{lang|ml|റ}}) differently.<br /> <br /> ==Image gallery==<br /> {{Gallery<br /> |width=160 | height=170<br /> |align=center<br /> |File:Quilon Syrian copper plates (849 AD).jpg<br /> |The [[Quilon Syrian copper plates]] (849/850 CE) is the available oldest inscription written in [[Old Malayalam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;adagadagudugudu&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|year=2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0YDCngEACAAJ&amp;q=Perumals+of+Kerala|title=Perumals of Kerala: Brahmin Oligarchy and Ritual Monarchy|publisher=CosmoBooks|isbn=9788188765072|location=Thrissur (Kerala)|pages=|orig-year=1972}}&lt;/ref&gt; Besides [[Old Malayalam]], the copper plate also contains signatures in [[Arabic]] (Kufic script), [[Middle Persian]] (cursive Pahlavi script) and [[Judeo-Persian]] (standard square [[Hebrew]]) scripts.&lt;ref name=&quot;cereti&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Cereti|first=C. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b3gOdaiXNKkC&amp;q=Exegisti+Monumenta:+Festschrift+in+Honour+of+Nicholas+Sims-+Williams|title=Exegisti Monumenta: Festschrift in Honour of Nicholas Sims-Williams|publisher=Harrassowitz|year=2009|isbn=9783447059374|editor-last=Sundermann|editor-first=W.|location=Wiesbaden|pages=|chapter=The Pahlavi Signatures on the Quilon Copper Plates|editor-last2=Hintze|editor-first2=A.|editor-last3=de Blois|editor-first3=F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |File:Tigalari-sanskrit-manuscript.jpg<br /> |A medieval [[Tigalari script|Tigalari]] manuscript (Bears high similarity with modern Malayalam script)<br /> |File:Ckm.jpg<br /> |A [[bilingual sign]] in [[Malayalam]] and [[Latin script]] ([[English language|English]]) at [[Changaramkulam]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]]<br /> |File:Copy of Ezhuthachan's Adhyathma ramayanam Kilippattu.jpg<br /> |Copy of [[Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan]]'s [[stylus]] and ''[[Adhyathmaramayanam|Adhyatma Ramayanam]]'' preserved at [[Thunchan Parambu, Tirur]]<br /> |File:THUNCHAN MEMORIAL.jpg<br /> |The [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University]] is situated at [[Thunchan Parambu]], [[Tirur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |File:Kerala Sangeetha Nadaka Academy Trimmed.jpg<br /> |A Malayalam sign. Notice the word-initial ''a'' {{lang|ml|അ}} in '''akkādami''', and the vowel sign ''ē'' {{lang|ml| േ}} in '''Kēraḷa'''<br /> |File:Mina hospital.jpg<br /> | A signboard including [[Malayalam]] at [[Mina, Saudi Arabia]]<br /> |File:Travancore Rupee - Reverse.jpg<br /> |Malayalam letters on old [[Travancore Rupee]] coin<br /> |File:St angelo fort Arakkal Museum.JPG<br /> |A Malayalam signboard from [[Kannur]], Kerala. Malayalam is official language in the [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]] and the union territories of [[Lakshadweep]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puduchery]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Div col}} <br /> * [[Arabi Malayalam script]]<br /> * [[Coorgi–Cox alphabet]]<br /> * [[Tigalari script]]<br /> * [[Malabar script]]<br /> * [[Malayalam Braille]]<br /> * [[Mulabhadra]]<br /> * [[Suriyani Malayalam]]<br /> *[[Grantha script]]<br /> *[[Sinhala script]]<br /> *[[ISO 15919]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> * {{Cite book|contribution=Malayalam Writing|last=Mohanan|first=K. P. |editor1-last=Daniels|editor1-first=Peter T.|editor1-link=Peter T. Daniels|editor2-last=Bright|editor2-first=William|editor2-link=William O. Bright|name-list-style=amp|title=The World's Writing Systems|contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_mal_ortho-2|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|year=1996}}<br /> * [[Arthur Coke Burnell|Burnell, Arthur Coke]] (1874). [https://archive.org/details/elementssouthin00burngoog ''Elements of South-Indian Palæography from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D.''] Trübner &amp; Co.<br /> * {{Cite book|last=Canepari|first=Luciano|author-link=Luciano Canepari|title=A Handbook of Phonetics|chapter=19.29 Malayalam|publisher=LINCOM|year=2005|isbn=3-89586-480-3}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |title=A Short History of Malayalam Literature |author=K. Ayyappa Panicker |url=https://archive.org/details/ASHORTHISTORYOFMALAYALAMLITERATURE |year=2006 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |publisher=Department of Information and Public Relations, Kerala}}<br /> * {{cite book|author=Menon, A. Sreedhara |title=A Survey of Kerala History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVsw35oEBv4C|year=2007|publisher=DC Books|isbn=9788126415786}}<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing &amp; Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|edition=Malayalam}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons}}<br /> * [http://websitefor.info/learn/malayalam Website to help you read and write the Malayalam alphabet]<br /> * [http://languagetype.com/malayalam/malayalam-fonts Malayalam Unicode Fonts]<br /> {{list of writing systems}}<br /> {{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}<br /> {{Portal bar|Language|Linguistics|Writing|Constructed languages}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Malayalam Script}}<br /> [[Category:Malayalam script| ]]<br /> [[Category:Brahmic scripts]]<br /> [[Category:Malayalam language|Script, Malayalam]]<br /> [[Category:Scripts with ISO 15924 four-letter codes]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telugu_literature&diff=540013 2026-03-22T05:23:24Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Adding New Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Body of works written in the Telugu language}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}} <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br /> '''Telugu literature''' includes poetry, short stories, novels, plays, and other works composed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]]. There is some indication that Telugu literature dates at least to the middle of the first millennium. The earliest extant works are from the 11th century when the [[Mahabharata]] was first translated to Telugu from Sanskrit by [[Nannaya]]. The language experienced a golden age under the patronage of the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] Emperor-Poet [[Krishnadevaraya]].{{Cn|date=November 2024}}<br /> <br /> == Historiography ==<br /> There are various sources available for information on early Telugu writers. Among these are the prologues to their poems, which followed the Sanskrit model by customarily giving a brief description of the writer, a history of the king to whom the book is dedicated, and a chronological list of the books he published. In addition, historical information is available from inscriptions that can be correlated with the poems; there are several grammars, treatises, and anthologies that provide illustrative stanzas; and there is also information available from the lives of the poets and the traditions that they followed.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=19}}<br /> <br /> == Subject matter ==<br /> More popular works of Telugu literature are characterized by their descriptions of traditional Hindu knowledge systems such as [[Vedic astrology]], the [[Arthashastra]], grammar, moral [[Aphorism|aphorisms]], and [[bhakti]] (devotional psalms) to deities within the Hindu pantheon.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=33}}<br /> <br /> Early Telugu literature is predominantly religious. Poets and scholars drew most of their material from epics, such as the ''[[Ramayana]]'', the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the ''[[Bhagavata]]'' and the ''[[Purāṇas]],'' which they also translated.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=33}} Religious literature consisted of biographies of the founders of religious traditions{{Which|date=November 2024}}, their teachings, {{lang|sa|sāra}}, as well as commentaries, {{lang|te|[[bhashya]]}}.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=33}}<br /> <br /> From the sixteenth century onwards, rarely known episodes from the ''Purāṇas'' would form the basis for the tradition of Telugu-language ''[[Kāvya|kavya]]'' (poetry). Literary works, drawn from episodes of the ''Purāṇas'' under the name ''Akhyana'' or ''Khanda'', became popular along with depictions of the fortune of a single hero under the title of Charitra, Vijaya, Vilasa and Abhyudaya.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=33}} In the eighteenth century, marriages of heroes under the title Parinaya, Kalyana and Vivāha became popular.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=33}}<br /> <br /> == Genres ==<br /> === Prabandham ===<br /> Prabandham are stories in verse form with a tight metrical structure. These have three subtypes or sub-forms: Prakhyātam (Famous story), Utpadyam (fictional story), and Misramam (a mix of the two). <br /> <br /> [[Ashtadiggajas]] have written in all three of the ''Prabandham'' genres during the ''Prabandha yugam''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Adluri 1998&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> | last = Adluri<br /> | first = Seshu Madhava Rao<br /> | date= January 1998<br /> | title =అష్టదిగ్గజ ములు Ashtadiggaja mulu (Introduction) – Telugu Language and Literature <br /> | website = mun.ca<br /> | url = http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/classical/prabandha/ashtadiggajalu.html<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200321024101/http://www.engr.mun.ca/~adluri/telugu/classical/prabandha/ashtadiggajalu.html<br /> | archive-date = 21 March 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Champu ===<br /> [[Champu]] is a mixture of prose and poetry. Telugu literature uses an expression in verse called [[Champu]], which mixes [[prose]] and poetry. Although it is the dominant literary form, there are exceptions: for example, [[Tikkana]] composed ''[[Uttara Ramayana]]'' entirely in verse.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=34}}<br /> <br /> === Kavyam ===<br /> * [[Kāvya]]m: Poem which usually begins with a short prayer called a [[Prayer#Hinduism|Prarthana]], containing initial auspicious letter &quot;Sri&quot; which invokes the blessings of the God.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=35}} The occasion and circumstances under which the work is undertaken is next stated.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=35}} The subtypes of Kāvyam are:<br /> ** Padya kāvyam: Metrical poetry.<br /> ** Gadya kāvyam: Prose poetry.<br /> ** Khanda kāvyam: Short poems<br /> <br /> === Avadhanam ===<br /> [[Avadhanam]] is a literary performance popular from the very ancient days in Sanskrit and more so in Telugu and Kannada languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avadhanam&quot; /&gt; It requires a good memory and tests a person's capability of performing multiple tasks simultaneously.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avadhanam&quot; /&gt; All the tasks are memory-intensive and demand an in-depth knowledge of literature, and prosody. The number of Prucchakas can be eight (for {{lang|te|Ashtavadhanam}}) or 100 ({{lang|te|Sataavadhaanam}}) or even 1,000 (for {{lang|te|Sahasravadhanam}}). A person who has successfully performed {{lang|te|Ashtavadhanam}} is called {{lang|te|Ashtavadhani}}, one completing {{lang|te|Satavadhanam}} is a {{lang|te|Satavadhani}}, and after performing {{lang|te|Sahasraavadhaanam}} is called {{lang|te|Sahasravadhani}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avadhanam&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Avadhanam|Avadhānam]] involve the partial [[improvisation]] of poems using specific themes, metres, forms, or words.&lt;ref name=&quot;Avadhanam&quot;&gt;Amaresh Datta, ''The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'', v. 1, [https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&amp;dq=%22Avadhanam%22&amp;pg=PA292 &quot;Avadhanam&quot;] (Sahitya Akademi, 2006; {{ISBN|81-260-1803-8}})&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> New devices for the dissemination of knowledge among the people were developed in the form of the Dvipada and [[Satakam|Sataka]] styles. {{lang|te|Dvipada}}, sometimes written was ''dwipada'', means 'two feet'—a [[couplet]]— and {{lang|te|sataka}} means 'hundred'—signifying a [[Cento (poetry)|cento]] of verses).{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=97}} <br /> <br /> === Dwipada ===<br /> A {{lang|te|dwipada}} is a couplet with a specific rhyme scheme.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|year=1988|isbn=9788126011940|editor-last=Datta|editor-first=Amaresh|pages=1126–27}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Brown|first=Charles Philip|title=A Grammar of the Telugu Language|year=1857&lt;!-- |location=Madras --&gt;|pages=310–11}}&lt;/ref&gt; A stanza contains two short lines, each with less than fifteen characters. Longer poems, composed of many ''dwipada'', can be composed with a &quot;highly musical&quot; effect.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Much of the extant corpus in this form was written using the common language of the time. The form's musicality and accessibility made the form a natural fit for spreading religious messages. [[Palkuriki Somanatha]] the first to write in this form in the 12th or 13th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; His works ''Basava Puranam'' and ''Panditaradhya Charitra'' were &quot;immensely singable&quot; devotional works to [[Shiva|Siva]] as [[Basava|Basaveswara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; Influenced by [[Shaivism|Saivaite]] poets' use of ''dwipada'', a [[Vaishnavite]] poet wrote the ''Ranganadha Ramayana'', a version of the [[Ramayana]] that became incredibly popular for its singability, vernacular diction, and stories not found in [[Valmiki Ramayana|Valmiki's version]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; The form reached its apex with ''Palnati Vira Charitra,'' popularly ascribed to the 14th century poet [[Srinatha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; By the end of the Prabandha era, the three most important Sanskrit poems had been translated into Telugu in ''dwipada:'' the [[Mahabharata]] by Thimmaya, the [[Ramayana]] by Ranganadha, and the [[Bhagavatam]] by Tekumalla Ranga Sai.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; The form declined after the ''dwipada'' works of the early 17th century king-poet [[Raghunatha Nayak]] of [[Tanjore]]. ''Dwipada's'' accessibility has sometimes meant it was not a prestigious form of Telugu poetry. In the 19th century, scholar [[Charles Philip Brown]] noted &quot;the learned despise couplets because the poems thus written are in a flowing easy style which uneducated persons read with enjoyment.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Only a few writers today use it out of lingering respect its history.&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Padam ===<br /> ''Padams'' are lyric poems usually meant to be sung, with an opening line or lines called a ''pallavi'', followed by three ''caranam'' verses, each of which is followed by the ''pallavi'' refrain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Annamācārya |title=God on the hill : temple poems from Tirupati|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Narayana Rao, Velcheru; Shulman, David Dean |isbn=1-4237-3501-3|location=Oxford|oclc=62323448}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''padam'' is thus &quot;a highly integrated, internally resonant syntactic and thematic unit.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; [[Annamacharya]], the most famous composer of Telugu ''padams'', is said to have composed a ''padam'' a day for the god of the [[Tirupati]] temple, [[Venkateswara]]. His poems, of which 13,000 survive on copper plates stored in the temple vaults, deal with the &quot;infinite varieties and nuances of the god’s love life&quot; and &quot;his sense of himself as an agonized, turbulent human being in relation to the god he worships&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Chatu ===<br /> ''Chatus'' (meaning &quot;charming utterance&quot;) are remembered poems passed on by recitation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Velcheru|first1=Narayana Rao|title=A Poem at the Right Moment: Remembered Verses from Premodern South India|last2=Shulman|first2=David Dean|date=1998|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-20847-1|location=Berkeley|chapter=Introduction|oclc=36023922}}&lt;/ref&gt; In premodern South India, literate people recited {{lang|te|chatus}} to each other as a social pastime.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Most of these poems have memorable stories that go along with them that explain and contextualize them. They have passed through a lively oral tradition for hundreds of years, and been anthologized since the 19th century by scholars like [[Veturi Prabhakara Sastri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; Many ''chatus'' are attributed to [[Srinatha]], [[Tenali Rama]], and other famous poets. These attributions, most of which are unverifiable, serve to make both mythologize these poets and judge their relative merit. Once made legends, they're free to interact anachronistically in ''chatus''. Poets from different eras meet, exchange poems, and critique each other.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt; In sum, ''chatus,'' &quot;moving from gnomic advice to metalinguistic criticism, through the domains of desire, social commentary, the articulation of cultural values, and critical taste, these interlocking stanzas embody an entire education, an expressive vision of life and poetry.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Satakamu ===<br /> {{Main|Shataka}}<br /> <br /> A ''satakamu'' literally means &quot;an anthology of a hundred poems&quot;, but the number is usually somewhat higher, often an auspicious number like 108.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dhūrjaṭi |title=For the Lord of the animals ; poems from the Telugu : the Kāḷahastīśvara śhatakamu of Dhūrjaṭi|date=1987|publisher=University of California Press|others=Heifetz, Hank., Narayana Rao, Velcheru, 1932-|isbn=0-520-05669-8|location=Berkeley|pages=5|oclc=13334319}}&lt;/ref&gt; Popular {{lang|te|satakas}} include: the {{lang|te|Sarvesvara, Kalahastisvara}}, and {{lang|te|Dasarathi satakas}}.{{Cn|date=November 2024}} <br /> {{div col|colwidth=20em}}<br /> * Vemana Satakam<br /> * [[Sumathi Satakam]]<br /> * [[Kalahastisvara Satakamu|Sri Kalahastishwara Satakam]]<br /> * [[Dasarathi Satakam]]<br /> * Bhaskara Satakam<br /> * Kumara Satakam<br /> * [[Narasimha Satakam]]<br /> * [[Sarveswara Satakam]]<br /> * Kumara Satakam<br /> * Kumari Satakam<br /> * [[Andhra Nayaka Satakam]]<br /> * Sri Kishna Satakam<br /> * Bharthruhari Neethi Satakam<br /> * Bharthruhari Vyragya Satakam<br /> * Bharthruhari Srungara Satakam<br /> * Daksharama Bhimeswara Satakam<br /> {{end div col}}<br /> There are some {{lang|te|satakas}} which are divided into ten groups of ten verses called {{lang|te|dasaka}} which is adopted from [[Prakrit]].{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=98}}<br /> <br /> ===Sasanam===<br /> <br /> Śāsanams (Telugu: శాసనం) are historical inscriptions engraved on stone, copper plates, temple walls, and other durable media that record royal grants, land donations, edicts, genealogies, religious endowments, and social transactions. Although not formal literary works, śāsanams (inscriptions) provide some of the earliest evidence of the Telugu language, script, and literary style. In the Telugu region, some of the earliest known inscriptions in Telugu include the Kalamalla inscription (c. 575 CE), widely regarded as among the first records in the Telugu language, marking an early stage in the development of Telugu writing and linguistic identity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Inscriptions in Telugu Script |url=https://www.tnarch.gov.in/epigraphy/inscriptions-telugu-script |website=Department of Archaeology, Tamil Nadu |access-date=19 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Copper-plate grants in Telugu from medieval dynasties such as the [[Eastern Chalukyas]] and [[Kakatiyas]], reflect both administrative practice and cultural patronage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Copper Plates Reveal Kakatiya Glory |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/southern-states/telangana/copper-plates-reveal-kakatiyas-glory-1895254 |newspaper=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=19 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; These śāsanams are crucial primary sources for reconstructing the linguistic evolution, script changes, and socio-political history of the Telugu-speaking regions, and they provide evidence of Telugu usage several centuries before many surviving literary works.<br /> <br /> ===Other genres===<br /> * [[Novel]]: ({{langx|te|Navala|italic=y}}) are written fictional [[prose]] [[narrative]]s, normally longer than a short story.<br /> * [[Burra katha|Katha]]: A style of religious storytelling.<br /> * Nātakam: Drama.<br /> * [[Naneelu]]: Epigrams.<br /> * [[Nanolu]]: Nano poems<br /> <br /> == Poetics ==<br /> The {{lang|te|Praudha Prabandha}} or {{lang|te|Maha [[Kavya]]}} is considered{{by whom|date=February 2022}} the highest form of verse. The essentials of such a composition according to the Telugu poetic theory are:<br /> * Śaili (style): The words chosen are neither soft nor very musical but {{lang|te|gambhira}} ('dignified'); {{lang|te|madhurya}} ('sweetness'); {{lang|te|sukumara}} ('grace and delicacy'); {{lang|te|saurabhya}} ('fragrance'); and symphony. Vulgar language ({{lang|te|gramya}}) is avoided.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=34}}<br /> * {{lang|te|Ṕāka}} (mould): Refers to the embodiment of ideas in language, and the nature and texture of the language employed. There are three types of {{lang|te|pākas}}:<br /> ** {{lang|te|Drāksha}} (wine or grape): {{lang|te|Draksha}} is a crystal clear style where everything is seen through a transparent medium. Mostly [[Nannayya]] and [[Jandhyala Papayya Sastry|Karunasri]] use this mould.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=34}}<br /> ** {{lang|te|Kadali}} (plantain): {{lang|te|Kadali}} is a complex {{lang|te|pāka}} because the soft skin has to peeled to reach the core of the subject. Mostly Tikkana Somayaji uses this mould.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=34}}<br /> ** {{lang|te|Narikela}} (coconut): {{lang|te|Narikela}} is the most difficult mould to employ because one has to break the [[Peel (fruit)|rind]] to understand the idea. {{lang|te|[[Amuktamalyada]]}} of [[Krishnadevaraya]] is cast in this {{lang|te|pāka}}.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=35}}<br /> === Rasa ===<br /> * {{lang|te|[[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]]}} (aesthetic flavor): {{lang|te|Rasa}} is the heart and soul of Telugu poetry. A [[sutra]]m, or aphorism, {{lang|te|Vākyam Rasātmakam Kāvyam}}, explains that the soul of a sentence is the {{lang|te|rasa}}. There are nine, known as the {{lang|te|nava rasas}}.{{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=35}} <br /> ** {{lang|sa|[[Sringara|Śṛṅgāra]]}} (love)<br /> ** {{lang|sa|[[Hāsya]]}} (comic)<br /> ** {{lang|sa|Karuṇā}} (sympathy)<br /> ** {{lang|sa|Raudram}} (horror)<br /> ** {{lang|sa|[[Bhayānaka]]}} (fear)<br /> ** {{lang|te|Bībhatsa}} (disgust)<br /> ** {{lang|te|Vīra}} (heroic)<br /> ** {{lang|te|Adbhuta}} (wonder)<br /> ** {{lang|te|[[Inner peace|Santham]]}} (peace)<br /> === Alankara ===<br /> * {{lang|sa|[[Alankāra]]s}} (ornamentation) are used in description of events, places and proceedings.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} These include: <br /> ** {{lang|sa|śabdhalankāras}} (ornaments of sound)<br /> ** {{lang|sa|[[Slesha]]}} ([[double entendre]])<br /> ** {{lang|te|yamaka}} ([[alliteration]])<br /> ** {{lang|te|arthalankāras}} (ornaments of thoughts)<br /> ** {{lang|te|[[Upamāna]]}} (simile) <br /> ** {{lang|te|utpreksha}} (hyperbole){{sfnp|Chenchiah|Bhujanga|1988|p=35}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{History of literature by era}}<br /> {{History of literature by region or country}}<br /> <br /> === Early writers ===<br /> <br /> ==== The pre-Nannayya period (before 1020 AD) ====<br /> In the earliest period, Telugu literature existed in the form of inscriptions, from around 575 AD. The first long inscription (sasanam) entirely in Telugu, dated to 575 CE, is attributed to the [[List of Telugu chodas|Renati Choda]] king Dhanunjaya and found in the Kadapa district. Early Telugu inscriptions provide some of the earliest evidence of the Telugu language, script, and literary style.<br /> <br /> The 6th- or 7th-century [[Sanskrit]] text ''[[Janashrayi-Chhandovichiti]]'' (or ''Janāśraya-chandas'') deals with the [[metre (poetry)|metres]] used in Telugu, including some metres that are not found in [[Sanskrit prosody]]. This indicates that Telugu poetry existed during or around the 6th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor1=G. Ramakrishna |editor2=N. Gayathri |editor3=Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya |title=An Encyclopaedia of South Indian Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIkeAAAAMAAJ |year=1983 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi |oclc=948611193 |pages=164–165 |isbn=9780836411881 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Addanki poetic inscription ====<br /> Addanki inscription also known as the Pandaranga inscription belongs to 848AD,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cdma.ap.gov.in/en/addanki-muncipality |title=Addanki Municipality |website=cdma.ap.gov.in |access-date=14 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; excavated near the Thousand Pillar Temple of Addanki. It is testimony to a flourishing Telugu literature much before the available literary texts. Locals believe that this is the first poem ever to be written in Telugu, also called the first Padya Sasanam (Poetic inscription) with (dvipada, with Yati and Prasa; style taruvoja). The poetic inscription talks about how when Pandaranga was staying with the Boya campaign, Pandaranga got victories in all military campaigns of his master Gunaga Vijayaditya III. The inscription spoke about the donation of land by the king to him for his successful military exploits.<br /> <br /> [[File:Addanki Poetic Inscription, 848 AD.png|thumb|Addanki Poetic Inscription, 848 AD]]<br /> <br /> ==== Telugu Jain literature (850–1000 AD) ====<br /> Historically, [[Vemulawada, Rajanna Sircilla district|Vemulawada]] was a Jain knowledge hub and played a significant role in patronizing Jain literature and poets. 1980's excavations around Vemulawada revealed and affirmed the existence of Telugu Jain literature between 850-1000 AD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://andhrapradesh.pscnotes.com/appsc-group-1-mains/paper-i/andhra-pradesh-history/growth-of-telugu-language-and-literature/ |title=Growth of Telugu Language and Literature |website=PSC Notes |access-date=14 October 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Malliya Rechana ====<br /> [[Malliya Rechana]] (940 CE) composed the first Telugu poetic prosody book [[Kavijanasrayam]] (pre-Nannayya chandassu) around 940 AD. This was a popular one and referred by many poets. There seems to be even an earlier prosody book by Rechana's guru Vaadindra Chudamani which is not available.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.491601/2015.491601.telugu-marugulu#page/n95/mode/2up|title=Telugu Marugulu|last=Chimakurthi|first=Seshagiri Rao|publisher=Telugu Gosti|year=1992|pages=87}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/Palkuriki_233/NidudavoluVENKATARAOGariRachanaluParisilana#page/n97/mode/2up|title=Nidadavolu Venkata Rao Gari Rachanalu Parisheelana|pages=80}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.373092/2015.373092.Sri-Andhra#page/n19/mode/2up|title=Andhra Kavi Tarangani|last=Chaganti|first=Seshayya|publisher=Hindu dharma sastra granthalayam|year=1956}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Veturi Prabhakara Sastry in 1900s mentioned the existence of ''Pre-Nannayya Chandassu'' in Raja Raja Narendra Pattabhisheka Sanchika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Accurate dating of this piece of literature happened after the 1980s discoveries in Karimnagar.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Prabhakara Sastry|first=Veturi|url=http://ebooks.tirumala.org/Home/Download/?ID=614|title=Prabandha Ratnavali|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam|year=2014|pages=44|orig-date=1918}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MaLgBQAAQBAJ|title=Rethinking Hindu Identity|last=Jha|first=Dwijendra Narayan|year=2014|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317490333}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Age of the Purāṇas (1020–1400 CE) ===<br /> This is the period of [[Kavi Trayam]] or Trinity of Poets. [[Nannayya]], [[Tikkana]] and [[Yerrapragada]] (or Errana) are known as the Kavi Trayam.<br /> <br /> ==== Nannaya Bhattarakudu, the Adi Kavi ====<br /> ''[[Andhra mahabharatam|Andhra Mahabharatam]]'' of [[Nannayya]] Bhattarakudu ({{langx|te|నన్నయ}}; 1022–1063 CE), is generally regarded as the first Telugu literary composition ({{lang|te|Adi Kavyam}}) and Nannaya as the first poet (''Adi Kavi'') of Telugu language.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Devadevan |first=Manu V. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exzhDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Nannaya+first+poet+(adi+kavi)&amp;pg=PA18 |title=The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India |date=2020-12-03 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-108-49457-1 |pages=18 |language=en |author-link=Manu V. Devadevan}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BC3l1AbPM8sC&amp;dq=Nannaya+first+poet+(adi+kavi)&amp;pg=PA139 |title=A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular |date=2005 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-2171-0 |pages=139 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Rao |first=Sonti Venkata Suryanarayana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fXJkAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=Nannaya+first+poet+(adi+kavi) |title=Vignettes of Telugu Literature: A Concise History of Classical Telugu Literature |date=1999 |publisher=Jyeshtha Literary Trust |pages=57 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VV&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Knipe |first=David M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2P8TDAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Rajaraja+Narendra+nannaya&amp;pg=PA12 |title=Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition |date=2015 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-939768-6 |pages=12, 27 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His work, which is rendered in the [[Champu]] style, is chaste and polished and of a high literary merit. The advanced and well-developed language used by Nannaya suggests that prior Telugu literature other than royal grants and decrees must have existed before him. However, these presumed works are now [[Lost literary work|lost]]. Nannaya completed the first two chapters and a part of the third chapter of the ''[[Mahābhārata]]'' epic, which is rendered in the [[Champu]] style.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Amaresh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&amp;dq=Nannaya+tikkana&amp;pg=PA173 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature |date=1987 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1803-1 |volume=1 |pages=172, 173 |language=en |author-link=Amaresh Datta}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&amp;dq=Nannaya+tikkana&amp;pg=PA393 |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |date=2003-05-19 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-22821-4 |editor-last=Pollock |editor-first=Sheldon |editor-link=Sheldon Pollock |pages=393, 397 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Nannaya Bhattaraka.png|thumb|Adikavi Nannaya Bhattaraka]]<br /> <br /> ==== Tikkana Somayajulu ====<br /> Nannaya's ''Andhra Mahabharatam'' was almost completed by Tikkana Somayaji ({{langx|te|తిక్కన సోమయాజులు}}; 1205–1288 CE) who wrote chapters 4 to 18.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Errapragada ====<br /> Errapragada ({{langx|te|ఎర్రాప్రగడ}}) or [[Yerrapragada]]) who lived in the 14th century, finished the epic by completing the third chapter.&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt; He mimics Nannaya's style in the beginning, slowly changes tempo and finishes the chapter in the writing style of Tikkana.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} These three writers – Nannaya, Tikkana and Yerrapragada – are known as the {{lang|te|Kavitraya}} (&quot;three great poets&quot;) of Telugu. Other translations such as the {{lang|sa|[[Markandeya Purana]]m}}, by the disciple of [[Tikkana Somayaji]], Marana; the {{lang|sa|Dasakumara Charita}}, by [[Mulaghatika Ketana|Ketana]]; and [[Yerrapragada]]'s {{lang|sa|Harivamsam}} followed. Many scientific works, like {{lang|te|Ganitasarasangrahamu}} by [[Pavuluri Mallana]] and {{lang|te|Prakirnaganitamu}} by Eluganti Peddana, were written in the 12th century.{{sfnp|Raju|1944}}{{page needed|date=November 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Baddena Bhupaludu ====<br /> ''Sumati Satakam'', which is a ''neeti'' (&quot;moral&quot;), is one of the most famous Telugu [[Shataka|Satakams]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Satakam is composed of more than a 100 ''padyalu'' (poems). According to many literary critics{{who|date=January 2012}} ''Sumati Satakam'' was composed by Baddena Bhupaludu ({{langx|te|బద్దెన భూపాల}}; 1220–1280 CE). He was also known as Bhadra Bhupala. He was a [[Chola]] prince and a vassal under the [[Kakatiya]] empress [[Rani Rudrama Devi]], and a pupil of Tikkana.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} If we assume that the ''Sumati Satakam'' was indeed written by Baddena, it would rank as one of the earliest Satakams in Telugu along with the ''Vrushadhipa Satakam'' of [[Palkuriki Somanatha]] and the ''Sarveswara Satakam'' of Yathavakkula Annamayya.{{original research inline|date=January 2012}} The ''Sumatee Satakam'' is also one of the earliest Telugu works to be translated into a European language, as [[C. P. Brown]] rendered it in English in the 1840s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> === The Prabandha period (1400–1600 CE) ===<br /> <br /> ==== Srinatha ====<br /> [[Srinatha]] ({{langx|te|శ్రీనాథుడు}}) (1365–1441) popularised the ''Prabandha'' style of composition.&lt;ref name=aponline /&gt; He was a minister in the court of Pedakomati Vemareddy of Kondaveedu{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} and wrote ''Salivahana Saptasati'', ''Sivaratri Mahatyam'', ''Harivilasa'', ''Bhimakanda'', [[Kasikhandamu|''Kasi Khandam'']], ''Srungara Naishadham'', ''Palanati Veera Charitra'', ''[[Kota Vamsa|Dhananjaya Vijayam]]'', ''Srungara Dipika''. These works were concerned with history and mythology.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Srinatha's ''Srungara Naishadhamu'' is a well-known example of the form.&lt;ref name=aponline&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html|title=Languages – Literature|website=aponline.gov.in|access-date=6 January 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208110254/http://www.aponline.gov.in/Quick%20links/HIST-CULT/languages.html|archive-date=8 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Srinatha was widely regarded as the ''Kavi Sarvabhowma'' (&quot;the emperor among poets&quot;).{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Vemana ====<br /> [[Vemana|Kumaragiri Vema Reddy]] ({{langx|te|వేమన}}), popularly known as Yogi Vemana, was a 14th-century Telugu poet.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=William Joseph|title=Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature|year=2004|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-3950-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&amp;q=Vemana+century&amp;pg=PA112|page=112}}&lt;/ref&gt; His poems were written in the popular vernacular of Telugu, and are known for their use of simple language and native idioms.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} His poems discuss the subjects of [[Yoga]], wisdom and morality.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} There is no consensus among scholars about the period in which Vemana lived. [[Charles Philip Brown|C.P. Brown]], known for his research on Vemana, estimates the year of birth to be the year 1352 based on some of his verses.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} His poems are four lines in length. The fourth line is, in the majority of the cases, the chorus ''Viswadhabhirama Vinura Vema'' – he thus conveyed his message with three small lines written in a simple vernacular.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} He traveled widely across south India, acquiring popularity as a poet and Yogi.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} So high was the regard for Vemana that a popular Telugu saying goes 'Vemana's word is the word of the [[Vedas]]'.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} He is celebrated for his style of ''Chaatu padyam'', a poem with a hidden meaning.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Many lines of Vemana's poems are now colloquial phrases of the Telugu language.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} They end with the signature line ''Viswadhaabhi Raama, Vinura Vema'', literally ''Beloved of Viswadha, listen Vema''. There are many interpretations of what the last line signifies.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Bammera Potanaamatya ====<br /> [[Bammera Potana]]amatya ({{langx|te|బమ్మెర పోతన}}) (1450–1510) is best known for his translation of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' from Sanskrit to Telugu.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} His work, ''Andhra Maha Bhagavatamu''. He was born into a Brahmin family and was considered to be a ''Sahaja Kavi'' (&quot;natural poet&quot;) who needed no teacher. He wrote ''Bhogini Dandakam'' a poem praising king Singa Bhoopala's consort danseuse, Bhogini, while young. This is the earliest available Telugu ''Dandaka'' (a rhapsody which uses the same gana or foot throughout).{{sfnp|Raju|1944}}{{page needed|date=November 2012}} His second work was ''Virabhadra Vijayamu'' which describes the adventures of [[Virabhadra]], son of [[Shiva|Siva]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} As a young man, he was a devotee of Siva and also [[Rama]] and was more interested in salvation, from which came the inspiration to translate the ''Bhagavata Purāṇas''.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Annamacharya ====<br /> Tallapaka [[Annamacharya]] (or Annamayya) ({{langx|te|శ్రీ తాళ్ళపాక అన్నమాచార్య}}) (9 May 1408 – 23 February 1503) is known as the ''Pada-kavita Pitaamaha'' of the Telugu language.&lt;ref&gt;Source of his history: http://www.svasa.org/annamacharya1.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090918225615/http://www.svasa.org/annamacharya1.html |date=18 September 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was born to a [[Vaidiki Velanadu|Vaidiki Brahmin]] family and his works are considered to have dominated and influenced the structure of [[Carnatic music]] compositions.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Annamacharya is said to have composed as many as 32,000 sankeertanas (songs) on Bhagwaan Govinda Venkateswara,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/04/stories/2007050404030200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212153305/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/04/stories/2007050404030200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 February 2008 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Annamayya preached oneness 600 years ago | date=4 May 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; of which only about 12,000 are available today. His keertana compositions are based on the [[Vishishtadvaita|Visishtadvaita]] school of thought.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Annamayya was educated in this system of [[Ramanuja]] by Sri Satagopa Yateendra of the Ahobila matham.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Tallapaka Tirumalamma ====<br /> [[Tallapaka Tirumalamma]] ({{langx|te|తాళ్ళపాక తిరుమలమ్మ}}) (Annamacharya's wife)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/edu/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651420200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604145925/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/edu/2009/04/06/stories/2009040651420200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 June 2011 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Annamacharya's 600th birth anniversary celebrated | date=6 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; wrote ''Subhadra Kalyanam'', and is considered the first female poet in Telugu literature.{{By whom|date=January 2012}} Her main work, ''Subhadra Kalyanam'', which consists of 1170 poems, is about the marriage of [[Arjuna]] and [[Subhadra]], who are characters that appear in the ''Mahabharata''. She presented the Telugu nativity and culture in the story taken from Sanskrit epic.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Allasani Peddana ====<br /> [[Allasani Peddana]] ({{langx|te|అల్లసాని పెద్దన}}) (15th and 16th centuries) was ranked as the foremost of the ''Ashtadiggajalu'' the title for the group of eight poets in the court of [[Krishnadevaraya]], a ruler of the Vijayanagara Empire.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Peddana was a native of Somandepalli near [[Penukonda (city)|Anantapur]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> Allasani Peddana wrote the first major ''Prabandha'' and for this reason he is revered as ''Andhra Kavita Pitamaha'' (&quot;the grand father of Telugu poetry&quot;).{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} It is believed{{By whom|date=January 2012}} that he was also a minister in the king's court and is hence sometimes referred as ''Peddanaamaatya'' (''Peddana'' + ''Amaatya'' = Peddana, the minister).{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} He wrote ''Swaarochisha Manu Sambhavam'' (also known as ''Manu Charitra''), which is a development of an episode in the [[Markandeya]] Purāṇas relating to the birth of Svarochishamanu, who is one of the fourteen [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manus]]. [[Pravarakhya]] is a pious Brahmin youth who goes to the [[Himalayas]] for [[Tapasya]]. In the Himalayas [[Varudhini]], a [[Gandharva]] girl, falls in love with him, but Pravarakyudu rejects her love. Knowing this a Gandharva youth who was earlier rejected by Varudhini assumes the form of Pravarakhya and succeeds to win her love. To them is born Svarochisha, the father of Svarochishamanu.{{sfnp|Raju|1944}}{{page needed|date=November 2012}} The theme for his ''Manu Charitra'' is a short story from [[Markandeya Purana]]. It is about second ''Manu'' of fourteen manus (fathers of mankind societies according to Hindu mythology), translated into Telugu from Sanskrit by Marana (1291–1323),{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} disciple of Tikkana. The original story was around 150 poems and Peddana extended into six chapters with 600 poems by adding fiction and descriptions.<br /> <br /> His work was treated as one of the ''[[Pancha Kavyas]]'', the five best works in Telugu. Some of his other famous works such as ''Harikathaasaaramu'' are untraceable now.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Dhurjati ====<br /> [[Dhurjati]] or Dhoorjati ({{langx|te|ధూర్జటి}}) (15th and 16th centuries) was a poet in the court of Krishnadevaraya and was one of the 'Ashtadiggajalu'.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} He was born to Singamma and Narayana in [[Sri Kalahasti]] and was the grandson of Jakkayya.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} His works include ''Sri Kalahasteeswara Mahatyam'' (The grace or miracles of Siva) and [[Sri Kalahasteeswara Satakam]] (100+ poems in the praise of Siva). Dhurjati took themes from Purāṇas and added local stories and myths in his work.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Unlike contemporaries such as Peddana and Mallana, who chose the stories of kings, he chose devotion as his theme.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Krishnadevaraya praised Dhurjati, saying ''&quot;Stuti mati yaina Andhrakavi Dhurjati palkulakelagalgeno yetulita madhuri mahima....&quot;'' (How is Dhurjati's poetry so immeasurably beautiful).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |website=textbooksonline|url=http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/09/Telugu/Poetry/6%20Cheladi%20Purugu.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410074949/http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/09/Telugu/Poetry/6%20Cheladi%20Purugu.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Dhurajti|archive-date=10 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was known as ''Pedda Dhurjati'' (&quot;Elder Dhurjati&quot;) as there were four other people from the same family line who went by the name of Dhurjati during the same period and after him.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} His grandson Venkataraya Dhurjati, wrote {{lang|te|Indumati Parinayam}} (&quot;Marriage of Indumati&quot;), a story from [[Kalidasa]]'s [[Raghuvaṃśa|''Raghuvamsa'']].<br /> <br /> ==== Krishnadevaraya ====<br /> Krishnadevaraya ({{langx|te|శ్రీ కృష్ణదేవరాయ}}) was an emperor of Vijayanagara Kingdom. Literary activities flourished during the rule of the Vijayanagara dynasty,{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} and the period of Krishnadevaraya's rule in the sixteenth century is considered{{By whom|date=January 2012}} to be the golden age of Telugu literature.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Krishnadevaraya, a poet himself, introduced the ''Prabandha'' to Telugu literature.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} ''Amukta Malyada''. Krishna Deva Raya wrote the book ''[[Amuktamalyada]]'' in Telugu, describing the pangs of separation suffered by Andal (an incarnation of the goddess [[Mahalakshmi]]. He describes Andal's physical beauty in thirty verses; using descriptions of the spring and the monsoon as metaphors.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} As elsewhere in Indian poetry, the sensual pleasure of union extends beyond the physical level and becomes a path to, and a metaphor for, spirituality and ultimate union with the divine.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} His court had the ''Ashtadiggajas'' (&quot;eight elephants&quot;), who were considered to be the greatest of poets of that time.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Some critics{{who|date=January 2012}} dismiss the following period, dominated by ''prabandhas'', as a decadent age.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Of the dozens of works of the eighteenth- to mid-nineteenth century, Kankanti Paparaju's ''Uttara Ramayana'' in ''campu'' style, and the play ''Vishnumayavilasa'' stand out.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Other genres bloomed at the same time.{{which|date=January 2012}} [[Yakshagana]]s, indigenous dramas of song and prose, were also produced.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Tenali Ramakrishna ====<br /> [[Garlapati Tenali Ramakrishna]] ({{langx|te|గార్లపాటి తెనాలి రామకృష్ణ}}), popularly known as Tenali Rama and Vikata Kavi, was another sixteenth-century court poet of the Vijayanagara empire and also one of the ''Ashtadiggajas''. His family had originally hailed from [[Tenali]] in [[Guntur district]], he was born in a Telugu [[Niyogi]] Brahmin family. His famous work ''Panduranga Mahatyamu'' is one among the [[Pancha Kavyas]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} He dedicated that to [[Viruri Vedadri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;textbooksonline.tn.nic.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website=textbooksonline |url=http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/11/Telugu/Poetry/6%20Susarmopakyanamu.pdf |title=Telugu Poetry |access-date=2010-12-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410182256/http://www.textbooksonline.tn.nic.in/Books/11/Telugu/Poetry/6%20Susarmopakyanamu.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This book is about the Pundarika Kshetram on the banks of river Bhaimi and its legend. He also composed ''Udbhataradhya Charitram'' on the story of Udbhata, a monk, as well as ''Ghatikachala Mahatyam'' about [[Ghatikachala]]m, a place of worship for God [[Narasimha]] near [[Vellore]]. He followed the Prabandha style. He took the theme for ''Panduranga Mahatyam'' from the [[Skanda Purana]] and enhanced it with many stories about the devotees of God [[Vitthala]] (Panduranga). He is noted for brilliance and wit and for mocking other poets and great personalities. He created a celebrated character called ''Nigama Sarma akka'' (sister of Nigama Sarma) and a story about her without giving her a name. He also had written many ''[[Chatuva|Chatuvu]]'' (extempore poems).<br /> <br /> === The post-Prabandha period (1600–1850) ===<br /> <br /> ==== Kasula Purushottama Kavi ====<br /> [[Kasula Purushottama Kavi]] was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] poet who lived during the late 18th century ({{fl.|CE 1798}}). He hailed from the [[Diviseema]] area of [[Krishna District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] and was a court poet of the then-[[Yarlagadda Sivarama Prasad|Raja of Challapalli]], Yarlagadda Ankineedu Prasad I (r. 1792–1819) of the [[Challapalli|Challapalli ''Samasthanam'']] and possibly of his father as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;:032&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Shulman|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rUvcDwAAQBAJ|title=Classical Telugu Poetry|date=2020-05-12|publisher=Univ of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-97665-8|pages=291|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Purushottama Kavi is recognized for composing literary works in Telugu consisting of one hundred poetic stanzas, known as [[satakam]]s.{{sfnp|Sarma|Sastry|1995|p=307}} Kasula Purushottama Kavi is known for composing the ''[[Andhra Nayaka Satakam]]'' on Srikakula Andhra Mahavishnu Kasula Purushottama Kavi also composed ''Hamsaladeevi Gopala Satakam'', ''Manasa Bodha Satakam'', ''Bhakta Kalpadruma Satakam'', and ''Venugopala Satakam''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DV9uAAAAMAAJ|title=A Thousand Laurels--Dr. Sadiq Naqvi: Studies on Medieval India with Special Reference to Deccan|date=2005|publisher=Felicitation Committee, Department of History &amp; Department of Ancient Indian History, Culture &amp; Archaeology, Osmania University|pages=723|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Mulugu Papayaradhya ====<br /> [[Mulugu Papayaradhya]], also known as Mulugu Papayya or Sangameswara Sastry, (1778 – 1852) was a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Sanskrit]] scholar, preceptor, translator, and writer, known for his translation of the [[Devi Bhagavatam]] from Sanskrit into Telugu and for being the preceptor and court poet of the Raja of Amavarati, [[Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Śrīrāmamūrti|first=Pōcañcarla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GagPAAAAMAAJ|title=Contribution of Andhra to Sanskrit Literature|date=1972|publisher=Andhra University|pages=163|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfnp|Sarma|Sastry|1995|p=205}} Mulugu Papayaradhya was born to Viranaradhya and Akkamba.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;/&gt; He is known to have written more than a hundred works in Telugu and Sanskrit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;/&gt; He was titled as Abhinava Kalidasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Umāmaheśvaraśāstri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dstHAAAAMAAJ|title=Śr̥ṅgāraśekharabhāṇaḥ|date=1969|publisher=Āndhrapradeśa Sāhitya Akāḍamī Saṃsthayā|pages=4|language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a [[Veerashaiva|Veera Saivite]] ''acharya'' (preceptor).<br /> <br /> Mulugu Papayaradhya is regarded as the first poet to translate the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]] into Telugu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C3JOAAAAYAAJ|title=Purāṇam|date=1962|publisher=All-India Kasiraja Trust.|pages=401|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the more than hundred works he wrote, ''Kalyanacampu'', ''Ekadasivratacampu'', ''Aryasati'', ''Sivastotra'', and ''Vedantasarasangraha'' are among the more prominent works.&lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;/&gt; Papayaradhya also wrote the ''Ahalya Sankrandana Vilasamu''.{{sfnp|Sarma|Sastry|1995|p=306}}<br /> <br /> ==== Kshetrayya ====<br /> [[Kshetrayya]] or Kshetragna ({{langx|te|క్షేత్రయ్య}}) ({{circa|1600–1680 CE}}) was a prolific poet and composer of Carnatic music. He lived in the area of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He composed a number of ''padams'' and ''keertanas'', the prevalent formats of his time. He is credited with more than 4000 compositions, although only a handful have survived. He composed his songs on his favourite deity Krishna (Gopala) in Telugu. He perfected the ''padam'' format that is still being used today. His ''padams'' are sung in dance ([[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Kuchipudi]]) and music recitals. A unique feature of his padams is the practice of singing the ''[[anupallavi (music)|anupallavi]]'' first then the ''[[pallavi]]'' (second verse followed by first verse). Most of the padams are of the theme of longing for the coming of the Krishna. He wrote with [[Sringara]] as a main theme in expressing ''madhurabhakti'' (devotion to the supreme). Sringara is a motif where the mundane sexual relationship between a Nayaki (woman) and a Nayaka (man) is used as a metaphor, denoting the yearning of [[Jiva|jeeva]] (usually depicted as the Nayaki) to unite with the divine (usually depicted as the man). In most of his compositions, Kshetrayya has used the ''[[mudra (music)|mudra]]'' (signature) &quot;Muvva Gopala&quot; as a reference to himself, which is also a name for Krishna in Kshetrayya's village Muvva, now called as [[Movva]]. Kshetrayya's work has played a major role in influencing poetry, dance, music of the South Indian tradition. Kshetrayya was intimately connected with the [[devadasi]] women of the temples of south India, who were the subject of many of his compositions. The devadasis were traditionally in possession of the musical/poetic interpretations of his work for a long period of time till the devadasi system was abolished and the compositions became more accepted in the musical community as valuable works of art. The musical community also owes a lot to [[Veena Dhanammal]] and [[T. Brinda]], who popularised Kshetrayya's songs with their beautiful musical interpretation. Kshetrayya's padyams now form an integral part of the dance and musical traditions of South India, where his songs are rendered purely as musical works or as accompaniments to dance.<br /> <br /> ==== Kaluve Veera Raju ====<br /> A prose translation by Kaluve Veera Raju which appeared hundred years later (ca 1700) had good success. He was the army chief under Chikka Deva Raya (1672–1704) of the Mysore Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/SriKaluvaVeerarajuPraneethaAndhraVachanaBharathamSabhaParvamPart117thCen|title = Sri Kaluva Veeraraju Praneetha Andhra Vachana Bharatham Sabha Parvam – Part 1 – 17th Century| date=January 1700 |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mihira.com/mihaug00/mahabharata.htm |title=Mahabharata |website=mihira.com |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220163808/http://www.mihira.com/mihaug00/mahabharata.htm |archive-date=20 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Kancherla Gopanna ====<br /> [[Kancherla Gopanna]] ({{langx|te|కంచెర్ల గోపన్న}}; {{circa|1620|1680 CE}}), popularly known as Bhadradri Ramadasu or Bhadrachala Ramadasu ({{langx|te|భద్రాచల రామదాసు}}), was a 17th-century Indian devotee of Rama and a composer of Carnatic music.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/02/stories/2005090202270200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060914024415/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/02/stories/2005090202270200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=14 September 2006 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=''Bhakta Ramadas'' staged | date=2 September 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is one among the famous vaggeyakaras (same person being the writer and composer of a song) in the Telugu language. His devotional lyrics to Rama are famous in South Indian classical music as ''Ramadaasu Keertanalu''. Even the doyen of South Indian classical music Saint Thyagaraja learned and later improved the style now considered standard kriti form of music composition. He also has written Dasarathi Satakamu a collection of nearly 100 poems dedicated to the son of Dasaratha, an avatar of [[Rama]].<br /> <br /> ==== Venkamamba ====<br /> [[Tarikonda Venkamamba]] ({{langx|te|తరికొండ వెంకమాంబ}}; alternate spelling: Vengamamba, born 1730) was a poet and staunch devotee of Venkateswara in the 18th century. She wrote numerous poems and songs.<br /> <br /> ==== Tyagaraja ====<br /> [[Tyagaraja]] or Tyagabrahmam ({{langx|te|కాకర్ల త్యాగబ్రహ్మం}}) (1767–1847) of [[Tanjore]] composed devotional songs in Telugu, which form a big part of the repertoire of Carnatic music. In addition to nearly 600 compositions (kritis), Tyagaraja composed two musical plays in Telugu, the ''[[List of compositions by Tyagaraja#Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam|Prahalada Bhakti Vijayam]]'' and the ''[[List of compositions by Tyagaraja#Nouka Charitram|Nauka Charitam]]''. ''Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam'' is in five acts with 45 ''[[kriti (music)|kriti]]s'' set in 28 [[raga]]s and 138 verses, in different metres in Telugu. ''Nauka Charitam'' is a shorter play in one act with 21 ''kritis'' set in 13 ''ragas'' and 43 verses. The latter is the most popular of Tyagaraja's operas, and is a creation of the composer's own imagination and has no basis in the ''Bhagavata Purāṇa''. Often overlooked is the fact that Tyagaraja's works are some of the best and most beautiful literary expressions in [[Telugu language]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}} Valmiki composed the [[Ramayana]], the story of Rama, with 24,000 verses and also composed 24,000 kritis in praise of the lord.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Paravastu Chinnayasuri ====<br /> [[Paravastu Chinnayasuri]] ({{langx|te|పరవస్తు చిన్నయ సూరి}}) (1807–1861) has been called the greatest grammarian and first Telugu head of Madras University.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://ia801409.us.archive.org/10/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.97583/2015.97583.Annals-Of-Oriental-Research--University-Of-Madrascentenary-Numbervol13_text.pdf |title=Annals of Oriental Research, Centenary Number |date=1957 |at=At pages 16-25 of the Telugu section or page 121 of PDF. |chapter=History of Telugu Linguistics}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wrote ''Baala Vyaakaranamu,'' which was the universally compulsory grammar textbook for students of all ages and education levels.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Radhakrishna |first=B. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.220108/page/n15/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Makers of Indian Literature: Paravastu Chinnaya Suri |date=1995 |publisher=Sahitaya Akademi |location=New Delhi |pages=16 |via=[[The Internet Archive]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other notable works of his include ''Neeti Chandrika'', ''Sootandhra Vyaakaranamu'', ''Andhra Dhatumoola'' and ''Neeti Sangrahamu''. Chinnayasuri translated Mitra Labham and Mitra Bhedam from the Sanskrit [[Panchatantra]] as ''Neeti Chandrika''. [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] and [[Kokkonda Venkata Ratnam Pantulu]] followed his style of prose writing and wrote ''Vigrahamu'' and ''Sandhi'' in a different pattern.{{Clarify|date=May 2010}}<br /> <br /> == Modern period ==<br /> The period of modern Telugu literature began with [[Gurajada Apparao]], who changed the face of Telugu poetry with his ''Muthayala Saralu'', and was perfected by later writers in the Romanticism era including Rayaprolu and [[Devulapalli Krishna Sastri]]. Gurajada's attempt to reform Telugu poetry by shedding old rules and styles reached a zenith with [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]]. SriSri's famous work &quot;Maha Prastanam&quot; is an instant hit with every corners of society. Many writers followed his style and continue to enrich the literature.<br /> <br /> === Contemporary poets ===<br /> ==== Kandukuri Veeresalingam ====<br /> [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] ({{langx|te|కందుకూరి వీరేశలింగం}}; also known as Kandukuri Veeresalingam Pantulu: {{lang|te|కందుకూరి వీరేశలింగం పంతులు}}; 16 April 1848 – 27 May 1919) was a social reformer of Andhra Pradesh. He was born in an orthodox Andhra Brahmin family. He is widely considered as the man who first brought about a renaissance in [[Telugu people]] and Telugu literature. He was influenced by the ideals of [[Brahmo Samaj]] particularly those of [[Keshab Chandra Sen]]. Veeresalingam Panthulu is popularly called ''Gadya Tikkana''.{{sfnp|Subbarayudu|Subbarayudu|1996|pp=306–328}} He wrote about 100 books between 1869 and 1919 and introduced the essay, biography, autobiography and the novel into Telugu literature.{{sfnp|Subbarayudu|Subbarayudu|1996|pp=306–328}} His ''Satyavati Charitam'' was the first [[social novel]] in Telugu.{{sfnp|Subbarayudu|Subbarayudu|1996|pp=306–328}} He wrote [[Rajasekhara Charitramu|''Rajasekhara Charitamu'']] inspired by Oliver Goldsmith's ''The Vicar of Wakefied''. To him literature was an instrument to fight social evils.{{sfnp|Subbarayudu|Subbarayudu|1996|pp=306–328}}<br /> <br /> ==== Acharya Rayaprolu Subba Rao ====<br /> [[Rayaprolu Subba Rao]] (1892–1984) was among the pioneers of modern Telugu literature.{{sfnp|Subbarayudu|Subbarayudu|1996|p=309}} He is known as Abhinava Nannaya.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} He was recipient of Sahitya Akademi Award to Telugu Writers for his poetic work Misra Manjari in 1965. He was inspired by the Western literary movement and brought romanticism into Telugu literature by breaking away from the traditional translations of Sanskrit literature.Subbarayudu.{{sfnp|Subbarayudu|Subbarayudu|1996|p=309}} He introduced the concept of {{lang|te|Amalina Shringara Tatvamu}}{{explain|date=February 2022}} into Telugu literature.<br /> <br /> One patriotic verse by Subba Rao, &quot;{{lang|te|[[Edesamegina Endukalidina]]}}&quot; (also known as &quot;{{lang|te|Janmabhumi}}&quot;), is a perennial favourite, being regularly sung and recited. It was particularly popular for public events in the pre-Independence Andhra region. The verse has been adapted many times into song for use in Telugu films.&lt;ref name=&quot;kratti&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Krätli |first1=Graziano |title=Why Should I Write a Poem Now: The Letters of Srinivas Rayaprol and William Carlos Williams, 1949-1958 |date=15 December 2018 |publisher=University of New Mexico Press |isbn=978-0-8263-5997-1 |pages=5–8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jdR0DwAAQBAJ |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna ====<br /> [[Mangalampalli Balamurali Krishna]] ({{langx|te|మంగళంపల్లి బాలమురళీకృష్ణ}}) {{Audio|Te-మంగళంపల్లి బాలమురళీకృష్ణ.oga|pronunciation}} (born 6 July 1930) is a [[Carnatic Music|Carnatic]] vocalist, multi-instrumentalist and a playback singer. He is also acclaimed as a poet, composer and respected for his knowledge of Carnatic Music. Balamuralikrishna was born in Sankaraguptam, [[East Godavari District]], Andhra Pradesh state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/03/01/stories/2003030108610300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031222190119/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/03/01/stories/2003030108610300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2003-12-22|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=Mangalampalli can't wait to come home|date=1 March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dr Balamuralikrishna has composed over 400 compositions in various languages like Telugu and Sanskrit. His compositions range from Devotional to Varnams, Kirtis, Javalis, and Thillans. His greatest achievement is the compositions in all the fundamental 72 melakarta ragas.<br /> <br /> ==== Aatreya ====<br /> [[Acharya Aatreya|Aacharya Aatreya]] ({{langx|te|ఆచార్య ఆత్రేయ}}) or ''Kilambi Venkata Narasimhacharyulu'' {{Audio|aathreya.ogg|pronunciation}} (7 May 1921 – 13 September 1989) was a playwright, lyrics and story writer of the Telugu film industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Acharya Athreya | publisher=[[IMDb]] | url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0040490/ | access-date=9 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was born as Kilambi Venkata Narasimhacharyulu on 7 May 1921 in the Mangalampadu village of [[Sullurpeta]] Mandalam in the [[Sri Amarajeevi Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore district|Nellore district]] of Andhra Pradesh. His pen name is based on their family [[Gotra]]. Known for his poetry on the [[Soul|human soul]] and heart, he was given the title 'Manasu Kavi'(Poet of Heart), which can be rewritten as 'Mana Su Kavi'(Our Good Poet). His poetry is philosophical and intellectually satisfying.{{Citation needed|date=January 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==== Tripuraneni Ramaswamy ====<br /> [[T. Ramaswamy Choudary|Tripuranēni Rāmasvāmi]] (15 January 1887 – 16 January 1943) was a lawyer, famous poet, playwright and reformer active among the Telugu-speaking people. Popularly known as Kaviraju, he is considered the first poet to introduce rationalism and humanism into Telugu poetry and literature. Ramaswamy chose literary writing as the vehicle for expressing his rationalist thoughts. His famous work 'Sutaparanam' in four cantos was a fierce attack on the ancient Purāṇas, he has attained the state of excellence in poetic and literary criticism. His poetic work &quot;Kuppuswamy Satakam&quot; reveals the theme of social revolution and talks about social evils, blind faith, and indignity to man. He was against Congress and its fight against independence.<br /> In his other works such as &quot;Sambhukavadha&quot;, &quot;Suthasrama geetaalu', 'Dhoorta maanava', 'Khooni', 'Bhagavadgita', 'Rana Pratap' and 'Kondaveeti patanam', he made a rational analysis of dogmas prescribed by ancient classics and the injustice these dogmas did to people belonging to the lower social orders. Moreover, he attacked discriminatory practices and fought against the idea of untouchability. Sambhuka Vadha created a lot of controversies. Sambhuka was a character who did tapas to go heaven with the live body before death. That was considered as adharma and was killed by Rama. This story was interpreted that Brahmins do not like doing tapas by non-Brahmins, which is why Sabhuka was killed.<br /> <br /> == Awards ==<br /> * [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Telugu|Sahitya Akademi Award for Telugu]] – The award given by India's national academy of letters for writing in Telugu.<br /> * Ismail Award – Established in 2005, the award is given every year for a poet's debut book.<br /> * CP Brown Award – Given every year to translators or others have worked to promote the Telugu language.<br /> <br /> == Political movements ==<br /> The Paryavaran Kavitodyamam movement started in 2008. It states its aims as being to bring awareness and concern among not only the elite class but also the masses through creative forms of literature.{{Vague|date=September 2015}} The Jagruthi Kiran Foundation initiated it under the leadership of [[:te:ఎన్ ఎన్ మూర్తి|Narayanam Narasimha Murthy]], popularly known as {{lang|te|Vidyavachaspati}}. The movement has literary activities including Harita Kata. Various poets and writers on environment have produced literature for the movement, with over 500 writers participating in the Jagruthi Kiran Foundation. Magazines such as ''Malle Teega'' and ''Kadhakeli'' are associated with the Jagruthi Kiran Foundation.<br /> <br /> == Popular authors and works ==<br /> * [[Arudra]] (ఆరుద్ర) – ''Samagraandhra Saahityamu'' (సమగ్రాంధ్ర సాహిత్యము) (The Complete Telugu Literature)<br /> * [[Adavi Baapiraju]] – ''Gona Gannareddy, Naarayanarao, Tuphaanu (The storm), Amsumati''<br /> * [[Addepalli Ramamohana Rao]] – ''Poga choorina Aakasam''<br /> * [[Penumarti Viswanatha Sastry|Ajanta]] – Penumarti Viswanatha Sastry (born 1922)<br /> * [[Allasani Peddana]] – ''Manu Charitra'' (The History of Swarochisha Manu)<br /> * [[Acharya Aatreya]] – ''NGO'', ''Kappalu''<br /> * [[Avasarala Ramakrishna Rao]] (1931–2011) – ''Sampengalu-Sannajajulu''<br /> * [[Molla (poet)|Atukuri Molla]] – ''[[Molla Ramayanam]]''<br /> * [[Potana|Bammera Potana]] – ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]''<br /> * [[Buchchibabu]] – ''[[Chivaraku Migiledi (novel)|Chivaraku Migiledi]]'' (What is Left at the End)<br /> * [[Balivada Kanta Rao]] (1927–2000) – ''Balivada Kanta Rao Kathalu'' (Winner of the Kendriya [[Sahitya Academy Award]] Awarded in 1998 by the [[Government of India]])<br /> * Bondalapati Sivaramakrishna – ''Sampoorna Sarat Sahityam'' ( Published by Desi Kavita Mandali )<br /> * [[Boyi Bhimanna]] – ''Gudiselu Kaalipotunnaayi''<br /> * [[C. Narayanareddy]] – ''[[Viswambhara]]'' ( Won the [[Jnanpith Award]] for this novel in the year 1988 )<br /> * [[Chaganti Somayajulu|Cha So]] (1915–1993)<br /> * [[Gudipati Venkatachalam|Chalam]] – ''Chitraangi, Maidhaanam, Saavitri, Janaki, Ameena, Brahmaneekam, Musings''<br /> * [[Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham]] – ''Gayopaakhyaanam'', ''Prahasanamulu''<br /> * [[Daasarathi Krishnamacharyulu]] – ''Timiramuto samaramu'' (Fighting against the darkness)<br /> * [[Devarakonda Balagangadhara Tilak]] – ''Tilak Kathalu'', ''Amrutam Kurisina Raatri''<br /> * [[Dhurjati]] – ''Srikaalahasteesvara Satakam''<br /> * [[Duvvoori Ramireddy]] – ''Paanasaala'', ''Krusheevaludu''<br /> * [[Devulapalli Krishnasastri]] – ''Krishna pakshamu'' (The Brightening Fortnight)<br /> * [[Garikapati Narasimha Rao]] – ''Saagara Ghosha'' (Boisterousness of Ocean)<br /> * [[Gona Budda Reddy]]- ''[[Ranganatha Ramayanam]]''<br /> * [[Gurajada Apparao]] – ''Kanyaasulkamu''<br /> * [[Gurram Jashuva]] – ''Gabbilamu'' (The Bat), ''Firadausi''<br /> * [[Kaloji]]- ''Naa Godava'', ''Idee Naa Godava'' (Autobiography)<br /> * [[Kandukuri Veeresalingam]] – ''Andhrakavula Charitra'' (The History of Andhra Poets), ''Raajasekhara Charitra'' (The History of [[Rajashekhara (Sanskrit poet)|Rajasekhara]]),<br /> * [[Kanety Krishna Menon]] – ''KRATUVU''<br /> * [[Jandhyala Papayya Sastry]] – ''UdayaSri'', ''VijayaSri'', ''KarunaSri'', ''Amarkhyam'', ''Telugubala''<br /> * [[Kasula Purushottama Kavi]] – ''Andhranayaka Satakamu''<br /> * [[Kavitrayam]] (Nannayya, Tikkana, Yerrapragada) – ''Andhra Mahaabhaaratamu'' (The Great Mahabharata in Telugu)<br /> * [[Kethu Viswanathareddy]] – ''Kethu Viswanathareddy Kathalu''<br /> *[[K. N. Y. Patanjali|KNY Patanjali]] – ''Gopatrudu,Khaki Vanam, Veera Bobbili''<br /> * [[Kodavatiganti Kutumbarao|Ko Ku]] – ''Chaduvu''<br /> * [[Kondaveeti Venkatakavi]] – ''Nehru Charitra''<br /> * [[Madhurantakam Rajaram]] – ''Halikulu Kusalama''<br /> * [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]] – ''Written 153 novels, over 3000 Short Stories and 8 Travelogues covering 33 countries ''<br /> * [[Mallikarjuna Panditaradhyudu]] -- {{transliteration|kn|ISO|Śivatatvasāramu}} (First independent work in Telugu)<br /> * [[Mokkapati Narasimha Sastry]] – ''[[Barrister Parvateesam]]''<br /> * [[Muddupalani]] – ''Radhika Santvanamu''<br /> * [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] – ''Budugu, Girisam malli puttadu''<br /> * [[Muppala Ranganayakamma]] – ''Raamayana Vishavruksham, Krishnaveni, Sweet home, Janaki Vimukti, Ammaki Adivaram Leda''<br /> * [[Nandoori Subbarao]] – ''Yenki paatalu''<br /> * [[Nanne Choadudu]] – ''Kumaara Sambhavamu''<br /> * [[Nayani Krishnakumari]] – ''Telugu geya vanjmayamu'', ''Agniputri'', Kashmira deepakalika<br /> * [[Nannayya]] – [[Andhra Mahabharatam]]<br /> * [[Palkuriki Somanatha]] -- [[Basava purana]], {{transliteration|kn|ISO|Paṇḍitārādhyacaritamu}}<br /> * [[Panchagnula Adinarayana Sastry]] – Arya Bharathi Granthamala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sqBjpV9OzcsC&amp;q=HIstory+of+telugu+literature+panchagnula&amp;pg=PA814|title=History of Indian Literature: 1911–1956, struggle for freedom : triumph and tragedy|last=Das|first=Sisir Kumar|date=2005|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788172017989|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Panuganti Lakshminarasimha Rao]] – ''Narmada purukitsiyamu'' (1902), ''Sarangadhara'' (1904), ''Vijaya raghavamu'' (1909), ''Raathi sthambhamu'' (1930), ''Ramaraju'' (1948)<br /> * [[Papineni Sivasankar]] – ''Stabdhata-Chalanam'' (1984), ''Oka Saaramsam Kosam'' (1990), ''Aku Pacchani Lokamlo'' (1998), ''Oka Khadgam-Oka Pushpam'' (2004), ''Rajani Gandha'' (2013), ''Mattigunde'' (1992), ''Sagam Terichina Talupu'' (2008), ''Sahityam-Moulika bhavanalu'' (1996), ''Nisamta'' (2008), ''Thallee Ninnu Dalanchi'' (2012), ''Dravadhuikata'' (2015), ''Maha Swapnikudu'' (2016)<br /> * [[Paravasthu Chinnayasuri]] – ''Baalavyaakaranamu, Neeti chandrika''<br /> * [[Rallapalli Ananta Krishna Sharma]]- ''Meerabai'' (1913), ''Taradevi'' (1911) (both Khanda Kavya's), ''Natakopanyasamulu'', ''Vemana'' (1928–29), ''Saraswatalokamu'' (1954) (critical review articles), ''Salivahana Gathasaptasati Saramu'' (translation of the Prakrit work into Telugu) (1932), ''Chayapa Senaniya'', ''Nrita Ratnavali'' (Translation into Telugu, 1969), ''Arya'' (Translation of Sundara Pandya's Sanskrit work in Telugu, 1970).<br /> * [[Ravuri Bharadwaja]] – ''Paakudu Raallu'' received the [[Jnanpith Award]] 2012<br /> * [[Rayaprolu Subba Rao]] ''Abhinava Nannaya'' received the Saahitya Academy Award in 1965<br /> * [[Satyam Sankaramanchi|Sankaramanchi Satyam]] – ''[[Amaravati Kathalu]]'' (The Stories from Amaravati)<br /> * [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishna Deva Raya]] – ''[[Amuktamalyada]]''<br /> * [[Srirangam Srinivasarao|Sri Sri]] – ''[[Maha Prasthanam]]''<br /> * Sri K Sabha – ''Viswarupa Sandarsanam, Vedabhumi, Mogili, Patala Ganga''<br /> * [[Srinatha]] – ''Haravilaasamu, Kaasikhandamu, Bhimakhandamu, Palnaati veeracharitra, Sŕngaara naishadhamu''<br /> * [[Suravaram Pratapareddy]] – ''Aandhrula Saanghika Charitra''<br /> * [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]] (1424?-1503) – ''Annamacharya kirtanas''<br /> * Tapi dharma Rao 'Vidhi Vilasam', 'Devala paina bootu bommalu, Pelli- Dani Puttupurvottaralu, and film script Rojulu marayi<br /> * [[Timmakka|Tallapaka Timmakka]] – ''Subhadrakalyanam''<br /> * [[Tarigonda Venkamamba]] – ''Venkatachala Mahatmyamu, Vasista Ramamyanamu, Rajayogasaramu, Bhagavatamu, Krishnamanjari''<br /> * [[Tenali Ramakrishna]] – ''Paanduranga maahaatmyamu''<br /> * [[Tenneti Hemalata]] – ''Raktapankhamu, Mohanavamsi, Omar Khayyam''<br /> * [[Tikkana]] – ''Nirvachanottara Raamayanamu'' -<br /> * [[Tirupati Venkata Kavulu]] – ''Paandavodyoga vijayamulu, Devi bhaagavatamu''<br /> * [[Tirumalamba]] – ''Varadambika parinayamu''<br /> * Thiruvarangam Sudhakar – ''Sudhakara kavitha jyotsna''<br /> * [[Tripuraneni Ramaswamy Choudhury]] – ''Sutapuranamu'', ''Karempudi kathanamu'', ''Kurukshetra sangramamu'', ''Kuppuswamy Satakamu'', ''Sambhukavadha'', ''Sutasrama geetalu'', ''Dhoorta manava'', ''Khooni'', ''Bhagavadgita'', ''Rana Pratap'', ''Kondaveeti patanam''<br /> * [[Tripuraneni Maharadhi]] – ''Samagraha Praanam''<br /> * [[Ushasri]] – ''Sundarakanda''<br /> * [[Viswanatha Satyanarayana]] – ''Cheliyalikatta, Kalpavrukshamu, Kinnerasaani Paatalu, [[Ramayana Kalpavruksham|Srimadraamaayana Kalpavŕukshamu]]'', ''Swargaaniki Nichchenalu, [[Veyipadagalu]], [[Ekaveera]], Naa ramudu, Nepala rajavamsa kathalu'' (In [[Telugu language|Telugu]] he is the first writer to receive [[Jnanpith Award]] for the novel ''[[Ramayana Kalpavruksham]]u'' in the year 1970)<br /> * [[Vegunta Mohan Prasad]] – ''Chiti Chinta'', ''Rahastantri'', ''Punarapi'', ''Saandhya Basha'' <br /> * [[Vemana]] – ''Vemana Satakam''<br /> * [[Vempalli Gangadhar]] – ''Molakala Punnami''<br /> * Yenugu Lakshmana Kavi – ''Bhartruhari Subhashitamulu''<br /> * [[Yerrapragada]] – ''Harivansamu, Nrusimhapuranamu,'' half of the [[Aranya Parva]] of ''Mahabharata''<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Chatuva]]<br /> * [[Telugu development]]<br /> * [[Telugu poetry]]<br /> * [[List of Indian poets#Telugu|List of Telugu poets from India]]<br /> * [[Epic of Katamaraju]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> === Citations ===<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> === Bibliography ===<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Chenchiah |first1=P. |last2=Bhujanga |first2= Raja M. |title=A history of Telugu literature |date=1988 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |others=Foreword by C.R. Reddy |isbn=81-206-0313-3}}<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Krishnamurthi |first1=Salva |last2=Narasimham |first2=K.V.R. |last3=Sarma |first3=N.M. |last4=Radhakrishna Sarma |first4=C. |last5=Ananda Murthy |first5=Veturi |last6=Narasimham Rao |first6=V.V.L. |last7=Rahabrahmam |first7=B. |editor1-last=Sarma |editor1-first=Nāgabhūṣaṇaśarma Modali (N.M.) |editor2-last=Sastry |editor2-first=M. V. (Mudigonda Veerabhadra) |editor3-last=Rao |editor3-first=Śēṣagirirāvu Cīmakurti |title=History and Culture of the Andhras |date=1995 &lt;!-- |location=Hyderabad, India --&gt; |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryCultureOfTheAndhras/ |language=English |chapter=Section III: Language and Literature – Language|isbn=81-86073-07-8 |ref={{sfnref|Sarma|Sastry|1995}} }}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Raju |first1= P. T. |author1-link=Poola Tirupati Raju |title=Telugu Literature |date=1944 |publisher=The International Book House Ltd |location=Asha Lane, Fort Bombay, India |url=https://archive.org/details/teluguliterature035042mbp}}<br /> &lt;!--<br /> * {{cite book |editor1-last=Sarma |editor1-first=Modali Nagabhushana |editor2-last=Sastry |editor2-first=Mudigonda Veerabhadra |title=History and Culture of the Andhras |date=1995 |location=Hyderabad |publisher=Telagu University |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryCultureOfTheAndhras/}}<br /> --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last1=Subbarayudu |first1=G. K. |last2=Subbarayudu |first2=C. |editor1-last=Natarajan |editor1-first=Nalini |editor2-last=Nelson |editor2-first=Emmanuel Sampath |chapter=Twentieth-Century Telugu Literature (Chapter 11)|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India |date=1996 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28778-7 |pages= 306–328 |language=en}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130620090429/http://www.pressacademyarchives.ap.nic.in/Newspaper.asp Press Academy of Andhra Pradesh Archives (Telugu)]<br /> * [http://www.tlca.com/new/about.html Telugu Literary &amp; Cultural Association]<br /> <br /> {{Andhra Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Telugu-language literature]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu language]]<br /> [[Category:Indian literature]]<br /> [[Category:Indian literature by language]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindupur&diff=502820 2026-03-17T15:10:31Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: put up</p> <hr /> <div>{{more citations needed|date=November 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Hindupur<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = Telugu <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = City <br /> | image_skyline = Nandi Lepakshi Temple Hindupur 10.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Nandi Lepakshi temple<br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coordinates|13.8300|N|77.4900|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = India<br /> | subdivision_type1 = State<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = Sri Hindu Rao<br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = [[Municipal council]]<br /> | governing_body = Hindupuram Municipality &amp; [[Anantapuramu–Hindupur Urban Development Authority]] (AHUDA)<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=municipality&gt;{{cite web|title=Basic Information of Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Hindupur/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203230916/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Hindupur/Basic_information_Municipality.html|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_total_km2 = 38.16<br /> | area_rank = [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|20th]]<br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 621<br /> | population_total = 1,51,677<br /> | population_as_of = 2011 census<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=census&gt;{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Hindupur|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2822_PART_B_DCHB_ANANTAPUR.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=18 January 2015|page=14,46}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = [[List of cities in India|275th]] (India)&lt;br /&gt;[[List of towns in Andhra Pradesh|21st (in state)]]<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = [[Languages of India|Languages]]<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | demographics1_title2 =<br /> Other<br /> | demographics1_info2 =<br /> [[Urdu language|Urdu]] &lt;br/&gt; [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = 5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = [http://citypincode.in/ANDHRA_PRADESH/ANANTHAPUR/Hindupur_PINCODE 515201/02]<br /> | area_code = 91–8556<br /> | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]<br /> | registration_plate = AP–02<br /> | website = {{URL|http://hindupur.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Hindupur''' is the largest city in [[Sri Sathya Sai district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located near the Andhra–[[Karnataka]] border and is the headquarters of [[Hindupur mandal|Hindupuram mandalam]]. Hindupuram is the Parliamentary Constituency in the newly formed District [[Sri Sathya Sai district|Sri Sathya Sai]]. It is located about 619 km from [[Amaravati]], the capital of Andhra Pradesh, 67 km from district headquarters [[Puttaparthi]], 100 km from [[Bengaluru]], the capital of Karnataka, and 110 km from former district capital, [[Anantapur]].<br /> <br /> {{As of|2011}}, Hindupuram municipality had a population of 151,835.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt; It is an important local pilgrimage center with a number of temples in and around the city, including Sri Peta Venkata Ramana Swamy Temple, Sree Vasavi Kanyaka Parameshwari Temple, Guddam Sri Ranganath Swamy Temple, Sugur Sri Anjaneya Swamy Temple, and the historical Lepakshi Sri Veerabhadra Swamy Temple.<br /> <br /> Hindupuram is connected to the major cities in the region by road and by train. This includes [[National Highway 44 (India)|National Highway 44]], Bangalore Highway [KA SH 9], Parigi Road, Lepakshi Road [[National Highway 544E (India)]], Kadiri Road [[National Highway 716G (India)]], and Penukonda Road. Hindupur Railway Station (code – 'HUP') in the Bengaluru City Railway Station [[KSR Bengaluru]] stretch of the [[South Western Railway zone|South Western Railway]] zone is one of the busiest in the route. The Penukonda–Hindupur and Hindupur Industrial Area maintained by [[Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation]] and Hindupur's surrounding stretch has a number of industries involved in manufacturing, pharmaceutical, automobile and IT which makes Hindupur an industrial town in State.<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> Legendary accounts say that Hindupur (Hindupuram) was founded by and named after Hindu Rao, the father of Maratha General [[Murari Rao|Murari Rao Ghorpade]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPZJk2hGnogC|title=Census 1961: Anantapur district|date=1964|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|pages=110|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Climate and rainfall ==<br /> Even in summers, the city experiences lower temperatures compared to the rest of the state due to its high elevation. Every year, the lowest temperature is around 13°[[Celsius|C]] and highest temperature will be around 41°C. Average annual rainfall is 551mm.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> Hindupur is located at {{Coord|13.83|N|77.49|E|}} on the banks of [[Penna River]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Hindupur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Hindupur, India|work=fallingrain.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 2,037&amp;nbsp;feet (621&amp;nbsp;metres).{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> {{As of|2011|alt=As of the}} [[2011 Census of India]], the city had a population of 151,677, an increase of about 25,000 compared to the previous census in 2001, when it was 125,074.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Towns and their Population |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/towns/ap_towns.pdf|website=Census of India|publisher=Government of India|access-date=20 August 2015|page=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; The population recorded in the 2011 census was made up of 76,625 males and 75,210 females — a sex ratio of 982 females per 1000 males, which is higher than the national average of 940 per 1000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals : India :Census 2011|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 16,309 children were in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 8,263 were boys and 8,046 were girls. The average literacy rate stood at 76.40% with 103,538 literates, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=1 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the official and spoken language. [[Urdu]] is second most spoken language in the town.<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Hindupuram City based on 2011 Census&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Population by Religion - Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11363/download/14476/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|64.28}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|34.62}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.10}}<br /> |caption=Distribution of religions<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of Hindupuram City based on 2011 Census<br /> |label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 60.84 |color1 = steelblue<br /> |label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 34.36 |color2 = green<br /> |label3 = [[Kannada]] |value3 = 1.72 |color3 = darkslateblue<br /> |label4 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value4 = 1.50 |color4 = royalblue<br /> |label5 = [[Hindi]] |value5 = 0.94 |color5 = orange<br /> |label6 = Others |value6 = 0.64 |color6 = grey<br /> |thumb=right}}<br /> <br /> == Economy ==<br /> Clothes and retail are the most significant businesses, along with food producers and wholesalers. The Famous 3 Spinning mills which provides large employment were closed recently. The town has largest Agriculture Produce Market which gets tamarind, chillies from Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. The town has also largest Cocoon market also, farmers bring cocoon from Sri Satya Sai District and Karnataka state to sell their produce. {{citation needed|date= September 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Government and politics ==<br /> Hindupuram municipality was formed in the year 1920. In 2018, it was upgraded to Selection Grade, the municipality had been a Special Grade Municipality. It has an extent of {{convert|38.16|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hindupur. Government of Andhra Pradesh has constituted on 4 November 2017, under Andhra Pradesh Metropolitan Region and Urban Development Authority Act, 2016 The Anantapuramu–Hindupuram Urban Development Authority (AHUDA), Urban Planning Agency for Anantapuramu, Hindupuram, Dharmavaram Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Hindupur/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=25 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203230916/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Hindupur/Basic_information_Municipality.html|archive-date=3 December 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Transport ==<br /> The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Hindupur bus station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hindupur railway station]] is administered under the [[Bangalore division]] of the [[South Western Railway zone]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Hindupur railway station info|url=http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/137?|publisher=India Rail Info|access-date=30 July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is located in the [[Guntakal–Bangalore section]] of Indian Railways. A new railway line Hindupur to Chitradurga with a length of 132 km. was sanctioned for survey in 2017-18, later the line was cancelled. another new railway line Cuddapah-Hindupur via Kadiri (Kadapa-Hindupur via Kadiri) with a length of 236 km. survey also completed in 2019-20 and later cancelled due to political negligence on Hindupur Town. The nearest Airport is [[Kempegowda International Airport]], which is 90 km away and [[Sri Sathya Sai Airport]], which is 70 km away.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}}. There is a proposal to construct a Ring Road in Hindupur, which is expected to improve transportation.<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> There are many government and privately administered schools across the city. The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} There are government aided institutions like Government Polytechnic, Hindupur and other private and government degree colleges and one private Diploma college. Despite being biggest town in District, the town does not have a government Intermediate College for Boys, Government Degree College for Boys, Government Diploma College for Boys, for Engineering Graduate courses one has to go to [[Anantapur]]. The town was poor in higher education and technical infrastructure due to political indifference by the state local parties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Schools teach in several languages, including English, Telugu, Urdu and Kannada.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> *[[List of cities in India by population]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Hindupur}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Sri Sathya Sai district}}<br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Sri Sathya Sai district]]<br /> [[Category:Mandal headquarters in Sri Sathya Sai district]]<br /> [[Category:Cities in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Godhra_train_burning&diff=467369 2026-03-09T00:24:27Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: updated layout per sources for consistency</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2002 train arson attack in Gujarat, India}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox civilian attack<br /> | title = Godhra train burning<br /> | partof =<br /> | image =<br /> | image_size =<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption =<br /> | map =<br /> | map_size =<br /> | map_alt =<br /> | map_caption =<br /> | location = [[Godhra]], [[Gujarat]], India<br /> | target = [[Hindu]] [[Karsevaks]] returning from [[Ayodhya]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22|46|41|N|73|35|52|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | date = 27 February 2002<br /> | time = 7:43&amp;nbsp;a.m.<br /> | fatalities = 59<br /> | injuries = 48}}<br /> The '''Godhra train burning''' occurred on the morning of 27 February 2002, when 59 [[Hindus|Hindu]] pilgrims and ''[[karsevaks]]'' returning from [[Ayodhya]] were killed in a fire inside the [[Sabarmati Express]] near the [[Godhra]] railway station in [[Gujarat]], India.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12605659 |work=BBC News |title=Eleven sentenced to death for India Godhra train blaze |date=1 March 2011 |access-date=20 June 2018 |archive-date=24 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624025021/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12605659 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The cause of the fire remains disputed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Metcalf |first=Barbara D. |url=http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf |title=A Concise History of India |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-1107026490 |pages=299–300 |access-date=30 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429225106/http://apnaorg.com/books/english/concise-history-india/concise-history-india.pdf |archive-date=29 April 2020 |url-status=live}}: &quot;The cause of the initial fire has not been determined, but it was almost certainly not deliberately set by Muslims on the station platform, as Hindus frequently alleged.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ghassem-Fachandi |first=Parvis |title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-691-15176-2 |pages=31–33, 93–100 |quote=There are competing versions as to how exactly the fire started in the train bogies. While the Nanavati commission of inquiry (NCI), instated soon after the Gujarat pogrom and completed in 2008, declared that the fire in the train bogies was a premeditated act by Muslim conspirators, the Banerjee commission, instated in 2004, questioned the theory of premeditation and called the incident an accident. The Gujarat High Court ruled the latter commission illegal in 2006. Both commissions of inquiry are regularly derided as &quot;politically motivated&quot; by respective opposing political constituencies. Uncertainties surrounding the incident remain.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Modi's India: Hindu nationalism and the rise of ethnic democracy |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9780691206806 |pages=39, 476 |language=en |quote=Hundreds of Muslims then allegedly attacked with stones and torches, particularly the two wagons where the fifty-nine victims were found. The facts must be stated with caution here, because expert reports and counter reports have continued to contradict each other ever since [..] The idea that the attack was &quot;pre-planned&quot; has never been substantiated by the slightest piece of evidence.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[2002 Gujarat riots|Gujarat riots]], during which [[Violence against Muslims in India|Muslims were the targets]] of widespread and severe violence, took place shortly afterward.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Nanavati-Mehta Commission]], appointed by the state government in the immediate aftermath of the event, concluded in 2008 that the burning was a pre-planned act of arson committed by a thousand-strong Muslim mob.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV 2011&quot; /&gt; In contrast, the Banerjee Commission, a one-member panel instituted in 2004 by then Rail Minister [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] of the [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], characterized the fire as an accident in its 2006 report.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 March 2006|title=Godhra train fire accidental: Banerjee report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/godhra-train-fire-accidental-banerjee-report/articleshow/1437742.cms |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Gujarat High Court later ruled that the commission's appointment was unconstitutional and quashed all its findings.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2006-10-14 |title=HC terms Sabarmati Express panel illegal |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/hc-terms-sabarmati-express-panel-illegal/180656/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=The Financial Express |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; An independent investigation by a non-governmental organization also supported the theory that the fire was accidental.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2005-02-10 |title=More light on Godhra fire |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30203493.ece |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scholars remain skeptical about the claims of arson.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Narula |first=Smita |title=Hinduism and Law: An Introduction |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-88786-1 |editor-last=Lubin |editor-first=Timothy |pages=247 |chapter=Law and Hindu nationalist movements |quote=Because the fire was immediately preceded by a skirmish between the Hindu passengers and Muslims at the train station, the police – despite a lack of hard evidence – proceeded on the assumption that the fire was the result of a Muslim conspiracy. |editor-last2=Davis, Jr. |editor-first2=Donald R. |editor-last3=Krishnan |editor-first3=Jayanth K.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2011, the trial court convicted 31 Muslims for the train burning, relying heavily on the Nanavati-Mehta Commission report as evidence.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-03-24 |title=Guilty verdict |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30174816.ece |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2017, the Gujarat High Court upheld the convictions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/godhra-train-carnage-gujarat-hc-commutes-death-penalty-11-convicts-awards-10-lakh-compensation-victims-kin-read-judgment/|title=Godhra Train Carnage: Gujarat HC Commutes Death Penalty Of 11 Convicts; Awards 10 Lakh Compensation To Victims' Kin|first=Apoorva|last=Mandhani|date=11 October 2017|access-date=1 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==27 February 2002 incident==<br /> [[File:Godhra jn railway station.JPG|thumb|The platform at Godhra Junction. The incident took place a short distance away.]]<br /> In February 2002, thousands of devotees of [[Rama]] (known as &quot;Ramsevaks&quot; or &quot;[[Kar Sevak]]s&quot;) traveled from [[Gujarat]] to [[Ayodhya]] at the behest of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] to participate in a ceremony called the Purnahuti Maha Yagna. On 25 February, 1,700 people, a mix of pilgrims and karsevaks, boarded the [[Sabarmati Express]], which was bound for [[Ahmedabad]].&lt;ref name=rediff1&gt;{{cite news|title=Fifty-eight killed in attack on Sabarmati Express|url=http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2002/feb/27train2.htm|access-date=11 May 2013|newspaper=Rediff|date=27 February 2002|archive-date=30 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430062428/http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2002/feb/27train2.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 27 February 2002, the train made a scheduled stop at Godhra around four hours late, at 7:43&amp;nbsp;am. As the train began to leave the platform, someone pulled the [[Emergency brake (train)|emergency brake]], causing it to stop near the signal point. The train driver later stated that the brake chain had been pulled multiple times, as indicated by the instruments in his cabin.&lt;ref name=driver&gt;{{cite news|title=Sabarmati Express drivers appear before panel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Sabarmati-Express-drivers-appear-before-panel/articleshow/16403277.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-07-19/ahmedabad/27297556_1_assistant-driver-mukesh-pachauri-train|url-status=live|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=30 November 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=16 July 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to one narrative, the train was attacked by a mob of around 2,000 people. After some stone-pelting, four train coaches were set on fire, trapping many people inside. Fifty-nine people, including 27 women and 10 children, were burned to death, while 48 others were injured.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=What is the 2002 Godhra train burning case?|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/what-is/what-is-godhra-case-gujarat-riots-sabarmati-express-narendra-modi-4881537/|website=The Indian Express|date=9 October 2017|access-date=9 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; J. Mahapatra, the [[Additional Director General of Police|Additional Director General]] of [[Gujarat]] Police, stated that &quot;miscreants had kept petrol-soaked rags ready for use much before the train had arrived at [[Godhra]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Singh |first=Onkar |title=No women kidnapped in Godhra: Police |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/mar/06train1.htm |access-date=6 April 2014 |newspaper=Rediff |date=7 March 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2008, the [[Nanavati-Mehta Commission]] submitted the first part of its report, which concluded that the burning of the S-6 coach of the Sabarmati Express near [[Godhra]] railway station was a &quot;planned conspiracy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/gujarat/nanavati-commission-submits-final-report-on-2002-gujarat-riots/?SocialMedia | title=2002 Gujarat riots: Nanavati Commission submits final report to Anandiben Patel | date=18 November 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nanavati-panels-final-report-in-July/articleshow/35740740.cms | title=Nanavati panel's final report in July &amp;#124; India News – Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=30 May 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The cause of the fire remains disputed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 2003, the Concerned Citizens Tribunal concluded that the fire had been an accident.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Genocide in Gujarat: Patterns of violence |url=http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/journals-magazines/article2/focus-the-international-criminal-court/genocide-in-gujarat-patterns-of-violence/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227053831/http://www.humanrights.asia/resources/journals-magazines/article2/0201/genocide-in-gujarat-patterns-of-violence/ |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Asian Human Rights Commission |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Godhra |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/godhra/218036 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220805184558/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/godhra/218036/amp |archive-date=5 August 2022 |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Outlook India|date=3 February 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Crime Against Humanity |url=https://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/tribunal2.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220101165159/https://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/tribunal2.pdf |archive-date=1 January 2022 |access-date=2022-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Several independent commentators also concluded that the fire was almost certainly an accident, noting that the initial cause of the blaze was never conclusively determined.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Metcalf |first1=Barbara D. |url= |title=A Concise History of Modern India |last2=Metcalf |first2=Thomas R. |date=2012-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-02649-0 |pages=280 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Clark-Decès |first=Isabelle |url= |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India |date=2011-02-28 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-4051-9892-9 |pages=245 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historian [[Ainslie Thomas Embree]] stated that the official account of the train attack—that it was organized and carried out by people under orders from Pakistan—was entirely baseless.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Seiple |first1=Chris |url= |title=The Routledge Handbook of Religion and Security |last2=Hoover |first2=Dennis |last3=Otis |first3=Pauletta |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-66744-9 |pages=233 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Scholar [[Martha Nussbaum]] similarly challenged this narrative, stating that several inquiries found the fire to be the result of an accident rather than a planned conspiracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha C. |url= |title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence, and India's Future |date=2008 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03059-6 |pages=17–19 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Forewarning of the violent incident was also noted. Additional director general of police G. C. Raigar had informed prior to the Godhra train burning that the [[Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) activists could instigate communal violence. He was removed from his post after he provided evidence to the media outlets to show that the state could be compromised by VHP activists who were arriving to and from Ayodhya.&lt;ref name=&quot;v626&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= Massacres In Godhra And Ahmedabad |website= [[Outlook (Indian magazine)]] |date=2002-05-01 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/massacres-in-godhra-and-ahmedabad-news-215419 |access-date=2025-10-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250406105329/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/massacres-in-godhra-and-ahmedabad-news-215419 |archive-date= 2025-04-06 |url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;m020&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= VI. The Godhra Investigation |website= [[Human Rights Watch]] |date= 2002-02-27 |url= https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/india0703/Gujarat-05.htm |access-date= 2025-10-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081020143353/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/india0703/Gujarat-05.htm |archive-date= 2008-10-20 |url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Inquiries==<br /> ===Forensic Science Laboratory report===<br /> A study conducted by the Gujarat Forensic Science Laboratory concluded that the fire was caused by inflammable liquid poured into the coach by the attackers.{{cn|date=April 2025}} Additionally, the report indicated that the fire started from inside the coach, which explains the minimal scorching on the exterior below the windows.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20020722-godhra-massacre-forensic-report-come-in-handy-for-rival-politicians-794762-2002-07-21|title=Fuelling the Fire|publisher=indiatoday.intoday.in|date=22 July 2002|access-date=13 April 2014|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209201118/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/godhra-massacre-forensic-report-come-in-handy-for-rival-politicians/1/219241.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=FSLReport&gt;{{cite web|title=Report of Forensic Science Laboratory, State of Gujarat|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601160801/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?218028|archive-date=1 June 2013|publisher=Outlook|date=22 November 2002|access-date=19 April 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Nanavati-Mehta commission===<br /> {{Main|Nanavati-Mehta Commission}}<br /> <br /> ====Appointment====<br /> On 6 March 2002, the Gujarat government established a commission of inquiry to investigate the incident and submit a report. The commission was initially chaired by retired [[Gujarat High Court]] judge K.G. Shah as its sole member.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/03/07/stories/2002030706110100.htm |title=The Hindu : Probe panel appointed |publisher=Hinduonnet.com |date=7 March 2002 |access-date=4 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030210180012/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/03/07/stories/2002030706110100.htm |archive-date=10 February 2003 |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Shah's alleged closeness to Narendra Modi drew sharp criticism from victims, human rights organizations, and political parties, leading to demands for the appointment of a [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] judge. In response, the government reconstituted the commission as a two-member committee, appointing retired Supreme Court judge [[G. T. Nanavati|G.T. Nanavati]] to lead it, and it became known as the &quot;[[Nanavati-Mehta Commission|Nanavati-Shah Commission]].&quot;{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2012|p=79}}<br /> <br /> Shah died in March 2008, just a few months before the committee submitted its first report. On 6 April 2008, the Gujarat High Court appointed retired judge Akshay Kumar Mehta to the committee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Newly appointed justice Mehta of Nanavati Commission visits Godhra |url=http://www.indlaw.com/guest/DisplayNews.aspx?56B07EF3-D892-4C2A-9912-290F301FEC75 |access-date=11 May 2013 |newspaper=IndLaw |agency=UNI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025216/http://www.indlaw.com/guest/DisplayNews.aspx?56B07EF3-D892-4C2A-9912-290F301FEC75 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; During its six-year investigation, the commission examined more than 40,000 documents and the testimonies of over 1,000 witnesses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Gujarat: Nanavati Commission submitted its first report on 2002 riots in state |url=http://www.indlaw.com/guest/DisplayNews.aspx?B42ED5C4-09FE-4F2E-988F-225B5F66F8C6 |access-date=11 May 2013 |newspaper=IndLaw |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203025211/http://www.indlaw.com/guest/DisplayNews.aspx?B42ED5C4-09FE-4F2E-988F-225B5F66F8C6 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the committee's initial term was three months, it received 22 extensions, until June 2014, to submit its final report.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indian Express&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Nanavati panel gets its 20th extension|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nanavati-panel-gets-its-20th-extension/1136987/|access-date=2 December 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=3 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI1114&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=With 21st extension, Nanavati report after LS polls|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/With-21st-extension-Nanavati-report-after-LS-polls/articleshow/28209339.cms|access-date=19 April 2014|newspaper=Times of India|date=1 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Report====<br /> In September 2008, the commission submitted &quot;Part I&quot; of its report on the Godhra incident, supporting the theory originally proposed by the Gujarat police.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2012|p=80}} The report identified Maulvi Husain Haji Ibrahim Umarji, a cleric in Godhra, and Nanumiyan, a dismissed [[Central Reserve Police Force]] officer, as the &quot;masterminds&quot; behind the operation.&lt;ref name=&quot;India 2008&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20130602070023/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&amp;Type=text/html&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom&amp;Path=TOIM/2008/09/27&amp;ID=Ar01400 The Godhra conspiracy as Justice Nanavati saw it] The Times of India, 28 September 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130602070023/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_TOI&amp;Type=text/html&amp;Locale=english-skin-custom&amp;Path=TOIM/2008/09/27&amp;ID=Ar01400 Archived] 21 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; The committee's conclusion was supported by a statement from Jabir Binyamin Behra, a criminal in custody at the time, although he later denied making such a statement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/1511763/report-godhra-case-eventually-maulvi-umarji-comes-out-unscathed|title=Godhra case: Eventually, Maulvi Umarji comes out unscathed|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=23 February 2011|access-date=4 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, the report cited the alleged acquisition of 140 liters of petrol hours before the train's arrival, its storage at the guest house of Razzak Kurkur—accused of being a key conspirator—and forensic evidence indicating that fuel was poured on the train coach before it was set on fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;India 2008&quot; /&gt; The report concluded that thousands of Muslims from the Signal Falia area attacked the train.&lt;ref name=IT1&gt;{{cite news|last=Uday|first=Mahurkar|title=Godhra carnage a conspiracy: Nanavati report|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/godhra-carnage-a-conspiracy-nanavati-report-30580-2008-09-26|access-date=11 May 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=26 September 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ibn2009&gt;{{cite news|title=Gujarat may come clean today, say 1,180 died in riots|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarat-may-come-clean-today-say-1180-died-in-riots/86485-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302054521/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/gujarat-may-come-clean-today-say-1180-died-in-riots/86485-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 March 2009|access-date=30 May 2013|newspaper=IBN7|date=28 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Reactions====<br /> The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and the [[Indian National Congress]] objected to the commission's exoneration of the Gujarat government, citing the timing of the report—just months before general elections—as evidence of unfairness. Congress spokesperson [[Veerappa Moily]] criticized the premature absolution of the Gujarat government for its alleged complacency in the carnage before the commission's second and final report was released. The CPI(M) argued that the report reinforced communal prejudices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cong, CPM question Nanavati report's credibility|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-27/india/27895962_1_nanavati-report-nanavati-commission-justice-nanavati|access-date=30 May 2013|date=27 September 2008|archive-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121439/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-09-27/india/27895962_1_nanavati-report-nanavati-commission-justice-nanavati|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The commission has also been heavily criticized by academics, such as [[Christophe Jaffrelot]], for obstructing the course of justice, supporting the conspiracy theory too quickly, and allegedly ignoring evidence of governmental complicity in the incident.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Iyer|first=SH|title=Babu Bajrangi's bail and Gujarat riot probe|journal=Combat Law|date=May–June 2008|volume=7|issue=3|pages=16–19}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Banerjee investigation===<br /> ====Appointment and report====<br /> [[File:The high level committee on Godhra fire incident, headed by Justice U.C. Banerjee, Retired Supreme Court Judge, presenting its final report to the Chairman, Railway Board, Shri J.P. Batra in New Delhi on March 3, 2006.jpg|thumb|Justice U.C. Banerjee, presenting the final report of enquiry on Godhra fire incident to the Chairman of the Railway Board, J.P. Batra, in New Delhi in 2006]]<br /> On 17 May 2004, following the victory of the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) in the Indian general election, [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] was appointed as Railway Minister. In September 2004, two and a half years after the train burning, Yadav appointed former Supreme Court Justice [[Umesh Chandra Banerjee]] to investigate the incident. In January 2005, Banerjee presented his interim report, which tentatively described the fire as an &quot;accidental fire&quot; after ruling out other theories. He cited a forensic report indicating that the injuries sustained by the victims were consistent only with an &quot;internal fire.&quot; The report was also critical of the railways' handling of evidence relevant to the case.{{sfn|Jaffrelot|2012|pp=77–80}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Excerpts from the Justice U C Banerjee Committee report|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-excerptsfrom-the-justice-u-c-banerjee-committeereport-1016092|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=3 March 2006|access-date=2 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GJHC20-03-2006&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Union of India vs. Nilkanth Tulsidas Bhatia, LPA No. 364 of 2005 in SCA No. 16500 of 2005|url=http://indiankanoon.org/doc/892047/|publisher=Gujarat High Court|access-date=2 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====High Court judgment====<br /> Banerjee's findings were challenged in the Gujarat High Court by Neelkanth Tulsidas Bhatia, who was injured in the incident. In October 2006, the court quashed Banerjee's conclusions, ruling that the investigation was &quot;unconstitutional, illegal, and null and void.&quot; It declared the formation of the investigation to be a &quot;colorable exercise of power with mala fide intentions&quot; and deemed the argument of an accidental fire to be &quot;opposed to the prima facie accepted facts on record.&quot; The High Court also directed that the report should not be tabled in Parliament.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75485 Banerjee panel illegal: Gujarat HC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524035416/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75485 |date=24 May 2010 }} ''The Indian Express''&amp;nbsp;– 13 October 2006&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20061104020147/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/14/stories/2006101405431200.htm Bannerjee Committee illegal: High Court] [[The Hindu]]&amp;nbsp;– 14 October 2006&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = HC terms Sabarmati Express panel illegal |work=The Financial Express |date=14 October 2006| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/story/180656/| access-date= 4 February 2011 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = Laloo flaunts Godhra report |work=The Tribune |date=20 January 2005 | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050121/main1.htm| access-date= 4 February 2013 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title = India train fire 'not mob attack' |work=BBC News |date=17 January 2005 | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4180885.stm| access-date= 4 February 2011 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;express-2006&quot;&gt;{{cite news | title = Banerjee panel illegal: Gujarat HC | author = Press Trust of India | publisher = Express India | date = 13 October 2006 | url = http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75485 | access-date = 4 February 2011 &lt;!--DASHBot--&gt; | archive-date = 24 May 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100524035416/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75485 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ibnnews16oct06&gt;{{cite web|title=BJP cheers as HC slams Godhra panel|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bjp-cheers-as-hc-slams-godhra-panel/23990-4-2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140325083341/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bjp-cheers-as-hc-slams-godhra-panel/23990-4-2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 March 2014|publisher=IBN Live|access-date=25 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Excessive citations inline|date=February 2023|reason=Unnecessary [[WP:CITEKILL]] for a simple ruling, see if there's useful info in them that can be used elsewhere}}<br /> <br /> ====Reactions====<br /> The BJP, then in opposition in the Union Parliament, dismissed the report as an attempt to influence the upcoming Bihar elections.&lt;ref name=tribune2005&gt;{{cite news|title=Godhra report attempt to help Laloo: BJP|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050118/main1.htm|access-date=25 March 2014|newspaper=The Tribune|date=17 January 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; It welcomed the High Court's judgment, viewing it as a setback for the Congress.&lt;ref name=&quot;tribune-2006&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Gujarat HC nullifies Banerjee Committee|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061014/main1.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061027002603/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061014/main1.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2006|access-date=25 March 2014|date=13 October 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lalu Prasad Yadav, then the Minister for Railways, cited the report as evidence that the Narendra Modi government had orchestrated the riots that followed, calling it an exposure of the BJP.&lt;ref name=tribune2005/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Trial and court verdict==<br /> ===Arrests===<br /> By 28 February 2002, 51 people had been arrested in connection with the incident on charges of arson, rioting, and looting.&lt;ref name=BBC&gt;{{cite news|title=Dozens arrested over India train attack|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1845905.stm|access-date=1 January 2014|date=28 February 2002|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 March 2002, chief suspect Haji Bilal, a local town councillor and Congress worker,&lt;ref name=REFCON&gt;{{cite news|title=Godhra, 'secular' 'progressives' and politics|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2002/mar/25rajeev.htm|newspaper=Rediff News|date=25 March 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; was captured by an anti-terrorist squad in Godhra. The FIR alleged that a 1,540-strong mob attacked the Sabarmati Express on 27 February, shortly after the delayed train left Godhra station. The president of Godhra municipality, Mohammed Hussain Kalota, was arrested in March. Other arrestees included corporators Abdul Razak and Shiraj Abdul Jamesha. Bilal was also alleged to have connections with gang leader Latif and was reported to have visited [[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]], several times.&lt;ref name=EI1&gt;{{cite news|title=Chargesheet filed against 66 Godhra accused|url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=10692|access-date=1 January 2014|newspaper=Indian Express|date=23 May 2002|agency=Press Trust of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Chief suspect in India train attack arrested|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1878385.stm|access-date=1 January 2014|newspaper=BBC|date=19 March 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The SIT filed a charge sheet before First Class Railway Magistrate P.K. Joshi, which spanned more than 500 pages. It stated that 59 people were killed in the S-6 coach of the Sabarmati Express when a mob of around 1,540 unidentified individuals attacked it near Godhra railway station.&lt;ref name=rediff2&gt;{{cite news|title=Charge sheet filed against 66 accused for Godhra mayhem|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2002/may/23train.htm|access-date=30 November 2013|newspaper=Rediff}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=liveindia /&gt; The 68 people accused in the charge sheet included 57 individuals charged with stoning and setting fire to the train. The charge sheet also noted that the mob attacked the police, prevented the fire brigade from reaching the burning train, and stormed the train a second time. Eleven others were charged as part of this mob.&lt;ref name=TH1&gt;{{cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Manas|title=Chargesheets filed in Godhra train carnage case|url=http://hindu.com/2002/05/24/stories/2002052402951300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203064747/http://hindu.com/2002/05/24/stories/2002052402951300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=30 November 2013|date=24 May 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially, 107 people were charged, five of whom died while the case was still pending in court. Eight juveniles were tried in a separate court. During the trial, 253 witnesses were examined, and over 1,500 documentary pieces of evidence were presented to the court.&lt;ref name=liveindia1&gt;{{cite news|title=Godhra train carnage judgement tomorrow |url=http://liveindia.tv/india/godhra-train-carnage-judgement-tomorrow/ |access-date=22 May 2013 |newspaper=Live India |date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625065302/http://liveindia.tv/india/godhra-train-carnage-judgement-tomorrow/ |archive-date=25 June 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 24 July 2015, the prime accused in the Godhra case, Hussain Suleman Mohammad, was arrested by the Godhra crime branch in [[Jhabua]] district, Madhya Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Godhra-carnage-Main-accused-held-after-13-years/articleshow/48209717.cms|title=Godhra carnage: Main accused held after 13 years|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 18 May 2016, a previously missing conspirator, Farooq Bhana, was arrested in Mumbai by the Gujarat [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Anti-Terrorist Squad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/After-14-yrs-man-who-added-fuel-to-Godhra-fire-arrested/articleshow/52335116.cms| title=After 14 yrs, man who added fuel to Godhra fire arrested| journal= The Times of India| date= 19 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 30 January 2018, Yakub Pataliya, aged 63, was arrested in Godhra by a team of B Division police after receiving a tip-off that he had been spotted in the town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/2002-godhra-train-burning-63-year-old-accused-arrested-after-16-years/18998154|title=2002 Godhra train burning: 63-year-old accused arrested after 16 years|date=2018-01-30|work=mid-day|access-date=2018-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Prevention of Terrorism Act and trial===<br /> On 3 March 2002, The [[Prevention of Terrorism Ordinance]] (POTO) was invoked against all the accused, but it was later suspended due to pressure from the central government.{{Clarify|date=April 2024}} On 9 March 2002, the police added criminal conspiracy charges. In May 2003, the first charge sheet was filed against 54 accused, though they were not charged under the [[Prevention of Terrorism Act, 2002|Prevention of Terrorism Act]] (POTA).{{Efn|POTO became an act as it was cleared by Parliament.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 April 2002 |title=President's assent to four more bills |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/releases98/lyr2002/rapr2002/02042002/r0204200214.html |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=archive.pib.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} In February 2003, POTA was re-invoked against all the accused after the BJP retained control of the Gujarat legislature in the 2002 assembly [[2002 Gujarat legislative assembly election|elections]].&lt;ref name=timelinetoi /&gt;<br /> <br /> In November 2003, the [[Supreme Court of India]] stayed the trial. In 2004, the POTA was repealed after the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) came to power, prompting a review of its invocation against the accused. In May 2005, the POTA review commission decided not to charge the accused under POTA. This decision was later unsuccessfully challenged by a victim's relative in the Gujarat High Court and, subsequently, on appeal before the Supreme Court.<br /> <br /> In September 2008, the Nanavati Commission submitted its report on the incident.&lt;ref name=&quot;timelinetoi&quot; /&gt; In 2009, after accepting the Special Investigation Team (SIT) report, the court appointed a special fast-track court to try the case and established five other fast-track courts to try the post-incident riots. The bench hearing the case also mandated that public prosecutors be appointed in consultation with the SIT chair. It ordered the SIT to serve as the nodal agency for witness protection, file supplementary charge sheets, and potentially cancel the bail of the accused.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hindu-trial&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Venkatesan|first=J|title=Court: set up six fast track courts to try Godhra &amp; riot cases|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/02/stories/2009050257860100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502182039/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/02/stories/2009050257860100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 May 2009|access-date=22 May 2013|date=2 May 2009|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> More than 100 people were arrested in connection with the incident. The court was set up inside the [[Sabarmati Central Jail]], where almost all the accused were confined. The hearings began in May 2009,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Godhra carnage: fast-track court begins proceedings|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/godhra-carnage-fasttrack-court-begins-proceedings/466585/|access-date=22 May 2013|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=27 May 2009|location=Ahmedabad}}&lt;/ref&gt; with Additional Sessions Judge P.R. Patel designated to hear the case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 May 2009 |title=Godhra riots: Gujarat HC appoints 9 judges |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/godhra-riots-gujarat-hc-appoints-9-judges-393783 |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=[[NDTV]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2010, the Supreme Court restrained trial courts from pronouncing judgments in nine sensitive riot cases, including the Godhra train incident. The trial was completed in September 2010, but the verdict could not be delivered due to the Supreme Court's stay.&lt;ref name=&quot;liveindia1&quot; /&gt; The stay was lifted in January 2011, and the judge announced that the judgment would be pronounced on 22 February 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;timelinetoi&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=22 February 2011 |title=Chronology of Godhra trial |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chronology-of-Godhra-trial/articleshow/7546855.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001120531/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-22/india/28624659_1_godhra-train-u-c-banerjee-s-6 |archive-date=1 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Court verdict===<br /> In February 2011, the trial court convicted 31 people and acquitted 63 others, concluding that the incident was a planned conspiracy. The convictions were based on the provisions for murder and conspiracy under Sections 302 and 120B of the [[Indian Penal Code]], as well as Sections 149, 307, 323, 324, 325, 326, 332, 395, 397, and 436 of the IPC, along with relevant sections of the Railway Act and Police Act.&lt;ref name=liveindia /&gt; The death penalty was awarded to 11 convicts, including those believed to have attended a meeting the night before the incident where the conspiracy was formed, and those who, according to the court, entered the coach and poured petrol before setting it on fire. Twenty others were sentenced to life imprisonment.&lt;ref name=&quot;NDTV 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/godhra-verdict-31-convicted-63-acquitted-86991 |title=Godhra verdict: 31 convicted, 63 acquitted |work=NDTV |date=3 January 2011 |access-date=9 June 2013 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129024715/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/godhra-verdict-31-convicted-63-acquitted-86991 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Hindu1&gt;{{cite news|title=It was not a random attack on S-6 but kar sevaks were targeted, says judge|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1513008.ece|access-date=22 May 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=6 March 2011|location=Chennai, India|first=Manas|last=Dasgupta|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117044114/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1513008.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Maulvi Saeed Umarji, whom the SIT believed to be the prime conspirator, was acquitted&lt;ref name=liveindia&gt;{{cite news|title=Special court convicts 31 in Godhra train burning case |url=http://liveindia.tv/india/states/special-court-convicts-31-in-godhra-train-burning-case/ |access-date=22 May 2013 |newspaper=Live India |date=22 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119002050/http://liveindia.tv/india/states/special-court-convicts-31-in-godhra-train-burning-case/ |archive-date=19 January 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; along with 62 other accused due to a lack of evidence.&lt;ref name=MD&gt;{{cite news|title=Key accused let off in Godhra case|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2011/feb/230211-fast-track-court-Godhra-case-verdict-Sabarmati-Express.htm|access-date=22 May 2013|newspaper=Mid Day|date=23 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The convicted individuals filed appeals in the Gujarat High Court. The state government also challenged the trial court's decision to acquit 61 individuals and sought death sentences for 20 convicts who had been sentenced to life imprisonment.&lt;ref name=IE1&gt;{{cite news|title=Guj govt challenges acquittals in Godhra verdict before HC|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/guj-govt-challenges-acquittals-in-godhra-verdict-before-hc/808659/|access-date=11 May 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=25 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Gujarat High Court verdict===<br /> In October 2017, the Gujarat High Court, accepting the prosecution's contention that there was a conspiracy behind the incident, commuted the death sentences of 11 convicts to life imprisonment while upholding the life sentences of 20 others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/2002-godhra-train-burning-carnage-case-riots-gujarat-high-court-sit-commutes-death-sentence-of-11-convicts-to-life-imprisonment-4881586/|title=2002 Godhra train burning case: Gujarat HC commutes death sentence of 11 convicts to life imprisonment|date=2017-10-09|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-10-09|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a result, all 31 individuals convicted by the SIT court in 2011 were sentenced to life imprisonment.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/2002-godhra-burning-case-gujarat-high-court-commutes-death-for-11-convicts-to-life-in-prison/articleshow/61001808.cms|title=2002 Godhra train burning case: Gujarat high court commutes death for 11 convicts to life in prison – Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, the 63 others who had been acquitted by the trial court in 2011, including the alleged mastermind, were re-acquitted by the High Court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-godhra-train-burning-an-important-court-decision-today-10-points-1760393|title=In Godhra Train Blaze, Alleged Mastermind And 30 Others Acquitted Again|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; The court also ordered the state government and the railways to pay {{INRConvert|10|l|year=2017}} in compensation to the families of each of the 59 victims.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/godhra-train-burning-case-hc-orders-compensation-for-victims-kin-1540441.html|title=Godhra Train Burning Case: HC Faults State Govt, Orders Rs 10 Lakh for Victims' Kin|work=News18|access-date=2017-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Reactions to the SIT investigation===<br /> BJP spokesperson [[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain|Shahnawaz Hussain]] stated, &quot;The theory propagated by the (central) government and some NGOs (Non-Governmental Organization) has been proved wrong....&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-02-23 |title=Vindicates stand on conspiracy: BJP |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/vindicates-stand-on-conspiracy-bjp/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Law Minister Veerappa Moily, a Congress Party member, said it was premature to comment and that the courts would take their own course.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=712707 Godhra Train Carnage Verdict: Reactions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212654/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=712707 |date=4 January 2014 }} Outlook India – 22 February 2011&lt;/ref&gt; [[R. K. Raghavan]], head of the [[Special Investigation Team (India)|Special Investigation Team]] (SIT), expressed satisfaction with the verdict. BJP spokesperson [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]] added that the verdict had exposed the &quot;nefarious designs&quot; of the UPA government, which he accused of trying to cover up the entire episode.&lt;ref name=&quot;OL-reactions&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Godhra Train Carnage Verdict: Reactions|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=712707|access-date=11 May 2013|newspaper=Outlook India|date=22 February 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212654/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=712707|archive-date=4 January 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==In popular culture==<br /> * ''[[Chand Bujh Gaya]]'', a 2005 film, uses the Godhra train burning incident as the background for a love story.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Syed Firdaus |date=2 October 2002 |title=The Gujarat factor |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/02godh.htm |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Kai Po Che!]], a'' 2013 film, had the Gujarat riots as a backdrop for the main narrative. It was based on the novel ''[[The 3 Mistakes of My Life]]'' written by [[Chetan Bhagat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Trisha |date=2013-03-07 |title=Framing the divide |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/framing-the-divide/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Final Solution (2004 film)|Final Solution]], a'' 2004 documentary film, depicts the train burning and the Gujarat riots that followed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2004-08-06 |title=India bans religious riot movie |language=en-GB |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3542340.stm |access-date=2023-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra]],'' a 2024 film, based on a report set up to investigate the train burning incident''.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Accident or Conspiracy Godhra teaser out. Film based on Nanavati Commission report promises to uncover the truth |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/accident-or-conspiracy-godhra-teaser-out-film-based-on-nanavati-commission-report-promises-to-uncover-the-truth-2386399-2023-05-30 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=India Today |date=30 May 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''[[The Sabarmati Report]],'' a 2024 film, starring [[Vikrant Massey]] follows him as a journalist probing the truth behind train burning incident.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=ANI |date=2024-11-06 |title=Vikrant Massey reveals he's been receiving threats for 'The Sabarmati Report' |url=https://theprint.in/feature/vikrant-massey-reveals-hes-been-receiving-threats-for-the-sabarmati-report/2344751/ |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * [[L2: Empuraan]] is a 2025 Malayalam movie which is loosely based on the [[2002 Gujarat riots|2002 riots]]. This movie revolves around Godhra train burning incident.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='L2: Empuraan' row: Mohanlal apologises for 'objectionable' scenes, agrees to remove them |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2025/03/30/mohanlal-apologises-for-objectionable-scenes-in-empuraan-agrees-to-remove-them.html |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=The Week |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Best Bakery case]]<br /> * [[Naroda Patiya massacre]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Noteslist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> {{Refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=978-0-295-98506-0 |year=2005}}<br /> * {{cite news |last=Burke |first=Jason |title=Godhra train fire verdict prompts tight security measures |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/22/godhra-train-fire-verdict |access-date=5 April 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=22 February 2011 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023065143/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/22/godhra-train-fire-verdict |url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite book |editor-first=Isabelle |editor-last=Clark-Decès |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India |year=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1405198929}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Ghassem-Fachandi |first=Parvis |title=Pogrom in Gujarat: Hindu Nationalism and Anti-Muslim Violence in India |year=2012 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0691151779}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Communal Riots in Gujarat: The State at Risk? |journal=Heidelberg Papers in South Asian and Comparative Politics |year=2003 |url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |access-date=5 November 2013 |archive-date=4 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204131058/http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/4127/1/hpsacp17.pdf |url-status=live}}<br /> * {{cite journal |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Gujarat 2002: What Justice for the Victims? |url=http://www.epw.in/journal/2012/08/special-articles/gujarat-2002-what-justice-victims.html |url-access=subscription |journal=Economic &amp; Political Weekly |date=25 February 2012 |volume=XLVII |issue=8 |pages=77–80 |jstor=41419907}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Kishwar |first=Madhu Purnima |title=Modi, Muslims and Media: Voices from Narendra Modi's Gujarat |year=2014 |publisher=Manushi Publications, New Delhi}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Mitta |first=Manoj |title=The Fiction of Fact-Finding: Modi &amp; Godhra |year=2014 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-93-5029-187-0}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha C. |chapter=The Clash Within: Democracy and the Hindu Right |url=https://archive.org/details/valuesviolencein00kara |url-access=limited |year=2008 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1402086595 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/valuesviolencein00kara/page/n94 81]–97 |editor=Ibrahim A. Karawan |editor2=Ibrāhīm Karawān |editor3=Wayne McCormack |editor4=Stephen E. Reynolds |title=Values and Violence: Intangible Aspects of Terrorism}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Nussbaum |first=Martha C. |title=The Clash Within: Democracy, Religious Violence and India's Future |year=2007 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-03059-6}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Williams |first=Philippa |chapter=Hindu–Muslim Relations and the &quot;War on Terror&quot; |title=A Companion to the Anthropology of India |year=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1405198929 |editor=Isabelle Clark-Decès |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=98uLj5FpTHQC&amp;pg=RA9-PA1988}}<br /> {{Refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf Report By The Commission of Inquiry Consisting of Mr. Justice G.T. Nanavati And Mr. Justice Akshay H. Mehta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316134832/http://home.gujarat.gov.in/homedepartment/downloads/godharaincident.pdf |date=16 March 2013 }}<br /> * [http://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/ Detailed Report on the Godhra riots by the Concerned Citizens Tribunal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115112215/https://www.sabrang.com/tribunal/ |date=15 January 2020 }}<br /> <br /> {{2002 Gujarat riots}}<br /> {{Railway accidents and incidents in 2002}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Godhra Train Burning}}<br /> [[Category:2002 disasters in India]]<br /> [[Category:2002 controversies]]<br /> [[Category:Railway accidents in 2002]]<br /> [[Category:Persecution of Hindus by Muslims]]<br /> [[Category:2002 fires in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:2002 Gujarat riots]]<br /> [[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:History of Islam in India]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Hinduism]]<br /> [[Category:February 2002 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Train and rapid transit fires in India]]<br /> [[Category:Controversies in India]]<br /> [[Category:Anti-Hindu violence in India]]<br /> [[Category:Arson attacks on vehicles in India]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2004_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_field_hockey_test_series&diff=482159 2026-03-08T07:55:06Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox field hockey|tournament=2004 India-Pakistan field hockey test series|dates=24 September 2004 - 10 October 2004|venues=8 in 8 host cities|city=[[Karachi]], [[Quetta]], [[Peshawar]], [[Lahore]] &lt;br/&gt;<br /> [[Delhi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Amritsar]], [[Hyderabad]]|champions={{fhicon|PAK}} Pakistan won the series 4-2|matches=8|goals=32|top_scorer={{fhicon|PAK}} [[Sohail Abbas]]|top_scorer_goals=8|next_year=2006|next_tournament=2006 India-Pakistan field hockey test series|previous_year=1999|previous_tournament=1999 India-Pakistan field hockey test series}}<br /> <br /> The '''2004 Indo-Pak series''' was the 7th series of bilateral field hockey matches between [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]] and [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]. The series was played over eight matches on home and away basis.<br /> <br /> Each side hosted four matches from 24 September 2004 to 10 October 2004. [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]] won the series 4–2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Easy win gives Pak series|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/oct/08hock.htm|access-date=2021-03-23|website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was the first time both sides were coached by foreign coaches in a bilateral series with [[Gerhard Roch (field hockey)|Gerhard Roch]] of [[Germany]] coaching [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] and [[Roelant Oltmans]] of [[Netherlands]] coaching for [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]]. During the match in [[Amritsar]], Pakistan's [[Sohail Abbas]] broke the record for most goals in international men's [[Field hockey|hockey]] scoring his 268th goal surpassing [[Paul Litjens]] of [[Netherlands men's national field hockey team|Netherlands]] who held the record for 22 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2004-10-09|title=Abbas Sets World Record in Pakistan Win|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/256345|access-date=2021-03-23|website=Arab News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> Prior to the start of the series [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]] and [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] had faced each other 6 times since January 2004. They first met at the [[2004 Sultan Azlan Shah Cup|2004 Azlan Shah Cup]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]] with Pakistan winning 3–2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sohail Abbas flattens India|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/jan/09hock1.htm|access-date=2021-03-23|website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; They met twice in the [[2004 Men's Field Hockey Olympic Qualifier|2004 Olympic Qualifiers]] in [[Madrid]] with Pakistan winning both matches.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pakistan beat India in hockey play-off|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/amp/pakistan-beat-india-in-hockey-play-off/207609|access-date=2021-03-23|website=www.outlookindia.com/|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June Pakistan again defeated India twice this time by a huge margin of 6–1 at the [[Hockey RaboTrophy]] in [[Amsterdam]]. Both teams had a disappointing campaign at the [[2004 Summer Olympics|Olympics in Athens]] Pakistan defeated India in the crossover rounds to finish 5th while India finished 7th.{{fact|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> [[Sohail Abbas]] scored 12 goals against India in these matches including two hat-tricks. This series was also in the lead up to the [[2004 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2004 Champions Trophy]] to be held in [[Lahore]] from December.{{fact|date=August 2022}}<br /> <br /> == Venues ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Match<br /> !Location<br /> !Stadium Name<br /> !Date<br /> |-<br /> |First<br /> |[[Karachi]], [[Pakistan]]<br /> |[[Hockey Club of Pakistan]]<br /> |24 September<br /> |-<br /> |Second<br /> |[[Quetta]], [[Pakistan]]<br /> |[[Musa Khan Stadium]]<br /> |27 September<br /> |-<br /> |Third<br /> |[[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]]<br /> |[[Lala Ayub Hockey Stadium]]<br /> |29 September<br /> |-<br /> |Fourth<br /> |[[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]<br /> |[[National Hockey Stadium, Lahore|National Hockey Stadium]]<br /> |1 October<br /> |-<br /> |Fifth<br /> |[[Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> |[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]<br /> |4 October<br /> |-<br /> |Sixth<br /> |[[Chandigarh]], [[India]]<br /> |[[Chandigarh Hockey Stadium|Sector 42 Hockey Stadium]]<br /> |6 October<br /> |-<br /> |Seventh<br /> |[[Amritsar]], [[India]]<br /> |[[Guru Nank Dev University Stadium]]<br /> |8 October<br /> |-<br /> |Eighth<br /> |[[Hyderabad]], [[India]]<br /> |[[Gachibowli Hockey Stadium]]<br /> |10 October<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Squads ==<br /> India announced an 18-member squad on 20 September 2004. The Indian selection ignored veterans like [[Dhanraj Pillay]], [[Baljit Singh Dhillon]], [[Deepak Thakur]] and [[Gagan Ajit Singh]], who all were part of the team at the Athens Olympics after the players made themselves unavailable for selection for different reasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New-look hockey team for Pakistan series|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/sep/20hock.htm|access-date=2021-03-23|website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistan announced its squad on 20 September as well. [[Waseem Ahmed (field hockey)|Waseem Ahmed]] was made captain after former captain [[Muhammad Nadeem]] announced his retirement from international hockey after the last month's Olympics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ahmed to lead Pak hockey team|url=https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/sep/23pakhock.htm|access-date=2021-03-23|website=www.rediff.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !{{Fhicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan<br /> !{{Fhicon|India}} India<br /> |-<br /> |<br /> * [[Waseem Ahmed (field hockey)|Waseem Ahmed (C)]]<br /> * [[Salman Akbar|Salman Akbar (GK)]]<br /> * [[Nasir Ahmed (field hockey)|Nasir Ahmed]]<br /> * [[Sohail Abbas]]<br /> * [[Zeeshan Ashraf]]<br /> * [[Muhammad Imran (field hockey)|Muhammad Imran]]<br /> * [[Syed Imran Ali Warsi|Imran Warsi]]<br /> * [[Ghazanfar Ali]]<br /> * [[Adnan Maqsood]]<br /> * [[Dilawar Hussain (field hockey)|Dilawar Hussain]]<br /> * [[Abdul Aasim Khan]]<br /> * [[Imran Khan (field hockey)|Imran Khan]]<br /> * [[Rehan Butt]]<br /> * [[Mudassar Ali Khan]]<br /> * [[Kashif Jawad]] <br /> * [[Shakeel Abbasi]]<br /> * [[Adnan Zakir]]<br /> * [[Tariq Aziz (field hockey, born 1984)|Tariq Aziz]]<br /> * [[Shabbir Hussain]]<br /> * [[Akhtar Ali (field hockey)|Akhtar Ali]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Dilip Tirkey|Dilip Tirkey (C)]]<br /> * [[Devesh Chauhan|Devesh Chauhan (GK)]]<br /> * [[Adrian D'Souza|Adrian D'Souza (GK)]]<br /> * [[Harpal Singh (field hockey)|Harpal Singh]]<br /> * [[Sandeep Singh]]<br /> * [[William Xalco|William Xalxo]]<br /> * [[Viren Rasquinha]]<br /> * [[Vikram Pillay]]<br /> * [[Girish Pimpale]]<br /> * [[Ignace Tirkey]]<br /> * [[V. S. Vinaya|V. S. Vinay]]<br /> * [[Prabodh Tirkey]]<br /> * [[Vivek Gupta (field hockey)|Vivek Gupta]]<br /> * [[Adam Sinclair (field hockey)|Adam Sinclair]]<br /> * [[Arjun Halappa]]<br /> * [[Sandeep Michael]]<br /> * [[Tushar Khandker|Tushar Khandekar]]<br /> * [[Hari Prasad (field hockey)|Hari Prasad]]<br /> |-<br /> | '''Coach''' {{Fhicon|Netherlands}} [[Roelant Oltmans]]<br /> |'''Coach''' {{Fhicon|Germany}} [[Gerhard Roch (field hockey)|Gerhard Roch]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Results ==<br /> <br /> * ''Pakistan won the series 4-2''<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+First Leg<br /> !Match<br /> !Date<br /> !Score<br /> !Location<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |24 September<br /> |'''Pakistan''' 2-1 India<br /> |[[Karachi]]<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |27 September<br /> |Pakistan 1-4 '''India'''<br /> |[[Quetta]]<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |29 September<br /> |'''Pakistan''' 3-2 India<br /> |[[Peshawar]]<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |1 October<br /> |Pakistan 4-4 India<br /> |[[Lahore]]<br /> |}<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+Second Leg<br /> !Match<br /> !Date<br /> !Score<br /> !Location<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |4 October<br /> |India 1-3 '''Pakistan'''<br /> |[[Delhi]]<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |6 October<br /> |India 1-1 Pakistan<br /> |[[Chandigarh]]<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |8 October<br /> |India 1-2 '''Pakistan'''<br /> |[[Amritsar]]<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |10 October<br /> |'''India''' 2-0 Pakistan<br /> |[[Hyderabad]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Matches ==<br /> <br /> === Game 1 ===<br /> {{Fieldhockeybox|date=24 September 2004|stadium=[[Hockey Club of Pakistan]], [[Karachi]]|team1={{fh|Pakistan}}|team2={{fh|India}}|score=2–1|goals1=[[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|17}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Rehan Butt|Butt]] {{fhgoal|FG|26}}|goals2=[[Arjun Halappa|Halappa]] {{fhgoal|FG|3}}|report=[https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/sep/24hock.htm Report]}}<br /> <br /> === Game 2 ===<br /> {{Fieldhockeybox|date=27 September 2004|team1={{fh|Pakistan}}|team2={{fh|India}}|score=1–4|stadium=[[Musa Khan Stadium]], [[Quetta]]|goals1=[[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|69}}|goals2=[[Sandeep Singh|Sandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|13|PC|17}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Ignace Tirkey|Tirkey]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Tushar Khandekar|Khandekar]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}|report=[https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/sep/27hock.htm Report]}}<br /> <br /> === Game 3 ===<br /> {{Fieldhockeybox|date=29 September 2004|team1={{fh|Pakistan}}|team2={{fh|India}}|score=3–2|stadium=[[Lala Ayub Hockey Stadium]], [[Peshawar]]|goals1=[[Mudassar Ali Khan|Mudassar]] {{fhgoal|FG|15}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Shakeel Abbasi|Abbasi]] {{fhgoal|FG|25}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|67}}|goals2=[[Hari Prasad|Prasad]] {{fhgoal|FG|48}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Arjun Halappa|Halappa]] {{fhgoal|FG|60}}|report=[https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/abbas-seals-indias-fate/225263 Report]}}<br /> <br /> === Game 4 ===<br /> {{Fieldhockeybox|date=1 October 2004|stadium=[[National Hockey Stadium, Lahore|National Hockey Stadium]], [[Lahore]]|team1={{fh|Pakistan}}|team2={{fh|India}}|score=4–4|goals1=[[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|14|PC|42}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Akhtar Ali (field hockey)|Ali]] {{fhgoal|FG|57}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Rehan Butt|Butt]] {{fhgoal|FG|67}}|goals2=[[Vikram Pillay|Pillay]] {{fhgoal|FG|15}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Sandeep Singh|Sandeep]] {{fhgoal|PC|39}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Arjun Halappa|Halappa]] {{fhgoal|FG|49}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Ignace Tirkey|Tirkey]] {{fhgoal|FG|51}}|report=[https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/oct/01hock.htm Report]}}<br /> <br /> === Game 5 ===<br /> {{Fieldhockeybox|date=4 October 2004|stadium=[[Major Dhyan Chand National Stadium]], [[Delhi]]|team1={{fh|India}}|team2={{fh|Pakistan}}|score=1–3|goals1=[[Sandeep Michael|Michael]] {{fhgoal|FG|50}}|goals2=[[Kashif Jawad|Jawad]] {{fhgoal|FG|6}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|29|PS|64}}|report=[https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/oct/04hock.htm Report]}}<br /> <br /> === Game 6 ===<br /> {{Fieldhockeybox|date=6 October 2004|stadium=[[Chandigarh Hockey Stadium|Sector 42 Hockey Stadium]], [[Chandigarh]]|team1={{fh|India}}|team2={{fh|Pakistan}}|score=1–1|goals1=[[Ignace Tirkey|Tirkey]] {{fhgoal|FG|33}}|goals2=[[Ghazanfar Ali|Ali]] {{fhgoal|FG|22}}|report=[https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/oct/06hock.htm Report]}}<br /> <br /> === Game 7 ===<br /> {{Fieldhockeybox|date=8 October 2004|stadium=[[Guru Nanak Dev University Stadium]], [[Amritsar]]|team1={{fh|India}}|team2={{fh|Pakistan}}|score=1–2|goals1=[[Arjun Halappa|Halappa]] {{fhgoal|PS|48}}|goals2=[[Sohail Abbas|Abbas]] {{fhgoal|PC|8}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Rehan Butt|Butt]] {{fhgoal|FG|47}}|report=[https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/oct/08hock.htm Report]}}<br /> <br /> === Game 8 ===<br /> {{Fieldhockeybox|date=10 October 2004|stadium=[[Gachibowli Hockey Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]|team1={{fh|India}}|team2={{fh|Pakistan}}|score=2–0|goals1=[[Sandeep Michael|Michael]] {{fhgoal|FG|17}} &lt;br /&gt; [[Tushar Khandekar|Khandekar]] {{fhgoal|FG|21}}|report=[https://www.rediff.com/sports/2004/oct/10hock.htm Report]}}<br /> <br /> == Statistics ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Team<br /> !P<br /> !W<br /> !D<br /> !L<br /> !GF<br /> !GA<br /> !GD<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fhicon|Pakistan}} Pakistan<br /> |8<br /> |4<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |16<br /> |16<br /> |0<br /> |-<br /> |{{Fhicon|India}} India<br /> |8<br /> |2<br /> |2<br /> |4<br /> |16<br /> |16<br /> |0<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Goalscorers ===<br /> There were 32 goals scored in 8 matches for an average of 4 goals per match<br /> {{Goalscorers|8 goals=*{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Sohail Abbas]]|4 goals=*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Arjun Halappa]]|3 goals=*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Sandeep Singh]] <br /> *{{fhicon|IND}} [[Ignace Tirkey]] <br /> *{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Rehan Butt]]|2 goals=*{{fhicon|IND}} [[Tushar Khandekar]] <br /> *{{fhicon|IND}} [[Sandeep Michael]]|1 goal=*{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Mudassar Ali Khan]]<br /> *{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Shakeel Abbasi]]<br /> *{{fhicon|IND}} [[Hari Prasad]]<br /> *{{fhicon|IND}} [[Vikram Pillay]]<br /> *{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Akhtar Ali (field hockey)|Aktar Ali]]<br /> *{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Kashif Jawad]]<br /> *{{fhicon|PAK}} [[Ghazanfar Ali]]}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2004 India-Pakistan field hockey test series}}<br /> [[Category:Field hockey competitions in India]]<br /> [[Category:Field hockey competitions in Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:India–Pakistan field hockey rivalry]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greeshma_Jwala&diff=453866 2026-03-03T20:58:43Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film <br /> | name = Greeshma Jwala<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | director = [[P. G. Vishwambharan]]<br /> | producer =<br /> | writer = Perumpadavam Sreedharan<br /> | screenplay = Perumpadavam Sreedharan<br /> | starring = [[Sukumaran]]&lt;br&gt;[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]&lt;br&gt;[[Ratheesh]]&lt;br&gt;[[Surekha (actress)|Surekha]]<br /> | music = [[A. T. Ummer]]<br /> | cinematography = C. Ramachandra Menon<br /> | editing = G. Murali<br /> | studio = Supreme Production<br /> | distributor = Supreme Production<br /> | released = {{Film date|1981|1|30|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Greeshma Jwala''''' is a 1981 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[P. G. Vishwambharan]]. The film stars [[Sukumaran]], [[Seema (actress)|Seema]], [[Ratheesh]], and [[Surekha (actress)|Surekha]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[A. T. Ummer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1265|title=Greeshmajwaala|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?4659|title=Greeshmajwaala|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/greeshma-jwala-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016095804/http://spicyonion.com/title/greeshma-jwala-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Greeshmajwaala|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=spicyonion.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *[[Sukumaran]] as Hari<br /> *[[Seema (actress)|Seema]] as Seetha<br /> *[[Ratheesh]] as Kadutha<br /> *[[Surekha (actress)|Surekha]] as Valli<br /> *[[Bahadoor]] as Unnithan<br /> *[[P. K. Abraham]] as Priest<br /> *[[Achankunju]] as Kattumooppan<br /> *[[Kunjandi]] as Varkey<br /> *[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]] as Madman<br /> *[[T. G. Ravi]] as Kariyachan <br /> *Renuchandra as Malini<br /> *[[Mala Aravindan]] as Nair<br /> *[[Santhakumari]] as Gaurikuttyamma<br /> *Thrissur Elsy as Seetha's mother<br /> * Beena Kumbalangi as Chothi<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music was composed by [[A. T. Ummer]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br /> |-<br /> | 1 || &quot;Paalkkudamenthiya Raavu&quot; || [[P. Jayachandran]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] || <br /> |-<br /> | 2 || &quot;Thirunelli Kaadu&quot; || [[S. Janaki]] || Poovachal Khader || <br /> |-<br /> | 3 || &quot;Vithuvithache&quot; || [[Vani Jairam]], Chorus || Poovachal Khader || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0332635|Greeshma Jwala}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1981 films]]<br /> [[Category:1981 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by P. G. Viswambharan]]<br /> [[Category:1981 Indian films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ethnic_communities_in_Kolkata&diff=448507 2026-03-03T09:09:02Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Article enhanced with better details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Communities in an Indian city}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Multiple image<br /> | align = <br /> | direction = <br /> | total_width = 250<br /> | image1 = Durga idol 2011 Burdwan.jpg<br /> | alt1 = <br /> | caption1 = A depiction of [[Durga]] (the [[Hindu deities|Hindu goddess]] of power and destroyer of evil) at [[Bardhaman|Durga temple, Burdwan]], [[West Bengal]]}} <br /> [[File:Kalighater Kali.JPG|thumb|A Kali Puja pandal with a replica of the [[Kalighat Kali Temple]] icon.]]<br /> {{Multiple image <br /> | align = right <br /> | direction = vertical <br /> | width = 200 <br /> | image2 = Mala Badal - Bengali Hindu Wedding - Howrah 2015-12-06 7716.JPG <br /> | caption2 = A [[Bengali Hindu wedding]] in [[Kolkata, West Bengal]]}} <br /> {{Pie chart <br /> |thumb=right <br /> |caption=Languages spoken in Kolkata city (2011 census)&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |format=XLDX |title=India Census 2011 : C-16 Population By Mother Tongue |website=Censusindia.gov.in |access-date=16 January 2022}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |label1=[[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> |value1=61.45<br /> |label2=[[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> |value2=23.00<br /> |label3=[[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br /> |value3=13.03<br /> |label4=[[Odia language|Odia]]<br /> |value4=0.58<br /> |label5=[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> |value5=0.57<br /> |label6=[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> |value6=0.35<br /> |label7=[[English language|English]]<br /> |value7=0.2<br /> |label8=[[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br /> |value8=0.18<br /> |label9=[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |value9=0.14<br /> |label10=[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> |value10=0.12<br /> |label11=[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br /> |value11=0.10<br /> |label12=Others<br /> |value12=0.44<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Kolkata]], India, is largely inhabited by the ethnic community of the native [[Bengali Hindus|Bengalis]] (both [[Ghoti people|Ghoti]] and [[Bangal]] origin) respectively. According to a report by the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] owned by the [[Government of India]], the Kolkata city had a population of 4.5 million as of 2011 out of which the population of native Bengalis in Kolkata is almost 62% which comprised the majority of the city's population, whereas ethnic groups like [[Marwaris]], [[Biharis]] and [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Urdu-speaking Muslims]] together forming 36% of the population which comes under the category of large minorities. Other Various micro-minority communities of Kolkata include as far as concerned follows -: [[Pathan people|Pathans]], [[Marathi people|Marathis]], [[Odia people|Odias]], [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], [[Kashmiri people|Kashmiris]], [[Punjabi people|Punjabis]], [[People of Nepal|Nepal]]is, [[Telugu people|Telugus]], [[Tamil people|Tamils]], [[Anglo-Indian]]s, [[Iraqi biradri|Arabs]], [[Jew]]s, [[Armenians|Armenian]]s, [[Tibetan people|Tibetan]]s, [[Greeks|Greek]]s, [[Parsi people|Parsi]]s, [[Chinese of Calcutta|Chinese]], and [[Iraqi people|Iraqis]] etc.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable left&quot;<br /> |+ ''Kolkata city linguistic diversity as per (2011 census)''&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX 2011 census]censusindia.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115221623/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |date=15 January 2021 }}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Languages<br /> ! Population<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> | 2,763,291<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | 1,034,363<br /> |-<br /> | [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br /> | 586,234<br /> |-<br /> | [[Odia language|Odia]]<br /> | 26,158<br /> |-<br /> | [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br /> | 25,667<br /> |-<br /> | [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] <br /> | 15,913<br /> |-<br /> |[[Iraqis in India|Arabs]] <br /> |10,000<br /> |-<br /> | [[English language|English]] <br /> | 8,932<br /> |-<br /> | [[Nepali language|Nepali]]<br /> | 8,089<br /> |-<br /> | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> | 6,508<br /> |-<br /> | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | 5,330<br /> |-<br /> | [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]<br /> | 4,434<br /> |-<br /> | [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]<br /> | 3,724<br /> |-<br /> | Others <br /> | 28,607<br /> |-<br /> | Total<br /> | 4,496,694<br /> |}<br /> ==Chinese==<br /> [[File:Chinese New Year 2014 in Kolkata - United Friends Group.jpg|thumb|right|Chinese New Year 2014 Celebration in Kolkata]]<br /> [[File:Chinese New Year in Chinatown, Tangra, Kolkata, India.png|thumb|right|The Chinese New Year celebrated in Chinatown]]<br /> [[Chinatown, Kolkata|Chinatown]] ({{langx|bn|চায়নাটাউন, কলকাতা}}) in the eastern part of the city of Kolkata is the only [[Chinatown]] in [[India]].&amp;lt;ref name=TT1&amp;gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2004/07/31/2003181147 |title=Calcutta's Chinatown facing extinction over new rule | newspaper=Taipei Times |location=Taipei, Taiwan|date=31 July 2004 |access-date=22 October 2018}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; Once home to 20,000 ethnic Chinese, its population dropped to below 2,000 as of 2009&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;BanerjeePage10&quot;&amp;gt;{{cite book|editor1-last =Banerjee|editor1-first=Himadri|editor2-last=Gupta|editor2-first=Nilanjana |editor3-last=Mukherjee |editor3-first= Sipra|title=Calcutta mosaic: essays and interviews on the minority communities of Calcutta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cSTEOx_Lw9MC|access-date=29 January 2012|year=2009|publisher=Anthem Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-905835-5-8|pages=9–10}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; as a result of multiple factors including repatriation following India's independence, followed by expulsion, internment and denial of Indian citizenship following the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], and emigration to foreign countries for better economic opportunities.&amp;lt;ref name=thampi&amp;gt;{{cite book |title= India and China in the colonial world&amp;amp;#124;|editor-last=Thampi |editor-first= Madhavi |year=2005 |publisher=Social Science Press|location=New Delhi |isbn=8187358203 |pages=60–64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IZ5RdT5mHHIC |access-date=31 January 2012}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; The Chinese community traditionally worked in the local tanning industry and ran Chinese restaurants.&amp;lt;ref name=&quot;BanerjeePage10&quot;/&amp;gt;&amp;lt;ref name=TT1 /&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Iraqi ==<br /> [[File:ParsiGentlemanCalcutta2010.jpg|thumb|A Parsi gentleman in Kolkata]]<br /> [[Iraqi biradri]] is a community of Sunni Muslims from eastern Uttar Pradesh where the community has a historic Iraqi origin, believed to have come to Ghazipur, India, in the 14th century from Iraq. Some members moved to the city earlier in the colonial times. As time progressed they have settled in Park Circus and Topsia area of the city where leather tanneries were concentrated. Most of the community members speak Urdu, and Bhojpuri and maintain a strong affiliation with their eastern UP roots with many still having ancestral houses in the Bhojpuri belt of UP. About 80% of the tanneries in the [[Kolkata Leather Complex]] are owned by members of the Iraqi Biradri who are possibly responsible provide employment to over 100,000 people. Most of them still live in the areas of [[Park Circus]] and [[Topsia]]. The present Iraqi population in Kolkata is estimated to be 20,000.<br /> <br /> ==Jewish==<br /> {{More citations needed section|date=April 2010}}<br /> {{Main|Jews of Kolkata}}<br /> Kolkata's [[Jew]]s are mostly [[Baghdadi Jews]] who came to Kolkata to trade. At one point as strong as 6000, the community has dwindled to about 60 after the formation of [[Israel]]. Today there are only about 30 Jews left in Kolkata. The first recorded Jewish immigrant to Kolkata was [[Shalon Cohen]] in 1798 from [[Aleppo]] in present-day [[Syria]]. The most influential Jewish family in Kolkata was perhaps the father-son real estate magnates [[David Joseph Ezra]] and Elia David Ezra. They were behind such buildings as the [[Chowringhee Mansions]], [[Esplanade Mansions (Kolkata)|Esplanade Mansions]] and the synagogue [[Neveh Shalom Synagogue, Kolkota|Neveh Shalom]]. The family also were instrumental in the founding of the Jewish Girls School. Ezra Street in Kolkata is named after them. The community has five independent synagogues in Kolkata, including one in Chinatown, some of which are still active today. The Jewish confectioner Nahoum's in the New Market holds a special place in Kolkata confectionery. Founded in 1902, Nahoum's moved to its present location in the New Market in 1916. It is run today by the original owner's grandson, David Nahoum. A Jewish wedding in Kolkata after a gap of 50 years in the 1990s received a lot of media attention.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{Cite web|url=http://unity4equality.blogspot.in/2012/07/tracking-jews-of-kolkata-declining.html|title=unity for equality|access-date=1 February 2013|archive-date=24 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024083213/http://unity4equality.blogspot.in/2012/07/tracking-jews-of-kolkata-declining.html|url-status=dead}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt; After the establishment of Israel, many Kolkatan Jews left to live in Israel and the size of the Jewish community had a severe decrease.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;Basu, Moni. &quot;[http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/03/29/india.jews/index.html Twilight comes for India's fading Jewish community].&quot; ''[[CNN]]''. 29 March 2010. Retrieved on 30 March 2010.&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Armenian==<br /> [[File:Armenian Christmas 1.jpg|thumb|Armenian Christmas]]<br /> &amp;lt;!-- Unsourced image removed: [[File:Armenianjewcalcuttabourne.jpg|thumb|right|An Armenian Jew, filmed in the Bourne and Shepherd Calcutta studio]] --&amp;gt;<br /> The [[Armenians]] followed the land route through [[Bactria]] to trade with India from ancient times. They were known as the &quot;Merchant Princes of India&quot;, and some settled in Emperor [[Akbar]]'s court. Some finally settled in [[Serampore]] and Kolkata, supposedly under the invitation of [[Job Charnock]].<br /> <br /> Among notable Armenians, Sir [[Apcar Alexander Apcar]], a prominent businessman, was the head of the [[Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry]]. The size of the Armenian community can be testified by the five Armenian cemeteries in Kolkata, including the one adjunct to the Chapel of Holy Trinity in [[Tangra, Calcutta|Tangra]] and an Armenian church. A gift of Rs. 8000 by [[Asvatoor Mooradkhan]] helped found the [[Armenian College (Kolkata)|Armenian College]] in 1821. Armenian College has been instrumental in pioneering the game of [[Rugby football|rugby]] on the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] turf.<br /> [[File:The grave of Astwasatoor Mooradkhan.jpg|thumb|The grave of Astwasatoor Mooradkhan]]<br /> The Armenians settled in a block close to Free School Street, which even to this day is called [[Armani-para]] (&quot;the neighbourhood of the Armenians&quot;). They have mostly assimilated into the Indian population, and the community has now been reduced to a handful of houses.<br /> <br /> {{See also|Armenians in India}}<br /> <br /> ==Tibetan==<br /> The [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] were initially annual winter visitors to Kolkata who, along with the [[Bhutias]], vended woollens.{{Clarification needed|reason=vended woollens?|date=June 2025}} Post 1951, Kolkata became home to quite a few Tibetans who used the porous [[Sikkim]]-[[Tibet]] border to get to Kolkata. Winter sees large numbers of Tibetans set up winter garment streetside shops in the area around Wellington Square. The Tibetan community has also contributed to a large number of Tibetan restaurants serving ethnic Tibetan cuisine. Tibetan medicine is well accepted in Kolkata as alternative therapy to terminal illnesses.<br /> <br /> ==Afghans==<br /> Kolkata was a popular destination for [[Afghans|Afghan]] (including [[Pashtuns|Pathan]]) businessmen from Afghanistan in the 19th century, vending spices and fruits. They are locally known as the ''Kabuliwala'', named after the [[Kabuliwala (short story)|1892 story]] which tells the story of a migrant from [[Kabul]] to Kolkata, and are also nicknamed as the ''Khans'' like elsewhere in India.&amp;lt;ref&amp;gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-search-of-tagore-s-kabuliwala/story-JgtSdmfJp0PKKVokebwYwN.html|title=125 years of Tagore's Kabuliwala: Here's what life is like for the community today|date=29 June 2017|publisher=Hindustan Times}}&amp;lt;/ref&amp;gt;<br /> <br /> ==Greek==<br /> The [[Greeks]] emigrated to India after the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] invasions in the 16th century. By the 18th century, Kolkata had a sizeable Greek community, mostly a close-knit clan of noble families from the [[Greece|Greek]] regions of [[Chios]] and [[Thessaly]], pursuing trade with the [[United Kingdom|British]]. The firm of Ralli Brothers is perhaps the most common Greek name in Kolkata; the Rallis sold their firm in the 1960s after Indian independence and moved away. The firm is now known as Ralli India, under the [[Tata Group]] of companies. The Greek community is centred on Amratollah Street around the Greek Church of the Transfiguration (built in 1782). There are currently around 2,500 to 5,000 Greeks in Kolkata. The most famous Greek to hail from Kolkata possibly was the gifted violinist [[Marie Nicachi]] who embarked on a European tour in 1910 and played at the courts of Emperor [[Franz Joseph I of Austria|Franz Josef]] of [[Austria]] and Tsar [[Nicholas II]] of [[Russia]]. She settled in her familial home of [[Corfu]] after [[World War I]]. The Greek contribution to the city will be remembered by the pioneering social work at the [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Greek Orthodox Church]] and the Panioty Fountain in the [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]]; named after Demetrius Panioty, personal secretary to the &quot;friend of India,&quot; [[Lord Ripon]].<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> *[[Chinese of Calcutta]]<br /> * [[Religion in West Bengal]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.bongblogger.com/greek-cemetery-calcutta-kolkata/ Greek Cemetery Kolkata]<br /> * [http://www.bongblogger.com/chinese-new-year-2015-in-kolkata-calcutta/ Chinese New Year 2015 in Kolkata]<br /> * [http://www.bongblogger.com/chinese-in-kolkata-calcutta/ Chinese in Kolkata]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100121071143/http://calcutta-armenians.blog.co.uk/ ARMENIANS OF CALCUTTA]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090207105027/http://calcutta-armenians.blog.co.uk/2005/10/01/the_vanishing_calcutta_armenians~211029/ THE VANISHING CALCUTTA ARMENIANS]<br /> *[http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/thumbs.php?gallery=47 Photos of Parsi Fire Temple, Calcutta]<br /> *[http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/thumbs.php?gallery=45 Photos of Synagogues, Calcutta]<br /> *[http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/thumbs.php?gallery=49 Photos of Chinese Temple, calcutta]<br /> *[http://www.rangan-datta.info/photo/thumbs.php?gallery=27 Photos of Chinese New Year]<br /> * [http://www.bongblogger.com/lion-dance-display-cultural-show-2016-in-kolkata-calcutta/ Chinese New New Year and Lion Dance Display in Kolkata]<br /> <br /> {{West Bengal}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ethnic Communities In Kolkata}}<br /> [[Category:Demographics of India]]<br /> [[Category:Ethnic groups in Kolkata| ]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ujwaadu&diff=542418 2026-02-23T21:08:06Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Adding New Details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Ujwaadu<br /> | image = Ujwaadu.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | director = Kasargod Chinna<br /> | producer = KJ Dhananjaya&lt;br/&gt;Anuradha Padiyar<br /> | writer = Gopalakrishna Pai<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | story = <br /> | starring = <br /> | music = [[V. Manohar]]<br /> | cinematography = Utpal Nayanar<br /> | editing = [[Suresh Urs]]<br /> | studio = Mithra Media Pvt. Ltd<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|10|14|India}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/30929-konkani-film-ujwaadu-to-hit-screen-on-oct-15|title=Konkani film Ujwaadu to hit screen on Oct 15|website=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Konkani<br /> | budget = Rs.45 laks<br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Ujwaadu''''' (Light) is a 2011 [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] directed by Kasargod Chinna and produced by KJ Dhananjaya and Anuradha Padiyar as the third film ever produced in the GSB [[Konkani language]] and attempts to showcase [[Konkani people|Konkani]] [[Saraswati|Saraswatha]] tradition and culture.<br /> <br /> Released on 14 October 2011, and with music by V Manohar, the film stars Shivadhwaj, [[Neethu]], Sadashiv Brahmavar, Sandhya Pai, Prameela Nesargi, Dr. Ananth Prabhu and [[Umashree]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Konkani-film-Ujwadu-to-be-released-on-Oct-14.html|title=Konkani film Ujwadu to be released on Oct 14|date=8 October 2011|website=www.mangaloretoday.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130133534/http://www.mangaloretoday.com/main/Konkani-film-Ujwadu-to-be-released-on-Oct-14.html|archive-date=30 January 2021|access-date=2021-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was selected for the [[Bengaluru International Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.coastaldigest.com/news/48887-ujwadu-to-be-screened-at-bangalore-film-fest|title=Ujwadu' to be screened at Bangalore film fest|website=coastaldigest.com - The Trusted News Portal of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> ''Ujwaadu'' depicts the story of simple happy-go-lucky [[Gowda Saraswat Brahmins]] way of life with turmoil and struggle within.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Umashree]]<br /> * Shivadhwaj<br /> * [[Neethu]]<br /> * [[Sadashiva Brahmavar]]<br /> * Sandhya Pai<br /> * Prameela Nesargi<br /> * Dr. Ananth Prabhu<br /> * Srinivas Sheshgiri Prabhu as Gajju<br /> * Vyas Shenoy as Katte's friend<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> ''Ujwaadu'' took off with its [[Muhurat shot|Muhurat]] in Bangalore on 22 April 2011 at [[Kumaraswamy Layout|Kumaraswamy]] Lay Out. Celebrities from [[Kannada]] Film world including [[Girish Kasaravalli]], [[T. S. Nagabharana]], [[Jayamala]], [[Umashree]] and Dr. K. Ramesh Kamath who produced and directed Konkani film in the early Eighties namely ‘Jana Mana’.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.khojlive.com/konkani_News.htm&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was shot around [[Karkala]] and [[Mangalore]], and is the Third film of [[GSB Konkani]] language. Prior to its release, the only two GSB Konkani films produced were ''Tapaswini'' and ''Jana Mana''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.gsbkonkani.net/konkani.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 August 2025 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326010110/http://www.gsbkonkani.net/konkani.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> A critic from ''[[Daijiworld Media|Daijiworld.com]]'' wrote, &quot;''Ujwaadu'' entertains. It endears itself to you as you watch it. It is mellow, gentle and indulgent&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=119205|title=Movie Review: 'Ujwaadu' - A Brave Effort|website=www.daijiworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Home media==<br /> The DVD of the film was released in Muscat, Oman on 22 March 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=305841|title=Muscat: Ujwadu Konkani film DVD released in Oman|website=daijiworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * ''Konknni Cholchitram'', Isidore Dantas, 2010<br /> * ''50 Years of Konkani Cinema'', Andrew Greno Viegas, 2000<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian independent films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 films]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by V. Manohar]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mangalore]]<br /> [[Category:2010s Konkani-language films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-film-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._Gerosa_High_School,_Mangaluru&diff=537345 2026-02-22T18:07:04Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Adding Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Girls school in Mangalore city of Karnataka state in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = St. Gerosa High School<br /> | native_name =<br /> | latin_name = <br /> | logo = <br /> | seal_image = <br /> | image = Near the entrance of St. Gerosa High School in Mangalore - 1.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Near the entrance of St. Gerosa High School in Mangaluru<br /> | motto = <br /> | motto_translation = <br /> | location = <br /> | address = <br /> | region = <br /> | city = [[Mangaluru]]<br /> | state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | province = <br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | postal_code = <br /> | zipcode = <br /> | country1 = <br /> | coordinates = {{Coord|12.853815|74.836424|region:IN-KA_type:edu|display=inline,title}}<br /> | schooltype = <br /> | fundingtype = <br /> | type = <br /> | religious_affiliation = <br /> | denomination = <br /> | patron = <br /> | established = 1964<br /> | founded = <br /> | grades = <br /> }}<br /> '''Saint Gerosa High School''' is a [[Catholic school|Catholic]] [[single-sex education|girls school]] in [[Mangaluru]] city of [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=213565<br /> |title=Mangalore: St Gerosa School celebrates golden jubilee<br /> |date=19 January 2014<br /> |access-date= 14 January 2019<br /> |newspaper=Daijiworld}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=555144<br /> |title=Mangaluru: Confraternity Sunday celebrated at St Vincent Ferrer Church, Valencia<br /> |date=21 January 2019<br /> |access-date= 30 December 2019<br /> |newspaper=Daijiworld}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is situated in the [[Jeppu]] locality of Mangalore.&lt;ref name='djw1'&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/neaspx?newsID=91472<br /> |title=Mangalore: St Gerosa High School Celebrates Annual Day<br /> |date=11 December 2010<br /> |access-date= 14 January 2019<br /> |newspaper=Daijiworld}}&lt;/ref&gt; This school is managed by the [[Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)|Sisters of Charity]].&lt;ref name='djw1'/&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> This school was opened in 1964 when 84 students were enrolled for 8th standard in Kannada medium, and in subsequent years for 9th and 10th standard students. The first batch of SSLC students appeared for the public examination in March 1967. In the year 1972, the first batch of English medium girls who had passed their 7th Std. District level Examination, enrolled themselves in the High School, adding a parallel English medium section to the existing aided Kannada medium High School.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stgerosaschool.org/gerosa_school_mangalore.html|title=About St Gerosa School|accessdate=30 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable alumni ==<br /> Actress [[Neethu|Neethu Shetty]] who has won a state award for best actress and starred as the main lead in movies such as [[Gaalipata]] and [[Poojari]].<br /> <br /> == Controversy ==<br /> MLA [[D. Vedavyas Kamath|Vedavyas Kamath]] and MLA [[Bharath Shetty Y|Bharat Shetty]] from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] lobbied for parents to avoid the christian missionary schools after a controversy, he alleged that a teacher made derogatory remarks about the Hindu deity ''[[Rama|Ram]]'' inside the classroom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-02-12 |title=Mangaluru MLA says it is time for parents to consider not admitting their children to schools managed by Christian missionaries |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/time-is-ripe-for-parents-to-consider-not-admitting-children-to-schools-managed-by-christian-missionaries-says-bjp-mla/article67838967.ece |access-date=2024-02-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{official website|http://www.stgerosaschool.org/}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Saint Gerosa High School, Mangalore}}<br /> &lt;!-- Categories --&gt;<br /> [[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Christian schools in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Schools in Mangalore]]<br /> [[Category:Schools in Dakshina Kannada district]]<br /> [[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1964]]<br /> [[Category:1964 establishments in Mysore State]]<br /> <br /> {{Karnataka-school-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lourdes_Central_School,_Mangaluru&diff=513618 2026-02-22T07:24:54Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Creating pg</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox school<br /> | name = Lourdes Central School<br /> | logo =<br /> | logo_size = 600px<br /> | image = <br /> | image_size = 300px<br /> | motto = Peace Through Knowledge<br /> | established = 1999<br /> | type = <br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Roman Catholic]]<br /> | president = <br /> | r_head_label = <br /> | r_head = <br /> | chair_label = <br /> | chair = <br /> | founder = Rev. Fr. Bernard D’Souza<br /> | address = Bejai Church Road<br /> | city = [[Mangaluru]]<br /> | district = [[Dakshina Kannada]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | ofsted = yes<br /> | staff = <br /> | enrolment = <br /> | gender = [[Coeducation|Mixed]]<br /> | lower_age = 3<br /> | upper_age = 18<br /> | publication = <br /> | free_label1 = <br /> | free_text1 = <br /> | website = http://www.lourdescentralschool.com/ <br /> }}<br /> '''Lourdes Central School''' is a coeducational school located in the [[Bejai]] locality of [[Mangaluru]], [[India]], adjacent to the [[St. Francis Xavier Church, Mangalore|St. Francis Xavier Church]]. It was founded in 1999 by the late Rev. Fr. Bernard D’Souza under the Catholic Board of Education, of the [[Diocese of Mangalore]], a religious and linguistic minority institution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lourdescentralschool.com/index.php?action=home |title=Welcome To Lourdes Central School! |publisher=Lourdescentralschool.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> Fr. Bernard D'Souza initiated the project of providing Catholic students with an education in the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] syllabus in order to prepare them for [[Competitive examination|competitive exams]] and also for [[Mangalorean Catholics#Geographical distribution|children of Mangalorean Catholics abroad]] who require a CBSE education. He started [[English medium education|English medium]] classes in [[kindergarten]] and Standard I in 1999 at the Bejai Church Commercial Complex. In the meantime the southern portion of the church-owned land was leveled. At the extreme end a large building was erected with three stories on the eastern end and with a single story at the western end. The Principal's office, school office, and six kindergarten class rooms were constructed on the ground floor. On the first floor, various other class rooms, a library, a computer room and an auditorium were built. The school received permission to conduct classes up to Standard IV, but only in the [[Kannada]] medium.&lt;ref name=churchnews60434/&gt;<br /> <br /> Fr. Bernard D'Souza was later transferred, and in May 2003, Fr. Joseph Peter Tauro was appointed parish priest of Bejai as well as the manager of Lourdes Central School. By then, the school had received permission to conduct classes up to Standard VI, in Kannada medium as per government policy. Thereafter an application was made for educating students in the English medium. Permission was granted by the government education department (No: 134-2003-04) on 28 November 2003 through the efforts of Sr. Benny Pinto. Shortly afterwards, the school received an NOC from the government dated 29 November 2003 to run under the CBSE syllabus. The school then applied for affiliation to the CBSE, New Delhi. The commission began the inspection of the school on 27 October 2004 to ensure conformity with the CBSE requirements. John Sharma of [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]], Fr. Cyril Sequeira of [[Meerut]], and Vivian Sequeira of Bejai parish assisted the school authorities in the inspection. The Affiliation No. 830120/2005-06,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://164.100.50.30/SchoolDir/userview.aspx |title=AllView |publisher=164.100.50.30 |date= |accessdate=2012-02-02 |url-status = dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416002431/http://164.100.50.30/SchoolDir/userview.aspx |archivedate=2009-04-16 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; dated 10 January 2005, was issued to the school with a validity of three years.&lt;ref name=churchnews60434&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.churchnewssite.com/portal/?p=60434 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221053038/http://www.churchnewssite.com/portal/?p=60434 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=21 February 2014 |title=St. Francis Xavier Church – Bejai, Mangalore |publisher=Church News Site |date= |accessdate=2012-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2011, all Lourdes Central candidates taking the class 12 CBSE exams passed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangalore/Lourdes-Mudipu-Navodaya-post-100-results/articleshow/8559866.cms | title=Lourdes, Mudipu Navodaya post 100% results | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=24 May 2011 | accessdate=1 December 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Simultaneously, additional facilities were developed; two floors were constructed above the auditorium. On the second floor laboratories for physics, chemistry, biology, mathematics were built, as well as a computer room. A large library was also constructed. The remaining rooms on the second and third floors were developed as classrooms. On the third floor an A. V. room was made. Adjoining the school, an administrative block was built which housed the Principal's Chamber, a conference room and lobby on the ground floor and the Vice Principals office and staff room the first floor. The administrative block and all other facilities were blessed by Rev. Dr. [[Aloysius Paul D'Souza]], Bishop of Mangalore and inaugurated by Mr. [[Oscar Fernandes]], M.P. on 13 March 2005. The cost of developing these infrastructural facilities amounted to 1.5 [[crore]] rupees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bejaichurch.com/index.php?action=aboutus |title=St Francis Xavier Church - Bejai |publisher=Bejaichurch.com |date= |accessdate=2012-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Global School Partnership==<br /> Lourdes Central School has formulated an international partnership with [[Pilton, Devon#Pilton Bluecoat CofE Junior School|Pilton Bluecoat C of E Junior School]] of [[Barnstaple]], [[Devon]], United Kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;piltonbluecoat.devon&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.piltonbluecoat.devon.sch.uk/BluecoatPartnerships.html |title=Pilton Bluecoat School Partnerships |publisher=Piltonbluecoat.devon.sch.uk |date= |accessdate=2012-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309031637/http://www.piltonbluecoat.devon.sch.uk/BluecoatPartnerships.html |archive-date=9 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, a team of both staff members and students visited the partner school in the UK under the [[Department for International Development]] (DFID) Programme.&lt;ref name=&quot;piltonbluecoat.devon&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lourdescentralschool.com/index.php?action=about&amp;menu=15 |title=Visit to the UK to meet Pilton Bluecoat School|publisher=Lourdes Central School|date= |accessdate=2012-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{official website|1=http://www.lourdescentralschool.com/index.php?action=home}}<br /> <br /> {{coord missing|Karnataka}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Catholic secondary schools in India]]<br /> [[Category:Christian schools in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Primary schools in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Schools in Mangalore]]<br /> [[Category:Schools in Dakshina Kannada district]]<br /> [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1999]]<br /> [[Category:1999 establishments in Karnataka]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=India_national_rugby_league_team&diff=477272 2026-02-04T19:45:38Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: added basic post w/ refs...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|National rugby league team representing India}}<br /> {{Infobox rugby league representative team<br /> | Name = India<br /> | Badge = <br /> | Badge_size = <br /> | Nickname = Jungle Cats<br /> | Governing body = <br /> | CEO = Mark Malhi<br /> | Region = [[Asia Pacific Rugby League Confederation|Asia]]<br /> | Coach = Petaia Tiai&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sitars meet Salsa in colourful, emotional clash|url=https://www.asiapacificrl.com/2019/07/12/sitars-meet-salsa-in-colourful-emotional-rugby-league-clash/|publisher=Asia Pacific Rugby League Confederation|access-date=12 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | Captain = Vikram Atwal, Jassy Bhullar<br /> | Most caps = <br /> | Top try-scorer = <br /> | Top point-scorer = <br /> | Home Stadium = <br /> | RLIF Rank = <br /> | pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=<br /> | leftarm1|body1|rightarm1|shorts1|socks1<br /> | First international= {{rl|India}} 30–16 {{rl-rt|Colombia}}&lt;br/&gt;([[Brisbane]], [[Australia]]; 14 July 2019)<br /> | Largest win = {{rl|India}} 30–16 {{rl-rt|Colombia}}&lt;br/&gt;([[Brisbane]], [[Australia]]; 14 July 2019)<br /> | Largest loss = <br /> | World cup apps = <br /> | World cup first = <br /> | World cup best = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''India national rugby league team''' represents [[India]] in international [[rugby league]] football competitions.<br /> They made their international debut against [[Colombia national rugby league team|Colombia]] in [[Brisbane, Queensland|Brisbane]], [[Australia]] on July 14, 2019.<br /> <br /> ==Results==<br /> ''Note: The winning team is given first.''<br /> *India 30–16 [[Colombia national rugby league team|Colombia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=India Jungle Cats win in debut International|url=https://www.asiapacificrl.com/2019/07/15/india-jungle-cats-win-in-debut-international/|publisher=Asia Pacific Rugby League Confederation|access-date=15 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> India vs Latin Heat - Blacktown, Sydney 26.10.2019<br /> <br /> Result: India 30–26 Latin Heat<br /> <br /> ==Current squad==<br /> Inaugural squad vs [[Colombia national rugby league team|Colombia]] - July 14;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aseanrl.com/2019/04/12/indian-jungle-cats-name-squad-for-colombia-match/ |title=India Jungle Cats name squad for Colombia match |publisher=ASEANRL |date=11 April 2017 |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416081804/https://www.aseanrl.com/2019/04/12/indian-jungle-cats-name-squad-for-colombia-match/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aseanrl.com/2019/03/08/indian-jungle-cats-announce-clash-against-colombia/ |title=Indian Jungle Cats announce clash against Colombia |publisher=ASEANRL |date=8 March 2019 |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413195318/https://www.aseanrl.com/2019/03/08/indian-jungle-cats-announce-clash-against-colombia/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *1.Shaniyat Chowdhury {{rlp|FB}}<br /> *2.Josh Naidu {{rlp|WG}}<br /> *3.Matt Anirudh {{rlp|CE}}<br /> *4.Sukhpal Malhi {{rlp|CE}}<br /> *18.Joseph Kumar {{rlp|PR}}<br /> *6.Jassy Bhullar {{rlp|FE}}<br /> *7.Michael Sharma {{rlp|HB}}<br /> *8.Shanil Kumar {{rlp|PR}}<br /> *9.Amoi Singh {{rlp|HK}}<br /> *10.Nitesh Kumar {{rlp|PR}}<br /> *11.Vikram Atwal {{rlp|SR}}<br /> *12.Eshaan Shankaar {{rlp|SR}}<br /> *13.Nick Samra {{rlp|LK}}<br /> ;Substitutes<br /> *14.Shamal Gounder<br /> *15.Asif Khan<br /> *16.Ravi Singh<br /> *17.Amandip Sharma<br /> *5.Afsheen Ali (did not play)<br /> <br /> India Jungle Cats VS Latin Heat - October 26, 2019<br /> *1 Michael Sharma {{rlp|FB}}<br /> *2 Matt Anirudh {{rlp|WG}}<br /> *3 Michael Bhatty {{rlp|CE}}<br /> *4 Sukhpal Malhi {{rlp|CE}}<br /> *5 Joshua Naidu {{rlp|WG}}<br /> *6 Aman Singh {{rlp|FE}}<br /> *7 Jassy Bhullar (VC) {{rlp|HB}}<br /> *8 Nick Samra {{rlp|PR}}<br /> *9 Amoi Singh {{rlp|HK}}<br /> *10 Shamal Gounder {{rlp|PR}}<br /> *11 Eshaan Shankar {{rlp|SR}}<br /> *12 Amith Kumar {{rlp|SR}}<br /> *13 Vikram Atwal (C) {{rlp|LK}}<br /> ;Substitutes<br /> *14 Amandip Sharma Utility<br /> *15 Ravi Singh {{rlp|PR|WG}}<br /> *16 Faraz Khan {{rlp|PR}}<br /> *17 Shane Magee {{rlp|PR}}<br /> *18 Afsheen Ali Utility<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Rugby League International Federation]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Rugby league national teams}}<br /> {{National sports teams of India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:India National Rugby League Team}}<br /> [[Category:National rugby league teams]]<br /> [[Category:Men's national sports teams of India|Rugby league]]<br /> [[Category:Rugby league in Asia]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Rugbyleague-team-stub}}<br /> {{India-sport-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs&diff=451155 2026-01-29T05:47:42Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Updated article with clearer structure</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Reference for Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic}}<br /> {{Infobox book &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Novels or Wikipedia:WikiProject_Books --&gt;<br /> | name = A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament<br /> | title_orig = <br /> | translator = <br /> | image = [[File:A Hebrew and English Lexicon (Brown-Driver-Briggs).djvu|200px|page=7]]<br /> | caption = Impression of 1939<br /> | author = [[Francis Brown (theologian)|Francis Brown]], [[Samuel Rolles Driver]], [[Charles Augustus Briggs]]<br /> | illustrator = <br /> | cover_artist = <br /> | country = [[England]]<br /> | language = [[English language|English]]<br /> | series =<br /> | subject = [[Biblical Hebrew]]<br /> | genre = [[Reference work|Reference]]<br /> | publisher = <br /> | pub_date = 1906<br /> | english_pub_date = <br /> | media_type = <br /> | pages = 1185<br /> | isbn = 1-56563-206-0<br /> | oclc = 13518063<br /> | dewey = <br /> | congress = <br /> | preceded_by = <br /> | followed_by = <br /> | wikisource = A Hebrew and English Lexicon (Brown-Driver-Briggs)<br /> }}<br /> '''''A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament''''', more commonly known as '''''Brown–Driver–Briggs''''' or '''''BDB''''' (from the name of its three authors) is a standard reference for [[Biblical Hebrew]] and [[Biblical Aramaic]],&lt;ref name=BHAL2013/&gt; first published in 1906. It is organized by (Hebrew) alphabetical order of [[triliteral|three letter roots]].<br /> <br /> BDB was based on the Hebrew-German [[lexicon]] of [[Wilhelm Gesenius]], translated by [[Edward Robinson (scholar)|Edward Robinson]]. The chief editor was [[Francis Brown (theologian)|Francis Brown]], with the co-operation of [[Samuel Rolles Driver]] and [[Charles Augustus Briggs]], hence the name Brown–Driver–Briggs. Some modern printings have added the [[Strong's concordance|Strong's reference numbers]] for Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic words.{{Citation needed|date=July 2018}}<br /> <br /> In 2013, [[Semitic studies|semitists]] [[Jo Ann Hackett]] and [[John Huehnergard]] received a [[National Endowment for the Humanities]] grant to fund the creation of a revised and updated electronic version of the BDB; the resulting ''Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon'' will be available through a website (''Semitica Electronica'') or via print-on-demand.&lt;ref name=BHAL2013&gt;{{cite web |date=11 July 2013 |title=Jo Ann Hackett and John Huehnergard Receive NEH Grant for Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon |website=UT College of Liberal Arts |publisher=University of Texas at Austin |url=https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/mes/news/jo-ann-hackett-and-john-huehnergard-receive-neh-grant-for-biblical-hebrew-and-aramaic-lexicon }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament]]<br /> * [[New American Standard Bible]]. The &quot;Brown, Driver, Briggs, Gesenius Lexicon&quot; is dubbed &quot;The New American Standard (NAS) Old Testament Hebrew Lexicon&quot; at www.biblestudytools.com.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{wikisource-inline|Index:A Hebrew and English Lexicon (Brown-Driver-Briggs).djvu|single=true}}.<br /> * [https://mg.alhatorah.org/dictionary/en Concordance and Dictionary] – developed by [https://alhatorah.org/ ALHATORAH.ORG], utilizing modified versions of: J. Strong, The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible (Cincinnati, 1890); F. Brown, S. R. Driver, and C. A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon of the Old Testament (Oxford, 1906); and the work of D. Troidl generously made available at openscriptures.org (CC BY 4.0)<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/BDBHebrewLexicon Abridged 1994 version with Strong's Code system], via [[Internet Archive]].<br /> * [http://www.greeklatin.narod.ru/bdb/0.htm Full-page images of the BDB].<br /> * [https://archive.org/details/hebrewenglishlex00browuoft 1939 Reprint edition], via [[Internet Archive]].<br /> <br /> {{Hebrew language}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Brown-Driver-Briggs}}<br /> [[Category:Aramaic dictionaries and grammars]]<br /> [[Category:Bible dictionaries]]<br /> [[Category:English bilingual dictionaries]]<br /> [[Category:Hebrew dictionaries]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harshnath_Temple&diff=446001 2026-01-24T03:42:43Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: updated</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hindu temple in Rajasthan, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox temple<br /> | name = Harshnath Temple<br /> | image = Harshnathtemple.jpg<br /> | alt =<br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Rajasthan#India<br /> | map_caption = &lt;br&gt;'''Location of Harshnath temple in [[Rajasthan]]'''<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|27.499914|75.172443|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | native_name ={{lang|hi| हर्षनाथ्}}<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | state = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | district = [[Sikar District|Sikar]]<br /> | location = Harshnath<br /> | elevation_m = 900<br /> | deity = [[Shiva]]<br /> | primary_deity_Godess =<br /> | utsava_deity_God =<br /> | utsava_deity_Godess=<br /> | Direction_posture =<br /> | Pushakarani =<br /> | Vimanam =<br /> | Prathyaksham =<br /> | festivals=<br /> | architecture =<br /> | temple_quantity =<br /> | monument_quantity=<br /> | inscriptions =<br /> | year_completed =<br /> | creator =<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> '''Harshnath Temple''' ([[Sanskrit]]: हर्षनाथ् ''Harṣanātha'') is an ancient [[Hindu]] temple dedicated to Lord [[Shiva]] which is situated in the [[Sikar district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Rajasthan]]. It is located 14&amp;nbsp;km from district headquarters [[Sikar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Districts of Rajasthan, Sikar District |url=http://www.rajasthandirect.com/districts/sikar |publisher=www.rajasthandirect.com |access-date=7 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> This [[Shiva]] temple, according to an inscription dated 973 CE, was built by the Shiv ascetic Bhavarakta, during the reign of [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari|Chahamana]] king [[Vigraharaja I]]. It is surrounded by various shrines which lie in ruins.&lt;ref name=ASI&gt;{{cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India, Jaipur circle |url=http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Harsh%20-%20Harshnath%20Temple.html |publisher=Archaeological survey of India |access-date=6 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1718, [[Shiv Singh of Sikar|Shiv Singh]] constructed a new temple adjacent to the old temple using the ruins of the old temple.{{citation needed|date=September 2016}}<br /> <br /> Exactly same type of temple also situated at Harsh Village, [[Bilara]] Harsh Deval Temple, Dist [[Jodhpur]], Rajasthan. Harsh Deval Temple at Bilara was also built in 10th century.<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> The temple and its surrounding shrines are now in ruins. The main temple faces east. Its pillars are intricately carved. On the inside west wall is carved a figure of standing [[Parvati]] [labelled Vikata] in ''panchagnitap'' along with her female attendants.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASI&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed-overlay&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Harshnath Temple Sikar outer view.JPG|Outer view<br /> File:Harshnath Temple View from Sunset Point.jpg|Temple View from Sunset Point<br /> File:View of Destroyed section of Harshnath Temple.jpg|Destroyed section<br /> File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 3.JPG|Sculptures<br /> File:Harshnath Temple 11.JPG|Broken pieces<br /> File:Harshnath Temple 5.JPG|Sculptures<br /> File:Harshnath Temple 6.JPG|Sculptures<br /> File:Harshnath Temple 9.JPG|Sculptures<br /> File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 21.JPG|Sculptures<br /> File:Old Ruins at Harshnath Temple 4.jpg|Sculptures<br /> File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 14.JPG|[[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] sculpture<br /> File:Harshnath Temple 7.JPG|Pillar<br /> File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 8.JPG|Pillar<br /> File:Harshnath Temple 12.JPG|Pillar<br /> File:Harshnath Temple Sikar info 1.JPG|Information board<br /> File:Harshnath Temple Sikar 6.JPG|Information board<br /> File:View from top of Harshnath Temple.jpg|View from top<br /> File:Harshnath Temple, Sikar, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India (2013).jpg|View from top<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 15.JPG|Sculpture of a musician playing an [[eka-tantri vina]].<br /> File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 16.JPG|Sculpture of musicians playing eka-tantri vina, flute and drum<br /> File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 23.JPG|Musicians, an attendant ace a seated figure, possibly a nobleman<br /> File:Harshnath Temple sculptures 6.JPG|Sculpture showing musicians and a couple<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Harshat Mata Temple]] constructed during the Chahamana period<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{Hindu temples in Rajasthan}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Sikar district]]<br /> [[Category:10th-century Hindu temples]]<br /> [[Category:Shiva temples in Rajasthan]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valerian_Gracias&diff=455441 2026-01-22T03:53:37Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian Cardinal of the Catholic Church}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox Christian leader<br /> | type = Cardinal<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[His Eminence]]<br /> | name = Valerian Gracias<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients|PV]]<br /> | title = [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal]], [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archbishop of Bombay]]<br /> | image = Cardinal_Valerian_Gracias_in_Malta.jpg<br /> | image_size = 250px<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Cardinal Gracias greeted by members of the [[Indian Maltese]] community at the La Valette Band Club in Malta in 1958<br /> | church = <br /> | archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archdiocese of Bombay]]<br /> | province = [[Bombay]]<br /> | metropolis = [[Bombay]]<br /> | diocese = <br /> | see = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Bombay]]<br /> | term_start = 4 December 1950<br /> | term_end = 11 September 1978<br /> | predecessor = [[Thomas Roberts (bishop)|Archbishop Thomas Roberts, S.J.]]<br /> | successor = [[Simon Pimenta]]<br /> | opposed = <br /> | other_post = [[Santa Maria in Via Lata|Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Via Lata]]&lt;sup&gt;(1953-1978)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;<br /> Auxiliary Bishop of Bombay&lt;sup&gt;(1946-1950)&lt;/sup&gt;.&lt;br&gt;[[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|President of the Catholic Bishop's Conference of India.]]&lt;sup&gt;(1958 – 1972)&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> [[Titular Bishop of Thennesus]].&lt;sup&gt;(1946-1950)&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> &lt;!---------- Orders ----------&gt;<br /> | ordination = 3 October 1926<br /> | ordained_by = <br /> | consecration = 29 June 1946<br /> | consecrated_by = [[Thomas Roberts (bishop)|Archbishop Thomas Roberts, S.J.]]<br /> | cardinal = 12 January 1953<br /> | created_cardinal_by = [[Pope Pius XII]]<br /> | rank = [[Cardinal-Priest]]<br /> &lt;!---------- Personal details ----------&gt;<br /> | birth_name = Valerian Gracias<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1900|10|23|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Karachi]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|1978|9|11|1900|10|23|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India<br /> | buried = [[Cathedral of the Holy Name, Mumbai]]<br /> | resting_place_coordinates = {{coord|18|55|24|N|72|49|50|E|}}<br /> | nationality = Indian<br /> | religion = Roman Catholic<br /> | residence = Bombay, India<br /> | parents = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | profession = <br /> | alma_mater = [[St. Patrick's High School, Karachi|St. Patrick's High School]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> [[St. Joseph's Seminary (Mangalore)]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> [[Papal Seminary|Pontifical Seminary (Kandy)]]&lt;br&gt;<br /> [[Pontifical Gregorian University]]<br /> | motto = Fraternitatis Amore&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.araldicavaticana.com/cardinali_motti_parte_prima.htm|title=Cardinali motti parte prima}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;'''''(Latin)'''''&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br&gt;In the love of brotherhood&lt;sup&gt;'''(English)'''&lt;/sup&gt;<br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | coat_of_arms = <br /> | coat_of_arms_alt = <br /> }}<br /> {{Ordination<br /> | ordained deacon by = <br /> | date of diaconal ordination = <br /> | place of diaconal ordination = <br /> | ordained priest by = <br /> | date of priestly ordination = 3 October 1926<br /> | place of priestly ordination = <br /> | consecrated by = [[Thomas Roberts (bishop)|Archbishop Thomas Roberts, S.J]]<br /> | co-consecrators = Bishop Vittore Rosario Fernandes,&lt;br /&gt;Bishop Thomas Pothacamury (Pothakamuri)<br /> | date of consecration = 29 June 1946<br /> | place of consecration = <br /> | elevated by = [[Pope Pius XII]]<br /> | date of elevation = 12 January 1953<br /> | sources = <br /> | bishop 1 = Bishop Michael Rodrigues<br /> | consecration date 1 = 30 November 1953<br /> | bishop 2 = Bishop Longinus Gabriel Pereira<br /> | consecration date 2 = 11 August 1955<br /> | bishop 3 = Archbishop Dominic Romuald Basil Athaide, O.F.M. Cap<br /> | consecration date 3 = 20 May 1956<br /> | bishop 4 =Bishop John Burke<br /> | consecration date 4 = 1 November 1959<br /> | bishop 5 = Archbishop Angelo Innocent Fernandes<br /> | consecration date 5 = 1 November 1959<br /> | bishop 6 = Archbishop Hubert D’Rosario, S.D.B.<br /> | consecration date 6 = 6 September 1964<br /> | bishop 7 = Bishop Ignatius Salvador D’Souza<br /> | consecration date 7 = 30 November 1966<br /> | bishop 8 = Bishop Winnibald Joseph Menezes<br /> | consecration date 8 = 3 February 1968<br /> | bishop 9 = Bishop Patrick Paul D’Souza<br /> | consecration date 9 = 8 August 1970<br /> | bishop 10 = Bishop Joseph Robert Rodericks, S.J.<br /> | consecration date 10 = 9 January 1971<br /> | bishop 11 = Simon Ignatius Cardinal Pimenta<br /> | consecration date 11 = 29 June 1971<br /> | bishop 12 = Bishop Valerian D’Souza<br /> | consecration date 12 = 25 September 1977<br /> | bishop 13 = Bishop Dominic Joseph Abreo<br /> | consecration date 13 = 9 April 1978<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Valerian Gracias''' (23 October 1900 – 11 September 1978) was an [[Catholic Church in India|Indian Catholic]] prelate who served as [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archbishop of Bombay]] from 1950 until his death. He was made a [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|cardinal]] in 1953 by [[Pope Pius XII]].<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> Valerian Gracias was born in [[Karachi]], [[British India]] (in modern [[Pakistan]]), to José (d. 1902) and Carlota Gracias. His parents were from [[Dramapur]]-[[Navelim]], [[Goa]], working in Karachi.&lt;ref name=profiles&gt;{{cite book| title=Profiles of Eminent Goans, Past and Present |first= J. Clement |last= Vaz |year= 1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DJLxYBYA-YC&amp;pg=PA45 |pages=45–7|publisher= Concept Publishing Company |isbn= 9788170226192 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He studied at [[Saint Patrick's High School, Karachi|St. Patrick's High School]] in Karachi, St. Joseph [[Seminary]] in [[Mangalore]], and the Pontifical Seminary of [[Kandy]] in [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]],&lt;ref name=profiles/&gt; where he obtained his [[Licentiate of Sacred Theology|doctorate in theology]]. [[Holy Orders|Ordained]] to the [[Priesthood (Catholic Church)|priesthood]] on 3 October 1926,&lt;ref name=mediatek&gt;{{cite interview | access-date = 23 June 2018 | date = 11 May 1967 | title = Interview mit dem Erzbischof von Bombay, Kardinal Valerian Gracias | trans-title = Interview with the Archbishop of Bombay, Cardinal Valerian Gracias | publisher = Österreichischer Mediathek | url = https://www.mediathek.at/portaltreffer/atom/01787DE0-311-0E878-00000BEC-01772EE2/pool/BWEB/ | archive-date = 23 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180623141310/https://www.mediathek.at/portaltreffer/atom/01787DE0-311-0E878-00000BEC-01772EE2/pool/BWEB/ | url-status = dead }} The interview is conducted in English.&lt;/ref&gt; Gracias then did [[Parish (Catholic Church)|pastoral]] work in [[Bandra]] until November 1927, when he entered the [[Pontifical Gregorian University]] in [[Rome]]. He finished his studies at the Gregorian in 1929 and became [[Personal assistant|private secretary]] to Archbishop Joachim Lima [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] and [[Chancellor (ecclesiastical)|diocesan chancellor]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Bombay]].&lt;ref name=profiles/&gt; He served as a preacher and pastor, and as the editor of various newspapers before being named the first Indian [[Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of Mumbai's [[Cathedral of the Holy Name, Mumbai|Holy Name Cathedral]] in December 1941.<br /> <br /> On 16 May 1946, he was appointed [[Auxiliary bishop|Auxiliary Bishop]] of Bombay and [[Titular bishop of Thennesus]]. Gracias received his [[Bishop (Catholic Church)|episcopal consecration]] on the following 29 June from [[Thomas Roberts (archbishop)|Archbishop Thomas Roberts]] SJ, with Bishops Victor Fernandes and Thomas Pothacamury as [[Consecrator|co-consecrators]]. [[Pope Pius XII]] promoted him to [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archbishop of Bombay]] on 4 December 1950 to replace Roberts, a 57-year-old Englishman, who made way for the appointment of a native-born Indian.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JTgrDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA159 |page=159|title=The Open Church |first=Michael |last=Novak |date=2002 |publisher= Routledge|isbn=9781351478151}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gracias demonstrated his support of Goan nationalism and an opponent of Portuguese colonial rule by presented an image of the Virgin Mary as an indigenous Indian, at a time when the populace was still accustomed to European representations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |editor-first1=Charles J. |editor-last1=Borges |editor-first2= Oscar |editor-last2=Guilherme Pereira |editor-first3= Hannes |editor-last3=Stubbe |title=Goa and Portugal: History and Development |date=2000 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |page=224 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=diISslZgIAkC&amp;pg=PA224 |access-date=22 June 2018 | chapter=Liberation and the Goa Ethos| first=Teresa| last=Albuquerque|isbn=9788170228677 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 29 November 1952 Pope Pius XII announced he would create 24 new cardinals, increasing the size of the College of Cardinals to 70 members, its maximum at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last1=Cortesi| first1=Arnaldo|title= 24 New Cardinals Named by Vatican; American Included| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/11/30/93592660.pdf |access-date=6 September 2017|work=New York Times| date=30 November 1952}}&lt;/ref&gt; When one of those Pius named died on 28 December,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Msgr. Agostini, 64, Succumbs in Italy|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/12/28/93597776.pdf|access-date=6 September 2017|work=New York Times|date=28 December 1952}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Vatican announced on 29 December that Gracias would be made a cardinal, the first from India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Prelate in India to be a Cardinal| url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1952/12/30/93598908.pdf|access-date=6 September 2017|work=New York Times|date=30 December 1952}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was made [[Cardinal (Catholicism)|Cardinal-Priest]] of [[Santa Maria in Via Lata|S. Maria in Via Lata]] in the [[Papal consistory|consistory]] of 12 January 1953.&lt;ref name=&quot;A Cardinal for India&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine | url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,817615,00.html | title=A Cardinal for India | magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] | date=5 January 1953 | access-date=12 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gracias was considered to be a [[Conservatism|conservative]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|magazine=Time | url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919823-9,00.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110524062151/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919823-9,00.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 24 May 2011 |title= In Search of a Pope | date= 21 August 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Portuguese government denied reports that it was displeased with the honor bestowed upon Gracias.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lisbon Endorses Gracias |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1953/01/22/93600674.pdf |access-date=22 June 2018|work=New York Times|date=22 January 1953}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He was one of the 51 cardinal electors in the [[Papal conclave, 1958|1958 papal conclave]] and one of the 80 in the [[Papal conclave, 1963|conclave of 1963]]. He attended the [[Second Vatican Council]] (1962–1965), where he was one of 21 Council participants to present the closing messages of the Council on 8 December 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| website=Christus Rex |url=http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html |title=Council Closing Messages| access-date=22 June 2018 |url-status=dead| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/19961031161553/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/v19.html | archive-date= 31 October 1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; He hosted the first papal visit to India in 1964, when Pope Paul VI attended the [[Eucharistic Congress|International Eucharistic Congress]] in Bombay,&lt;ref name=profiles/&gt; preceded by a symposium of Catholic theologians to which he invited Hans Küng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Küng |first1=Hans |title=My Struggle for Freedom: Memoirs |date=2003 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |page=407 |isbn=9780802826596 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6Hm-VmD6_sC&amp;pg=PA407 |access-date=22 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later said that Pope Paul VI's Bombay visit inspired his encyclical ''[[Populorum progressio]]'' (1967).&lt;ref name=mediatek/&gt; In 1970 he was one of 15 prelates chosen to organize the [[Second Ordinary General Assembly of the Synod of Bishops|1971 Synod of Bishops]], and he supported Pope Paul against critics of his approach to church governance and insistence of priestly celibacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title= Pope Reproaches Belgian Cardinal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/05/16/archives/pope-reproaches-belgian-cardinal-grieved-astonishment-is-expressed.html |access-date=22 June 2018|work=New York Times|date=16 May 1970 | first=Paul | last=Hofmann}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1954 to 1972, he was President of the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]] and in 1972 helped overcome Vatican skepticism and win Pope Paul's approval of the formation of the [[Federation of Asian Bishops' Conferences]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.ncronline.org/news/world/beloved-asian-john-xxiii-laid-rest-korea | work = National Catholic Reporter |access-date = 23 June 2018 | title = Beloved 'Asian John XXIII' laid to rest in Korea | first =Thomas C. | last = Fox | date = 23 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He fell ill in May 1978&lt;ref name=TIME1978&gt;{{cite magazine|magazine=Time| url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912187,00.html | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101014102736/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912187,00.html | url-status= dead | archive-date= 14 October 2010 |title=Milestones |date= 25 September 1978}}&lt;/ref&gt; and did not participate in the [[Papal conclave|conclave]] of [[Papal conclave, August 1978|August 1978]]. Gracias died from [[cancer]] in [[Bombay]] 11 September 1978 at age 77.&lt;ref name=TIME1978/&gt; He was buried in Holy Name Cathedral in Mumbai.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}}<br /> <br /> He was awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]] award, second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India, on 26 January 1966.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url= http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead | archive-date = 15 October 2015 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | website= Ministry of Home Affairs, Public Section| access-date=22 June 2018 |title= Padma Awards Directory (1954-2013)}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book|first=Bento S. |last=De Souza |title=India's First Cardinal: Highlights in the Life of Valerian Cardinal Gracias |url=https://archive.org/details/indiasfirstcardi0000unse |url-access=registration | date= 1971| publisher=Examiner Press}}<br /> * {{cite book| first=Simon |last=Pimenta |title= Cardinal Valerian Gracias: His Life and Ministry |date=2002| publisher= St. Paul's}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1953.htm#Gracias Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church] <br /> *[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bgarcias.html Catholic-Hierarchy]<br /> * [https://www.mediathek.at/atom/01787DE0-311-0E878-00000BEC-01772EE2 Audio recording with Valerian Gracias] in the Online Archive of the [[Österreichische Mediathek]] {{in lang|en}} Retrieved 27. March 2021<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-rel|ca}}<br /> {{succession box |<br /> title=[[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay|Archbishop of Bombay]] |<br /> before=[[Thomas Roberts (archbishop)|Thomas Roberts]] [[Society of Jesus|SJ]] |<br /> after=[[Simon Pimenta]] |<br /> years=1950&amp;ndash;1978 }}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> {{Cardinals created by Pius XII}}<br /> {{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gracias, Valerian}}<br /> [[Category:Cardinals created by Pope Pius XII]]<br /> [[Category:1900 births]]<br /> [[Category:1978 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:St. Patrick's High School, Karachi alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cardinals]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Roman Catholic archbishops in India]]<br /> [[Category:Participants in the Second Vatican Council]]<br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in social work]]<br /> [[Category:Religious leaders from Karachi]]<br /> [[Category:Pontifical Gregorian University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Pakistani people of Goan descent]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chowk_(film)&diff=494474 2026-01-02T10:53:03Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2023 Indian Marathi-language film directed by Devendra Gaikwad}}<br /> {{More plot|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Chowk<br /> | image = Chowk Marathi film.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Devendra Gaikwad<br /> | writer = Devendra Gaikwad<br /> | screenplay = Devendra Gaikwad<br /> | story = Devendra Arun Gaikwad<br /> | producer = Vishal Chandane&lt;br/&gt;Dilip Lalasaheb Patil<br /> | starring = Kiran Gaikwad&lt;br/&gt;[[Sanskruti Balgude]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Pravin Tarde]]&lt;br/&gt;Snehal Tarde&lt;br/&gt;Akshay Tanksale&lt;br/&gt;[[Upendra Limaye]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Suresh Vishwakarma]]&lt;br/&gt;Ramesh Pardeshi<br /> | cinematography = Mayur Hardas<br /> | editing = Mayur Hardas<br /> | music = '''Score:'''&lt;br&gt;Omkar Dhotre&lt;br&gt;'''Songs:'''&lt;br&gt;Sai-Piyush&lt;br&gt;Omkar Swarup Bagade<br /> | studio = Anuradha Films Pvt.Ltd<br /> | distributor = [[Zee Studios]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|06|02}}<br /> | runtime = 133 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR|4.55 crore}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='आदिपुरुष'पेक्षा वरचढ ठरले मराठी चित्रपट! 'रावरंभा', 'चौक' आणि 'TDM'ने मारली बाजी; वाचा कमाई |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/marathi-movies-ravrambha-chowk-and-tdm-box-office-collection-amid-adipurush-controversy/articleshow/101332037.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Chowk''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Devendra Gaikwad in his [[directorial debut]] and produced by Dilip Lalasaheb Patil under the banner of Anuradha Films.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Chowk: महाराष्ट्रातील चौकाचौकात घडणारी गोष्ट पाहायला मिळणार 'चौक' चित्रपटात |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/new-marathi-upcoming-movie-chowk-poster-is-released-141678957679907.html |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Hindustan Times Marathi |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars [[Pravin Tarde]], [[Sanskruti Balgude]], Kiran Gaikwad, [[Upendra Limaye]], Akshay Tanksale,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Akshay Tanksale |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Akshay-Tanksale |access-date=23 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aritra Devendra Gaikwad, Snehal Tarde, [[Suresh Vishwakarma]] and Ramesh Pardeshi. It was theatrically released on 2 June 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> {{Expand section|date=June 2024}}<br /> A Chowk is like a solid witness that passively observes people, relationships, friendships, festivities, politics, and social interactions. Chowk is about crossroads.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Sanskruti Balgude]]<br /> * Snehal Tarde&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Snehal Tarde movies, filmography, biography and songs |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/snehal-tarde-100520 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029115414/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/snehal-tarde-100520 |url-status=live |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=Cinestaan}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Ramesh Pardeshi<br /> * Akshay Tanksale<br /> * Devendra Gaikwad<br /> * Kiran Gaikwad<br /> * [[Upendra Limaye]]<br /> * [[Pravin Tarde]]<br /> * Ahaveer Hore<br /> * Sagar Pable<br /> * Aritra Devendra Gaikwad<br /> * Anjali Joglekar<br /> * Shashikant Padwal<br /> * Shubhankar Ekbote<br /> * Dipti Joshi<br /> * Dilip Lalasaheb Patil<br /> * [[Suresh Vishwakarma]]<br /> * Mahesh Hagawane<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> ===Theatrical===<br /> The film was set to be released on 12 May 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |date=5 May 2023 |title=Chowk Trailer : जिवाभावाच्या, दोस्तीच्या दुनियेच्या 'चौक'चा ट्रेलर आऊट! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/chowk-marathi-movie-trailer-out-know-movie-know-release-date-and-movie-related-latest-update-1173299 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=marathi.abplive.com |language=mr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Due to unknown reasons, the release date was postponed &amp; its release was delayed to 2 June.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=12 May 2023 |title=Devendra Gaikwad's 'Chowk' POSTPONED again; Makers release a statement |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/devendra-gaikwads-chowk-postponed-again-makers-release-a-statement/articleshow/100176095.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Chowk Movie: Showtimes, Review, Songs, Trailer, Posters, News &amp; Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/chowk/movieshow/100255549.cms |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=The Times of India }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> ===Box office===<br /> ''Chowk'' released on approximately 300 screens in India, collected ₹3.5&amp;nbsp;million on opening day. The film grossed over ₹47.0&amp;nbsp;million at the box office and became [[List of Marathi films of 2023#Box office collection|eleventh highest grossing Marathi film of 2023]], it is declared semi-hit at box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 June 2023 |title=Chowk Total Box Office Collection &amp; Budget |url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2023/06/chowk-day-1-box-office-collection-budget.html |access-date=2023-07-01 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> The music of the film is composed by the duo Sai-Piyush and Omkar Swarup Bagade, while background score is composed by Omkar Dhotre.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Jaal Jaal Zala Re<br /> | lyrics1 = Omkar Swaroop<br /> | extra1 = Nagesh Morvekar, Dr Vinaya<br /> | length1 = 4:00<br /> | title2 = Dolaychya Dohat<br /> | lyrics2 = Suhas Yadav, [[Vaishali Mhade]]<br /> | extra2 = Omkar Swaroop<br /> | total_length = 7:43<br /> | length2 = 3:43<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|id=27303282}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi-language drama films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Marathi-film-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_airports_in_Arunachal_Pradesh&diff=512806 2025-12-07T21:05:56Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Creating stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|None}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br /> <br /> The [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] currently has four operational airports. The state also has a number of military airbases and airstrips that are used by the [[Indian Air Force]]. The state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] received its first flight in 2018 when [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]]'s first flight landed at [[Pasighat Airport]] from [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Guwahati]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2018/05/22/arunachal-in-aviation-map-with-landing-of-first-commercial-aircraft-in-pasighat/|title=Arunachal in aviation map with the landing of first commercial aircraft in Pasighat|work=Arunachal Times|accessdate=22 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second airport to get operationalised was [[Tezu Airport]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/jun/02/arunachal-pradeshs-remote-tezu-on-aviation-map-as-first-dornier-plane-lands-2461048.html|title=Arunachal Pradesh's remote Tezu on aviation map as first Dornier plane lands|work=The New Indian Express|accessdate=2 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The proposed [[Itanagar Airport]] at [[Itanagar]] was scheduled to be inaugurated in October 2022 for commercial operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/inauguration-of-doni-polo-airport-in-arunachal-pradesh-deferred-to-october-122081200458_1.html|title=Inauguration of Donyi Polo Airport in Arunachal Pradesh deferred to October|work=Business Standard|accessdate=12 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are plans to develop an airport at [[Tawang]] to increase tourism and increase security.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/tawang-to-get-a-new-airport-and-a-walk-through-market-soon/articleshow/68010554.cms|title=Tawang to get a new airport and a walk-through market soon|work=The Times of India|accessdate=15 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Upgradation of existing airstrips under the [[Government of India]]'s [[UDAN]] scheme is also proposed to increase tourism in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] and develop the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/jyotiraditya-scindia-assured-3-more-airports-in-arunachal-pradesh-cm-pema-khandu/articleshow/85456979.cms?from=mdr|title=Jyotiraditya Scindia assured 3 more airports in Arunachal Pradesh: CM Pema Khandu|work=Economic Times|accessdate=19 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/alliance-air-to-connect-assams-dibrugarh-with-five-arunachal-towns/articleshow/90642020.cms|title=Alliance Air to connect Assam's Dibrugarh with five Arunachal towns|work=Economic Times|accessdate=4 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==List==<br /> The list includes the airports in the [[India]]n state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] with their respective [[ICAO]] and [[IATA]] codes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List of Airports in India:|url=https://www.aai.aero/sites/default/files/basic_page_files/list%20of%20airport%20bilingual.pdf|publisher=Airports Authority of India|accessdate=11 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+&lt;big&gt;List of airports in Arunachal Pradesh&lt;/big&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Sl. no.<br /> ! Location<br /> ! Airport&amp;nbsp;name<br /> ! [[ICAO airport code|ICAO]]<br /> ! [[IATA airport code|IATA]]<br /> ! Operator<br /> ! Category<br /> ! Role<br /> |-<br /> | 1 ||[[Aalo]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |[[Along Airport]]|| align=&quot;center&quot; |VEAN|| align=&quot;center&quot; |IXV||[[Indian Air Force]]||Military airport||Defence<br /> |-<br /> | 2 ||[[Daporijo]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |[[Daporijo Airport]]|| align=&quot;center&quot; |VEDZ|| align=&quot;center&quot; |DEP||[[Indian Air Force]]||Military airport||Defence<br /> |-<br /> | 3 ||[[Itanagar]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |[[Itanagar Airport]]|| align=&quot;center&quot; |VEHO|| align=&quot;center&quot; |HGI||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport]]||Commercial<br /> |-<br /> | 4 ||[[Mechuka]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |[[Mechuka Advanced Landing Ground|Mechuka ALG]]|| align=&quot;center&quot; |VEMK|| align=&quot;center&quot; |none||[[Indian Air Force]]||Military airport||Defence<br /> |-<br /> | 5 ||[[Pasighat]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |[[Pasighat Airport]]|| align=&quot;center&quot; |VEPG|| align=&quot;center&quot; |IXT||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport]]||Commercial/defence<br /> |-<br /> | 6 ||[[Tawang]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |[[Tawang Air Force Station|Tawang AFS]]|| align=&quot;center&quot; |none|| align=&quot;center&quot; |none||[[Indian Air Force]]||Military airport||Defence<br /> |-<br /> | 7 ||[[Tezu]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |[[Tezu Airport]]|| align=&quot;center&quot; |VETJ|| align=&quot;center&quot; |TEI||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport]]||Commercial<br /> |-<br /> | 8 ||[[Tuting]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |[[Tuting Advanced Landing Ground|Tuting ALG]]|| align=&quot;center&quot; |VETU|| align=&quot;center&quot; |none||[[Indian Air Force]]||Military airport||Defence<br /> |-<br /> | 9 ||[[Vijaynagar, Changlang|Vijaynagar]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |Vijaynagar ALG|| align=&quot;center&quot; |none|| align=&quot;center&quot; |none||[[Indian Air Force]]||Military airport||Defence<br /> |-<br /> | 10 ||[[Walong]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |[[Walong Advanced Landing Ground|Walong ALG]]|| align=&quot;center&quot; |VEWL|| align=&quot;center&quot; |none||[[Indian Air Force]]||Military airport||Defence<br /> |-<br /> | 11 ||[[Ziro]]|| style=&quot;background:#FFFFF0;&quot; |[[Zero Airport]]|| align=&quot;center&quot; |VEZO|| align=&quot;center&quot; |ZER||[[Airports Authority of India]]||[[Domestic airport]]||Commercial/defence<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Airports in India}}<br /> {{Transport in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Airports in Arunachal Pradesh| ]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of airports in India|Arunachal Pradesh]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phirangipuram&diff=463207 2025-12-02T07:18:54Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: refine citations for accuracy also and corrected details after review</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Phirangipuram<br /> | settlement_type = Village<br /> | image_skyline = Cathedral_guntur_phirangipuram.jpg<br /> | image_caption = <br /> &lt;!-- maps and coordinates --&gt;<br /> | mapframe = yes<br /> | mapframe-zoom = 14<br /> | pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh<br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India<br /> | pushpin_label = &lt;!-- only necessary if &quot;name&quot; or &quot;official_name&quot; are too long --&gt;<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|16|17|20|N|80|15|46|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}<br /> | coordinates_footnotes = &lt;!-- for references: use &lt;ref&gt;tags --&gt;<br /> &lt;!-- location --&gt;<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = [[India]]<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]<br /> | subdivision_type3 = [[Mandal]]<br /> | subdivision_name3 = Phirangipuram<br /> &lt;!-- government type, leaders --&gt;<br /> | government_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;panchayat&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Gram Panchayat Identification Codes |url=http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |website=Saakshar Bharat Mission |publisher=National Informatics Centre |accessdate=7 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818173131/http://saaksharbharat.nic.in/saaksharbharat/forms/gp_code.pdf |archivedate=18 August 2017 |page=111 | url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)|Panchayati raj]]<br /> | governing_body = Phirangipuram [[gram panchayat]]<br /> | leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]<br /> | leader_name = <br /> &lt;!-- display settings --&gt;<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> &lt;!-- area --&gt;<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=7 May 2019 |pages=14,372 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_total_ha = 1336<br /> &lt;!-- population --&gt;<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Population |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=668484 |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |accessdate=8 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_total = 16365<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> &lt;!-- demographics (section 1) --&gt;<br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> &lt;!-- time zone(s) --&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> &lt;!-- postal codes, area code --&gt;<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 522529<br /> | area_code_type = &lt;!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --&gt;<br /> | area_code = +91–8641<br /> | registration_plate_type = <br /> | registration_plate = AP<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Phirangipuram''' is a village in [[Guntur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is located in Phirangipuram [[mandal]] of [[Guntur revenue division]].&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Demographics ==<br /> {{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the village had a population of {{formatnum:16365}}, of which males are {{formatnum:8155}}, females are {{formatnum:8210}} and the population under 6 years of age are {{formatnum:1650}}. The average literacy rate stands at 70.25 percent, with {{formatnum:10337}} literates.&lt;ref name=population /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Government and politics ==<br /> <br /> Phirangipuram [[gram panchayat]] is the [[Local self-government in India|local self-government]] of the village.&lt;ref name=&quot;panchayat&quot; /&gt; It is divided into wards and each ward is represented by a ward member.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aDoppmCmeqUC&amp;q=sarpanch|title=Citizen Participation in Rural Development|last=Seetharam|first=Mukkavilli|date=1990-01-01|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170992271|page=34|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ward members are headed by a [[Sarpanch]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xKEQxEtNR-AC&amp;dq=village%2520ward%2520member&amp;pg=PA117|title=Social Science|publisher=Vk Publications|isbn=9788179732144|page=117|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The village forms a part of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]] and is under the jurisdiction of [[APCRDA]].&lt;ref name=&quot;apcrda&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |website=[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] |publisher=[[Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department, Andhra Pradesh]] |accessdate=14 May 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190511092238/https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14002014MAUD_MS253.PDF |archivedate=11 May 2019 |page=5 |url-status=dead |date=30 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Education ==<br /> <br /> As per the school information report for the academic year 2018–19, the village has a total of 19 schools. These include 8 [[District Councils of India|Zilla Parishad]]/ [[Mandal Parishad]] and 11 private schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=School Information |url=https://cse.ap.gov.in/DSE/totalSchoolReport.xls# |website=Commissionerate of School Education |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |accessdate=7 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[List of villages in Guntur district]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Guntur district}}<br /> {{Guntur-geo-stub}}<br /> {{Mandal headquarters in Guntur district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Guntur district]]<br /> [[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Ramakrishna_Math,_Chennai&diff=537077 2025-11-26T01:15:52Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Adding Article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian monastic organisation for men}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Mandir<br /> | name = Sri Ramakrishna Math&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;ஸ்ரீராமகிருஷ்ண மடம்&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | image = Emblem-Ramakrishna-Mission-Transparent.png<br /> | alt = Logo<br /> | caption = [[Ramakrishna Mission#Emblem|Emblem]]<br /> | map_type =<br /> | map_caption =<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13|1|51|N|80|16|2|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br /> | other_names =<br /> | proper_name =<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | district = [[Chennai]]<br /> | location = [[Mylapore]], [[Chennai]]<br /> | elevation_m =<br /> | deity = [[Sri Ramakrishna]]<br /> | festivals=<br /> | architecture = Fusion of [[Hindu]], [[Islam]]ic, [[Buddhist]], [[Rajput]], [[Christian architecture|Christian]] styles<br /> | temple_quantity =<br /> | monument_quantity=<br /> | inscriptions =<br /> | year_completed = 2000<br /> | creator = [[Ramakrishna Mission]]<br /> | website ={{URL|http://www.chennaimath.org/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Ramakrishna Mutt Chennai.jpg|thumb|Ramakrishna Math, Chennai]]<br /> <br /> '''Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai''' is a [[Monastry|monastic organisation]]. The motto of the [[Ramakrishna Math]] and [[Ramakrishna Mission]] is &quot;For one's own salvation and for the welfare of the world&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.belurmath.org/home.htm The Headquarters of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission, India]. Belur Math.&lt;/ref&gt; The math in Chennai is the first branch center of the Ramakrishna Order in Southern India. It was established in 1897 by [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]], one of the direct [[disciples of Ramakrishna|disciples of Sri Ramakrishna]]. Besides [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]], the Math was visited by [[Sri Sarada Devi]], [[Swami Nirmalananda]],&lt;ref&gt;Swami Nirmalananda A Unique Disciple of Sri Ramakrishna&lt;/ref&gt; [[Swami Shivananda]], [[Swami Abhedananda]], [[Baburam Maharaj (Swami Premananda)|Swami Premananda]], [[Swami Niranjanananda (Niranjan Maharaj)|Swami Niranjanananda]], [[Swami Trigunatitananda]], and [[Swami Vijnanananda]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> <br /> === Origin ===<br /> In February 1897, [[Swami Vivekananda]] returned to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] from the West. At Madras, on the request of his disciples to begin a permanent center, Swamiji had said, &quot;I shall send you one who is more orthodox than the most orthodox Brahmins of South India and who is at the same time incomparable in performing worship, scriptural knowledge and meditation on God.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Swami Ramakrishnananda A Portrait in Pictures, 2006, p.25&lt;/ref&gt; He meant [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]], who was sent in March 1897.<br /> <br /> === Ice House, the First Monastery ===<br /> The Ice House, which is now called [[Vivekanandar Illam]], used to be called Castle Kernan. It is a three-story building on the Triplicane beach that used to belong to a wealthy lawyer named Sri Biligiri Iyengar. It is a place where Swami Vivekananda stayed on his return from the West and was given a historic reception by the citizens of Madras. Sri Iyengar, who was a devotee, now placed the ground floor at the Swami's disposal. Swami Ramakrishnananda moved to the Ice House and started his activities. He built a shrine for Sri Ramakrishna and worshiped there on a regular basis. While at the Ice House, Swami Ramakrishnananda started an orphanage for the destitute children, which has now grown into a large institution called Ramakrishna Mission Students Home, Mylapore. The Ice House served as the first monastery of the Ramakrishna Movement in South India for a period of 9 years.&lt;ref&gt;Vivekanandar Illam The Storyline 60 facts about Vivekanandar Illam, p.18&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sri Ramakrishna Math in 1907 ===<br /> Biligiri Iyengar, the owner of the Ice House, died in 1902. Owing to financial problems, the proprietors of the Ice House building decided to auction it in 1906. After the Ice House was sold out, Swami Ramakrishnananda shifted to an outhouse in the rear portion of the Ice House. He spent almost a year in that small room, until the new Math building was built at Mylapore on a piece of land donated by a devotee. Then Swami moved into the new building on 17 November 1907.<br /> <br /> This Math building constructed by Swami Ramakrishnananda no longer exists. It was unfortunate that within two years of its construction, extensive cracks developed in the roof of the building. One of the cracks was above the Shrine Room, and due to a sudden rainfall one night, [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]] had to hold an umbrella over the Master's photo in the Shrine the whole night.<br /> <br /> Soon after Swami Ramakrishnananda left [[Chennai|Madras]] and Swami Sharvananda took charge in 1912. This building was demolished and the present two-storeyed building with a spacious front hall was constructed by 1917.&lt;ref&gt;Swami Tapasyananda, ''Swami Ramakrishnananda – The Apostle of Sri Ramakrishna To the South'', 2008, pp 57–58&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Sri Ramakrishna Math, 1917–2000 ===<br /> On 4 August 1916, Swami Brahmananda, the first president of the Ramakrishna Order and a direct disciple of Sri Ramakrishna, who had come on his second visit to Madras, laid the foundation stone for the new Math building. Thanks to the able supervision of Sri A. Ramalinga Iyer, superintending engineer, the construction work progressed rapidly, and on 27 April 1917, 8 months later, the inauguration ceremony was performed by Swami Brahmananda himself. At his instance, the building was dedicated to Swami Ramakrishnananda, who died in 1911 in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]].<br /> <br /> Swami Brahmananda stayed in this building in a room to the southeast on the ground floor. He used to walk inside the prayer hall, often touching the black stone pillars, going into high spiritual moods on several occasions.<br /> <br /> Initially, the building consisted of a large hall and a few rooms only on the ground floor. Later, some rooms were built on the first floor, running parallel to either side of the prayer hall. The shrine was located upstairs, but there was no partition between the altar of Sri Guru Maharaj and the meditation room in which the devotees sat. The devotees sat at the feet of Sri Guru Maharaj. As this was felt to be inconvenient for conducting the worship, in 1938, some modifications were made to the shrine area, which was moved back a few feet and separated by bars from the meditation area. This provided much-needed space both for conducting the puja and other services at the altar and for accommodating the devotees (with a seating capacity of 40) in front. A small gopuram was also added later. On the southern side of the shrine, one room was used as a shayana griha for Sri Guru Maharaj and the adjoining room had large portraits of Holy Mother Sri Sarada Devi, Swami Vivekananda, Swami Brahmananda, and Swami Ramakrishnananda.<br /> <br /> The prayer hall in the Old Temple was a witness to many important events. In addition to regular worship, the shrine has hosted numerous spiritual and cultural events over the past 80 years. All the seva (ritual service) to Sri Ramakrishna was done here as per the norms and procedures laid down by Swami Ramakrishnananda. Swami Brahmananda ordained Swami Yatiswarananda into Sannyasa in this shrine.<br /> <br /> Swami Vireswarananda, the 10th president of the order, was invested with brahmacharya vows here. Three other direct disciples of Ramakrishna Swami Shivananda (3rd president of the Ramakrishna Order), Swami Nirmalananda, and Swami Vijnanananda (5th president of the Ramakrishna Order) also stayed in this building during their visits. Several eminent monks of the order, such as Swami Ashokananda, Swami Prabhavananda, Swami Akhilananda, and many others, have lived and performed intense spiritual practices in this building.<br /> <br /> With a seating capacity of 300, the main hall was the place where most weekly and Jayanthi day discourses were held for several decades. This was the main hall for all important pujas, public meetings and celebrations until 1963. In the year 1920-1921, Durga puja was conducted here. For this purpose, at the behest of Swami Brahmananda, Ramlal Chattopaddhyaya, the nephew of Sri Ramakrishna, brought the image of Mother Durga from Calcutta. Durga Puja held here again in 1952, 1953 and 1954, as shown in the image.<br /> <br /> The centenary celebrations of Sri Ramakrishna (1936), Holy Mother Sri Sarada Devi (1953), and Swami Vivekananda (1963) were held in this hall. Many national leaders, such as C. Rajagopalachari, Morarji Desai, K. Kamaraj, and others, have spoken on various occasions. On the occasion of the 150th birthday celebration of Holy Mother Sri Sarada Devi, a fiber glass statue of the Holy Mother was placed here in 2004 after taking it around in a procession in various parts of Tamil Nadu.<br /> <br /> The Old Temple has been used for meditation, occasional classes and meetings for students and devotees since 2000, after the new Universal Temple of Sri Ramakrishna was consecrated in the same premises, on the site adjacent to the library.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chennaimath.org/math-campus/old-shrine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909175112/http://www.chennaimath.org/math-campus/old-shrine|date=9 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === The Universal Temple (from 2000) ===<br /> Sri Ramakrishna Math completed 100 years of service in 1997. The shrine of Sri Ramakrishna set up in 1917 was too small to accommodate the growing number of devotees. The idea of a universal temple was conceived and Swami Bhuteshanandaji Maharaj, the 12th president of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission, laid the foundation stone for the Universal Temple on 1 December 1994. It was realized by temple architect G. Venkataramana Reddy. On 7 February 2000, the temple was dedicated by Swami Ranganathananda, the 13th president of the Ramakrishna Order.<br /> [[File:The Universal Temple by Sundar Karthikeyan.jpg|alt=A picture of the temple (The Universal Temple at Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai). Picture taken on 10/27/2024 by Sundar Karthikeyan. Shows the front facade with the leading steps and the small enclave with a description of the mission.|thumb|The Universal Temple, Sri Ramakrisha Math, Chennai.]]<br /> [[File:About RKM by Sundar Karthikeyan.jpg|alt=Picture of a plaque in the front garden of The Universal temple at Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai. Picture taken by Sundar Karthikeyan on Oct 27, 2024.|thumb|Picture of a plaque in the front garden of The Universal temple at Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai. Picture taken by Sundar Karthikeyan on Oct 27, 2024.]]<br /> After Swami Ramakrishnananda, the monastery was headed by Swami Sharvananda (1911–26), Swami Yatiswarananda (1926–33), Swami Saswatananda (1936–44), Swami Kailasananda (1944–71), Swami Tapasyananda (1971–91), Swami Smaranananda (1991-1995), Swami Gautamananda (1995-2024).<br /> <br /> == Activities ==<br /> <br /> === Celebrations ===<br /> The Birthdays (according to the hindu calendar) of [[Sri Ramakrishna]], [[Sri Sarada Devi]], [[Swami Vivekananda]] and [[Swami Ramakrishnananda]] are celebrated in a grand manner each year. The Birthdays of [[Gautama Buddha]], [[Jesus Christ]], [[Adi Shankara]], [[Ramanuja]] and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] are also celebrated every year. The birthday celebrations are marked with special Puja, Homa, Chanting, Bhajans, Musical programmes and Lectures. Special puja is also performed on Guru Purnima, Rama Navami, Ganesh Puja, Shivratri, Krishna Janmashtami, Navaratri, Kali Puja, Durga Puja, Lakshmi Puja, Saraswati Puja and other auspicious days.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chennaimath.org/activities/spiritual/celebrations Celebrations]. Chennaimath.Org (4 August 2013).&lt;/ref&gt; As part of the National youth day celebrations, this year All India level Short film contest has been announced.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chennaimath.org/ydc2015|title = Home – Sri Ramakrishna Math Chennai}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Publication ===<br /> Today, the Madras Math is the largest publication house of the Ramakrishna Order. The Madras Math currently publishes 292 titles in English, 333 in Tamil and 17 in Sanskrit/English.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.belurmath.org/publication.htm Publications of Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission]. Belurmath.org.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Madras Math published its first major book – Swami Vivekananda's ''[[Inspired Talks]]'', in 1909. In the same year, was published Swami Ramakrishnananda's ''Universe and Man''. In 1909, came his next book ''Krishna: Pastoral and King-maker'' followed by ''The Soul of Man'' in 1910.<br /> <br /> In 1912, a translation of the first volume of the Bengali ''Sri Sri Ramakrishna Kathamrita'' under the title ''The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna'' was published. About a decade later, Swami Ashokananda translated the second volume. Swami Sharvananda translated eight principal Upanishads and the series become most popular. In 1920, he translated the first part of [[Swami Saradananda]]'s ''Sri Sri Ramakrishna Leeelaprasanga''. Its English title was ''[[Sri Ramakrishna, the Great Master]]'' (1952).<br /> <br /> The complete text of the ''Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna'', translated by Swami Nikhilananda was published in 1944 and of ''Sri Ramakrishna the Great Master'', translated by Swami Jagadananda in 1952. Swami Tapasyananda translated into English a great many Sanskrit texts, including ''Srimad Bhagavata'' published in 4 volumes in the year 1980. Another of his books, ''The Bhakti Schools of Vedanta'' (1990), has been much acclaimed by scholars.<br /> <br /> The Madras Math publishes 2 monthly journals: The [[Vedanta Kesari]] in English and [[Sri Ramakrishna Vijayam]] in Tamil. The Vedanta Kesari was started in 1914 and has over the years built up a good reputation for its authenticity and scholarship. Sri Ramakrishna Vijayam, started in 1921, has the largest circulation among religious journals in Tamil today.<br /> <br /> The Telugu publication wing of the Ramakrishna Order was in Chennai since its inception till 2006 when it was transferred to Hyderabad. During that period, all the Telugu books and the Telugu Monthly Sri Ramakrishna Prabha used to be published from Chennai.<br /> <br /> === Educational Work ===<br /> The Math's educational activities were initiated by Swami Ramakrishnananda even during the Ice House days. Moved by the pitiable condition of a few boys who had lost all their relatives in plague epidemic, Swami Ramakrishnananda felt that something must be done for the relief and rehabilitation of this type of orphans. With the meager means at his command he had already given shelter in the Math to two orphan students. He exhorted two of his young and earnest devotees, Sri Ramaswami Iyengar and Sri Ramanujachari to take up the responsibility of running an orphanage. A humble beginning was made on 17 February 1905 with seven inmates housed in a small rented house on Kesavaperumal Southward street at Mylapore. Thanks to the dedicated labour of Ramu and Ramanuju, aided by a band of selfless workers and sympathetic public, the orphanage was soon able to take in more boys. It changed its quarters five times before shifting to a plot of land donated by Sri S.G. Srinivasachariar. The foundation stone for the new building was laid by Swami Brahmananda on 16 May 1917 and the orphanage moved to its new building in May 1921. In 1922 a residential high school was started so that the orphans could study within the campus itself.<br /> <br /> Swami Ramakrishnananda was also the inspiration behind the National Girls School, George Town. The Math took over its management in 1921. In 1932, a school for boys was started at T. Nagar. The Girls High School, Sri Sarada Vidyalaya, at T. Nagar was taken over by the Math in 1938, and additional wings like an elementary school, a training school and hostels were incorporated. In June 1946, was started the Vivekananda College at Mylapore.<br /> <br /> Since the educational activity has expanded enormously, the institutions have been divided into separate Ramakrishna Mission centres for facilitating efficient administration. Under the Madras Math's direct control there are at present:<br /> * Sri Ramakrishna Math Vivekananda Centenary Girls Higher Secondary School with 670 students.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chennaimath.org/activities/education/higher-secondary-school Higher Secondary School]. Chennaimath.Org (6 June 2008).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Sri Ramakrishna Math National School Chennai – 79 with 520 students.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chennaimath.org/activities/education/primary-school Primary School]. Chennaimath.Org (14 September 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * A public library with 32,000 books and 300 periodicals.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chennaimath.org/math-campus/library] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222055313/http://www.chennaimath.org/math-campus/library|date=22 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * A Book bank providing academic books for 300 engineering students.<br /> <br /> === Medical Service ===<br /> * A charitable allopathic-cum-homeopathic dispensary with general, dental, eye, ENT, surgical, X-ray, ultrasound scanning, paediatrics, ECG, gynaecology, physiotherapy and laboratory sections, and clinics for TB and diabetes. About {{formatnum:220000}} cases are treated annually.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chennaimath.org/math-campus/dispensary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715072851/http://www.chennaimath.org/math-campus/dispensary|date=15 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * A weekly mobile medical unit, which treats 10,000 cases annually&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chennaimath.org/activities/medical/mobile-dispensary Mobile Dispensary]. Chennaimath.Org (4 August 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Prevention of Disability (POD) and rehabilitation camps for 300 Leprosy Affected Persons (LAPS)<br /> * Regular eye camps in nearby villages<br /> <br /> === Relief and Rehabilitation ===<br /> The history of the Ramakrishna Order's relief services is as old as that of the Mission itself. Besides their multifarious permanent constructive works, from their very inception, the Ramakrishna Math and the Ramakrishna Mission have been ever ready to promptly organise ameliorative and healing services whenever the nation has been faced with sudden calamities caused by freaks of nature, follies of men, or scourges of epidemics. Its relief activities have also extended well beyond Indian borders.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.belurmath.org/relief_news_archives/relief.htm|title = Belur Math – Ramakrishna Math and Ramakrishna Mission Home Page}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For the 1897 famine in Bengal, Swami Ramakrishnananda appealed for funds in the Brahmavadin and sent a substantial amount for the relief work.<br /> In 1928 and, twenty years later, in 1948, when some huts caught fire at Mylapore, the Math organised prompt aid and relief. The Math created a colony for the 100 affected families with the help of plot of land given by the Government. It was named Ramakrishnapuram.&lt;ref&gt;The Vedanta Kesari December 1997, Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai: A Brief History, p.480, 481 &amp; 482&lt;/ref&gt; The following are the major relief activities undertaken by the Math.<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Month/Year !! Affected Villages/District !! Relief Type<br /> |-<br /> | 1924 || Coimbatore, Bhavani, Sathyamangalam and Other districts || Flood relief<br /> |-<br /> | 1927 || Nellore || Cyclone relief<br /> |-<br /> | 1932 || Chengalpattu and Thanjavur || Flood relief<br /> |-<br /> | 1941 || Thanjavur District || Cyclone relief<br /> |-<br /> | 1955 || Thanjavur and Ramnad districts || Flood relief<br /> |-<br /> | 1957 || Ramnad district || Riots<br /> |-<br /> | Nov 1957 || Sulurpet in Nellore District || Flood relief<br /> |-<br /> | 1961 || Thirukattupalli and Thiruvaiyaru in Thanjavur District || Flood relief<br /> |-<br /> | 1962 || Lalgudi in Trichy || Fire relief<br /> |-<br /> | 1965 || Rameswaram and Dhanushkodi || Cyclone relief<br /> |-<br /> | 1972–73 || Bhavani in Coimbatore district || Flood relief<br /> |-<br /> | Nov 1977 || Thanjavur, Trichy and Pudukottai || Flood relief<br /> |-<br /> | Nov 1985 || Vyasarpadi, Triplicane, Velachery, Kotturpuram and Perambur || Flood relief<br /> |-<br /> | Jan 1993 || 8 Villages in Kanyakumari District || Flood relief<br /> |-<br /> | Sep 1993 || Puduveetuvilai, Keelmadichal &amp; Kanchinagar villages in Kanyakumari District || Cyclone relief<br /> |-<br /> | Dec 1993 || 47 villages across Tamil Nadu || Cyclone relief<br /> |-<br /> | Dec 2004 – May 2005 || Chengalpattu, Chennai, Nagapattinam, Cuddalore, Kanchipuram, Villupuram and Kanyakumari District || tsunami relief&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.belurmath.org/tsunami_report.htm Tsunai Relief And Tsunami Rehabilitation By Ramakrishna Mission]. Belurmath.org.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2008 || Thanjavur and Tiruvarur Districts || Flood relief&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.belurmath.org/relief_news_archives/relief_december2008.htm December : 2008 – RELIEF WORK BY RAMAKRISHNA MISSION, BELUR MATH, INDIA]. Belurmath.org.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || Tiruvarur and Nagapattinam Districts || Flood relief&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.belurmath.org/relief_news_archives/relief_december2010.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720155334/http://www.belurmath.org/relief_news_archives/relief_december2010.htm|date=20 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Rural Development ===<br /> * Sri Ramakrishna Math, with assistance from Direct-Relief International and GlaxoSmithKline runs a One Year Nurse Assistant Training programme. The programme was started in the year 2004 following the Indian Ocean tsunami.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gsk.com/community/row-nursing-india.htm |access-date=1 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227172117/http://www.gsk.com/community/row-nursing-india.htm |archive-date=27 December 2010 |title=Nursing Training Programme, Chennai, India – International programmes – Our work with communities – GlaxoSmithKline }}&lt;/ref&gt; A need was felt to empower the local young women of the tsunami affected districts. So far, 1200 nurses have graduated in the last four years and currently 300 girl students are undergoing training in various Nursing Training Institutions in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.chennaimath.org/activities/rural-development/nursing-assistant-training Nursing Assistant Training]. Chennaimath.Org (4 August 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * The Math conducts free computer training courses for rural girls in Tiruvallur District.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Old Shrine Prayer Hall.JPG|Prayer Hall in Old Temple<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Portal|India}}<br /> &lt;!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tags which will then appear here automatically --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Sri Ramakrishna Math, Chennai}}<br /> * [http://www.chennaimath.org/ Official website of Sri Ramakrishna Math Chennai]<br /> <br /> {{Chennai Topics}}<br /> {{Places of worship in Chennai}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Ramakrishna Math and Mission branches]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu monasteries in India]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu organisations based in India]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tippani&diff=466814 2025-11-10T03:31:04Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: updated references to improve readability and improved wording per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date = August 2019}}<br /> '''Tippani''' is a form of [[folk dance]] which originates from the [[Veraval]] and [[Chorwad]] region of [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] in [[Gujarat]], India.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> ''Tippani'' is made of two long wooden sticks of about 175 cm joined by a square wooden or iron block called ''garbo'' at the lower end to make it stronger in opposite rows. It was used to press lime into the foundation of a house or floor in older times. The dance originated among laborers such as Koli community who broke the stones and leveled the ground who performed it to avoid monotony of the work.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Manorma Sharma|title=Folk India: A Comprehensive Study of Indian Folk Music and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qzLaAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Sundeep Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7574-136-2|pages=253–265}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;India9&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tippani Dance in India | website=India9| date=1 January 2010 | url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Tippani-Dance-27970.htm | access-date=12 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dis&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Tippani Folk Dance in Gujarat | website=Discovered India | url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/culture-in-gujarat/dance-in-gujarat/tippani-dance.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616191433/http://www.discoveredindia.com/gujarat/culture-in-gujarat/dance-in-gujarat/tippani-dance.htm | url-status=usurped | archive-date=June 16, 2016 | access-date=12 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dance==<br /> The dance was performed exclusively by women. The women holding ''tippani'' dance while beating the floor in two opposite rows accompanied by folk songs. ''Turi'' and ''thali'' (brass plate) are used to create music. Zanz, [[manjira]], [[tabla]], [[dhol]] and [[shehnai]] are the major musical instruments used for music.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma2004&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;India9&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dis&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shukla1966&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Harkant Shukla|title=Folk Dances of Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLYMAAAAYAAJ|year=1966|publisher=Directorate of Information and Tourism|pages=17–18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Dances Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GC9Vegt10IwC&amp;pg=PA52|date=1 August 2010|publisher=Har-Anand Publications Pvt. Limited|isbn=978-81-241-1337-0|page=52}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is performed on festivals and wedding.&lt;ref name=&quot;Desai2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Anjali H. Desai|title=India Guide Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&amp;pg=PA44|year=2007|publisher=India Guide Publications|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|page=44}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}{{India-dance-stub}}{{Dance in India}}<br /> [[Category:Folk dances of Gujarat]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vara_Vikrayam&diff=543600 2025-10-31T01:42:59Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Adding Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian work of fiction}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox play <br /> | name = Vara Vikrayam &lt;br /&gt; వరవిక్రయం<br /> | image = Varavikrayamu_-1921_book_cover_(page_2_crop).jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption =Cover of ''Vara Vikrayam''<br /> | writer = [[Kallakuri Narayana Rao|Kallakoori Narayana Rao]]<br /> | characters = Purushotham Rao&lt;br/&gt;Kalindi&lt;br /&gt;Kamala&lt;br /&gt;Singaraju Lingaraju&lt;br /&gt;Basavaraju&lt;br /&gt;Vengalappa<br /> | setting = <br /> | premiere = <br /> | place = <br /> | orig_lang = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> | subject = [[Dowry]] system<br /> | genre = [[Social reform]]<br /> | web = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Vara Vikrayam''''' ({{langx|te|వర విక్రయం}}) is a famous [[novel]] and [[Play (theatre)|play]] with same name by [[Kallakuri Narayana Rao|Kallakoori Narayana Rao]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kallakuri Narayana Rao |title=Vara Vikrayamu |date=1947 |publisher=Kondapalli Veeravenkaiah and Sons |location=Rajahmundry |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.329965/mode/2up |access-date=16 June 2020 |language=te}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on a reformist social theme about the [[Dowry]] system prevalent in India.<br /> <br /> ==Main characters== <br /> * Pradhana Patralu<br /> * Purushotham Rao, Revenue inspector<br /> * Kalindi, elder daughter of Purushotham Rao<br /> * Kamala, younger daughter of Purushotham Rao<br /> * Singaraju Lingaraju<br /> * Basavaraju, adopted son of Singaraju Lingaraju<br /> * Vengalappa<br /> * Veerayya<br /> <br /> ==The plot==<br /> Purshottama Rao is a retired government official. He has two daughters. He borrows money to get his elder daughter Kalindi married to an greedy money lender Lingaraju's educated son. Kalindi does not like this marriage and commits suicide before the marriage. Lingaraju refuses to return the dowry money. Purshottama's second daughter Kamala agrees to marry him. She drags her father-in-law Lingaraju to court of justice.<br /> <br /> The film ''Subhalekha'' directed by K.Viswanath has similarities with this film.<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> It is published for the first time in 1921. Kondapalli Veeravenkaiah and Sons, Rajahmundry published the play in 1947. It has been published in 1993 by Jayanthi Publishers, Vijayawada.<br /> <br /> ==The 1939 film==<br /> {{main|Vara Vikrayam (film)}}<br /> [[Vara Vikrayam (film)|''Vara Vikrayam'']] was made in 1939 as a Telugu film directed by [[Chittajallu Pullayya]] starring [[Bhanumathi Ramakrishna]]. [[Balijepalli Lakshmikantham]] portrayed the key role of Singaraju Lingaraju.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Narasimham|first1=M. L.|title=Varavikrayam (1939)|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/varavikrayam-1939/article1980896.ece|website=thehindu.com|date=30 April 2011 |publisher=Kasturi and Sons|access-date=23 July 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200926225851/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Varavikrayam-1939/article14906747.ece|archive-date=26 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.andhranatakam.com/Audios.html#varavikrayam Listen to ''Vara Vikrayam'' dialogues at Andhra Natakam.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627030712/http://www.andhranatakam.com/Audios.html#varavikrayam |date=2015-06-27 }}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Indian plays]]<br /> [[Category:Indian plays adapted into films]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu-language plays]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pialr%C3%A2l&diff=525474 2025-10-28T04:20:57Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: made new post...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Ultimate heaven in Mizo folk myth}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> '''Pialrâl''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|iː|əl|ˈ|r|ɑː|l}}) is the ultimate [[heaven]] according to the [[folk myth]] of the [[mizo people|Mizo tribes]] of [[Northeast India]]. The [[Mizo language|Mizo]] word literally means &quot;beyond the world&quot;. Unlike most concepts of heaven, it is not the final [[Spirit world (Spiritualism)|resting place of the spirits]] of the good and the righteous, nor is there a role for [[god]] or any [[supernatural]]s; it is simply a reservation for extraordinary achievers during their lifetime to enjoy eternal bliss and luxury.&lt;ref name=shake&gt;{{cite book|author= Shakespear J |title= The Lushei-Kuki Clans |year= 2004|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AvoTpz_rtmIC |pages=62–64 |isbn =8187502843 |publisher= Spectrum Publications, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bar&gt;{{cite book |author=Baral KC |editor1= Biswas P |editor2=Thomas CJ |title=Construction of Evil in North East India: Myth, Narrative and Discourse |publisher=Sage Publications India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, India |year=2012 |pages=36–45 |chapter=Chapter 4: The Discourse of Evil and the Mizo Folk Imagination |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpNwHeuOfToC&amp;dq=pialral&amp;pg=PA42 |isbn=978-8132109457 |name-list-style=amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The concept of ''Pialrâl'' itself sums up very well the entire [[Supernatural|spiritual]] belief system in the [[animism|animistic]] [[folk religion]] of the Mizo ancestors. It encompasses not only the spiritual realm, but also all the pathways for entry and services required to attain access. Although the traditional Mizo religion had been completely overshadowed by [[Christianity]] since the turn of the 20th century, the notion of ''Pialrâl'' still survives as a remnant in a Christian [[metaphor]] of [[paradise]] among modern Mizos, especially vivid in their [[gospel music|songs of praise]].&lt;ref name=strom&gt;{{cite journal|author=Strom D |year=1980 |title= Christianity and culture change among the Mizoram| journal= Missiology |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages= 307–317|doi= 10.1177/009182968000800304 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= Lalfakzuala |title= Mizote Pathian Thu (Lal Sut Vuan) |language=lus |trans-title=Beliefs of the Mizos (submission to the chief) |date= 21 November 2010 |url= http://www.misual.com/2010/11/21/mizote-pathian-thu-lal-sut-vuan/| work=mi(sual).com|access-date=2013-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Theosophy==<br /> <br /> The Mizo ancestors believed in the existence of [[soul]] in two worlds beyond life, namely ''Mitthi Khua'' (literal translation: &quot;land of the dead&quot;) and the higher abode ''Pialral''. It is every human soul's destiny to go to ''Mitthi Khua'', where most would end up eternally, but there is ''Pialral'' at the farther realm that is only for the select few. ''Mitthi Khua'' is an ordinary spiritual place, where all deceased must eventually enter and the hardships of earthly life will remain, forever.&lt;ref name=shah&gt;{{cite web |author= Shahnaz Kimi |title= My Passage to Rih Dil|date= 25 October 2008 |url= http://shahnaz-kimi.livejournal.com/9833.html| work=My Land and My People|publisher= LiveJournal|access-date=2013-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a tendency among modern [[evangelism|evangelists]] and [[theologians]] to misinterpret ''Mitthi Khua'' and ''Pialral'' as synonymous to [[hell]] and heaven respectively. But in truth, the similitude is taken out of context.&lt;ref name=strom/&gt; There is no conception of [[underworld]], [[Punishment|retribution]], relentless suffering, [[demons]] or [[damnation]] for ''Mitthi Khua'', as is confabulation with hell in most [[mythology]]; it is in simple description an inevitable destiny of all souls regardless of sins or virtues. Nor is ''Pialral'' an [[imperialism|imperialistic]] [[kingdom of god]] with eternal worship as in other religions, it is simply a place of luxury and comfort for those who have done special deeds in life, called ''thangchhuah''.&lt;ref name=sha&gt;{{cite journal|author=Shakespear J|year=1909 |title= The Kuki-Lushai Clans| jstor=2843210 | journal= Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute |volume=36|issue=2 |pages=371–385|doi=10.2307/2843210 |url=https://zenodo.org/records/2484508/files/article.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; The ultimate reward is simple: to be relieved from labour and be served with ready-made food. In fact the quintessential element of ''Pialrâl'' is an ever availability of milled rice for eternity (''faisa ring'', a common metaphorical expression in Mizo even today).&lt;ref name=bar/&gt;&lt;ref name=lalh&gt;{{cite web |author= Lalhnam RK |title= Mizo sakhaw biak dân leh a tobul ~ 1|language=lus |trans-title=The worship and origin of Mizo religion|date= 10 October 2012 |url= http://www.misual.com/2012/10/19/mizo-sakhaw-biak-dan-leh-a-tobul-1/| work=mi(sual).com|access-date=2013-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Passport to ''Pialrâl''==<br /> <br /> Earning the title of ''thangchhuah'' is the most prestigious honour in the Mizo life and the only sure route to ''Pialrâl'' after death, and to achieve it is no small measure. By the estimate of the achievements imposed, ''Pialrâl'' is clearly an under-populated place. There are two ways by which one can accomplish the deed for being a ''thangchhuah'',&lt;ref name=thirmal&gt;{{cite journal|vauthors=Thirumal P, Lalrozami C |year=2010 |title= On the discursive and material context of the first handwritten Lushai newspaper 'Mizo Chanchin Laishuih', 1898 | jstor=2843210 | journal= Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=47|issue=3 |pages=377–403|doi=10.1177/001946461004700304 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author= Parry NE |title= Lushai Custom: A Monograph on Lushai Customs and Ceremonies |year= 1928 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZsJAQAAIAAJ |pages=96–98 |publisher= Firma KLM Private Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Nunthara C |title= Mizoram: Society and Polity |year=1996 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Jksn3c85KOkC |page=99 |isbn = 8173870594 |publisher=Indus Publishing Company, New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=josh&gt;{{cite book|author= Joshi HG |title= Mizoram: Past and Present|year=2005|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YtX52F_qcWgC&amp;dq=thangchhuah&amp;pg=PA58|pages=56–59 |isbn = 8170999979 |publisher=Mittal Publications, New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=zorema&gt;{{cite book|author= Zorema J |title= Indirect Rule In Mizoram 1890-1954 |year=2007|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BYwpt38dYIIC&amp;dq=thangchhuah&amp;pg=PA13|page=13 |isbn = 978-8183242295 |publisher=Mittal Publications, New Delhi, India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> namely<br /> # The first called ''ram lama thangchhuah'' (that is by [[hunting]] exploits) which mandates slaying of at least one enemy and a horde of wild animals, including [[elephant]], [[bear]], [[wild boar]], [[gaur]], [[sambar deer]] and [[barking deer]]. The bonus kill includes [[king cobra]], [[crested serpent eagle]] and [[red giant flying squirrel]], for the greater glory. In addition, there is a lesser daunting task, which is to sleep with a [[virgin]].<br /> # The other called ''in lama thangchhuah'' (that is by domestic deeds) which involves a massively lavish and extravagant [[ritual]]. The event is called ''khuangchawi'' (meaning &quot;[[festival]]&quot; or &quot;celebration&quot;) which could only be afforded by the richest people, even by a few [[tribal chief|chiefs]], and should at least last four days. The first day is preparatory involving repair of the host's house, preparation of [[wine]], and milling rice, with an evening dance by all youngsters of the village. The second day is a wine-drinking day, and killing of [[domestic pig|pigs]], of which a boar is for [[Banquet|feast]] of the boys and two [[suidae|sow]]s for [[sacrifice]]. The third day is a grand feast for the entire village, and men are expected to get drunk; a bison is used for the feast and a sow is also sacrificed by the best friend. The final day is again a feast day, but mostly of close kith and kin, and the day closes with an evening dance where all the youngsters participated. A concluding feast for all villagers is again necessary, but it can be organised at any convenient time of the year.<br /> <br /> The distinctive entitlement of an accomplished ''thangchhuah'' family in the village was that they had an open window (no other house ever had a window).&lt;ref name=josh/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Journey to ''Pialrâl''==<br /> <br /> When a person dies, as the Mizo believed, the spirit immediately emanates from the body, but does not go directly to ''Mithi Khua''. Instead it roams around until a favourable season, generally after the wet [[monsoon]], around the month of August (in fact August is still traditionally named ''Thiṭin Thla'', meaning &quot;month of the spirit departure&quot;).&lt;ref name=lalh/&gt; The bereaved family then prepare ''thlaichhiah'', a ceremony involving animal sacrifice, so that the very spirit of the slain animal will provide and guide on the way. For example, the most commonly used were [[pig]] and [[dog]] – pig for the [[meat]] and dog to guide.&lt;ref name=shake/&gt;&lt;ref name=dev&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Dev BJ, Lahiri DK |year=1983 |title= Lushai Customs and Ceremonies | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUXEh5V0K58C | publisher=Mittal Publications |location=Delhi, India |pages=80, 99}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=vanlallawma&gt;{{cite journal|last=Vanlallawma|first=C.|title=Mizos and the After-life|journal=Indian Folklife|date=2009|volume=34|pages=6–7|url=http://indianfolklore.org/journals/index.php/IFL/article/download/734/929}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Barriers and crossings===<br /> <br /> According to the myth, the spirit heads towards the east onwards to a lake called ''[[Rih dïl|Rih Dil]]'' (a real lake in western [[Burma]]). After crossing the lake, the spirit reaches a hill called ''Hringlang Tlâng'', meaning the &quot;hill from where mortals are visible&quot;. On this hill is a special [[spring (hydrology)|spring)]], the water of which erases mortal memories, hence called &quot;Lungloh Tui&quot; (&quot;water of no more sorrow&quot;). After drinking the water, the spirit plucks the nearby flower called ''Hawilo Pâr'' (which means &quot;flower of no looking back&quot;) and tucks it to the hair behind the ears. This finally takes away all mortal feelings and worldly longings.&lt;ref name=sha/&gt;&lt;ref name=vanlallawma/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= Rosanga JH |title= Hringlang tlang khawiah nge?|language=lus |trans-title=Where is Hringlang Tlang|date= 24 July 2010 |url= http://www.vanglaini.org/articles/4656-hringlang-tlang-khawiah-nge| work=Vanglaini|access-date=2013-04-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Pâwla===<br /> <br /> Then the spirit has to confront a physical test just before entering ''Mitthi Khua'' which is a [[slingshot]] by a formidable guard named Pâwla. Pâwla is the only supernatural person in the Mizo mythology of afterlife. He is the first human to have died, and he would shoot at all the rank-and-file spirit so that they are doomed to settle in ''Mitthi Khua'' and nowhere else. His pellets were so huge that whoever he shot at could be crippled up to three years. However, there are three groups whom Pâwla never shoot at: firstly, the ''thangchhuah'' personnel; secondly, a young man who had slept either with three virgins or seven women; lastly, an [[infant]] below age.&lt;ref name=sha/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|vauthors=Tochhawng R, Lalrinmawia K, Rawsea LH |year=2007 |title= Ground Works for Tribal Theology in the Mizo Context| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ltPYAAAAMAAJ | publisher=ISPCK |location=University of Michigan, USA |pages=145 |isbn=978-8172149710}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The case of infants===<br /> <br /> The death of an infant before reaching an age is called ''hlamzuih'' (''hlam'' meaning &quot;[[placenta]]&quot;, and ''zuih'' meaning &quot;failure&quot; or &quot;end&quot;) and was treated differently, rather casually. The infant corpse would be stuffed in an [[earthenware|earthen pot]], along with a hard-boiled egg and a [[porcupine]] [[spine (zoology)|quill]], and be buried near or under the house. The mother's milk soaked in cotton and a pinch of rice in one hand would be all the food pack required for the journey. The egg was a device for [[navigation]] for the otherwise unaware baby and would be expected to roll all the way to ''Mitthi Khua''; and the quill as a weapon of defense.&lt;ref name=shake/&gt;&lt;ref name=dev/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The triumphant entry===<br /> <br /> For the ''thangchhuah'' [[laureate]] there is no stopping by Pâwla or at the ''Mitthi Khua'', for there is another crossing of a river called ''Pial'', which demarcates the limit of the ''Mitthi Khua''. For the honoured one, ''Pial'' is no obstacle. The domestic ''thangchhuah'' would be certified by all his sacrifices of pigs and bison. As for the hunter ''thangchhuah'', he would sit on the head of his slain barking deer, holding its [[horn (anatomy)|horns]]; the cobra would coil around him to the horn. The eagle leading the way while screaming, and the flying lemur shading him from above. These are the benefits of the bonus kills. The other animals would trail behind as his trophies and prized possession, to the land of unbridled comfort and luxury.&lt;ref name=shake/&gt;&lt;ref name=bar/&gt;&lt;ref name=josh/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502170640/http://mizobamboo.nic.in/dances.html Cultural Dance of Mizoram]<br /> *[http://mizoram.nic.in/about/dances.htm About Mizoram – Dances]<br /> *[http://evergreenazl.com/tour-packages/indo-myanmar/ Indo-Myanmar]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20130316170741/http://www.rjadventures.org/Mizoram.php Rhino Jungle Adventures]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pialral}}<br /> [[Category:Conceptions of heaven]]<br /> [[Category:Afterlife places]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Begampur,_Rohini&diff=490293 2025-10-09T04:54:21Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Begampur, Rohini<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name Yadav's ka gaam = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[neighbourhoods of Delhi|Village of Delhi]]<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Delhi#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|28.72714|N|77.05948|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|Union Territory]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[North West Delhi|North West]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 25000<br /> | population_as_of = 2001<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], English<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 110086<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Begampur''' is a [[census town]] in [[Rohini, Delhi]] in the [[Union territory]] of Delhi, India.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{As of|2001}} India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Begampur had a population of 22,828. Males constitute 55% of the population and females 45%. Begampur has an average literacy rate of 74%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 54% of the males and 46% of females literate. 19% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in North West Delhi district]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Delhi-geo-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bihari_Lal_Yadav&diff=476830 2025-10-08T19:59:16Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: added basic info initial version...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bhojpuri singer and poet (1857–1926)}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | honorific_prefix = &lt;!-- Do not add any styles/titles here per [[WP:NCIN]] --&gt;<br /> | name = Bihari Lal Yadav<br /> | birth_name = Bihari Lal Yadav<br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | native_name_lang = bho<br /> | image = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth year|1857}}<br /> | birth_place = Aunrihar, [[Ghazipur District|Ghazipur]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Ghazipur District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]])<br /> | death_date = {{death year and age|1926|1857}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | resting_place = <br /> | occupation = {{hlist|Poet|Singer|composer|}}<br /> | language = {{hlist|[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]}}<br /> | movement = <br /> | notableworks = * Founded Biraha Folk Genre<br /> * Invented a version of [[Khartal]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | awards = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bihari Lal Yadav''' (1857 – 1926), also referred to as '''Guru Bihari''', was a [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] Indian writer, poet and singer. He is also known as the founder of the modern [[Biraha]] folk genre, this older genre is called ''Khari Birha''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Asian Music: Journal of the Society for Asian Music, Volumes 25-2|publisher=Society for Asian Music|year=1994|pages=145}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=9781136095948|pages=1027}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also credited to invent a musical instrument, which was a version of [[Khartal]] and introducing it in Bihaha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freitag&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Freitag|first=Sandria B.|title=Culture and Power in Banaras: Community, Performance, and Environment, 1800-1980|publisher=University of California|year=1992|isbn=9780520080942|pages=95–96}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wrote Biraha and popularized it in the cities like [[Benaras]] and also taught it to his disciples.<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Bihari was born in 1857, the only son of a [[Bhojpuri people|Bhojpuriya]] [[Ahir]] family, in Patna. His parents dying ar an early age, he moved to Benaras at age 14 for work. Performing in Biraha temples, he got fame as a poet and singer and then he got four disciples ''Ramman Yadav'', ''Ganes Yadav'', ''Pattu Yadav'' and ''Sarju Rajbhar''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freitag&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; He died in 1926, aged 68 or 69.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav, Bihari Lal}}<br /> [[Category:1857 births]]<br /> [[Category:1926 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Indian singers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian writers]]<br /> <br /> {{India-poet-stub}}<br /> {{India-singer-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quercus_baloot&diff=527610 2025-10-06T14:02:02Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: made data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of oak tree}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=December 2013}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | status = LC<br /> | status_system = IUCN3.1<br /> | status_ref = &lt;ref name = iucn&gt;{{cite iucn |author=IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. |author2=Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI). |year=2020 |title=''Quercus baloot'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T78805357A162853396 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T78805357A162853396.en |access-date=25 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = Quercus baloot.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Quercus baloot<br /> | genus = Quercus<br /> | display_parents = 2<br /> | parent = Quercus sect. Ilex<br /> | species = baloot<br /> | authority = [[William Griffith (botanist)|Griff.]]<br /> |synonyms =<br /> *''Quercus ilicifolius'' &lt;small&gt;Griff.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | synonyms_ref = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Quercus baloot''''', the '''holm oak''' or '''holly oak''' is a rare species of oak that was described by [[Edward Griffith (zoologist)|Griffith]] in 1848. It is classified in subgenus ''Cerris'' and [[Quercus sect. Ilex|section ''Ilex'']].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last1=Denk |first1=Thomas |last2=Grimm |first2=Guido W. |last3=Manos |first3=Paul S. |last4=Deng |first4=Min |last5=Hipp |first5=Andrew L. |date=2017 |title=Appendix 2.1: An updated infrageneric classification of the oaks |website=figshare |doi=10.6084/m9.figshare.5547622.v1 |url=https://figshare.com/articles/dataset/Appendix_2_1_________An_updated_infrageneric_classification_of_the_oaks/5547622/1 |access-date=2023-02-18 |format=xls |name-list-style=amp }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is native to the [[Himalayas]] from {{convert|1000|-|3000|m}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://oaks.of.the.world.free.fr/quercus_baloot.htm|title=Quercus baloot |publisher=Oaks of the World|access-date=3 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> The species is an [[evergreen]] shrub that is {{convert|2.5|-|8|m}} tall. It have leaves that are {{convert|2.5|-|7.5|cm}} by {{convert|2.5|-|8|cm}} long and are elliptic and obovate to oblong. They are also green in colour and have {{convert|3|-|4|mm}} long [[petiole (botany)|petioles]]. Females' [[peduncle (botany)|peduncles]] are {{convert|2|-|4.2|cm}} long and are located on the [[flower]]s. It also have [[stamen]]s that have hairs that are {{convert|1.2|mm}} long and {{convert|2|mm}} long [[filament (botany)|filament]]s. The [[Calybium and cupule|cupule]] is {{convert|1.2|-|1.3|cm}} wide while the [[acorn]] itself is {{convert|1.5|-|1.7|cm}} long.&lt;ref name=fop&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&amp;taxon_id=250065550|title=Quercus baloot|publisher=Flora of Pakistan |page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Distribution==<br /> It is found in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], and India ([[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]]).<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Quercus baloot Griff., Itin. Not. 328. 1848<br /> *{{cite journal|url=http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/42(4)/PJB42(4)2429.pdf|author1=Nasrullah Khan |author2=Moinuddin Ahmed |author3=Muhammad Wahab |author4=Kanwal Nazim |author5=Muhammad Ajaib |title=Phytosociology, Structure and Physiochemical Analysis of Soil in Quercus baloot Griff, Forest District Chitral, Pakistan|journal=[[Pakistan Journal of Botany]]|volume=42|issue=4|pages=2429–2441|year=2010|place=Karachi, Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q15336628}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Quercus|baloot]]<br /> [[Category:Plants described in 1848]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by William Griffith (botanist)]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of West Himalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]<br /> [[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]<br /> <br /> {{Quercus-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Punjabi_Wikipedia&diff=465157 2025-09-25T13:33:30Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Punjabi-language edition of Wikipedia}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox website<br /> | name = {{Wiki favicon}} Punjabi Wikipedia<br /> | logo = [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-pnb.svg]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-pa.svg]]<br /> | logocaption = Logo of the Western Punjabi Wikipedia (above) and Eastern Punjabi Wikipedia (below)<br /> | screenshot = <br /> | collapsible = <br /> | collapsetext = <br /> | caption = <br /> | url = {{URL|pa.wikipedia.org}} (eastern)&lt;br /&gt;{{URL|pnb.wikipedia.org}} (western)<br /> | commercial = No<br /> | type = [[Internet encyclopedia project]]<br /> | registration = Optional<br /> | language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br /> | num_users = Western: {{NUMBEROF|USERS|pnb}}&lt;ref name=&quot;pnb&quot;&gt;[[:pnb:Special:Statistics|Western Punjabi Wikipedia statistics]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br&gt; Eastern: {{NUMBEROF|USERS|pa}}&lt;ref name=&quot;pws&quot;&gt;[[:pa:Special:Statistics|Punjabi Wikipedia statistics]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | content_license = {{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution/&lt;br/&gt;Share-Alike]] 4.0}} (most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]])&lt;br/&gt;Media licensing varies<br /> | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]]<br /> | author = <br /> | editor = <br /> | launch_date = {{Start date and age|2008|10|24|df=yes}} (Western Punjabi)&lt;br /&gt; {{Start date and age|2002|06|03|df=yes}} (Eastern Punjabi)<br /> | alexa = <br /> | revenue = <br /> | current_status = Active<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> {{Punjabis}}<br /> The '''Punjabi Wikipedia''' ({{langx|pa|ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿਕੀਪੀਡੀਆ &lt;small&gt;([[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhi]])&lt;/small&gt;; {{Nastaliq|پنجابی وکیپیڈیا}} &lt;small&gt;([[Shahmukhi alphabet|Shahmukhi]])&lt;/small&gt;}}) is the [[Punjabi language]] edition of [[Wikipedia]], the free encyclopedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;yp&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://yespunjab.com/punjab/news/item/5274-punjabi-wikipedia-workshop-in-delhi-on-27th-ludhiana-on-28th-of-july | title=Punjabi Wikipedia workshop in Delhi on 27th, Ludhiana on 28th of July | publisher=[YesPunjab.com] | work=July 27, 2012 | access-date=October 14, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828072049/http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/news/item/5274-punjabi-wikipedia-workshop-in-delhi-on-27th-ludhiana-on-28th-of-july | archive-date=August 28, 2012 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Contribute to Wikipedia Punjabi, says representative |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120729/ldh1.htm |newspaper= [[Tribune India]]|date=July 29, 2012 |location= [[Ludhiana]] |access-date=October 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are two Punjabi Wikipedia editions, the [[:pa:|Eastern Punjabi Wikipedia]] (in [[Gurmukhi]] script) and [[:pnb:|Western Punjabi Wikipedia]] (in [[Shahmukhi]] script).<br /> <br /> == Eastern edition ==<br /> The Eastern edition domain came into existence on 3 June 2002&lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fe&quot;&gt;[[:pa:Special:Permalink/1]]&lt;/ref&gt; but the first three articles were only written in August 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;ms&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Multilingual statistics (2004)]]&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2012, it had reached 2,400 articles.&lt;ref name=&quot;ti&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Since August 2012, it has about 26 million readers from all over the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;pne&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://punjabnewsexpress.com/news/6296-Articles-can-be-compiled-in-the-Punjabi-Version-of-Wikipedia.aspx | title=Articles can be compiled in the Punjabi Version of Wikipedia | publisher=[PunjabNewsExpress] | work=News | date=August 18, 2012 | access-date=October 14, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016160538/http://punjabnewsexpress.com/news/6296-Articles-can-be-compiled-in-the-Punjabi-Version-of-Wikipedia.aspx | archive-date=October 16, 2012 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first Punjabi Wikipedia workshop was organized in [[Ludhiana]] on 28 July 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;yp&quot;/&gt; and later another on 16 August 2012 at the [[Punjabi University, Patiala|Punjabi University]] in [[Patiala]]&lt;ref name=&quot;cis&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://cis-india.org/openness/blog/punjabi-wikipedia-workshop-at-punjabi-university-patiala | title=Punjabi Wikipedia Workshop at Punjabi University, Patiala | publisher=[CIS-India.org] | work=News | date=September 28, 2012 | access-date=October 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; to inform people how to edit and add to the Wiki.<br /> <br /> Wiki-events and workshops to improve this Wikipedia and increase number of editors are conducted on a regular basis. In October 2015 a seminar was organised at an event in Amritsar, where 148 students from 17 schools participated. The aim of the seminar was to increase awareness about Wikipedia among the students.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maa Boli Mela&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=148 students attend Maa Boli Mela|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/amritsar/148-students-attend-maa-boli-mela/152296.html|access-date=24 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are currently {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|pa|N}} articles on the Gurmukhi Punjabi Wikipedia, and it is the [[List of Wikipedias|{{Ordinal|{{Wikipedia rank by size|pa}}}} largest]] edition of Wikipedia by article count.<br /> <br /> == Western edition ==<br /> [[File:Anwar Masood's Statement.JPG|thumb|Punjabi-language writer [[Anwar Masood]] certifying the launch of the Western Punjabi Wikipedia.|left]]<br /> The Western edition was started on 24 October 2008 via the [[Wikimedia Incubator]], and its domain came into existence on 13 August 2009. The project was pioneered by Khalid Mahmood, a college professor from [[Islamabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://blog.wikimedia.org/2016/10/31/remembering-khalid-mahmood/|title=Remembering Khalid Mahmood|work=Wikimedia Blog|first=Ed|last=Erhart|date=31 October 2016|access-date=8 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are currently {{NUMBEROF|ARTICLES|pnb|N}} articles on the Shahmukhi Punjabi Wikipedia, and it is the [[List of Wikipedias|{{Ordinal|{{Wikipedia rank by size|pnb}}}} largest]] edition of Wikipedia by article count.<br /> <br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==See also ==<br /> * [[Hindi Wikipedia]]<br /> * [[Urdu Wikipedia]]<br /> * [[Marathi Wikipedia]]<br /> * [[Saraiki Wikipedia]]<br /> * [[Sindhi Wikipedia]]<br /> * [[Pashto Wikipedia]]<br /> * [[Gujarati Wikipedia]]<br /> * [[English Wikipedia]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist|2}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> <br /> {{Commons category|Punjabi Wikipedia}}<br /> *[http://pa.wikipedia.org Eastern Punjabi Wikipedia]<br /> *[http://pnb.wikipedia.org Western Punjabi Wikipedia]<br /> <br /> {{Wikipedias}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Wikipedias in Indo-Aryan languages]]<br /> [[Category:Internet properties established in 2002]]<br /> [[Category:Internet properties established in 2009]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language encyclopedias|Wikipedia]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language mass media]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhanwar_(Indian_TV_series)&diff=490845 2025-09-14T16:07:44Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=May 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image =<br /> | director =<br /> | producer = [[TV18]]<br /> | writer =<br /> | starring =<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> | num_seasons = 2<br /> | num_episodes =<br /> | runtime = approx. 40 minutes<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|1998}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2015|05|24|df=yes}}<br /> | channel = [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Bhanwar''''' ({{Translation|''Whirlpool''}}) is a television [[docudrama]] series based on judgments from the Indian judicial system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980316/07550994.html|date=March 16, 1998|title=Brief history of crime |work=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202114951/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980316/07550994.html |archive-date=2 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;screen-india&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.screenindia.com/old/jan14/tele3.htm |title=Telecom staff hold protest &amp;#124; The Indian Express |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |date=2009-01-10 |access-date=2015-05-02 }}{{dead link|date=November 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series was produced by [[TV18]] and was originally telecast on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony Entertainment Television]] in 1998 -2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;screen-india&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Bhanwar which aired in the late 1990s on [[Sony TV]] was a one-of-a-kind show which dealt with landmark judgements from the Indian judicial system. Produced by TV18, the series ran for two years on [[Sony TV]]. It was directed by Sanjay Ray Chaudhari and written by Sanjeev Sharma and Sanjay Chauhan. The show was so popular it was re-aired on [[SAB TV]] and [[Fox History]]. It received the Special Jury Award for Best Investigative Show at the 1998 [[Screen Awards]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Award Winners |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/awards/eve.htm |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |accessdate=2 October 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991022044355/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/awards/eve.htm |archivedate=22 October 1999}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Second Season==<br /> In 2015 the show returned to Sony TV with brand new judicial decisions. It was produced by Siddharth Malhotra, Cinevistaas Ltd. and Contiloe Entertainment. The show premiered on 10 January 2015.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> * [[Amit Tandon]] as Advocate Rohit Rajput<br /> * Pooja Sharma as Surbhi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author1=Tellychakkar Team (3 February 2015)|title=Pooja Sharma and Jaideep Suri in Sony TV's Bhanwar|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/pooja-sharma-and-jaideep-suri-sony-tvs-bhanwar-150203|website=Tellychakkar|accessdate=8 April 2016|quote=Sony Entertainment Television will present a hard hitting episode about a family feud in its show Bhanwar. The episode to be produced by Sunrise Productions will feature Pooja Sharma and Jaideep Suri...}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Manish Naggdev]] as Mahesh Mallik<br /> * [[Surendra Pal]]<br /> * [[Tapasya Nayak Srivastava]]<br /> * Raj Singh Verma<br /> * [[Tarun Khanna (actor)|Tarun Khanna]]<br /> * [[Tunisha Sharma]]<br /> * [[Faisal Khan (dancer)|Faisal Khan]]<br /> * [[Jiten Lalwani]]<br /> * [[Tanvi Thakkar]]<br /> * [[Vineet Raina]]<br /> * [[Parull Chaudhry|Parul Chaudhary]]<br /> * [[Yashashri Masurkar]]<br /> * [[Ankit Gera]]<br /> * [[Ankita Bhargava]]<br /> * [[Akhil Mishra]] as Ahmed<br /> * [[Ribbhu Mehra]] as Magician<br /> * Tiya Gandwani as Nidhi Taneja (Episode 2)<br /> * [[Arun Bali]] as Shankar Lal (Season 1)<br /> * [[Rajat Kapoor]] (Season 1)<br /> * [[Vijay Raaz]] (Season 1)<br /> * [[Irrfan Khan]] as keval Krishna Gupta (Lawyer) Season-1<br /> * [[Gajraj Rao]] Season-1<br /> * [[Kay Kay Menon]] Season-1<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Geeta and Sanjay Chopra kidnapping case]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]<br /> [[Category:1998 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime television series]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:2015 Indian television series endings]]<br /> [[Category:Courtroom drama television series]]<br /> [[Category:Television courtroom dramas]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-tv-prog-stub}}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarat_Pujari&diff=468273 2025-09-13T21:44:44Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Sarat Pujari<br /> | image = Dr. Sarat Pujari 03.jpg<br /> | caption = Pujari in October 2012<br /> | birth_name =<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1934|8|8}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Nayagarh district|Nayagarh]], [[Orissa Province|Orissa]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2014|05|12|1934|08|08}} <br /> | death_place = [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha, India<br /> | education = Post graduation in Economics, Diploma in Paintings<br /> | alma_mater =<br /> | occupation = [[Actor]], [[Film director|Director]], [[Film producer|Producer]]<br /> | years_active = 1963–2012<br /> | children = Two Daughters And Two Sons<br /> | imagesize = 250px<br /> | spouse =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sarat Pujari''' (8 August 1934 – 12 May 2014) was an Indian [[actor]], [[film director|director]] and [[film producer|producer]] in [[Cinema of Odisha|Odia film industry]] ([[Cinema of Odisha|Ollywood]]). He was originally from Jhaduapada, Sambalpur.<br /> <br /> ==Early life and background==<br /> Sarat Pujari was born on 8 August 1934 at [[Khandapada]], [[Nayagarh district]], [[Odisha]]. His early education was completed in many schools all over [[Odisha]]. He completed his post graduation in Economics and Diploma in Paintings in [[Allahabad University]] in 1956.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> After completing his education, he started his career as a block designer and publicity agent. In 1959, he joined as a lecturer in economics in [[Panchayat College, Bargarh]] which he quit in 1966. Then, he joined Tapang Light Foundry, Nayagarh as a Works Manager. For so many years he worked as the Principal of Larambha College, Larambha.<br /> <br /> ===Film career===<br /> He started his career as an actor in the sixties. He left service and became a freelance film actor from September 1966 to September 1968 to learn the technique of film-making. After that, he was principal at the young age of 34 in [[Larambha College]], [[Bargarh]]. Pujari was nominated by the State [[Government of Odisha|Govt. of Odisha]] as member of the [[Orissa Sangeeta Natak Academy]], Member of the Board of Director of Film Development Corporation of Odisha, [[Cuttack]]. He retired as a principal of Sangeet Nataka college, [[Bhubaneswar]].<br /> <br /> Pujari became very interested in drama and other performing arts during his time as a student. At that time the Oriya film industry was not as developed as it is today, producing no more than one film each year. At that time he was offered a role in film [[Laxmi puja]]. At one point Pujari was the star of the Oriya film industry. He has acted in about 40 films, as well as some television serials. He has also directed a few Oriya films, including ''Tapoi'' and ''Ashanta Graha''.<br /> <br /> The [[Government of Odisha]] conferred upon him the &quot;Jayadev Award of 1985&quot; for his significant contribution to Oriya Film Industry. He was also honored with first Hemant Das Kala Samman Award, Kadambini Samman Awards for 2010 &amp; Guru Kelucharan Mohapatra Award for the year 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cinemasagar.com/2011/05/sarat-pujari-honoured-with-hemant-das-kala-samman/|title=Grab Netflix Free Accounts}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/04/stories/2010070451660300.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724100909/http://www.hindu.com/2010/07/04/stories/2010070451660300.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=24 July 2010 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Sarat Pujari honoured | date=4 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://welcomeorissa.com/Kelucharan+award+for+Sarat+Pujari-orissa_news-11395-04-09-2007.html |title=Kelucharan award for Sarat Pujari, Wel Come to Orissa &amp;#124;&amp;#124; About Orissa, Orissa Culture, Odissi, Oriya Songs, Purely Soul &amp; Image of Orissa |website=welcomeorissa.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320182752/http://welcomeorissa.com/Kelucharan+award+for+Sarat+Pujari-orissa_news-11395-04-09-2007.html |archive-date=20 March 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Now he occasionally acts in films and television [[soap opera]]s. He also played a negative role in the International award-winning movie called ''[[Bhukha]]'' in (1989).<br /> <br /> ==Personal life and death==<br /> On 12 May 2014, he suffered a cardiac arrest at around 12:30 AM and died at his house in [[Bhubaneshwar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Legendary Odia actor Sarat Pujari passes away|url=http://www.odishatoday.com/viewnews.php?news_id=7059|publisher=OdishaToday|accessdate=12 May 2014|archive-date=12 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512230816/http://www.odishatoday.com/viewnews.php?news_id=7059|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is survived by his wife, two daughters and two sons. His son Soumen Pujari is also an actor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Odia Film Actor Sarat Pujari passes away at 80|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/05/odia-film-actor-sarat-pujari-passes-away-at-80/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=12 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> *''Jiban Sathi'' (1963) – Sarat<br /> *''[[Matira Manisha]]'' (1966) – Baraju<br /> *''[[Kaa]]'' (1966)<br /> *''[[Arundhati (1967 film)|Arundhati]]'' (1967) – Manoj<br /> *''[[Tapoi]]'' (1978) – Director<br /> *''[[Ashanta Graha]]'' (1982) SARAT – Director<br /> *''[[Astaraga]]'' (1982) – Director<br /> *''[[Andha Diganta]]'' (1988)<br /> *''[[Bhukha]]'' (1989)<br /> *''[[Drusti]]'' (1990)<br /> *''[[Aranya Rodan]]'' (1992)<br /> *''[[Aranyaka (film)|Aranyaka]]'' – Raja Saheb<br /> *''[[Shesha Drushti]]'' (1997) – Kedar Babu<br /> <br /> ==Awards==<br /> * Orissa Cine Artist Association Award (2012)&lt;ref&gt;[http://cinemasagar.com/news/actor-sarat-pujari-felicited-by-cine-artists-association/ cinemasagar.com: Actor Sarat Pujari Felicited by Cine Artist’s association]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.odisha360.com/2012/01/27/veteran-odia-actor-sarat-pujari-felicitated/ odisha360.com: Veteran Odia Actor Sarat Pujari Felicitated]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/cine-artist-association-orissa-awarded-veteran-actor-sarat-pujari/ |title=incredibleorissa.com: Cine Artist Association Orissa awarded veteran actor Sarat Pujari at Utkal Mandap |access-date=17 February 2012 |archive-date=17 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517115022/http://incredibleorissa.com/oriyafilms/cine-artist-association-orissa-awarded-veteran-actor-sarat-pujari/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Hemanta Das Kala Samman, 2011&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/31/stories/2011053159900200.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110604210124/http://www.hindu.com/2011/05/31/stories/2011053159900200.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 4 June 2011 |title=Other States / Orissa News : Hemant Das remembered |quote=Hemant Das Kala Samman -- was conferred on legendary actor and Odisha Sangeet Natak Akademi president Sarat Pujari |accessdate=24 January 2013 |location=Chennai, India |work= [[The Hindu]] |date=31 May 2011}} &quot;Jayadev Award&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb name|1106140}}<br /> <br /> {{Commons category|Sarat Pujari}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pujari, Sarat}}<br /> [[Category:1934 births]]<br /> [[Category:2014 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Odia cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:People from Sambalpur]]<br /> [[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meru,_Hazaribagh&diff=455066 2025-09-04T22:48:05Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: fixed issues</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Meru<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = Census Town<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|24|1|46|N|85|27|26|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Hazaribagh district|Hazaribagh]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 7,780<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 825317 (BSF Meru)<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code<br /> | area_code = 06546<br /> | registration_plate = JH 02<br /> | website = {{URL|hazaribag.nic.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Meru''' is a [[census town]] in the [[Sadar, Hazaribagh (community development block)|Sadar, Hazaribagh]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Hazaribagh Sadar subdivision]] of the [[Hazaribagh district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=380| height=450| zoom=9<br /> | coord={{coord|24|6|0|N|85|27|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Hazaribagh district in North Chotanagpur Division'''&lt;br /&gt;Some census towns and locations around Hazaribagh city have been shown in the Hazaribagh City map&lt;br /&gt;M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre, D: dam, HS: hot spring&lt;br /&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|23|49|50|N|85|13|0|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Barkagaon | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Barkagaon]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|24|10|26|N|85|36|38|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Barkatha| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Barkatha]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|24|16|26|N|85|45|23|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Chalkusha| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Chalkusha]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|23|54|58|N|85|30|43|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Churchu| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Churchu]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|24|1|15|N|85|33|54|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Daru| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Daru, Hazaribagh]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|24|6|15|N|85|44|3|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Gorhar| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Gorhar]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|24|5|24|N|85|25|49|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Ichak| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Ichak]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|23|58|30|N|85|17|30|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Katkamdag| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Katkamdag]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|24|7|3|N|85|12|13|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Katkamsandi| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Katkamsandi]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|23|51|10|N|85|5|32|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Keredari| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Keredari]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|23|57|4|N|85|20|50|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Khapriaon| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Khapriaon]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|24|15|0|N|85|29|46|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Nagar Barsot| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Nagar Barsot]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|24|12|40|N|85|21|44|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Padma| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Padma, Hazaribagh]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|24|1|19|N|85|37|31|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Tati Jhariya| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Tati Jhariya]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|24|0|30|N|85|21|40|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Hazaribagh| numbered15=M| mark-title15= [[Hazaribagh]] (M) |label-size15=13 |label-color15=#800000<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|24|17|40|N|85|25|12|E}}| label-pos16=bottom|label16=Barhi| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Barhi, Hazaribagh]] (CT) |shape-color16= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|24|1|27|N|85|44|25|E}}| label-pos17=right|label17=Bishnugarh| numbered17=CT| mark-title17= [[Bishnugarh]] (CT) |shape-color17= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|23|52|30|N|85|26|42|E}}| label-pos18=right|label18=Charhi| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Charhi]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|24|22|48|N|85|15|0|E}}| label-pos19=right|label19=Chauparan| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Chauparan]] (CT) |shape-color19= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|23|59|50|N|85|44|57|E}}| label-pos20=right|label20=Cherra| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Cherra, Hazaribagh]] (CT) |shape-color20= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|23|42|36|N|85|22|48|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Dari| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Dari, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color21= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|23|40|50|N|85|21|42|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Gidi| numbered22=CT| mark-title22= [[Gidi, Hazaribagh|Gidi]] (CT) |shape-color22= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|24|18|36|N|85|26|31|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Konra| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Konra]] (CT) |shape-color23= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|24|2|10|N|85|27|26|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Meru| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= Meru, Hazaribagh (CT) |shape-color24=black| label-size24=13|label-color24=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|20|30|E}}| label-pos25=top|label25=Religara| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Religara]] (CT) |shape-color25= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|23|41|53|N|85|18|17|E}}| label-pos26=left|label26=Urimari| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Urimari]] (CT) |shape-color26= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|24|8|50|N|85|21|16|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27=Hazaribagh|labela27=Wildlife Sanctuary| numbered27=T|shape-color27= #74C365| mark-title27= [[Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T)<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|23|56|28|N|85|46|30|E}}| label28= Konar|labela28= Dam| label-color28 = #C42222 | label-angle28=0| label-pos28=right| label-size28=10| mark-size28=12| numbered28=D|mark-title28 =[[Konar Dam]]| shape-color28=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|24|8|10|N|85|38|0|E}}| label29= Surajkund hot spring| label-color29 = #C42222 | label-angle29=0| label-pos29=right| label-size29=10| mark-size29=12| numbered29=HS|mark-title29 =[[Surajkund hot spring]]| shape-color29=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord30={{coord|23|54|50|N|85|0|1|E}} | label-pos30=right|label30=CCL Amrapali |labela30=&amp; Chandragupta Area |numbered30=0 | mark-title30=[[Amrapali &amp; Chandragupta Area]] | label-size30=12| shape-color30=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord31={{coord|23|40|32|N|85|19|32|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=CCL Barka|labela31=Sayal Area |numbered31=0 | mark-title31=[[Barka Sayal Area]] | label-size31=12| shape-color31=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord32={{coord|23|39|20|N|85|27|1|E}} | label-pos32=right|label32=CCL Argada Area |numbered32=0 | mark-title32=[[Argada Area]] | label-size32=12| shape-color32=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord33={{coord|23|51|0|N|85|26|28|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=CCL |labela33=Hazaribagh Area |numbered33=0 | mark-title33=[[Hazaribagh Area]] | label-size33=12| shape-color33=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord34={{coord|24|20|0|N|85|37|0|E}} |label34= Barakar River |label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= 10| label-pos34=top| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none<br /> |mark-coord35={{coord|24|12|50|N|85|45|20|E}} |label35= Barsoti River |label-color35 = #77A1CB| label-angle35= -7| label-pos35=top| label-size35=10| mark-size35=0| mark-title35 =none<br /> |mark-coord36={{coord|23|55|40|N|85|37|0|E}} |label36= Konar |labela36=River |label-color36 = #77A1CB| label-angle36= 0| label-pos36=top| label-size36=10| mark-size36=0| mark-title36 =none<br /> |mark-coord37={{coord|23|47|30|N|85|45|0|E}} |label37= Bokaro |labela37= River |label-color37 = #77A1CB| label-angle37= 0| label-pos37=top| label-size37=10| mark-size37=0| mark-title37 =none<br /> |mark-coord38={{coord|23|42|20|N|85|11|10|E}} |label38= Damodar|labela38= River |label-color38 = #77A1CB| label-angle38= 0| label-pos38=top| label-size38=10| mark-size38=0| mark-title38 =none<br /> |mark-coord39={{coord|24|12|0|N|85|8|0|E}} |label39= Mohana|labela39= River|label-color39 = #77A1CB| label-angle39= -100| label-pos39=top| label-size39=10| mark-size39=0| mark-title39 =none<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|24|28|0|N|85|6|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-60| arc-gapA=12.5| arc-radiusA=0.35}}<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> It is located at {{coord|24|1|46|N|85|27|26|E}}.&lt;ref&gt;http://wikimapia.org/#lat=24.0295324&amp;lon=85.4574537&amp;z=16&amp;l=0&amp;m=a&amp;v=2 {{User-generated source|date=May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Area overview===<br /> Hazaribagh district is a [[plateau]] area and forests occupy around about 45% of the total area. It is a predominantly rural area with 92.34% of the population living in rural areas against 7.66% in the urban areas. There are many [[census towns]] in the district, as can be seen in the map alongside. Agriculture is the main occupation of the people but with the extension of coal mines, particularly in the southern part of the district, employment in coal mines is increasing. However, it has to be borne in mind that modern mining operations are highly mechanised. Four operational areas of [[Central Coalfields]] are marked on the map. All these areas are spread across partly this district and partly the neighbouring districts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Hazaribag, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 11-14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 1 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2015_PART_B_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Hazaribagh, 2011, Series 21, Part XII B |work = Census of India 2011 Page 26 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 26 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm |title=The North Karanpura Coalfields |work=Jharkhand |publisher=sinclair-environmental |accessdate=15 January 2021 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150516093809/http://sinclairenvironmental.com/karanpura/coalfields.htm |archivedate=16 May 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. Urbanisation data calculated on the basis of census data for CD blocks and may vary a little against unpublished official data.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Meru had a total population of 7,780, of which 4,740 (61%) were males and 3,040 (39%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 911. The total number of literate persons in Meru was 5,914 (86.10% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 11 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{As of|2001}} India [[census]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meru had a population of 8,547. Males constitute 66% of the population and females 34%. Meru has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 86%, and female literacy is 55%. In Meru, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Hazaribagh'', Meru covered an area of 4.37&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Among the civic amenities, it had 65&amp;nbsp;km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered wells, hand pumps. It had 649 domestic electric connections, 35 road lighting points. Among the educational facilities it had 1 primary school, 2 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school. Among the social, recreational and cultural facilities, it had 1 stadium. It had branches of 1 nationalised bank, 1 cooperative bank, 1 agricultural credit society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2015_PART_A_DCHB_HAZARIBAGH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Hazaribagh, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Pages 651-662| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |accessdate = 21 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==BSF centre==<br /> Meru has a [[Border Security Force|BSF]] training centre and school for advance training of counter insurgency, counter terrorism and bomb disposal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090913/jsp/jharkhand/story_11487477.jsp |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110605132014/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090913/jsp/jharkhand/story_11487477.jsp |url-status = dead |archive-date = 5 June 2011 |title = Excellence tag for BSF training centre | publisher= The Telegraph, 13 September 2009 | accessdate = 2010-04-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Education==<br /> Central School, BSF Camp, Meru, was established in 1979. It is an English-medium coeducational school, teaching from classes I to XII. It has library and computer facilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/central-school-b-s-f-camp-meru/20040811802 | title= Central School, BSF, Meru |publisher= Central School | accessdate = 16 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> Meru is 12&amp;nbsp;km from [[Hazaribagh]], off the Hazaribagh-Bagodar Road.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Hazaribagh District}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Hazaribagh district]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nursing_in_India&diff=474090 2025-09-03T02:47:20Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=October 2013}}<br /> '''[[Nursing]]''' in '''[[India]]''' is the practice of providing care for [[patient]]s, families, and communities in that nation to improve [[health]] and [[quality of life]].<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> There is evidence of institutionalised hospitals and nursing in India going back to the 5th century BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2002|title=The evolution of the hospital from antiquity to the end of the middle ages|pmid=14509111|last1=Cilliers|first1=L.|last2=Retief|first2=F. P.|journal=Curationis|volume=25|issue=4|pages=60–66|doi=10.4102/curationis.v25i4.806|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Florence Nightingale===<br /> [[Florence Nightingale]] had a significant influence on nursing in India and had a close knowledge of Indian conditions, especially in the army.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Florence Nightingale in India|url=https://www.history.com/topics/womens-history/florence-nightingale-1|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Florence Nightingale biography|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Florence-Nightingale|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was interested in the nursing service for the [[civilian population]], though her first interest was the welfare of the army in India.<br /> <br /> In 1854 (in the [[Crimean War|Crimean war]]), when women nurses were considered as rare, Florence Nightingale shows her ability in nursing. Works of Florence results in formation of Royal Commission. Army Medical School was established in year 1857.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Unforgettable - Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)|url=http://www.peopletree.co.in/history.htm|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; She established '''&quot;Nightingale School for nurses&quot;'''. In 1907, she gained '''&quot;The Order of Merit&quot;''' by the King.<br /> <br /> ===19th century===<br /> In 1871, the first school of nursing was started in [[Government General Hospital]], Madras with a six-month [[diploma]] midwives programme with four students. The first nursing school for women was started at [[Kanpur]]'s Saint Catherine's Hospital by Dr [[Alice Marval]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Nursing history in India|url=http://nursingandmidwifery.gov.in/nursinghistory.html#.X_GvndgzbIU|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Four female superintendents and four trained nurses from [[England]] were posted to Madras. Between 1890 and 1900, many schools, under either [[Mission (Christianity)|mission]]s or government, were started in various parts of India. In the 20th century, national nursing associations were started.<br /> <br /> In 1897, [[B. C. Roy]] worked to the standards of nursing and nurses of both Genders.<br /> <br /> ==Qualifications==<br /> The Indian Nursing Council recognizes several levels of nurses:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://indiannursingcouncil.org/nursingprograms|title=Indian Nursing Council|website=indiannursingcouncil.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last=kachhap |first=Ian |title=English: An informative representation to guide all the aspirants interested in pursuing nursing courses in India. Brief information on various nursing courses' eligibility and course duration. |date=2024-04-08 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nursing_Courses_in_India.png |access-date=2024-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''Auxiliary Nursing &amp; Midwife (ANM):''' Completion of 10+2 in any stream, followed by 2 years of ANM training.<br /> * '''General Nursing &amp; Midwifery (GNM):''' Completion of 10+2 in any stream, followed by 3 years of GNM training.<br /> * '''Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.Sc. Nursing):''' Completion of 10+2 in the science stream (Physics, Chemistry, and Biology), followed by 4 years of nursing education.<br /> * '''Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing:''' Completion of GNM or equivalent, followed by 2 years of additional training..<br /> * '''Master of Science in Nursing (M.Sc. Nursing):''' A degree in B.Sc. Nursing or Post Basic B.Sc. Nursing, plus one year of work experience, followed by 2 years of postgraduate training.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book<br /> |last= Wilkinson<br /> |first= Alice<br /> |authorlink=<br /> |title= A brief history of nursing in India and Pakistan<br /> |year= 1958<br /> |publisher= Trained Nurses’ Association of India<br /> |location= Delhi<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.indiannursingcouncil.org Indian Nursing Council]<br /> * [http://www.tamilnadunursingcouncil.com/ Tamil Nadu Nurses and Midwives Council]<br /> <br /> {{nursing}}<br /> {{Asia topic|Nursing in}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Nursing in India| ]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Names_for_India&diff=445212 2025-08-13T15:32:10Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: rd update</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Names of India]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naqab_desert_scorpion&diff=474299 2025-07-26T10:37:28Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Deathstalker]]<br /> {{R from alternative name}}</div>

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<p>BernadineMedwort: Redirect article</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Dharampal Satyapal Group]]<br /> <br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R to related topic}}<br /> }}</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Santosh_Sleeba&diff=532967 2025-05-26T11:56:28Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: Adding A Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{citation style|date=January 2014}}<br /> '''Santosh Sleeba''' is an actor in Malayalam film industry.<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> Santosh Sleeba was born on 16 March 1972 in Ernakulam district. He did his diploma in pharmaceuticals. Started a living by helping his father's medical business. His passion for acting bloomed later when he got a break in the Mohanlal film, [[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]], as a cop. He then continued his career with films like [[Nakhangal (2013 film)|Nakhangal]], [[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]], [[Nee Ko Njaa Cha]], [[Karmayodha]]. Surprisingly, he has played as a cop in all his films. He is also an integral part of Pooja Cricket tournament in Tripunitara and also plays an important part in Tripunitara Cricket club. He is also a part of Kerala Strikers of [[Celebrity Cricket League]].<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> *[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]] - 2012<br /> *[[Nee Ko Njaa Cha]] - 2012<br /> *[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]] - 2012<br /> *[[Nakhangal (2013 film)|Nakhangal]] - 2013<br /> *[[Karmayodha]] - 2013<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> *http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Santhosh%20Sleeba-5688<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20151030003423/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article1384171.ece ]<br /> *http://cricketarchive.com/Kerala/Players/260/260744/260744.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305070625/http://cricketarchive.com/Kerala/Players/260/260744/260744.html |date=5 March 2016 }}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sleeba, Santosh}}<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:1972 births]]<br /> [[Category:Actors from Ernakulam district]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

BernadineMedwort https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=C._K._Sadasivan&diff=472240 2025-05-26T11:38:22Z

<p>BernadineMedwort: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = C. K. Sadasivan<br /> | image = C.K.Sadhashivan.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|02|17|df=yes}}<br /> | birth_place = <br /> | nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place =<br /> <br /> | office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = {{Start date|2006||}}<br /> | term_end = {{End date|2016||}}<br /> | constituency = [[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]]<br /> | predecessor1 = [[M. M. Hassan]]<br /> | successor1 = [[U. Prathibha]]<br /> <br /> | office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start2 = {{Start date|1991||}}<br /> | term_end2 = {{End date|1996||}}<br /> | constituency2 = [[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]<br /> | predecessor2 = V. Dinakaran<br /> | successor2 = Suseela Gopalan<br /> <br /> | party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children =<br /> | footnotes =<br /> | date =<br /> | year =<br /> | source =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''C. K. Sadasivan''' (born 17 February 1953) is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|member]] of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]. He belongs to the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]. He was elected to the Kerala Legislative Assembly in 1991, 1996 and 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/c_k_sadasivan.htm|title=Members - Kerala Legislature|publisher=|accessdate=8 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413183541/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/13kla/mem/c_k_sadasivan.htm|archive-date=13 April 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Sadasivan, C. K.}}<br /> [[Category:Kerala MLAs 1991–1996]]<br /> [[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1953 births]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Alappuzha district]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala MLAs 2006–2011]]<br /> [[Category:Kerala MLAs 2011–2016]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Kerala-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}</div>

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