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LGBTQ themes in Hindu mythology

2026-06-01T03:07:24Z

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In [[Hindu mythology]], there are deities or heroes whose attributes or behavior can be interpreted as [[lesbian]], [[gay]], [[bisexual]], [[transgender]], or [[queer]] ([[LGBTQ]]) or have elements of [[gender variance]] and [[non-heterosexual]] sexuality.<ref name="morgan15">{{cite book |last=Morgan |first=Peggy |title=Ethical issues in six religious traditions |author2=Lawton, Clive |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-7486-2330-3 |page=15}}</ref> Traditional Hindu literary sources do not speak of [[homosexuality]] directly,<ref name=morgan15/> but changes of sex, [[homoerotic]] encounters, and [[intersex]] or [[third gender]] characters are often found both in traditional religious narratives such as the ''[[Vedas]]'', ''[[Mahabharata]]'', ''[[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Puranas]]'' as well as in regional folklore.

[[Hindu mythology]] has many examples of deities changing gender, manifesting as different genders at different times, or combining to form [[androgynous]] or [[hermaphroditic]] beings. Gods change sex or manifest as an [[avatar]] of the opposite sex in order to facilitate sexual congress.<ref name="conner305">Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 305, "Shiva"</ref><ref name="conner67">Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 67, "Ardhanarishvara "</ref><ref name=Vanita69/><ref name=Vanita94/> Non-divine beings also undergo sex-changes through the actions of the gods, as the result of curses or blessings, or as the natural outcome of [[reincarnation]].

[[Hindu mythology]] contains numerous incidents where sexual interactions can serve a sacred religious purpose; in some cases, these are same-sex interactions. Sometimes the gods condemn these interactions but at other times they occur with their blessing.<ref name=Pattanaik99/><ref name=Vanitu100/>

In addition to stories of gender and sexual variance that are generally accepted by mainstream [[Hinduism]], modern scholars and [[queer]] [[activist]]s have highlighted [[LGBT themes in mythology|LGBT themes]] in lesser-known texts, or inferred them from stories that traditionally are considered to have no [[Homoeroticism|homoerotic]] subtext. Such analyses have caused disagreements about the true meaning of the ancient stories.<ref name=Greenberg307/><ref name=vanitu/>

==Deities and homosexuality==
=== Agni ===
[[File:Agni god of fire.jpg|thumb|Agni, god of fire. Agni's role in accepting sacrifices is paralleled by his accepting semen from other gods.]]
Agni is depicted as having both a wife and a husband, and as having engaged in homosexual oral sex with Shiva. However, he was condemned by both Shiva and Parvati following the act; the semen, which he consumed as a [[doce (sweet)]], was passed into wives of some sages from where it landed on grass and Kartikeya was born: Shiva Purana. Also, this version of Kartikeya's birth differs from the one in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', where Kartikeya was born from the semen of Agni and was suckled by the Krittikas or wives of sages.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukhopadhay |first=Kishalaya |date=2016 |title=Queering the Narrative: Can the Subaltern Sex Speak? |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=20–23 |jstor=44003073 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref>

[[Agni]], the god of fire, wealth and creative energy, has same-sex sexual encounters that involve accepting semen from other gods. Although married to the goddess [[Svaha]], Agni is also shown as being part of a [[same-sex couple]] with [[Soma (deity)|Soma]], the god of the moon. Agni takes a receptive role in this relationship, accepting semen from Soma with his mouth, paralleling Agni's role in accepting sacrifices from Earth to Heaven. [[Orthodox Hinduism]] emphasises that these are "[[mithuna]]", ritual sexual encounters, and Agni and his mouth represent the receiving role.<ref name="conner309">Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 309, "Soma"</ref><ref name="connergani">Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 44, "Agni"</ref>

Agni also accepts semen from different deities, in the myth of the conception and birth of [[Karttikeya]],<ref name="Karttikeya" group="n">Also called Murugan, Skanda ("that which is spilled or oozed, namely seed"), Subrahmanya, Kumara ("unmarried" and "Mara-slayer"), Guha ("cave"), Lalita ("the Beautiful"), Kanta ("the Handsome"), Senapati ("Lord of the army") and Brahmacharin ("vowed to celibacy").</ref> a god of male beauty and battle. Numerous versions of Karttikeya's birth story exist, many having a conception from only male input, although [[heterosexual sex]] or desire also plays a part. However, Parvati is credited as Karttikeya's mother. Ganga is Karttikeya's mother in other versions, accepting semen from Agni and carrying the unborn child. The male progenitor is sometimes [[Shiva]], Agni, or a combination of the two.<ref name="Vanita78">Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 78</ref> In the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' and the ''Ramayana'', the gods fear the outcome of Shiva and Parvati's "unending embrace", and interrupt their coitus. Shiva then appears before the gods and declares "now let him step forward who will swallow the semen I ejaculate". At the prompting of the gods, Agni performs fellatio on Shiva and swallows his semen.<ref name="connergani" /> In these stories, Parvati and Shiva condemn Agni's actions, calling them "wicked" or "improper". In the eleventh century text ''Kathasaritsagara'', however, Shiva forces the unwilling Agni to swallow his ejaculate.<ref>Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 79</ref> The semen causes a burning sensation in those that ingest it, prompting Agni to divest it into wives of a group of sages, under Shiva's advice. The sages' wives, in turn, drop the semen into the [[Ganges river]] (the ''Ganga''), where it flows to the shore from which Kārttikeya springs. In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', Kārttikeya is also the son of Agni, who ejaculates into the hands of one of the ''[[Krittika]]s'' (the [[Pleiades]]), who in turn throws the semen into a lake, from whence Kārttikeya is born. In some myths, Agni ejaculates onto a mountain that was itself made from Shiva's divine semen, making Kārttikeya the child of the two gods, according to an interpretation by [[Markandeya]] in the ''[[Vana Parva]]''.<ref name="Vanita78" />

=== Mitra and Varuna ===
[[Mitra (Hindu god)|Mitra]] and [[Varuna]] are gods of great intimacy and often mentioned together in Vedic literature. These Adityas preside over the universal waters wherein Mitra controls the ocean depths and lower portals while Varuna rules over the ocean's upper regions, rivers and shorelines.<ref name="MitraVaruna" />

In Vedic literature, Mitra and Varuna are portrayed as icons of affection and intimate friendship between males (the Sanskrit word Mitra means "friend" or "companion"). They are depicted riding a shark or crocodile together while bearing tridents, ropes, conch shells and water pots. Sometimes they are portrayed seated side-by-side on a golden chariot drawn by seven swans. Ancient Brahmana texts furthermore associate Mitra and Varuna with the two lunar phases and same-sex relations: "Mitra and Varuna, on the other hand, are the two half-moons: the waxing one is Varuna and the waning one is Mitra. During the new-moon night these two meet and when they are thus together they are pleased with a cake offering. Verily, all are pleased and all is obtained by any person knowing this. On that same night, Mitra implants his seed in Varuna and when the moon later wanes, that waning is produced from his seed." (Shatapatha Brahmana 2.4.4.19) Varuna is similarly said to implant his seed in Mitra on the full-moon night for the purpose of securing its future waxing. In Hinduism, the new- and full-moon nights are discouraged times for procreation and consequently often associated with citrarata{{Definition needed|date=December 2024}} or unusual types of intercourse.<ref name="MitraVaruna" />

The [[Bhagavata Purana]] (6.18.3-6) lists Varuna and Mitra as having children through [[ayoni]] or non-vaginal sex. For example, Varuna fathered the sage [[Valmiki]] when his semen fell upon a termite mound, and [[Agastya]] and [[Vasistha]] were born from water pots after Mitra and Varuna discharged their semen in the presence of [[Urvasi]]. This account is arguably similar to gay couples having children through surrogate mothers in modern days.<ref name="MitraVaruna" />

== Deities and transsexuality ==

=== Ardhanarishvara ===
[[File:Ardhanari.png|right|thumb|upright|Shiva and Parvati in the form of [[Ardhanarisvara]]]][[Ardhanarishvara]] is created by the merging of the god [[Shiva]] and his consort [[Parvati]] whose half right body is male while the left half is female.<ref group="n">Parvati is also called Shakti and Uma</ref><ref name="conner305" /> The name Ardhanarishvara means "The Lord whose half is a woman". This form of Shiva represents the "totality that lies beyond duality", and is associated with communication between mortals and gods and between men and women.<ref name="conner67" /> [[Alain Daniélou|Alain Danielou]] says that "The hermaphrodite, the homosexual and the transvestite have a symbolic value and are considered privileged beings, images of the Ardhararishvara."<ref name="conner67" />

=== Aravan ===
According to Tamil versions of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', the god [[Krishna]] – an avatar of Vishnu – also took the form of Mohini and married [[Iravan|Aravan]]. This was in order to give Aravan the chance to experience love before his death, as he had volunteered to be sacrificed. Krishna remained in mourning in the Mohini form for some time after Aravan's death. This marriage and death of Aravan are commemorated annually in a rite known as ''Thali'', during which ''[[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]]s'' take on the role of Krishna-Mohini and "marry" Aravan in a mass-wedding, followed by an 18-day festival. The festival ends with a ritual burial of Aravan, while the Hijras mourn in Tamil style: by beating their chests in ritual dances, breaking their bangles and changing into white mourning clothes. In other versions, this story does not appear.<ref>Canner & Sparks, p. 66, "Aravan"</ref>

== Others ==
A similar merger occurs between the beauty and prosperity goddess [[Lakshmi]] and her husband [[Vishnu]], forming the hermaphroditic or [[Androgyny|androgynous]] [[Vaikuntha Kamalaja|Lakshmi-Narayana]].<ref>Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 211, "Lakshmi"</ref>

In the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', Vishnu takes the form of the enchantress, [[Mohini]], in order to trick the [[Asura|demon]]s into giving up [[Amrita]], the elixir of life. Shiva later becomes attracted to Mohini and their relationship results in the birth of a son. In the ''[[Brahmanda Purana]]'', Shiva's wife [[Parvati]] "hangs her head in shame" when she sees her husband's pursuit of Mohini. In some stories, Shiva asks Vishnu to take on the Mohini form again so he can see the actual transformation for himself.<ref name="Vanita69">Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 69</ref> Stories in which [[Shiva]] knows of Mohini's true nature have been interpreted to "suggest the fluidity of gender in sexual attraction".<ref name="Vanita70">Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 70</ref>

Pattanaik writes that those focusing only on homoeroticism miss the narrative's deeper metaphysical significance: Mohini's femininity represents the material aspect of reality, and Mohini's seduction is another attempt to induce Shiva into taking an interest in worldly matters. He cites another story to show that only [[Vishnu]] has the power to "enchant" Shiva: a demon tries to kill Shiva by taking the form of a woman (placing sharp teeth in "his" vagina). Shiva recognizes the impostor and kills the demon by the placing a "thunderbolt" on his "manhood" during their act of "lovemaking".<ref name="Pattanaik_73-4">Pattanaik (2001), pp. 73-74</ref>

In the later, non-Puranic story of the origin of God [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]],<ref group="n" name="Ayyappa">Ayyappa is also known as Hariharaputra, Manikantha, and identified with Dharma-[[Shasta (deity)|Shasta]]</ref> Vishnu as Mohini becomes pregnant by Shiva, and gives birth to [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]], who she abandons in shame. Pattanaik writes that rather than Mohini becoming pregnant, Ayyappa sprang from Shiva's semen, which he ejaculated upon embracing Mohini. In another version, the [[Pandyan Dynasty|Pandyan]] king Rajasekhara of [[Pandalam]] adopts the baby. In this version, Ayyappa is referred to as ''[[ayoni]] jata'', "born of a non-vagina", and later ''[[Harihara]]putra'', "the son of Vishnu and Shiva", and grows up to be a great hero.<ref name="Vanita94">Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 94</ref><ref name="BLSmith5">Smith, B.L., p. 5, ''Legitimation of Power in South Asia''</ref>

Changes of sex and cross-dressing also occur in [[mythology]] about non-divine figures.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

===Shikhandi===

[[Shikhandi]] is a character in the ''[[Mahabharata]]''. He was originally born as a girl named 'Shikhandini' to [[Drupada]], the king of [[Panchala Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Panchala]]. In a previous lifetime, Shikandini was a woman named [[Amba (Mahabharata)|Amba]], who was rendered unmarriageable by the hero [[Bhishma]]. Humiliated, Amba undertook great austerities, and the gods granted her wish to be the cause of Bhishma's death. Amba was then reborn as Shikhandini. A divine voice told Drupada to raise Shikhandini as a son; so Drupada raised her like a man, trained her in warfare and arranged for her to marry a female. On the wedding night, Shikhandini's wife discovered that her "husband" was female, and insulted her. Shikhandini fled, but met a [[yaksha]] who exchanged his sex with her. Shikhandini returned as a man with the name 'Shikhandi' and led a happy married life with his wife and children. During the [[Kurukshetra war]], Bhishma recognised him as Amba reborn and refused to fight 'a woman'. Accordingly, [[Arjuna]] hid behind Shikhandi in order to defeat the almost invincible Bhishma. In the Javanese telling, Srikandi (as she is known) never becomes a man, but is a woman equal to men, and is married to Arjuna.<ref name="connerarjuna">Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 68, "Arjuna"</ref> After his death, Shikhandi's masculinity was transferred back to the yaksha.

===Arjuna===

Arjuna himself is an example of gender variance. When Arjuna refused her amorous advances, the nymph [[Urvashi]] cursed Arjuna; he would become a "kliba", a member of the third gender. Krishna assured Arjuna that this curse would serve as the perfect disguise for Arjuna during his last year of exile. Arjuna took the name [[Brihannala]] and dressed in women's clothes, causing the curse to take effect. Thus Arjuna gained entry into the city ruled by king [[Virata]], where he taught the arts of music, singing and dancing to the princess [[Uttarā (Mahabharata)|Uttarā]] and her female attendees.<ref name="connerarjuna" /><ref name="Pattanaik80">Pattanaik (2001), p. 80</ref> In the ''[[Padma Purana]]'', Arjuna is also physically transformed into a woman when he requests permission to take part in Krishna's mystical dance, which only women may attend.<ref name="Pattanaik80" />

===Ila===

The story of [[Ila (Hinduism)|Ila]], a king cursed by [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]] to alternate between being a man and woman each month, appears in several traditional Hindu texts. After changing sex, Ila loses the memory of being the other gender. During one such period, Ila marries [[Budha]] (the god of the planet Mercury). Although Budha knows of Ila's alternating gender, he does not enlighten the 'male' Ila, who remains unaware of his life as a woman. The two live together as man and wife only when Ila is female. In the ''[[Ramayana]]'' version, Ila bears Budha a son, although in the ''Mahabharata'' Ila is called both mother and father of the child. After this birth the curse is lifted and Ila is totally changed into a man who goes on to father several children with his wife.<ref>Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 18.</ref><ref name="Pattanaik4547">Pattanaik (2001), pp. 45–47</ref><ref name="connerila">Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 183, "Ila/Sudyumna"</ref> In another version, Budha is described as [[transgender]] as well.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata|last=Pattanaik|first=Devdutt|publisher=Penguin India|year=2011|isbn=978-0-14-310425-4}}</ref>

===Lopamudra===

Another story in [[Hinduism]] involving a sex change is the story of the sage [[Lopamudra]] found in the Giridhara Ramayana.<ref name="Pandharipande">{{Cite web|last=Pandharipande|first=Dr. Rajeshwari|url=http://www.themotherdivine.com/11/A-possible-vision-of-lopamudra.shtml|title=A Possible Vision of Lopamudra!|access-date=30 August 2021|publisher=themotherdivine.com|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035035/http://www.themotherdivine.com/11/A-possible-vision-of-lopamudra.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> This version of the story is different from the other two (as found in the Rig Vedic Hymns and the [[Mahabharata]]) as it depicts Lopamudra as a man who is turned into a woman (in contrast to the others which depict Lopamudra as being created as a woman and remaining so).<ref name="Pandharipande" /><ref>{{cite web
|title=Encyclopedia for Epics of Ancient India: Lopamudra
|url=http://www.mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/lopamudra.htm
|access-date=2021-08-30
|archive-date=2021-10-22
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022155731/http://mythfolklore.net/india/encyclopedia/lopamudra.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref> In the Giridhara Ramayana, the sage [[Agastya]] approached the king of [[Kanyakubja]] and asked if he could marry one of the king's many daughters when they came of age. The king agreed and promised Agastya that one of his daughters would marry the sage and asked him to wait a few years until then. However, by the time Agastya returned, the king had already married off all his daughters and was so worried about getting cursed by the sage that the king dressed his son Lopamudra as a woman and presented him to Agastya. When Agastya and Lopamudra were married, a miracle occurred and Lopamudra was transformed into a woman.<ref name="Pandharipande" />[[File:Bahuchara.jpg|thumb|[[Bahuchar Mata]] is a patron goddess of the [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]]s.]]

=== Birth of Agni ===
Numerous deities have been considered patrons of third-sex or homoerotically inclined people. This patronage can originate in epical stories about the deity, or from religious practices and rituals. For example, Conner and Sparks argue that the goddess of fire, love and sexuality, Arani, has been linked to [[lesbian]] eroticism via rituals in her honor: for example two pieces of wood perceived as feminine, called the ''adhararani'' and ''utararani'', are rubbed together, simulating a spiritual lesbian interaction.<ref>Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 66, "Arani".</ref>

These sticks are also perceived as male and female parents of the god [[Agni]] who in the ''[[Rig Veda]]'' is identified as a child of two births, two mothers and even three mothers. His mothers are identified as heaven and earth. These two, called [[Dyaus]] and [[Prithvi]], however are also referred to as male and female in the [[Vedic verses]]. The two mothers are also referred to as sisters in the verses. The two sticks or ''aranis'' used in the ritual are referred to as feminine. In the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' the two sticks are however interpreted as belonging to opposite genders.<ref>{{Cite book |last=NA |first=NA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=McoYDAAAQBAJ&dq=arani+agni+mother&pg=PA15 |title=Same-Sex Love in India: Readings from Literature and History |date=2016-04-30 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-349-62183-5 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bahuchara Mata ===
[[Bahuchara Mata]] is a patron goddess of the Hijra. In popular iconography she is often shown riding a [[rooster]] and carrying a sword, trident and a book. Various stories link Bahuchara to castration or other changes in physical sexual characteristics, sometimes as the result of her aiming curses against men. Bahuchara is believed to have originated as a mortal woman who became martyred. In one story, Bahuchara is attacked by a bandit who attempts to rape her, but she takes his sword, cuts off her breasts and dies.<ref>Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 81, "Bahucharamata"</ref><ref name="Pattanaik101">Pattanaik (2001), p. 101</ref> In another story, Bahuchara curses her husband when she catches him sneaking to the woods to engage in homoerotic behavior, causing his genitals to fall off and forcing him to dress as a woman.<ref name="Pattanaik99">Pattanaik (2001), p. 99</ref>

Stories also link Bahuchara to gender variance after she becomes divine. One epic concerns a king who prayed to Bahuchara for a son. Bahuchara complied, but the prince grew up to be impotent. One night Bahuchara appeared to the prince in a dream and ordered him to cut off his genitals, wear women's clothes and become her servant. Bahuchara is believed to continue to identify impotent men and command them to do the same. If they refuse, she punishes them: for their next seven incarnations they will be impotent. This epic is the origin of the cult of Bahuchara Mata, whose devotees are required to self-castrate and remain celibate.<ref name="abbott">{{cite book |last=Abott |first=Elizabeth |title=A History of Celibacy |year=2001 |publisher=Da Capo Press |location=Cambridge, MA, USA |isbn=0-306-81041-7 |page=329 }}</ref>

=== Sambha ===
[[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], the son of [[Krishna]], is also a patron of eunuchs, transgender people and homoeroticism. Samba dresses in women's clothes to mock and trick people, and so that he can more easily enter the company of women and seduce them.<ref>Conner Sparks (1998), p. 303, "Shamba"</ref> In the ''[[Mausala Parva]]'', Samba, dressed as woman, is cursed after being questioned about "her" supposed pregnancy. As a result of the curse, Samba, although remaining male, gives birth to an iron pestle and mortar.<ref>{{cite book |title= Krishna Charitra|last= Chattopadhyaya |first= Bankim Chandra |year= 2008 |pages= 165–166 |publisher= Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1035-1}}</ref>

=== Birth of Bhagiratha ===
Some versions of the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] mythological text [[Krittivasi Ramayan|''Krittivasa Ramayana'']] contain a story of two queens that conceived a child together. When the famous king of the [[Sun Dynasty]], Maharaja [[Dilipa (mythology)|Dilipa]], died, the demigods become concerned that he did not have an heir. Shiva appeared before the king's two widowed queens and commanded, "You two make love together and by my blessings you will bear a beautiful son." The two queens execute Shiva's order and one of them conceived a child. In other versions of the story, [[Kamadeva]], the god of love, blesses them with a child after they fall in love. The child was born boneless, but by the blessings of the sage [[Ashtavakra]], the child was restored to full health. Ashtavakra named the child "[[Bhagiratha]]" – he who was born from two vulvas (''bhaga''). Bhagiratha would later become one of the most famous mythic kings of India and is credited with bringing the Ganges River down to earth through his austerities.<ref name="Vanitu100">Vanita & Kidwai (2001), pp. 100–102.</ref>

=== Birth of Ganesha ===
The elephant-headed, wisdom god [[Ganesha]]'s conception has numerous versions. Some sources consider him to be the progeny of [[Shiva]] and [[Parvati]], although conception occurs outside the womb. However, most versions consider him to have been produced purely through the actions of Parvati, who in the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' fashioned him from clay. However, when Ganesha blocks Shiva, he is beheaded and later restored to life by Shiva.<ref name=Vanita81>Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 81</ref> In a 13th-century [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] text, Jayadratha's ''Haracaritacintamani'', Ganesha's birth is the result of Parvati's menstrual blood being washed into the Ganges, where it is swallowed by Parvati's elephant-headed handmaiden Malini, who in turn gives birth, giving Ganesha an all-female origin.<ref name=Pattanaik116>Pattanaik (2001), p. 116</ref><ref name=Vanita82>Vanita & Kidwai (2001), p. 82</ref> Courtright considers the birth to be "less auspicious" due to the lack of male input and use of bodily fluids such as sweat or menstrual blood,<ref name=courtright/> but Ruth Vanita points out that Hindus consider Ganesha's birth auspicious, and that the use of non-procreative bodily fluids is considered sacred and purifying in many [[Hindu rituals]].<ref name=Vanita82/><ref>Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 18, "Malini"</ref><ref>Conner & Sparks (1998), p. 18, "Hinduism"</ref>

=== Angalamma ===
The [[Angala Devi|Angalamma]] has been worshipped as patron goddess by the Tamil transgender community.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Vasudevan |first=Aniruddhan |date= |title=Between the goddess and the world : religion and ethics among Thirunangai transwomen in Chennai, India |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2152/83156 |journal=Texas ScholarWorks |language=en |pages=159-162}}</ref>

According to a version, After freeing [[Shiva|Lord Siva]] from the power of Bramma’s severed head, Angalamma(Parvati) fell under a grave affliction. The act left her burdened with ''brammahatti dosham'', and Kalaivani([[Saraswati]]) cursed her for crushing Bramma’s head beneath her feet. From that moment, Angalamma lost her settled form. Angalamma began to roam without rest. Her body became frightening—her eyes wide and burning, her teeth sharp and protruding, her neck weighed down by a garland made from entrails. Unable to remain in one place, she wandered through many regions and villages, driven by an unrelenting need to feed. She passed through forests and settlements, and reached [[Melmalayanur|Mel Malayanur]]. There she saw a hut built by a ''thirunangai (''Tamil term for Transgenger woman'')'', who lived there alone. When Angalamma reached the hut, she did not reveal her terrifying nature. She appeared simply as a tired woman seeking shelter. The ''thirunangai'' welcomed her without hesitation and offered her a place to stay. At that time, the thirunangai was suffering from illness. Angalamma gathered medicinal plants, prepared remedies, and restored her to health. For a time, they lived together quietly. But when the month of Maasi returned, the curse once again took hold of Angalamma. Her fearsome form emerged, and her hunger returned with it. She needed entrails for her garland, yet there was no animal to be found. Witnessing the goddess’s torment, the thirunangai made a decision no one else would have made. She opened her own body and offered her intestines to Angalamma as sustenance. Before doing so, she demanded a binding promise. She said that when Angalamma chose to reside there as a deity, she must not appear in her own form, but in the form of a thirunangai. The land, she insisted, must become fertile and alive. Angalamma accepted these terms. The promise could not be broken. From that moment onward, she was bound to the vow given to the thirunangai. Because of this, Angalamma is worshipped at Malayanur in the form of a thirunangai.<ref name=":0" />

=== Kottankulangara Sree Devi Temple, & Chamayavilkku ===
According to a version of the story of [[Kottankulangara Devi Temple]], a group of young cowherd boys who, cross-dressied as girls, used to play near a stone they revered as god. One day, to their astonishment, the Goddess revealed herself from that very stone. News of this miraculous event soon spread throughout the village, leading the community to build a temple around the stone, accepting it as an expression of divine will. This legend is thought to mark the beginning of the custom of men adorning themselves in female attire annually on the Chamayavilkku festival. The festival is a attended by transgender of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sengar |first=Resham SengarResham |title=The Kerala temple where thousands of men dress up like women every year |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/the-kerala-temple-where-thousands-of-men-dress-up-like-women-every-year/articleshow/65402999.cms |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-03-27 |title=This year’s Chamayavilakku witnesses 4,000 men cross-dressing to offer prayers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/this-years-chamayavilakku-witnesses-4000-men-cross-dressing-to-offer-prayers/articleshow/57839258.cms |access-date=2026-02-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Sangam literature==
[[Sangam literature]] uses the word 'pēṭi' ({{langx|ta|பேடி}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/tamil-lex_query.py?searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact&qs=பேடி |script-title=ta:பேடி |website=Digital Dictinaries of South Asia |access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref>) to refer to people born with [[intersex]] condition; it also refers to Antharlinga{{Definition needed|date=December 2024}} hijras and various types of Hijra. Likewise, the famous Sangam period characters of King [[Kopperuncholan]] and Pisuranthaiyar are another example of same-sex love. They are said to have not seen each other at all and yet shared love and regard for each other, so much so that they die at the same time in different places. The friendship between King Pari and poet Kabilar is shown as something more than just friendship. There are lyrical undertones suggestive of the intimate relationship between them. But since there is no explicit representation, one can only postulate a possibility.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-more-under-siege/article5247859.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=A. | last=Shrikumar | title=No more under siege | date=2013-10-18 | access-date=2013-11-18 | archive-date=2017-01-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170102232041/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/no-more-under-siege/article5247859.ece | url-status=live }}</ref>

The ''[[Manimekalai]]'', a literary work written by Sangam era poet [[Chithalai Chathanar|Satthanar]], describes the story of how Buddha showed compassion to the people of a city including a cross-dressing man.<ref name=":9">{{cite journal | last1 = Somasundaram | first1 = O | last2 = Tejus Murthy | first2 = A G | year = 2016 | title = Manimekalai: The ancient Buddhist Tamil epic, its relevance to psychiatry | pmc = 4919973 | journal = Indian J Psychiatry | volume = 58 | issue = 2| pages = 229–32 | pmid = 27385862 | doi = 10.4103/0019-5545.183788 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

==Critical analysis==
{{Quote box|width=30em|align=right|quote=Queer manifestations of sexuality, though repressed socially, squeeze their way into the myths, legends and lore of the land.
|salign=right|source=—[[Devdutt Pattanaik]], ''The Man Who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore''<ref name=Pattanaik3>Pattanaik (2001), p. 3</ref>
}}
According to " ''Ethical issues in six religious traditions",'' Hindu traditional literary sources say little about homosexuality directly, although there are many references and accounts to suggest LGBTQ characteristics in ancient Hindu literary texts and artworks. Homoeroticism in traditional texts is often masked by adherence to strict gender rules.<ref name=morgan15/>
Critical study is further hampered by the lack of [[Sanskrit]] words for modern conceptions (such as homosexuality), although words for specific same-sex sexual acts exist. Timothy Murphy writes that LGBT themes are often ignored by "heterosexist scholars", and even early investigations into sexual minorities in Hindu culture failed to analyse stories or artwork depicting same-sex sexual acts between mythological beings. Murphy describes the study of LGBT topics in Hindu culture as "still in their infancy".<ref>Murphy (2000), pp.281–282</ref>

{{Quote box
| width = 30em|
| align = left
| quote = Hindu society had a clear cut idea of all these people in the past. Now that we have put them under one label 'LGBT', there is lot more confusion and other identities have got hidden.
| salign = right
| source = —[[Gopi Shankar Madurai]], National Queer Conference 2013<ref name="thehindu.com" />
}}

Goldman writes of transgenderism in Hindu literature: "Few cultures have accorded this phenomenon so prominent a place in the realms of mythology and religion as has that of traditional India." Goldman considers the numerous myths concerning gender change to be a manifestation of patriarchal cultures' desire to control the sexuality of women, but writes that many myths "project a positive valuation of women and femininity".<ref name=goldman1>Goldman, pp. 1–2</ref> Changes in gender may be caused by a god or through the use of magic, in order to deceive others or to facilitate a romantic encounter. A change in gender may also occur spontaneously due to changes in a person's spiritual or moral character, either in a single life, or through reincarnation.<ref name=goldman3>Goldman, p. 3</ref>

According to the ''Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions'', queer theorists and activists have reinterpreted ancient texts "searching for alternative voices" that demonstrate the diversity of gender models and sexualities in Hinduism. These scholars include Giti Thadani, who attempted to uncover lesbian subtext in ancient Vedic and Sanskrit texts in ''Sakhiyani: lesbian desire in ancient and modern India'', and [[Ruth Vanita]], who attempts "to locate spaces of same-sex intimacy in vernacular texts" in ''Same-sex love in India: readings from literature and history''.<ref name=Greenberg307>Greenberg, p. 307</ref><ref name=vanitu>Vanita & Kidwai (2001)</ref>

Some LGBT interpretations of popular stories and characters have been controversial. ''Ganeśa: Lord of obstacles, Lord of beginnings'', applied [[psychoanalytic]] approaches to Hindu stories. The book stated that [[Ganesha]]'s trunk represented a flaccid penis and his love of sweets indicated a desire to perform homosexual oral sex.<ref name=courtright>Courtright, pp. 110–125</ref> The deductions of this book, and similar application of psychoanalysis to the study of Hinduism, has been questioned by Western and Indian academics including Antonio De Nicholas, Krishnan Ramaswamy, [[S.N. Balagangadhara]], and Saraha Claerhout, who have stated that the book is based on mistranslations and psychoanalytic misinterpretations.<ref>{{Cite journal| volume = 7| issue = 19| pages = 118–143| last = Balagangadhara| first = S. N.| author2 = Sarah Claerhout| title = Are Dialogues Antidotes to Violence? Two Recent Examples from Hinduism Studies| journal = Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies| year = 2008| url = http://www.jsri.ro/new/?download=19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf| quote = Such an explanation (...) requires compelling evidence before it can be considered true. The author,[Paul Courtright] of course, does not provide this because he thinks he is advancing a psychoanalytical 'interpretation' of Ganesa.| access-date = 2009-08-18| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090820023251/http://www.jsri.ro/new/?download=19_balagangadhara_claerhout.pdf| archive-date = 2009-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Invading the Sacred | chapter = Abusing Ganesha and Shiva | pages = 53–59 | publisher = Rupa & Co | url = http://invadingthesacred.com/ | author1 = Antonio De Nicholas | author2 = Krishnan Ramaswamy | author3 = Aditi Banerjee | access-date = 2009-08-14 | archive-date = 2009-02-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207020021/http://invadingthesacred.com/ | url-status = live }}</ref> The book became infamous in India, triggering protests and resulting in a public apology from the publishers and withdrawal of the book in India.<ref name="Sharmaritn">{{cite journal|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|date=Spring 2004|title=Hindus and Scholars|journal=Religion in the News|publisher=The Leonard E. Greenberg Center for the Study of Religion in Public Life, Trinity College|location=Hartford, Connecticut, US|volume=7|issue=1|url=http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/csrpl/RINVol7No1/Hindus%20and%20Scholars.htm|access-date=2009-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511194249/http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/csrpl/RINVol7No1/Hindus%20and%20Scholars.htm|archive-date=2010-05-11}}</ref>

The scholarship of [[Wendy Doniger]], which focuses on interpretation of Hindu texts through psychoanalysis, is similarly controversial and has been criticised. Doniger has been described as "being rude, crude and very lewd in the hallowed portals of Sanskrit Academics."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20020911134952/http://www.bbc.co.uk/asianlife/tv/network_east_late/biogs/wendy_doniger.shtml BBC's article on Wendy Doniger]</ref><ref>''Invading the Sacred'', p.24</ref> Doniger's works that feature LGBT interpretations of Hindu myths include the books ''Siva: The Erotic Ascetic'', ''Tales of Sex and Violence'',<ref>Doniger O'Flaherty (1987)</ref> and ''Splitting the difference: gender and myth in ancient Greece and India''.<ref>Doniger (1999)</ref>
[[Michael Witzel]], a professor of Sanskrit, said that Wendy Doniger's knowledge of Vedic Sanskrit is severely flawed.<ref>''Invading the Sacred'', p.66</ref> Nicholas Kazanas, a European Indologist, has also criticised Doniger's works and wrote that Doniger seems to be obsessed with only one meaning of myths: the most sexual imaginable.<ref name="kazanas">{{cite journal | last1 = Kazanas | first1 = Nicholas | year = 2001 | title = Indo-European Deities and the Rgveda | url = | journal = Journal of Indo-European Studies | volume = 29 | issue = 3–4| pages = 257–293 }} Footnote #14 on page 283.</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|Mythology|LGBTQ}}
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[Bahuchara Mata]]
* [[Religion and homosexuality]]
* [[Queer theology]]
* [[Transgender people and religion]]
* [[LGBT topics and Hinduism]]
* [[LGBT themes in mythology]]
* [[LGBT literature]]
* [[LGBT history]]
* [[LGBT rights in India]]
* [[LGBT rights in Sri Lanka]]
* [[Tamil Sexual Minorities]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
'''Specific'''<ref name="MitraVaruna">[http://www.galva108.org/deities.html#Mitra_Varuna Mitra Varuna] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827022633/http://galva108.org/deities.html |date=2013-08-27 }}, The Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association</ref>
{{Reflist|3}}

===General===
* {{cite book |title= Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit|last= Conner |first= Randy P. |author2=Sparks, David Hatfield |author3=Sparks, Mariya |year=1998 |publisher=Cassell |location=UK |isbn=0-304-70423-7}}
* {{cite book |title= Ganesa: Lord of Obstacles, Lord of Beginnings|last= Courtright|first= Paul B. |year= 1989|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-505742-3}}
* {{cite book |title= Tritiya-Prakriti: People of the Third Sex|last= Das Wilhelm|first= Amara |year= 2008|publisher= Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4134-6420-7}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
* {{cite book |title= Splitting the difference: gender and myth in ancient Greece and India (Volumes 1996–1997 of Jordan lectures in comparative religion)|last= Doniger|first= Wendy |year= 1999|publisher= University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-15641-5}}
* {{cite book |title= Tales of sex and violence: folklore, sacrifice, and danger in the Jaiminīya Brāhmaṇa|last= Doniger O'Flaherty|first= Wendy |year=1987 |publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0267-4}}
* {{cite journal|last=Goldman|first=Robert P. |date=July–September 1993|title=Transsexualism, gender, and anxiety in traditional India|journal=The Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=374–401 |publisher=The American Oriental Society|doi=10.2307/605387 |jstor=605387}}
* {{cite book |title= Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions|last= Greenberg|first=Yudit Kornberg |year= 2007|publisher= ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-980-1}}
* {{cite book|title= Reader's guide to lesbian and gay studies|last= Murphy|first= Timothy F.|year= 2000|publisher= Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1-57958-142-8|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/readersguidetole0000unse}}
* {{cite book |title= The man who was a woman and other queer tales of Hindu lore|last= Pattanaik|first= Devdutt |year= 2001|publisher= Routledge|isbn=978-1-56023-181-3}}
* {{cite book |title= Gay Witchcraft: Empowering the Tribe|last= Penczak|first= Christopher |year= 2003|publisher= Weiser|isbn=978-1-57863-281-7}}
* {{cite book |title= Sakhiyani: lesbian desire in ancient and modern India|last= Thadani|first= Giti |year= 1996|publisher= Cassell|isbn=978-0-304-33452-0}}
* {{cite book |title= Same-sex love in India: readings from literature and history|last= Vanita|first= Ruth |author2=Kidwai, Saleem |year= 2001|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-0-312-29324-6}}
* {{cite book|year=2004|title=Hindu Deities and the Third Sex|last=Wilhelm|first=Amara Das|url=http://www.galva108.org/deities.html;col1|access-date=2011-09-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133440/http://www.galva108.org/deities.html;col1|archive-date=2015-04-02}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=W. Norman |date=1927 |title=Change of Sex as a Hindu Story Motif |journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society |volume=47 |pages=3–24 |doi=10.2307/593238 |jstor=593238 |issn=0003-0279}}
*{{cite journal | pmid = 33083261 | doi=10.4103/ijem.IJEM_152_20 | volume=24 | title=Transsexualism in Hindu Mythology | pmc=7539026 | year=2020 | journal=Indian J Endocrinol Metab | pages=235–236 | last1 = Srinivasan | first1 = SP | last2 = Chandrasekaran | first2 = S | issue=3 | doi-access=free }}

{{LGBT in India}}
{{LGBTQ fiction}}

{{good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Mythology}}
[[Category:Hindu mythology|LGBT themes]]
[[Category:LGBTQ in India]]
[[Category:LGBTQ themes in mythology|*]]
[[Category:LGBTQ and Hinduism]]

Chaetodon falcula

2026-05-18T14:39:27Z

BennyHubbs95: entry

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = bep_chaetodon_falcula.jpg
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref =<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Allen, G.R. |author2=Myers, R.F. |date=2010 |title=''Chaetodon falcula'' |volume=2010 |article-number=e.T165607A6066720 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T165607A6066720.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Chaetodon
| parent = Chaetodon (Rabdophorus)
| species = falcula
| authority = [[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1795
| synonyms = *''Anisochaetodon falcula'' (Bloch, 1795)
*''Chaetodon dizoster'' [[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1831
*''Tetragonoptrus dizoster'' (Valenciennes, 1831)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Chaetodon|falcula|month=December|year=2019}}</ref>
}}

'''''Chaetodon falcula''''', the '''blackwedged butterflyfish''' or '''falcula butterflyfish''', is a [[species]] of marine [[ray-finned fish]] a [[butterflyfish]] belonging to the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Chaetodontidae]]. It is found in the Indian Ocean.

==Description==
''Chaetodon falcula'' has a white body which is marked with a number of thin vertical dark grey lines. It has two clear black saddle-like blotches on the dorsal part of the body, a vertical black eye band and a black caudal peduncle. The [[dorsal fin|dorsal]], [[anal fin|anal]] and [[caudal fin]]s are yellow.<ref name = Saltcorner>{{cite web | url = http://www.saltcorner.com/AquariumLibrary/browsespecies.php?CritterID=486 | title = ''Chaetodon falcula'' | access-date = 21 December 2020 | publisher = Bob Goemans | year = 2012 | work = Saltcorner}}</ref> The yellow continues onto the body adjacent to the dorsal and anal fins.<ref name = FofA>{{cite web | author = Bray, D.J. | year = 2020 | title = ''Chaetodon falcula'' | work = Fishes of Australia | access-date = 21 December 2020 | url = https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/Home/species/5549#summary | publisher = Museums Victoria}}</ref> There are 12–13 spines in the dorsal fin and 23–25 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 20–21 soft rays. This species attains a [[fish measurement|total length]] of {{convert|20|cm|in}}.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==Distribution==
''Chaetodon falcula'' is found in the Indian Ocean where it occurs along the East African coast between Kenya and South Africa, Madagascar and the other western and central islands of the Indian Ocean, Sri Lanka, southern India, including the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], and from the waters of western Thailand east as far as [[Java]].<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> It occurs in the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]], which are part of Australia, too.<ref name = FofA/>

==Habitat and biology==
''Chaetodon falcula'' is found at depths of {{convert|1|to|15|m|ft}}.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> They are found on the reef edge and upper slope normally in habitats subjected to strong currents although the juveniles hide among corals. Typically seen in pairs or small aggregations,<ref name = Fishbase/> of up to 20 fish.<ref name="iucn status 19 November 2021" /> Their diet is made up of feeds of the [[Polyp (zoology)|polyps]], worms, [[sea anemones]], [[crustaceans]], [[sponge]]s, the feet of [[sea urchin]] and other invertebrates.<ref name = Saltcorner/> This species forms distinct pairs to breed and the pelagic eggs are scattered in open water.<ref name = fishkeeper>{{cite web | url = https://www.fishkeeper.co.uk/help-and-advice/marine/butterflyfish/falcula-butterflyfish | title = Falcula Butterflyfish | access-date = 21 December 2020 | publisher = Maidenhead Aquatics}}</ref>

==Systematics==
[[File:Blackwedged Butterflyfish.jpg|thumb|'''Blackwedged Butterflyfish in a tank''']]
''Chaetodon falcula'' was first formally [[Species description|described]] in 1795 by the [[German people|German]] [[physician]] and [[naturalist]] Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723–1797) with the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given as [[Tharangambadi]] in India.<ref name = CofF>{{Cof genus | genus = Chaetodon | access-date = 21 December 2020}}</ref> The [[specific name (zoology)|specific name]] ''falcula'' is a [[diminutive]] of the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''falx'' or ''falcis'' meaning a "sickle" or a "scythe" and is a reference to the wedge shaped black saddle blotches which Bloch illustrated as sickle-shaped, which they are not in modern photographs.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web | url = http://www.etyfish.org/acanthuriformes1/ | title =Order Acanthuriformes (part 1): Families Lobotidae, Pomacanthidae, Drepaneidae and Chaetodontidae | work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database | access-date = 21 December 2020 | date = 21 July 2020 | author1 = Christopher Scharpf | author2 = Kenneth J. Lazara | name-list-style = amp | publisher = Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara}}</ref>

With its [[sister species]], the similar-looking [[Pacific double-saddle butterflyfish]] (''C. ulietensis''),<ref name = FofA/> ''C. falcula'' belongs to the large [[subgenus]] ''Rabdophorus'' which might warrant recognition as a distinct [[genus]]. Other fairly close relatives are the quite differently-shaped but similarly-coloured [[Lined butterflyfish|lined]] (''C. lineolatus'') and [[Spot-naped butterflyfish|spot-naped butterflyfishes]] (''C. oxycephalus''), while the [[blue-cheeked butterflyfish]] (''C. semilarvatus'') is the sister species to all of these.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Fessler |first=Jennifer L. |last2=Westneat |first2=Mark W. |date=October 2007 |title=Molecular phylogenetics of the butterflyfishes (Chaetodontidae): Taxonomy and biogeography of a global coral reef fish family |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790307001947 |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |language=en |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=50–68 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2007.05.018|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Vertical lines are present in all of these species, while a white body with yellow behind and black on back and [[caudal peduncle]] are shared by all but ''C. semilarvatus''.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* {{sealifephotos|218726}}
{{Portal bar|Fish|marine biology|marine life}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q1925587}}

[[Category:Chaetodon|falcula]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1795]]

Prem (director)

2026-05-08T03:17:26Z

BennyHubbs95: stub

{{Short description|Indian film director in Kannada cinema}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prem
| image = Prem (Kannada film director).jpg
| caption = Prem in October 2020
| birth_name = Kiran Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1976|10|22}}
| birth_place = [[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]], [[Mandya district|Mandya]], [[Karnataka]], India
| years active = 1998–present
| occupation = Film director, actor, playback singer, lyricist, Film producer
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Rakshita]]|2007}}
| children = 1
| website = {{url|http://www.prempicttures.com}}
| othername = Jogi Prem
}}

'''Kiran Kumar''' (born 22 October 1976),<ref name="zk1"/> known by his screen name '''Prem''', is an Indian film director in [[Kannada cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Birthday Special: Top 5 movies of director Prem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/birthday-special-top-5-movies-of-director-prem/photostory/66317089.cms?picid=66317208|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Director Prem's next to be a PAN India project, fans grow curious about the film's hero |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/director-prem-announces-his-next-to-reveal-details-soon/articleshow/85188382.cms|language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Prem was born as Kiran Kumar on 22 October 1976 in [[Maddur, Mandya|Maddur]], in the [[Mandya district]] of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]], to Rajappa and Bhagyamma.<ref name="zk1">{{cite video|date=26 December 2015|title=Weekend with Ramesh Season 2 – Episode 1 – December 26, 2015 – Full Episode|url=http://www.zeekannadatv.com/shows/weekend-with-ramesh-season-2/video/weekend-with-ramesh-season-2-episode-1-december-26-2015-full-episode.html|language=kn|publisher=Zee Kannada|access-date=2 January 2016|time=8:30}}</ref> He is married to actress-turned-producer [[Rakshita]] and they have a son named Surya.

==Career==
Prem started his career as [[assistant director]] on the film ''[[Nishkarsha]]'' (1993), working with [[Sunil Kumar Desai]], while he was pursuing his [[pre-university course]]. Upon completion of the film, he returned to his hometown Mandya to complete the course before returning to Bangalore. He proceeded to work as an associate director with G. K. Mudduraj on ''Rayara Maga'' (1994) and ''Kannamuchchale''; [[Dorai–Bhagavan]]; and with A. R. Babu on ''[[Hello Yama]]''. Producer Anekal Balaraju offered him an opportunity to direct his first film ''[[Kariya (film)|Kariya]]'' (2003) independently.<ref>{{cite web |title=Promising director |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan112004/enter9.asp |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040113194602/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/jan112004/enter9.asp |archive-date=13 January 2004 |date=11 January 2004}}</ref>

''Kariya'' was a gangster romance film starring [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] in the lead. The film was critically acclaimed and appreciated by the audience. Prem was lauded for his casting of real life big dons to act in his movie. The soundtrack and cinematography were also widely appreciated. Darshan played a gangster struggling to express his love. The same year, Prem directed the light-hearted romantic film ''[[Excuse Me (2003 film)|Excuse Me]]'' with [[Ajay Rao]], [[Sunil Raoh]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] in the lead roles. The film turned out to be a musical hit with many of its songs composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]] becoming chart busters.

In 2005, Prem came out with his biggest blockbuster film, ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]'', starring [[Shivarajkumar]],{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} [[Jennifer Kotwal]] and [[Arundhati Nag]] in the lead roles. The film made record collections at the box-office. The mother-son sentiment theme was widely applauded and was considered as Shivarajkumar's<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/whenever-prem-and-i-collaborate-he-experiments-on-me-shivarajkumar/articleshow/66215112.cms|title=Whenever prem and I collaborate, he experiments on me: Shivrajkumar|work=The Times of India|access-date=16 October 2018}}</ref> biggest comeback film.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/i-follow-shivanna-and-ignore-the-attacks-prem/articleshow/64861187.cms|title=I follow shivanna and ignore the attacks|work=Bangalore Mirror|access-date=5 July 2018}}</ref>

Following three back-to-back super hit films, Prem tried his hand at acting besides directing the film ''Ee Preethi Yeke Bhoomi Melide'' in 2008. The film's pre-release promotions received much media attention and expectations of the film were high. Bollywood actress [[Mallika Sherawat]] made her debut in South Indian films with a special appearance. The film was widely popular for its melodious soundtracks.

Prem next directed the film ''[[Raaj the Showman]]'' in 2010. It starred [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[Priyanka Kothari]]. It is remembered mostly for its soundtrack by [[V. Harikrishna]] and cinematography. The movie was an average grosser at the box office despite the presence of the heavyweights [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] and [[V. Harikrishna]].

Prem, for the first time without himself directing, accepted the lead role in the controversial film titled ''[[Prem Adda]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/director-prem-returns-to-acting/articleshow/66708478.cms|title=Director prem returns to acting|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 November 2018}}</ref> a remake of the Tamil blockbuster hit ''[[Subramaniapuram]]'' with music by V. Harikrishna and directed by Mahesh Babu. The film made an average collection in box office. Under his production house Premdreams he produced and acted in the movie ''[[DK (film)|DK]]'' in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/may/07/i-appreciate-salman-khans-love-for-south-indian-films-prem-11434.html|title=I appreciate salman khans love for south indian films: prem|publisher=Cinema Express|access-date=7 May 2019}}</ref>

Prem's ''[[Ek Love Ya]]'' has been released. The movie stars debutant Raanna and is produced by [[Rakshita]] Prem.

His upcoming Pan Indian film, ''[[KD: The Devil]]'', starring [[Dhruva Sarja]], [[Sanjay Dutt]], and [[Shilpa Shetty]] is slated for a release in 2025.

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! width="33"|Year
! Film
! width=65 |Director
! width=65 |Actor
! width=65 |Singer
! width=65 |Lyricist
|-
| 1998
| align="left"| ''[[Hello Yama]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| align="left"| ''[[Kariya (film)|Kariya]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| align="left"| ''[[Excuse Me (2003 film)|Excuse Me]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2005
| align="left"| ''[[Jogi (2005 film)|Jogi]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2007
| align="left"| ''[[Ee Preethi Yeke Bhoomi Melide]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2009
| align="left"| ''[[Raaj the Showman]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2011
| align="left"| ''[[Jogayya]]''
| {{yes}}
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2012
| align="left"| ''[[Prem Adda]]''
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|-
| 2013
| align="left"| ''[[Dasavala]]''
|
|{{yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2015
| align="left"| ''[[DK (film)|DK]]''
|
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |2018
| align="left"|''[[The Villain (2017 film)|The Villain]]''
| {{yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
| align="left"|''[[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]''
|
|
|
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2022
| align="left"|''[[Ek Love Ya]]''
| {{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|2026
| align="left"|''[[KD: The Devil]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|}

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5; width:100%;"
|- style="background:#B0C4DE; text-align:center;"
! style="width:3%;"| Year
!!style="width:5%;"| Song(s)
!!style="width:5%;"| Film
!!style="width:4%;"| Composer
!!style="width:4%;"| Lyricist
!!style="width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2003
| "Brahma Vishnu Shiva"
| rowspan="2"| ''Excuse Me''
| rowspan="2"| [[R. P. Patnaik]]
| rowspan="2"| [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| Sang with chorus
|-
|"Thottilu Thugolige"
| Co-sang with Madhukar
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| "Beduvenu Varavannu"
| rowspan="2" | ''Jogi''
| rowspan="2" | [[Gurukiran]]
| rowspan="5" | Prem
| Solo
|-
|"Hodi Maga"
|Co-sang with [[Gurukiran]],[[Vijay Yesudas]] and Gururaj Hoskote
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| "Magalu Doddavaladalu"
| rowspan="2" | ''Ee Preethi Yeke Bhoomi Melide''
| rowspan="2" | R. P. Patnaik
| Co-sang with [[C. Ashwath]] and Kalpana
|-
|"Ee Preethi Yeke"
|Solo
|-
| 2008
| "Nalle Nalle"
| ''Marujanma''
| [[Sriimurali]]
| Solo
|-
| 2009
| "Raajaa Heluvagella"
| ''Raaj the Showman''
| [[V. Harikrishna]]
| [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| Co-sang with [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
|-
| 2011
| "Odole"
| ''Jogayya''
| V. Harikrishna
| rowspan="2" | Prem
| Co-sang with Shreya Ghoshal
|-
| 2012
| "Baadigege"
| ''Prem Adda''
| V. Harikrishna
| Co-sang with Shreya Ghoshal
|-
| 2013
| "Davva Davva"
| ''Jataayu''
| Vinay Chandra
| Kaviraj
| Solo
|-
|2014
|"Dooradondu"
|''[[Muddu Manase]]''
|Vineeth Raj Menon
|Santhu
|Solo<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muddu Manase (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/muddu-manase-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/996999804}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
| "Sesamma"
| rowspan="2" | ''DK''
| rowspan="2" | [[Arjun Janya]]
| Prem
| Co-sang with [[Mamta Sharma]] 
|-
|"Banda Banda"
| Sudarshan
|Solo
|-
| 2016
| "Alemarriyaagi Aleyo Thirkai"
| ''[[Half Mentlu]]''
| Bharath BJ
| Lakshmi Dinesh
| Solo
|-
| 2017
| "Ee Mannali"
| ''[[Mass Leader]]''
| Veer Samarth
| [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| Co-sang with [[Chintan Vikas]] and Govind Kurnool
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2018
| "Marali Baradorige"
| ''Parasanga''
| Harsha Vardhan Raj
| N K Lolakshi
| Solo
|-
| "Tick Tick Tick" 
| rowspan="3" | ''[[The Villain (2018 film)|The Villain]]''{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}
| rowspan="3" | Arjun Janya
| rowspan="3" | Prem
| Co-sang with [[Kailash Kher]], [[Vijay Prakash]], and [[Siddharth Basrur]]
|-
|"Love Aagoythe"
|Solo
|-
|"Rana Rana Raavana"
|Co-sang with Shreya Ghoshal
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
| "Panchatantra"
|''[[Panchatantra (film)|Panchatantra]]''
| V. Harikrishna
| [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| Solo
|-
| "Amma Amma Ammaa"
|''[[Sinnga (film)|Sinnga]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/feb/16/prem-sings-sentiment-track-for-singha-10136.html|title=Prem sings sentimental song for Singha|publisher=Cinema Express|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref>
| [[Dharma Vish]]
| [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| Solo
|-
| 2020
| "Belakondu"
| ''Naanu Matthu Gunda''
| Karthik Sharma
| Rohith Raman
| Solo
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| "Helu Yaake"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Ek Love Ya]]''
| rowspan="2" | [[Arjun Janya]]
| Prem
| Solo
|-
| "Edebaditha Joragide"
| Manjunath BS
| Co-sang with [[Anuradha Bhat]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2022
| "O Ramayya"
| ''Kandhidi Nodana''
| Sreedar Kashyap
| Ravipoojar
| Solo
|-
| "Geleya Title Track"
| ''Geleya''
| MS Thyagaraj
| MS Thyagaraj
| Solo
|-
| 2023
| "Amma Emba Hesare"
| ''Parimala D'Souza''
| Christopher Jayson B
| [[K. Kalyan]]
| Solo
|-
| 2025
| "Siddayya Swamy Banni"
| ''[[45 (2025 film)|45]]''
| Arjun Janya
| Kraanthi Kumar
| Solo
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026
| "Shiva Shiva"
| rowspan="2" | ''[[KD: The Devil]]''
| rowspan="2" | Arjun Janya
| rowspan="2" | Manjunath BS
| Co-sang with Kailash Kher
|-
| "Annthamma Jodetthu Kano"
| Solo
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|nm4628502}}

{{Prem (director)}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prem (Kiran)}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language lyricists]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Male actors from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]

Sorgavaasal

2026-05-05T03:04:54Z

BennyHubbs95: Put up

{{Short description|2024 Tamil film directed by Sidharth Vishwanath}}
{{Distinguish|Sorgavasal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Sorgavaasal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sidharth Vishwanath
| writer =
| based_on =
| screenplay = {{ubl
| [[Tamizh Prabha]]
| Krishnakumar
| Sidharth Vishwanath
}}
| story = {{ubl
| Tamizh Prabha
| Krishnakumar
| Sidharth Vishwanath
Dheena Ravichandran
}}
| producer = {{ubl
| Siddharth Rao
| Pallavi Singh
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[RJ Balaji]]
* [[Selvaraghavan]]
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]]
* [[Samuel Abiola Robinson]]
* [[Hakim Shahjahan]]
}}
| cinematography = Prince Anderson
| editing = R. K. Selva
| music = [[Christo Xavier]]
| studio = {{ubl
|Swipe Right Studios
|Think Studios
}}
| distributor = [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|2024|11|29|df=yes}}
| runtime = 135 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sorgavaasal |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/sorgavaasal-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi2nty0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/jNapI |archive-date=23 December 2024 |access-date=22 December 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sorgavaasal''''' ({{Translation|Gate of Heaven}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Prison film|prison]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Siddharth Vishwanath in his debut, and produced by Swipe Right Studios, together with Think Studios. The screenplay and dialogues were written by Tamizh Prabha, Krishnakumar and Sidharth Vishwanath. The film stars [[RJ Balaji]] and [[Selvaraghavan]], leading an [[ensemble cast]] that includes [[Karunas]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]], [[Samuel Abiola Robinson]], [[Saniya Iyappan]], [[Natty Subramaniam]] and [[Balaji Sakthivel]]. Based on the [[Madras Central Prison#1999 riots|1999 Madras Central Prison riots]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=4 December 2024 |title=Sidharth Vishwanath: RJ Balaji expresses his intensity through light-hearted banter |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Dec/04/sidharth-vishwanath-rj-balaji-expresses-his-intensity-through-light-hearted-banter |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216075704/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/web/20241216075704/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/interviews/2024/Dec/04/sidharth-vishwanath-rj-balaji-expresses-his-intensity-through-light-hearted-banter |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> the film revolves around a wrongfully convicted man thrown into prison and questioning whether such places really reform people. The film was released in theatres on 29 November 2024 and received positive reviews from critics but was an average grosser.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=December 2024}}
Following a prison riot at Madras Central Prison, the Tamil Nadu Minister, Mayilvaganam, establishes an enquiry commission under retired Justice Ismail. The commission begins its investigation into the events leading up to the riot. Kattabomman, a prison employee with 30 years of service, initiates the narrative by recounting the story of Sigamani "Siga", a notorious gangster who, despite being incarcerated, controls the prison and the city through his wealth and influence. Tiger Mani, Siga's trusted aide, who struggles with anger issues, is also an inmate at the prison. Kendrick, a reformed man and former juvenile drug dealer, has embraced spirituality and now propagates the teachings of Jesus, earning the affection of his fellow inmates. Upon his urge and the advice of Seelan, an educated [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] refugee, Siga and his associates relinquish their sinful ways, accept [[Christianity]], and Siga ultimately undergoes [[baptism]].

Parthiban "Parthi", a new inmate, is falsely accused of murdering former [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer Shanmugam. Ismail, sensing a miscarriage of justice, investigates Parthi's fiance Revathy, who provides insight into Parthi's life. Parthi, along with his mother, operates a roadside eatery and is romantically involved with Revathy, the owner of a nearby flower shop. Shanmugam, a regular customer at Parthi's eatery, becomes a family friend and offers to give Parthiban a loan. However, when Parthi visits Shanmugam to collect the loan sanction letter, he is arrested and falsely accused of Shanmugam's murder by a police inspector who was harbouring a grudge against Parthi and frames him for the crime based solely on circumstantial evidence. When the inspector humiliates Parthi's mother, Parthi retaliates, providing additional evidence for the inspector to subsequently imprison him on murder charges and also falsely implicate Siga's alleged involvement in Shanmugam's murder. Inside the prison, Parthi begins to inquire about Siga. However, Siga's associates attack Parthi, and he is further brutally assaulted by Mani. Parthi fights back, enraging Siga's supporters, but Siga ultimately intervenes to stop the assault.

Kattabomman, who was expecting a promotion to jail [[Superintendent of police (India)|superintendent]] but was overlooked in favour of Sunil Kumar, is appointed by the minister to counter Siga's influence. Upon confronting Siga, Sunil challenges to curb the illicit activities, but Siga asserts that he has transformed. Once Mani is caught drug peddling, this leads to Siga's arrest and humiliation, to undress Siga under the guise of frisking. Sunil, seeking to exploit Parthi against Siga, feigns benevolence and assigns Parthi to work in the prison kitchen under Bashir Bhai, where he befriends Rangu and Mohan. Once Parthi discovers Rangu being sexually exploited for the benefit of VIP prisoners, and Sunil confiscates Kendrick's Bible and brutally beats him, confining him to a dark cell. Kendrick eventually succumbs to fear, leading to his tragic demise in prison. Enraged by Kendrick's death, Siga violently assaults a policeman, but Seelan cautions Siga that Sunil's inhumane treatment must be exposed to the public on Christmas Day, when a reporter accompanied by church sisters visits the prison.

Days before Christmas, on 17 December, Sunil unofficially releases Parthi from prison, aiming to manipulate him into killing Siga. To gain Parthi's trust, Sunil arranges a meeting between Parthi and his mother. Sunil then deceives Parthi, suggesting that if Siga acknowledges he did not hire Parthi to kill Shanmugam, Parthi will be released. Sunil manipulates him into mixing laxative powder in Siga's food, but Parthi assumes it to be poison. Following Kendrick's funeral, Siga and his associates become intoxicated. Parthi refrains from offering Siga the adulterated food; however, Mani, unaware of the adulteration, gives it to Siga. Before consuming the food, Siga confesses to Parthi that he had no involvement in Shanmugam's murder. Sunil, under the minister's instructions, transports Siga to Vellore prison. Unbeknownst to Sunil, Siga had consumed the adulterated food and died en route. Realizing the food is being poisoned, Sunil orders Kattabomman to take Siga's corpse to the government hospital for autopsy, where it is discovered that an additional toxic substance was present in his system. On 20 December, the day of Parthi's bail hearing, the news of Siga's death spreads throughout the prison, sparking a violent uprising among the inmates, who attack the police and break free from their cells. Mani assumes control of the prison, while Siga's rival gang vows to eliminate him.

Seelan and Mani plan to use the situation to demand better treatment, including the arrest of Sunil and the release of investigation prisoners. However, Sunil refuses to comply. In retaliation, the inmates take three MLAs, who were being held as VIP prisoners, hostage. This development spreads to the public. Mani suspects Parthi of involvement in Siga's murder and confronts him. However, Bashir intervenes and rescues Parthi. Ismail's inquiry with Dr. Ravichandran reveals that Mani, in a fit of rage, coerced Parthi into mutilating one of the VIP prisoners to intimidate the government and further attests that the powder he provided to Parthi was not poisonous.

Meanwhile, the prison, now under the control of the DIG, informs that the government has accepted only two of the demands to establish an inquiry commission and suspend Sunil. Mani, enraged that Siga's murderers may go unpunished, becomes increasingly aggressive, leaving Parthi fearful of being caught. Mani's behaviour creates a rift between him and Seelan, and Mani, allying with Siga's rival gang, locks up the other inmates. Parthi, determined to rescue the three captive MLAs, embarks on a solo mission to free them, enabling the other prisoners to negotiate with the government and secure their release. Meanwhile, Mohan, a drug addict, informs Mani that Parthi possesses a powder that has been causing him stomach problems. Believing that Parthi was responsible for Siga's death, Mani orders his men to find and kill Parthi.

As the truth unravels, Parthi tells Sunil, via a walkie-talkie, that he did not mix the powder in Siga's food as instructed. Sunil promises to release Parthi in exchange for information about the three captive MLAs. Sunil and his team launch a shootout in the prison, where Bashir is fatally shot. With his dying breath, he accuses Parthi of betrayal. Mani engages in a fierce battle with Parthi, but the other inmates intervene, and finally, Sunil confronts Mani. Kattabomman informs Ismail that upon entering the prison after an hour, he found most inmates dead. However, it is revealed that Kattabomman, along with his team, had shot and killed the inmates, including Seelan and others who were awaiting peace talks. Furthermore, Kattabomman had given Siga the poisoned halwa through Mohan and subsequently shot him dead. The inmates confront Sunil about Bashir's death, but when he begins to reveal the truth about Siga's poisoning, Parthi kills him to silence him.

Both Kattabomman and Parthi falsely accuse Mani of killing Sunil. Parthi astutely replies to Ismail that just as Shanmugam's murderers remain unknown, so too will Sunil's killers. Ismail concludes the investigation, closing the case with lingering doubts, such as one of the MLAs who was imprisoned during the riot is now the Home Minister, who had ordered the probe. Parthi's family, who once struggled to make ends meet with their small eatery, now owns a thriving restaurant. Kattabomman has been promoted to Superintendent of the prison. Ismail remains convinced of Parthi's innocence but is perplexed by his willingness to accept responsibility for the events that happened in the prison. Kattabomman and Parthi, aware of each other's secrets, exchange a silent, knowing glance.

The film concludes with Parthi, now a seemingly powerful person in the prison, gazing at his engagement photograph. Ismail reflects on Kattabomman's ominous words: "There are only two paths in life: either kneel down in Heaven or be the King in Hell."

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[RJ Balaji]] as Parthiban "Parthi" M.
* [[Selvaraghavan]] as Sigamani "Siga"
* [[Sharaf U Dheen]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] D. Sunil Kumar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* [[Hakim Shahjahan]] as Tiger Mani
* [[Samuel Abiola Robinson]] as Kendrick
* [[Karunas]] as G. Kattabomman
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] as Ismail
* [[Saniya Iyappan]] as Revathy
* [[Balaji Sakthivel]] as Bashir (Cook)
* [[Ravi Raghavendra]] as Mohan
* [[Prabhakar]] as Natarajan
* Param
* [[Santhana Bharathi]] as Minister
* [[Antonythasan Jesuthasan]] as Seelan
* [[Baba Bhaskar]] as Muthuvel
* Renga Prasanth as Prabha
* Maurish Dass as Rangu
* Kaka Gopal as Anand, Parthi's eatery worker
* Porkodi Senthil as Parthi's mother
* Aravind Janakiraman as Dr. Ravichandran
* Jayamani as [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Tamil Nadu Home Minister]]
* Gnana Prasad as Dhana
}}

== Production ==
After [[Run Baby Run (2023 film)|''Run Baby Run'']] (2023), while shooting for ''[[Singapore Saloon]]'' (2024) with [[Gokul (director)|Gokul]], actor [[RJ Balaji]] was reported to have signed his next project titled ''Sorgavaasal'' with a debutant director Sidharth Vishwanath, a former assistant director of [[Pa. Ranjith]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=17 January 2024 |title=Netflix Pandigai: RJ Balaji's next titled Sorgavaasal |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Jan/17/netflix-pandigai-rj-balajis-next-titled-sorgavaasal-51300.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241108151111/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Jan/17/netflix-pandigai-rj-balajis-next-titled-sorgavaasal-51300.html |archive-date=8 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=19 March 2023 |title=Selvaraghavan to act alongside RJ Balaji in 'Sorgavaasal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/selvaraghavan-to-act-alongside-rj-balaji-in-sorgavaasal/articleshow/98774352.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411210720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/selvaraghavan-to-act-alongside-rj-balaji-in-sorgavaasal/articleshow/98774352.cms |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The story of the film is co-written by Sidharth along with Thamizh Praba and Ashwin Ravichandran.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2024 |title=#Sorgavaasal {{!}} இணையத்தில் கவனம் ஈர்க்கும் ஆர்.ஜே.பாலாஜியின் "சொர்க்கவாசல்" டீசர்! |url=https://news7tamil.live/sorgavaasal-rj-balajis-sorkavaasal-teaser-is-attracting-attention-on-the-internet.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241108154730/https://news7tamil.live/sorgavaasal-rj-balajis-sorkavaasal-teaser-is-attracting-attention-on-the-internet.html |archive-date=8 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=News7 |language=Tamil}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2024 |title=ஆர்ஜே பாலாஜியின் சொர்கவாசல்..! முதல் பார்வை போஸ்டர்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Oct/19/first-look-of-rj-balajis-next-movie-sorgavasal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112111115/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Oct/19/first-look-of-rj-balajis-next-movie-sorgavasal |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> The film is produced by Siddharth Raviputi and Pallavi Singh of Think Studios and Swipe Right Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2024 |title=சிறைச்சாலை பின்னணியில் 'சொர்கவாசல்'! |url=https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/91159-rj-balaji-s-sorgavasal-film-on-prison-background.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112111119/https://www.kamadenu.in/news/cinema/91159-rj-balaji-s-sorgavasal-film-on-prison-background.html |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Kamadenu (website)|Kamadenu]] |language=Ta}}</ref> The film also stars [[Selvaraghavan]], and [[Karunas]] playing important roles,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2024 |title='Sorgavaasal': First look of RJ Balaji from debutant Sidharth Vishwanath's film out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sorgavaasal-first-look-of-rj-balaji-from-debutant-sidharth-vishwanaths-film-out/article68772056.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112115959/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sorgavaasal-first-look-of-rj-balaji-from-debutant-sidharth-vishwanaths-film-out/article68772056.ece |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=12 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN}}</ref> with [[Balaji Sakthivel]], [[Natty Subramaniam]], [[Saniya Iyappan]], [[Sharaf U Dheen]], Hakkim Shah, [[Antonythasan Jesuthasan]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2024 |title=கவனம் ஈர்க்கும் ஆர்ஜே பாலாஜியின் சொர்கவாசல் டீசர்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Oct/21/rj-balaji-sorkavaasal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112121157/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2024/Oct/21/rj-balaji-sorkavaasal |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Ravi Raghavendra]], and [[Samuel Abiola Robinson]] in pivotal roles.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=21 October 2024 |title=Sorgavaasal Teaser: RJ Balaji is a convict in this bloody tale of the criminal underworld |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/21/sorgavaasal-teaser-rj-balaji-is-a-convict-in-this-bloody-tale-of-the-criminal-underworld |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112121134/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/21/sorgavaasal-teaser-rj-balaji-is-a-convict-in-this-bloody-tale-of-the-criminal-underworld |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anamika |date=21 October 2024 |title=திகிலூட்டும் காட்சிகள், பதற வைக்கும் சிறைச்சாலை.. வெளியானது ஆர் ஜே பாலாஜியின் சொர்க்கவாசல் டீசர் |url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/rj-balaji-upcoming-movie-sorgavasal-teaser-out-now/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112121123/https://www.cinemapettai.com/rj-balaji-upcoming-movie-sorgavasal-teaser-out-now/ |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=Cinemapettai |language=ta}}</ref> The technical crew includes Prince Anderson as the cinematographer, Selva RK as the editor and S Jayachandran as the art director.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=18 October 2024 |title=Pa Ranjith to unveil RJ Balaji's Sorgavaasal first look |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/18/pa-ranjith-to-unveil-rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-first-look |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112111114/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Oct/18/pa-ranjith-to-unveil-rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-first-look |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2024 |title=RJ Balaji to play prisoner in Sorgavaasal, makers unveil first look poster |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/rj-balaji-to-play-prisoner-in-sorgavaasal-makers-unveil-first-look-poster-808006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112111147/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/rj-balaji-to-play-prisoner-in-sorgavaasal-makers-unveil-first-look-poster-808006 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> In mid-March 2023, it was reported that the [[principal photography]] had already begun and completed around 37 days shoot in [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":0" />

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sorgavaasal
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Christo Xavier]]
| released = {{Start date|2024|11|29|df=y}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=15|s=56}}
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music]]
| producer = Christo Xavier
| prev_title = [[Sookshmadarshini]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title = [[Diés Iraé]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{Singles
|single1 = The End
|single1date = 27 November 2024
}}
{{external music video| header = Jukebox
|{{YouTube|NxLn-tbYtDI|Sorgavaasal – Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The background and soundtrack is composed by [[Christo Xavier]] in his [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] debut.<ref name=":6" /> The first single "The End" sung by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] with the English lyrics written by Clint Lewis and Tamil lyrics by Arun Srinivasan was released on 27 November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2024 |title='The End' song from RJ Balaji's Sorgavaasal out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/28/the-end-song-from-rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241128141103/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/28/the-end-song-from-rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-out |archive-date=28 November 2024 |access-date=28 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The audio jukebox was released by [[Think Music]] on 29 November 2024.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=30 November 2024 |title=RJ Balaji's Sorgavaasal jukebox out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/30/rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-jukebox-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241130141126/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/30/rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-jukebox-out |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kaalam Thannaley
| length1 = 3:19
| lyrics1 = Nixy
| extra1 = [[Sean Roldan]]
| title2 = The End
| length2 = 4:03
| lyrics2 = Clint Lewis, Arun Srinivasan
| extra2 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| title3 = Sorgavaasal
| length3 = 1:29
| lyrics3 = Nixy
| extra3 = Lal Krishna
}}
{{Track listing
| headline = Background Score
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Wings of Freedom
| length1 = 2:00
| note1 = Instrumental
| extra1 =  –
| title2 = Priest and the Pupil
| length2 = 1:36
| extra2 = [[Karunas]]
| title3 = The Walls of Sorgavaasal
| length3 = 3:16
| extra3 =  –
| note3 = Instrumental
}}

== Marketing ==
On 19 October 2024, the title-reveal first look poster was released featuring the lead actor with a slate in his hand with his number in [[Madras Central Prison]] in the year 1999.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2024 |title=First look of RJ Balaji's Sorgavaasal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-rj-balajis-sorgavaasal/articleshow/114368357.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112121140/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/first-look-of-rj-balajis-sorgavaasal/articleshow/114368357.cms |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=A |first=Manimegalai |date=19 October 2024 |title=மத்திய சிறைச்சாலை முன் குற்றவாளியாக நிற்கும் ஆர்ஜே பாலாஜி! 'சொர்க்கவாசல்' ஃபர்ஸ்ட் லுக் வெளியானது! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/rj-balaji-starring-sorgavaasal-movie-first-look-out-mma-slli9v |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112121140/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/rj-balaji-starring-sorgavaasal-movie-first-look-out-mma-slli9v |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> The title of the film ''Sorgavaasal'' is a callback to the 1954 film [[Sorgavasal|by the same name]] written by the former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[C. N. Annadurai]].<ref name=":7" /> Two days later on 21 October, the film's teaser was released featuring some the lead actors with a brief introduction of their roles was released, with the voice-over given by [[Karunas]] mentioning the [[New Testament]] verse [[Gospel of Matthew|Matthew]] 5:4.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2024 |title=துயரப்படுபவர்கள் பாக்கியவான்கள் – ஆர்.ஜே பாலாஜி நடித்த சொர்கவாசல் டீசர் வெளியானது |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/rj-balaji-starrer-sorgavaasal-teaser-released-743544 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204104823/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/rj-balaji-starrer-sorgavaasal-teaser-released-743544 |archive-date=4 December 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], who unveiled the film's trailer alongside [[Anirudh Ravichander]], modified the script of his yet-to-release film ''Kaithi 2'' after watching ''Sorgavaasal'' in a special screening since his film also had many jail sequences.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 2024 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj modified 'Kaithi 2' after watching RJ Balaji's 'Sorgavaasal' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-modified-kaithi-2-after-watching-rj-balajis-sorgavaasal/articleshow/115625097.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125041434/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-modified-kaithi-2-after-watching-rj-balajis-sorgavaasal/articleshow/115625097.cms |archive-date=25 November 2024 |access-date=26 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
''Sorgavaasal'' was theatrically released on 29 November 2024.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=8 November 2024 |title=RJ Balaji's Sorgavaasal gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/08/rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-gets-a-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112121154/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Nov/08/rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-gets-a-release-date |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=8 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Distribution ===
The distribution rights to ''Sorgavaasal'' in Tamil Nadu are held by [[Dream Warrior Pictures]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2024 |title=RJ Balaji's 'Sorgavaasal' to release on November 29 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-to-release-on-november-29/articleshow/115475293.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120065608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-to-release-on-november-29/articleshow/115475293.cms |archive-date=20 November 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and in Karnataka by [[KVN Productions]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1859621769533063637 |user=RJ_Balaji |title=Karnataka 🔥❤️ |author=RJ Balaji |author-link=RJ Balaji |access-date=26 November 2024 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/qWZ0I |archive-date=26 November 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
On 16 January 2024, Netflix announced that they had acquired the post-theatrical streaming rights of ''Sorgavaasal'' along with a list of 8 other films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2024 |title=Indian 2, Thangalaan, SorgaVaasal: Netflix to stream 9 Tamil movies after their theatrical run in 2024 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/indian-2-thangalaan-sorgavaasal-netflix-to-stream-9-tamil-movies-after-their-theatrical-run-in-2024/cid/1994625 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241112121122/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/indian-2-thangalaan-sorgavaasal-netflix-to-stream-9-tamil-movies-after-their-theatrical-run-in-2024/cid/1994625 |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 January 2024 |title=Netflix Pandigai 2024: Ajith's Vidaamuyarchi to SK 21, here's the streamer's line-up of Tamil films |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jan/17/netflix-pandigai-2024-ajiths-vidaamuyarchi-to-sk-21-heres-the-streamers-line-up-of-tamil-films-51310.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425063706/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/jan/17/netflix-pandigai-2024-ajiths-vidaamuyarchi-to-sk-21-heres-the-streamers-line-up-of-tamil-films-51310.html |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film began streaming there from 27 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2024 |title=RJ Balaji's Sorgavaasal gets OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Dec/17/rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-gets-ott-release-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241217190634/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ott/news/2024/Dec/17/rj-balajis-sorgavaasal-gets-ott-release-date |archive-date=17 December 2024 |access-date=17 December 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
''Sorgavaasal'' received positive reviews from critics.<ref name=":10" />

Abhinav Subramaniam of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Sorgavaasal'' works as it isn't trying to make grand statements but instead, focuses on its characters caught in a place they can't escape. Like Parthi's food stall, the film serves up familiar ingredients while creating its own flavor."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sorgavaasal Movie Review: RJ Balaji sheds his comic image in the prison drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sorgavaasal/movie-review/115796041.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241201132307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/sorgavaasal/movie-review/115796041.cms |archive-date=1 December 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[News18]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "All characters have a clear motive and an arc that is effectively realised. Which is aided by commendable performances from RJ Balaji, Karunas, and almost all of the lead cast, which makes ''Sorgavaasal'' a gripping watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Purushothaman |first=Kirubhakar |date=29 November 2024 |editor-last=Mazumdar |editor-first=Shreyanka |title=Sorgavaasal Movie Review: A Crime Thriller That Delivers Gripping Drama Despite Familiar Tropes |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sorgavaasal-movie-review-a-crime-thriller-that-delivers-gripping-drama-despite-familiar-tropes-9139820.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130021716/https://www.news18.com/movies/sorgavaasal-movie-review-a-crime-thriller-that-delivers-gripping-drama-despite-familiar-tropes-9139820.html |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "In this ''[[Virumaandi]]'' (2004) meets ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' (2018) narrative, it is the characters and their effective portrayal that ensures the film doesn't crash and burn in the tepid final act."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Avinash |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sorgavaasal movie review: Terrific performances keeps this meandering prison thriller within its boundaries |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sorgavaasal-review-terrific-performances-keeps-this-meandering-prison-thriller-within-its-boundaries-9697032/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241129095055/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sorgavaasal-review-terrific-performances-keeps-this-meandering-prison-thriller-within-its-boundaries-9697032/ |archive-date=29 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

Janani K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Sorgavaasal'' feels like a blend of ''Virumaandi'' and ''Vada Chennai''. But, it fails to achieve the magic that both of the films did. Nevertheless, the film is a decent attempt to showcase the 1999 riots that killed many prisoners and police officers."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sorgavaasal review: RJ Balaji's prison drama falls short of brilliance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sorgavaasal-review-rj-balaji-prison-drama-falls-short-of-brilliance-2642183-2024-11-29 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202113621/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/sorgavaasal-review-rj-balaji-prison-drama-falls-short-of-brilliance-2642183-2024-11-29 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> Prashanth Vallavan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "''Sorgavaasal'' is only frustrating because we get a glimpse of what it could have been: A compelling prison drama. Instead, it becomes an effective collection of thematically rich moments, sporadically impressive performances, and an almost satisfying film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sorgavaasal Movie Review: An effective prison drama where filmmaking overtakes storytelling |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Nov/29/sorgavaasal-movie-review-an-effective-prison-drama-where-filmmaking-overtakes-storytelling |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202114705/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Nov/29/sorgavaasal-movie-review-an-effective-prison-drama-where-filmmaking-overtakes-storytelling |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Vishal Menon of ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'' noted the film's similarities to ''Virumaandi'', adding that "instead of the [[Docudrama|docu-drama]] feel that was employed" in that film, "Sidharth has chosen to rely on strong performances and the writing to keep [''Sorgavaasal''] accessible and mainstream".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=29 November 2024 |title='Sorgavaasal' Movie Review: RJ Balaji Stars In A Largely Compelling Update Of 'Virumaandi' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/sorgavaasal-movie-review-rj-balaji-stars-in-a-largely-compelling-update-of-virumaandi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202232713/https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/reviews/theatrical/sorgavaasal-movie-review-rj-balaji-stars-in-a-largely-compelling-update-of-virumaandi |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter India]] |language=en}}</ref>

Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTPlay]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Given the film borrowed from reality and had immense room for fictional play, ''Sorgavaasal'' becomes an underwhelming watch even with sporadic stretches of interesting niches."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=29 November 2024 |title=Sorgavaasal Movie Review: RJ Balaji-Selvaraghavan film is underwhelming |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/sorgavaasal-movie-review-rj-balaji-and-selvaraghavans-prison-break-film-with-interesting-stretches-left-to-become-underwhelming-watch/a64b5284e9788 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202125224/https://www.ottplay.com/review/sorgavaasal-movie-review-rj-balaji-and-selvaraghavans-prison-break-film-with-interesting-stretches-left-to-become-underwhelming-watch/a64b5284e9788 |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "In the end, ''Sorgavaasal'' does not feel like a cohesive screenplay with a few flourishing scenes; you only see the potential, of what it could have been with a tighter storyline and some breathing space for the characters of this claustrophobic prison."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=29 November 2024 |title='Sorgavaasal' movie review: RJ Balaji's ambitious crime drama withers in effect |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sorgavaasal-movie-review-rj-balajis-ambitious-crime-drama-withers-in-effect/article68926547.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130022629/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sorgavaasal-movie-review-rj-balajis-ambitious-crime-drama-withers-in-effect/article68926547.ece |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "''Sorgavaasal'' is a strong debut for Sidharth Vishwanath, whose talent is evident, but unfortunately, an underwhelming film."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=30 November 2024 |title=Sorgavaasal movie review: RJ Balaji's crime drama is earnest, but doesn't hit the right notes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/sorgavaasal-movie-review-rj-balaji-earnest-crime-drama-does-not-hit-the-right-notes-101732936759640.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130035036/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/sorgavaasal-movie-review-rj-balaji-earnest-crime-drama-does-not-hit-the-right-notes-101732936759640.html |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Khalilullah of ''[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]]'' reviewed the film more positively, praising the music, cinematography and editing, although the critic felt Saniya Iyappan was underutilised, and the ending was dragged.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=கலிலுல்லா |date=29 November 2024 |title=சொர்க்கவாசல் Review: சிறைக் களத்தில் ஒரு நேர்த்தியான திரைப் படைப்பு! |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1341501-rj-balaji-starrer-sorgavaasal-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130074842/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1341501-rj-balaji-starrer-sorgavaasal-movie-review.html |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |website=[[Hindu Tamil Thisai]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2020s prison drama films]]
[[Category:2024 action drama films]]
[[Category:2024 crime action films]]
[[Category:2024 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2024 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films about miscarriage of justice]]
[[Category:Films scored by Christo Xavier]]
[[Category:Films set in 1999]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Indian prison drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

1988–89 Ranji Trophy

2026-05-01T10:55:33Z

BennyHubbs95: created data...

{{Short description|Cricket tournament}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1988-89 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 290px
| fromdate = 13 October 1988
| todate = 28 March 1989
| caption = The Ranji Trophy, which the winners get.
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket]]
| tournament format = League and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| count = 5
| participants = 27
| matches =
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Woorkeri Raman]] (Tamil Nadu) (1,018)<ref>{{cite web|title=Batting - Most Runs|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RJI_AVS_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] (Delhi) (39)<ref>{{cite web|title=Bowling - Most Wickets|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref>
| website =
| previous_year = 1987–88
| previous_tournament = 1987–88 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1989–90
| next_tournament = 1989–90 Ranji Trophy
}}

The '''1988–89 Ranji Trophy''' was the 55th season of the [[Ranji Trophy]], the premier [[first-class cricket]] tournament that took place in India between October 1988 and March 1989.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1988-89 Schedule|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/RANJI_1988-89-SCHEDULE.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=9 April 2018}}</ref> [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] defeated [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] by an innings and 210 runs in the final.

[[Sachin Tendulkar]] made his first-class debut in this season, in December 1988. Playing for [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] at home in the [[Wankhede Stadium]] against [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]], he made a [[Century (cricket)|century]] in his debut innings, scoring 100 not out off 129 balls, becoming the youngest Indian to do to so.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tendulkar hits ton on debut|work=The Indian Express |publisher=Press Trust of India |date=12 December 1988|page=16}}</ref>

==Group stage==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-3}}

===North Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''94''' || 2.577
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''77''' || 1.740
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Haryana cricket team|Haryana]]
| 5 || 2 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''71''' || 1.338
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Services cricket team|Services]]
| 5 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''49''' || 0.712
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jammu and Kashmir cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''36''' || 0.611
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 5 || 0 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''25''' || 0.387
|}

===Central Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''54''' || 1.122
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''54''' || 1.104
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Railways cricket team|Railways]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''52''' || 1.402
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''31''' || 0.705
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]]
| 4 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''28''' || 0.793
|}

===East Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| 4 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''65''' || 2.624
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]
| 4 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''60''' || 1.393
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''51''' || 1.152
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| 4 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''37''' || 0.801
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]]
| 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''11''' || 0.263
|}
{{col-2}}

===South Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| 5 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''81''' || 2.602
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| 5 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''78''' || 1.455
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| 5 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''52''' || 0.889
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Andhra cricket team|Andhra]]
| 5 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''51''' || 0.774
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| 5 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 || '''44''' || 0.690
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| 5 || 0 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || '''43''' || 0.657
|}

===West Zone===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="width:160px"|Team
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pld|Played}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|W|Won}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|L|Lost}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|D|Draw}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|T|Tied}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! style="width:25px"|{{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! style="width:25px;"|{{Abbr|Q|Quotient}}
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''55''' || 1.762
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|style="text-align:left"|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''46''' || 1.246
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''32''' || 0.616
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 3 || 0 || 0 || '''31''' || 1.003
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 || '''31''' || 0.732
|}
{{col-end}}

== Knockout stage ==
{{Round16

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 100px

|3 Feb 1989 — Secunderabad|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|270 & 268|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''283 & 256/4'''
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|||||
|3 Feb 1989 — Pune|'''[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]'''|'''700'''|[[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]|261 & 177

|17 Feb 1989 — Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''234 & 422'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]|137 & 295
|17 Feb 1989 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''638/6d'''|[[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]|161 & 262
|17 Feb 1989 — Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (F)'''|'''594/8d & 66/2'''|[[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]|551
|17 Feb 1988 — Madras|'''[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]'''|'''507 & 247'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|382 & 333

|3 Mar 1989 — Bombay|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|321|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (F)'''|'''409 & 176/5'''
|3 Mar 1989 — Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (F)'''|'''596/8d & 76/1'''|[[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]|535

|22 Mar 1989 — Delhi|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''721'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|167 & 344

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=yes|skipmatch06=yes|skipmatch07=yes|skipmatch08=no
|RD1 = Pre-Quarter-finals|RD2 = Quarter-finals|RD3 = Semi-finals|RD4 = Finals
|3rdplace=no}}

'''(F)''' - Advanced to next round on First Innings Lead.

=== Pre-quarter-finals ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 February 1989
| round = '''Pre-quarter-final 1'''
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 270 (71 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[M. V. Narasimha Rao]] 66*
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Kiran Mokashi]] 4/65 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 283 (87.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Dilip Vengsarkar]] 64
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Arshad Ayub]] 6/129 (38.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 268 (75.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Arshad Ayub]] 69
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kiran Mokashi]] 5/109 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 259/4 (87.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] 80*
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Venkatapathy Raju]] 3/118 (40 overs)

| result = Bombay won by 6 wickets
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/HYD_BOM_RJI-PQF1_03-06FEB1989.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Gymkhana Ground]], [[Secunderabad]]
| umpires = P. S. Godbole and R. Mitra
| motm =
| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 February 1989
| round = '''Pre-quarter-final 1'''
| team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 261 (55.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sandeep Patil]] 68
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Salil Ankola]] 5/93 (17.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 700 (164.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shantanu Sugwekar]] 299*
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Suhail Ansari 3/69 (26 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 177 (38.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Prashant Dwivedi 50
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Gregory D'Monte 5/60 (15 overs)

| result = Maharashtra won by an innings and 262 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/MAHA_MP_RJI-PQF2_03-06FEB1989.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = D. V. Pathak and V. S. Rajan
| motm =
| toss = Madhya Pradesh won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

=== Quarter-finals ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 February 1989
| round = '''Quarter-final 1'''
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| team2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 507 (135.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Woorkeri Raman]] 200[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sunil Gudge]] 5/122 (28.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 382 (96 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Surendra Bhave]] 128
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sunil Subramaniam]] 7/107 (31.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 247 (69 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Arjan Kripal Singh]] 89
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ramesh Hazare]] 7/68 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 333 (64.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shrikant Jadhav]] 86
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Bharat Arun]] 4/75 (14.1 overs)

| result = Tamil Nadu won by 39 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/TN_MAHA_RJI-QF1_17-20FEB1989.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| umpires = [[Nilay Dutta]] and [[Ram Babu Gupta]]
| motm =
| toss = Tamil Nadu won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Woorkeri Raman]] and [[Venkataraman Sivaramakrishan|V. Sivaramakrishan]] (both Tamil Nadu) and [[Shrikant Jadhav]] (Maharashtra) passed 2,000, 6,000 and 1,000 runs respectively in first-class matches.<ref name="1stQF">{{cite web|title=Tamil Nadu v Maharashtra, Ranji Trophy 1988/89 (Quarter-Final)|url=https://cricketarchive.com:80/Archive/Scorecards/50/50963.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131171144/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/50/50963.html|archive-date=31 January 2014|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
*''[[Bharat Arun]] (Tamil Nadu) reached 100 wickets in first-class matches.''<ref name="1stQF"/>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 February 1989
| round = '''Quarter-final 2'''
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 594/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (171 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ashok Malhotra]] 200[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Bhupinder Singh (Indian cricketer)|Bhupinder Singh]] 3/115 (43 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 551 (174.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Gursharan Singh]] 298[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Satyendra Singh]] 4/94 (36.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 66/2 (16 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Indu Bhushan Roy]] 31*
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Rajdeep Kalsi]] 1/9 (2 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn (Bengal won on 1st innings)
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BENG_PNJB_RJI-QF2_17-20FEB1989.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]
| umpires = [[B. Jamula]] and [[B. R. Keshavamurthy]]
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sukhvinder Tinku]] (Punjab) made his first-class debut.<ref name="QF2">{{cite web|title=Bengal v Punjab, Ranji Trophy 1988/89 (Quarter-Final)|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/50/50960.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114083332/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/50/50960.html|archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Indu Bhushan Roy]] (Bengal) and [[Gursharan Singh]] (Punjab) passed 1,000 and 3,000 runs respectively in first-class matches.''<ref name="QF2"/>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 February 1989
| round = '''Quarter-final 3'''
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 234 (67.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shishir Hattangadi]] 140
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Gopal Sharma (cricketer)|Gopal Sharma]] 4/81 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 137 (59.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sunil Chaturvedi]] 47
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Kiran Mokashi]] 4/34 (18.4 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 422 (138.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sanjay Manjrekar]] 131
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Gopal Sharma (cricketer)|Gopal Sharma]] 7/113 (51.5 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 295 (111.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Rahul Sapru]] 92[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kiran Mokashi]] 4/104 (38.5 overs)

| result = Bombay won by 224 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BOM_UP_RJI-QF3_17-20FEB1989.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Bombay]]
| umpires = [[S. K. Bansal]] and [[Soumendra Basu]]
| motm =
| toss = Bombay won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Satish Kesherwani]] (Uttar Pradesh) made his first-class debut.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombay v Uttar Pradesh, Ranji Trophy 1988/89 (Quarter-Final)|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/50/50961.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111234517/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/50/50961.html|archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 17–20 February 1989
| round = '''Quarter-final 4'''
| team1 = [[Odisha cricket team|Orissa]]
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 161 (65 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Asjit Jaiprakasham]] 35
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 6/65 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 638/6[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (161 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Raman Lamba]] 180
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sushil Kumar Prasad]] 3/220 (61 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 262 (87 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Soumitra Chowdhury]] 79
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 4/42 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Delhi won by an innings and 215 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/DELHI_ORISSA_RJI-QF4_17-20FEB1989.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[M. G. Deshpande]] and [[S. B. Kulkarni]]
| motm =
| toss = Orissa won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Devashish Mahanti]] (Orissa) made his first-class debut.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi v Orissa, Ranji Trophy 1988/89 (Quarter-Final)|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/24/24814/24814.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108181303/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/24/24814/24814.html|archive-date=8 November 2013}}</ref>
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
Delhi qualified for the final for the tenth time by virtue of a first innings lead after its match against Bombay ended in a draw. Requiring 152 runs to surpass Delhi's first innings score of 409, Bombay were dismissed for 321, that included a fighting 78 off 171 balls by [[Sachin Tendulkar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombay fail to make it|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3oNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2393%2C2309114|access-date=9 April 2018|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=7 March 1989|page=16 |location=Madras |first=H. |last=Natarajan |department=Sport |volume=LVII |number=123}}</ref>

Bengal made it to their ninth final, their first since the [[1971–72 Ranji Trophy|1971–72 competition]], also by virtue of a first innings lead, against Tamil Nadu. Earlier in Tamil Nadu's innings, [[Woorkeri Raman]] scored 238, recording his third double century in as many matches. In the process, he broke the 45-year-old record of [[Rusi Modi]] for most runs in a single season of the competition (1,008). [[Gautam Shome Jr.|Gautam Shome]], who played his first game of the season for Bengal, removed Raman and [[P. C. Prakash]] before Tamil Nadu were dismissed 61 runs short of Bengal's first innings tally.<ref name="2ndSF"/>

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 March 1989
| round = '''1st Semi-final'''
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 409 (170.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 123
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Raju Kulkarni]] 5/90 (30.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 321 (99.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Sachin Tendulkar]] 78 (171)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] 7/105 (37 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 176/5 (75 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Bhaskar Pillai]] 49
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ravi Thakkar]] 2/54 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn (Delhi won on 1st innings)
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BOM_DELHI_RJI-SEMI1_03-06MAR1989.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Bombay]]
| umpires = [[R. V. Ramani]] and [[Ivaturi Shivram]]
| motm =
| toss = Delhi won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sanjay Sharma (cricketer)|Sanjay Sharma]] (Delhi) made his first-class debut.<ref name="1stSF">{{cite web|title=Bombay v Delhi, Ranji Trophy 1988/89 (Semi-Final)|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/51/51003.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111233619/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/51/51003.html|archive-date=11 November 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Shishir Hattangadi]] (Bombay) passed 3,000 runs in first-class matches.''<ref name="1stSF"/>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–6 March 1989
| round = '''2nd Semi-final'''
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 596/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (182 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Rajinder Singh (cricketer)|Rajinder Singh]] 148
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Divakar Vasu]] 3/149 (50 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 535 (140 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Woorkeri Raman]] 238
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Gautam Shome Jr.|Gautam Shome]] 4/135 (33 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 76/1 (23 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Indu Roy]] 52
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Arjan Kripal Singh]] 1/15 (4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Match drawn (Bengal won on 1st innings)
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/BENG_TN_RJI-SEMI2_03-06MAR1989.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]
| umpires = [[S. B. Kulkarni]] and [[Piloo Reporter]]
| motm =
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Arup Bhattacharya]] (Bengal) passed 1,000 runs in first-class matches.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengal v Tamil Nadu, Ranji Trophy 1988/89 (Semi-Final)|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/51/51002.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114100003/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/51/51002.html|archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref>
*''[[Woorkeri Raman]] (Tamil Nadu) scored his third successive double century.''<ref name="2ndSF">{{cite news |title=Gautam Shome swings it for Bengal |first=Suresh |last=Menon |newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=9 April 2018 |page=16 |date=7 March 1989 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3oNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gZ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2393%2C2309114 |department=Sport |location=Madras |volume=LVII |number=123}}</ref>
*''[[P. C. Prakash]] and Raman set a record for the highest [[Partnership (cricket)|partnership]] for the third wicket for Tamil Nadu, surpassing [[C. D. Gopinath]] and [[A. G. Milkha Singh]]'s 248.''<ref name="2ndSF"/>
}}

=== Final ===
{{Test match
| date = 22–26 March 1989
| team2 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (H)
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 167 (62.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sambaran Banerjee]] 55
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Manoj Prabhakar]] 4/40 (20.2 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 721 (191.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Bhaskar Pillai]] 199
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Sagarmoy Sensharma]] 3/94 (31 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 344 (74.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Rajinder Singh (cricketer)|Rajinder Singh]] 79
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Kirti Azad]] 3/28 (5.4 overs)
| result = Delhi won by an innings and 210 runs
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires = [[Dara Dotiwalla]] and [[R. S. Rathore]]
| motm = [[Bhaskar Pillai]] (Delhi)<ref name="Final">{{cite web|title=Delhi v Bengal, Ranji Trophy 1988/89 (Final)|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/51/51045.html|website=CricketArchive|access-date=9 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114102832/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/51/51045.html|archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref>
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/KNOCK-OUTS/DELHI_BENG_RJI-FINAL_22-28MAR1989.html Scorecard]
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Kirti Azad]] (Delhi) passed 5,000 runs in first-class matches.<ref name="Final"/>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1980S/1988-89/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/ Ranji Trophy, 1988-89] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]
* {{CricketArchive|ref=Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1988-89|name=Ranji Trophy 1988/89}}

{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1988-89 Ranji Trophy}}
[[Category:1988 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1989 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1988–89]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

Odra kingdom

2026-04-30T08:20:22Z

BennyHubbs95: new

{{short description|Ancient Indian kingdom}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Odra''' was a kingdom located in the northern [[Odisha]] in [[Eastern India]]. This kingdom was mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]]. Odras were neighbours to the [[Vanga Kingdom|Vangas]]. It is believed that the [[Odia language]] and the state [[Odisha]] got their names derived from the name "Odra".

== Reference in Mahabharata ==
Only a single reference of Odra is found in [[Mahabharata]]. The Odras were mentioned along with the [[Vanga Kingdom|Vangas]], [[Anga Kingdom|Angas]] and [[Pundra Kingdom|Paundras]] as bringing tribute for [[Yudhishthira]] for his [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice (3,51).
There is a mysterious mention of the name Udrakeralas in [[Mahabharata]]. It is not known if the word ''Udra'' in the composite word ''Udra-Keralas'' has any relations with ''Odra''. The name Oriya originated from ''Odra''. The Bhagbata Purana mentions Odra, among the six sons of Dirghatamas by queen Sudesna with the Pundrakas, Dravidas, Kambojas, Sakas, Yavanas etc. Pliny placed Oretes near mountain Mallus which can be identified with Malayagiri near Pallahara in the present Angul district. Prof B.C Majumdar observs ".. the hilly country lying between Kalinga and Dakshina Kosala was the Odra land." R.D Banerji calls the Odras as the people of Northern Orissa. In the early medieval period, Odra became a distinct territorial division. The earliest reference to Odra in this period is gleaned from the Soro Copper Plates of Somadatta. It mentions the northern Tosali was a part of Odravisaya. By that time, Northern Tosali was a fairly extensive territory comprising Midnapur and undivided Balasore district and a considerable portion of Mayurbhanj and undivided Cuttack districts. Its inclusion in Odra indicates that the latter was a vast region between river Suvarnarekha in the north & Vaitarani in the south.

Odra finds mention in Hiuen Tsang's Si-Yu-Ki where he describes it as Wu-Cha which was 1400 miles in circuit. Other historians opine that Odra comprised undivided Midnapur, Balasore, Cuttack, Ganjam & Puri districts. However, the present day research excludes the possibility of the inclusion of Puri in Odra. It is only because Che-li-ta-Lo, a port mentioned by Hieun Tsang and its location at Puri by Cunningham and others have been challenged by scholars who locate it either in Tirtol (Jagatsinghpur district), Chandabali (Bhadrak district) or Manikapatana (on the bank of Chilika lake in Puri district).

As noticed, Odra, Utkala, Kalinga, Kongoda, Tosali & Kosala were territories having distinct boundaries of their own and the boundary changed from time to time in ancient and early medieval days. Sometimes it is noticed that some of these names were used as interchangeable terms, e.g. Odra was known as Tosali during Bhauma-karas. At the advent of the fifteenth century AD, poet Sarala Dasa made ''Udisa'' as Orissa synonymous with ''Odra Rastra'', which became ''Odisha Rajya'' during the Gajapatis. Right from the days of Kapilendradeva (1435–1467 AD), this empire land of the Odia-speaking people has been known as Odisha.<ref>Harihar Panda, ''History of Odisha'' (Professor & Head, Department of History, National Defence Academy, Pune; Former Reader, Department of History, Ravenshaw University, Cuttack).</ref>

== Probable descendants ==
Early ethnographic and historical accounts suggest that the Odra tribal identity survived into the historical period through communities known as the '''Oda [[Chasa (caste)|Chasa]]''' and '''Oda [[Khandayat (caste)|Khandayat]]''' of Odisha. James Peggs, a Baptist missionary stationed in Cuttack in the nineteenth century, recorded that the designation ''Or'' or ''Odra'' was applied ''[[par excellence]]'' to the class of husbandmen known as Or Chasa, and that those of this tribe performing martial duties were designated Or [[Paika (community)|Paik]] and Or Khandait.<ref>James Peggs, ''A History of the General Baptist Mission Established in the Province of Orissa'' (London: General Baptist Mission, 1846), p. 45.</ref>

Dhirendranath Patnaik, writing on the history of Odisha in the context of Odissi dance, identifies the Oda-Chasa explicitly as "Odra cultivator" and the Oda-Paika as "Odra infantry", noting that from the [[Gajapati kingdom|Gajapati]] period (16th century onwards), Odras who settled in areas surrounding the capital came to be known by these two designations.<ref>Dhirendranath Patnaik, ''Odissi Dance'' (Bhubaneswar: Orissa Sangeet Natak Akademi, 1971), pp. 3, 5.</ref>

Ashutosh Prasad Patnaik observed that unlike communities of Naga or Aryan origin which fragmented into numerous castes, the Odras are encountered in the historical record as members of a single community subdivided into two occupational designations — Oda Chasa (cultivator) and Oda Khandayat (wielder of sword) — suggesting that the Odras entered the region as an ethnically cohesive group at a time when the caste system was already established.<ref>Ashutosh Prasad Patnaik, ''The Early Voyagers of the East: The Rise of Maritime Trade of the Kalingas in Ancient India'', 2 vols. (Delhi: Pratibha Prakashan, 2003), p. 42. {{ISBN|978-8177020694}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

== External links ==
{{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Kalinga (India)]]

Ori Devuda

2026-04-23T02:48:10Z

BennyHubbs95: new

{{Long plot|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ori Devuda
| image = Ori Devuda.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ashwath Marimuthu]]
| producer = Pearl V. Potluri Param V. Potluri [[Dil Raju]] Sirish
| writer = Ashwath Marimuthu
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogue by
| data1 = [[Tharun Bhascker]]
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Vishwak Sen]]
*[[Mithila Palkar]]
*[[Asha Bhat]]
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]]
}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' (2020) by Ashwath Marimuthu}}
| music = [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
| cinematography = [[Vidhu Ayyanna]]
| editing = Vijay Mukthavarapu
| studio = [[PVP Cinema]] [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2022|10|21}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|10}} crore{{Citation needed|date=April 2026}}
}}

'''''Ori Devuda''''' ({{Translation|Oh My God}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[fantasy film|fantasy]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Ashwath Marimuthu]] and produced by Pearl V. Potluri, Param V. Potluri, [[Dil Raju]] and Sirish through [[PVP Cinema]] and [[Sri Venkateswara Creations]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oh My Kadavule Telugu remake titled Ori Devuda |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2021/nov/09/oh-my-kadavule-telugu-remake-titled-ori-devuda-27730.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=9 November 2021 |access-date=9 November 2021}}</ref> The film stars [[Vishwak Sen]], [[Mithila Palkar]] (in her Telugu debut), [[Asha Bhat]] while [[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] made an extended cameo appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2022|title=Ori Devuda: Venkatesh steps into Vijay Sethupathi's shoes in Telugu remake of Oh My Kadavule|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/ori-devuda-venkatesh-vijay-sethupathis-telugu-remake-oh-my-kadavule-8165013/|website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> and music was composed by [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]. A remake of the Ashwath's own Tamil film ''[[Oh My Kadavule]]'' (2020), it was released on 21 October 2022. The film garnered mixed to positive reviews from critics and audiences as well, praising the performances and storyline of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2022|title=Have waited, worked hard for this !! Yes we are coming on Diwali 21st October 2022 With @VenkyMama sir on board for #oridevuda !!|url=https://twitter.com/Dir_Ashwath/status/1572562816779046912?cxt=HHwWgMDSkZrj7tIrAAAA|website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
Anu, Arjun and Mani are best friends since childhood. During a party to celebrate Arjun clearing his Engineering arrear exams, Anu tells the other two of her father Paulraj looking for a groom for her. She suddenly asks Arjun if he'd like to marry her, to which he agrees. One year later, Anu and Arjun are seen sitting in family court for a final hearing to obtain a divorce. A man sits behind Arjun and predicts that he won't get his divorce on that day as his wife will faint and be rushed to hospital, then he provides him a visiting card and disappears. To Arjun's shock, all the events predicted by this strange man turn out true, and the case is postponed to the evening. Arjun rushes to the address mentioned on the visiting card. There, he encounters the man, who introduces himself as God. Arjun explains his problems to God.

Arjun, after marriage, continues to treat Anu as a friend and things are smooth until he starts working in Paulraj's toilet manufacturing factory as a quality control checker. Arjun hates this job but gets used to it. But he is unable to see Anu as anything more than a friend and is bored by the monotony of his life. One day, he meets Meera, his school senior and childhood crush, who now works as an assistant film director. They strike up a friendship, with Meera encouraging Arjun to explore his passion for acting and requesting him to audition for Puri Jagannadh's upcoming film. The audition goes very well, with Arjun impressing the director with his performance. Later at a pub, Meera tells Arjun about her failed film-making attempts and a past breakup. Arjun consoles Meera and hugs her, but this is noticed by Anu, who is already sad at Arjun not reciprocating her feelings and assumes they are having an extramarital affair. Anu and Arjun have a nasty quarrel, which ends with Arjun asking for a divorce.

Back in the present, Arjun blames God for his current situation. So God gives Arjun a second chance to rectify the mistake with a golden ticket with three conditions - The ticket should stay with Arjun always, he should tell nobody about this ticket, and if at all he tells anyone about the ticket, he will die. Accepting the conditions, Arjun grabs the ticket and time travels to the night when he accepted Anu's marriage proposal.

This time, Arjun rejects Anu's proposal. Therefore, Anu decides to marry Matthew, the groom chosen by her father. Meanwhile, Arjun decides to pursue Meera, feeling that she is the right person for him. They strike a friendship, with Arjun removing all barriers which caused Meera's film-making attempts to fail in the original timeline. Arjun also decides to pursue acting as a career and Anu manages to convince his parents on the same. Meera soon starts to reciprocate Arjun's interest in her. He goes to tell Paulraj to congrats Anu on his engagement and gets into a deep conversation with him. Paulraj tells Arjun that he hails from a very backward village in Prakasam Dist and his mother died 50 years ago by snake bite, due to a lack of toilets. He then left the village as a teenager, with the mission of eradicating open defecation in his area. That led to him creating his latrine company and achieving his goal of bringing toilets to his native village. This revelation makes Arjun realize his mistake of ridiculing their business.

Anu learns that Arjun likes Meera and there is a fair chance that Meera might reciprocate his love too. So Anu offers to help Arjun to propose Meera, asking him to make a video for Meera's upcoming birthday with wishes from Meera's family/friends and propose to her at the end of the video. As a result, they go on a bike ride to Kerala, which is Meera's home state. By this time, through various instances, Arjun had started to realize how sweet and loving Anu is, and how supportive Anu's father was. During the trip, Arjun realizes that he loves Anu and that his interest in Meera is just an infatuation. While on the Kerala trip, Arjun and Anu come across Meera's ex-boyfriend Krishna (Santhosh Prathap), who broke up with Meera to focus on his boxing career, however, he has also not gotten over her. Arjun decides to reunite Meera and Krishna instead and modifies the video accordingly. Meera reconciles with Krishna on her birthday after watching the video.

Arjun attends Anu's wedding with Matthew with a heavy heart. Unable to express his feelings for Anu, Arjun walks out of the church with Mani. At this juncture, they see Anu running out of the church without getting married. They meet her in their usual hangout pub, where she reveals her love for Arjun and also adds that she knew his feelings for her, hence she canceled the wedding at the last minute. But Arjun again refuses to marry her as he does not want to hurt her again. When confronted by Anu and Mani, he blurts out about the second chance and the golden ticket. Immediately the ticket flies away from Arjun and in a bid to catch it, he gets hit by a lorry, killing him.

Arjun finds himself with God once again and pleads for one final chance; this time God states that no more final chances will be given to him and sends him away, asking him to take care of his problems. Then Arjun realizes that he is back in reality; on the day his divorce hearing is taking place. He rushes back to the court, where Anu is ready to give consent to the divorce. This time, Arjun refuses to divorce and confesses his love to Anu. Anu accepts Arjun's love and reunites with him. It is revealed that God has given Arjun yet another chance and blesses him to go and live happily with Anu.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Vishwak Sen]] as Arjun Durgaraju; Anu's bestie turned husband
*[[Mithila Palkar]] as Anu Arjun (née Paulraj); Arjun's bestie turned wife
*[[Asha Bhat]] as Meera; Arjun's senior in school on whom he had a crush (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])
*Venkatesh Kakumanu as Mani, Arjun and Anu's friend
*[[Venkatesh (actor)|Venkatesh]] as God in an [[Cameo appearance|extended cameo appearance]]
*[[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as God's Assistant
*[[Murali Sharma]] as Paulraj; Anu's father
*[[Nagineedu]] as Durgaraju; Arjun's father
*[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashri Nair]] as Arjun's mother
*[[Santhosh Prathap]] as Krishna, Meera's ex-boyfriend
*[[Jayalalita]] as judge
*Jeevan Kumar as divorce lawyer
*Mounika Reddy as Swathi, Mani's wife
*[[Puri Jagannadh]] as himself in a [[guest appearance]]
*[[Srividya]] as Anu's mother (in portrait)
}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ori Devuda
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2022
| recorded = 2021–2022
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = Mango Music [[Saregama]]
| producer = [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
| prev_title = [[Paagal]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Das Ka Dhamki]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Ori Devuda
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Paathashalaloo
| single1date = 7 February 2022
| single2 = Avunanavaa
| single2date = 27 September 2022
| single3 = Gundellonaa
| single3date = 11 October 2022
| single4 =
| single4date =
}}
}}

The [[film score]] and [[soundtrack album]] were composed by [[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]].The audio rights were acquired by Mango Music and [[Saregama]].
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 22:44
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Paathashalaloo
| length1 = 3:54
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]], Sameera Bharadwaj
| lyrics1 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| title2 = Avunanavaa
| length2 = 4:54
| extra2 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| lyrics2 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| title3 = Gundellonaa
| length3 = 3:31
| extra3 = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyrics3 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| title4 = Marachipolene
| length4 = 3:57
| extra4 = Ravi G
| lyrics4 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| title5 = Ninna Monnalaga
| length5 = 2:17
| extra5 =[[Leon James (composer)|Leon James]]
| lyrics5 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| title6 = Yendhi Ra Life Idhi
| length6 = 1:17
| extra6 = Deepak Blue
| lyrics6 = Kittu
| title7 = Evariki Vaaree
| length7 = 4:35
| extra7 = [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]]
| lyrics7 = Kasarla Shyam
}}

==Release==
The film was released in theatres on 21 October 2022, coinciding with [[Diwali|Deepavali]].

=== Home media ===
[[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]] acquired the streaming rights<ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=Telangana |date=2022-11-10 |title='aha' to stream premiere of 'Ori Devuda' on November 11 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/aha-to-stream-wtp-of-ori-devuda-on-november-11 |access-date=2023-04-29 |website=Telangana Today |language=en-US}}</ref> of the film and made it available from 11 November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2022 |title=Ori Devuda streaming on Aha video |url=https://www.aha.video/movie/ori-devuda |access-date=29 April 2023 |website=Aha video}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Ori Devuda'' is a relatable rom-com with a touch of fantasy and tries to appeal to your senses. Watch it for its second half".<ref>{{cite news |title=Ori Devuda Movie Review : This tastefully made fantasy rom-com explores second chances in life|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/ori-devuda/movie-review/95008471.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref> Murali Krishna CH of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 Stars and wrote "For those who've seen ''Oh My Kadavule'', it's unlikely that the remake will keep them entertained. And for the rest, it might come across as a thoughtful romantic drama that is powered by beautiful writing".<ref>{{cite web |title=Ori Devuda Movie Review: A faithful remake that's less fun|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2022/oct/21/ori-devuda-movie-review-a-faithful-remake-thats-less-fun-35865.html|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=21 October 2022 |access-date=21 October 2022}}</ref> ''[[The Hans India]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Ori Devuda'' has an exciting and relatable premise, but it fails to deliver the right dose of fun and drama to have an impact. It ends as a passable watch, with a few moments working intermittently".<ref>{{cite web|title=Ori Devuda Movie review: Passable entertainer, but missing in parts|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/movie-reviews/ori-devuda-movie-review-passable-entertainer-but-missing-in-parts-78945|website=[[The Hans India]]|date=21 October 2022 |access-date=22 October 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|22486094}}

[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Sri Venkateswara Creations films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Leon James (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ashwath Marimuthu]]

Gida, Rajasthan

2026-04-22T06:45:45Z

BennyHubbs95: starting some details v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2023}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gira
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Marwadi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|52|59|N|71|46|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district|Balotra]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 164
| population_total = 803
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]]{{*}} [[Marwari language|Marwadi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 344037
| registration_plate = RJ-04
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Balotra, Rajasthan|Balotra]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barmer(Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Tehsil]]
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|RJ-IN]]
| area_total_ha = 756.3
}}

'''Gida''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=GIDA Pin Code - 344037, Swau Padamsingh All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search BARMER Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/gida-pincode-344037.html |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gida Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Gida, Barmer, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/gida |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref>is a village and tehsil headquarters of Gida tehsil in [[Balotra District]] of Rajasthan State, India. It belongs to Jodhpur Division.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Govt of Rajasthan |title=Blocks/Tehsils/Panchayats |url=http://barmer.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/barmer/en/about-barmer/blocks-tehsils-panchayats.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207175511/http://www.barmer.rajasthan.gov.in/content/raj/barmer/en/about-barmer/blocks-tehsils-panchayats.html |archive-date=Dec 7, 2018 |accessdate=Dec 8, 2018 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gira Village Population - Baytoo - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87082-gira-rajasthan.html |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> Gira has a total population of 803 peoples according to Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=STATE BANK OF INDIA GIDA Branch IFSC Code, MICR Code, Address & Phone Number |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/wealth/ifsccode/bank-state-bank-of-india,state-rajasthan,district-barmer,branch-gida,ifsccode-SBIN0032484.cms |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==

[[Category:Tehsils of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Balotara district]]
<references />{{Balotara district}}

{{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}

Melli Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T20:23:05Z

BennyHubbs95: creating basic details added tags

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| constituency_no =12
|name = Melli
|type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = [[Nar Bahadur Pradhan]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|state = [[Sikkim]]
|district = [[Namchi district|Namchi]]
|loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
|established = 1979
|electors = 15,479<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219115258/https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2024 |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections Sikkim 2019 - Voters Turnout Statistical Data|website=ceosikkim.nic.in |publisher= CEO of Sikkim |access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|05}}
|reservation = None
}}
'''Melli Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 assembly constituencies of [[Sikkim]] a north east state of [[India]]. Melli is part of [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/sikkim/assembly-constituencies/melli.html|title=Melli Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Melli, Sikkim|website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S02/Old/partycomp24.htm|title=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm|title=Home|website=ceosikkim.nic.in|access-date=16 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm|archive-date=16 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=227, 250}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1979]] || [[Mohan Prasad Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Janata Parishad}}
|-
| [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || rowspan=2 | Dilliram Basnet || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Sangram Parishad|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || rowspan=3 | Girish Chandra Rai || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=2 | [[Tulshi Devi Rai]]
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || [[Farwanti Tamang]]
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]] ||[[Nar Bahadur Pradhan]]|| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Melli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Nar Bahadur Pradhan]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=7,904 |percentage=57.96% |change={{increase}}14.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganesh Kumar Rai |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=3,621 |percentage=26.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Kumar Pradhan |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=1,321 |percentage=9.69% |change={{decrease}}40.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogen Rai |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=582 |percentage=4.27% |change={{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rupen Karki |party=Independent politician |votes=109 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=99 |percentage=0.73% |change={{decrease}}0.59 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,283 |percentage=31.41% |change= {{increase}}24.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,636 |percentage=85.07% |change= {{increase}}3.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,029 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}7.72 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Melli<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Farwanti Tamang]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,354 |percentage=50.25% |change={{decrease}}17.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tilak Basnet |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=5,489 |percentage=43.41% |change={{increase}}13.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhola Chawhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=382 |percentage=3.02% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=166 |percentage=1.31% |change={{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Basnett |party=Indian National Congress |votes=121 |percentage=0.96% |change={{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Bir Tamang |party=Sikkim Republican Party |votes=70 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=865 |percentage=6.84% |change= {{decrease}}30.53 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,645 |percentage=81.69% |change= {{decrease}}2.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,479 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}17.07 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Melli}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tulshi Devi Rai]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=7,655 |percentage=67.32% |change={{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Bahadur Karki |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,406 |percentage=29.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=178 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=132 |percentage=1.16% |change={{decrease}}25.09 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,249 |percentage=37.37% |change= {{decrease}}3.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,371 |percentage=84.57% |change= {{increase}}0.74 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,445 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}0.16 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Melli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Tulshi Devi Rai]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,307 |percentage=67.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dil Kri. Chhetri |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,454 |percentage=26.25% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhola Chawhan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=148 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhagirath Bhandari |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=130 |percentage=1.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiva Das Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=119 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phulchand Rai |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=84 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jashram Rai |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=68 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,853 |percentage=41.22% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,347 |percentage=83.83% |change= {{increase}}83.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,150 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Melli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006151710/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_SK_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Girish Chandra Rai |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}

{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,609 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Melli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007144437/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-SK99.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Girish Chandra Rai |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,059 |percentage=58.81% |change={{increase}}6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. S. Lama |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,800 |percentage=40.57% |change={{increase}}4.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Basnet |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43 |percentage=0.62% |change={{decrease}}8.84 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,259 |percentage=18.24% |change= {{increase}}2.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,902 |percentage=84.08% |change= {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,361 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.43 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Melli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007184813/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-SK94.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Girish Chandra Rai |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=3,108 |percentage=52.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manita Pradhan |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,153 |percentage=36.46% |change={{decrease}}39.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deo Narayan Pradhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=559 |percentage=9.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Basnet |party=Independent politician |votes=47 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=955 |percentage=16.17% |change= {{decrease}}45.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,905 |percentage=85.13% |change= {{increase}}12.77 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,120 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.22 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{decrease}}23.06 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Melli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006145759/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatREp_SK_89.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilliram Basnet |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=3,400 |percentage=75.69% |change={{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girish Chandra Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=627 |percentage=13.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Man Bahadur Tamang |party=Rising Sun Party |votes=287 |percentage=6.39% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bishnu Kumar Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=178 |percentage=3.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,773 |percentage=61.73% |change= {{increase}}14.35 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,492 |percentage=72.57% |change= {{increase}}1.97 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,402 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.68 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |swing= {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Melli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006223633/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilliram Basnet |party=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |votes=2,460 |percentage=70.81% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Grish Chandra Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=814 |percentage=23.43% |change={{increase}}19.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Khaling |party=Independent politician |votes=189 |percentage=5.44% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,646 |percentage=47.38% |change= {{increase}}41.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,474 |percentage=69.67% |change= {{decrease}}5.11 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 5,094 |ref = |change= {{increase}}50.09 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Sangram Parishad |loser=Sikkim Janata Parishad |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 1979 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1979 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Melli<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1979 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006104054/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1979/Statistical%20Report%201979%20Sikkim.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Mohan Prasad Sharma]] |party=Sikkim Janata Parishad |votes=669 |percentage=26.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sailesh Chandra Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=528 |percentage=21.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lal Das Rai |party=Sikkim Prajatantra Congress |votes=295 |percentage=11.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=D. B. Basnet |party=Janata Party |votes=263 |percentage=10.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deo Narayan Pradhan |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=8.88% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Bahadur Gurung |party=Independent politician |votes=201 |percentage=8.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nanda Bahadur Rai |party=Sikkim Congress (Revolutionary) |votes=163 |percentage=6.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chabilall Rai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=109 |percentage=4.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Kumar Dulal |party=Independent politician |votes=21 |percentage=0.84% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Prasad Rai |party=Independent politician |votes=18 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=141 |percentage=5.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,488 |percentage=77.20% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,394 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Janata Parishad |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==

* [[Melli]]
* [[Namchi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|27.090|88.456|display=title}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Namchi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1979]]

National Film Award for Best Punjabi Feature Film

2026-04-17T15:10:26Z

BennyHubbs95: creating first article w/ refs!

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Punjabi Feature Film
| subheader =
| description = Best [[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi feature film]] of the year
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1962
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Punjabi (1962{{ndash}}1964) National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi (1967–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Godday Godday Chaa]]'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Punjabi Feature Film''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] of India presented annually by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It is one of several awards presented for feature films and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus). Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], the name was changed to "Best Punjabi Feature Film".<ref>{{cite web|author=Under Secretary to the Government of India|title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India|url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting|publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]|access-date=28 August 2024|date=14 December 2023}}</ref>

The [[National Film Awards (India)|National Film Awards]], established in 1954, are the most prominent film awards in India that merit the best of the [[Indian cinema]]. The ceremony also presents awards for films in various [[Languages of India|regional languages]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}

Produced and directed by Krishnan Kumar, the 1962 film ''Chaudhari Karnail Singh'' was honoured with the first president's silver medal for Best Feature Film in Punjabi.

== Winners ==

Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:40%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background-color:#F4F4F4;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EFECD1;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#D6E0CC;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#E0EAEA;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EBEBE0;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Indicates a joint award for that year}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award films, showing the year (award ceremony), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%;"| Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:19%;"| Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"| Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:18%;"| Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[10th National Film Awards|1962 {{small|(10th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Chaudhari Karnail Singh''
| Krishnan Kumar
| Krishnan Kumar
| align="center" | <ref name="10thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx|title=10th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=9 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[12th National Film Awards|1964 {{small|(12th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Jagga (film)|Jagga]]''
| K. B. Chadha
| Jugal Kishore
| align="center" | <ref name="12thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx|title=12th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=14 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[12th National Film Awards|1964 {{small|(12th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Sassi Punnu''
| Filmistan Pvt. Ltd.
| S. P. Bakshi
| align="center" | <ref name="13thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf|title=13th National Film Awards|format=PDF|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Sutlej De Kande]]''
| P. P. Maheshwary
| P. P. Maheshwary
| align="center" | <ref name="15thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf|title=15th National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|accessdate=21 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nanak Nam Jahaz Hai]]''
| Pannalal Maheshwary
| Ram Maheshwary
| align="center" | <ref name="17thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=26 September 2011|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Chann Pardesi]]''
| Swarn Sedha, Baldev Gill And J. S. Cheema
| Chitrartha Singh
| align="center" | <ref name="17thaward"/>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Marhi Da Deeva (1989 film)|Marhi Da Deeva]]''
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| Surinder Singh
| align="center" | <ref name="37thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|title=37th National Film Awards|accessdate=29 January 2012|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kachehri]]''
| Vijay Tandon
| Ravindra Peepat
| align="center" | <ref name="41staward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=3 March 2012|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Main Maa Punjab Dee]]''
| Devender Walia
| Balwant Dullat
| align="center" | <ref name="45thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/45th_NFA.pdf|title=45th National Film Awards|format=PDF|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=11 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Shaheed-E-Mohabbat]]''
| [[Manjeet Maan]]
| [[Manoj Punj]]
| align="center" | <ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf|title=46th National Film Awards|format=PDF|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=12 March 2012}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Des Hoyaa Pardes]]''
| [[Manjeet Maan]]
| [[Manoj Punj]]
| align="center" | <ref name="52ndaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/52nd_nff_2005.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=28 January 2012|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Baghi''
| Gaj Deol
| Sukhminder Dhanjal
| align="center" | <ref name="53rdaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/53rd_nff_2006.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=19 March 2012|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Waris Shah: Ishq Daa Waaris]]''
| Sai Productions
| [[Manoj Punj]]
| align="center" | <ref name="54thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/54th_nff_2006.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=24 March 2012|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Anhe Ghore Da Daan]]''
| NFDC
| [[Gurvinder Singh (director)|Gurvinder Singh]]
| align="center" | <ref name="59thnfadff">{{cite web|title=59th National Film Awards for 2011 - Feature Films|url=http://dff.nic.in/Pagesfrom59thNFAPressRelease-featured.pdf|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|accessdate=2 April 2012|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Nabar''
| Jasbir Singh and Sonu Kaur
| Rajeev Sharma
| align="center" | <ref name="60thaward">{{cite press_release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|accessdate=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Punjab 1984]]''
| Gunbir Sidhu and Manmord Sidhu
| [[Anurag Singh (director)|Anurag Singh]]
| align="center" | <ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press_release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|date=24 March 2015|accessdate=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[The Fourth Direction|Chauthi Koot]]''
| NFDC and Kartikeya Singh
| [[Gurvinder Singh (director)|Gurvinder Singh]]
| align="center" | <ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press_release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|date=28 March 2016|accessdate=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Harjeeta]]''
| Villagers Film Studio
| [[Vijay Kumar Arora]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite press release|title=66th National Film Awards|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 August 2019|df=dmy-all|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809152118/https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Rabb Da Radio 2]]''
| Vehli Janta Films
| Sharandeep Singh
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite press release|title=67th National Film Awards, 2019|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1706663|publisher=Press Information Bureau|date=22 March 2021|access-date=23 March 2021|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Bhagi Di Dhee''
| G-Next Media
| [[Mukesh Gautam]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{cite web |title=70th National Film Awards for the year 2022 announced; Aattam bags the Best Feature Film award |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960 |publisher=PIB |access-date=28 August 2024 |date=16 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Godday Godday Chaa]]''
| VH Entertainment and [[Zee Studios]]
| [[Vijay Kumar Arora]]
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{National Film Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Film Award For Best Feature Film In Punjabi}}
[[Category:National Film Awards (India)]]
[[Category:Punjabi cinema]]

Old Agartala Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:29:36Z

BennyHubbs95: new

{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Old Agartala
| type= SLA
| state = [[Tripura]]
| established = 1963
| abolished = 1972
| electors = 13,067
| mla = Sailesh Chandra Some
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Old Agartala''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || J. K. Majumder || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Sailesh Chandra Some
|}

== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Old Agartala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sailesh Chandra Some |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,098 |percentage=56.76% |change={{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagadish Chandra Dey |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,217 |percentage=24.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kartik K. Bhattacharjee |party=Independent politician |votes=1,070 |percentage=11.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandramani Debbarma |party=Tripura Upajati Juba Samiti |votes=520 |percentage=5.79% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bisweshar Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=76 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,881 |percentage=32.08% |change= {{increase}}22.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,981 |percentage=70.44% |change= {{decrease}}9.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,067 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}35.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.17 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Old Agartala<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=J. K. Majumder |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,672 |percentage=54.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sailesh Chandra Some |party=Independent politician |votes=7,211 |percentage=45.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,461 |percentage=9.20% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,883 |percentage=81.04% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,377 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}
{{coord|23.846|91.344|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Agartala]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

{{Tripura-geo-stub}}

Ancient technology

2026-04-14T14:57:16Z

BennyHubbs95: created a article...

{{short description|Technological results from advances in engineering in ancient civilizations}}
{{further|topic=for ancient technologies of human civilization|History of technology}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2009}}
During the growth of the ancient [[civilization]]s, '''ancient technology''' was the result of advances in [[engineering]] in [[Ancient history|ancient times]]. These advances in the [[history of technology]] stimulated societies to adopt new ways of living and governance.

This article includes the advances in technology and the development of several engineering sciences in [[historic times]] before the [[Middle Ages]], which began after the [[fall of the Western Roman Empire]] in [[Anno Domini|AD]] 476,<ref>Clare, I. S. (1906). Library of universal history: containing a record of the human race from the earliest historical period to the present time; embracing a general survey of the progress of mankind in national and social life, civil government, religion, literature, science and art. New York: Union Book. Page 1519 (cf., Ancient history, as we have already seen, ended with the fall of the Western Roman Empire; [...])</ref><ref>United Center for Research and Training in History. (1973). Bulgarian historical review. Sofia: Pub. House of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Page 43. (cf. ... in the history of Western Europe, which marks both the end of ancient history and the beginning of the Middle Ages, is the fall of the Western Empire.)</ref> the death of [[Justinian I]] in the 6th century,<ref>Robinson, C. A. (1951). Ancient history from prehistoric times to the death of Justinian. New York: Macmillan.</ref> the coming of [[Islam]] in the 7th century,<ref>Breasted, J. H. (1916). [https://archive.org/details/ancienttimesahi01breagoog Ancient times, a history of the early world: an introduction to the study of ancient history and the career of early man]. Boston: Ginn and Company.</ref> or the rise of [[Charlemagne]] in the 8th century.<ref>Myers, P. V. N. (1916). [https://archive.org/details/ancienthistory02myergoog Ancient history]. New York [etc.]: Ginn and company.</ref> For technologies developed in medieval societies, see [[Medieval technology]] and [[Inventions in medieval Islam]].

{{Ancient technology}}
{{History of technology sidebar}}

== Ancient civilizations ==
===Africa===
{{main|Science and technology in Africa}}
Technology in Africa has a history stretching to the beginning of the human species, stretching back to the first evidence of [[Stone Age|tool use]] by hominid ancestors in the [[Hominid evolution|areas of Africa]] where humans are believed to have evolved. Africa saw the advent of some of the earliest [[ironworking]] technology in the [[Aïr Mountains]] region of what is today [[Niger]] and the erection of some of the world's oldest monuments, pyramids, and towers in [[Egypt]], [[Nubia]], and [[History of North Africa|North Africa]]. In Nubia and ancient Kush, glazed quartzite and building in brick were developed to a greater extent than in Egypt. Parts of the East African [[Swahili Coast]] saw the creation of the world's oldest [[carbon steel]] creation with high-temperature [[blast furnace]]s created by the [[Haya people]] of Tanzania.

=== Mesopotamia ===

The Mesopotamians were one of the first to enter the [[Bronze Age]] in the world. Early on they used [[copper]], [[bronze]] and [[gold]], and later they used [[iron]]. Palaces were decorated with hundreds of kilograms of these very expensive metals. Also, copper, bronze, and iron were used for [[armor]] as well as for different weapons such as [[sword]]s, [[dagger]]s, [[spear]]s, and [[mace (bludgeon)|mace]]s.

Perhaps the most important advance made by the [[Mesopotamia]]ns was the [[Cuneiform|invention of writing]] by the [[Sumer]]ians. With the invention of writing came the first recorded laws called the [[Code of Hammurabi]] as well as the first major piece of literature called the [[Epic of Gilgamesh]].

Several of the six classic [[simple machines]] were invented in Mesopotamia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |date=1999 |publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]] |isbn=9781575060422}}</ref> Mesopotamians have been credited with the invention of the [[wheel]]. The [[wheel and axle]] mechanism first appeared with the [[potter's wheel]], invented in [[Mesopotamia]] (modern Iraq) during the 5th millennium BC.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|author=D.T. Potts|year=2012|page=285}}</ref> This led to the invention of the [[wheeled vehicle]] in Mesopotamia during the early 4th millennium BC. Depictions of wheeled [[wagon]]s found on [[clay tablet]] [[pictographs]] at the [[Uruk#Eanna District|Eanna district]] of [[Uruk]] are dated between 3700 and 3500 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Attema |first1=P. A. J. |last2=Los-Weijns |first2=Ma |last3=Pers |first3=N. D. Maring-Van der |title=Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, JEbel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East |journal=Palaeohistoria |date=December 2006 |volume=47/48 |publisher=[[University of Groningen]] |pages=10–28 (11)}}</ref> The [[lever]] was used in the [[shadoof]] water-lifting device, the first [[Crane (machine)|crane]] machine, which appeared in Mesopotamia circa 3000 BC,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Paipetis |first1=S. A. |last2=Ceccarelli |first2=Marco |title=The Genius of Archimedes – 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8–10, 2010 |date=2010 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9789048190911 |page=416}}</ref> and then in [[ancient Egyptian technology]] circa 2000 BC.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Faiella |first1=Graham |title=The Technology of Mesopotamia |date=2006 |publisher=[[The Rosen Publishing Group]] |isbn=9781404205604 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGMyBTS0-v0C&pg=PA27}}</ref> The earliest evidence of [[pulley]]s date back to Mesopotamia in the early 2nd millennium BC.<ref name="Eisenbrauns">{{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmesopotam00moor |url-access=limited |date=1999 |publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]] |isbn=9781575060422 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientmesopotam00moor/page/n12 4]}}</ref>

The [[Screw (simple machine)|screw]], the last of the simple machines to be invented,<ref name="Woods">{{cite book | last = Woods| first = Michael |author2=Mary B. Woods| title = Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| year = 2000| location = US| pages = 58| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E1tzW_aDnxsC&pg=PA58| isbn = 0-8225-2994-7}}</ref> first appeared in Mesopotamia during the [[Neo-Assyrian]] period (911–609) BC.<ref name="Eisenbrauns"/> According to the assyriologist [[Stephanie Dalley]], the earliest [[pump]] was the [[screw pump]], first used by [[Sennacherib]], King of [[Assyria]], for the [[Domestic water system|water systems]] at the [[Hanging Gardens of Babylon]] and [[Nineveh]] in the 7th century BC. This attribution, however, is disputed by the historian [[John Peter Oleson]].<ref>Stephanie Dalley and [[John Peter Oleson]] (January 2003). "Sennacherib, Archimedes, and the Water Screw: The Context of Invention in the Ancient World", ''Technology and Culture'' '''44''' (1).</ref><ref name="Oleson">{{Cite book
| last = Oleson
| first = John Peter
| author-link = John Peter Oleson
| year = 2000
| contribution = Water-Lifting
| editor-last = Wikander
| editor-first = Örjan
| editor-link = Örjan Wikander
| title = Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
| series = Technology and Change in History
| volume = 2
| pages = 217–302 (242–251)
| isbn = 90-04-11123-9
| publisher = Brill
| location = Leiden}}</ref>

The Mesopotamians used a [[sexagesimal]] number system with the base 60 (like we use base 10). They divided time up by 60s including a 60-second minute and a 60-minute hour, which we still use today. They also divided up the circle into 360 degrees. They had a wide knowledge of mathematics including addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, quadratic and cubic equations, and fractions. This was important in keeping track of records as well as in some of their large building projects. The Mesopotamians had formulas for figuring out the circumference and area for different geometric shapes like rectangles, circles, and triangles. Some evidence suggests that they even knew the Pythagorean Theorem long before Pythagoras wrote it down. They may have even discovered the number for pi in figuring the circumference of a circle.

[[Babylonian astronomy]] was able to follow the movements of the stars, planets, and the Moon. Application of advanced math predicted the movements of several planets. By studying the phases of the Moon, the Mesopotamians created the first [[calendar]]. It had 12 lunar months and was the predecessor for both the [[Jewish calendar|Jewish]] and [[Greek calendar]]s.

[[Babylonian medicine]] used logic and recorded medical history to be able to diagnose and treat illnesses with various creams and pills. Mesopotamians had two kinds of medical practices, magical and physical, and would often use both practices on the same patient.<ref>Robert Alan Chadwick, ''First Civilization: Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt (2)'' (London: Equinox Publishing Ltd, 2005), 119.</ref>

The Mesopotamians made many technological discoveries. They were the first to use the potter's wheel to make better pottery, they used irrigation to get water to their crops, they used bronze metal (and later iron metal) to make strong tools and weapons, and used looms to weave cloth from wool.

The Jerwan Aqueduct (c. 688 BC) is made with stone arches and lined with waterproof concrete.<ref>T Jacobsen and S Lloyd, ''Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan'', Chicago University Press, (1935)</ref>

For later technologies developed in the Mesopotamian region, now known as [[Iraq]], see [[#Persia|Persia]] below for developments under the ancient [[Persian Empire]], and the [[Inventions in medieval Islam]] and [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]] articles for developments under the medieval Islamic [[Caliphate]]s.

===Egypt===
{{Main|Egyptian technology}}
[[File:TurinPapyrus1.jpg|right|thumb|350px|Left half of the Turin papyrus map, courtesy J. Harrell]]
The [[Egyptians]] invented and used many simple machines, such as the [[inclined plane|ramp]] to aid construction processes. They were among the first to extract [[gold]] by large-scale mining using [[fire-setting]], and the first recognisable [[map]], the [[Turin Papyrus Map|Turin papyrus]] shows the plan of one such mine in [[Nubia]].

The [[Egyptians]] are known for building [[pyramid]]s centuries before the creation of modern tools. Historians and archaeologists have found evidence that the [[Egyptian pyramids]] were built using three of what is called the [[Simple machine|Six Simple Machines]], from which all machines are based. These machines are the [[inclined plane]], the [[wedge]], and the [[lever]], which allowed the ancient Egyptians to move millions of limestone blocks which weighed approximately 3.5 tons (7,000 lbs.) each into place to create structures like the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]], which is {{convert|481|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} high.<ref>{{cite book|title=Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti|last=Wood|first=Michael|publisher=Runestone Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8225-2996-3|location=Minneapolis, MN|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientcommunica00wood/page/35 35, 36]|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientcommunica00wood/page/35}}</ref>

Egyptian [[paper]], made from [[papyrus]], and [[pottery]] were mass-produced and exported throughout the Mediterranean basin. The [[wheel]], however, did not arrive until foreign invaders introduced the [[chariot]]. They developed Mediterranean [[maritime history|maritime]] technology including ships and lighthouses. Early construction techniques utilized by the Ancient Egyptians made use of bricks composed mainly of clay, sand, silt, and other minerals. These constructs would have been vital in flood control and irrigation, especially along the Nile delta.<ref>Jerzy Trzciñski, Malgorzata Zaremba, Sawomir Rzepka, Fabian Welc, and Tomasz Szczepañski. “Preliminary Report on Engineering Properties and Environmental Resistance of Ancient Mud Bricks from Tell El-retaba Archaeological Site in the Nile Delta,” ''Studia Quarternaria'' 33, no. 1 (2016): 55.</ref>

The [[screw pump]] is the oldest positive displacement pump.<ref name="Stewart">{{cite book | last = Stewart| first = Bobby Alton|author2=Terry A. Howell| title = Encyclopedia of water science| publisher = CRC Press| year = 2003| location = US| page = 759| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5cP-81xDWuwC&pg=PA759| isbn = 0-8247-0948-9}}</ref> The first records of a screw pump, also known as a [[water screw]] or [[Archimedes' screw]], dates back to [[Ancient Egypt]] before the 3rd century BC.<ref name="Stewart"/><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia| title = Screw| encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica online| publisher = The Encyclopaedia Britannica Co.| year = 2011| url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/529876/screw| access-date = 2011-03-24}}</ref> The Egyptian screw, used to lift water from the [[Nile]], was composed of tubes wound around a cylinder; as the entire unit rotates, water is lifted within the spiral tube to the higher elevation. A later screw pump design from Egypt had a spiral groove cut on the outside of a solid wooden cylinder and then the cylinder was covered by boards or sheets of metal closely covering the surfaces between the grooves.<ref name="Stewart"/> The screw pump was later introduced from Egypt to Greece.<ref name="Stewart"/>

For later technologies in [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] and [[Ægyptus|Roman Egypt]], see [[Ancient Greek technology]] and [[Roman technology]], respectively. For later technology in medieval [[History of Arab Egypt|Arabic Egypt]], see [[Inventions in medieval Islam]] and [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]].

=== India ===
{{main|History of Indian Science and Technology }}
{{See also|List of Indian inventions|List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley civilization | Indian maritime history}}

The [[history of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent]] dates back to the earliest civilizations of the world. The [[Indus Valley civilization]] yields evidence of [[mathematics]], [[hydrography]], [[metrology]], [[metallurgy]], [[astronomy]], [[medicine]], [[surgery]], [[civil engineering]] and sewage collection and disposal being practiced by its inhabitants.

The [[Indus Valley civilization]], situated in a resource-rich area (in modern [[Pakistan]] and northwestern [[India]]), is notable for its early application of city planning, [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley civilisation|sanitation technologies]], and [[plumbing]].<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Teresi| first1 = Dick| author-link = Dick Teresi| title = Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science—from the Babylonians to the Maya| publisher = Simon & Schuster| year = 2002| location = New York| pages = [https://archive.org/details/lostdiscoveriesa00tere/page/351 351–352]| isbn = 0-684-83718-8| url = https://archive.org/details/lostdiscoveriesa00tere/page/351}}</ref> Cities in the Indus Valley offer some of the first examples of closed gutters, public baths, and communal granaries.

The [[Takshashila]] University was an important seat of learning in the ancient world. It was the center of education for scholars from all over Asia. Many [[Greeks|Greek]], Persian and [[China|Chinese]] students studied here under great scholars including [[Kautilya]], Panini, [[Jivaka]], and Vishnu Sharma.
[[File:Mohenjo-daro.jpg|thumb|200px|Excavated ruins of [[Mohenjo-daro]], Pakistan.]]

The ancient system of medicine in India, [[Ayurveda]] was a significant milestone in Indian history. It mainly uses herbs as medicines. Its origins can be traced back to origin of [[Atharvaveda]]. The [[Sushruta Samhita]] (400 BC) by Sushruta has details about performing cataract surgery, plastic surgery, etc.

Ancient India was also at the forefront of seafaring technology - a panel found at [[Mohenjo-daro]], depicts a sailing craft. Ship construction is vividly described in the Yukti Kalpa Taru, an ancient Indian text on Shipbuilding. (The Yukti Kalpa Taru had been translated and published by [[Theodor Aufrecht|Prof. Aufrecht]] in his 'Catalogue of Sanskrit [[Manuscripts]]').

Indian construction and architecture, called '[[Vaastu Shastra]]', suggests a thorough understanding of materials engineering, hydrology, and sanitation. Ancient Indian culture was also pioneering in its use of vegetable dyes, cultivating plants including [[indigo]] and [[cinnabar]]. Many of the dyes were used in art and sculpture. The use of [[perfume]]s demonstrates some knowledge of [[chemistry]], particularly [[distillation]] and purification processes.

=== China ===
{{main|History of science and technology in China|List of Chinese inventions}}
[[File:ArmillarySphere1.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Chinese [[armillary sphere]]]]

The [[history of science and technology in China]] shows significant advances in science, technology, mathematics, and astronomy. The first recorded observations of comets, solar eclipses, and supernovae were made in China.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} Traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture and herbal medicine were also practiced. The [[Four Great Inventions]] of China: the [[compass]], [[gunpowder]], papermaking, and printing were among the most important technological advances, only known in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages.

According to the Scottish researcher [[Joseph Needham]], the Chinese made many first-known discoveries and developments. Major technological contributions from China include early [[Seismology|seismological]] detectors, [[matches]], [[paper]], the double-action [[piston pump]], [[cast iron]], the iron [[plough]], the multi-tube [[seed drill]], the [[suspension bridge]], [[natural gas]] as fuel, the [[magnetic compass]], the [[raised-relief map]], the [[propeller]], the [[crossbow]], the [[south-pointing chariot]], and [[gunpowder]]. Other Chinese discoveries and inventions from the Medieval period, according to Joseph Needham's research, include: [[block printing]] and [[movable type]], phosphorescent paint, and the [[spinning wheel]].

The solid-fuel [[rocket]] was invented in China about 1150 AD, nearly 200 years after the invention of [[black powder]] (which acted as the rocket's fuel). At the same time that the [[Age of Exploration]] was occurring in the West, the Chinese emperors of the [[Ming Dynasty]] also sent ships, [[Treasure voyages|some reaching Africa]]. But the enterprises were not further funded, halting further exploration and development. When [[Ferdinand Magellan]]'s ships reached [[Brunei]] in 1521, they found a wealthy city that had been fortified by Chinese engineers, and protected by a [[breakwater (structure)|breakwater]]. [[Antonio Pigafetta]] noted that much of the technology of Brunei was equal to Western technology of the time. Also, there were more cannons in Brunei than on Magellan's ships, and the Chinese merchants to the Brunei court had sold them [[spectacles]] and [[porcelain]], which were rarities in Europe.

===Persian Empire===
{{main|Science and technology in Iran}}

The [[qanat]], a water management system used for irrigation, originated in [[Iran]] before the [[Achaemenid Empire|Achaemenid period]] of Persia. The oldest and largest known qanat is in the Iranian city of [[Gonabad]]; after 2,700 years, it still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Ward English | first = Paul | title = The Origin and Spread of Qanats in the Old World | journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society | volume = 112| issue = 3 | pages =170–181 | date = June 21, 1968 | jstor=986162}}</ref> It was designed to carry water from underground sources to desert areas for agricultural and population growth.{{clarify|date=October 2024}} The places where water is gathered are surrounded by zones{{clarify|date=October 2024}} to guarantee that its value is recognized and that they continue to function. To guarantee that the qanat system can run smoothly for a very long time, the farmlands that depend on this water are also conserved.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=The persian Qanant |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1506/ |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref>

The [[Yakhchāl]] is an ancient Persian refrigeration structure that was used to store ice and occasionally food in the hot summer months. The structure is composed of an extensive below-ground storage area with a large above-ground dome. It was kept cool throughout the summer by a system of [[windcatcher]]s and qanats, and its structure was specially designed for optimal isolation.{{clarify|date=October 2024}} This was made possible by its thickness and distinct composition{{clarify|date=October 2024}} which made the walls impenetrable by water and heat resistant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-04 |title=Yakhchal: Ancient Refrigerators – Earth Architecture |url=https://eartharchitecture.org/?p=570 |access-date=2024-09-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

These wind catchers also played a significant role in Persian ancient history. These ancient structures help control high speed winds{{clarify|date=October 2024}} to naturally cool buildings,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ancient Persian way to keep cool |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210810-the-ancient-persian-way-to-keep-cool |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=www.bbc.com |date=11 August 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref> which was needed to make the area habitable, as Yazd has a hot and dry climate.

According to Chris Soelberg and Julie Rich, researchers in a university in Utah, wind catchers have been seen as far back as 3,300 years ago in Egypt, but they actually originated in Iran.

The earliest evidence of [[water wheel]]s and [[watermill]]s in the [[ancient Near East]] dates back to the 4th century BC,<ref>Terry S. Reynolds, ''Stronger than a Hundred Men: A History of the Vertical Water Wheel'', JHU Press, 2002 {{ISBN|0-8018-7248-0}}, p. 14</ref> specifically in the [[Persian Empire]] before 350 BC, in the regions of Mesopotamia (Iraq) and Persia (Iran).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Selin |first1=Helaine |author-link=Helaine Selin |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9789401714167 |page=282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282}}</ref> This pioneering use of [[water power]] constituted the first human-devised motive force not to rely on muscle power (besides the [[sail]]).

In the 7th century AD, Persians in [[Afghanistan]] developed the first practical [[windmill]]s. For later medieval technologies developed in [[Islamization of Iran|Islamic Persia]], see [[Inventions in medieval Islam]] and [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]].

The ancient Persians also developed advanced mining techniques, particularly for military purposes. During sieges, they used '''tunneling''' to undermine city walls, weakening fortifications and gaining access to cities. In one documented case, the Persians employed '''bitumen''' and '''sulfur''' in these operations to create toxic fumes. By igniting these materials, they generated poisonous gases that incapacitated defenders, marking one of the earliest examples of chemical warfare. Evidence for this tactic includes the discovery of the remains of around 20 Roman soldiers near a city wall, believed to have been exposed to the gases.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Persian Empire Technology and Inventions, Mining, Windmills, Battery |url=https://persianempires.com/persian-empire-technology.html |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=Persian Empires.com |language=en}}</ref>

The '''Baghdad Battery''' is a 2,000-year-old artifact believed to have originated in ancient Persia. It consists of a clay jar containing a copper cylinder and an iron rod. When filled with an acidic liquid, the device could generate a small electrical charge. While its exact function remains debated, many scholars suggest it may have been used for '''electroplating''', a technique for coating objects with metals such as gold. This artifact suggests that the Persians had some understanding of electrochemical processes long before the modern discovery of electricity.<ref name=":0" />

=== Mesoamerica and Andean Region ===
Lacking suitable beasts of burden and inhabiting domains often too mountainous or boggy for wheeled transport, the ancient civilizations of the Americas did not develop wheeled transport or the mechanics associated with animal power. Nevertheless, they produced advanced engineering including above ground and underground aqueducts, quake-proof masonry, artificial lakes, dykes, 'fountains,' pressurized water,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://live.psu.edu/story/46532 |title=Maya plumbing, first pressurized water feature found in New World |author=A’ndrea Messer |date=February 8, 2011 |website=Penn State News |access-date=August 25, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208225152/http://live.psu.edu/story/46532 |archive-date=2013-02-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref> road ways and complex terracing. Equally, gold-working commenced early in Peru (2000 BC),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archaeology.about.com/b/2008/03/31/the-first-gold-working-in-peru.htm | archive-date=April 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412174748/http://archaeology.about.com/b/2008/03/31/the-first-gold-working-in-peru.htm |title=A Walking Tour of Machu Picchu, Peru |author=K. Kris Hirst |website= about.com |access-date= August 25, 2015}}</ref> and eventually copper, tin, lead and bronze were used.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lechtman|first=Heather|date=1985|title=The Significance of Metals in Pre-Columbian Andean Culture|journal=Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|volume=38|issue=5|pages=9–37}}</ref> Although metallurgy did not spread to Mesoamerica until the Middle Ages, it was employed here and in the Andes for sophisticated alloys and gilding. The Native Americans developed a complex understanding of the chemical properties or utility of natural substances, with the result that a majority of the world's early medicinal drugs and edible crops, many important adhesives, paints, fibres, plasters, and other useful items were the products of these civilizations.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} Perhaps the best-known Mesoamerican invention was [[rubber]], which was used to create rubber bands, rubber bindings, balls, syringes, 'raincoats,' boots, and waterproof insulation on containers and flasks.

=== Hellenistic Mediterranean ===
{{More citations needed section|date=December 2025}}{{main|Ancient Greek technology}}

The [[Hellenistic period]] of [[History of the Mediterranean region|Mediterranean history]] began in the 4th century BC with [[Alexander's conquests]], which led to the emergence of a [[Hellenistic civilization]] representing a synthesis of [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Near-East]]ern cultures in the [[Eastern Mediterranean]] region, including the [[Balkans]], [[Levant]] and [[Egypt]].<ref name="Green">Green, Peter. ''Alexander to Actium: The Historical Evolution of the Hellenistic Age''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990.</ref> With [[Ptolemaic Egypt]] as its intellectual center and Greek as the lingua franca, the Hellenistic civilization included [[Greeks in Egypt|Greek]], [[Egyptians|Egyptian]], [[Jew]]ish, [[Persian people|Persian]] and [[Phoenicia]]n scholars and engineers who wrote in Greek.<ref>George G. Joseph (2000). ''The Crest of the Peacock'', pp. 7–8. [[Princeton University Press]]. {{ISBN|0-691-00659-8}}.</ref>

Hellenistic technology made significant progress from the 4th century BC, continuing up to and including the Roman period. Some inventions that are credited to the ancient Greeks are the following: bronze casting techniques, [[water organ]] (hydraulis), and the [[torsion siege engine]]. Many of these inventions occurred late in the Hellenistic period, often inspired by the need to improve weapons and tactics in war.

Hellenistic engineers of the Eastern Mediterranean were responsible for a number of inventions and improvements to existing technology. [[Archimedes]] invented several machines. Hellenistic engineers often combined scientific research with the development of new technologies. Technologies invented by Hellenistic engineers include the [[ballista]]e, the [[piston pump]], and primitive [[analog computers]] like the [[Antikythera mechanism]]. Hellenistic architects built [[dome]]s, and were the first to explore the [[Golden ratio]] and its relationship with geometry and architecture.

Other Hellenistic innovations include torsion catapults, pneumatic catapults, crossbows, rutways, organs, the keyboard mechanism, differential gears, showers, dry docks, diving bells, odometer and astrolabes. In architecture, Hellenistic engineers constructed monumental lighthouses such as the [[Lighthouse of Alexandria|Pharos]] and devised central heating systems. The [[Tunnel of Eupalinos]] is the earliest tunnel which has been excavated with a scientific approach from both ends.

Automata like automatic doors and other ingenious devices were built by Hellenistic engineers as [[Ctesibius]] and [[Philo of Byzantium]]. Greek technological treatises were scrupulously studied and advanced by later Byzantine, Arabic and Latin scholars, and provided some of the foundations for further technological advances in these civilizations.

=== Roman Empire ===
{{main|Ancient Roman technology}}

[[File:Pont du Gard BLS.jpg|right|thumb|[[Pont du Gard]] in France, a Roman aqueduct]]
[[File:Archscrew2.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Drainage wheel from Rio Tinto mines]]
[[File:Heron's Windwheel.png|thumb|200px|[[Hero of Alexandria|Hero]]'s wind-powered [[Organ (music)|organ]] (reconstruction)]]{{More citations needed section|date=December 2025}}
The [[Roman Empire]] expanded from [[Roman Italy|Italy]] across the entire [[Mediterranean region]] during the 1st century BC and 1st century AD. Its most advanced and economically productive provinces outside of Italy were the [[Eastern Roman Empire|Eastern Roman]] provinces in the [[Balkans]], [[Asia Minor]], [[Roman Egypt|Egypt]], and the [[Levant]], with Egypt in particular being the wealthiest Roman province outside of Italy.<ref>[[Angus Maddison|Maddison, Angus]] (2007), ''Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD: Essays in Macro-Economic History'', p. 55, table 1.14, [[Oxford University Press]], {{ISBN|978-0-19-922721-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Herons von Alexandria Druckwerke und Automatentheater |author-last=Hero |author-link=Hero of Alexandria |others=Wilhelm Schmidt (translator) |place=Leipzig |publisher=B.G. Teubner |date=1899 |language=el, de |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/heronsvonalexandhero#page/228/mode/2up |pages=228–232 |chapter=Pneumatika, Book ΙΙ, Chapter XI}}</ref>

[[Roman technology]] supported Roman civilization and made the expansion of Roman commerce and Roman military possible over nearly a thousand years. The Roman Empire had an advanced set of technology for their time. Some of the Roman technology in Europe may have been lost during the turbulent eras of late antiquity and the Early Middle Ages. Roman technological feats in many different areas such as civil engineering, construction materials, transport technology, and some inventions such as the [[mechanical reaper]] went unmatched until the 19th century. Romans developed an intensive and sophisticated agriculture, expanded upon existing iron working technology, created [[Roman law|laws]] providing for individual ownership, advanced stonemasonry technology, advanced [[Roman road|road-building]] (exceeded only in the 19th century), military engineering, civil engineering, spinning and weaving and several different machines like the [[reaper|Gallic reaper]] that helped to increase productivity in many sectors of the Roman economy. They also developed water power through building aqueducts on a grand scale, using water not just for drinking supplies but also for [[irrigation]], powering [[water mill]]s and in mining. They used drainage wheels extensively in deep underground mines, one device being the [[reverse overshot water-wheel]]. They were the first to apply [[hydraulic mining]] methods for prospecting for metal ores, and for extracting those ores from the ground when found using a method known as [[hushing]].

Roman engineers have built [[triumphal arches]], [[List of Roman amphitheatres|amphitheatres]], [[Roman aqueduct|aqueducts]], [[Thermae|public baths]], [[Roman bridge|true arch bridges]], [[harbour]]s, [[List of Roman dams|dam]]s, vaults and [[List of Roman domes|domes]] on a very large scale across their Empire. Notable Roman inventions include the [[Codex|book (Codex)]], [[glass blowing]] and [[concrete]]. Because Rome was located on a volcanic peninsula, with sand which contained suitable crystalline grains, the [[concrete]] which the Romans formulated was especially durable. Some of their buildings have lasted 2000 years, to the present day. Roman society had also carried over the design of a door lock with tumblers and springs from Greece. Like many other aspects of innovation and culture that were carried on from Greece to Rome, the lines between where each one originated from have become skewed over time. These mechanisms were highly sophisticated and intricate for the era.<ref>Naif A. Haddad, "Critical Review, Assessment and Investigation of Ancient Technology Evolution of Door Locking Mechanisms in S.E. Mediterranean," ''Mediterranean Archaeology & Archaeometry'' 16, no. 1: 43–74.</ref>

Roman civilization was highly urbanized by pre-modern standards. Many cities of the [[Roman Empire]] had over 100,000 inhabitants with the capital Rome being the largest metropolis of antiquity. Features of Roman urban life included multistory apartment buildings called [[Insula (building)|insulae]], street paving, public flush toilets, glass windows and [[Hypocaust|floor and wall heating]]. The Romans understood [[hydraulics]] and constructed [[fountain]]s and waterworks, particularly [[Roman aqueduct|aqueduct]]s, which were the hallmark of their civilization. They exploited water power by building [[water mill]]s, sometimes in series, such as the sequence found at [[Barbegal]] in southern France and suspected on the [[Janiculum]] in Rome. Some [[Thermae|Roman baths]] have lasted to this day. The Romans developed many technologies which were apparently lost in the [[Middle Ages]], and were only fully reinvented in the 19th and 20th centuries. They also left texts describing their achievements, especially [[Pliny the Elder]], [[Frontinus]] and [[Vitruvius]].

Other less known Roman innovations include [[cement]], boat mills, arch [[dam]]s and possibly [[tide mill]]s.

In Roman Egypt, [[Heron of Alexandria]] invented the [[aeolipile]], a basic [[steam-power]]ed device, and demonstrated knowledge of mechanic and pneumatic systems. He was also the first to experiment with a [[wind-power]]ed mechanical device, a windwheel. He also described a [[vending machine]]. However, his inventions were primarily toys, rather than practical machines.

==See also==
* [[History of technology]]
** [[Prehistoric technology]]
* [[Medieval technology]]
* [[Muslim world]]
** [[Arab Agricultural Revolution]]
** [[Islamic Golden Age]]
** [[List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Humphrey, J. W. (2006). Ancient technology. Greenwood guides to historic events of the ancient world. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
* Rojcewicz, R. (2006). The gods and technology: a reading of Heidegger. SUNY series in theology and continental thought. Albany: State University of New York Press.
* Krebs, R. E., & Krebs, C. A. (2004). Groundbreaking scientific experiments, inventions, and discoveries of the ancient world. Groundbreaking scientific experiments, inventions, and discoveries through the ages. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press.
* Childress, D. H. (2000). Technology of the gods: the incredible sciences of the ancients. Kempton, Ill: Adventures Unlimited Press.
* Landels, J. G. (2000). Engineering in the ancient world. Berkeley: University of California Press.
* James, P., & Thorpe, N. (1995). Ancient inventions. New York: Ballantine Books.
* Hodges, H. (1992). Technology in the ancient world. New York: Barnes & Noble.
* National Geographic Society (U.S.). (1986). Builders of the ancient world: marvels of engineering. Washington, D.C.: The Society.
* American Ceramic Society, Kingery, W. D., & Lense, E. (1985). Ancient technology to modern science. Ceramics and civilization, v. 1. Columbus, Ohio: American Ceramic Society.
* Brown, M. (1966). On the theory and measurement of technological change. Cambridge: Cambridge U.P.
* [[Forbes, R. J.]] (1964). Studies in ancient technology. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{History of technology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Technology}}
[[Category:Ancient technology| ]]

List of expressways in West Bengal

2026-04-14T03:38:09Z

BennyHubbs95: creating initial article needs work

{{Short description|none}}

This is a '''list of expressways in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].''' The list is divided into following categories:
*'''National Expressway''': Built by [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]], these expressways connect two or more different [[States and union territories of India|states]] and have been declared as "National Expressways" (NE) by [[Government of India]].
*'''Intrastate Expressway''': Built by [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]], these expressways run entirely through the state ([[West Bengal]]) and connects areas within the state. These are declared as expressways by [[Government of India]].
*'''Bypass Expressway''': Built by [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]], these expressways runs through the outskirts or metropolitan area of a city to bypass the city core. West Bengal has bypass expressways only around Kolkata. These are declared as expressways by [[Government of India]].
*'''State Expressway''': Built by the [[West Bengal Highway Development Corporation]] ([[West Bengal Highway Development Corporation|WBHDCL]]) and declared as expressways by [[Government of West Bengal]], not by [[Government of India]]. Although, they have similar characteristics as NHAI expressways.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Legends
|-
| {{legend inline|#fafafa|Fully operational}} {{legend inline|#FFFFc5|Under construction}} {{legend inline|#bcffc5|Partially operational and partially under construction}} {{legend inline|#D3D3D3|Planned but construction not started}} {{legend inline|grey|Proposed}}
|}

==National Expressways by NHAI==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers""
!Name
! Mark
! Part of
! Endpoints in WB
! data-sort-type="number" |Length (km)
!Lanes
! Status
! Ref(s)

|-
|style="background:#ffffc5;"| Kharagpur-Burdwan-Moregram Expressway
|NE-9
| [[Kharagpur–Siliguri Economic Corridor|EC14]]
| [[Kharagpur]] to Moregram
|230
|4
|Under construction (as of 2026)
|<ref>https://www.ashokabuildcon.com/ppp-projects.php</ref>

|-
|style="background-color:#d3d3d3;"| [[Varanasi–Kolkata Expressway]]
| NE-8
| NH-319B
| [[Purulia]] to [[Kolkata]]
| 242
|6
| Under construction (as of 2026)
|<ref>https://www.maritimegateway.com/four-greenfield-expressways-in-west-bengal/</ref>

|-
| style="background:#d3d3d3"| Kharagpur Visakhapatnam Expressway
|
|
| [[Kharagpur]]
|
|6
| Tender released (as of September 2024)
|<ref>https://www.news18.com/news/india/patna-kolkata-expressway-to-pass-through-5-districts-of-bihar-4675919.html</ref>

|-
|style="background:grey;"|Katihar-Kishanganj-Siliguri-Guwahati Expressway
| NE-10
|
| [[Siliguri]]
|
|
| Planned (as of 2024)
|<ref>https://www.news18.com/news/india/patna-kolkata-expressway-to-pass-through-5-districts-of-bihar-4675919.html</ref>

|-
|style="background:grey;"|Patna Kolkata Expressway
|
|
| [[Kolkata]]
|
|
| Planned (as of 2024)
|<ref>https://www.news18.com/news/india/patna-kolkata-expressway-to-pass-through-5-districts-of-bihar-4675919.html</ref>

|-
|style="background:grey;"|[[Gorakhpur–Siliguri Expressway]]
|
|
| [[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]] to [[Siliguri]]
|519
|4
| Land acquisition in process (as of 2026)
|<ref>https://www.maritimegateway.com/four-greenfield-expressways-in-west-bengal/</ref>

|-
|style="background:grey;"|[[Haldia–Raxaul Expressway]]
|
|
| [[Haldia]]
|650
|
| Land acquisition in process (as of 2026)
|<ref>https://www.maritimegateway.com/four-greenfield-expressways-in-west-bengal/</ref>

|}

==Intrastate Expressways by NHAI==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers""
!Name
! Part of
! Endpoints
! data-sort-type="number" |Length (km)
!Lanes
! Status
!Ref(s)

|-
|style="background:#bcffc5;"| [[National Highway 19 (India)|Durgapur Expressway]]
| [[File:Tabliczka AH1.svg|30px|thumb|[[AH1]]]] [[File:NH19-IN.svg|thumb|39x39px|[[National Highway 19 (India)|NH19]]]]
|[[Dankuni]] - [[Durgapur subdivision|Durgapur]]
|168
| 6
| Almost operational (except some intersections) as of 2024
|<ref>https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hoogly/survey-has-started-to-make-the-durgapur-expressway-six-lane-1.891801</ref>

|-
|style="background:#bcffc5;"| [[Kona Expressway]]
| [[File:NH12-IN.svg|30px|thumb|[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH12]]]]
| [[Hastings, Kolkata|Hastings]], [[Kolkata]] - [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH16]], [[Nibra]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]]
|11
| 6
| At grade road operational and elevated corridor under construction (as of 2024)
|<ref>https://www.timesnownews.com/kolkata/kolkata-6-lane-elevated-superhighway-to-come-up-on-kona-expressway-to-decongest-choke-points-article-99355140</ref>
|}

==Bypass Expressways (by NHAI)==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers""
!Name
! Part of
! Endpoints in WB
! data-sort-type="number" |Length (km)
!Lanes
! Status
! Ref(s)
|-
|[[Belghoria Expressway]]
| [[File:Tabliczka AH1.svg|30px|thumb|[[AH1]]]] [[File:NH12-IN.svg|30px|thumb|[[National Highway 12 (India)|NH12]]]]
| [[Dankuni]] to [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Kolkata airport]]
|16
|4
| Fully operational
|<ref>https://archive.today/20120710010231/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-23/kolkata/30654983_1_nh-6-kona-expressway-kolkata-airport</ref>
|}

==State expressways by WBHDCL==
{{Static row numbers}}
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible static-row-numbers""
! Name
! Part of
! Endpoints in WB
! data-sort-type="number" |Length (km)
!Lanes
! Status
! Ref(s)
|-
|style="background:#bcffc5;"|[[Kalyani Expressway]]
|
| [[Belghoria Expressway|NH12]] at [[Nimta]], [[Kolkata metropolitan region|Kolkata]] - [[Ishwar Gupta Setu]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]
|42
|4-6
|Partially operational (as of 2024)
|}

==See also==
*[[Expressways in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Expressways in India]]
[[Category:Roads in West Bengal]]

Madhuri Kindo

2026-04-13T03:34:58Z

BennyHubbs95: creating some post more to come

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Madhuri Kindo
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2002|2|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Biramitrapur]], [[Odisha]], India
| height =
| weight =
| position = Goalkeeper
| currentclub =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Hockey Association of Odisha]]
| caps1 =
| goals1 =
| years2 = 2025–
| clubs2 = [[Odisha Warriors]]
| caps2 =
| goals2 =
| nationalyears1 = 2023
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national under-21 field hockey team|India U21]]
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|Junior Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2023 Women's Hockey Junior Asia Cup|2023 Japan]]|}}
}}

'''Madhuri Kindo''' (born 25 February 2002) is an Indian [[field hockey]] player from Odisha. She plays as a goalkeeper for the [[India women's national field hockey team]]. She is yet to make her debut in the playing XI.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2023-12-10 |title=India beats USA 3-2 to finish ninth at Junior Women's hockey World Cup |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/india-beats-usa-3-2-to-finish-ninth-at-junior-womens-hockey-world-cup/article67623968.ece |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-10 |title=Indian Junior Women’s Hockey Team beat USA 2 - 2 (3 - 2 SO) to finish ninth at the FIH Hockey Women’s Junior World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/indian-junior-womens-hockey-team-beat-usa-2---2-3---2-so-to-finish-ninth-at-the-fih-hockey-womens-junior-world-cup-2023 |access-date= |website=Hockey India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-08 |title=Hockey India shortlists 33 players for women’s team core group |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/hockey-india-shortlists-33-players-for-womens-team-core-group-1503288307.html |access-date= |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> She made her Junior India debut in 2021.
== Early life ==
Kindo grew up in a farming family in [[Biramitrapur|Birmitrapur Odisha]]. She got interested in hockey by watching her brother Manoj Kindo play hockey, while their father, Shankar Kindo worked in the fields. Inspired by him, she started playing hockey too and joined the Panposh Sports Hostel in 2012. She initially played as a defender but later became a goalkeeper.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 27, 2024 |title="I am grateful for all that hockey has offered to me," - Indian Women's Hockey Team goalkeeper Madhuri Kindo |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/news-i-grateful-hockey-offered-me-indian-women-s-hockey-team-goalkeeper-madhuri-kindo |access-date= |work=Sportskeeda}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kindo participated in several national championships representing [[Odisha]], and in 2021, she was selected for the Indian junior team. Madhuri's performance at the Junior Women's Asia Cup 2023 in Japan helped her team win the gold medal.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Goalkeeper Madhuri Kindo stars as India beat New Zealand in a classification match of the FIH Hockey Women’s Junior World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.africahockey.org/goalkeeper-madhuri-kindo-stars-as-india-beat-new-zealand-in-a-classification-match-of-the-fih-hockey-womens-junior-world-cup-2023/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=African Hockey Federation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2023 |title=Goalkeeper Madhuri Kindo stars as India beat New Zealand in a classification match of the FIH Hockey Women’s Junior World Cup 2023 |url=https://www.fih.hockey/-fih-junior-world-cup-w/news/goalkeeper-madhuri-kindo-stars-as-india-beat-new-zealand-in-a-classification-match-of-the-fih-hockey-womens-junior-world-cup-2023 |access-date= |website=International Hockey Federation |language=en}}</ref> She received a job offer from [[Western Railway zone|Western Railways]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-06-24 |title=माधुरी किंडो ने इंडियन हॉकी का जताया आभार, बताई अपने संघर्ष की कहानी - Hockey |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hi/!sports/indian-women-goalkeeper-madhuri-kindo-says-grateful-for-all-that-hockey-has-offered-hin24062403309 |access-date= |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date= |title=India finish 9th in Junior Women's Hockey World Cup after beating USA 3-2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/hockey/top-stories/india-finish-9th-in-junior-womens-hockey-world-cup-after-beating-usa-3-2/articleshow/105875530.cms |access-date=2024-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In April 2024, Madhuri joined the Indian team during an evaluation camp at SAI Bengaluru.<ref name=":0" />

She was part of the Odisha team that finished 5th in the 11th Hockey Indian Junior Women National Championships in [[Simdega|Simdega, Jharkhand]], from October 20-29, 2021. She was the goalkeeper for the Hockey Gangpur-Odisha team, which won the bronze medal in the 8th Hockey India Junior Women National Championship (Division-A) held in [[Bhopal|Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh]], from April 26 to May 6, 2018. Additionally, she represented Hockey Gangpur-Odisha in the 8th Senior Women National Hockey Championship (Division-A) in [[Ranchi|Ranchi, Jharkhand]], from February 1-11, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhuri Kindo - Orisports.com |url=https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MTkxOA== |access-date= |website=www.orisports.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
*[https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/madhuri-kindo-profile-3256 Madhuri Kindo] at [[Hockey India]]
*[https://www.orisports.com/PersonDetails.aspx?pId=MTkxOA== Madhuri Kindo] at Orisports
*[https://globalsportsarchive.com/people/field_hockey/kindo-madhuri/564877/ Madhuri Kindo] at Global Sports Archive

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kindo, Madhuri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Women's field hockey goalkeepers]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Odisha]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Sundergarh district]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

Amar Nath Sehgal v. Union of India

2026-04-12T15:57:07Z

BennyHubbs95: created a entry...

{{Short description|Indian legal case}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = ''Amar Nath Sehgal v. Union of India''
| court = [[Delhi High Court]]
| imagesize =
| date decided = 21 February 2005
| full name =
| judges = Justice [[P Nandrajog]]
| opinions =
| citations = 2005 (30) PTC 253 (Del)
| keywords = [[Moral rights (copyright law)|moral rights in copyright]]
}}

'''''Amar Nath Sehgal v. Union of India'''''<ref name=judgment>{{cite web|title=Amar Nath Sehgal v. Union of India|url=http://www.indiankanoon.org/doc/1990275/|publisher=Indian Kannon|accessdate=28 February 2012}}</ref> is a landmark Indian case decided by the [[Delhi High Court]], which for the first time upheld the [[moral rights (copyright law)|moral right]] of an author under the [[Copyright law of India|Indian Copyright Act]] and awarded damages. The government was also asked to return his mural.<ref>{{cite web|title=India Key milestones for intellectual property|url=http://www.buildingipvalue.com/07AP/p.266-269%20India.pdf|publisher=BuildingIPValue.com|accessdate=28 February 2012|author=Pravin Anand|author2=Keshav S Dhakad|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="RadhakrishnanBalasubramanian2008">{{cite book|author1=Radhakrishnan|author2=Dr. R. Radhakrishnan and Dr.S. Balasubramanian|title=Intellectual Property Rights: Text and Cases|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nEc8PtMOuzsC&pg=PA62|accessdate=20 August 2013|year=2008|publisher=Excel Books India|isbn=978-81-7446-609-9|pages=62–}}</ref>

==Facts==
The [[plaintiff]], [[Amar Nath Sehgal]] is a renowned artist and sculptor, who created a mural in the lobby of [[Vigyan Bhawan]], Delhi on the direction of appropriate authority. In the year 1957, the [[Government of India]] commissioned Mr. Sehgal for creating a bronze mural for Vigyan Bhavan, the most prominent International Convention Hall in Delhi. The Bronze sculpture so commissioned, of about 140 ft. span and 40 ft. sweep took five years to complete and was placed on the wall of the Lobby in the Convention hall. This embellishment on a national architecture became a part of the Indian art heritage. However, in 1979, the mural was pulled down and consigned to the store room of the Union without notice or permission or authorization of Amarnath. When Mr. Sehgal came to know of this ill treatment, he made representations to the government authorities for restoration of the mural, to no avail. As this act of destruction of the mural as it was improperly handled which cause minor damage to the sculpture. He filed a petition under Section 57 of the Copyright Act, 1957 in the Delhi High Court praying for an apology from the defendants, a permanent injunction on the defendants to restrain them from distorting, mutilating or damaging the plaintiff's mural and damages to the tune of Rs. 5 lacs.

==Judgment==
The Court termed the Moral rights as the soul of the author's works. "The author has a right to preserve, protect and nurture his creations through his moral rights. A creative individual is uniquely invested with the power and mystique of original genius, creating a privileged relationship between a creative author and his work."

The Court elucidated on the moral rights that flow from art and literary work. They are identification right or attribution right, right to dissemination, Right to integrity that is to maintain the purity of work and right to withdraw from the publication of the work. The language of the Section 57 makes it possible to legally protect the cultural heritage of India through the moral rights of the artist. "Intellectual property and knowledge are interconnected. Intellectual property embodies traditional thought and knowledge with value addition. Thus, physical destruction or loss of intellectual property has far reaching social consequence. Knowledge which has grown with it is also lost." Court ruled that moral rights in the work of art acquire the status of the cultural heritage of the nation and India being a signatory to many conventions, it would be the obligation of the state to protect such work.

Further, Section 57 of the Copyright Act, 1957 includes destruction of a work of art as a ground as it is the extreme form of mutilation and reduces the volume of the author's creative corpus and affects his reputation prejudicially as being actionable under said section. Further, in relation to the work of an author, subject to the work attaining the status of a modern national treasure, the right would include an action to protect the integrity of the work in relation to the cultural heritage of the nation.

The Court held that the plaintiff has a cause to maintain an action under Section 57 of the Copyright Act, 1957 even though the copyright in the mural stands vested in the defendants. It was further held that the defendants have not only violated the plaintiff's moral right of integrity in the mural but have also violated the integrity of the work in relation to the cultural heritage of the nation. The Court ordered the defendants to return to the plaintiff the remnants of the mural permanently with no rights vesting with the defendants henceforth and ordered the defendants to pay damages with costs.

==Significance of the Decision==
The decision taken by the single bench of the Delhi High Court was instrumental in determining the course of moral rights in the country. It also gave a broad construction to the term moral rights in the country, by not only providing for the right of the author in the case of any distortion, mutilation, modification or other act in relation to the work if such distortion etc. would be prejudicial to his honour or reputation but also ‘right of the author to receive the copyrighted work for the purposes of restoration and sell it’. It included within the moral right of integrity the right to protect an artistic work from outright destruction.
The interim decision in the case, given by Justice Jaspal Singh, given in favour of the plaintiff, restricted the Indian Government from causing any further loss to the plaintiff by destroying the property. The interim ruling, given in 1992, established two central points about the ambit of moral rights within India. Firstly, that the moral right of integrity under Indian Law can in fact protect an artistic work from outright destruction and secondly, that the Government has a duty of care towards artworks in its possession.
This gave rise to amendments in the Copyright Act in 1994. Even though the purported primary motive of the Government was to bring the [[Indian Act]] in conformity with the Berne Convention, the wording of the amendment seemed to be a direct reaction to the interim ruling. Under the amended Section 57, a legal claim by an author against unauthorized modifications to his work had to establish that the treatment of the work has been prejudicial to his honour or reputation. The revised Section 57 corresponded to Article 6bis of the Berne Convention and also provided that failure to display a work, or to display it in accordance with the wishes of the author, would not qualify as a violation of the author's moral rights.

In light of this amendment in 1994, an important question that Justice Nandrajog needed to address was that of which law would be applicable to the final ruling, the pre amendment or post amendment Copyright Act. There were compelling arguments for both the sides, as the old provisions of the Copyright Act would apply because they governed the time when the acts of destruction occurred, and when the case was actually filed before the court. On the other hand, he could have said that the post amended provisions should apply because they reflected the currently policy of the Govt. and were actually in force at the time of the judgment. However, he sidestepped the question and chose neither of the paths, arguing that the law must be read to fulfil the higher objective of protecting our cultural heritage, in light of the many international treaties on cultural heritage that India is a signatory to. The artwork in question constituted an ‘outstanding work of art’ and in such cases there is an overriding obligation to protect their integrity, no matter which law is applied.

==See also==
*[[Indian law]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:Indian intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Indian art]]
[[Category:2005 in case law]]
[[Category:2005 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Art and culture law]]
[[Category:Indian patent case law]]
[[Category:High courts of India cases]]

Nawab Faqir Muhammad khan Goya

2026-04-11T10:36:01Z

BennyHubbs95: creating a details needs work

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Faqir Muhammad Khan Goya
| native_name = فقیـر محمد خان گویا
| birth_date = c. 1784
| birth_place = [[Malihabad]], Awadh (ancestral roots in Khyber region)
| death_date = c. 1850
| death_place = Malihabad, Awadh
| occupation =
| known_for =
| allegiance = [[Oudh State]] {{flagicon|Oudh State}}
[[Indore State]] {{flagicon|Indore State}}
[[Tonk State]] {{flagicon|Tonk State}}
| branch = Army
| rank = Commander‑in‑Chief (Awadh Army), Commander (Indore State)
| battles = British‑Holkar War, Pindaris War, Siege of Bhopal, Siege of Bengal {{citation needed|date=October 2025}}
| relatives = {{plainlist|
* [[Josh Malihabadi]] (great-grandson)
* [[Ghaus Mohammad]] (great-grandson)
}}
| title = ''Hisām ud Daulah''(The Sword of the State) ''Tahvār Jang''(The Valiant in War) [[Nawab]]
}}

'''Nawab Faqir Muhammad Khan Goya''' (c. 1784 – c. 1850), was an Urdu poet, Writer, Military leader and [[Nawab]] of [[Malihabad]] from Malihabad in Awadh (present‑day Uttar Pradesh, India). Under his pen‑name ''Goya'' he produced [[Urdu poetry]], and he was the founder of the [[Estate of Malihabad]] known as Tharri-Fatehnagar<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oudh (India) |first=United Provinces of Agra and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7a9hP1aFOEwC&dq=Faqir+Muhammad+khan+afridi+Tharri&pg=PA92 |title=District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. [A. Vol.]: Lucknow |date=1904 |publisher=Government Press |language=en}}</ref> [[Commander-in-chief]] of [[Oudh State]] and also served as Governor of [[Azamgarh]].

== Early life and background ==
Faqir Muhammad Khan was born around 1784 to a Pashtun ([[Afridi]]) family with ancestral origins in the Khyber Pass region. His family later settled in the [[Malihabad]] region of [[Awadh]]. He mastered [[Urdu]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], although his mother tongue was [[Pashto]]. His family had a tradition of literary contributions and patronage of Urdu poetry.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw0uAAAAMAAJ |title=Goyā aur k̲h̲āndān‑i Goyā kī adabī k̲h̲idmāt, 1920 tak |publisher=National Book Foundation |year=1982 |edition=2nd |location=Lucknow |pages=439–442 |language=Urdu}}</ref>

== Titles, positions, and service ==
He was granted noble titles such as Hisām ud Daulah and Tahvār Jang, and held the rank of Nawab. He served as a Risaldar (Regiment Comender) in the army of Awadh and later became the Commander‑in‑Chief of the Awadh Army. He is also recorded as having served under Yashwantrao Holkar of the Holkar Empire at Indore, and as a commander in Tonk State.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malīḥābādī |first=Jaʻfar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUctAQAAIAAJ |title=گوىا، صاحب سىف و قلم: ىعنى ... فقىر محمد خاں صاحب ... گوىا مرحوم کے مستند و مفصل حالات زندگى |date=1978 |publisher=جعفر ملىح آبادى |language=ur}}</ref>

== Military and alliances ==
* Served the Holkar Empire (Indore) as a commander.
* Became Commander‑in‑Chief of the Awadh Army.
* Founded and personally administered the estate of Malihabad.
* Participated in regional conflicts, including the Pindari campaigns and other local engagements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Malīḥābādī |first=Jaʻfar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUctAQAAIAAJ |title=گوىا، صاحب سىف و قلم: ىعنى ... فقىر محمد خاں صاحب ... گوىا مرحوم کے مستند و مفصل حالات زندگى |date=1978 |publisher=جعفر ملىح آبادى |language=ur}}</ref>

== Literary work ==
Goya was a prominent Urdu poet of the classical school influenced by Baksh Nasikh. His major works include:
* ''Diwan‑e‑Goya'' — a collection of ghazals, qaṣīdas, naʿats, nohas and salaams.
* ''Būstān‑i‑Ḥikmat'' — Urdu translation of the Persian classic ''Anvar‑e‑Suhaili''.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uw4uAAAAMAAJ |title=Būstān‑i‑Ḥikmat |publisher=Munshi Nawal Kishore, Lucknow |year=1887}}</ref>

== Horticulture and mango orchards ==
Faqir Muhammad Khan Goya is credited with pioneering mango cultivation in Malihabad. He fell in love with the region's soil and climate and obtained permission to establish mango orchards there.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Abhijit Sen |date=2023-06-14 |title=Mango Magician who redesigns the King of Fruits and keeps us mesmerized |url=https://www.siasat.com/mango-magician-who-redesigns-the-king-of-fruits-and-keeps-us-mesmerized-2615084/ |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> He is credited with introducing and developing mango varieties including Jauhari Safeda, Lucknowa and others.

== Legacy ==
His estate in [[Malihabad]] became a hub for poetry and horticulture. He is an ancestor of later renowned Urdu poets, including Josh Malihabadi.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fw0uAAAAMAAJ |title=Goyā aur k̲h̲āndān‑i Goyā kī adabī k̲h̲idmāt, 1920 tak |publisher=National Book Foundation |year=1982 |edition=2nd |location=Lucknow |pages=439–442 |language=Urdu}}</ref>

== Death ==
Faqir Muhammad Khan Goya is died around 1850 in Malihabad.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:18th-century births]]
[[Category:Urdu-language poets]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

Pirahã people

2026-03-29T02:03:12Z

BennyHubbs95: small enhance section to improve readability and corrected details for clarity

{{short description|Ethnic group in the Amazon Rainforest}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image = Aqui Mora o Povo Indígena Pirahã.jpg
| caption = A Pirahã family in 2018
| group = Pirahã
| native_name = {{lang|myp|Híaitíihi, Hiáitihí}}
| native_name_lang = myp
| population = 900
| total_year = 2024
| popplace = {{Flag|Brazil}}
| languages = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Pirahã language|Pirahã]]
| religions = [[Animism]]<ref>{{cite web |title= From Threatened Languages to Threatened Lives |url= http://www.astronom.cz/jch/cestina/daniel-everett.htm |author= Everett, Daniel|website=astronom.cz|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209063845/http://www.astronom.cz/jch/cestina/daniel-everett.htm|archive-date=9 February 2018}}</ref>
| related = other [[Mura people]]
}}

The '''Pirahã''' ({{IPA|pt|piɾaˈhɐ̃}}){{efn|According to Daniel Everett, it is pee-da-HAN.{{sfnp|Everett|2008|loc=Preface}}}} are an [[indigenous peoples in Brazil|indigenous people]] of the [[Amazon rainforest]] in Brazil. They are the sole surviving subgroup of the [[Mura people]] and are [[hunter-gatherers]]. They live mainly on the banks of the [[Maici River]] in [[Humaitá, Amazonas|Humaitá]] and [[Manicoré]] in the state of [[Amazonas (Brazilian state)|Amazonas]]. {{As of|2024}}, they numbered 900 individuals.<ref>Instituto Socioambiental do Brazil</ref> The name ''Pirahã'' is an [[exonym]]; the Pirahã [[endonym|call themselves]] the '''{{lang|myp|Híaitíihi}}''' or '''{{lang|myp|Hiáitihí}}''',<ref name="Amazonian isolates 2">{{cite book |editor-last=Epps |editor-first=Patience |editor-last2=Michael |editor-first2=Lev |title=Amazonian Languages: Language Isolates |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |location=Berlin |date=2023 |isbn=978-3-11-043273-2}}</ref> roughly translated as "the straight ones".<ref name="Pullum">{{cite web | url = http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001387.html | title = The Straight Ones: Dan Everett on the Pirahã | last = Pullum | first = Geoffrey K. | publisher = Language Log | date = 26 August 2004 | access-date = 2007-06-22 }}</ref>

The Pirahã speak the [[Pirahã language]]. They call any other language "crooked head".<ref name="Colapinto"/> Members of the Pirahã can [[whistled language|whistle their language]], which is how Pirahã men communicate when hunting in the jungle.

== Culture ==
According to the linguistic anthropologist and former Christian missionary [[Daniel Everett]], <blockquote>The Pirahã are supremely gifted in all the ways necessary to ensure their continued survival in the jungle: they know the usefulness and location of all important plants in their area; they understand the behavior of local animals and how to catch and avoid them; and they can walk into the jungle naked, with no tools or weapons, and walk out three days later with baskets of fruit, nuts, and small game.<ref name="Colapinto"/></blockquote>

As far as the Pirahã have related to researchers, their culture is concerned solely with matters that fall within direct personal experience, and thus there is no history beyond living memory. Pirahã have a simple [[kinship]] system that includes ''baíxi'' (parent, grandparent, or elder), ''xahaigí'' (sibling, male or female), ''hoagí'' or ''hoísai'' (son), ''kai'' (daughter), and ''piihí'' (stepchild, favorite child, child with at least one deceased parent, and more).<ref name="Everett 2008">{{cite book | title=Don't Sleep, there are Snakes | publisher=Pantheon Books | last=Everett |first=Daniel L. | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-375-42502-8 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/dontsleeptherear00ever }}</ref>{{rp|pages=86–87}}

Daniel Everett states that one of the strongest Pirahã values is no coercion; one does not tell other people what to do.<ref name="Edge"/> There appears to be no [[social hierarchy]]; the Pirahã have no formal leaders. Their social system is similar to that of many other hunter-gatherer bands in the world, although rare in the Amazon because of a history of horticulture before Western contact (see [[History of South America#Amazon|history of the Amazon]]).

Although the Pirahã use canoes every day for fishing and for crossing the river beside which they live, when their canoes wear out, they use pieces of bark as temporary canoes. Everett brought in a master builder who taught and supervised the Pirahã in making a canoe so that they could make their own. However, when they needed another canoe, they said that "Pirahã do not make canoes" and told Everett he should buy them a canoe. The Pirahã rely on neighboring communities' canoe work and use those canoes for themselves.<ref name="Edge"/>

Pirahã build simple huts where they keep a few pots, pans, knives, and machetes. They make only scraping implements (for making arrowheads), loosely woven palm-leaf bags, bows, and arrows.<ref name="Colapinto"/> They take naps of 15 minutes to, at the most, two hours throughout the day and night, and [[Segmented sleep|rarely sleep through the night]].<ref name="Everett 2008" />{{rp|pages=xvii, 13,70,79}}

They do not store food in any quantity, but generally eat it when they get it.<ref name="Colapinto"/> Pirahã have ignored lessons in preserving meats by salting or smoking.<ref name="Colapinto"/> They cultivate [[manioc]] plants that grow from spit-out seeds and make only a few days' worth of manioc flour at a time.<ref name="Colapinto"/> They trade [[Brazil nut]]s and sex for consumables or tools, e.g. machetes, gunpowder, powdered milk, sugar, whiskey. Chastity is not a cultural value.<ref name="Edge"/> They trade Brazil nuts, wood, and ''[[sorva]]'' (rubbery sap used in chewing gum) for soda-can pull-tabs, which are used for necklaces.<ref name="Colapinto"/> Men wear T-shirts and shorts that they get from traders; women sew their own plain cotton dresses.<ref name="Colapinto"/>

Their decoration is mostly necklaces, used primarily to [[Apotropaism|ward off spirits]].<ref name="Everett 2008" />{{rp|pages=74}} The concept of drawing is alien to them and when asked to draw a person, animal, tree, or river, the result is simple lines.<ref name="PG-SOM">Gordon, Peter. [http://www.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2004/10/15/1094492.DC1/Gordon.SOM.pdf Numerical Cognition Without Words: Evidence from Amazonia, Supporting Online Materials], p. 5. Science, 2004.</ref> However, on seeing a novelty such as an airplane, a child may make a model of it, which may be soon discarded.<ref name="Colapinto"></ref>

{{anchor|Religion}}According to Everett, the Pirahã have no concept of a supreme spirit or god;<ref>Everett, Daniel. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20100516170022/http://fora.tv/2009/03/20/Daniel_Everett_Endangered_Languages_and_Lost_Knowledge#fullprogram "Endangered Languages and Lost Knowledge"]}}, ''The Long Now Foundation'', San Francisco, March 20, 2009. For the relevant info, see transcript of the talk or play chapter 8 of the video at 33:40.</ref> however, they do believe in spirits that can sometimes take on the shape of things in the environment. These spirits can be jaguars, trees, or other visible, tangible things including people.<ref name="Everett 2008" />{{rp|pages=112,134–142}} Everett reported one incident where the Pirahã said that "''Xigagaí'', one of the beings that lives above the clouds, was standing on a beach yelling at us, telling us that he would kill us if we go into the jungle." Everett and his daughter could see nothing and yet the Pirahã insisted that ''Xigagaí'' was still on the beach.<ref name="Everett 2008" />{{rp|pages=xvi–xvii}}

== History ==
The Pirahã, a subgroup of the [[Mura people]], encountered traders, missionaries, and government officials over centuries. Despite this, they resisted fully adopting outsiders' culture. They have historically been highly resistant to outside cultural influence and language, including Portuguese, though they interact with Portuguese speakers for trade. The first European contact with the Pirahã was led by [[Pedro Teixeira]] along with 70 soldiers and roughly 1,200 Indigenous people in 47 large canoes. He was the first European to travel up the entire length of the [[Amazon River]], known as "O Conquistador da Amazônia" ([[English language|English]] for ''The Conqueror of the Amazon'').

=== Adoption of Western culture ===
A 2012 documentary called ''The Grammar of Happiness'', which aired on the [[Smithsonian Channel]], reported that a school had been opened for the Pirahã community where they learn [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] and mathematics. According to [[Fundação Nacional do Índio|FUNAI]] the school is the responsibility of the [[Ministry of Education (Brazil)|Ministry of Education of Brazil]].<ref>{{cite AV media |title=The Grammar of Happiness |medium=television documentary |publisher=Smithsonian Channel |url=http://www.smithsonianchannel.com/sc/web/show/141519/the-grammar-of-happiness |date=2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131118143428/http://www.smithsonianchannel.com/sc/web/show/141519/the-grammar-of-happiness |archive-date=2013-11-18 }}</ref> In addition to a formal school being introduced to the culture, the documentary also reported that the Brazilian government installed a modern medical clinic, electricity, and television in the remote area.

== Language ==
{{Main|Pirahã language}}
Anthropological linguist [[Daniel Everett]], who wrote the first Pirahã grammar, claims that there are related pairs of curiosities in their language and culture.<ref name="Colapinto">{{cite magazine | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fa_fact_colapinto?currentPage=all | title = The Interpreter—Has a remote Amazonian tribe upended our understanding of language? | last = Colapinto | first = John | author-link = John Colapinto | magazine = [[The New Yorker]] | date = 16 April 2007 | access-date = 2024-02-14 }}</ref>

After working with the language for 30 years, Everett states that it has no [[relative clause]]s or [[Recursion|grammatical recursion]]. Everett points out that there is recursion of ideas: that in a story, there may be subordinate ideas inside other ideas. He also pointed out that different experts have different definitions of recursion.<ref name="Edge">{{cite web|url=http://www.edge.org/3rd_culture/everett07/everett07_index.html |title=Recursion and Human Thought: Why the Pirahã Don't Have Numbers |first=Daniel L. |last=Everett |others=Includes discussion by the ''Reality Club''|work=Edge.org|date=11 June 2007 |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808091528/https://www.edge.org/conversation/recursion-and-human-thought |archive-date=8 August 2019|department=Conversation |publisher=[[Edge.org|Edge Foundation, Inc.]]}}</ref> If the language lacks grammatical recursion, then it is proposed as a counterexample to the theory proposed by Chomsky, Hauser and Fitch (2002) that recursion is a feature which all human languages must have.

Pirahã is perhaps second only to [[Rotokas language|Rotokas]] in [[New Guinea]] for the distinction of having the fewest [[phoneme]]s of any of the world's languages. Women sometimes pronounce ''s'' as ''h'', reducing the inventory further still.<ref name="Everett 2008" />{{rp|pages=178–179.}} Everett states that Pirahã, Rotokas, and Hawaiian each have 11 phonemes.

Their language is a unique living language (it is related to [[Muran languages|Mura]], which is no longer spoken). [[John Colapinto]] explains, "Unrelated to any other extant tongue, and based on just eight consonants and three vowels, Pirahã has one of the simplest sound systems known. Yet it possesses such a complex array of tones, stresses, and syllable lengths that its speakers can dispense with their vowels and consonants altogether and sing, hum, or whistle conversations."<ref name="Colapinto"/> Peter Gordon writes that the language has a very complex verb structure: "To the verb stem are appended up to 15 potential slots for morphological markers that encode aspectual notions such as whether events were witnessed, whether the speaker is certain of its occurrence, whether it is desired, whether it was proximal or distal, and so on. None of the markers encode features such as person, number, tense or gender."<ref name="PG-SOM"/>

Curiously, although not unprecedentedly,<ref>{{cite web|last=Pullum |first=Geoffrey K. |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001387.html |title=Language Log: The Straight Ones: Dan Everett on the Pirahã |publisher=Itre.cis.upenn.edu |date=2004-08-26 |access-date=2010-07-02}}</ref> the language has no cardinal or ordinal numbers. Some researchers, such as Peter Gordon of [[Columbia University]], claim that the Pirahã are incapable of learning [[numeracy]]. His colleague, Daniel L. Everett, on the other hand, argues that the Pirahã are cognitively capable of counting; they simply choose not to do so. They believe that their culture is complete and does not need anything from outside cultures. Everett says, "The crucial thing is that the Pirahã have not borrowed any numbers—and they want to learn to count. They asked me to give them classes in Brazilian numbers, so for eight months I spent an hour every night trying to teach them how to count. And it never got anywhere, except for a few of the children. Some of the children learned to do reasonably well, but as soon as anybody started to perform well, they were sent away from the classes. It was just a fun time to eat popcorn and watch me write things on the board."<ref name="Edge"/>

The language does not have words for precise numbers, but rather concepts for a small amount and a larger amount.

The language may have no [[color terms|unique words for colors]], contradicting Berlin and Kay's hypothesis on the [[Basic_Color_Terms:_Their_Universality_and_Evolution|universality of color-naming]]. There are no unanalyzable root words for color; the recorded color words are all compounds like ''mii sai''<ref name="Edge"/> or ''bii sai'', "blood-like", indicating that colors in the language are adjectival comparisons that are not consistently applied.<ref>{{cite web|last=Everett |first=Daniel |url=http://ling.auf.net/lingbuzz/000427/current.pdf |title=CULTURAL CONSTRAINTS ON GRAMMAR IN PIRAHÃ: A Reply to Nevins, Pesetsky, and Rodrigues |publisher=LingBuzz |date=2007 |access-date=2018-03-07}}</ref>

It is suspected that the language's entire [[pronoun]] set was recently borrowed from one of the [[Tupí–Guaraní languages]], and that before that the language may have had no pronouns whatsoever. Many linguists, however, find this claim questionable due to lack of evidence. However, if there had been pronouns at an earlier stage of Pirahã, this would not affect Everett's claim of the significance of the system's simplicity today. There are few Tupi–Guaraní loanwords in areas of the lexicon more susceptible to borrowing (such as nouns referring to cultural items, for instance).

== See also ==
* [[Keren Everett]], Everett's ex-wife and the most fluent non-Pirahã in their language
* [[Linguistic relativity]]

==Notes==

{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal | first = Celeste | last = Biever | date = 19 August 2004 | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn6303 | title = Language may shape human thought | journal = New Scientist | access-date = 15 December 2014 }}
*{{cite journal | first = Bruce | last = Bower | url = https://www.sciencenews.org/article/pirah%C3%A3-challenge | url-access = subscription | title = The Piraha challenge: an Amazonian tribe takes grammar to a strange place | journal = Science News | date = 4 December 2005 | doi = 10.2307/4017032 | jstor = 4017032 | access-date = 10 December 2005 }}
*{{cite news | first = Brian | last = Butterworth | url = https://www.theguardian.com/life/feature/story/0,,1331672,00.html | newspaper = The Guardian | title = What happens when you can't count past four? | date = 21 October 2004 | access-date = 15 December 2014 }}
*{{cite magazine | url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2007/04/16/070416fa_fact_colapinto | title = The Interpreter: Has a remote Amazonian tribe upended our understanding of language | first = John | last = Colapinto | magazine = The New Yorker | date = 16 April 2007 | access-date = 2024-02-14 }} (a lengthy article about the Pirahã and Daniel Everett's work with them, with accompanying [http://www.newyorker.com/online/2007/04/16/slideshow_070416_piraha Slideshow]. Correction appended online.)
*{{cite news | url = http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article362380.ece | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060614054822/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/science_technology/article362380.ece | url-status = dead | archive-date = June 14, 2006 | newspaper = The Independent | date = 7 May 2006 | title = Unlocking the secret sounds of language: Life without time or numbers | first = Elizabeth | last = Davies | access-date = 15 December 2014 }}
*{{cite journal | first = Kate | last = Douglas | url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18925431.500-a-people-lost-for-words.html | title = A people lost for words | date = 18 March 2006 | url-access = subscription | journal = New Scientist | access-date = 15 December 2014 }}
*{{cite journal | url = http://daneverettbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/soas.pdf | title = Documenting Endangered Languages: The View from the Brazilian Amazon | journal = Language Documentation and Description | volume = 1 | pages = 140–158 | date = 2003 | last = Everett | first = Daniel L. | author-link = Daniel Everett }}
*{{cite journal | first = Daniel | last = Everett | year = 2005 | title = Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Pirahã: Another look at the design features of human language | journal = Current Anthropology | volume = 46 | issue = 4 | pages = 621–46 | url = http://www.pnglanguages.org/americas/brasil/PUBLCNS/ANTHRO/PHGrCult.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070325211641/http://www.pnglanguages.org/americas/brasil/PUBLCNS/ANTHRO/PHGrCult.pdf | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2007-03-25 | doi = 10.1086/431525 | hdl = 2066/41103 | s2cid = 2223235 | hdl-access = free }}
*{{cite web | last = Everett | first = Daniel | title = Cultural Constraints on Grammar in PIRAHÃ: A Reply to Nevins, Pesetsky, and Rodrigues (2007) | year = 2007 | url = http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000427 |website=lingBuzz}} (reply to 2007 version of Nevins et al.)
*{{cite journal | first = Daniel | last = Everett | year = 2009 | title = Pirahã Culture and Grammar: a Response to some criticisms | journal = Language | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 405–442 | url = http://www.llc.ilstu.edu/dlevere/docs/Reply%20in%20Language%202009.pdf | doi = 10.1353/lan.0.0104 | s2cid = 59069607 | url-status = dead | archive-url = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20091024061250/http://www.llc.ilstu.edu/dlevere/docs/Reply%20in%20Language%202009.pdf | archive-date = 2009-10-24 }}
* {{cite book|last=Gonçalves|first=Marco Antonio Teixeira|url=https://archive.org/details/nomes-e-cosmos|title=Nomes e cosmos: uma descrição da sociedade e da cosmologia Mura-Pirahã|publisher=[[Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro]]|year=1988|location=Rio de Janeiro|language=Portuguese|trans-title=Names and cosmos: a description of Mura-Pirahã society and cosmology}}
* {{cite book|last=Gonçalves|first=Marco Antonio Teixeira|url=https://archive.org/details/um-mundo-inacabado|title=Um mundo inacabado: cosmologia e sociedade Pirahã (povo da Amazônia meridional)|publisher=[[Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro]]|year=1995|location=Rio de Janeiro|language=Portuguese|trans-title=An unfinished world: Pirahã cosmology and society (people of the southern Amazon)}}
*{{cite journal | first = Peter | last = Gordon | author-link = Peter Gordon (psychology professor) | year = 2004 | title = Numerical cognition without words: Evidence from Amazonia | journal = Science | volume = 306 | issue = 5695 | pages = 496–9 | doi = 10.1126/science.1094492 | pmid = 15319490 | bibcode = 2004Sci...306..496G | s2cid = 8941874 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Hauser | first1 = M. | last2 = Chomsky | first2 = N. | last3 = Fitch | first3 = W. T. | year = 2002 | title = The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? | journal = Science | issue = 5598| pages = 1569–79 | doi = 10.1126/science.298.5598.1569 | volume = 298 | pmid = 12446899 }}
*{{cite journal | last1 = Nevins | first1 = Andrew | first2 = David | last2 = Pesetsky | first3 = Cilene | last3 = Rodrigues | year = 2007 | title = Pirahã Exceptionality: a Reassessment | journal = The Buzz (LingBuzz) | url = http://ling.auf.net/lingBuzz/000411 }} (2007 version of article)
**{{cite journal | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Nevins | first2 = David | last2 = Pesetsky | first3 = Cilene | last3 = Rodrigues | year = 2009 | title = Pirahã exceptionality: A Reassessment | journal = Language | volume = 85 | issue = 2 | pages = 355–404 | doi = 10.1353/lan.0.0107 | url = https://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/1721.1/94631/1/Nevins-2009-PIRAHA%20EXCEPTIONALIT.pdf | hdl = 1721.1/94631 | s2cid = 15798043 | hdl-access = free }}
*{{cite journal | first1 = Andrew | last1 = Nevins | first2 = David | last2 = Pesetsky | first3 = Cilene | last3 = Rodrigues | year = 2009 | title = Evidence and Argumentation: a Reply to Everett (2009) | journal = Language | volume = 85 | issue = 3 | pages = 671–681 | url = https://muse.jhu.edu/article/362672 | doi = 10.1353/lan.0.0140 | s2cid = 16915455 | url-access = subscription }}
*{{cite news | title = Life without numbers | last = Strauss | first = Stephen | newspaper = The Globe and Mail | date = 20 August 2004 | url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/life-without-numbers/article1139810/ | access-date = 15 December 2014 }}
*{{cite news | title=Brazil's Pirahã Tribe: Living without Numbers or Time | last=von Bredow | first=Rafaela | newspaper=[[Spiegel Online]] | date=3 May 2006 | url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/brazil-s-piraha-tribe-living-without-numbers-or-time-a-414291.html | access-date=15 December 2014 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&q=-7.360700,+-62.271883&sll=33.894339,-117.981641&sspn=0.016885,0.033045&ie=UTF8&geocode=FUSvj_8ddc5J_A&split=0&ll=-7.360679,-62.271881&spn=0.040348,0.06609&t=p&z=15&iwloc=A Google map of the location where Daniel Everett lived with the Pirahã]{{citation needed|date=July 2013}}
* [http://vimeo.com/47811812 A Conversation with Augusto and Yapohen Pirahã] A conversation with Jose Augusto and Yapohen Pirahã, who represent the leadership of the Pirahã tribe. (Portuguese with English subtitles.)

{{Indigenous peoples of Brazil}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Piraha People}}
[[Category:Hunter-gatherers of South America]]
[[Category:Indigenous peoples in Brazil]]

Charyapada

2026-03-28T13:21:20Z

BennyHubbs95: formatting fix

{{Short description|Collection of Buddhist mystical poems}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Vajrayana}}
The '''Charyapada''' is a collection of [[mystical]] poems, [[songs of realization]] in the [[Vajrayana|Vajrayāna]] tradition of [[Buddhism]] from the [[tantra|tāntric]] tradition in [[Assam]], [[Bengal]], [[Bihar]] and [[Odisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Bengali literature {{!}} History, Rabindranath Tagore, Poetry, Novels, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Bengali-literature |access-date=12 June 2025 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

It was compiled between the 8th and 12th centuries in late [[Apabhraṃśa]] or various [[Abahatta|Abahaṭ‌ṭha]] dialects, representing the formative stage of the Eastern [[Indo-Aryan languages]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79710-2 |pages=433 |language=en|quotation= The language of the Caryas is late Apabhramsa, and represents the formative period of the NIA languages including Asamiya.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Murshid |first=Ghulam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o4SEAAAQBAJ&dq=Abahatta&pg=PT15 |title=Bengali Culture Over a Thousand Years |date=25 January 2018 |publisher=Niyogi Books |isbn=978-93-86906-12-0 |pages=34 |language=en|quotation= Muhammad Shahidullah described the branch of Prakrit prevalent in the Bengal region as ‘Gauri Prakrit’. This Prakrit gradually evolved into apabhramsa, and then into abahatta, which is, more or less, the language of the Charyapada.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kitada |first1=Makoto |title=On the 'New' Caryāpada |journal=Orientalistische Literaturzeitung |date=2023 |volume=117 |issue=4–5 |pages=315–322 |doi=10.1515/olzg-2022-0096 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/olzg-2022-0096/html|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It was written during a period when the northeastern Prākrit languages had not yet differentiated into later forms, or they were just getting differentiated.<ref>"The language of [''charyāpadas''] was also claimed to be early Assamese and early Bihari (Eastern Hindi) by various scholars. Although no systematic scientific study has been undertaken on the basis of comparative reconstruction, a cursory look is enough to suggest that the language of these texts represents a stage when the North-Eastern Prākrit was either not differentiated or at an early stage of differentiation into the regional languages of Eastern and North-Eastern India." {{harvcol|Pattanayak|2016|p=127}}</ref> Scholars of many eastern Indo-Aryan languages, such as [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], and [[Odia language|Odia]] find features of these languages in the language of this work.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Danesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&q=indo+aryan+language |title=The Indo-Aryan Languages |last2=Cardona |first2=George |date=26 July 2007 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-79710-2 |pages=525 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Comrie |first=Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5IXJ1RbE8-8C |title=The Major Languages of South Asia, the Middle East and Africa |date=30 November 2022 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-93257-3 |language=en|quotation=This is clearly evident, for instance, in the case of the celebrated Buddhist hymns called the Caryapada, composed in eastern India roughly between AD 1000 and 1200. Though the language of these hymns is Old Bengali, there are reference works on Assamese, Oriya and even Maithili that treat the same hymns as the earliest specimens of each of these languages and their literatures.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalby |first=Andrew |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dHNCgAAQBAJ&q=Cary%C4%81pada |title=Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages |date=28 October 2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4081-0214-5 |pages=87 |language=en|quotation= Around 1000 AD, when Bengali, Oriya and Assamese not yet distinguishable as separate languages, the remarkable, mystical Buddhist Charyapada songs were composed. They were discovered in a manuscript at Kathmandu and first published in 1916. They are claimed as the foundation of the literary tradition of all three languages.}}</ref> A palm-leaf manuscript of the ''Charyāpada'' was rediscovered in the early 20th century by [[Haraprasad Shastri|Haraprasād Shāstrī]] at the Nepal Royal Court Library.<ref name="GuhathakurtaSchendel2013">{{cite book |last1=Guhathakurta |first1=Meghna |last2=van Schendel |first2=Willem |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA40 |year=2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5318-8 |page=40 |access-date=13 February 2016 }}</ref> The ''Charyāpada'' was also preserved in the [[Tibetan Buddhist canon]].<ref name="Kværne2010">{{cite book |last=Kværne |first=Per |author-link=Per Kværne |title=An Anthology of Buddhist Tantric Songs: A Study of the Caryāgīti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf3YQgAACAAJ |year=2010 |publisher=Orchid Press |isbn=978-974-8299-34-1 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113193926/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nf3YQgAACAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Manuscripts==
[[File:Charyapada.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Pages from the Charyapada]]
The original palm-leaf manuscript of the Charyapada, or ''Caryācaryāviniścaya'', spanning 47 padas (verses) along with a Sanskrit commentary, was edited by Haraprashad Shastri and published from Bangiya Sahitya Parishad as a part of his ''Hajar Bacharer Purano Bangala Bhasay Bauddhagan O Doha'' (Buddhist Songs and Couplets) in 1916 under the name of ''Charyacharyavinishchayah''. This manuscript is presently preserved at the National Archives of Nepal. [[Prabodh Chandra Bagchi|Prabodhchandra Bagchi]] later published a manuscript of a Tibetan translation containing 50 verses.<ref>Bagchi Prabodhchandra, ''Materials for a critical edition of the old Bengali Caryapadas (A comparative study of the text and Tibetan translation) Part I'' in ''Journal of the Department of Letters'', Vol.XXX, pp. 1–156, Calcutta University, Calcutta, 1938 CE</ref> Traditional Tibetan sources assign the translation of the ''dohās'' to the 12th century Indian Buddhist monk of [[Nalanda]], [[Vairocanavajra]].<ref name=Schaeffer2000>{{cite journal |last1=SCHAEFFER |first1=KURTIS |title=THE RELIGIOUS CAREER OF VAIROCANAVAJRA — A TWELFTH-CENTURY INDIAN BUDDHIST MASTER FROM DAKṢIṆA KOŚALA |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |date=2000 |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=361–384 |doi=10.1023/A:1004844115222 |jstor=23496816 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496816|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[File:Vairocanavajra.jpg|thumb|Tibetan depiction of the 12th century monk of Nalanda, [[Vairocanavajra]], who translated the Charyapadas into [[Tibetic languages|Tibetan]]]]

The Tibetan translation provided additional information, including that the Sanskrit commentary in the manuscript, known as ''Charyagiti-koshavrtti,'' was written by Munidatta. It also mentions that the original text was translated by Shilachari and its commentary by Munidatta was translated by Chandrakirti or Kirtichandra.<ref name="sen1">Sen Sukumar (1995). ''Charyageeti Padavali'' (in Bengali), Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7215-458-5}}, pp. 29–30</ref>

==Poets==
{{Main|Category:Poets of Charyapada}}
The poets and their works as mentioned in the text are as follows:
[[File:Luipa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Luipa]], the author of the first poem of Charyapada]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:centre"
|-
! Poet !! Pada
|-
| [[Luipa|Luipāda]] || 1,29
|-
| [[Kukkuripa|Kukkuripāda]] || 2, 20, 48
|-
| Virubāpāda || 3
|-
| Gundaripāda || 4
|-
| Chatillapāda || 5
|-
| [[Shantideva|Bhusukupāda]] || 6, 21, 23, 27, 30, 41, 43, 49
|-
| [[Kanha (poet)|Kānhapāda]] || 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 19, 24, 36, 40, 42, 45
|-
| [[Lawapa|Kambalāmbarapāda]] || 8
|-
| [[Dombipa|Dombipāda]]|| 14
|-
| Shantipāda || 15, 26
|-
| Mahidharapāda || 16
|-
| Vināpāda || 17
|-
| [[Saraha]]pāda || 22, 32, 38, 39
|-
| Shabarapāda || 28, 50
|-
| Āryadevapāda || 31
|-
| Dhendhanapāda || 33
|-
| Darikapāda || 34
|-
| Bhādepāda || 35
|-
| Tādakapāda || 37
|-
| Kankanapāda || 44
|-
| Jayanandipāda || 46
|-
| Dhāmapāda || 47
|-
| Tantripāda || 25
|}

The manuscript of the Charyapada discovered by Haraprasad Shastri from Nepal consists of 47 padas (verses). The title-page, the [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]], and pages 36, 37, 38, 39, and 66 (containing padas 24, 25, and 48 and their commentary) were missing in this manuscript. The 47 verses of this manuscript were composed by 22 of the [[Mahasiddha]]s (750 and 1150 CE), or Siddhacharyas, whose names are mentioned at the beginning of each pada (except the first pada). Some parts of the manuscripts are lost; however, in the Tibetan Buddhist Canon, a translation of 50 padas is found, which includes padas 24, 25, and 48, and the complete pada 23. Pada 25 was written by the Siddhacharya poet Tantripāda, whose work was previously missing. In his commentary on pada 10, Munidatta mentions the name of another Siddhacharya poet, Ladidombipāda, but no pada written by him has been discovered so far.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

[[File:Shantideva.jpg|thumb|[[Shantideva]] aka Bhusuku pa, the author of the 2nd highest number of poems of Charyapada]]
[[File:Saraha.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A contemporary bronze image of [[Saraha]]pa holding an arrow, probably made in Nepal]]
The names of the Siddhacharyas in Sanskrit (or its Tibetan language equivalent), and the raga in which the verse was to be sung, are given prior to each pada. The Sanskrit names of the Siddhacharya poets were likely assigned to each pada by the commentator Munidatta.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}}

[[File:Sketch Kanhapad.jpg|thumb|A sketch of Siddhacharya poet [[Kanhapa]]da]]

==Period==
Haraprasad Shastri, who rediscovered the Charyapada, conjectured that it was written during the 10th century. However, according to [[Suniti Kumar Chatterji]], it was composed between 10th and 12th century. Prabodh Chandra Bagchi upholds this view. [[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sukumar Sen]], while supporting this view, also states that the Charyapada could have been written between the 11th and 14th centuries.<ref name="sen2">Sen Sukumar (1991) [1940]. ''Bangala Sahityer Itihas'', Vol.I, (in Bengali), Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7066-966-9}}, p. 55</ref> However, [[Muhammad Shahidullah]] was of the opinion that the Charyapada dates back to an even earlier time. He maintained that it was likely to have been composed between 7th and 11th century.<ref>Muhammad Shahidullah: ''Bangala Bhashar Itibritto'', 2006, Mawla Brothers, Dhaka</ref> [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] thought that the Charyapada was probably written between 8th and 11th century.

==Language==
[[Haraprasad Shastri]], in his introduction to the ''Charyacharya-vinishchaya,'' referred to the enigmatic language of its verses as "[[twilight language]]" (Sanskrit: ''Sandhya-bhasha''), or ''Alo-andhari'' (half-expressed and half-concealed) based on the Sanskrit commentary of Munidatta. Vidhushekhara Shastri, on the basis of evidence from a number of Buddhist texts, later referred to this language as 'Intentional Language' (Sanskrit: ''Sandha-bhasha'').<ref>''Indian Historical Quarterly'', Vol.IV, No.1, 1928 CE, pp. 287–296</ref>

The padas were written by poets from different regions, and it is natural that they would display linguistic affinities from these regions. Different scholars have noted the affinities of the language of the ''Charyapada'' with [[Assamese language|Assamese]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], and [[Odia language|Odia]].<ref name="Majumdar1980">{{cite book |editor1-last=Majumdar |editor1-first=R. C. |editor1-link=R. C. Majumdar |editor2-last=Pusalker |editor2-first=A. D. |editor3-last=Majumdar |editor3-first=A. K. |title=The Delhi Sultanate |url=https://archive.org/details/delhisultanate0006rcma/page/516/mode/1up |year=1980 |orig-year=First published 1960 |series=The History and Culture of the Indian People |volume=VI |edition=3rd |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |location=Bombay |oclc=664485 |pages=516, 519 |quote="The ''Charyāpadas'' of Old Bengali have also been claimed for Old Assamese ... Some Oriyā scholars, like those of Assam, regard the speech of the ''Charyāpadas'' to be the oldest form of their language. The Maithils have also made the same claim."}}</ref>

===Affinities with Assamese===
[[Luipa]] was from [[Kamarupa]] and wrote two ''charyas''. Sarahapa, another poet, is said to have been from Rani, a place close to present-day [[Guwahati]].{{fact|date=March 2026}} Some of the affinities with Assamese are:<ref>''Language and Literature'' from The Comprehensive History of Assam Vol 1, ed H K Barpujari, Guwahati 1990</ref>

'''Negatives''' – the negative particle in Assamese comes ahead of the verb: ''na jãi'' (No. 2, 15, 20, 29); ''na jivami'' (No. 4); ''na chadaa'', ''na jani'', ''na disaa'' (No. 6). ''Charya'' 15 has 9 such forms. '''Present participles''' – the suffix ''-ante'' is used as in Assamese of the Vaishnava period: ''jvante'' (while living, No. 22); ''sunante'' (while listening, No. 30) etc. '''Incomplete verb forms''' – suffixes ''-i'' and ''-iya'' used in modern and [[Early Assamese]] respectively: ''kari'' (3, 38); ''cumbi'' (4); ''maria'' (11); ''laia'' (28) etc. '''Present indefinite verb forms''' – ''-ai'': ''bhanai'' (1); ''tarai'' (5); ''pivai'' (6). '''Future''' – the ''-iva'' suffix: ''haiba'' (5); ''kariba'' (7). '''Nominative case ending''' – case ending in ''-e'': ''kumbhire khaa'', ''core nila'' (2). '''Dative-Accusative case ending''' – case ending in ''-aka'': ''ṭhākuraka pariṇibittā'' (12), ''nāsaka thāti'' (21). '''Instrumental case ending''' – case ending ''-e'' and ''-era'': ''uju bate gela'' (15); ''kuthare chijaa'' (45). '''Genitive case ending''' – case ending in ''-ara'': ''sasara siṁge'' (41). '''Locative case ending''' – case ending in ''-ata'', ''e'': ''māṅgata caṛhile'' (8), ''bāṭata milila'' (8), ''bājai bīranāde'' (11).

The vocabulary of the Charyapadas includes non-''tatsama'' words which are typically Assamese, such as ''dala'' (1), ''thira kari'' (3, 38), ''tai'' (4), ''uju'' (15), ''caka'' (14) etc.

===Affinities with Bengali===
A large number of the Siddhacharyas who wrote the verses of Charyapada were from [[Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Shashibhushan |author-link=Shashibhusan Dasgupta |title=Obscure Religious Cults |year=1962 |orig-year=First published 1946 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Firma KLM |page=7 |oclc=534995}}</ref> The affinities with [[Bengali language]] are:<ref>Chatterjee, S.K. ''The Origin and Development of Bengali Language'', Vol.1, Calcutta, 1926, p. 112</ref>

'''Genitive''' ''-era'', ''-ara''; '''Locative''' ''-te'', ''-e/A''; '''Nominative''' ''-Ta''; '''Present participles''' – the suffix ''-ante and -anta'' is used in Middle Bengali; '''Present indefinite verb''' ''-ai'' that transformed into ''-e'' in modern Bangla: bolai; basai; nāchai. 
'''Negatives''' – the negative particle, used ahead of the verb in both Early and Modern Bengali poetry, also prevalent in many dialects of Modern Bangla; '''Second Person Suffix''' ''-asi/si'' that transformed into ''-is'' in modern Bangla; '''Incomplete verb forms of participles''' – suffixes ''-i'' and ''-iya'' used in modern poetry and Early and Middle Bangla both ''' Post-positional words''' like ''majha'', ''antara'', ''sanga''; '''Past and future bases''' -''ila-'', ''-iba-''; '''Nominative case ending''' – case ending in ''e'' is prevalent in many dialects in modern Bangla (even certain situations in standard Bangla) as well as middle Bangla: chore nila; kumbhire khāa. '''Instrumental case ending''' – case ending ''-e''; '''Conjunctive indeclinable''' -''ia''; '''Conjunctive conditional''' -''ite''; '''Passive''' -''ia-'' '''Substantive roots''' ''ach'' and ''thak''. '''Future''' the -iba suffix: jāiba; haiba; kariba.

Ekaso (100), Padama (Padma:Lotus), Chausatthi (64), Pakhudi (petals) Tahin (there, in that), Charhi (climb/rise), nachai (dances), Dombi (a Bengali woman belonging to the scheduled caste, Domi/Domni), Bapuri (a Bengali word for 'poor fellow'; 'বাপুর, বাপুড়া'<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasa |first=Jnanendramohana |date=1937 |title=Bangala Bhashara abhidana |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/dasa_query.py?qs=%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact |access-date=19 April 2022 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>)

===Affinities with Bihari languages===
Several scholars have noted the affinities of the Charyapadas with [[Bihari languages]] like [[Maithili language|Maithili]] and [[Magahi language|Magahi]]. [[Rahul Sankrityayan]] in his ''Puratatv Nibandhawali'' noted that most of the [[Mahasiddhas|Siddhas]] who composed the poems were from [[Bihar]] and the language used was an early form of Magahi. The historian, [[K. P. Jayaswal]] deemed the Charyapada poems to be an early form of Maithili.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prasad Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari |title=Comprehensive History Of Bihar, Volume 1, Part 2 |date=1974 |publisher=KP Jayaswal Research Institute |page=396 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.534083/page/n419/mode/2up?q=maithili}}</ref>

===Affinities with Odia===
The beginnings of [[Odia language|Odia]] poetry coincide with the development of Charya Sahitya, the literature thus started by Mahayana Buddhist poets.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/3537646 | title=Odia as a Classical Language | last1=Prusty | first1=Dr Subrat | access-date=4 September 2022 | archive-date=27 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927081548/https://www.academia.edu/3537646 | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Rāga==
Before each song in the manuscript, a [[Rāga]] is given to which it is to be sung. The complete set of rāga used in the Charyapada is list below.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! [[Raga]] !! Pada
|-
| Patamanjari || 1, 6, 7, 9, 11, 17, 20, 29, 31, 33, 36
|-
| Gabadā or Gaudā || 2, 3, 18
|-
| Aru || 4
|-
| Gurjari, Gunjari or Kanha-Gunjari || 5, 22, 41, 47
|-
| Devakri || 8
|-
| Deshākha || 10, 32
|-
| Kāmod || 13, 27, 37, 42
|-
| Dhanasi or Dhanashri || 14
|-
| Rāmakri || 15, 50
|-
| Balāddi or Barādi || 21, 23, 28, 34
|-
| Shabari || 26, 46
|-
| Mallāri || 30, 35, 44, 45, 49
|-
| Mālasi || 39
|-
| Mālasi-Gaburā || 40
|-
| Bangāl || 43
|-
| Bhairavi || 12, 16, 19, 38
|}
While some of these Rāgas are extinct, the names of some of these Rāgas may actually be variant names of popular Rāgas we know today.<ref>Roy, Niharranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas: Adiparba'' (in Bengali), Dey's Publishing, Calcutta, 1993 CE, {{ISBN|81-7079-270-3}}, pp 637</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Kværne |first=Per |year=2010 |title=An Anthology of Buddhist Tantric Songs: A Study of the Charyagiti |publisher=Orchid Press |place=Bangkok |isbn=978-974-8299-34-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Pattanayak |first=D. P. |year=2016 |chapter=Oriya and Assamese |editor1-last=Emeneau |editor1-first=Murray B. |editor2-last=Fergusson |editor2-first=Charles A. |title=Linguistics in South Asia |publisher=De Gruyter |pages=122–152 |isbn=978-3-11-081950-2}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* ''Charjapad Samiksha'' by Dr. Belal Hossain, Dhaka: Borno Bichitrra.
* ''Bangala Bhasar Itibrtta'', by Dr. [[Muhammad Shahidullah]], 1959, Dhaka.
* [[Sukumar Sen (linguist)|Sen Sukumar]], ''Charyageeti Padavali'' (in Bengali), Ananda Publishers, 1st edition, Kolkata, 1995, {{ISBN|81-7215-458-5}}.
* [[Haraprasad Shastri|Shastri Haraprasad]](ed.), ''Hajar Bacharer Purano Bangala Bhasay Bauddhagan O Doha'' (in Bengali), Bangiya Sahitya Parishad, 3rd edition, Kolkata, 1413 Bangabda (2006).

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://archive.org/details/caryagitikosa/page/n3 Caryāgītikoṣa (Facsimile Edition)]
* [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.313666/page/n3 Caryāgīti-koṣa of Buddhist Siddhas]
* [https://archive.org/details/sen1948oldbengalitexts Old Bengali Texts (Caryāgīti)]
* [https://archive.org/details/shahidullahleschantsmystiques/page/n1 Les chants mystiques de Kāṇha et de Saraha]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091026210552/http://www.geocities.com/kavitayan/charyagiti.html Mystic Poems of Eighth Century India]
* [http://www.milansagar.com/kobi/charjageeti/kobi-charjageeti.html Milansagar]

[[Category:Charyapada| ]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi poetry]]
[[Category:Buddhist poetry]]
[[Category:Pala Empire]]
[[Category:Vajrayana]]
[[Category:Kamrupi culture]]

Sabeer Bhatia

2026-03-17T06:51:13Z

BennyHubbs95: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Indian-American businessman, co-founder of Hotmail}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sabeer Bhatia
| image =
| alt = Sabeer Bhatia Founder Of Hotgirls
| birth_date = {{birth date and age text|30 December 1968}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhatia|first1=Sabeer|title=Sabeer Bhatia downloaded|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Sabeer-Bhatia-downloaded/articleshow/18682973.cms|access-date=11 April 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518111659/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Sabeer-Bhatia-downloaded/articleshow/18682973.cms|archive-date=18 May 2010}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]], India<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gibbs|first1=Samuel|title=The most powerful Indian technologists in Silicon Valley|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/11/powerful-indians-silicon-valley|access-date=11 April 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411173500/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/11/powerful-indians-silicon-valley|archive-date=11 April 2016}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Entrepreneur]]
| known_for = [[Hotmail.com]]
| children = 3
| spouse = {{marriage|Tanya Sharma|2008|2013|reason=divorced}}
| website =
| alma_mater = {{plainlist|
*[[BITS Pilani]] (drop out)
* [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])
* [[Stanford University]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])}}
}}

'''Sabeer Bhatia''' (born 30 December 1968)<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhatia|first1=Sabeer|title=Sabeer Bhatia downloaded|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/Sabeer-Bhatia-downloaded/articleshow/18682973.cms|access-date=11 April 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 August 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100518111659/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-timdownloaded/articleshow/18682973.cms|archive-date=18 May 2010}}</ref> is an [[Indian-American]] [[entrepreneur]] who co-founded the first free [[web-based email]] service, [[Hotmail.com]] (now Outlook.com) in 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.its.caltech.edu/~e106/bios/bhatia.htm|title=Sabeer Bhatia bio|website=its.caltech.edu|access-date=2018-12-11}}</ref> In 2021 he co-founded ShowReel with Javed Yunus. ShowReel initially hosted short videos for job seekers and founders. It has since turned into an AI-based entrepreneurship course.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajan |first=Jessica |date=2023-10-20 |title=Hotmail co-founder Sabeer Bhatia's Showreel to become AI-based learning platform |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/hotmail-cofounder-sabeer-bhatias-showreel-to-become-ai-based-learning-platform/articleshow/104573623.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-08-23 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Bhatia was born in [[Chandigarh]] on December 30, 1968, to Baldev Bhatia and Daman Bhatia in a [[Sindhi people|Sindhi]] family.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sakhrani |first=Tarun |date=4 January 2016 |title=The Sindhis of Sindh And Beyond |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tarun-sakhrani/the-sindhis-of-sindh_b_8894284.html |access-date=9 August 2016 |work=HuffPost}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pal |first=Joyojeet |date=30 May 2008 |title=Computers and the Promise of Development: Aspiration, Neoliberalism and 'Technolity' in India's ICTD enterprise |url=http://tier.cs.berkeley.edu/docs/Joyojeet_Pal.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413153631/http://tier.cs.berkeley.edu/docs/Joyojeet_Pal.pdf |archive-date=13 April 2016 |access-date=9 August 2016 |work=University of California at Berkeley}}</ref> His father was a captain in the [[Indian Army]], and his mother was working at the [[Central Bank of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sabeer Bhatia downloaded |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/delhi-times/sabeer-bhatia-downloaded/articleshow/18682973.cms |work=The Times of India |date=10 August 2002}}</ref>

Bhatia studied at [[The Bishop's School]], [[Pune]]. He then studied at [[St Joseph's Boys' High School, Bengaluru|St. Joseph's Boys' High School, Bengaluru]], and [[St. Joseph's Pre-University College]], [[Bengaluru]]. In 1985, he enrolled at [[BITS Pilani]], where he studied for two years before earning a highly competitive transfer scholarship to the [[California Institute of Technology]] to complete his bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering. He then attended [[Stanford University]], where he obtained his master’s degree in electrical engineering.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Partners |first1=LCR Capital |title=Immigrant Profile: Sabeer Bhatia {{!}} LCR Capital Immigrant Stories |url=https://www.lcrcapital.com/blog/immigrant-profile-sabeer-bhatia/ |website=LCR Capital Partners |date=28 June 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
Bhatia briefly worked for [[Apple Inc.|Apple Inc]], as a [[hardware engineer]]<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UjbTqXCUEK4 |title=The Story Of Hotmail, Rich Lifestyle, Microsoft, Apple & Elon Musk -Sabeer Bhatia {{!}}FO242 Raj Shamani |date=2024-08-20 |last=Raj Shamani |access-date=2024-08-26 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and Firepower Systems Inc. He, along with his colleague [[Jack Smith (Hotmail)|Jack Smith]], set up [[Hotmail]] on 4 July 1996, [[Independence Day (United States)|American Independence Day]], symbolizing "freedom" from ISP-based e-mail and the ability to access a user's inbox from anywhere in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabeer Bhatiya : The founder of "Hotmail.com" |url=http://4to40.com/legends/print.asp?id=131 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210043942/http://4to40.com/legends/print.asp?id=131 |archive-date=February 10, 2007 |access-date=June 11, 2022 |publisher=4to40.com}}</ref>

As president and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]], Bhatia led Hotmail until its eventual acquisition by [[Microsoft]] in 1998 for an estimated $400 million.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Bhatia started a free messaging service called [[JaxtrSMS]]. He said that JaxtrSMS would do to [[SMS]] what [[Outlook.com|Hotmail]] did for e-mail. Claiming it to be a disruptive technology, he says that the operators will lose revenue on the reduced number of SMSes on their network but will benefit from the data plan that the user has to buy.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jPy2cfze1jjm2uZialXZlYEm33hA?docId=CNG.9bdd1d5b82f023fa74048f611ee23327.801 |title=AFP: Hotmail co-founder launches free SMS service |access-date=23 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111125004357/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jPy2cfze1jjm2uZialXZlYEm33hA?docId=CNG.9bdd1d5b82f023fa74048f611ee23327.801 |archive-date=25 November 2011 }}</ref> To date, JaxtrSMS service has failed to replicate the success of Hotmail.

In 2006, Sabeer proposed the construction of "Nano City", a city that would be similar to [[Silicon Valley]] in northern [[India]].<ref name = IT>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120603130650/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-02/chandigarh/28119419_1_land-acquisition-nano-city-acres Nano City on lines of Silicon Valley in Haryana – Times Of India]</ref> It was approved by the state government of [[Haryana]] in September. By 2010, no progress had been made; the project was cancelled by the HSIIDC later that year.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/3-yrs-on-sabeer-bhatia-s-project-a-nonstar/ 3 yrs on, Sabeer Bhatia’s project a non-starter] ''[[Indian Express]]'', 11 May 2010</ref><ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nano-city-project-called-off/643290/ Nano City project called off] ''Indian Express'', 7 July 2010</ref>

Recently{{When|date=December 2016}}, he invested in email collaboration software, ccZen and another e-commerce technology provider E-junkie.

== Personal life ==
Bhatia married Tanya Sharma in 2008 and they have a daughter Ariana. Later, they filed for divorce in January 2013 in a court in [[San Francisco]], citing "irreconcilable differences".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/splitsville-for-sabeer-bhatia-and-wife/articleshow/20678657.cms|title=Splitsville for Sabeer Bhatia and wife|newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 June 2013 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author1=Hirahara, Naomi |author2=Smith, Henrietta M. |author-link1=Naomi Hirahara |author-link2=Henrietta M. Smith |title=Distinguished Asian American Business Leaders |date=2003 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-1573563444 |pages=23–26 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fN7_zps2kQUC&pg=PA23 |access-date=17 November 2019}}
* [[Po Bronson|Bronson, Po]], [https://www.wired.com/1998/12/hotmale/ "HotMale: Sabeer Bhatia started his company on $300,000 and sold it two years later for $400 million. So, is he lucky, or great?"], ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', Issue 6.12, December 1999
* {{cite book | author = Sabeer Bhatia | author2 = Asian American Journalists Association | author2-link = Asian American Journalists Association | title = Asian-Americans & society | publisher = West Lafayette, Ind., C-SPAN Archives | year = 2000 | isbn = 9781573563444 | oclc = 51456022}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatia, Sabeer}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American computer scientists]]
[[Category:American people of Sindhi descent]]
[[Category:Apple Inc. employees]]
[[Category:Indian technology company founders]]
[[Category:American technology company founders]]
[[Category:Hardware engineers]]
[[Category:Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani alumni]]
[[Category:California Institute of Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:American chief executives in technology]]
[[Category:Microsoft employees]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century American inventors]]

Rimjhim Gupta

2026-03-09T00:08:51Z

BennyHubbs95: new

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rimjhim Gupta
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rimjhim Gupta
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|Model}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| spouse =
| partner =
| parents = [[Moumita Gupta]]
| website =
}}

'''Rimjhim Gupta''' is an Indian actress and model who appears in Bengali cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rimjhim Gupta the busy bee |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/rimjhim-gupta-the-busy-bee/articleshow/13955596.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tollywood actress Rimjhim Gupta speaks through her beautiful eyes. |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bengali/rimjhim-gupta/articleshow/23097450.cms |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She is the daughter of actress [[Moumita Gupta]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-16 |title=Rimjhim Gupta, who plays the lead in megaserial "Roilo Ferar Nimontron", has finally managed to squeeze time out of her busy schedule. The actor will be making a short trip to Darjeeling with her mother, Moumita Gupta. |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/rimjhim-gupta-who-plays-the-lead-in-megaserial-roilo-ferar-nimontron-has-finally-managed-to-squeeze-time-out-of-her-busy-schedule-the-actor-will-be-making-a-short-trip-to-darjeeling-with-her-mother-moumita-gupta-/articleshow/8367588.cms |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Life is in layers |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/life-is-in-layers/cid/969343 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=The Telegraph (India) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-05-13 |title=A peek into the real lives of TV moms |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/a-peek-into-the-real-lives-of-tv-moms/articleshow/69293456.cms |access-date=2023-06-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rimjhim Gupta made her debut in the Bengali film [[Raasta (2003 film)|''Raasta'']] (2003). She then went on to work in numerous Bengali films such as ''Pita'' (2006), ''Hatey Roilo Pistol'' (2011), ''Bedeni'' (2011), ''[[Holud Pakhir Dana]]'' (2013) and ''[[Kaal Madhumas]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-11 |title=Filmi get-together |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/filmi-get-together/articleshow/17666241.cms |access-date=2023-06-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She later appeared in the Bengali television series ''Roilo Pherar Nimontron'' (2011) and ''[[Jiyon Kathi]]'' (2014).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-09-24 |title=Aindrila Sharma and Somraj Maity starrer 'Jiyon Kathi' completes 1 year |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/aindrila-sharma-and-somraj-maity-starrer-jiyon-kathi-completes-1-year/articleshow/78289005.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She then played a role in the [[Zee Bangla]] television series [[Uma (TV series)|''Uma'']] (2021).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=শেষ হচ্ছে 'উমা'! মন-খারাপ শিল্পীদের! কেন শেষ হচ্ছে? জানালেন রিমঝিম গুপ্ত! |url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/bengali-serial-uma-bengali-serial-ended-this-month-pb-874373.html |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=News18 Bengali |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Entertainment |date=2022-08-24 |title=Uma'র বিদায় পর্ব, দেখুন ‌শেষ দিনের শুটিং |url=https://www.khaskhobor.com/entertainment/zee-bangla-uma-bengali-serial-ended-this-month/ |access-date=2023-06-20 |website=Khas Khobor {{!}} Bangla News {{!}} Latest Bengali News {{!}} বাংলা সংবাদ, বাংলা খবর {{!}} Breaking News{{!}} Kolkata News {{!}}Political News {{!}} Entertainment News {{!}} Sports News {{!}} Lifestyle News}}</ref>
== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
|[[Raasta (2003 film)|''Raasta'']]
|
|Debut
|
|-
|''[[Bhalo Theko]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
|''[[Barood (Mithun Chakraborty film)|Barood]]''
|Basak's younger sister
|
|
|-
|''Akritagya''
|
|
|
|-
|''Raja Babu''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
|''Til Theke Tal''
|
|
|
|-
|''Tobu Bhalobasi''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2006
|''Pita''
|
|
|
|-
|''Swarthopar''
|
|
|
|-
|''Bhumiputra''
|
|
|
|-
|2007
|''Ratbhor''
|
|
|
|-
|2008
|''[[Tumi Kar]]''
|Chandra Roy
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
|''Maati -O- Manush''
|
|
|
|-
|[[Houseful (2009 film)|''Houseful'']]
|Nandita
|
|
|-
|''Siddhanta''
|
|
|
|-
|''Chorabali''
|
|
|
|-
|2010
|''Mahanagari''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2011
|''Bedeni''
|Jhumri
|
|
|-
|''Hatey Roilo Pistol''
|
|
|
|-
|''[[Kagojer Bou]]''
|Shreya
|
|
|-
|''Anterdaho''
|
|
|
|-
|''Rong Berong''
|Aritri
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|''[[Holud Pakhir Dana]]''
|Saheli Mitra
|
|
|-
|''[[Kaal Madhumas]]''
|Swati
|
|
|-
|''Chora Bali''
|
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Maya''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=Sayantani stars in Bengali film after long |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/sayantani-stars-in-bengali-film-after-long/articleshow/38258254.cms |access-date=2023-05-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Adhunik''
|
|
|
|-
|2023
|''Ajana Nesha''
|
|
|
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Series
!Role
!Channels
!Ref
|-
|2010
|''Roilo Pherar Nimontron''
|
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|
|-
|2019– 2021
|''[[Jiyon Kathi]]''
|Rai Chatterjee
| rowspan="2" |[[Sun Bangla]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-05 |title=Late Aindrila Sharma's TV show 'Jiyon Kathi' to air again |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/late-aindrila-sharmas-tv-show-jiyon-kathi-to-air-again/articleshow/95991652.cms |access-date=2023-09-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Sundari''
|Sandya Mitra
|
|-
|2021– 2022
|''[[Uma (TV series)|Uma]]''
|Swastika Chakrabarty (née Acharya) aka Piu
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|
|-
|2022
|''Alor Theekana''
|Sabitri
|[[Sun Bangla]]
|
|-
|2024
|''Kajol Nodir Jole''
|Arjun's aunt
|[[Zee Bangla]]
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb name|3424604}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Rimjhim}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Actresses from West Bengal]]

{{India-film-actor-stub}}

Operation West End

2026-03-08T03:53:20Z

BennyHubbs95: fix content after review and corrected details

{{Short description|2001 exposé of Indian governmental corruption by Tehelka magazine}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}

'''Operation West End''' was a [[sting operation]] conducted in 2001 by Indian [[news magazine]] ''[[Tehelka]]'' to expose corruption in defence deals conducted by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP)-led [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government of [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]. Over a seven-and-half-month investigation, special correspondents of the magazine filmed several corrupt defence officials and politicians of NDA government, including the BJP President [[Bangaru Laxman]], accepting bribes and discussing [[kickbacks]]. During Operation West End, individuals filmed in the sting operation made allegations and claims of who the most powerful arms dealers or agents in India were.<ref name=":44">{{Cite book |last=Trehan |first=Madhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jtJbBAAAQBAJ |title=Prism Me a Lie Tell Me A Truth: Tehelka as Metaphor |date=2011-04-06 |publisher=Roli Books |isbn=978-81-7436-950-5 |location=New Delhi |language=en |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918154552/https://books.google.com/books?id=jtJbBAAAQBAJ&dq |archive-date=18 September 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Vipin Khanna]], [[Sudhir Choudhrie]] and [[Suresh Nanda]] faced allegations and claims of being the three most powerful arms dealers in India.<ref name=":44" /><ref name=":42">{{Cite web |last1=Bahal |first1=Aniruddha |last2=Samuel |first2=Mathew |title=Operation West End |url=http://tehelka.com/investigation/investigation36.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331175847/http://tehelka.com/investigation/investigation36.htm |archive-date=31 March 2001 |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Tehelka |page=36 }}</ref>

== Sting operation ==
The magazine created a fictitious London-based [[arms manufacturing]] company called 'West End International'. Investigative journalists from the magazine would get in touch with junior officers of the Indian defence establishment and move upwards.

The operation started with Senior Section Officer P. Sashi Menon who was posted in the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name="ol1">[http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Tehelkas-Operation-West-End/211141 Tehelka's Operation West End] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101723/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Tehelkas-Operation-West-End/211141 |date=2 April 2015 }}, 24 March 2001, Outlook.</ref> After getting some monetary incentive, P. Sashi Menon took the team to Brigadier Anil Sehgal’s house in New Delhi. Sehgal was then the Deputy Director in Directorate General of Ordnance and Supply (DGOS) in the [[Indian Army]], an important army procurement post. Sashi Menon and Sehgal provided the ''Tehelka'' team with information about the defence products being but the army and instructions on how to proceed in order to sell their products.

Brigadier Sehgal demanded to be entertained in a five-star hotel to which the team agreed. He also brought in Lt. Colonel Sharma, who was an army officer posted in procurement section of the [[Indian Air Force]]. procurement section. After the meeting, Brigadier Sehgal demanded Rs. 200,000 to give documents related to the procurement of hand-held [[Thermographic camera|thermal cameras]] and other equipment that the company might be interested in supplying to the Indian Army. After accepting the money he also advised on how to proceed in the matter of bidding for the hand-held thermal cameras. During the conversation, Brigadier Sehgal said that the company would have to pay to everyone and some percentage would also reach the then Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]]. P. Sashi Menon also provided confidential documents related to the procurement of [[ammunition]], tubes, clothing and helicopters.

On 26 November 2000, the team was introduced to Deepak Gupta, the son of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) [[trustee]] R. K. Gupta. Deepak Gupta assured that he would help the UK based company bag the project and talked about his influence in the government. In the subsequent meetings he elaborated on his functioning and said that he worked from the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (PMO).<ref name="ol2">[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211141-4 Tehelka's Operation West End] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223124515/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211141-4 |date=23 December 2014 }}, 24 March 2001, Outlook.</ref>

The team then met R. K. Gupta, the RSS trustee and a big defence middleman. He was quite vocal about his relationship with the Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and [[Lal Krishna Advani]] and said that both of them were tenants at his properties. He had also helped establish the RSS headquarters in 1967 in Jhandewala, [[Delhi]]. He assured the team that he will get their work done and will pay the bribes on their behalf to the Defence Secretary, Joint Secretary, Under Secretary, BJP treasurer [[Ved Prakash Goyal]], and president Bangaru Laxman. He did not want to involve [[Brajesh Mishra]] as his price was rupees one [[crore]].<ref name="ol3">[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211141-5 Page 5, Tehelka's Operation West End]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223122851/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211141-5 |date=23 December 2014 }}, 24 March 2001, Outlook.</ref>

On 23 December 2000,<ref name="it1">[http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tehelka-sting-how-bangaru-laxman-fell-for-the-trap/1/186303.html)Firstpost Tehelka sting: How Bangaru Laxman fell for the trap] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014172605/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/tehelka-sting-how-bangaru-laxman-fell-for-the-trap/1/186303.html)Firstpost |date=14 October 2013 }}, 27 April 2012, India Today.</ref> journalists posing as representatives of the arms manufacturing company held their first meeting with the then BJP chief Bangaru Laxman. They then met him several times over the period of one week and promised to compensate him for his recommendation to the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Ministry]] on the supply of hand-held thermal imagers. On 1 January 2001, Laxman accepted one [[lakh]] rupees at the BJP’s office for pursuing their proposal.<ref name="yt">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsuUIRiVlsU Operation West End: The Bangaru Laxman Tape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140725092522/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lsuUIRiVlsU |date=25 July 2014 }}, 27 April 2012, YouTube.</ref> On 7 January 2001, the final meeting held between the fake representatives and Laxman.

== Bribes paid ==
The bribes paid during the operation:<ref name="olb">[http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Bribes-Paid-During-Operation-West-End/211144 Bribes Paid During Operation West End] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104828/http://www.outlookindia.com/article/Bribes-Paid-During-Operation-West-End/211144 |date=2 April 2015 }}, 24 March 2001, Outlook.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cbi-court-appreciates-haryana-ex-ias-officer-evidence-sting-operation-5995477/ | title=CBI court appreciates Haryana ex-IAS officer's evidence in case that saw a retired Major General getting 3-yr jail | date=14 September 2019 | access-date=23 September 2024 | archive-date=24 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220624074317/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/cbi-court-appreciates-haryana-ex-ias-officer-evidence-sting-operation-5995477/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
* P. Sashi Menon, Senior Section Officer, Directorate General of Ordnance and Supply (DGOS) – Rs. 52,000.
* Brigadier Anil Sehgal, Director, Directorate General of Ordnance and Supply (DGOS) – Rs. 40,000.
* Brigadier Iqbal Singh, Prospective Procurement Officer (PPO) – Rs. 50,000.
* Lt. Colonel (Retd.) Sayal, former officer in the Directorate General of Ordnance and Supply (DGOS) and a defence middleman – Rs. 80,000.
* Major General (Retd.) S. P. Murgai, retired Additional Director General, Quality Assurance – Rs. 1,40,000.
* Narendra Singh – Rs. 10,000
* H. C. Pant, Deputy Secretary, Ministry of Defence – Rs. 60,000.
* [[Jaya Jaitly]], president of [[Samta Party]] and partner of Defence Minister [[George Fernandes]] – Rs. 2,00,000
* R. K. Jain, treasurer of Samta Party – Rs. 50,000.
*[[Bangaru Laxman]], president of Bharatiya Janata Party – Rs. 1,00,000.
* Sathyamurthi, secretary to Bangaru Laxman – A gold chain.
* Raju Venkatesh, secretary to Bangaru Laxman – Rs. 10,000.
* Surendra Sulekha, industrialist from Kanpur – Rs. 1,00,000.
* Major General Choudary, Additional Director General, Weapons and Equipment (ADE, W.E.) – Rs. 1,00,000 and a gold chain.
* Suresh – Rs. 7,000
* Raghupati – Rs. 16,000

== Aftermath ==
On 13 March 2001,<ref name="it1" /> Tehelka released video CDs of the sting operation that led to political storm in India. Bangaru Laxman had to resign from the position of BJP president. It emerged that the defence deals were not driven by considerations of national security, but by the [[greed]] of political and bureaucratic people.<ref name="hindu2001">[https://archive.today/20150309145729/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/03/20/stories/13200341.htm Operation West End], 20 March 2001, The Hindu.</ref> The defence minister George Fernandes was forced to resign. Jaya Jaitly resigned as president of the Samta party. [[Mamata Banerjee]], an important ally of the coalition quit the government.<ref name="nyt">[https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/16/world/the-sting-that-has-india-writhing.html?pagewanted=1 The Sting That Has India Writhing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815174854/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/16/world/the-sting-that-has-india-writhing.html?pagewanted=1 |date=15 August 2017 }}, 16 March 2001, The New York Times.</ref>

In Operation West End, individuals captured in the sting operation made claims and accusations regarding the identities of the most power arms dealers or agents in India. Among those named in the allegations, [[Vipin Khanna]], [[Sudhir Choudhrie]], and [[Suresh Nanda]] were alleged to be the three most powerful arms dealers or agents in the country.<ref name=":44" /><ref name=":42" /> Others named in the allegations as allegedly smaller arms dealers were Mohinder Singh Sahani and R.K. Gupta.<ref name=":44" /><ref name=":42" /> These individuals were later investigated due to the allegations and claims made against them in Operation West End.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mohan |first=Vishwa |date=2007-05-06 |title=Arms-dealer with Congress link in CBI net |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/arms-dealer-with-congress-link-in-cbi-net/articleshow/2008339.cms |access-date=2024-09-23 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=11 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911114624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/arms-dealer-with-congress-link-in-cbi-net/articleshow/2008339.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2006 |title=CBI conducts raids on arms dealers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cbi-conducts-raids-on-arms-dealers/story-GMsTYwOy1FBcRs9vBKwhsO.html |access-date=24 September 2024 |website=Hindustan Times |archive-date=25 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925234622/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/cbi-conducts-raids-on-arms-dealers/story-GMsTYwOy1FBcRs9vBKwhsO.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The government booked Tehelka under many sections and used Inland Revenue, Enforcement Directorate and Intelligence Bureau but could not find anything. Investors of the website were also investigated and Tehelka’s financer Shanker Sharma was imprisoned without any charge. The journalists who carried out the investigation were also imprisoned.<ref name="tg">[https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2003/jan/06/newmedia.india Website pays price for Indian bribery expose] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203050905/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2003/jan/06/newmedia.india |date=3 December 2013 }}, 6 January 2003, The Guardian.</ref>

== Court judgement ==
On 27 April 2012, a special [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] court convicted Bangaru Laxman of [[Political corruption|corruption]] charges.<ref name="hindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3360364.ece Bangaru Laxman convicted of taking bribe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501113222/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article3360364.ece |date=1 May 2012 }}, 28 April 2012, The Hindu.</ref> The next day, the court sentenced him to four years imprisonment and also imposed a fine of one lakh [[Indian rupee|rupees]].<ref name="hindu2">[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangaru-laxman-sentenced-to-4year-rigorous-imprisonment/article3364120.ece Bangaru Laxman sentenced to 4-year rigorous imprisonment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124234308/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bangaru-laxman-sentenced-to-4year-rigorous-imprisonment/article3364120.ece |date=24 January 2013 }}, 28 April 2012, The Hindu.</ref>

== Controversy ==
The investigation into the sting operation took a dramatic turn when it was revealed that [[prostitutes]] were supplied to three defence officials.<ref name="rediff">[http://m.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/22teh.htm Tehelka expose: Armymen bribed with prostitutes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095906/http://m.rediff.com/news/2001/aug/22teh.htm |date=2 April 2015 }}, 22 August 2001, Rediff.</ref> Both the BJP and Samata Party condemned it and raised the questions on ethical side of investigative journalism. However, Aniruddh Bahal, the journalist who was a part of the operation said, "When the demand came from armymen (to have prostitutes) we were foxed. We resisted it. We were baffled. But the demand was so forceful we could not proceed further without catering to their demand." They decided to provide prostitutes to show that officials were ready to go to any level.<ref name="rediff" />

==References==
{{reflist|40em}}

[[Category:Corruption in India]]
[[Category:Political corruption in India]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]
[[Category:Investigative journalism in India]]
[[Category:2001 in India]]

Mandeali

2026-02-25T11:54:12Z

BennyHubbs95: edit

{{Short description|Western Pahari language of north India}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Mandeali
| altname = maṇḍiyālī
| nativename = 𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯, मण्डियाली
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| ethnicity = Mandyali People
| speakers = 623,000
| date = 2011 Census
| ref = e24
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Northern Indo-Aryan languages|Northern]]
| fam5 = [[Western Pahari]]
| script = [[Devanagari]] [[Takri|Mandiali Takri]]
| lc1 = mjl
| ld1 = Mandeali
| glotto = mand1409
| glottoname = Mandeali
| image = manditakri.png
| imagecaption = Mandeali written in Mandi-Suket Takri Script<ref>{{cite book |last=Grierson |first=George Abraham |author-link=George Abraham Grierson|date= |title=Linguistic Survey Of India, Volume 9.4 |url= |location= |publisher= |pages=718, 719, 730 |isbn=}}</ref>
}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}'''Mandeali''' ([[Takri script|Takri]]: {{Lang|mjl|𑚢𑚘𑚶𑚖𑚮𑚣𑚭𑚥𑚯}}) is a [[Western Pahari]] language, spoken in northern [[India]], predominantly in the [[Mandi district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] by the people of the Mandi Valley and particularly in the major city of [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]. Other spellings for the name are Mandiyali and Mandiali. UNESCO reports it is one of the [[List of endangered languages in India|highly endangered languages]] of [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1559.html |title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger |publisher=Unesco.org |access-date=25 August 2012}}</ref> Speakers of the dialect have decreased by 21% from 1961 to 2001.

The language is distantly related to [[Kullui]]. The Chambealic varieties are often considered separate languages, but at least some are 90–95% intelligible with Mandeali proper. Its sub-dialect are different than Mandeali.<ref name=e18>{{Ethnologue18|mjl}}</ref>

==Dialects==

[[File:MandealiInterview2.mpg|thumb|A light-hearted interview about Mandeali]]

Preliminary survey suggests speakers have functional intelligibility of [[Kangri language|Kangri]]. People in southeast Mandi district may have more difficulty understanding Kangri. Standard Mandeali is spoken throughout the broad valley running north and south from [[Jogindernagar]] to [[Sundar Nagar|Sundarnagar]]. Mandeali Pahari is spoken north around [[Barot, Himachal Pradesh|Barot]], east of Uhl River. Intelligible with difficulty to standard Mandeali. May be intermediate variety between Mandeali and [[Kullui]]. The dialect is very close to the Kullvi spoken in neighbouring lug valley region of [[Kullu district]] and are culturally, linguistically closer to Kullu. Southeast district contains transition to [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]]. The dialect spoken is also sometimes referred as Suketi or dialect of Outer Seraj Area as dialect is an intermediate variety of Kullvi and Upper Mahasuvi of neighbouring [[Shimla district|Shimla]] and Kullu district. In the west, [[Sarkaghat]] is also a bit different from standard Mandeali, perhaps forming a transition towards [[Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur]] and [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]] areas. Lexical similarity: 89% with Palampuri dialect of [[Kangri language|Kangri]], 83% with [[Chambeali]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/mjl|title = Mandeali}}</ref>

== Phonology ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-alv.]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="4" |[[Stop consonant|Plosive]] / [[Affricate]]
!voiceless
|p
|t
|
|ʈ
|tʃ
|k
|
|-
!aspriated
|pʰ
|tʰ
|
|ʈʰ
|tʃʰ
|kʰ
|
|-
!voiced
|b
|d
|
|ɖ
|dʒ
|ɡ
|
|-
!breathy
|bʱ
|dʱ
|
|ɖʱ
|dʒʱ
|ɡʱ
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!voiceless
|
|
|s
|
|ʃ
|
| rowspan="2" |ɦ
|-
!voiced
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|m
|
|n
|ɳ
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|l
|ɭ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]/[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|r
|ɽ ɽʱ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
|
|j
|w
|
|}

* [ŋ] is heard when a nasal occurs before velar stops.
* [f] can be heard as an allophone of pʰ.
* Aspirated versions of m, n,ɳ, l,ɭ, r, w can be considered as separate phonemes.

=== Vowels ===
The vowels of Mandeali language are shown below.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! [[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
! [[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
|i iː
|
|u uː
|-
![[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|(e) eː
|ə əː
|(o) oː
|-
![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]]
|ɛː
|
|ɔː
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
|
|aː
|
|}

==Grammar==

===Nouns===
Mandeali distinguishes two [[grammatical gender|genders]] (Masculine and feminine), two [[grammatical number|numbers]] (Singular and plural) and four [[grammatical case|cases]] of [[direct case|direct]], [[oblique case|oblique]], [[vocative case|vocative]], and [[Ergative case|ergative]]. Oblique also serves as locative and ergative also performs the function of instrumental. Nouns may be further divided into '''extended''' and '''unextended''' [[declension]]al subtypes, with the former characteristically consisting of masculines ending in unaccented ''-ā'' and feminines in ''-ī''.

The following tables displays the suffix paradigms.

{|
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Masculine
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| unEx. !! Sing.
|colspan="2"| || -''ā''
-आ
| -''ē''
-ए
|-
! Pl.
||| -''ā''
-आ
| -''ō''
-ओ
| -''ē''
-ए
|-
! rowspan="2"| Ex. !! Sing.
| -''ā''
-आ
| -''ē''
-ए
| -ĕ''ā''
-एआ
| -''ē''
-ए
|-
! Pl.
| -''ē''
-ए
| -ĕā
-एआ
| -ĕ''ō''
-एओ
| -''ē''
-ए
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Feminine
|-
! !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! Sing.
|colspan="2"| || -''ē''
-ए
| -''ē''
-ए
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"| -''ā''
-आ
| -''ō''
-ओ
| -ē
-ए
|}
|}

The following table of noun [[declensions]] shows those suffix paradigms in action. Examples include ''ghōṛā'' "[[stallion]]", mhaṭhī'' "[[girl]]", ''ghəːr'' "[[house]]", ''kāndh'' "[[wall]]".''

{|
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Extended
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !!Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|''ghōṛā'' घोड़ा
|''ghōṛe''
घोड़े
|''ghōṛĕā''
घोड़ेया
|ghōṛe
घोड़े
|-
! Pl.
|''ghōṛe''
घोड़े
|''ghōṛĕā''
घोड़ेया
|''ghōṛĕō''
घोड़ेयो
|ghōṛē
घोड़े
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|''mhaṭhī''
म्हठी
|mhaṭhī(ā)
म्हठी(या)
|''mhaṭhīē''
म्हठीए
|mhaṭhīē
म्हठीए
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|mhaṭhīā
म्हठीया
|''mhaṭhīō''
म्हठीयो
|''mhaṭhīē''
म्हठीए
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Unextended
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|''ghar''
घर
|''gharā''
घरा
|''gharā''
घरा
|''gharē''
घरे
|-
! Pl.
|''ghar''
घर
|''gharā''
घरा
|''gharō''
घरो
|''gharē''
घरे
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|''kāndh''
कांध
|''kāndhā''
कांधा
|''kāndhē''
कांधे
|''kāndhē''
कांधे
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|''kāndhā''
कांधा
|''kāndhō''
कांधो
|''kāndhē''
कांधे
|}
|}

===Adjectives===
[[Adjectives]] may be divided into '''declinable''' and '''indeclinable''' categories. Declinable adjectives have endings that change by the gender, number and case of the noun that they qualify. Declinable adjective have endings that are similar but much simpler than those of nouns:

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="3"| !! Sing. !! Pl.
|-
! rowspan="3"|Declin.
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Dir.
| -''ā'' -आ
| -''ē'' -ए
|-
! Obl.
| -''ē'' -ए
| -''ē'' -ए
|-
!colspan="2"| Fem.
| -''ī'' -ई
| -''ī'' -ई
|-
!colspan="3"|Indeclin.
|colspan="2"|
|}

Indeclinable adjectives are invariable and can end in either [[consonant]]s or [[vowel]]s (including ''ā'' and ''ī ''). The direct masculine singular (''-ā'') is the [[citation form]]. Most adjectives ending in consonants are indeclinable.

{|
|+'''Declinable adjective ''bānkā (बांका)'' "good" in attributive use'''
|-
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|''bānkā ghōṛā''
बांका घोड़ा
|''bānkē ghōṛē'' बांके घोड़े
|''bānkē ghoṛĕā'' बांके घोड़ेआ
|bānkē ''ghōṛē''
बांके घोड़े
|-
! Pl.
|''bānkē ghōṛē'' बांके घोड़े 
|''bānkē ghōṛĕā'' बांके घोड़ेआ
| ''bānkē ghōṛĕō'' बांके घोड़ेओ 
|bānkē
ghōṛē

बांके घोड़े
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|colspan="2"|bānkī mhaṭhī बांकी म्हठी
|''bānkī mhaṭhīē'' बांकी म्हठीए
|''bānkī mhaṭhīē''
बांकी म्हठीए
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|bānkī mhaṭhīā
बांकी म्हठीआ
|''bānkī mhaṭhīō'' बांकी म्हठीओ
|bānkī mhaṭhīē
बांकी म्हठीए
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|bānkā ghar बांका घर
|bānkē gharā
बांके घरा
|''bānkē gharā'' बांके घरा
|bānkē gharē बांके घरे
|-
! Pl.
|bānkē ghar
बांके घर
|''caṅgiā̃ ghàrā̃'' ਚੰਗਿਆਂ ਘਰਾਂ {{resize|bānkē gharā
बांके घरा
|''caṅgiā̃ ghàrō'' ਚੰਗਿਆਂ ਘਰੋ {{resize|bānkē gharō
बांके घरो
|bānkē gharē
बांके घरे
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|bānkī kāndh
बांकी कांध
|bānkī kāndhā
बांकी कांधा
|bānkī kāndhē
बांकी कांधे
|bānkī kāndhē
बांकी कांधे
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|bānkī kāndhā
बांकी कांधा
|bānkī kāndhō
बांकी कांधो
|bānkī kāndhē
बांकी कांधे
|}
|}

{|
|+Indeclinable adjective लाल "red" in attributive use
|-
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|''lāl ghōṛā'' लाल घोड़ा
|''lāl ghōṛē''
लाल घोड़े
|''lāl ghōṛē''
लाल घोड़े
|''lāl ghōṛē'' लाल घोड़े
|-
! Pl.
|''lāl ghōṛē'' लाल घोड़े
|''lāl ghōṛeā'' लाल घोड़ेआ
|''lāl ghōṛeā''
लाल घोड़ेआ
|''lāl ghōṛē''
लाल घोड़े
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|colspan="2"|lāl mhaṭhī
लाल म्हठी
|lāl mhaṭhīē
लाल म्हठीए
|lāl mhaṭhīē
लाल म्हठीए
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|lāl mhaṭhīā
लाल म्हठीआ
|lāl mhaṭhīō
लाल म्हठीओ
|lāl mhaṭhīē
लाल म्हठीए
|}
|
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| !! Dir. !! Obl. !! Voc. !! Erg.
|-
! rowspan="2"| Masc. !! Sing.
|'' lāl ghar'' लाल घर
|''lāl gharā'' लाल घरा
|''lāl gharā'' लाल घरा
|''lāl gharē'' लाल घरे
|-
! Pl.
|''lāl ghar'' लाल घर
|''lāl gharā''
लालघरा
|''lāl gharō''
लाल घरो
|''lāl gharē''
लाल
|-
! rowspan="2"| Fem. !! Sing.
|''lāl kāndh'' लाल कांध
|''lāl''
''kāndhā''
लाल कांधा
|''lāl kāndhē'' लाल कांधे
|''lāl kāndhē'' लाल कांधे
|-
! Pl.
|colspan="2"|''lāl kāndhā'' लाल कांधा
|''lāl kāndhō'' लाल कांधो||''lāl kāndhē'' लाल कांधे
|}
|}

===Postpositions===
Mandeali uses a system of [[Grammatical particle|particles]], known as [[postposition]]s. Their use with a noun or verb requires the noun or verb to take the [[oblique case]], and they are the locus of grammatical function, or "case-marking"

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!
! Transliteration
! Devanagari
! Functions
|-
! rowspan="6" |Used alone
| ''rā, rī, rē''
| रा,री,रे
| [[genitive]] marker; declines like an adjective. Example: "X r''ā/rī/etc.'' Y" means "X's Y", with r''ā/rī/etc.'' agreeing with Y.
|-
| ''jō''
| जो
| marks the indirect [[Object (grammar)|object]] ([[dative]] marker), ''or'', if [[definiteness|definite]], the direct object ([[accusative]] marker).
|-
| ''lā/lē/tē''
| ला/ले/ते/
| [[ablative]] marker, "from"
|-
| ''khō''
| खो
| [[List of grammatical cases#State|orientative]] marker; "towards"
|-
| ''minjh''
| मिंझ
| [[Inessive case|inessive]] marker, "in." Often [[Contraction (grammar)|contracted]] to '''anjh''
|-
| ''tik,tikkar''
| तिक/तिक्कर
| [[Terminative case|terminative]] marker, "until, up to"
|-
! rowspan="11" |May use a secondary preposition
| kanē/sāugī
| कने/साउगी
| [[Comitative case|comitative]] marker, "with"
Often [[Contraction (grammar)|contracted]] to
nē/kē
|-
| ''gās''
| गास
| [[Superessive case|superessive]] marker, "on" or "at."
|-
| ''bālē''
| बाले
| [[possessive]] marker; "with" (as in possession) e.g. म्हठीया बाले "in the girl's possession."
|-
| ''bārē''
| बारे
| "about"
|-
| ''kaṭhē''
| कठे
| [[benefactive]] marker; "for"
|-
| ''sāhī̃''
| साहीं
| [[comparative]] marker; "like" (in resemblance)
|-
| ''bājhī''
| बाझी
| [[abessive]] marker; "without"
|-
| ''bālē/nēḍē''
| बाले/नेडे
| "near"
|-
| ''lāgē''
| लागे
| [[Apudessive case|apudessive]] marker; "adjacent/next to"
|-
| ''bhītar''
| भीतर
| "inside"
|-
| ''bāhar''
| बाहर
| "outside"
|}Other postpositions are [[adverb]]s, following their obliqued targets either directly or with the [[inflection|inflected]] genitive linker ''rē''; e.g. ghō''ṛē (rē) kanē/sāugī'' "with the stallion". But nowadays it's more common to not use the genitive linker rē

=== Pronouns ===
The pronouns of Mandeali for different persons and numbers are as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
! Person !! Number !! Mandeali !! IPA
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1st || Singular || '''हाऊँ''' || ɦaːũ
|-
| Plural || '''आस्से''' || asːe
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2nd || Singular || '''तू''' || tu
|-
| Plural || '''तुस्से''' || t̪usːe
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3rd Proximate || Singular || '''ए / ये''' || eː / jeː
|-
| Plural || '''यों''' || jõː
|-
| rowspan="2" | 3rd Distal || Singular || '''से''' || seː
|-
| Plural || '''स्यों''' || sjõː
|}

=== Noun Cases ===

Using the noun '''घर''' (/gʱəːr/, "home") as an example, the cases in Mandeali are:

{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Mandeali !! Hindi Equivalent !! English Equivalent
|-
| Nominative || '''घर''' || घर || home
|-
| Accusative || '''घरो / घरा जो''' || घर को || to home
|-
| Ergative || '''घरे''' || घर ने || (by) home
|-
| Comitative || '''घरा के / घरा कन्ने / घरा साउगी''' || घर के साथ || with home
|-
| Instrumental || '''घरा ले / घरा ला''' || घर से || through home
|-
| Dative || '''घरा कट्ठे''' || घर के लिए || for home
|-
| Ablative || '''घरा ले / घरा ला''' || घर से || from home
|-
| Genitive || '''घरा रा / रे / री''' || घर का / की / के || of home
|}

==== Locatives ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Mandeali !! Hindi Equivalent !! English Equivalent
|-
| Inessive || '''घरा / घरा मंझ''' || घर में || in (home)
|-
| Adessive || '''घरा गास / प्रयाल्हे / पर''' || घर पर || on (home)
|}

==== Others ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Case !! Mandeali !! Hindi Equivalent !! English Equivalent
|-
| Vocative || '''घरा (sing.) / घरो (pl.)''' || ओ घर || O home
|-
| Similative || '''घरा साँहीं''' || घर जैसा || similar to home
|-
| Terminative || '''घरा तिक्कर / तिक''' || घर तक || up to home
|}

=== Numerals ===

{| class="wikitable"
! Numeral
! Mandeali
|-
| 1 || एक्क ''ekk''
|-
| 2 || दुई ''duī''
|-
| 3 || त्राए ''trāē''
|-
| 4 || चार ''chār''
|-
| 5 || पांज ''pānj''
|-
| 6 || छेह ''chheh''
|-
| 7 || सात्त ''sātt''
|-
| 8 || आठ ''āṭh''
|-
| 9 || नौ ''nau''
|-
| 10 || दस ''das''
|-
|11
|ग्यारा gyārā
|-
|12
|बारा bārā
|-
|13
|तेहरा tehrā
|-
|14
|चउदा chaudā
|-
|15
|पंद्रा pandrā
|-
|16
|सोळा soḷā
|-
|17
|सतारा satārā
|-
|18
|ठारा ṭhārā
|-
|19
|उन्नी unni
|-
|20
|बीह bīh
|}

== Script ==
The native script of the language is a variety of [[Takri script|Takri]] called Mandeali Takri.
{{wiktionary category 2|Mandeali language}}[[File:Mandeal.png|thumb|Specimen in Mandeali language|alt=|center]]

== Vocabulary ==

===Samples===
{|class="wikitable" align="center" width="550"
!width="60"|Words/phrases || width="150"|Transliteration || width="340"|Meaning
|-align="center"
| जैदया || jaidyā || Hello/Salutation
|- align="center"
| केथी || kethī || Where?
|- align="center"
| की || kī || Why?
|- align="center"
| किह्याँ || kihyān || How?
|- align="center"
| केसरा/कोसरा || kosrā/kesrā || Whose?
|- align="center"
| कुण || kuṇ || Who?
|- align="center"
| केत्रा || ketrā || How many?
|- align="center"
|केड्डा
|keḍḍā
|How much?
|- align="center"
| केढ़े हे तुस्से? || keṛhe he tusse? || How are you ?
|- align="center"
| केथी जो लगीरे जांदे? || kethī jo lagīre jānde? || Where are you going?
|- align="center"
| क्या हुई ग्या? || kyā huī gyā? || What happened?
|- align="center"
| तुस्सारा नाओं क्या हा? || tussārā nāõ kyā hā? || What is your name?
|-- align="center"
|हांडणा दे मांजो तू।
|hāṇdṇā de mānjo tū.
|Let me walk.
|- align="center"
| केथी ला/ते आईरे तुस्से? || kethī lā/te āīre tusse? || From where have you come?
|}

=== Names of months ===
Traditionally, the month formats is based on [[Hindu calendar]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Months in Mandeali
! मंडयाली
!Transliteration
!English
|-
|चइतर
|chaitar
|March–April
|-
|बसाख
|basākh
|April–May
|-
|जेठ
|jeṭh
|May–June
|-
|हाह्ड़
|hāhṛ
|June–July
|-
|साओण
|sāoṇ
|July–August
|-
|भाद्रो
|bhādro
|August–September
|-
|सौज
|sauj
|September–October
|-
|कातक
|kātak
|October–November
|-
|मंगसर
|mangsar
|November–December
|-
|पौस
|paus
|December–January
|-
|माघ
|māgh
|January–February
|-
|फागण
|phāgaṇ
|February–March
|}

=== Names of days ===
Days are generally indic.
{| class="wikitable"
|+List of days in Mandeali
!मंडयाली
!Transliteration
!English
|-
|त्वार
|Twār
|Sunday
|-
|सोमबार
|Sombār
|Monday
|-
|मंगळबार
|Mangaḷbār
|Tuesday
|-
|बुद्धबार
|Buddhbār
|Wednesday
|-
|बीरबार
|Bīrvaar
|Thursday
|-
|सुक्करबार
|Sukkarbār
|Friday
|-
|सनिचर
|Sanichar
|Saturday
|}
•Twār is a loan word from Urdu (Itwār)

== Status ==
The language is commonly called [[Pahari language|Pahari]] or [[Western Pahari|Himachali]], just like many other neighbouring languages. The language has no official status. According to the [[UNESCO|United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO)]], the language is of definitely endangered category, i.e. many Mandeali children are not learning Mandeali as their mother tongue anymore.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Endangered languages|date=15 April 2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/apr/15/language-extinct-endangered}}</ref>

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=Zee News|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/himachal-pradesh/hp-for-inclusion-of-pahari-language-in-eighth-schedule_615857.html}}</ref> There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations strive to save the language and demand it.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Pahari Inclusion|work=The Statesman|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/demand-for-pahari-as-language-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-1479046804.html}}</ref> Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Language Census|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf}}</ref> even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and being close to other Pahari languages such as [[Mahasu Pahari|Mahasui]], [[Kahluri]] and [[Kangri language|Kangri]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dogri-Kangri languages}}

[[Category:Northern Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mandi, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages written in Takri]]
[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]]
[[Category:Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census]]

Nagraj Manjule

2026-02-24T14:05:39Z

BennyHubbs95: further improve formatting based on references and fixed typos based on references

{{short description|Indian film director (born 1978)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nagraj Manjule
| image = Film Director Nagraj Manjule.jpg
| caption = Manjule at the [[65th National Film Awards]] Function in [[New Delhi]]
| birth_name = Nagraj Popatrao Manjule
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1978|8|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Jeur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|
Actor|
director|
producer|
poet|
scriptwriter|
}}
| spouse = Gargee Kulkarni (m. 2017)<ref name=":0" />
{{Marriage|Sunita Manjule|1997|2014|reason=divorce}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sairat fame Nagraj Manjule's ex wife: He made me go for abortions; thrashed me when asked to keep the child|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/sairat-fame-nagraj-manjule-s-ex-wife-he-made-me-go-abortions-thrashed-me-when-asked-keep-child-428399|access-date=2018-10-10|website=Pinkvilla.com|date=9 October 2018|language=en}}</ref>
| children = 2
| parents =
| website =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* {{Awards|award=[[National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director|National Film Award, First Non-Feature Film]] |year=2010|title=[[Pistulya]]}}
* {{Awards|award=[[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Indira Gandhi Award, Best Debut Film]] |year=2013 |title=[[Fandry]]}}
}}
}}
'''Nagraj Popatrao Manjule''' (born 24 August 1978) is an Indian film director, actor, producer, scriptwriter, poet, screenwriter, and filmmaker. He works in [[Marathi cinema]], and is best known for ''[[Sairat]]'' and ''[[Pistulya]]''—the latter for which he received [[58th National Film Awards|National Film Award]] in the [[National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director]]. He made his Hindi Cinema debut in 2022, with a film called [[Jhund (film)|''Jhund'']], starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]].

At the [[61st National Film Awards]], ''[[Fandry]]'' won the [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ship of Theseus is best film at National Film Awards|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/ship-of-theseus-is-best-film-at-national-film-awards/1241232/|access-date=2014-04-17|website= The Financial Express|location=India|date=17 April 2014|language=en}}</ref> In 2018, Manjule published a book of poetry in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] titled ''Unhachya Katavirudhha'' which won the ''Bhairuratan Damani Sahitya Puraskar''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=नागराजच्या लेखणीतून उतरलेल्या पाच उत्तम कविता|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/happy-birthday-nagraj-manjule-five-amazing-poems-by-sairat-director-1737090/|access-date=2018-08-24|website=loksatta.com|language=en}}</ref> He owns a [[wrestling]] team called 'Veer Marathwada' in [[Zee Maharashtra Kusti Dangal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sai Tamhankar, Nagraj Manjule's team will come face-to-face in wrestling ring|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/others/article/sai-tamhankar-nagraj-manjules-team-will-come-face-to-face-in-wrestling-ring/301827|access-date=2018-10-20|website=timesnownews.com|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Manjule grew up in [[Jeur]] village in the [[Solapur district]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=The ardour of Nagraj Manjule|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/entertainment/the-ardour-of-nagraj-manjule/article8016591.ece|access-date=2016-03-24|newspaper=The Hindu|date=22 December 2015|language=en|last1=Joshi|first1=Namrata}}</ref> Baburao Manjule, who is the brother of Nagraj's father Popatrao Manjule, adopted Nagraj due to financial hardships.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=दिग्दर्शक नागराज मंजुळे यांचा खडतर प्रवास |url=https://www.mensxp.com/marathi/entertainment/marathi-movies/102966-nagraj-manjule-biography-in-marathi.html |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=MensXP |language=mr-IN}}</ref> However, Nagraj decided early on that if he achieved anything significant, he would honor his biological father, Popatrao Manjule. Since starting his career in the film industry, he has been known by the name 'Nagraj Popatrao Manjule' in all his professional endeavors.<ref>{{Cite web |title=दत्तकपुत्र आहेत नागराज मंजुळे; लावतात ते नाव खरं नाही, सांगितली नावामागची फिल्मी कहाणी |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/bollywood-news/nagraj-popatrao-manjule-is-not-real-name-of-director-know-the-story/articleshow/102745537.cms |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref> He belongs to the traditionally-nomadic [[Waddar]] community, a Dravidian tribe.

He earned his M.A. in Marathi literature from [[University of Pune]], followed by a master's in communication studies from New Arts, Science and Commerce College, Ahmednagar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagraj Manjule Exposing Merit A Hoax of the Caste Society!|url=https://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9610:nagraj-manjule-exposing-merit-a-hoax-of-the-caste-society&catid=119:feature&Itemid=132|access-date=2019-03-19|website=roundtableindia.co.in|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
[[File:Suraj Yengde, Pa. Ranjith, Niharika Singh, and Nagraj Manjule taking a selfie at the Dalit Film Festival in New York city.jpg|thumb|(L to R) [[Suraj Yengde]], [[Pa. Ranjith]], [[Niharika Singh]], and Nagraj Manjule taking a selfie at the Dalit Film Festival in [[New York City]], USA in 2019.]]
Manjule is strongly inspired by [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar]], the emancipator of downtrodden and the drafting chairman of the [[Indian constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Don't idolise film characters, says Nagraj Manjule|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/dont-idolise-film-characters-says-nagraj-manjule/articleshow/54011819.cms|access-date=2016-09-05|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> His films are deeply rooted in his own experience growing up as a Dalit in rural Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Anti-caste Aesthetics and Dalit Interventions in Indian Cinema|journal = Economic and Political Weekly|date = 5 June 2015|volume = 55|issue = 38|pages = 7–8|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2020/38/special-articles/anti-caste-aesthetics-and-dalit-interventions.html#:~:text=The%20cinematic%20interventions%20of%20contemporary,sound%2C%20music%2C%20and%20cinematography.|language=en}}</ref> His films have focused on the plights faced by members of these communities, including social discrimination at the hands of high-caste communities as well as the resulting economic hardships.

His first National Award-winning short film ''[[Pistulya]]'' is a reflection of his 'felt experience'.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Pistulya' depicts deprivation, undying urge for better life|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/163049/pistulya-depicts-deprivation-undying-urge.html|access-date=2011-05-21|website=Deccan Herald|date=21 May 2011|language=en}}</ref> The film focuses on the desire of a Dalit boy to attend school, and his inability to do so because of his family's poverty and a deep-seated disdain for formal education within his community.

His debut feature film, ''[[Fandry]]'', was released in February 2014; the word means "pig" in the [[Kaikadi language]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The caste story is not over yet: Nagraj Manjule|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-caste-story-is-not-over-yet-nagraj-manjule/story-gnTDce3hY91UibJCA4s2nI.html|access-date=2014-03-02|website=Hindustan Times|date=March 2014|language=en}}</ref> which is a metaphor for the dehumanizing treatment of the Dalit community in rural India. This film also addresses caste discrimination. This film won the Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director.

Manjule's second film, ''[[Sairat]]'', premiered at the [[66th Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meenakshi Shedde, Nagraj Manjule Speak on Berlinale|url=https://www.news18.com/videos/movies/meenakshi-shedde-nagraj-manjule-speak-on-berlinale-1234435.html?secname=india&headline=bsp-gender&showid=1234435|access-date=2016-04-25|website=news18.com|language=en}}</ref> Like ''Fandry'' and ''[[Pistulya]]'', it deals with caste discrimination and honour killing, a practice still widespread in parts of India. ''Sairat'' also seeks to address the role of women in society, with the character of Archie (Archana Patil), the female protagonist of Sairat, garnering both popular and critical acclaim. ''Sairat'' is currently the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Highest-grossing films by language|highest grossing Marathi film of all time]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/sairat-nagraj-manjules-film-becomes-the-highest-grossing-film-in-marathi-323187-2016-05-12 |title=Sairat: Nagraj Manjule's romantic drama becomes the highest-grossing Marathi film |website=India Today}}</ref> In 2019, Manjule hosted Marathi [[Kaun Banega Crorepati]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive: Here's how much Nagraj Manjule is getting paid for Kon Honaar Crorepati|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-heres-how-much-nagraj-manjule-is-getting-paid-for-kon-honaar-crorepati/articleshow/70259681.cms|access-date=2019-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Manjule made his directorial debut in Hindi films with ''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]'' starring [[Amitabh Bachchan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-04 |title=Jhund director Nagraj Manujle: ‘Fairy tales sell in cinema but it’s important to also tell the story of beasts’ |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jhund-movie-director-nagraj-manujle-amitabh-bachchan-slum-kids-7799420/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Manjule appeared in ''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]'', playing the role of a police officer. This film marked his first collaboration with [[Sayaji Shinde]] and his third with [[Akash Thosar]].

== Filmography ==

=== Film ===
{{Pending films key}}
*''All films are in Marathi, unless mentioned.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Film
!Actor
! Director
! Writer
!Producer
!Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
|2010 || ''[[Pistulya]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Ambadas|| [[National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|title='सैराट'च्या नागराज मंजुळेची पहिली शॉर्ट फिल्म 'पिस्तुल्या' पाहा|url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/sairats-nagaraj-manjules-frist-short-film-pistulya/423573|access-date=2018-04-08|website=zeenews.india.com|date=8 April 2018|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2013 || ''[[Fandry]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|Chankeshwar "Chankya" Sathe|| [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fandry' (Pig) followed by discussion with Director Nagraj Manjule|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/21jul2014-fandry-pig-followed-by-discussion-with-director-nagraj-manjule.html|access-date=2014-07-21|website=soas.ac.uk|language=en|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116024311/https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/events/21jul2014-fandry-pig-followed-by-discussion-with-director-nagraj-manjule.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Fandry is really my own story|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/fandry-is-really-my-own-story/article5519756.ece|access-date=2013-12-31|newspaper=The Hindu|date=31 December 2013|language=en|last1=S|first1=Bageshree}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Fandry' Review: Nagraj Manjule's Exceptional Debut|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/global/fandry-review-1200810770/|access-date=2013-11-08|website=variety.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Fandry: Mumbai Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/fandry-mumbai-review-649640/|access-date=2013-10-20|website=hollywooreporter.com|date=20 October 2013|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015 || ''[[Baji (2015 film)|Baji]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|Inspector Mahesh|| ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shreyas Talpade raises a toast to 'Baji' team as film clocks four years|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/shreyas-talpade-raises-a-toast-to-baji-team-as-film-clocks-four-years/articleshow/67870171.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2019-02-06|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Highway (2015 Marathi film)|Highway]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
| || ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=After Baji, it's Highway for Nagraj|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/highway-marathi-nagraj-manjule/articleshow/47894381.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2017-01-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Highway is a confluence of actors and non-actors|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/highway-marathi-casting/articleshow/47971181.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2017-01-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016 || ''[[Sairat]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|[[Cricket]] commentator|| Selected For [[66th Berlin International Film Festival]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=You don't need to have a grudge to depict society's harsh realities: 'Sairat' director Nagraj Manjule|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/recliner/you-dont-need-to-have-a-grudge-to-depict-societys-harsh-realities-sairat-director-nagraj-manjule/43327/1|access-date=2016-05-27|website=forbesindia.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=No happily ever after endings for Nagraj Manjule|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/613140/no-happily-ever-endings-nagraj.html|access-date=2017-05-23|website=Deccan Herald|date=23 May 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sairat' director Nagraj Manjule on the duplicity of Indians on love|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/sairat-nagraj-manjule-idUSKBN1HX18U|access-date=2018-04-26|work=Reuters|date=26 April 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sairat: Why a doomed love story has become India's sleeper hit|publisher=BBC News|date=6 June 2016|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-36457512|access-date=2016-06-07|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[The Silence (2015 film)|The Silence]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|Uncle|| || <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Silence': Goa Film Bazaar Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/silence-goa-film-bazaar-review-848271/|access-date=2015-12-12|website=hollywoodreporter.com|date=12 December 2015|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Marathi film 'The Silence' to release on October 6|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/marathi-film-the-silence-to-release-on-october-6-117092600636_1.html|access-date=2017-09-26|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=26 September 2017|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2017 || ''[[Pavsacha Nibandh]]''|| {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| || Short film ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pavsacha Nibandh review: Nagraj Manjule overturns romanticism of rains with a simple tale on social inequity|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pavsacha-nibandh-review-nagraj-manjule-overturns-romanticism-of-rains-with-a-simple-tale-on-social-inequity-4470695.html/amp|access-date=2020-07-16|website=firstpost.com|date=16 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagraj Manjule's short films Pavsacha Nibandh, Bibtya and Paywat will be aired on TV|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/audience-to-be-treated-with-nagraj-manjules-films/articleshow/77014959.cms|access-date=2020-07-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagraj Manjule's National award-winning short film to premiere in Pune|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nagraj-manjules-national-award-winning-short-film-to-premiere-in-pune/articleshow/65645194.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2018-09-02|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2018 || ''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|Chaitya's father|| [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|title='Naal': Five reasons why you shouldn't miss the Nagraj Manjule starrer film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/naal-five-reasons-why-you-shouldnt-miss-the-nagraj-manjule-starrer-film/photostory/66647032.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2018-11-16|website=The Times of India|date = 16 November 2018|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagraj Manjule returns to acting with Naal|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nagraj-manjule-returns-to-acting-with-naal/articleshow/66314904.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2018-10-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2020 || ''[[Taar (film)|Taar]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|Postman|| Short film||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nagraj Manjule to play postman in short film Taar|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/oct/26/27545/nagraj-manjule-to-play-postman-in-short-film-taar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508185319/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2020/oct/26/27545/nagraj-manjule-to-play-postman-in-short-film-taar|url-status=live|archive-date=8 May 2021|access-date=2020-10-26|website=cinestaan.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=नागराज मंजुळे घेऊन येतोय 'तार', टीझर रिलीज|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/nagraj-manjule-play-lead-role-in-taar-movie-823816|access-date=2020-11-01|website=abplive.com|date=November 2020|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022 || ''[[Unpaused: Naya Safar]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
| || [[Hindi]] film||
|-
| ''[[Jhund (film)|Jhund]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Hitler Bhai|| [[Hindi]] film (Bollywood Debut) ||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amitabh Bachchan's Jhund, directed by Nagraj Manjule, to debut in theatres on 18 June|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/amitabh-bachchans-jhund-directed-by-nagraj-manjule-to-debut-in-theatres-on-18-june-9326141.html|access-date=2021-02-20|website=firstpost.com|date=20 February 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jhund': The Nagraj Manjule film starring Amitabh Bachchan to now release in October|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/movies-to-look-forward-to/jhund-the-nagraj-manjule-film-starring-amitabh-bachchan-to-now-release-in-october/photostory/70126044.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2019-07-08|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023 || ''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|Raya Patil|| Dubbed in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu||
|-
|''[[Naal 2]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Chaitya's father
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-07 |title=Makers Of Naal 2 Drop The Teaser Of Sequel To The 2018 Marathi Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/makers-of-naal-2-drop-the-teaser-of-sequel-to-the-2018-marathi-film-8607500.html |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Macho}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Khashaba}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|Based on [[K. D. Jadhav|K.D. Jadhav]]
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |title='Khashaba': Nagraj Manjule announces a biopic on Indian freestyle wrestler Khashaba Jadhav; Poster out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/khashaba-nagraj-manjule-announces-a-biopic-on-indian-freestyle-wrestler-khashaba-jadhav-poster-out/articleshow/99662521.cms |access-date=2023-04-24 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Frame}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jadhav |first=Devendra |date=2023-11-11 |title=Nagraj Manjule: पत्रकारांच्या जगण्यावर भाष्य? नागराज मंजुळेंचा आगामी सिनेमा 'फ्रेम', या अभिनेत्याची प्रमुख भुमिका |url=https://www.esakal.com/manoranjan/nagraj-manjule-new-marathi-movie-frame-with-amey-wagh-teaser-out-with-naal-2-drj96 |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Language
!{{Reference column heading|multi=yes}}
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Matka King}}
|Hindi
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=2024-06-12 |title=Vijay Varma-starrer ‘Matka King’ series starts shooting |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-varma-starrer-matka-king-series-starts-shooting/article68280898.ece |access-date=2024-06-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|}

== Personal life ==
Manjule was married to Sunita Manjule in 1997 when he studied in 12th, but later divorced on November 10, 2014. He gave Sunita ₹7 lakh as permanent alimony. It was revealed that the allegations were false and Manjule found [[Innocence|innocent]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-06-09 |title='Sairat' director Nagraj Manjule’s ex-wife works as a house help in Pune |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/sairat-director-nagraj-manjules-ex-wife-works-as-a-house-help-in-pune/articleshow/52656908.cms |access-date=2024-03-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2017, Manjule married Gargi Kulkarni and has two children Raya and Shahu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-02 |title=नागराज मंजुळेच्या दोन्ही मुलांची नावे खास, अण्णाने आपलं वेगळेपण इथेपण जपलंय |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/lifestyle/nagraj-manjule-gave-unique-name-to-his-baby-boy-know-the-meaning/757985 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-05 |title=Nagraj Manjule: दिग्दर्शक नागराज मंजुळेच्या पत्नीचा आणि मुलाचा फोटो समोर |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/director-nagraj-manjules-wife-and-son-photo-goes-viral-from-an-event-entertainment-news-in-marathi/695945 |access-date=2024-03-17 |website=Zee 24 taas |language=mr}}</ref>

== Books ==
* ''Unhachya Kataviruddha'' – poetry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Sairat filmmaker Nagraj Manjule's poetry may prove to be his more powerful legacy|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/why-sairat-filmmaker-nagraj-manjules-poetry-may-prove-to-be-his-more-powerful-legacy-4251357.html|access-date=2017-12-10|website=firstpost.com|date=10 December 2017|language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Categories
!Work
! Result
!Ref.
|-
|2010
|[[58th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director (non-feature film)|Best First Non-Feature Film]]
|''[[Pistulya]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title='Pistulya' wins debut short film award at 58th National film awards|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-pistulya-wins-debut-short-film-award-at-58th-national-film-awards-1545504|access-date=2011-05-20|website=Daily News and Analysis|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|[[61st National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
| rowspan="2" |''[[Fandry]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Film Awards: Rajkumar best actor, Fandry best debut film|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/national-film-awards-rajkumar-best-actor-fandry-best-debut-film/articleshow/33835190.cms|access-date=2014-04-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|[[1st Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]]
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2017
|[[65th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Direction (non-feature film)|Best Director in Non-Feature Film]]
|''[[Pavsacha Nibandh]]''
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=65th national film awards : 'पावसाचा निबंध'च्या नावानं चांगभलं- नागराज मंजुळे|url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/nagraj-manjule-won-national-award-for-best-direction-of-pavsacha-nibandh-marathi-short-film-1662779/|access-date=2018-04-13|website=loksatta.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
| rowspan="3" |''[[Sairat]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[3rd Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Marathi|Best Director]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WINNERS OF THE FILMFARE AWARDS MARATHI 2017|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-marathi-2017/winners|access-date=2017-10-27|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jio Filmfare Awards Marathi 2017: Complete winners' list|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/jio-filmfare-awards-marathi-2017-complete-winners-list/articleshow/61280249.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2017-10-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar for Best Director|Best Director]]
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-20 |title=Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar 2017 winners list |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/zee-chitra-gaurav-2017-winners-list-1436032/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|2019
|[[66th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
|''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|2022
|[[Maharashtracha Favourite Kon?]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director of the Decade]]
|''[[Sairat]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman]]
|[[Fakt Marathi Cine Sanman for Best Actor in a Lead Role]]
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|Rowspan="2"|[[14th MFK Awards]]
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Supporting Actor|Favourite Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Naal 2]]''
|{{Won}}
|
|-
|[[MFK Award for Favourite Actor|Favourite Actor]]
|''[[Ghar Banduk Biryani]]''
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Rowspan="2"|2017
|Rowspan="2"|[[3rd Filmfare Awards Marathi]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Screenplay – Marathi]]
|''[[Sairat]]''
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Story – Marathi]]
|''[[Sairat]]''
|{{Nom}}
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|5616219}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes person|nagraj_manjule|Nagraj Manjule}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|nagraj-manjule}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manjule, Nagraj}}
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:Marathi-language poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Director whose film won the Best Debut Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Dalit writers]]
[[Category:Indian experimental filmmakers]]

Devi

2026-02-18T10:30:28Z

BennyHubbs95: Page updated with additional details

{{short description|Term for goddess in Hinduism}}
{{other uses}}{{Italic title}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2015}}
[[File:Lakshmi.jpg|thumb|A sculpture of the goddess [[Lakshmi]]]]{{Hinduism}}
'''''Devī''''' ({{IPAc-en|'|d|ei|v|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|term=Devi|id=1262170948}}</ref> {{langx|sa|देवी}}) is the Sanskrit word for '[[goddess]]'; the masculine form is [[Deva (Hinduism)|''Deva'']]. ''Devi'' and ''Deva'' mean 'heavenly, divine, anything of excellence', and are gender-specific terms for [[deity]] in [[Indian religions]].

Reverence for the [[Women in Hinduism| divine feminine in Hinduism]] appears in the [[Vedas]], composed around the 2nd millennium BCE. Though the goddesses did not play a vital role in that era, goddesses such as [[Durga]], [[Kali]], [[Lakshmi]], [[Parvati]], [[Radha]], [[Saraswati]], and [[Sita]] have continued to be revered into the modern era.<ref name=kinsley/> The medieval era [[Puranas]] witnessed a major expansion in mythology and literature associated with Devi, with texts such as the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]'', wherein the goddess is revered as the ultimate truth and supreme power. The goddess centric tradition within Hinduism, namely [[Shaktism]], is centred around Devi. Further, Devi is considered a central figure in the Hindu tradition of [[Shaivism]].<ref name=kinsley/><ref>Flood, Gavin, ed. (2003), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., {{ISBN|1-4051-3251-5}}, pp. 200–203.</ref> In Indian religions, the concept of [[Shakti]] explores the idea of divine feminine, and women are regarded as manifestations of Devi, as seen in the [[Kumari (goddess)|Kumari]] worship.

==Etymology==
{{Saktism}}
''Devi'' and ''deva'' are Sanskrit terms found in Vedic literature around the 3rd millennium BCE. ''Deva'' is masculine, and the related feminine equivalent is ''devi''.{{Sfn|Klostermaier|2010|p= 496}} [[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier-Williams]] translates it as 'heavenly, divine, terrestrial things of high excellence, exalted, shining ones'.{{Sfn|Klostermaier|2010|p= 492}}<ref name=klausklos>Klostermaier, Klaus (2010). ''A Survey of Hinduism, 3rd Edition.'' State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-7082-4}}, pages 101–102</ref>
Etymologically, a cognate of ''devi'' is Latin ''dea''.<ref>Hawley, John Stratton and Donna Marie Wulff (1998). ''Devi: Goddesses of India, Motilal Banarsidass.'' {{ISBN|978-81-208-1491-2}}, page 2</ref> When capitalised, ''Devi maata'' refers to the [[mother goddess]] in Hinduism.<ref>John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (1998), Devi: Goddesses of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1491-2}}, pages 18–21</ref> ''Deva'' is short for ''devatā'' and ''devi'' for ''devika''.{{Sfn|Klostermaier|2010|p= 492}}

According to Douglas Harper, the etymological root ''dev-'' means "a shining one", from *''div''-, "to shine", it is an [[Indo-European]] cognate of the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''dios'', [[Goths|Gothic]] ''divine'' and [[Latin]] ''deus'' (Old Latin ''deivos''); see also ''[[*Dyēus]]''.<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=deva&searchmode=none Deva] Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2015)</ref>

A synonym for the word Devi in the Vedas is Bhagavati. Bhagavatī (Devanagari: भगवती, IAST: Bhagavatī), is an Indian epithet of Sanskrit origin, used as an honorific title for goddesses in Hinduism and Buddhism. In Hinduism, it is primarily used to address the goddesses Lakshmi and Durga. In Buddhism, it is used to refer to several Mahayana Buddhist female deities, like Cundā.<ref>Gimello, Robert (2004). ″Icon and Incantation: The Goddess Zhunti and the Role of Images in the Occult Buddhism of China." In Images in Asian Religions: Texts and Contexts ed. Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara: pp. 71-85.</ref>

==History==
{{see also|God and gender in Hinduism}}
The worship of Devi-like deities dates back to period of [[Indus Valley civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thomaskutty |first=Johnson |title=&quot;Glimpses of the 'Feminine' in Indian Religion and Society: A Christian Perspective&quot; by Johnson Thomaskutty |url=https://www.academia.edu/830821 |language=en |page=81}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bhattacharji |first1=Sukumari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2UszWGeqkZcC&pg=PP11 |title=Legends of Devi |last2=Sukumari |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1438-6 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Devīsūkta]] of the [[Rigveda]] (10.125.1 to 10.125.8) is among the most studied hymns declaring that the ultimate reality is a goddess:{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|p=90}}{{Sfn| Brown |1998|p=26}}

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
I have created all worlds at my will without being urged by any higher Being, and dwell within them. I permeate the earth and heaven, and all created entities with my greatness and dwell in them as eternal and infinite consciousness.
</poem>
|Devi Sukta, Rigveda 10.125.8|Translated by June McDaniel{{Sfnm| McDaniel |2004|1p=90| Brown |1998|2p=26}}<ref>Sanskrit original see: [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१२५ ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१२५]; for an alternate English translation, see: [https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_125 The Rig Veda/Mandala 10/Hymn 125] Ralph T.H. Griffith (Translator); for</ref>}}

The [[Vedas]] name numerous cosmic goddesses such as [[Prithvi]] (earth), [[Aditi]] (cosmic moral order), [[Vāc]] (sound), [[Nirṛti (goddess)|Nirṛti]] (destruction), [[Ratri]] (night) and [[Aranyani]] (forest); bounty goddesses such as Dinsana, Raka, Puramdhi, Parendi, Bharati and Mahi are among others are mentioned in the ''[[Rigveda]]''.<ref name=kinsley/>{{rp|6–17, 55–64}} However, the goddesses are not discussed as frequently as gods ([[Deva (Hinduism)|deva]]s).<ref name=kinsley/> Devi appears in late Vedic texts dated to be pre-Buddhist, but verses dedicated to her do not suggest that her characteristics were fully developed in the Vedic era.<ref name=kinsley/>{{rp|18–19}} All gods and goddesses are distinguished in Vedic times,<ref name=kinsley/>{{rp|18}} but in post-Vedic texts, particularly in the early medieval era literature, they are ultimately seen as aspects or manifestations of one Devi, the Supreme Power.<ref>Fuller, Christopher John (2004). ''The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India.'' Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-12048-5}}, page 41</ref>

Devi is the supreme being in the [[Shaktism|Shakta]] tradition of Hinduism; in the [[Smarta tradition|Smarta]] tradition, she is one of the five primary forms of [[Brahman]] that is revered.<ref>{{citation |last=Flood|first=Gavin D.|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA82|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|page=17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himalayanacademy.com/resources/books/dws/dws_mandala-02.html |title=Dancing with Siva, Mandala 2: Hinduism |publisher=Himalayanacademy.com |date=2004-12-01 |access-date=2012-06-18}}</ref> In other Hindu traditions, Devi embodies the active energy and power of Deva, and they always appear together complementing each other. Examples of this are [[Parvati]] with [[Shiva]] in [[Shaivism]], [[Saraswati]] with [[Brahma]] in [[Brahmanism]] and [[Lakshmi]] with [[Vishnu]], [[Sita]] with [[Rama]] and [[Radha]] with [[Krishna]] in [[Vaishnavism]].<ref>Stella Kramrisch (1975), The Indian Great Goddess, History of Religions, Vol. 14, No. 4, page 261</ref><ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, Saiva Sculptures, Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 118, page 17</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rankin |first=John |date=1984-06-01 |title=Teaching Hinduism: Some Key Ideas |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0141620840060306 |journal=British Journal of Religious Education |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=133–160 |doi=10.1080/0141620840060306 |issn=0141-6200|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Devi-inspired philosophy is propounded in many Hindu texts such as the [[Devi Upanishad]], which teaches that [[Shakti]] is essentially [[Brahman]] (ultimate [[metaphysic]]al Reality) and that from her arises ''[[prakṛti]]'' (matter) and ''[[purusha]]'' (consciousness) and that she is bliss and non-bliss, the [[Vedas]] and what is different from it, the born and the unborn and all of the universe. Shakti is [[Parvati]], [[Shiva]]’s wife.{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|pp=90–91}} She is also mentioned as the creative power of Shiva in [[Tripura Upanishad]], [[Bahvricha Upanishad]] and Guhyakali Upanishad.{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|p=90}}

Devi identifies herself in the [[Devi Upanishad]] as [[Brahman]] in her reply to the gods stating that she rules the world, blesses devotees with riches, that she is the supreme deity to whom all worship is to be offered and that she infuses [[Ātman (Hinduism)|'' Ātman'']] in every soul.{{Sfn|McDaniel |2004|pp=90–91}} Devi asserts that she is the creator of earth and heaven and resides there.{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|p=90}} Her creation of the sky as father and the seas as the mother is reflected as the 'Inner Supreme Self'.{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|p=90}} Her creations are not prompted by any higher being and she resides in all her creations. She is, states Devi, the eternal and infinite consciousness engulfing earth and heaven, and 'all forms of bliss and non-bliss, knowledge and ignorance, [[Brahman]] and Non-Brahman'. The tantric aspect in Devi Upanishad, says June McDaniel, is the usage of the terms ''[[yantra]]'', [[bindu (symbol)|''bindu'']], [[Bīja|''bija'']], ''[[mantra]]'', ''[[shakti]]'' and ''[[chakra]]''.{{Sfn| McDaniel |2004|p=90}}

Among the major world religions, the concept of Goddess in Hinduism as the divine feminine has had the strongest presence since ancient times.<ref name="Bryant 2007 441">{{Citation | last =Bryant | first =Edwin | author-link =Edwin Bryant (author) | year =2007 | title =Krishna: A Sourcebook | publisher =Oxford University Press |page=441}}</ref>

==Hindu goddesses==

===Parvati===
{{main|Parvati}}
[[File:A goddess probably Parvati as Durga riding on a lion present Wellcome V0045026.jpg|thumb|Parvati riding a lion with her son Ganesha]]
Parvati is the Hindu goddess of love, beauty, purity and devotion.<ref>Dehejia, H.V. ''Parvati: Goddess of Love.'' Mapin, {{ISBN|978-81-85822-59-4}}.</ref><ref>James Hendershot, Penance, Trafford, {{ISBN|978-1-4907-1674-9}}, pp 78.</ref><ref name=suchan>Chandra, Suresh (1998). ''Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses.'' {{ISBN|978-81-7625-039-9}}, pp 245–246</ref> She is the mother goddess in Hinduism and has many attributes and aspects. Each of her aspects is expressed with a different name, giving her over 1008 names in regional Hindu mythologies of India, including the popular names such as ''Gauri.''<ref name=kar6>Keller and Ruether (2006). ''Encyclopedia of Women and Religion in North America.'' Indiana University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-253-34685-8}}, pp 663</ref> Along with [[Lakshmi]] (goddess of wealth and prosperity) and [[Saraswati]] (goddess of knowledge and learning), she forms the [[Tridevi|trinity of Hindu goddesses]].<ref>Schuon, Frithjof (2003). ''Roots of the Human Condition.'' {{ISBN|978-0-941532-37-2}}, pp 32</ref>

Parvati is married to [[Shiva]] – the destroyer, recycler, and regenerator of the universe and all life.<ref name=edwardbalfour>Balfour, Edward ''The Encyclopaedia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia.'' {{Google books|iU0OAAAAQAAJ|Parvati|page=153}}, pp 153.</ref> She is the mother of Hindu gods [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]].<ref>Haag, James W. et al. (2013). The Routledge Companion to Religion and Science, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-415-74220-7}}, pp 491–496</ref> Her parents are Himavan and Maināvati. According to Puranas she performed strict tapasya and achieved the position of consort of Shiva.

Rita Gross states,<ref name="rmg286">Gross, Rita M. (1978). Hindu Female Deities as a Resource for the Contemporary Rediscovery of the Goddess. ''Journal of the American Academy of Religion'' 46(3): 269–291.</ref> the view of Parvati only as an ideal wife and mother is an incomplete symbolism of the power of the feminine in the mythology of India. Parvati, along with other goddesses, are involved with a broad range of culturally valued goals and activities.<ref name=rmg286/> Her connection with motherhood and female sexuality does not confine the feminine or exhaust their significance and activities in Hindu literature. She manifests in every activity, from water to mountains, from arts to inspiring warriors, from agriculture to dance. Parvati's numerous aspects, states Gross, reflect the Hindu belief that the feminine has a universal range of activities, and her gender is not a limiting condition.<ref name=kinsley/><ref name="rmg286"/>

In Hindu belief, Parvati is the recreative energy and power of Shiva, and she is the cause of a bond that connects all beings and a means of their spiritual release.<ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, Saiva Sculptures, Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 118 (Apr., 1922), pp 17</ref><ref>Stella Kramrisch (1975), The Indian Great Goddess, History of Religions, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 261</ref>

Devi is portrayed as the ideal wife, mother, and householder in Indian legends.<ref>Wojciech Maria Zalewski (2012), The Crucible of Religion: Culture, Civilization, and Affirmation of Life, {{ISBN|978-1-61097-828-6}}, pp 136</ref> In Indian art, this vision of ideal couple is derived from Shiva and Parvati as being half of the other, represented as ''[[Ardhanarishvara]]''.<ref>Betty Seid (2004), The Lord Who Is Half Woman (Ardhanarishvara), Art Institute of Chicago Museum Studies, Vol. 30, No. 1, Notable Acquisitions at The Art Institute of Chicago, pp. 48–49</ref><ref name=mbw3>MB Wangu (2003), Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths, Meanings, and Models, {{ISBN|978-81-7017-416-5}}, Chapter 4 and pp 86–89.</ref><ref>A Pande (2004), Ardhanarishvara, the Androgyne: Probing the Gender Within, {{ISBN|978-81-291-0464-9}}, pp 20–27</ref> Parvati is found extensively in ancient Indian literature, and her statues and iconography grace ancient and medieval era Hindu temples all over [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref>Hariani Santiko, The Goddess Durgā in the East-Javanese Period, Asian Folklore Studies, Vol. 56, No. 2 (1997), pp. 209–226</ref><ref>Ananda Coomaraswamy, Saiva Sculptures, Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, Vol. 20, No. 118 (Apr., 1922), pp. 15–24</ref>

===Lakshmi===
{{main|Lakshmi}}
[[File:Ravi Varma-Lakshmi.jpg|thumb|Lakshmi]]
[[Lakshmi]], also called [[Sri]], is the Hindu goddess of wealth, fortune, and prosperity (both material and spiritual). She is the consort and active energy of [[Vishnu]].<ref>A Parasarthy (1983), Symbolism in Hinduism, CMP, {{ISBN|978-81-7597-149-3}}, pages 57–59</ref> Her four hands represent the four goals of human life considered important to the Hindu way of life – [[dharma]], [[kama]], [[artha]], and [[moksha]].<ref name=rhodes>Rhodes, Constantina (2011). ''Invoking Lakshmi: The Goddess of Wealth in Song and Ceremony.'' State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-1-4384-3320-2}}, pp. 29–47, 220–252.</ref><ref name=ttgov>[http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Divali/tabid/168/Default.aspx?PageContentID=121 Divali - THE SYMBOLISM OF LAKSHMI] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108012904/http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Research/SubjectGuide/Divali/tabid/168/Default.aspx?PageContentID=121 |date=8 November 2014 }} National Library and Information System Authority, Trinidad and Tobago (2009)</ref> She is the mother goddess in Hinduism. She is also part of [[Tridevi]] which consists of Lakshmi, [[Parvati]] (goddess of power, love, beauty), and [[Saraswati]] (goddess of music, wisdom, and learning).

In the ancient scriptures of India, all women are declared to be embodiments of Lakshmi.<ref name=rhodes/> The marriage and relationship between Lakshmi and Vishnu as wife and husband, states Patricia Monaghan, is "the paradigm for rituals and ceremonies for the bride and groom in [[Hindu wedding]]s."<ref name="monaghan">Monaghan, Patricia. (ed.) (2010). ''Goddesses in World Culture, Volume 1.'' Praeger, {{ISBN|978-0-313-35465-6}}, pp. 5–11.</ref>

Archaeological discoveries and ancient coins suggest the recognition and reverence for goddess Lakshmi in the Scytho-Parthian kingdom and throughout India by the 1st millennium BCE.<ref name=ashav>Vishnu, Asha (1993). ''Material life of northern India: Based on an archaeological study, 3rd century B.C. to 1st century B.C.'' {{ISBN|978-81-7099-410-7}}, pp. 194–195.</ref> She is also revered in other non-Hindu cultures of Asia, such as in Tibet. She is also worshipped in Buddhism.<ref name=miranda>Miranda Shaw (2006), Buddhist Goddesses of India, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-12758-3}}, Chapter 13 with pages 258–262</ref> Lakshmi's iconography and statues have also been found in Hindu temples throughout Southeast Asia, estimated to be from second half of 1st millennium CE.<ref>Roveda, Vitorio (June, 2004). The Archaeology of Khmer Images. ''Aséanie'' 13(13): 11–46.</ref><ref>[https://seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/sites/seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/files/2007fFeature-Goddess.pdf O goddess where art thou?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141109193738/https://seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/sites/seap.einaudi.cornell.edu/files/2007fFeature-Goddess.pdf |date=9 November 2014 }} S. James, Cornell University (2011)</ref> In modern times, Lakshmi is worshipped as the goddess of wealth. The festivals of [[Diwali]] and [[Sharad Purnima]] (Kojagiri Purnima) are celebrated in her honor.<ref name=joneskoja>Jones, Constance (2011). ''Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations'' (Editor: J Gordon Melton), {{ISBN|978-1-59884-205-0}}, pp. 253–254, 798.</ref>

===Saraswati===
{{main|Saraswati}}
[[File:Saraswati.jpg|thumb|Image of goddess Saraswati]]
Saraswati is the Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, arts, wisdom, and learning.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=55–64}}<ref>Encyclopaedia of Hinduism, p. 1214; Sarup & Sons, {{ISBN|978-81-7625-064-1}}</ref>

The earliest known mention of Saraswati as a goddess is in [[Rigveda]]. She has remained significant as a goddess from the Vedic age through modern times of Hindu traditions.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=55–64}} Some Hindus celebrate the festival of [[Vasant Panchami]] (the fifth day of spring) in her honor,<ref>[http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=79 Vasant Panchami Saraswati Puja] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923070714/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=79 |date=23 September 2014 }}, Know India – Odisha Fairs and Festivals</ref> and mark the day by helping young children learn how to write alphabets on that day.<ref>[http://www.assemblies.org.uk/pri/1612/the-festival-of-vasant-panchami-a-new-beginning The festival of Vasant Panchami: A new beginning], Alan Barker, United Kingdom</ref> She is also part of [[Tridevi]] which consists of Saraswati, [[Parvati]] (goddess of power, fertility, love, beauty), and [[Lakshmi]] (goddess of material wealth, prosperity, and fortune).

Saraswati is often depicted dressed in pure white, often seated on a white [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the Manuscript-carrying Vīṇā-player to the Weapon-wielding Defender of the Dharma|page=1|publisher=BRILL|author=Catherine Ludvík|year=2007}}</ref> She not only embodies knowledge but also the experience of the highest reality. Her iconography is typically in white themes from dress to flowers to swan – the color symbolizing Sattwa Guna or purity, discrimination for true knowledge, insight and wisdom.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=55–64}}<ref name=jholm>Jean Holm and John Bowker (1998), Picturing God, Bloomsbury Academic, {{ISBN|978-1-85567-101-0}}, pages 99–101</ref>

She is generally shown to have 8 to 10 arms, but sometimes just shows two. The four hands hold items with symbolic meaning – a ''pustaka'' (book or script), a ''mala'' (rosary, garland), a water pot, and a musical instrument (lute or vina).{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=55–64}} The book she holds symbolizes the [[Vedas]] representing the universal, divine, eternal, and true knowledge as well as all forms of learning. A [[Hindu prayer beads|mālā]] of crystals, representing the power of meditation, and a pot of water represents the power to purify right from wrong.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=55–64}} The musical instrument, typically a [[Saraswati veena|veena]], represents all creative arts and sciences,<ref name=gpollock/> and her holding it symbolizes expressing knowledge that creates harmony.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1988|pp=55–64}}<ref name=gpollock>[[Griselda Pollock]] and Victoria Turvey-Sauron (2008), The Sacred and the Feminine: Imagination and Sexual Difference, {{ISBN|978-1-84511-520-3}}, pages 144–147</ref> The Saraswatirahasya Upanishad of the [[Yajurveda]] contain ten verses called "''dasa sloki''" which are in praise of Sarasvati.<ref name="Mahadevan1975">{{cite book|author=T. M. P. Mahadevan|title=Upaniṣads: Selections from 108 Upaniṣads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yluXuM5NuUIC&pg=PA239|year=1975|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1611-4|pages=239–}}</ref> In this Upanishad, she is extolled as <blockquote>You are the swan gliding over the pond of creative energy, waves and waves of creative forces emanating from your form! Radiant Goddess resplendent in white, dwells forever in the Kashmir of my heart.<ref name="Johnsen2009">{{cite book|author=Linda Johnsen|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Hinduism, 2nd Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AUVActACLHkC&pg=PA169|date=5 May 2009|publisher=DK Publishing|isbn=978-1-101-05257-0|pages=169–}}</ref></blockquote>

Saraswati is also found outside India, such as in Japan, Vietnam, Bali (Indonesia) and Myanmar.<ref name=kinsley/>{{rp|95}}<ref name=tdonaldson>Thomas Donaldson (2001), Iconography of the Buddhist Sculpture of Orissa, {{ISBN|978-81-7017-406-6}}, pages 274–275</ref>

===Durga and Kali===
{{main|Durga|Kali}}
{{multiple image
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| footer = Durga (left) killing the demon [[Mahishasura]]. In her most ferocious form, Durga metamorphoses into Kali (right).
| image1 = Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG
| image2 = Kali by Raja Ravi Varma.jpg
}}
Vedic literature does not have any particular goddess matching the concept of Durga. Her legends appear in the medieval era, as an angry, ferocious form of the mother goddess [[Mahalakshmi]], who assumes the [[avatar]] of Durga .<ref name=kinsley>Kinsley, David (1988). ''Hindu Goddesses: Vision of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Traditions.'' University of California Press, {{ISBN|0-520-06339-2}}.</ref>{{rp|45–48}} She manifests as a goddess with eight or ten arms, holding weapons and skulls of demons, and is astride on a tiger or lion.<ref>Pattanaik, Devdutt (2014). ''Pashu: Animal Tales from Hindu Mythology.'' Penguin, {{ISBN|978-0-14-333247-3}}, pp. 40–42.</ref><ref>Kempton, Sally (2013). ''Awakening Shakti: The Transformative Power of the Goddesses of Yoga.'' {{ISBN|978-1-60407-891-6}}, pp. 165–167.</ref> In the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', the [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|''Devi Bhagvata Purana'']] and other ''Puranas'', Devi assumes the form of a warrior-goddess and defeats an [[asura]] called [[Durgamasura]], who assumes the form of a buffalo. In this aspect, she is known by the name Durga.<ref name=kinsley/>{{rp|96–97}} In later Hindu literature, states Jansen, she is attributed the role of the "energy, power (shakti) of the Impersonal Absolute".<ref name=jansen134/>

In the [[Shaktism]] traditions of Hinduism, found particularly in eastern states of India, Durga is a popular goddess form of [[Adishakti]]. In the medieval era composed texts such as the Puranas, she emerges as a prominent goddess in the context of crisis, when evil [[asura]]s were on the ascent. The male gods were unable to contain and subdue the forces of evil. The warrior goddess, Devi, kills the asura, and is thereafter invincible, and revered as "preserver of [[Dharma]], destroyer of evil".<ref name=jansen134>Jansen, Eva Rudy (2001). ''The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning.'' Holland: Binkey Kok, {{ISBN|978-90-74597-07-4}}, pp. 133–134, 41.</ref>

Durga's emergence and mythology is described in the [[Puranas]], particularly the ''[[Devi Mahatmya]]''. The text describes [[Kali|Kālī]]'s emerging out of Parvati when she becomes extremely angry. Parvati's face turns pitch dark, and suddenly Kali springs forth from Parvati's forehead. She is black, wears a [[Mundamala|garland of human heads]], is clothed in a tiger skin, rides a tiger, and wields a staff topped by a human skull. She destroys the asuras. Literature on goddess Kali recounts several such appearances, mostly in her terrifying but protective aspects. Kali appears as an independent deity, or like Parvati, viewed as the wife of [[Shiva]].<ref name=jansen134/> In this aspect, she represents the omnipotent [[Shakti]] of Shiva. She holds both the creative and destructive power of time.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Kali, also called Kalaratri, is called in [[Yoga Vasistha]] as [[Prakṛti]] or "all of nature". She is described in the text, state Shimkhanda and Herman, as the "one great body of cosmos", and same as Devis "Durga, Jaya and Siddha, Lakshmi, Gayatri, Saraswati, Parvati, Savitri".<ref name=shimkhanda212>Shimkhada, D. and P.K. Herman (2009). ''The Constant and Changing Faces of the Goddess: Goddess Traditions of Asia.'' Cambridge Scholars, {{ISBN|978-1-4438-1134-7}}, pp. 212–213.</ref> She is the power that supports the earth, with all its seas, islands, forests, deserts and mountains, asserts ''Yoga Vasistha''.<ref name=shimkhanda212/> She is not to be confused with the [[Kali Yuga]], which is spelled similarly yet holds a different meaning. The [[Kali Yuga]] is presented as a threat to Mother India, with pictures from the nineteenth century depicting the age as a "ferocious meat-eating demon" in comparison to India's depiction of "a cow giving milk to her children".<ref>Religions in the Modern World</ref>

The largest annual festival associated with the goddess is [[Durga Puja]] celebrated in the month of [[Ashvin]] (September–October), where nine manifestations of [[Parvati]] (''[[Navadurga]]'') are worshipped, each on a day over nine days.<ref name=jansen134/> These are: [[Shailaputri]], [[Brahmacharini]], [[Chandraghanta]], [[Kushmanda]], [[Skandamata]], [[Katyayani]], [[Kaalratri]], [[Mahagauri]] and [[Siddhidaatri]].

===Tridevi===
{{main|Tridevi}}
In the goddess-worshiping [[Shaktism|Shaktidharma]] denomination of Hinduism, the supreme deity [[Adi Parashakti|Mahadevi]] manifests as the goddess [[Mahasaraswati]] in order to create, as the goddess [[Mahalaxmi]] in order to preserve, and as the goddess [[Mahakali]] ([[Parvati]]) in order to destroy. These [[Trimurti|three forms]] of the supreme goddess Mahadevi are collectively called the ''[[Tridevi]]''. These [[Tridevi]] are said to be the Shakti of all the Gods or [[Deva (Hinduism)|Deva]]. Like [[Mahasaraswati]] is the Shakti of Brahma; [[Lakshmi]] is the Shakti of Vishnu; and [[Mahakali]] is Shakti of Shiva.

===Sita===
[[File:Sita in exile.jpg|right|thumb|[[Sita]]]]
{{main|Sita}}
Sita, an incarnation of Lakshmi, is married to [[Rama]], an [[avatar]] of Vishnu. She is shakti or prakriti of Rama as told in the ''Ram Raksha Stotram''. In ''[[Sita Upanishad]]'', a shakta Upanishad, Sita is extolled as the supreme goddess.{{Sfn|Dalal|2014|p=1069}} The Upanishad identifies Sita with [[Prakrti]] (nature) which is constituted by "will" [[Shakti#Ichha-shakti|ichha]], activity ([[kriya]]) and knowledge ([[jnana]]).{{Sfn|Mahadevan|1975|p=239}} The Upanishad also states that Sita emerged while furrowing, at the edge of the [[plough]].<ref name=Warrier>{{Cite web|last= Warrier|first= Dr. A. G. Krishna|url= http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/sita.html|title= Sita Upanishad: Translated from the Original Sanskrit text|publisher= The Theosophical Publishing House, Chennai|access-date= 31 October 2015|archive-date= 1 December 2014|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141201060947/http://www.celextel.org/upanishads/atharva_veda/sita.html|url-status= dead}}</ref>{{Sfn|Nair|2008|p=581}} She is extolled as one of the [[Panchakanya]] for her virtuous qualities; taking their names destroys all sins.{{Sfn|Apte|1970|p=73}}

Her life story and journeys with her husband Rama and brother-in-law [[Lakshmana]] are part of the Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], an allegorical story with Hindu spiritual and ethical teachings.<ref>A Arni A. and M Chitrakar M. Sita's Ramayana, Tara, {{ISBN|978-93-80340-03-6}}</ref> However, there are many versions of Ramayana, and her story as a goddess in Hindu mythology. Her legends also vary in southeast Asian versions of the epic Ramayana, such as in the [[Ramakien]] of [[Thailand]] where she is spelled as ''Sida'' (or ''Nang Sida'').<ref>SN Desai (2005), Hinduism in Thai Life, Popular Prakashan, {{ISBN|978-81-7154-189-8}}, pages 86–107, 121–123</ref>

In Valmiki Ramayana, Sita is repeatedly expressed as the manifestation of Lakshmi, as the one who blesses abundance in agriculture, food, and wealth. She is referred to golden goddess, wherein after Rama (Vishnu) is bereaved of her, he refuses to marry again, insists that he is married solely and forever to her, and uses a golden image of Sita as a substitute in the performance of his duties as a king.<ref name=shimkhanda212/>{{rp|63}} Sita, in many Hindu mythology, is the ''Devi'' associated with agriculture, fertility, food and wealth for the continuation of humanity.<ref name=shimkhanda212/>{{rp|58, 64}}

===Radha===
{{main|Radha}}
[[File:Prema Mandir 5.jpg|thumb|[[Krishna]] serving goddess [[Radha]]]]
[[Radha]] means "prosperity, success, and lightning." She is the female counterpart and consort of [[Krishna]]. She is also considered as the internal potency of Krishna. In [[Puranic]] literature such as the ''[[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]]'', she is known as the Goddess of love and is also described as the "[[Prakṛti|Prakriti]]" along with goddess Lakshmi, Parvati, Saraswati and Gayatri. She has figured prominently in the poems of [[Vidyapati]] (1352–1448) as a cosmic queen and later became inspiration behind many forms of art, literature, music and dance. She is also seen as the incarnation of [[Lakshmi]].{{Sfn|Chandra|1998|p=259}} Some traditions worship Radha as the lover consort of Krishna while many other traditions worship Radha as the married consort of Lord Krishna.

Radha was made famous through [[Jayadeva]]'s ''[[Gitagovinda]]'' poem which was written in 12th century. It is a lyrical drama, a "mystical erotic poem" which describes the love of [[Krishna]] and [[Radha]].{{Sfn|Klostermaier|2010|p=290}} Some other texts which mentioned Radha are – [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]], [[Padma Purana]], [[Skanda Purana]], [[Devi-Bhagavata Purana|Devi Bhagvata Purana]], [[Matsya Purana]], [[Pancharatra|Narada Pancharatra]], [[Brahma Samhita]], [[Shiva Purana]] and [[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]].

Radha was born in [[Barsana]] and every year, her birthday is celebrated as "[[Radhashtami]]". She is described by scriptures as the chief of [[gopi]]s. She is also revered as the queen of [[Barsana]], [[Vrindavan]] and her spiritual abode [[Goloka]].{{Sfn|Narayan|p=517}} Her love affair with Krishna was set in [[Vraja]] and its surrounding forests. It is said that "''Krishna enchants the world but Radha can even enchant Krishna due to her selfless love and complete dedication towards him''".

Radha has always been a part of the [[bhakti movement]] symbolising "yearning of human soul drawn to Krishna". In [[South India]], she is considered as [[Bhumidevi]].{{Sfn|Chandra|1998|p=259-60}}

Though goddess Radha has more than thousand names but some of her common names used by devotees are – ''Radhika, Radhe, Radharani, Madhavi, Keshavi, Shyama, Kishori, Shreeji, Swamini ji'' (in [[Pushtimarg]])'', Raseshwari, Vrindavaneshwari'' and ''Laadli ji.''

===Mahadevi===
{{main|Mahadevi}}
In the sixth century when [[Devi Mahatmya]] came into practice the name Devi (goddess) or Mahadevi (Great Goddess) came into prominence to represent one female goddess to encompass the discrete goddesses like Parvati and so forth.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1987|p=132}} In the Hindu mythology, Devi and Deva are usually paired, complement and go together, typically shown as equal but sometimes the Devi is shown smaller or in the subordinate role.<ref name=jansen127/> Some goddesses, however, play an independent role in Hindu pantheon, and are revered as Supreme without any male god(s) present or with males in subordinate position.<ref name=jansen127/> Mahadevi, as mother goddess, is an example of the later, where she subsumes all goddesses, becomes the ultimate goddess, and is sometimes just called Devi.<ref name=jansen127/>

Theological texts projected Mahadevi as ultimate reality in the universe as a "powerful, creative, active, transcendent female being."<ref name=pintchman1/> The Puranas and Tantra literature of India celebrates this idea, particularly between the 12th–16th century, and the best example of such texts being the various manuscript versions of [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] with the embedded [[Devi Gita]] therein.<ref name=jansen127>Eva Rudy Jansen, The Book of Hindu Imagery: Gods, Manifestations and Their Meaning, Holland: Binkey Kok, {{ISBN|978-90-74597-07-4}}, pages 127–128</ref><ref name=pintchman1>Tracy Pintchman (2001), Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-5008-6}}, pages 1–12, 19–32, 191–192</ref>{{sfn|Brown|1998}}

Devi Bhagavata Purana gives prime position to Mahadevi as the mother of all-encompassing the three worlds and gives her the position of being all of universe – the material and the spiritual.{{Sfn|Kinsley|1987|p=133}} In the Upanishadic text [[Devi Upanishad]], a Sakta Upanishad and an important Tantric text probably composed sometime between the ninth and fourteenth centuries the Goddess is addressed in the most general and universal of terms, as Mahadevi, and represents all goddesses as different manifestations of her.{{Sfn|Brown|1998|p=25–26}} The [[Lalita Sahasranama]] (Thousand names of [[Tripura Sundari|Lalita]] ([[Parvati]]) states that Mahadevi is known by different synonyms such as ''Jagatikanda'' (anchors the world), ''Vishvadhika'' (one who surpasses the universe), ''Nirupama'' (one who has no match), ''Parameshwari'' (dominant governor), ''Vyapini'' (encompasses everything), ''Aprameya'' (immeasurable), ''Anekakotibrahmadajanani'' (creator of many universes), ''Vishvagarbha'' (she whose [[Garba (dance)|Garba]] or womb subsumes the universe), ''Sarvadhara'' (helps all), ''Sarvaga'' (being everywhere at the same time, ''Sarvalokesi'' (governs all worlds) and ''Vishavdaharini'' one who functions for the whole universe).{{Sfn|Kinsley|1987|p=133}}

The Mahadevi goddess has many aspects to her personality. She focuses on that side of her that suits her objectives, but unlike male Hindu deities, her powers and knowledge work in concert in a multifunctional manner.<ref name=tracypintchman25>Tracy Pintchman (2001), Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-5008-6}}, pages 25, 35 note 8</ref> The ten aspects of her, also called [[Mahavidya]]s (or great forms of her knowledge) are forms of [[Parvati]] and they are: [[Kali]], [[Tara (Devi)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Bhuvanesvari]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]] and [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]].

===Tantra and Devis===
{{main|Tantra}}
[[File:Tripura-bhairavi yantra color.jpg|thumb|[[Yantra]] are used as icons for Devi in Tantra; above is Tripura-Bhairavi yantra]]
Tantric literature such as [[Soundarya Lahari]] meaning "Flood of Beauty", credited to [[Adi Shankaracharya]] a shakta or tantric poem, is dedicated to the Supreme Deity of the sect, [[Parvati]] who is considered much superior to Shiva. It celebrates Parvati and her feminine persona. It is an approach to the tantra through Parvati.<ref name=Edgerton>{{Cite journal|last=Edgerton |first=Franklin|title=Reviewed Work: The Saundaryalahari or Flood of Beauty. by W. Norman Brown|jstor=2941628}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Clooney|first=S.J.|author2=Francis, X.|title=Encountering The (Divine) Mother In Hindu And Christian Hymns|journal=Religion & the Arts|date=1 Mar 2008|volume=12|series=1–3|issue=1–3 |pages=230–243|doi=10.1163/156852908X271042}}</ref>

In Shakti Tantra traditions, Devis are visualized with yantra and are a tool for spiritual journey for the tantric adept.<ref name=hawleywulff/> The adepts ritually construct triangle yantras with proper use of visualization, movement, and mantra. The adepts believe, state John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff, that "to establish such yantra is to place the macrocosm within oneself", and doing so can yield temporal benefits, spiritual powers or enlightenment.<ref name=hawleywulff>John Stratton Hawley and Donna Marie Wulff (1998), Devi: Goddesses of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1491-2}}, pages 64–67</ref>

A tantric text titled "Vigyan Bhairav Tantra", 'Vigyan' meaning "consciousness" is a conversation between Shiva and [[Parvati]] rendered in 112 verses, elaborates on "wisdom and insight of pure consciousness."{{Sfn|Red|2015|p=135}}

Devi [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] is the worship of Parvati which is observed through four forms of Devi Yantra; the first is Tara that exists in the realm of the fourth [[chakra]] representing the spiritual heart; Saraswati emanates in the first chakra; Lakshmi forms the second chakra; and Parvati is at the heart of the third chakra and completes the chakra. Worship through this Yantra leads to the realization of "cosmic energy" within oneself.{{Sfn|Stiles|2011|p=116}}

====Matrikas====
{{main|Matrikas}}
Matrikas, that is, the mothers, are seven or eight female divinities, which are depicted as a group. They are [[Brahmani (Matrika)|Brahmani]], [[Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)|Vaishnavi]], [[Maheshvari]], Indrani, Kaumari, [[Varahi]] and [[Chamundi]] or Narasimhi.<ref name=kinsley/>{{rp|151–152}} The Matrikas are an important concept in Tantric traditions.<ref>MB Wangu (2003), Images of Indian Goddesses, Abhinav Publications, {{ISBN|81-7017-416-3}}, page 41</ref> They are described in the [[Isaanasivagurudevapaddhati]] as creations to facilitate Shiva's confrontation with his adversary [[Andhakasura]]. All the Matrikas are depicted in a sitting position, [[Lalitasana]], and bedecked with heavy jewellery.<ref name=Sapta>{{Cite web|url=http://museums.ap.nic.in/sapta.html |title=Sapta Matrikas (12th C AD) |access-date=31 October 2015 |publisher=National Information Centre |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701121832/http://museums.ap.nic.in/sapta.html |archive-date=1 July 2007 }}</ref>

Scholars state that the concept of Matrikas as powerful goddesses emerged in the early 1st millennium AD, and possibly much earlier.<ref>Chakravati, Dhilp (2001). ''Archaeology and World Religion'' (Editor: Timothy Insoll), Routledge, {{ISBN|0-415-22154-4}}, pp. 42–44.</ref><ref>Tiwari, Jagdish Narain (1971). [https://digitalcollections.anu.edu.au/handle/1885/11226 Studies in Goddess Cults in Northern India, with Reference to the First Seven Centuries AD], Ph.D. thesis awarded by Australian National University, pp. 215–244.</ref>

The idea of eight mother goddesses together is found in Himalayan Shaivism, while the idea of seven divine mothers (Sapta Matrika) is more common in South India.<ref>Bert van den Hoek (1993) "Kathmandu as a sacrificial arena." ''Urban Symbolism.'' (Editor: Peter Nas), BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-09855-0}}, pp. 361–362</ref>
{{wide image|The Seven Mother Goddesses (Matrikas) Flanked by Shiva (left) and Ganesha (right).jpg|700px|The Devi Matrikas (flanked by Shiva and Ganesha), representing various Shakti aspects, from 9th-century [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}'''Navadurgas'''

{{main|Navadurga}}
[[Navadurga]]s, the nine forms of Durgas, are some of the most important manifestations of Devi. The nine forms of Devi are majorly worshipped during [[Navaratri]]. They are:
* [[Shailaputri]], daughter of the mountain
* [[Brahmacharini]], who does penance
* [[Chandraghanta]], who has a bell-shaped moon on her head
* [[Kushmanda]], who formed the 'Anda-universe' with the warmth of her smile
* [[Skandamata]], mother of Skanda-Kartikeya
* [[Katyayani]], daughter of the sage Katya
* [[Kalaratri]], who engulfs space and time
* [[Mahagauri]], who has a bright complexion
* [[Siddhidhatri]], who grants the eight [[Siddhis]], namely Anima, Mahima, Garima, Laghima, Prapti, Prakamya, Isitva and Vashitva

These deities are worshipped during [[Sharad Navaratri]] and [[Chaitra Navaratri]]. In [[West Bengal]], Navaratri is called [[Durga Puja]].

In [[Devi Kavacham]], it is said that those who remember these goddesses will attain success in life and will have the ability to withstand enemies and even fire.
According to traditions and Hindu scriptures, Navadurga has different forms. The [[Agni Purana]] lists them as Rudrachanda, Prachanda, Chandogra, Chandanayika, Chanda, Chandavati, Chandarupa, Atichandika, and Ugrachanda.

==See also==
*[[Deva (Hinduism)]]
*[[Shaktism]]
*[[Shakti Pitha]]
*[[Saundarya Lahari]]
*[[Shakti]]
*[[Mahadevi]] - supreme goddess in Hinduism
*[[Prakṛti]] – Nature in Hinduism
*[[Shakti Pitha]] – Shrines in Shaktism, goddess-focused Hinduism
*[[Tridevi]] – Trinity of chief goddesses in Hinduism
*[[Durga]]
*[[Saraswati]]
*[[Lakshmi]]
*Kankeshwari

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite book|first=Aiyangar|last= Narayan|title=Essays On Indo-Aryan Mythology-Vol.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oym17qIeB-0C&pg=PA517|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0140-6}}
*{{cite book|last= Apte |first=Vaman Shivaram |title=The Student's Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Containing Appendices on Sanskrit Prosody and Important Literary and Geographical Names in the Ancient History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ArxvCxV1l4C&pg=PA73|year=1970|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0045-8}}
*{{cite book|last= Brown |first=Cheever Mackenzie |title=The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=28CIEnZCcqMC&pg=PA77|year=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1069|date=18 April 2014|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9}}
*{{cite book|last= Kinsley|first=David |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesvi0000kins|url-access= registration|date=19 July 1988|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-90883-3}}
*{{cite book|last= Manners |first=David Charles |title=Limitless Sky|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFrOAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA256|date=5 June 2014|publisher=Ebury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4735-0167-6}}
*{{cite book|last= McDaniel |first=June |title=Offering Flowers, Feeding Skulls : Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal: Popular Goddess Worship in West Bengal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=caeJpIj9SdkC&pg=PA90|date=9 July 2004|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-534713-5}}
*{{cite book|last= Mahadevan |first=T. M. P. |title=Upaniṣads: Selections from 108 Upaniṣads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yluXuM5NuUIC&pg=PA239|year=1975|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1611-4}}
*{{cite book|last= Nair |first=Shantha N. |title=Echoes of Ancient Indian Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OzFvE0IR7rkC&pg=PT581|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Pustak Mahal|isbn=978-81-223-1020-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Kinsley |first=David |title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC|year=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0394-7}}
*{{cite book|last= Klostermaier|first=Klaus K.|title=Survey of Hinduism, A: Third Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CVviRghVtIC&pg=PA620|date=10 March 2010|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3}}
*{{cite book|last= Red |first=Sam |title=Looking for Tantra: Living the tantric dream|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eL3HCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA135|date=16 September 2015|publisher=New Generation Publishing|isbn=978-1-78507-505-6}}
*{{cite book|last= Stiles |first=Mukunda |title=Tantra Yoga Secrets: Eighteen Transformational Lessons to Serenity, Radiance, and Bliss|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzASTU6y0a0C&pg=PA116|date=1 August 2011|publisher=Weiser Books|isbn=978-1-60925-362-2}}
*{{cite book|first=Suresh|last= Chandra|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindu Gods and Goddesses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mfTE6kpz6XEC&pg=PA198|date=1 January 1998|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-039-9}}
*{{cite book| last=Pintchman|first= Tracy|year =1994| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=XK7-r4hlcRYC| title= The Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition|publisher= SUNY Press, New York|isbn= 0-7914-2112-0}}
* Wangu, Madhu Bazaz (2003). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3SScwifhldQC Images of Indian Goddesses: Myths, Meanings, and Models]''. Abhinav Publications, New Delhi, India. {{ISBN|81-7017-416-3}}.
* Hawley & Wulff (1996), [https://web.archive.org/web/20161021185817/http://shop.rubinmuseum.org/browse/devi-goddesses-of-india/ Devi: Goddesses of India], University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0-520-20058-6}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Hindu goddesses}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20001205155300/http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/index.htm Devi: The Great Goddess, An Exhibit] [[Smithsonian]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151220204535/http://www.asia.si.edu/devi/whoisdevi.htm Devi: Manifestations and Aspects], The Arthur M. Sackler Gallery and Freer Gallery of Art
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/index.htm Shrimad Devi Bhagavatam ] Translation by Swami Vijñanananda
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210124233952/http://piereligion.org/devi.html Devi, a Proto-Indo-European Goddess]}}

{{HinduMythology|state=collapsed}}
{{Hindudharma}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu goddesses| ]]
[[Category:Mother goddesses]]
[[Category:Names of God in Hinduism]]

Lal Dighi, Kolkata

2026-02-12T09:06:19Z

BennyHubbs95:

{{Short description|Artificial reservoir in Kolkata, India}}
{{Other uses|Lal Dighi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}

{{Infobox Lake
| name = Lal Dighi
| other_name = Tank Square or Dalhousie Square
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|18.5|N|88|20|57.4|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Kolkata]]
| depth = {{convert|6|m|ft}}
| area = {{convert|25|acre|ha}}
| image = File:Lal Dighi Pano.jpg
| etymology = Resemblance of a red pond during [[Holi]]
}}
'''Lal Dighi,''' also called the '''Tank Square''' or '''Dalhousie Square''' ({{IPA|bn|lal diɡʱi|-}}) is a man-made [[Irrigation tank|water tank]] in Kolkata, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lal Dighi {{!}} Kolkata City Tours |url=https://www.kolkatacitytours.com/lal-dighi-bbd-bag-kolkata/,%20https://www.kolkatacitytours.com/lal-dighi-bbd-bag-kolkata/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The park was referred to as Lal Bagh or Lall Bagh, due to the name of the surrounding neighbourhood, when it was first established in the area. An anecdote can be found interlinked in the name of this thing.{{clarify|date=September 2023}} Because of the celebration of Holi, which resulted in the pond turning a red or crimson colour, the park became known as Lal Dighi. This name comes from the colour of the pond after the festival.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lal Dighi Kolkata (Timings, History, Entry Fee, Images, Built by & Information) - Kolkata Tourism 2022 |url=https://kolkatatourism.travel/lal-dighi-kolkata |access-date=2022-11-05 |website=kolkatatourism.travel |archive-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105163701/https://kolkatatourism.travel/lal-dighi-kolkata |url-status=live }}</ref> Another theory says that the pool appeared red due to the reflection of the red coloured old fort.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lal Dighi, Kolkata - main source of water in the early colonial days!! |url=http://www.navrangindia.in/2017/11/lal-dighi-kolkata-main-source-of-water.html |access-date=2023-03-16 |archive-date=16 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316044641/http://www.navrangindia.in/2017/11/lal-dighi-kolkata-main-source-of-water.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Structure and function ==

Lal Dighi acts as a reservoir to supply water in the [[B. B. D. Bagh|BBD Bagh]] complex.<ref name=":1" />

Lal Dighi is a {{Convert|25|acre|ha}} wide body of water in the area of BBD Bagh.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Lal Dighi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/kolkata/lal-dighi/ps48002257.cms |access-date=2022-11-12 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923214415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/kolkata/lal-dighi/ps48002257.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Some of the heritage buildings including Andrew's Church, [[Writers' Building]], [[Calcutta High Court|High Court]], [[General Post Office, Kolkata|General Post Office]] are situated nearby to the tank.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Incredible India {{!}} Lal Dighi |url=https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/kolkata/lal-dighi.html#:~:text=The%20British%20used%20to%20call,into%20red%20water%20in%20Bengali. |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.incredibleindia.org |archive-date=23 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923194109/https://www.incredibleindia.org/content/incredible-india-v2/en/destinations/kolkata/lal-dighi.html#:~:text=The%20British%20used%20to%20call,into%20red%20water%20in%20Bengali. |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Lal Dighi was also known as Tank Square or Dalhousie Square earlier.<ref name=":0" /> It was built before the British era.

== See also ==

* [[Tala tank]]

== References ==
<references />{{Kolkata topics}}

[[Category:Water tanks]]
[[Category:Kolkata]]

Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council

2026-02-12T04:55:03Z

BennyHubbs95:

{{About|2=the lower house|3=Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}{{Short description|Upper house of the bicameral legislature of the state of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council
| native_name = Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad
| native_name_lang =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res = 350
| house_type = Upper house
| body = Uttar Pradesh Legislature
| term_limits = 6 years
| leader1_type = [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]]
| leader1 = [[Anandiben Patel]]
| party1 =
| election1 = 29 July 2019
| leader2_type = [[List of chairpersons of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Chairperson]]
| leader2 = [[Kunwar Manvendra Singh]]
| party2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election2 = 31 January 2021
| leader3_type = Deputy Chair
| leader3 = ''Vacant''
| party3 =
| election3 =
| leader4_type = Leader of the House
| leader4 = [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]] {{small|([[List of deputy chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Deputy Chief Minister]])}}
| party4 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| election4 = 10 August 2022
| leader5_type = Deputy Leader of the House
| leader5 =
| party5 =
| election5 = 22 February 2023
| leader6_type = [[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council|Leader of Opposition]]
| leader6 = [[Lal Bihari Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Lal Bihari Yadav]]
| party6 = [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| election6 = 22 July 2024
| leader7_type = Deputy Leader of Opposition
| leader7 = [[Mohammad Jasmir Ansari]]
| party7 =[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| election7 =22 July 2024
| leader8_type = [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]]
| leader8 = Dr Rajesh Singh
| party8 = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| election8 =
| structure1 = {{Switcher|[[File:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council Structure in 2025.svg|300px]]|Party Wise|[[File:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Alliance structure 2025.svg|300px]]|Alliance Wise}}
| members = '''100''' (90 elected + 10 nominated)
| political_groups1 =
'''[[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Government]] (83)'''
:{{Color box|{{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}}} [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] (83)
:*{{Color box|#FF9933}} [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (79)
:*{{Color box|#3C0A7A}} [[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]] (1)
:*{{Color box|#B80000}} [[NISHAD Party|NISHAD]] (1)
:*{{Color box|#006400}} [[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]] (1)
:*{{Color box|#f5d50a}} [[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]] (1)

'''Official Opposition (10)'''
:{{Color box|#FF0000}} [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] (10)

'''[[Opposition (politics)|Other opposition]] (6)'''
:{{Color box|#FFFF00}} [[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|JD(L)]] (1)
:{{Color box|B2B2B2}} [[Independent politician|IND]] (5)
'''Vacant (1)'''
:{{Color box|FFFFFF}} Vacant (1)
| meeting_place = Vidhan Parishad Chamber, [[Vidhan Bhavan, Lucknow|Vidhan Bhavan]], Vidhan Sabha Marg, [[Lucknow]] - 226 001
| session_room = [[File:Vidhan Sabha (at day).jpg|300px]]
| last_election1 = 2024
| next_election1 = 2026
| website = {{Official Website|https://www.vidhanparishadproceedings.up.gov.in/|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council}}
}}

The '''Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council''', also known as '''Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad''', is the upper house of the [[bicameral]] legislature of [[Uttar Pradesh]], a state in [[India]]. Uttar Pradesh is one of the six states in India, where the state legislature is bicameral, comprising two houses: the [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) and the [[Vidhan Parishad]] (Legislative Council). The Legislative Council is a permanent house, consisting of 100 members.

==History==
The Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly came into existence by the Government of India Act of 1935. The Legislative Council consisted of 60 members. The term of a member of the Council was six years with one-third of its members retiring after every two years. The Houses enjoyed the right of electing their Presiding Officers known as the President. The first meeting of the Legislative Council was held on 29 July 1937. Sir Sitaram and Begum Aijaz Rasul were elected the President and the Vice-President of the Legislative Council respectively. Sir Sitaram was in office until 9 March 1949. Chandra Bhal became the next Chairman on 10 March 1949.

After the independence and adoption of the [[Constitution of India|constitution]] on 26 January 1950 Chandra Bhal was re-elected the Chairman of the Legislative Council and served until 5 May 1958. Sri Nizamuddin was elected the Deputy Chairman of the Council on 27 May 1952. He served until 1964.

==Nominations and election==
When, under the provisions of the [[Government of India Act 1935]], the Legislative Council came into existence in the [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], it comprised 60 members. On 26 January 1950, the total membership of the Vidhan Parishad (legislative council) of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state was increased from 60 to 72. With the Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act 1956, the strength of the Council was enhanced to 108. After the reorganization of Uttar Pradesh state in November 2000 and the creation of [[Uttarakhand]] state, this strength has now reduced to 100.

=== Composition of Legislative Council ===
The present composition of the Vidhan Parishad is as follows:
Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council) has 100 members (MLC).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://up.gov.in/en/page/constitutional-setup#:~:text=Under%20the%20Constitution%20of%20India,Vidhan%20Parishad%20having%20100%20members|title=Constitutional Setup|work=Government of UP|access-date=28 April 2023|archive-date=12 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230412222224/https://up.gov.in/en/page/constitutional-setup#:~:text=Under%20the%20Constitution%20of%20India,Vidhan%20Parishad%20having%20100%20members|url-status=live}}</ref>

* 38 members are elected by the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] members (MLA).
* 36 members are elected by local authorities.
* 8 members are elected by graduates.
* 8 members are elected by teachers.
* 10 members are nominated by the [[List of governors of Uttar Pradesh|Governor of Uttar Pradesh]].

===Party composition===
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Alliance
! colspan="2" |Party
!No. of MLCs
!Leader of the party in Council
|-
| rowspan="5" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |'''[[National Democratic Alliance|N.D.A]]''' Seats: '''83'''
| style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|79
|[[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Apna Dal (Sonelal)}}" |
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]]
|1
|[[Ashish Singh Patel]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|NISHAD Party}}" |
|[[NISHAD Party|NISHAD]]
|1
|[[Sanjay Nishad]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|1
|[[Yogesh Choudhary]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]]
|1
|[[Vichhelal Rajbhar]]
|-
| rowspan="1" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="1" |'''[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|I.N.D.I.A]]''' Seats: '''10'''
| style="background:{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|10
|[[Lal Bihari Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Lal Bihari Yadav]]
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
| rowspan="2" |'''Others''' Seats: '''6'''
| style="background:{{party color|Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)}}" |
|[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|JSD(L)]]
|1
|[[Akshay Pratap Singh]]
|-
| style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|5
|—
|-
|colspan=4|'''Vacant'''
| colspan="2" |1
|-
! colspan="4" |Total number of MLCs
! colspan="2" |100
|}

== Term ==
Members are now elected or nominated for six years and one-third of them retire on the expiration of every second year, so a member continues as such for six years. The vacant seats are filled up by fresh elections and nominations (by Governor) at the beginning of every third year. The retiring members are also eligible for re-election and re-nomination any number of times. The Presiding Officers of Vidhan Parishad are Chairman and Deputy Chairman. [[Kunwar Manvendra Singh]] is the current Chairman of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council.

==Constituencies and members (100)==
''See [[List of members of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]''

The following are the constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Vidhan Parishad:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/delup.htm|title=The Delimitation of Council Constituencies (Uttar Pradesh) Order, 1951|publisher=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India|access-date=2009-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619084058/http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/delup.htm|archive-date=2009-06-19|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Elected by Legislative Assembly (38) ===
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (28)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]] (7)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#3C0A7A|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]] (1)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#006400|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]] (1)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#f5d50a|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:200px" |Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! Term start
! Term end
|-
|1
|[[Vijay Bahadur Pathak]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
|2
|[[Mahendra Kumar Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
|3
|[[Ashok Katariya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
|4
|[[Santosh Singh (politician)|Santosh Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
|5
|[[Dharmendra Singh (politician)|Dharmendra Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
|6
|[[Ram Tirath Singhal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
|7
|[[Mohit Beniwal]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
| 8
| [[Keshav Prasad Maurya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 9
| [[Bhupendra Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 10
| [[Daya Shankar Mishra]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 11
| [[Jayendra Pratap Singh Rathore]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 12
| [[Jaswant Singh Saini]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 13
| [[Danish Azad Ansari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 14
| [[Narendra Kumar Kashyap|Narendra Kashyap]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 15
| [[Manvendra Singh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 29-May-2023
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 16
| [[Mukesh Sharma (Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council member)|Mukesh Sharma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 17
|[[Bahoran Lal Maurya]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 06-Jul-2024
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 18
| [[Swatantra Dev Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 31-Jan-2021
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 19
| [[A. K. Sharma]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 31-Jan-2021
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 20
|[[Kunwar Manvendra Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 31-Jan-2021
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 21
|[[Govind Narayan Shukla]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 31-Jan-2021
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 22
|[[Salil Vishnoi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 31-Jan-2021
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 23
|[[Ashwani Tyagi]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 31-Jan-2021
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 24
|[[Dharmveer Prajapati]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 31-Jan-2021
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 25
|Surendra Choudhary
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 31-Jan-2021
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 26
| [[Dharmendra Singh Senthwar|Dharmendra Senthwar]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 11-Aug-2022
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 27
| [[Padamsen Chaudhary|Padmasen Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 29-May-2023
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 28
| [[Dara Singh Chauhan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 23-Jan-2024
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
|29
|[[Balram Yadav]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
|30
|[[Shah Alam (Indian politician)|Shah Alam]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
|31
|Kiranpal Kashyap
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
| 32
| Mukul Yadav
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 33
| [[Mohammad Jasmir Ansari]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 34
| [[Shahnawaz Khan (Indian politician)|Shahnawaz Khan]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 06-Jul-2022
| 05-Jul-2028
|-
| 35
|[[Rajendra Chaudhary (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Rajendra Chaudhary]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 31-Jan-2021
| 30-Jan-2027
|-
| 36
| [[Ashish Singh Patel|Ashish Patel]]
| bgcolor="#3C0A7A" |
| [[Apna Dal (Soneylal)|ADS]]
| 06-May-2024
| 05-May-2030
|-
|37
|[[Yogesh Choudhary]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|-
|38
|[[Vichhelal Rajbhar]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]]
|06-May-2024
|05-May-2030
|}

===Elected by local authority constituencies (36)===
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (33)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#DDDDDD|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (2)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FFFF00|[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|JSD(L)]] (1)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! Constituency
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Term start
! Term end
|-
| 1
| [[Raebareli district|Raebareli]]
|[[Dinesh Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 2
| [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]]
| Brijesh Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 3
| [[Muzaffarnagar district|Muzaffarnagar]]- [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
|Vandana Verma
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 4
| [[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]–[[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
|[[Satyapal Singh Saini|Satyapal Saini]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 5
| [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]]–[[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
| Kunwar Maharaj Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 6
| [[Pilibhit district|Pilibhit]]–[[Shahjahanpur district|Shahjahanpur]]
| Sudhir Gupta
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 7
| [[Hardoi district|Hardoi]]
|Ashok Agrawal
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 8
| [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur–Kheri]]
|Anoop Kumar Gupta
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 9
| [[Sitapur district|Sitapur]]
| [[Pawan Singh Chauhan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 10
| [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]–[[Unnao district|Unnao]]
|[[Ram Chandra Singh Pradhan|Ram Chandra Pradhan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 11
| [[Pratapgarh district, Uttar Pradesh|Pratapgarh]]
|[[Akshay Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)}}" |
|[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|JSD(L)]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 12
| [[Sultanpur district|Sultanpur]]
| [[Shailendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 13
| [[Barabanki district|Barabanki]]
| [[Angad Singh (BJP politician)|Angad Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 14
| [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
| Pragya Tripathi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 15
| [[Gonda district|Gonda]]
| [[Awadhesh Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 16
| [[Faizabad district|Faizabad]]
|[[Hari Om Pandey|Hariom Pandey]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 17
| [[Basti district|Basti]]–[[Siddharthnagar district|Siddharth Nagar]]
|Subhash Yaduvansh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 18
| [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]–[[Maharajganj district|Maharajganj]]
|C. P. Chand
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 19
| [[Deoria district|Deoria]]
|Ratanpal Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 20
| [[Azamgarh district|Azamgarh]]–[[Mau, Uttar Pradesh|Mau]]
|Vikrant Singh "Rishu"
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 21
| [[Ballia district|Ballia]]
|Ravishanker Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 22
| [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]]–[[Sonbhadra district|Sonbhadra]]
|Shyam Narayan Singh Alias Vineet Singh
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 23
| [[Allahabad district|Allahabad]]
| K. P. Srivastav
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 24
| [[Banda, Uttar Pradesh|Banda]]–[[Hamirpur district, Uttar Pradesh|Hamirpur]]
|Jitendra Singh Sengar
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 25
| [[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]–[[Jalaun district|Jalaun]]–[[Lalitpur district, India|Lalitpur]]
|Rama Niranjan
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 26
| [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur]]–[[Fatehpur district|Fatehpur]]
| [[Avinash Singh Chauhan]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 27
| [[Etawah district|Etawah]]–[[Farrukhabad district|Farrukhabad]]
| [[Pranshu Dutt Dwivedi]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 28
| [[Agra]]–[[Firozabad district|Firozabad]]
| Vijay Shivhare
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 29
| rowspan="2" | [[Mathura district|Mathura]]–[[Etah district|Etah]]–[[Mainpuri district|Mainpuri]]
|[[Ashish Kumar Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 30
|[[Om Prakash Singh (politician)|Om Prakash Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 31
| [[Aligarh district|Aligarh]]-[[Hathras district|Hathras]]
|[[Chaudhary Rishipal Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 32
| [[Bulandshahr district|Bulandshahar]]-[[Noida]]
|[[Narendra Bhati]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 33
| [[Meerut district|Meerut]]–[[Ghaziabad district, Uttar Pradesh|Ghaziabad]]
|[[Dharmendra Bhardwaj]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 34
| [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
|[[Vishal Singh Chanchal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 35
| [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
|[[Annapurna Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|-
| 36
| [[Budaun district|Badaun]]
|Vagish Pathak
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|12-Apr-2022
|11-Apr-2028
|}

===Elected from Graduate Constituencies (8)===
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (6)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]] (2)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! Constituency
! style="width:200px" |Member
! colspan="2"| Party
! Term start
! Term end
|-
| 1
| [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]–[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
| [[Jai Pal Singh (politician)|Jai Pal Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 13-Feb-2023
| 12-Feb-2029
|-
| 2
| [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]–[[Faizabad district|Faizabad]]
| [[Devendra Pratap Singh (UP politician, born 1954)|Devendra Pratap Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 13-Feb-2023
| 12-Feb-2029
|-
| 3
| [[Kanpur Graduates constituency|Kanpur]]
| [[Arun Pathak (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Arun Pathak]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 13-Feb-2023
| 12-Feb-2029
|-
| 4
| [[Agra Graduates constituency|Agra]]
| [[Manvendra Pratap Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|-
| 5
| [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
|Dinesh Kumar Goel
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|-
| 6
| [[Lucknow Graduates constituency|Lucknow]]
| [[Awanish Kumar Singh]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|-
| 7
| [[Varanasi Graduates constituency|Varanasi]]
| Ashutosh Sinha
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|-
| 8
| [[Allahabad–Jhansi Graduates constituency|Allahabad–Jhansi]]
| Man Singh Yadav
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|}

===Elected from Teacher Constituencies (8)===
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (4)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#DDDDDD|[[Independent politician|Independent]] (3)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FF0000|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #000000}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! #
! Constituency
! style="width:200px" |Member
! colspan="2"| Party
! Term start
! Term end
|-
| 1
| [[Kanpur Teachers constituency|Kanpur]]
| [[Raj Bahadur Singh Chandel]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 13-Feb-2023
| 12-Feb-2029
|-
| 2
| [[Allahabad district|Allahabad]]–[[Jhansi district|Jhansi]]
| Babu Lal Tiwari
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 13-Feb-2023
| 12-Feb-2029
|-
| 3
| [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]–[[Moradabad district|Moradabad]]
|Hari Singh Dhillon
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|-
| 4
| [[Lucknow district|Lucknow]]
| Umesh Dwivedi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|-
| 5
| [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| [[Lal Bihari Yadav (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Lal Bihari Yadav]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|-
| 6
| [[Meerut Teachers constituency|Meerut]]
|Shri Chand Sharma
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|-
| 7
| [[Agra]]
| Akash Agarwal
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|-
| 8
| [[Gorakhpur district|Gorakhpur]]–[[Faizabad district|Faizabad]]
| Dhruv Kumar Tripathi
|bgcolor="{{party color|Independent}}" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 01-Dec-2020
| 30-Nov-2026
|}

===Nominated by Governor (10)===
'''Keys:'''
{{legend2|#FF9933|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] (8)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#B80000|[[NISHAD Party|NP]] (1)|border=solid 1px #000000}}
{{legend2|#FFFFFF|Vacant (1)|border=solid 1px #000000}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! #
! style="width:200px" |Member
! colspan="2" | Party
! Term start
! Term end
|-
|1
|[[Rajnikant Maheshwari]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2023
|02-Apr-2029
|-
|2
|[[Saket Misra]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2023
|02-Apr-2029
|-
|3
|Ram Surat Rajbhar
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2023
|02-Apr-2029
|-
|4
|Hans Raj Vishwakarma
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2023
|02-Apr-2029
|-
|5
|[[Tariq Mansoor]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2023
|02-Apr-2029
|-
|6
|[[Lalaji Prasad Nirmal]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|03-Apr-2023
|02-Apr-2029
|-
| 7
|[[Gopal Anjan Bhurji]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 01-Oct 2021
| 30-Sep-2027
|-
| 8
|[[Choudhary Virender Singh]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 01-Oct 2021
| 30-Sep-2027
|-
| 9
|[[Sanjay Nishad]]
| bgcolor="#B80000" |
| [[NISHAD Party|NP]]
| 01-Oct 2021
| 30-Sep-2027
|-
| 10
|Colspan=4|'''Vacant since 08-Jun-2024'''
| 30-Sep-2027
|}

==See also==
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Leader of the Opposition in the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* https://up.gov.in/en/page/constitutional-setup#:~:text=Under%20the%20Constitution%20of%20India,Vidhan%20Parishad%20having%20100%20members

==External links==
*[http://www.up.gov.in/ Government of Uttar Pradesh official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016202636/http://www.up.gov.in/ |date=16 October 2018 }}

{{Legislatures of India}}

[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council| ]]
[[Category:1935 establishments in India]]
[[Category:State upper houses in India]]

Gurdev Singh Rupana

2026-02-11T23:40:51Z

BennyHubbs95: starting first bio initial version.

{{Short description|Indian Writer}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Gurdev Singh Rupana
| image =Gurdev_Rupana.JPG
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{ birth date |df=y|1936|4|13}}
| birth_place = [[Rupana]], [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district|Sri Muktsar Sahib]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2021|12|5|1936|4|13}}
| death_place = Rupana, Sri Muktsar Sahib, Punjab
| occupation = author
| language = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| period = ਭਾਰਤ ਦੀ ਆਜ਼ਾਦੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ - 2021
| genre = ਕਹਾਣੀ
| subject = ਸਮਾਜਕ
| movement = ਸਮਾਜਵਾਦ
| notableworks =
}}
'''Gurdev Singh Rupana''' (13 April 1936 - 5 December 2021) was a Punjabi short story writer. He won the [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Punjabi|Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=..:: SAHITYA : Akademi Awards ::.. |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#PUNJABI |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref> and was a finalist for the [[The Dhahan Prize|Dhahan Prize]] in 2019 for his short story collection ''Aam Khaas''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2019 Winners Archives |url=https://dhahanprize.com/book-series/2019-winners/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=The Dhahan Prize For Punjabi Literature |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Rupana did his post-graduation studies in [[Punjabi literature]] from the [[Delhi University]]. He started his career as a schoolteacher in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-06 |title=Punjabi short-story writer Rupana dies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/punjabi-short-story-writer-rupana-dies-101638732944702.html |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He went on to do a PhD about the life and works of Punjabi poet [[Qadir Yar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 December 2021 |title=Master storyteller Gurdev Singh Rupana dies at 85 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/master-storyteller-rupana-dies-at-85-347241 |work=[[The Tribune]]}}</ref>

He died at the age of 85 in his native village, Rupana of [[Sri Muktsar Sahib district]]. He is survived by his wife Gurmail Kaur and two sons; Nempal Singh and Preetpal Singh Rupana.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Punjabi]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language writers]]

Samrat Rana

2026-02-05T06:43:30Z

BennyHubbs95: Data

{{Short description|Indian sport shooter (born 2005)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}

{{Infobox sportsperson
| birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|8 January 2005}}
| birth_place = [[Karnal]], [[Haryana]], India
| education = DAV College, Karnal
| sport = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| event = [[ISSF 10 meter air pistol|10 m air pistol]]
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[ISSF 10 meter air pistol|10 m air pistol shooting]]}}[[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|30px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Shooting Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2025 Cairo]]|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Pistol|Individual]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2025 Cairo]]|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Pistol|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2025 Cairo]]|[[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Pistol|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF World Cup#World Cup Final|World Cup Final]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 ISSF World Cup|2025 Doha]]|[[2025 ISSF World Cup#Pistol events|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Shooting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Mixed|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Men|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships|2026 New Delhi]]|[[2026 Asian Rifle/Pistol Championships#Men|Individual]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ISSF Junior World Championships|Junior World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Junior|2022 Cairo]]|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Junior|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Junior|2022 Cairo]]|[[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships#Junior|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FISU World University Championships|World University Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[FISU World University Championships|2024 New Delhi]]|[[FISU World University Championships|Team]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[FISU World University Championships|2024 New Delhi]]|[[FISU World University Championships|Mixed team]]}}
}}
'''Samrat Rana''' (born 8 January 2005) is an Indian [[Shooting sports|sport shooter]] who specializes in the [[ISSF 10 meter air pistol|10 m air pistol]] event. He won the 10 m air pistol gold at the [[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2025 World Championships]], becoming the third Indian world champion after [[Abhinav Bindra]] and [[Rudrankksh Patil]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=Abhinav Bindra, Rudrankksh Patil and now Samrat Rana: 20-year-old wins pistol gold at Shooting Worlds |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/samrat-rana-pistol-gold-shooting-worlds-bindra-rudrankksh-10357925/ |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Since 2018, Samrat has been coached by his father, Ashok Kumar Rana, and has trained without any formal professional setup.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-11-11 |title=‘I still can’t believe': Samrat Rana reacts after becoming India's first world champion in 10m air pistol |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/i-still-can-t-believe-samrat-rana-reacts-after-becoming-indias-first-world-champion-in-10m-air-pistol-101762827740533.html |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

At the [[2022 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2022 World Championships]], he won gold medals in both the 10 m air pistol team and mixed team events.

He claimed the 10 m air pistol team gold and the mixed team silver at the 2024 [[FISU World University Championships|World University Championships]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=11 November 2025 |title=Samrat Rana scripts golden chapter in Indian shooting history at ISSF Worlds |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/samrat-rana-scripts-golden-chapter-in-indian-shooting-history-at-issf-worlds-395889.html |access-date=11 November 2025 |website=MyKhel |language=en}}</ref>

At the [[2025 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2025 World Championships]], Samrat won the gold medal in the 10 m air pistol event.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-10 |title=Samrat crowned world champion in 10m air pistol |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/samrat-crowned-world-champion-in-10m-air-pistol/article70264417.ece |access-date=2025-11-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He was also part of the Indian team, alongside [[Varun Tomar]] and Shravan Kumar, that secured the team gold.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-10 |title=Samrat Rana becomes 10m air pistol world champion, Varun Tomar makes it double Indian podium: Indian Sports, Nov 10 |url=https://www.espn.in/espn/story/_/id/46905244/manu-bhaker-suruchi-singh-esha-singh-action-shooting-world-championships-asian-archery-cships-indian-sports-live-november-10 |access-date=2025-11-11 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> In addition, he won a silver medal in the mixed team event with [[Esha Singh]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ISSF |id=SHINDM0801200501}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rana, Samrat}}
[[Category:2005 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:People from Haryana]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Nainital Cantonment

2026-01-31T18:05:40Z

BennyHubbs95: further reworked layout per standard format additionally and corrected details based on references

#REDIRECT [[Nainital district]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Pushpa 2: The Rule (soundtrack)

2026-01-23T06:49:45Z

BennyHubbs95: done

{{Short description|2024 soundtrack album by Devi Sri Prasad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Pushpa 2: The Rule
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover = Pushpa 2- The Rule Soundtrack Album Cover.jpg
| border = yes
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = {{Start date|2024|12|5|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2023{{ndash}}2024
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=20|s=19}}
| language = [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title = [[Kanguva (soundtrack)|Kanguva]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title = [[Thandel (soundtrack)|Thandel]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|LNCdyyuDFCE|Official Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Pushpa 2: The Rule
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Pushpa Pushpa
| single1date = 1 May 2024
| single2 = Sooseki
| single2date = 29 May 2024
| single3 = [[Kissik]]
| single3date = 24 November 2024
| single4 = [[Peelings]]
| single4date = 1 December 2024
| single5 = Gango Renuka Thalli
| single5date = 5 December 2024
}}
}}

'''''Pushpa 2: The Rule''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]] to the 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] [[Pushpa 2: The Rule|of the same name]], directed by [[Sukumar]], starring [[Allu Arjun]], [[Rashmika Mandanna]] and [[Fahadh Faasil]]. The lyrics are written by [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=28 October 2023 |title=Music composer Devi Sri Prasad explains why fans will have a huge expectation for 'Pushpa 2' songs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/music-composer-devi-sri-prasad-explains-why-fans-will-have-a-huge-expectation-for-pushpa-2-songs/articleshow/104774017.cms |website=Times of India|date=28 October 2023 }}</ref>

== Production ==
The music sitting and discussions were started in [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] in August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=9 August 2022 |title='Pushpa 2' Music Sittings Started In Europe |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/188603/pushpa-2-music-sittings-started-in-europe |website=Gulte|date=9 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=11 August 2022 |title='Pushpa 2' Music Sittings Started In Europe |url=https://www.indiaherald.com/Movies/Read/994524492/Pushpa-Music-Sittings-Started-In-Europe |work=Indian Herald}}</ref> By September 2022, three songs were finalised.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 September 2022 |title=Devi Sri Prasad says work on Pushpa 2 music in full swing: 'We have almost finished three songs' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/devi-sri-prasad-says-work-on-pushpa-2-music-in-full-swing-8177253/ |website=The Indian Express|date=28 September 2022 }}</ref> By March 2023, two more songs were finalised including an item number.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=20 March 2023 |title=Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2: Sukumar and Devi Sri Prasad lock two new songs |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-sukumar-and-devi-sri-prasad-lock-two-new-songs/4d46b6a9cf561 |website=ottplay.com}}</ref> Initially, there were speculations about various actresses including [[Triptii Dimri]], [[Janhvi Kapoor]], [[Disha Patani]] and [[Shraddha Kapoor]], being considered for the item song.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 March 2022 |title=Disha Patani Set to Replace Samantha in Pushpa 2 Item Song After Rejecting Oo Antava? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/disha-patani-set-to-replace-samantha-in-pushpa-2-item-song-after-rejecting-oo-antava-4895405.html |website=News18|date=22 March 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 May 2024 |title=Janhvi Kapoor Or Tripti Dimri Likely To Feature in Special Song Of Pushpa 2 The Rule |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/janhvi-kapoor-or-tripti-dimri-likely-to-feature-in-special-song-of-pushpa-2-the-rule-article-110451971 |work=Times Now|date=27 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 October 2024 |title=Shraddha Kapoor to join Allu Arjun in special dance number in Pushpa 2: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shraddha-kapoor-allu-arjun-special-dance-number-pushpa-2-2620703-2024-10-21 |work=India Today|date=21 October 2024 }}</ref> However, these speculations turned out to be false as [[Sreeleela]] was later finalised for the item song.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 November 2024 |title=Guntur Kaaram actor Sreeleela, Allu Arjun to dance in a Pushpa 2 song: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/guntur-kaaram-actor-sreeleela-allu-arjun-to-dance-in-a-pushpa-2-song-report-2627391-2024-11-03 |work=India Today|date=3 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 November 2024|title=Sreeleela to groove with Allu Arjun in a peppy dance number in Pushpa 2: The Rule: Report |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/sreeleela-groove-allu-arjun-peppy-dance-number-pushpa-2-rule-report/ |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=4 November 2024 }}</ref>

Vijay Polaki and Shrashti Verma had choreographed the dance moves in the first song, "Pushpa Pushpa".<ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 May 2024 |title=Allu Arjun's Brand Power To The Fore! Pushpa Pushpa Song from Pushpa 2 The Rule Becomes The Fastest Song To Reach 50 Mn Views!|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/pushpa-pushpa-song-from-pushpa-2-the-rule-is-the-fastest-to-reach-50-million-views-article-109834632 |website=Times Now|date=4 May 2024 }}</ref> "Sooseki: The Couple Song" was sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and choreographed by [[Ganesh Acharya]].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=3 June 2024 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Ganesh Acharya Shares How He Created The Hook Steps For 'Pushpa 2'; Reveals Shoot Date Of The Film's Title Track |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/exclusive-ganesh-acharya-shares-how-he-created-the-hook-steps-for-pushpa-2-reveals-shoot-date-of-the-films-title-track/articleshow/110670127.cms |website=Times of India|date=3 June 2024 }}</ref> The special song, "[[Kissik]]" featuring Sreeleela and choreographed by Ganesh Acharya, was filmed in November 2024 in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2024 |title=Sreeleela Begins Shooting Special Song With Allu Arjun For Pushpa 2: The Rule |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/sreeleela-begins-shooting-special-song-with-allu-arjun-for-pushpa-2-the-rule-article-115047970 |work=Times Now|date=7 November 2024 }}</ref> Earlier [[Jani Master]] was roped in by the makers to choreograph the song, but was eventually removed due to sexual assault allegations.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 October 2024 |title=Rape-accused choreographer Jani Master dropped from Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2? Producer reveals THIS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/rape-accused-choreographer-jani-master-dropped-from-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-producer-reveals-this-1355427 |work=Pinkvilla|date=26 October 2024 }}</ref> A romantic song (Peelings) featuring Allu Arjun and Rashmika and choreographed by [[Sekhar (choreographer)|Sekhar]] was filmed in Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=27 November 2024 |title=Allu Arjun and Rashmika Mandanna changalpete wrap Pushpa 2 with last-minute song shoot in Hyderabad |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-wrap-pushpa-2-with-last-minute-song-shoot/5f82159d21572 |work=ottplay.com}}</ref> The song, "[[Peelings]]", featured Malayalam lyrics written by Siju Thuravoor and those lyrics were sung by Aparna Harikumar, Indu Sanath and Gayathry Rajeev. These lines in Malayalam was featured in all six languages.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=29 November 2024 |title=Malayalam hook in Pushpa 2's 'Peelings', Allu Arjun says it's for Malayali fans {{!}} WATCH |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pushpa-2-the-rule-peelings-song-1.10120010 |work=Mathrubhumi English|date=29 November 2024 }}</ref> The "Gango Renuka Thalli" song was based on the folk festival called [[Gangamma Jatara]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=13 November 2024 |title=All about Gangaama Jatara that inspired the most-talked-about scene in Pushpa 2 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/all-about-gangaama-jatara-that-inspired-the-most-talked-about-scene-in-pushpa-2-1837782 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=13 November 2024 }}</ref> The song featured the vocals of Devi Sri Prasad, S.P. Abhishek, Shenbagaraj, Saisharan, Narayanan Ravishankar, Sarath Santosh, Shridhar Ramesh, Govind Prasad, Renjith Unni, Aparna Harikumar, Abinaya Shenbagaraj, Sushmita Narasimhan, Pavithra Chari and Sherley Joy. It was also reported that the makers spent {{INR}}50–60 crore on the song along with the fight sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 February 2024 |title=Pushpa 2: Makers of Allu Arjun Starrer Shoot Mega Song and Fight Sequence, Spend Rs 50 Cr On It |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-makers-of-allu-arjun-starrer-shoot-mega-song-and-fight-sequence-spend-rs-50-cr-on-it-8797491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229073844/https://www.news18.com/movies/pushpa-2-makers-of-allu-arjun-starrer-shoot-mega-song-and-fight-sequence-spend-rs-50-cr-on-it-8797491.html |archive-date=29 February 2024 |access-date=29 February 2024 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2024 |title=Allu Arjun Starrer Pushpa 2 Spends Rs 60 Cr on a 6-Minute Scene; OTT Rights Sold at Rs 100 Cr: Report |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-spends-rs-60-cr-on-a-6-minute-scene-ott-rights-sold-at-rs-100-cr-report-8847691.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240411041906/https://www.news18.com/movies/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-spends-rs-60-cr-on-a-6-minute-scene-ott-rights-sold-at-rs-100-cr-report-8847691.html |archive-date=11 April 2024 |access-date=11 April 2024 |website=News18}}</ref>

The film also featured additional background score given by [[Sam C. S.]]<ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 December 2024 |title=Exclusive: Composer Sam CS opens up about his musical journey with 'Pushpa 2: The Rule' |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/telugu/exclusive-composer-sam-cs-opens-up-about-his-musical-journey-with-pushpa-2-the-rule/ |work=The South First|date=4 December 2024 }}</ref>

== Release ==
The music rights of the film were acquired by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] for ₹65 crore.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 May 2023 |title=Pushpa 2 Audio Rights Sold For Record Price, A New Feat In Indian Cinema |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pushpa-2-audio-rights-sold-for-record-price-a-new-feat-in-indian-cinema-7712443.html |work=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 October 2024 |title=Allu Arjun starrer Pushpa 2 satellite and music rights sold for Rs 425 crores; T Series secures music rights for Rs 65 crores |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2-satellite-music-rights-sold-rs-425-crores-t-series-secures-music-rights-rs-65-crores/ |work=Bollywood Hungama|date=22 October 2024 }}</ref>
On 1 May 2024, the first single titled "Pushpa Pushpa" was released in all the six languages.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=1 May 2024 |title='Pushpa Pushpa': Allu Arjun returns with his 'Thaggedhe Le' swag in first single from 'Pushpa 2' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pushpa-pushpa-allu-arjun-returns-with-the-thaggedhe-le-swag-in-first-single-from-pushpa-2-the-rule/article68128436.ece |website=The Hindu|date=May 2024 }}</ref> The song became the fastest to reach 50 million views.<ref>{{cite web |title='Pushpa Pushpa' song from Allu Arjun's Pushpa 2 garners 50 million views in 5 days |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/pushpa-pushpa-song-from-allu-arjuns-pushpa-2-garners-50-million-views-in-5-days |access-date=8 May 2024 |website=Filmi Companion|date=8 May 2024 }}</ref> The hook step from the first single became viral on the internet and social media.<ref>{{cite news |access-date=3 May 2024 |title=Pushpa 2: Allu Arjun's Daring 'Chai Step' From 'Pushpa Pushpa' Song Goes Viral On Social Media-WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-2-allu-arjuns-daring-chai-step-from-pushpa-pushpa-song-goes-viral-on-social-media-watch/articleshow/109822337.cms |website=Times of India|date=3 May 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 May 2024 |title=Allu Arjun's 'chai step' from Pushpa Pushpa track wins the internet |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/allu-arjuns-chai-step-from-pushpa-pushpa-track-wins-the-internet/cid/2017625 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> The second single titled "Sooseki" (in Telugu), "Angaaron" (in Hindi), "Soodaana" (in Tamil), "Kandaalo" (in Malayalam), "Nodoka" (in Kannada), and "Aaguner" (in Bengali) was released on 29 May 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=29 May 2024 |title='Sooseki' out. Allu Arjun-Rashmika's chemistry in 'Pushpa 2' song is wholesome |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/the-couple-song-sooseki-pushpa-2-song-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-chemistry-is-too-wholesome-2545117-2024-05-29 |website=India Today|date=29 May 2024 }}</ref> The third single titled "Kissik" was released on 24 November 2024 at the pre-release event in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web |access-date=22 November 2024 |title=Allu Arjun, Sreeleela's 'Kissik' Song In Pushpa 2 The Rule To Release In Chennai |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/allu-arjun-sreeleelas-kissik-song-in-pushpa-2-the-rule-to-release-in-chennai-article-115546559 |work=Times Now|date=22 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=24 November 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 song Kissik: Allu Arjun, Sreeleela turn into wildfires in this electrifying track |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/pushpa-2-song-kissik-allu-arjun-sreeleela-turn-into-wildfires-in-this-electrifying-track-9687632 |work=The Indian Express|date=24 November 2024 }}</ref> The song eventually became the most viewed South Indian song in 24 hours with 25 million views.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 November 2024 |title=Sensational: Pushpa 2's Kissik breaks record as the most-viewed South Indian song! |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/sensational-pushpa-2s-kissik-breaks-record-as-the-most-viewed-south-indian-song.html |work=123telugu.com|date=25 November 2024 }}</ref> The fourth single titled "[[Peelings]]" which was choreographed by Sekhar was released on 1 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=1 December 2024 |title=Peelings song from Pushpa 2 The Rule: Allu Arjun, Rashmika Mandanna show off massy moves. Watch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/peelings-song-from-pushpa-2-the-rule-allu-arjun-rashmika-mandanna-show-off-massy-moves-watch-101733056913782.html |work=Hindustan Times|date=December 2024 }}</ref><ref name="Pushpa 2 song ‘Peelings’ brings Nirmal's folk singer Laxmi Dasa into limelight">{{cite news |last1=Telangana Today |title=Pushpa 2 song 'Peelings' brings Nirmal's folk singer Laxmi Dasa into limelight |url=https://telanganatoday.com/pushpa-2-song-peelings-brings-nirmals-folk-singer-laxmi-dasa-into-limelight |access-date=6 December 2024 |date=6 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206155429/https://telanganatoday.com/pushpa-2-song-peelings-brings-nirmals-folk-singer-laxmi-dasa-into-limelight |archive-date=6 December 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The fifth song titled "Gango Renuka Thalli" (in Telugu), "Kaali Mahaa Kaali" (in Hindi), "Ganga Gangamma Thaaye" (in Tamil), "Kaali Karaali Devi" (in Malayalam), "Gange Renuka Thaaye" (in Kannada), and "Maa Je Re Shey Maa Kaali" (in Bengali) was released on 5 December 2024 along with the album.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=6 December 2024 |title='Gangamma Jathara' Song from 'Pushpa-2' Takes the Internet by Storm |url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/91201/gangamma-jathara-song-from-pushpa-2-takes-the-internet-by-storm |work=ap7am.com|date=6 December 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=LNCdyyuDFCE&t=1s |title=Pushpa 2 The Rule Telugu Audio Jukebox {{!}} Allu Arjun {{!}} Rashmika Mandanna {{!}} Sukumar {{!}} DSP |date=5 December 2024 |last= |publisher=T-Series |access-date=5 December 2024 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=5 December 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 The Rule [TELUGU] |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/19wxNqNBGMba438PzfG4xm?si=0Nvbi1mUQle--CMOf0gfKQ |website=[[Spotify]]}}</ref> The song "Dammunte Pattukora" was released on 24 December 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=24 December 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 song Dammunte Pattukora lyrics go viral amid Allu Arjun's legal woes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pushpa-2-song-dammunte-pattukora-viral-allu-arjun-legal-trouble-2654863-2024-12-24 |work=India Today|date=24 December 2024 }}</ref> However, after few hours the song was removed from YouTube amid the stampede case and also due to its controversial lyrics.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=26 December 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 The Rule song Dammunte Pattukora, in which Allu Arjun taunts police, removed from YouTube amid stampede case |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pushpa-2-the-rule-song-dammunte-pattukora-in-which-allu-arjun-taunts-police-removed-from-youtube-amid-stampede-case-101735205334570.html |work=Hindustan Times|date=26 December 2024 }}</ref> Later, the song was re-released on YouTube on 28 December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 December 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 The Rule song Dammunte Pattukora, which 'challenges' police, re-released after Allu Arjun's court appearance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/pushpa-2-the-rule-song-dammunte-pattukora-which-challenges-police-re-released-after-allu-arjuns-court-appearance-101735380209823.html |work=Hindustan Times|date=28 December 2024 }}</ref>

== Track listing ==
{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| all_writing = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]].
| total_length = 20:19
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pushpa Pushpa
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], Deepak Blue
| length1 = 4:16
| title4 = Sooseki
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = [[Kissik]]
| extra5 = [[Sublahshini]]
| length5 = 4:08
| title2 = [[Peelings]]
| extra2 = Shankarr Babu Kandukoori, Laxmi Dasa
| length2 = 4:07
| title3 = Gango Renuka Thalli
| extra3 = V. M. Mahalingam
| length3 = 3:28
}}
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Extended Soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dammunte Pattukora
| length1 = 1:33
| lyrics1 = [[Sukumar]]
| extra1 = [[Allu Arjun]]
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Hindi
| all_writing = Raqueeb Alam.
| total_length = 20:19
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pushpa Pushpa
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Mika Singh]]
| length1 = 4:16
| title4 = Angaaron
| note4 = The Couple Song
| length4 = 4:20
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title5 = [[Kissik]]
| extra5 = Lothika, [[Sublahshini]]
| length5 = 4:08
| title2 = [[Peelings]]
| extra2 = [[Javed Ali]], [[Madhubanti Bagchi]]
| length2 = 4:07
| title3 = Kaali Mahaa Kaali
| extra3 = [[Kailash Kher]]
| length3 = 3:28
}}
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Extended Soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Dum Hai To Rok Ke Bata
| length1 = 1:33
| lyrics1 = Rajender Sapre
| extra1 = [[Shreyas Talpade]]
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| all_writing = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]].
| total_length = 20:19
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pushpa Pushpa
| extra1 = [[Nakash Aziz]], Deepak Blue
| length1 = 4:16
| title4 = Soodaana
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = [[Kissik]]
| extra5 = [[Sublahshini]]
| length5 = 4:08
| title2 = [[Peelings]]
| extra2 = [[Senthil Ganesh]], Rajalakshmi
| length2 = 4:07
| title3 = Ganga Gangamma Thaaye
| extra3 = V. M. Mahalingam
| length3 = 3:28
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Malayalam
| all_writing = Siju Thuravoor.
| total_length = 20:19
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pushpa Pushpa
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith Govind]]
| length1 = 4:16
| title4 = Kandaalo
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = [[Kissik]]
| extra5 = Priya Jerson
| length5 = 4:08
| title2 = [[Peelings]]
| extra2 = Pranavam Sasi, [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
| length2 = 4:07
| title3 = Kaali Karaali Devi
| extra3 = Sannidhanandan
| length3 = 3:28
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Kannada
| all_writing = Varadaraj Chikkaballapura.
| total_length = 20:19
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pushpa Pushpa
| extra1 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| length1 = 4:16
| title4 = Nodoka
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = [[Kissik]]
| extra5 = [[Sublahshini]]
| length5 = 4:08
| title2 = [[Peelings]]
| extra2 = [[Santhosh Venky]], [[Amala Chebolu]]
| length2 = 4:07
| title3 = Gange Renuka Thaaye
| extra3 = Santhosh Venky
| length3 = 3:28
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Bengali
| all_writing = [[Srijato|Srijato Bandopadhyay]].
| total_length = 20:19
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Pushpa Pushpa
| extra1 = [[Timir Biswas]]
| length1 = 4:16
| title4 = Aaguner
| extra4 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = [[Kissik]]
| extra5 = [[Ujjaini Mukherjee]]
| length5 = 4:08
| title2 = [[Peelings]]
| extra2 = Timir Biswas, [[Arpita Chakraborty]]
| length2 = 4:07
| title3 = Maa Je Re Shey Maa Kaali
| extra3 = Timir Biswas
| length3 = 3:28
}}

== Background score ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pushpa 2: The Rule
| type = film score
| artist = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 21 January 2025
| recorded = 2023–24
| studio =
| genre = [[Film score]]
| length = {{Duration|m=33|s=27}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Pushpa 2: The Rule (OST)<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=MbhQeqX4kPE&t=793s |title=PUSHPA 2 THE RULE (Original Soundtrack): {{!}} ALLU ARJUN {{!}} SUKUMAR {{!}} DSP {{!}} RASHMIKA {{!}} FAHADH FAASIL |date=21 January 2025 |last= |publisher=T-Series |access-date=21 January 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=21 January 2025 |title=Pushpa 2 The Rule Ost (Devi Sri Prasad) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/63L5HVHS5v7iJSkJQGggKF?si |website=Spotify}}</ref>
| title1 = Pushpa's Entry Theme
| length1 = 4:33
| title2 = Pushpa's Power Theme
| length2 = 2:48
| title3 = Pushpa's Tandav
| length3 = 4:13
| title4 = Shekhawat Theme
| length4 = 3:51
| title5 = Pushpa vs Shekhawat
| length5 = 8:28
| title6 = Emotional Theme
| length6 = 2:00
| title7 = Final Battle
| length7 = 7:34
| total_length = 33:27
}}

{{Infobox album
| name = Pushpa 2: The Rule
| type = film score
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 25 January 2025
| recorded = 2024
| studio =
| genre = [[Film score]]
| length = {{Duration|m=16|s=03}}
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Sam C. S.]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Pushpa 2: The Rule (OST)<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 January 2025 |title=Pushpa 2 The Rule Ost (Sam C. S.) |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5NmaG80Hjog53LlfYaxrii?si |work=Spotify}}</ref>
| title1 = The Rise Of Masses – Police Station Entry
| length1 = 0:46
| title2 = Pushpa's Rule
| length2 = 0:53
| title3 = The World Of Shekhawat
| length3 = 0:55
| title4 = Japanese Port – Intro
| length4 = 0:35
| title5 = The Decision Is Made – CM
| length5 = 1:12
| title6 = Entry To The Battlefield
| length6 = 0:47
| title7 = Srivalli's Fierce
| length7 = 1:22
| title8 = The Anger Of Dakshayani
| length8 = 1:43
| title9 = Jathara – The Judgement
| length9 = 0:35
| title10 = Police – Rule Of Pushpa
| length10 = 0:47
| title11 = Face Of Humiliation
| length11 = 0:36
| title12 = Across The Border
| length12 = 1:04
| title13 = Deal Done
| length13 = 1:18
| title14 = Forest Arrest
| length14 = 0:26
| title15 = Race In The Waters
| length15 = 0:54
| title16 = The Pregnancy
| length16 = 0:46
| title17 = Pushpa 3 – The Rampage
| length17 = 0:39
| title18 = Wildfire
| length18 = 0:43
| total_length = 16:03
}}

== Controversy ==
On 24 November 2024, at the pre-release event in Chennai, composer [[Devi Sri Prasad]] blamed the producers for repeated complaints against him that he failed to deliver the [[background score]] and songs on time. He said that the producers have more complaints than love for him.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=25 November 2024 |title=Composer Devi Sri Prasad blames Pushpa 2 producers: You have more complaints |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/devi-sri-prasad-pushpa-2-producers-film-delay-more-complaints-than-love-2639471-2024-11-25 |work=India Today|date=25 November 2024 }}</ref> Later at the event, producer Ravi Shankar denied the rift and mentioned that there are no issues, and that they are like a family.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=28 November 2024 |title='Pushpa 2' producer Ravi Shankar addresses DSP's "more complaints than love" remark; Says, "We work as a Family" |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/pushpa-2-producer-ravi-shankar-addresses-dsps-more-complaints-than-love-remark-says-we-work-as-a-family/articleshow/115756885.cms |work=The Times of India|date=28 November 2024 }}</ref> There were also reports that [[Thaman S]], [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] and [[Sam C. S.]] were hired to compose the background score due to delays in delivering the score on time by Prasad.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2024 |title=Is Devi Sri Prasad being replaced for the Allu Arjun starrer 'Pushpa 2's background score? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/is-devi-sri-prasad-being-replaced-for-the-allu-arjun-starrer-pushpa-2s-background-score/articleshow/115049727.cms |work=The Times of India|date=7 November 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=7 November 2024 |title=Pushpa 2 BIG update: Is Devi Sri Prasad getting replaced by THIS composer ahead of November release? REPORTS |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/pushpa-2-big-update-is-devi-sri-prasad-getting-replaced-by-this-composer-ahead-of-november-release-reports-1357140 |work=Pinkvilla|date=7 November 2024 }}</ref> This controversy also came into light when Mythri Movie Makers, who are also the producers of ''[[Good Bad Ugly]]'' (2025), replaced Prasad with [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=30 November 2024 |title=GVP replaces DSP in Ajith's Good Bad Ugly |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/gvp-replaces-dsp-in-ajiths-good-bad-ugly-1842503 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/EHf1e |archive-date=30 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> However, during the Hyderabad event Prasad ended the ongoing controversy with producers and thanked them wholeheartedly and highlighted the special bond between them.<ref>{{Cite web |access-date=2 December 2024 |title=DSP Puts Full Stop To Controversy With Mythri |url=https://www.gulte.com/movienews/327414/dsp-puts-full-stop-to-controversy-with-mythri |work=Gulte|date=2 December 2024 }}</ref> Later, Sam C. S. confirmed his involvement in the film's background score.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=3 December 2024 |title=Composer Sam CS confirms involvement in 'Pushpa 2' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/composer-sam-cs-confirms-involvement-in-pushpa-2/articleshow/115923851.cms |work=The Times of India|date=3 December 2024 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Pushpa (film series)}}{{Devi Sri Prasad}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Action film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2024 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Devi Sri Prasad soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:Telugu film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Music controversies]]
[[Category:2024 controversies]]
[[Category:Thriller film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Pushpa (film series)]]

Priyanka Kothari

2026-01-18T18:12:17Z

BennyHubbs95: General improvements and edits

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyanka Kothari
| image = Priyanka Kothari.jpg
| caption = Kothari in 2012
| birth_date =
| othername = Nisha Kothari Amoha<ref>{{cite web |author=PRAVDA GODBOLE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Call-me-Priyanka/articleshow/3159805.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051954/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-06-25/news-interviews/27765830_1_priyanka-kothari-tamil-film-hindi-films |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Call me Priyanka |date=25 June 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress| Stage performer}}
| years_active = 2003–2016
| spouse = {{marriage|Bhasker Prakash|2016}}
}}
'''Priyanka Kothari''', often credited as '''Nisha Kothari''' or '''Amoha''', is an Indian former actress and model.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/remember-ram-gopal-varma-s-muse-nisha-kothari-here-is-what-she-is-up-to-now-1374255-2018-10-24 |title=Remember Ram Gopal Varma's muse Nisha Kothari? Here is what she is up to now |date=24 October 2018 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/no-comeback-just-moving-forward-nisha-kothari/articleshow/48330809.cms |title=No comeback, just moving forward: Nisha Kothari |website=The Times of India}}</ref> She has appeared in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]], [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]], [[Tamil Cinema|Tamil]] and [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nisha-kothari-comes-back-to-kollywood/articleshow/3280589.cms |title=Nisha Kothari comes back to Kollywood! |work=The Times of India |date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-26/news-interviews/27914659_1_nisha-kothari-telugu-film-malavika |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Nisha-says-my-foot-/articleshow/4459468.cms |title=Nisha says, my foot!| work=The Times of India |date=11 August 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811060944/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-04-29/news-interviews/28010886_1_nisha-kothari-ramu-cochin |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/12/15/stories/2009121550500400.htm |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Bangalore / Profiles : Luck by chance |date=29 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629025154/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/12/15/stories/2009121550500400.htm |archive-date=29 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/22/stories/2009062250620400.htm |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Kochi / Cinema : I am who I am |date=28 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628171936/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/06/22/stories/2009062250620400.htm |archive-date=28 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042950790200.htm |title=The Hindu : Karnataka / Bangalore News : Vodafone updates on Puneet's new film |date=10 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510082407/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/29/stories/2009042950790200.htm |archive-date=10 May 2009}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes2007">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-am-not-sexy-Nisha-Kothari/articleshow/2308691.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052227/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-08-25/news-interviews/27954423_1_nisha-kothari-hema-malini-rgv |url-status=live |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title='I am not sexy" : Nisha Kothari |date=25 August 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/luck-by-chance/article400966.ece |title=Luck by chance |work=The Hindu |date=15 December 2009 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref>

==Early life==
Priyanka Kothari was born in [[West Bengal]]. She moved to New Delhi while in grade 10 and got her bachelor's degree in physical science from [[Delhi University]] at [[Dyal Singh College, Delhi]]. She chose chemistry as her father is a chemical businessman, while her mother is a home-maker. She has learnt [[Kathak]] for 6 years and attended acting classes with [[Kishore Namit Kapoor]].<ref name="thehindu1"/>

==Career==
After college, Kothari became a model and appeared in a number of advertisement campaigns. She appeared in the music video of the remix of [[Chadti Jawani Meri Chaal Mastani]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/photos/bollywood-s-hottest-faces-8114/slide/29 |title=Bollywood's hottest faces |publisher=Movies.ndtv.com |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> In 2003, she got her big break through actor [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], who recommended her for an audition in his film after viewing her photographs. She made her acting debut with him in the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] film ''[[Jay Jay]]'', credited as Amoga.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/news-interviews/39500991_1_priyanka-kothari-tamil-film-tamil-cinema |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052144/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-05-24/news-interviews/39500991_1_priyanka-kothari-tamil-film-tamil-cinema |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=I have a small and cute role, says Priyanka Kothari |date=24 May 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> She made her [[Bollywood]] debut in the 2005 film '' [[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' and then later that same year appeared in ''[[James (2005)|James]]'', directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and [[Rohit Jugraj]] respectively. ''James'' turned her into a [[sex symbol]] overnight.<ref name="indiatimes2007"/> She then went on to do ''[[The Killer (2006)|The Killer]]'' with [[Emraan Hashmi]]. Since then she had appeared in less significant films and roles. She was regularly seen in Ram Gopal Varma's films<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-ten-worst-films-of-ram-gopal-varma/20120521.htm#9 |title=The Ten Worst Films of Ram Gopal Varma |work=Rediff.com |date=21 May 2012 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web |author=MADHU DAIHTOTA |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-01/news-interviews/27986087_1_nisha-kothari-film-private-screening |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052110/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-10-01/news-interviews/27986087_1_nisha-kothari-film-private-screening |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Remaking Shola was a mistake:Nisha |date=1 October 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> like ''[[Shiva (2006 film)|Shiva]]'',<ref>{{cite web |author=Nikhat Kazmi |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-16/hindi/27829972_1_nisha-kothari-shiva-honest-cops |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052250/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-09-16/hindi/27829972_1_nisha-kothari-shiva-honest-cops |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Shiva |date=16 September 2006 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> ''[[Darna Zaroori Hai]]'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13983600 |title=Nisha Kothari's item number in Boo – Darna Zaroori Hai |website=[[Sify]] |date=14 November 2005 |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610195830/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=13983600 |archive-date=10 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ''[[Aag (2007 film)|Aag]]'', in which she played a [[Tapori (word)|tapori]] called Ghungroo,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-19/news-interviews/27990937_1_nisha-kothari-film-industry-hema-malini |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015025030/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-19/news-interviews/27990937_1_nisha-kothari-film-industry-hema-malini |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 October 2013 |title=Nisha Kothari does a Basanti |date=19 July 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> ''[[Darling (2007 Indian film)|Darling]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14501403 |title=Nisha Kothari's item number in Darling |website=[[Sify]] |date=30 July 2007 |access-date=29 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611013832/http://www.sify.com/movies/bollywood/fullstory.php?id=14501403 |archive-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and ''[[Agyaat]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rgv-s-heroine-nurses-broken-leg-news-bollywood-kkfsshiiejj.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119033034/http://sify.com/movies/rgv-s-heroine-nurses-broken-leg-news-bollywood-kkfsshiiejj.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 November 2010 |title=RGV's heroine nurses broken leg |website=[[Sify]] |date=26 February 2009 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> and also his productions like ''[[Go (2007 film)|Go]]'' and ''Stalker''.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Vickey Lalwani |author2=Mumbai Mirror |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-22/news-interviews/29914670_1_nisha-kothari-ramu-ram-gopal-varma |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404092533/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-22/news-interviews/29914670_1_nisha-kothari-ramu-ram-gopal-varma |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 April 2012 |title=Ram Gopal Varma back with Nisha Kothari |date=22 August 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> Most of the films were unsuccessful.<ref name="indiatimes1"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-13/news-interviews/27773569_1_priyanka-kothari-ram-gopal-varma-ki-hindi-movies |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052131/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-13/news-interviews/27773569_1_priyanka-kothari-ram-gopal-varma-ki-hindi-movies |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Priyanka Kothari ki Aag ! |date=13 May 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Richa Bhatia |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-02/news-interviews/31270807_1_rgv-nisha-kothari-new-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-02/news-interviews/31270807_1_rgv-nisha-kothari-new-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Nisha Kothari to do RGV's new film |date=2 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Aparna Phadke |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-07/news-interviews/27985716_1_priyanka-kothari-films-parents |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203052350/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-07/news-interviews/27985716_1_priyanka-kothari-films-parents |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |title=Nisha Kothari:The name is Priyanka |date=7 November 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> She made her Sandalwood debut with ''[[Raaj the Showman]]'' opposite [[Puneeth Rajkumar]] in 2009<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-16/news-interviews/41416738_1_crime-thriller-cyber-crime-bollywood-debut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825202519/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-16/news-interviews/41416738_1_crime-thriller-cyber-crime-bollywood-debut |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2013 |title=Nisha Kothari's next is Criminals |date=16 August 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> and later did a supporting role in ''[[Dandupalya (film)|Dandupalya]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-dandupalya-tells-a-spine-chilling-story/20120629.htm |title=Review: Dandupalya tells a spine chilling story |work=Rediff.com |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> She was seen in a Telugu film with Balakrishna, ''[[Okka Magadu]]'' which also bombed<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/nisha-kothari-comes-back-to-kollywood/articleshow/3280589.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811095928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-07-26/news-interviews/27914659_1_nisha-kothari-telugu-film-malavika |url-status=live |archive-date=11 August 2011 |title=Nisha Kothari comes back to Kollywood! |date=26 July 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> and also acted in a film titled ''Hari Om''.<ref>{{cite web |author=m.l.n |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/antidote-to-betting/article3460323.ece |title=Antidote to betting |work=The Hindu |date=27 May 2012 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref>

Her only 2011 release was ''[[Bin Bulaye Baraati]]''. In 2013, she appeared in a Malaysian Tamil film titled, ''Ops Kossa Dappa 3''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130126/entertainment-kollywood/article/priyanka-back |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213024400/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130126/entertainment-kollywood/article/priyanka-back |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 February 2013 |title=Priyanka is back! |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> She was seen in the Telugu-Tamil film ''[[Ala Ila Ela]]'', which had a delayed release in 2023,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-06/news-interviews/40406999_1_nisha-kothari-kollywood-raghava |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713063853/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-06/news-interviews/40406999_1_nisha-kothari-kollywood-raghava |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2013 |title=Nisha is on a song now |date=6 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref> and has signed up a Telugu thriller titled ''Criminals''.<ref>{{cite web |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/second-innings-in-telugu/article5033085.ece |title=Second innings in Telugu |work=The Hindu |date=18 August 2013 |access-date=29 November 2013}}</ref>

==Other work==
Kothari is a member of the International Film And Television Club of Asian Academy of Film & Television. She is the co-founder of Nisha Foundation.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theindianeye.com/2021/09/22/nisha-foundation-honors-doctors-and-frontline-workers-for-pandemic-service/ | title=Nisha Foundation honors doctors and frontline workers for pandemic service | date=22 September 2021 }}</ref>

In the 2011 [[West Bengal]] state assembly elections, she campaigned for Dr Nirmal Majhi, an [[All India Trinamool Congress]] candidate contesting from North Uluberia, Kolkata.<ref name="femina">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-30/news-interviews/29490349_1_priyanka-kothari-priyanka-plans-agyaat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606144027/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-30/news-interviews/29490349_1_priyanka-kothari-priyanka-plans-agyaat |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 June 2012 |title=Priyanka Kothari supports Woman Power |date=30 April 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 May 2011}}</ref>

In 2011, she walked the ramp at Wills Lifestyle India Fashion Week (WIFW), which she describes as her comeback in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/237253/consider-ramp-walk-as-my-comeback-nisha-kothari/ |title=Consider ramp walk as my comeback: Nisha Kothari |date=10 October 2011 |publisher=Indiavision news |access-date=10 October 2011 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031249/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/entertainment/237253/consider-ramp-walk-as-my-comeback-nisha-kothari/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|| 2003 || ''[[Jay Jay]]'' || Jamuna || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Credited as Amoga
|-
|| 2004 || ''[[Madhyanam Hathya]]'' || Nikita || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2005 || ''[[James (2005 film)|James]]'' || Nisha V. Rawat || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' || Sapna || Hindi ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2006 || ''[[Shiva (2006 film)|Shiva]]'' || Sandhya Joshi || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[The Killer (2006)|The Killer]]'' || Rhea || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Darna Zaroori Hai]]'' || Item dancer || Hindi || Special appearance in the song "Aa Aake Dar"
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2007 || ''[[Go (2007 film)|Go]]'' || Vasundhara 'Vasu' Dave || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Darling (2007 Indian film)|Darling]]'' || Herself|| Hindi || Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Aag (2007 film)|Aag]]'' || Ghungroo || Hindi ||
|-
|| 2008 || ''[[Okka Magadu]]'' || Alivelu || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2009 || ''[[Agyaat]]'' || Aasha || Hindi ||
|-
| ''[[Raaj-The Showman]]'' || Parvathy || [[Kannada]] || Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada]]
|-
| ''Karthigai'' || Pooja || Tamil ||
|-
|| 2010 || ''[[Kacheri Arambam]]'' || Item dancer || Tamil || Special appearance in the song "Vaada Vaada"
|-
|| 2011 || ''[[Bin Bulaye Baraati]]'' || Shreya || Hindi ||
|-
|| 2012 || ''[[Dandupalya (film)|Dandupalya]]'' || Susheela || Kannada ||
|-
|rowspan="5"| 2013 || ''Ops Kossa Dappa 3'' || Priyanka || Tamil || Malaysian film Special appearance
|-
| ''[[Psycho (2013 film)|Psycho]]'' || Meera || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Yaaradre Nanagenu'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Nuvve Naa Bangaram'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''Criminals'' || || Telugu ||
|-
|| 2016 || ''Bullet Rani'' || || Kannada / Telugu ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Ala Ila Ela]]''|| Item dancer || Telugu || Special appearance in the song "Dakkho Dakkho"<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-ala-ila-ela-pre-release-event-was-held-in-hindupur-and-the-makers-are-confident-about-the-success-of-their-film/articleshow/101284199.cms |title=The 'Ala Ila Ela' Pre-release event was held in Hindupur and the makers are confident about the success of their film |date=26 June 2023 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''Oru Thee''|| Item dancer || Tamil || Special appearance in the song "Kannamoochi"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-06/news-interviews/40406999_1_nisha-kothari-kollywood-raghava |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713063853/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-06/news-interviews/40406999_1_nisha-kothari-kollywood-raghava |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 July 2013 |title=Nisha is on a song now |date=6 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Music videos===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Album !! Song !! Singer
|-
| 2002 || ''Aur Ek Haseena Thi''|| <nowiki>''Chadti Jawani Remix''</nowiki> || DJ ashish
|-
| 2004 || ''DJ South Hot Mix''|| <nowiki>''Kiss U Day & Night Remix''</nowiki> || DJ South
|-
| 2004 || ''Maal Bhari Aahe'' – DJ Hot Remix || <nowiki>''Nako Uga Tu Maru Boba''</nowiki> || DJ Hot
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kothari, Priyanka}}
[[Category:Actresses from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mahawar Koli

2026-01-15T10:30:28Z

BennyHubbs95: corrected intro to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Subcaste of the Koli community}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

'''Mahawar''', also known as '''Mahor''' and spelled as '''Mahaur''', '''Mahour''' and '''Mahavar''', is a sub-caste of the [[Koli caste|Koli]] [[Caste system in India|caste]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]], [[Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cañcarīka|first=Kanhaiyā Lāla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2DYAAAAMAAJ|title=Bhagavāna Gāutama Buddha: jīvana aura darśana|publisher=Yūnivarsiṭī Pablikeśana|year=1999|isbn=978-81-7555-046-9|location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=29–205|language=hi}}</ref> Mahawar Kolis [[Interethnic marriage|Inter-marry]] with [[Shakya]] Kolis but not with any other Koli subcaste. The Mahawar Kolis along with other Koli subcastes Shakyawar, [[Jaiswar, Kurmi|Jaiswar]], [[Kabir panth|Kabirpanthi]] ( who followed the [[Kabir panth|Kabir Panth]]) and [[Sankhwar|Shankhwar]] kolis of Uttar Pradesh tried to uplift the social status in [[Hindus|Hindu]] society by supporting the 'All [[India]] [[Kshatriya]] Koli Mahasabha' leaders of [[Ajmer]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Molund|first=Stefan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vItAAAAMAAJ|title=First We are People--: The Koris of Kanpur Between Caste and Class|publisher=Department of Social Anthropology, University of Stockholm|year=1988|isbn=978-91-7146-701-0|location=[[Delhi]], [[India]]|pages=220 –232–245|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Koli people]]
* [[List of Koli states and clans]]
* [[Mahawar Vaishya]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Koli people]]
[[Category:Koli subcastes]]

Jyoti Kumar Sinha

2026-01-05T19:49:36Z

BennyHubbs95: brief refine details and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian police chief (born 20th century}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

'''Jyoti Kumar Sinha''' (born 20th century) is an Indian government official.

He served as director general of the [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and later as a member of the [[National Disaster Management Authority (India)|National Disaster Management Authority]] and [[Research and Analysis Wing]] chief.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-12-12 |title=Civil defence to play greater role in disaster management |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/civil-defence-to-play-greater-role-in-disaster-management/articleshow/7089454.cms |access-date=2023-09-14 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He is a [[Bihar]] cadre [[Indian Police Service]] officer of the 1967 batch.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-27 |title=Among Padma awardees: farmers, gau sevaks, doctors |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/venkaiah-naidu-padma-awardees-farmers-gau-sevaks-doctors-5556565/ |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
J.K. Sinha was born in [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]. He completed his schooling from [[St. Xavier's High School, Patna]] and then graduated with honours in history from [[Patna College]]. He joined the Indian Police Service in 1967 following in the footsteps of his father and grandfather. His grandfather, late Shri A.K. Sinha, was the first Indian to become IG of Police, [[Bihar]] way back in 1939. J.K. Sinha's father was also an IP officer who also rose to head Bihar Police as IG.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy, DHNS |first=Shemin |title=26 Unsung heroes in Padma Shri list of 2019 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/padma-list-unsung-heroes-715093.html |access-date=2023-09-14 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 2019, he received the [[Padma Shri]] honour for his contribution in the field of social work.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jan/26/free-school-for-bihars-dirt-poor-musahar-children-brings-its-founder-a-padma-shri-1930477.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203155638/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jan/26/free-school-for-bihars-dirt-poor-musahar-children-brings-its-founder-a-padma-shri-1930477.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2019|title=Free school for Bihar's dirt-poor Musahar children brings its founder a Padma Shri|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/jyoti_kumar_sinha-profile-13687-28.htm | title=Jyoti Kumar Sinha }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Jyoti}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Patna University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:People of the Research & Analysis Wing]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's Patna alumni]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Chandrakanta (author)

2025-12-31T07:37:36Z

BennyHubbs95: further updated references per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1938)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
[[File:Chandrakanta.jpg|thumb|Hindi author Chandrakanta]]
'''Chandrakanta''' (born 1938) is a writer, born in [[Srinagar]], [[India]]. She has written many novels and stories in the [[Hindi]] language including the epic ''Katha Satisar'', which was awarded the [[Vyas Samman]] prize in 2005.

To date, her published short stories number about 200. She has also published seven novels as well as poetical works. Her writing concerns socio-political issues and women's concerns in general. The Indian State of Kashmir constitutes the backdrop of most of her writings, especially terrorism and the repercussions of it, notably the mass exodus of the majority community of "Kashmiri Pandits".

Her magnum opus is ''Katha Satisar'' [2001]. She has been the recipient of several awards, including the Subramanya Bharati award, awarded by the [[President of India]] for her literary work. Her works have also been translated in many Indian languages, and into English. Her novel ''Ailan Gali Zinda Hai'' has been translated for the first time in English by Manisha Chaudhry, published by Zubaan Books (an imprint of 'Kaali for Women', Penguin India) as ''A Street in Srinagar'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zubaanbooks.com/zubaan_books_details.asp?BookID=148 |title=Books |publisher=Zubaan Books |accessdate=2011-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029172916/http://www.zubaanbooks.com/zubaan_books_details.asp?BookID=148 |archivedate=2011-10-29 }}</ref> The translation was shortlisted for the 2012 [[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://southasianlitfest.com/2011/10/shortlist-announced-for-the-2012-dsc-prize-for-south-asian-literature/ |title=Shortlist announced for the 2012 DSC Prize for South Asian Literature - DSC South Asian Literature Festival |publisher=Southasianlitfest.com |date=2011-10-24 |accessdate=2011-10-30 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029204214/http://southasianlitfest.com/2011/10/shortlist-announced-for-the-2012-dsc-prize-for-south-asian-literature/ |archivedate=2011-10-29 }}</ref>

Her latest epic Hindi novel, ''Katha Satisar'' (published by Rajkamal publications), has been translated into English by Ranjana Kaul as ''The Saga of Satisar -'' published by Zubaan Books''.''It was Longlisted for the DSC award for South Asian literature in 2018.

Chandrakanta lives in [[Gurgaon]], [[India]]

==Awards and honours==

*Jammu Kashmir Cultural Academy: Best Book Award
**''Arthantar'' (1982)
**''Ailan Galli Zinda Hai'' (1986)
**''O Son Kisri'' (1994)
**''Katha Satisar'' (2006)
*Haryana Sahitya Academy:
**''Apne Apne Konark'' (1997)
**''Abbu Ne Kaha Tha'' (2006)
**Hashiye Ki Ibarathen (2011)
*Ministry of Human Resources & Development, Govt. of India:
**''Baki Sab Khairiyat Hai (1983)''
**''Poshnool Ki Wapasi (1989)''
**''Badalte Haalat Mein (2003 – 2004)''
*[[Hindi Academy]], Delhi:
**''Katha Satisar (2002)''
*[[Vyas Samman]], [[K. K. Birla Foundation]], Delhi:
**''Katha Satisar'', Novel (2005)
*Chandrawati Shukla Puraskar, Varanasi:
**''Katha Satisar, Novel (2006)''
*Kalpana Chawla Excellence Award for excellence in [[Hindi literature|Hindi Literature]] (2005)
*Richa Samman, Delhi for Hindi Literature (2006)
*Wagmani Samman (2007)
*[[Hindi Academy]], Delhi Sahityakar Samman (2008)
*Honored by First Lady of India (Mrs. Sharma) (1996)
*Rashtriya Bhasha Gaurav Samman (2006)
*Community Icon Award by All India Kashmiri Samaj (2006)
*Sauhard Samman, Hindi Sansthan, [[Uttar Pradesh]] (2008)
*Wagh Devi Puraskar, Kamla Goenka Foundation (2011)
*Bal Mukund Puraskar, Haryana Sahitya Academy (2013)
*Mahatma Gandhi Sahitya Saman, Lucknow (2014)
*[[DSC Prize for South Asian Literature]] (2012), shortlist, ''A Street in Srinagar''
*Subramanyam Bharati Sahitya Samman, awarded by the President of India (2017)
*Soordas Sahitya Sadhna Shikhar Samman, awarded by the Haryana Sahitya Academy
*Kala Nidhi Samman, awarded by the Haryana Sahitya Academy

==Works==
'''Novels and story collections'''

* ''Salakhon Ke Peeche''
* ''Galat Logon Ke Beech''
* ''Poshnool Ki Vapasi''
* ''Ailan Gali Zinda Hai''
* ''Dahleez Per Niyay''
* ''Apne Apne Konark''
* ''O Sonkisri''
* ''Suraj Ugne Tak''
* ''Kothe Par Kaga''
* ''Kali Baraf''
* ''Katha Nagar''
* ''Arthantar''
* ''Katha Satisar''
* ''Antim Sakshya''
* ''Yahan Vitasta Behti Hai''
* ''Baki Sab Khariyat Hai''
* ''Badalte Haalat Mein''
* ''Abbu Ne Kaha Tha''
* ''Tanti Bai''
* ''Raat Mein Saagar''
* ''Alcatraz Dekha''
* ''Anchalik Kahaniyan''
* ''Prem Kahaniyan''
* ''Charchit Kahaniyan''
* ''Yaadgaree Kahaniyan''
* ''Dus Pratinidhi Kahaniyan''
* ''Cheynit Kahaniyan''
* ''Chunihui Kahaniyan''
* ''Lokpriya Kahaniyan''
* ''Katha Samagr'' (4 volumes)
* ''Orioles are back''
* ''Srijan Ka Vitan''

'''Poetry'''
* Yaheen Kahin Aas Paas

'''Memoirs'''
* Hashiye Kee Ibaratein
*Mere Bhoj Patr
*Prashno Ke Dayire mein (Interviews)
*Sudhayon Ke Chandh

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060108/spectrum/book6.htm

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrakanta}}
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gurgaon]]
[[Category:Writers from Srinagar]]

1960–61 Durand Cup final

2025-12-25T18:03:31Z

BennyHubbs95:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1960–61 Durand Cup final
| image =
| caption =
| event = [[Durand Cup|1960–61 Durand Cup]]
| team1 = [[Mohun Bagan]]
| team2 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| details = Joint winners declared after a [[Replay (sports)#Association football|replay]]
| firstleg = Final
| team1score1 = 1
| team2score1 = 1
| date1 = 18 January 1961
| stadium1 = [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]]
| city1 = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| referee1 = M.K.G. Kakkar
| attendance1 = 20,000 (estd.)
| secondleg = Replay
| team1score2 = 0
| team2score2 = 0
| date2 = 19 January 1961
| stadium2 = [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]]
| city2 = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| referee2 = M.K.G. Kakkar
| attendance2 = 15,000 (estd.)
| weather =
| previous = 1959
| next = 1961
}}

The '''1960–61 Durand Cup final''' was the 57th final of the [[Durand Cup]], the oldest football competition in [[India]], and was contested between Kolkata giants [[Mohun Bagan]] and [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] first on 18 January 1961 and then a replay on 19 January 1961 at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]].

Both Mohun Bagan and East Bengal were declared as joint winners after both the finals ended in a draw.<ref name=rsssf>{{cite web|first=Neil|last=Morrison|date=11 October 2022|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html|title=India - List of Durand Cup Finals|work=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|accessdate=25 November 2022}}</ref>

==Route to the final==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"| [[Mohun Bagan]]
!Round
!colspan="2"| [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|Round
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|''bye''
|colspan="1"|–
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|First Round
|style="text-align:left"|Pal Wanderers
|colspan="1"|8–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|colspan="1"|2–1
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Second Round
|style="text-align:left"|Assam Regimental Centre
|colspan="1"|2–1
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Indian Air Force (football team)|Indian Air Force]]
|colspan="1"|0–0; 5–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Quarter–Final
|style="text-align:left"|[[Madras Regiment|Madras Regimental Centre]]
|colspan="1"|4–0
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Brigade]]
|colspan="1"|1–0
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi–Final
|style="text-align:left"|City College Old Boys
|colspan="1"|1–0
|-
|}

==Match==
===Summary===
The Durand Cup final began at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]] on 18 January 1961 in front of a packed crowd as Kolkata giants [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]] and [[Mohun Bagan]] faced each other in a [[Kolkata Derby]], first time in the final of the Durand Cup. Mohun Bagan, the defending champions, made their fourth appearance in the final after they defeated [[Gorkha regiments (India)|Gorkha Brigade]] 1–0 in the semi-final, having previously won the cup in 1953 and 1959. East Bengal reached their fifth Durand Cup final after defeating City College Old Boys 1–0 in the semi-final, having won the tournament previously thrice in 1951, 1952, and 1956.<ref name=rsssf/>

Mohun Bagan and East Bengal both tried to take control of the game in the first half but canceled each other out as the game remained goalless, until the third minute of the second half when East Bengal took the lead through a penalty kick, taken perfectly by [[Arun Ghosh]]. Mohun Bagan equalized just a couple of minutes later as Amiya Banerjee scored to make it 1–1. Both teams had chances to win the game but failed to do so, as the game finished 1–1, and the organizing committee decided to host the replay final the very next day.<ref name=rsssf/><ref name=final>{{cite news |date=19 January 1961 |title= মোহনবাগান বনাম ইস্টবেঙ্গলের খেলা অমীমাংসিত |trans-title=Mohun Bagan versus East Bengal remains in a stalemate |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |date=19 January 1961 |title=CALCUTTA TWINS TO MEET AGAIN IN DURAND FINAL |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19610119&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |work=The Indian Express |access-date=26 November 2022 }}</ref>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=18 January 1961
|time=15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|report=
|team2=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|score= 1–1
|goals1=Amiya Banerjee {{goal|35}}
|goals2=[[Arun Ghosh]] {{goal|33|pen}}
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=20,000 (est.)
|referee=M.K.G. Kakkar}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 234f1e
| body = 800000
| rightarm = 234f1e
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chittaranjan Das
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Rahman
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]]
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Prasanta Sarkhel
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mariappa Kempaiah]]
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Asim Dhar
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dipu Das
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Amal Chakraborty
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Amiya Banerjee
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chuni Goswami]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukumar Samajpati]]
|-
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Abani Bose
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chitto Chanda
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]]
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Subhasis Guha
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Baloo
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ram Bahadur Chettri]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Kannayan]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} B. Narayan
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dharmalingam Kannan]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Nilesh Sarkar
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tulsidas Balaram]]
|-
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*60 minutes.
*Replay if scores still level.
*No Substitutes.
|}

==Replay==
===Summary===
The replay final began at the [[Ambedkar Stadium|Delhi Gate Stadium]] in [[New Delhi]] on 19 January 1961 as the first final finished in a 1–1 draw.<ref name=rsssf/>

Mohun Bagan started fast by creating a few attacks with [[Chuni Goswami]] and Amiya Banerjee linking up together but the East Bengal defense led by [[Arun Ghosh]] held firm. Both teams tried to take control of the game in different spells but failed to break the deadlock as the game ended in a goalless stalemate. No extra time was played and the organizing committee decided to declare both the teams as joint winners, with a coin toss taking place, which Mohun Bagan won, thus they got to keep the trophy first six months while East Bengal would keep it in the next six. This win for both the teams meant East Bengal had been crowned the Durand Cup champions for the fourth time, after 1951, 1952, and 1956 while Mohun Bagan got crowned champions for the third time after 1953 and 1959.<ref name=rsssf/><ref name=replayfinal>{{cite news |date=20 January 1961 |title= ডুরান্ড কাপের পুনরনুস্থিত ফাইনাল গোলশূন্য ভাবে শেষ |trans-title=The replay final of the Durand Cup ends in a goalless draw |language=bn |work=Jugantor }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=PTI |date=20 January 1961 |title=CALCUTTA STALWARTS SHARE HONOURS |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19610120&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |work=The Indian Express |access-date=26 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Debayan|last=Sen|date=1 August 2020|url=https://www.espn.in/football/east-bengal/story/4139529/a-century-of-excellence-east-bengals-greatest-hits|title=A century of excellence: East Bengal's greatest hits|work=ESPN|accessdate=18 November 2022}}</ref>

===Details===
{{footballbox
|date=19 January 1961
|time=15:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|team1=[[Mohun Bagan]]
|report=
|team2=[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|score= 0–0
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Ambedkar Stadium|Corporation Stadium]], [[New Delhi]]
|attendance=15,000 (est.)
|referee=M.K.G. Kakkar}}

{| width=92%
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la =
| pattern_b = _collar_buttons_2
| pattern_ra =
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so =
| leftarm = 234f1e
| body = 800000
| rightarm = 234f1e
| shorts = ffffff
| socks = ffffff
| title = Mohun Bagan
}}
|{{Football kit
|pattern_b = _EastBengal_12_13_Home
|pattern_la =
|pattern_ra =
|pattern_sh =
|pattern_so = _2 gold stripes
|leftarm = FFDF00
|body = FFDF00
|rightarm = FF0000
|shorts = 000000
|socks = FF0000
|title = East Bengal
}}
|}

{| width="100%"
|valign="top" width="40%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chittaranjan Das
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Rahman
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jarnail Singh (footballer)|Jarnail Singh]]
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Prasanta Sarkhel
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mariappa Kempaiah]]
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Asim Dhar
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Dipu Das
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Amal Chakraborty
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Amiya Banerjee
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Chuni Goswami]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sukumar Samajpati]]
|-
|}
|valign="top"|
|valign="top" width="50%"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align=center
|colspan="4"|
|-
!width="25"| !!width="25"|
|-
|GK || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Abani Bose
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Chitto Chanda
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Arun Ghosh]]
|-
|FB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Subhasis Guha
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Baloo
|-
|HB || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Ram Bahadur Chettri]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Muhammad Kannayan]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} B. Narayan
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Dharmalingam Kannan]]
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} Nilesh Sarkar
|-
|FW || ||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Tulsidas Balaram]]
|-
|}
|}

{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"

|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"|
'''Match rules'''
*60 minutes.
*Joint winners if both finals ends in a draw.
*No Substitutes.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/indiadurandcuphist.html Durand Cup Finals]

{{Durand Cup}}
{{East Bengal Club}}
{{Mohun Bagan A.C.}}

[[Category:Durand Cup finals]]
[[Category:1960–61 in Indian football]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club matches]]
[[Category:Football competitions in New Delhi]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:1960-61 Durand Cup Final}}

D.A.V. College, Lucknow

2025-11-25T05:49:24Z

BennyHubbs95: starting initial data from scratch

{{Short description|Public college of the University of Lucknow}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = D.A.V. P.G. College
| native_name = ''[[Hindi]]'': {{nowrap|'''Dayanand Anglo Vaidik Mahavidyalaya'''}}
| image = Davlko2.jpeg
| motto = तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय (''Tamso mā jyotirgamaya'') ([[Sanskrit]])
| motto_lang = hi
| mottoeng = "Lead us from Darkness to light"
| established = {{start date and age|1919}}
| type = [[Public college|Public]]
| principal = Prof. (Dr.) Rajiv Kumar Tripathi <ref name="about_college">{{cite web |title=About DAV Degree College |url=https://website.davdegreelu.in/AboutUs.aspx |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>
| students =
| undergrad = [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]], [[Bachelor of Law|LL.B]], [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]]
| postgrad = [[Master of Arts|M.A]]
| address = Pt. Ras Bihari Tiwari Marg
| affiliations = [[University of Lucknow]]
| academic_affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]; [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]
| city = [[Lucknow]]
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| postalcode = 226004
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|26|50|12|N|80|53|57|E|type:edu_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| campus = [[Urban Area|Urban]]
| campus_size = {{convert|25|acre|}}
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| colors = {{color box|#FF3300}} Saffron
| logo = D.A.V. P.G. College, Lucknow Logo.png
| logo_upright = .7
| website = {{URL|https://website.davdegreelu.in}}
}}

'''D.A.V. P.G. College''' also known as '''DAV Degree College'''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-23 |title=Marking a century of excellence, DAV College in Lucknow proudly celebrates 103 years of legacy and learning since its founding in 1919. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/dav-college-103-to-hold-year-long-events/articleshow/96441837.cms |access-date=2024-08-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> is a Government-Aided degree college affiliated to the [[University of Lucknow]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Lucknow |url=https://udrc.lkouniv.ac.in/College/ViewCollege?q=vkI3vZ2rZG8= |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=udrc.lkouniv.ac.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title =Affiliated College Directory| work =Lucknow University| url =http://lkouniv.ac.in/oldsite/collegelist104.asp| accessdate =2014-09-24| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140216114103/http://lkouniv.ac.in/oldsite/collegelist104.asp| archive-date =16 February 2014| url-status =dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=D.A.V. P.G. College |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/colleges/dav-pg-college-lucknow-33050 |accessdate=2014-09-24 |work=Jagran Josh}}</ref> and recognised by [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]]. It was established in 1948 by Pandit Ras Bihari Tiwari and Shri Bhrigu Dutt Tiwari. It is based on the ideals of [[Dayananda Saraswati]] and [[Arya Samaj]]. The college has its origin in a school started in the premises of [[Arya Samaj]] temple in Ganeshganj locality in 1918. In 1926, the school shifted to the present premises, and graduate classes were started in 1956.<ref>{{cite web | title = About us | work = D.A.V. P.G. College, Lucknow | url = http://www.davpglu.org/ABOUT%20US.htm | language = Hindi | accessdate = 2014-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140929110231/http://www.davpglu.org/ABOUT%20US.htm | archive-date = 29 September 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>
{{cite web | title = D.A.V. Degree College |work=[[Navbharat Times]] | url = http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/lucknow/lucknow-university/d-a-v-degree-college-lucknow-/articleshow/20380584.cms | accessdate = 2014-09-24 }}</ref>

The main campus is situated in Arya Nagar, near Naka Hindola, 1 km from [[Lucknow Charbagh railway station|Charbagh Railway Station]]. It offers graduate courses in [[Arts]], [[Law]] and [[Science]] stream. It has two campuses, one for Law and another for Arts And Science. In 2012, ''[[India Today]]'' placed the college amongst top 5 "Best Science Colleges in Lucknow".<ref>{{cite web | title = Best ScienceColleges 2012 in Lucknow India Today Survey |work=India Today| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2012?Y=2012&ST=Science&CT=Lucknow |date=2012| access-date = 2014-09-24 }}</ref>

[[File:Davlko2.jpeg|thumbnail]]
[[File:Davlko3.jpeg|thumbnail|Campus]]

The college has an annual fest, Abhivyakyti,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Abhishek |date=2024-03-06 |title=Lucknow News: डीएवी में अभिव्यक्ति कार्यक्रम का हुआ समापन, कॉलेज ने जीती पांच प्रतियोगिताएं {{!}} News Track in Hindi |url=https://newstrack.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow/abhivyakti-program-concludes-in-dav-college-wins-five-competitions-lucknow-news-in-hindi-429141?infinitescroll=1 |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=newstrack.com |language=hi}}</ref> and reports contributions in its magazine, ''Deepshikha''.

== See also ==

* [[Arya Samaj]]
* [[University of Lucknow]]
* [[List of educational institutions in Lucknow]]
* [[DAV College, Kanpur|DAV College in Kanpur]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://website.davdegreelu.in}}

{{Arya Samaj by country}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{Hindudharma}}

[[Category:Law schools in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated with the University of Lucknow]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges affiliated with the Arya Samaj]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

{{UttarPradesh-university-stub}}

Leisenzo

2025-11-12T21:32:04Z

BennyHubbs95: general cleanup page for consistency and improved wording based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Leisenzo
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Mizoram#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Mizoram, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.2884667|N|93.3256708|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Mizoram]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Champhai district|Champhai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Block (district subdivision)|Block]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Khawbung]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 1590
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 796
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 271356
| footnotes =
}}
'''Leisenzo''' is a [[Mizo people|Mizo]] village in the [[Champhai district]] of [[Mizoram]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Khawbung]] [[Block (district subdivision)|R.D. Block]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |title=Mizoram villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806123151/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Mizoram.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Leisenzo has 155 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 92.63%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1504_PART_B_DCHB_CHAMPHAI.pdf |title=District Census Handbook - Champhai |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Mizoram |accessdate=2015-08-22 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 796 || 397 || 399
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 118 || 63 || 55
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 795 || 397 || 398
|-
| Literates || 628 || 325 || 303
|-
| Workers (all) || 409 || 194 || 215
|-
| Main workers (total) || 404 || 191 || 213
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 352 || 159 || 193
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 3 || 2 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| Main workers: Other || 47 || 29 || 18
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 5 || 3 || 2
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 4 || 2 || 2
|-
| Non-workers || 387 || 203 || 184
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Champhai district}}

[[Category:Villages in Khawbung block]]

Samarendra Kundu

2025-09-22T12:46:10Z

BennyHubbs95:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Samarendra Kundu
| image = Samarendra Kundu.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1930|10|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = Suelpur, [[Balasore]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|1993|12|6|1930|10|5|df=y}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| office = Member: [[4th Lok Sabha|4th]], [[6th Lok Sabha|6th]] and [[9th Lok Sabha|9th]] [[Lok Sabha]]
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|Union Minister of State, External Affairs]]
| primeminister =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 =
| primeminister2 =
| term3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| predecessor4 =
| primeminister3 =
| term5 =
| predecessor5 =
| successor5 =
| term6 =
| predecessor6 =
| successor6 =
| term7 =
| predecessor7 =
| successor7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| term_start9 =
| term_end9 =
| party = [[Janata Dal]]
| otherparty = [[Praja Socialist Party]] [[Communist Party of India]]
| spouse = Dipti Biswal Kundu
| alma_mater = [[Ravenshaw University]], [[Madhusudan Law University]]
| nationality =
| signature =
| constituency = [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]], [[Odisha]]
| parents = Sitanath Kundu (father)
| education = B. Sc, LL.B
| termstart1 =
| termend1 =
| termstart2 = August, 1977
| termend2 = July, 1979
}}
'''Samarendra Kundu''' (5 October 1930 - 6 December 1993) was an Indian politician and a former Union minister of state of foreign affairs in the [[Government of India]]. He was elected to the [[4th Lok Sabha]] in 1967 from [[Balasore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balasore]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]]. He was re-elected to the Lok Sabha in 1977 and 1989 from the same constituency. He was a member of the [[Janata Dal]] political party. He was imprisoned during [[Emergency (India)|The Emergency]] in 1975–77, under [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act|MISA]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members Bioprofile |url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1828.htm |access-date=2022-09-04 |website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref> He died in 1993 of complications relating to an operation.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/profilepage.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619072646/http://ws.ori.nic.in/ola/mlaprofile/profilepage.asp |date=19 June 2009 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kundu, Samarendra}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:India MPs 1967–1970]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Odisha]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Balasore district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]

{{Odisha-JD-politician-stub}}

Pandit Lekh Ram

2025-09-15T13:15:28Z

BennyHubbs95: new

{{short description|Social reformer and Arya Samaj leader}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Pandit]]
| name = Lekh Ram
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Pandit-Lekh-Ram-(1858-1897).jpg
| caption = Portrait of Pandit Lekh Ram
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1858|4||}}
| birth_place = Sayyedpur, [[Jhelum District]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1897|3|6|1858|4|}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_cause = [[Assassination]]
| other_names =
| known_for = * Religious leader
* Social worker
* Independence activist
* Social reformer
* Publicist
* Writer
| occupation =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| signature =
}}

'''Pandit Lekh Ram''' (April 1858 – 6 March 1897) was a 19th-century social reformer, publicist, and writer from Punjab, India. He was the leader of the radical wing within the [[Arya Samaj]],<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C|page=148}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Spencer Lavan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5q1WAAAAMAAJ |title=The Ahmadiyah Movement: A History and Perspective |date=1974 |publisher=Manohar Book Service |isbn=9780883864555 |page=15}}</ref> an Indian [[Hindu reform movement]]. He was known for his criticism of the caste system, superstitions, and blind faith prevalent in Hindu society. He also advocated for the education and empowerment of women.<ref>{{cite book |last=Valentine |first=Simon |title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-231-70094-8 |pages=48–9}}</ref> He is also known particularly for his encounters with [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement, and as a subject of his death prophecy. Lekh Ram's outspoken views and writings made him a controversial figure, and he faced opposition and violence from conservative Hindus and Muslims. His assassination by an unidentified assailant on 6 March 1897 <ref>{{cite book |last=Valentine |first=Simon |title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-231-70094-8 |pages=48–9}}</ref>

==Early life==
Pandit Lekh Ram was born in April 1858 in a small village of Pindi Saidpur, [[Jhelum District]]. His father's name was Tara Singh and his mother was Bhag Bhari. He served in the Punjab Police for some years, and when posted at [[Peshawar]], he came under the influence of the teachings of Munshi Kanhaiya Lal Alakhdhari and learned of the [[Arya Samaj]] movement and its founder [[Dayanand Saraswati]]. He resigned the Police service voluntarily and devoted his life for the propagation of [[Vedas]] and became a preacher of ''Punjab Arya Pratinidhi Sabha''. He was the founder of the Arya Samaj branch in [[Peshawar]]. He was married and had one son who died in early childhood.

==Activities==
After joining the Peshawar Arya Samaj Lekh Ram began actively propagating the teachings of the Samaj and [[Vedic]] religion. He also spoke against cow-slaughter and promoted the use of Hindi in government schools.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C|page=147}}</ref> He became the editor of the ''Arya Gazette'', an Urdu monthly, and soon led the group of Samajists who were more radical in their opposition towards other faiths.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C|page=148}}</ref> Lekh Ram wrote the biography of [[Dayanand Saraswati]] and some 33 other books in Urdu. Some of which were translated in [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]] and [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. He was reported to be an enthusiastic debater. As a speaker of [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]], he was involved in debates in multiple languages<ref>The Journal of Asian Studies - Volume 28, Issues 1-2, Page 45. </ref> and was active in re-converting Muslims to Hinduism who were previously converted from Hinduism to Islam. His writings drew constant criticism from the Muslim press.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C|page=193}}</ref>

==Lekh Ram and Islam==
While Dayanand Saraswati's polemics against Islam largely addressed doctrinal issues, later Samaj writers, including Lekh Ram, drew more heavily upon historical conflicts between Hindus and Muslims as well as the communal tensions of nineteenth century Punjab in an attempt to tie them with Islamic doctrine. Unlike their disputes with the Christians, the struggle between the Samajists and the Muslims quickly came to centre around two figures—Lekh Ram himself, representing the ''Samaj'' as a reformed Hinduism, and [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] (1835–1908), the founder of the [[Ahmadiyya]] movement which claimed to be a revitalised Islam.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C|page=146}}</ref> In their general critique of Islam, the Samajists often targeted Ahmad and his claims to spiritual authority specifically.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse/page/149 149]|url=https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse|url-access=registration}}</ref> When Ahmad published the ''Surma-i-Chashm-i-Arya'' (Antimony to Open the Eyes of the Aryas), Lekh Ram wrote ''Nuskha-i-Khabt-i-Ahmadiyya'' (A Prescription for the Madness of the Ahmadiyya).<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|page=149}}</ref> Following Ahmad's ''[[Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya|Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya]]'' (The Ahmadi Proofs), Lekh Ram published his refutation titled ''Takzeeb Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya'' (Falsification of the ''Barahin-i-Ahmadiyya''),<ref>See ''Kulyat-e-Arya Musafir'' [Kulyat-e-Arya Musafir by Mahashe Keeshat Dev manager Sattya Dharam Parcharak Haridwar at the Printing Press of Rai Sahib Munshi Gulab Singh Mufeed-e-Aam Press Lahore (1903).]</ref> opening up a series of disputations between the two sides. In 1892, Lekh Ram published his controversial treatise, ''Risala-i-Jihad ya'ni Din-i-Muhammadi ki Buniyad'' (A Treatise on Holy War or the Basis of the Muhammadan Religion).<ref>{{cite book | title=Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background | author=Friedmann, Yohanan | year=2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press | pages=9 | isbn=965-264-014-X}}</ref> The treatise—which drew and expanded upon Dayanand's ''[[Satyarth Prakash]]'' (The Light of Truth), a work which also criticised Christianity, Buddhism and Sikhism—accused Islam of being a warlike and sensual faith and escalated already existing communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in the early 1890s.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kenneth W. Jones |title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab |date=1976 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=0-520-02920-8 |pages=149–151}}</ref>

===The subject of prophecy===
Amid the polemical exchanges, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad published an announcement in 1893 in which he prophesied that Lekh Ram will face divine punishment and die in violent circumstances within six years, speaking of him as a "lifeless bellowing calf",<ref>{{cite book | title=Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background | author=Friedmann, Yohanan | year=2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press | pages=9 | isbn=965-264-014-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Valentine |first=Simon |title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-231-70094-8 |page=48}}</ref> and stated that the fateful day will be very close to the Muslim festival of [[Eid al-Fitr]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Geaves|first=Ron|title=Islam and Britain: Muslim Mission in an Age of Empire|year=2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4742-7173-8|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=mMA2DwAAQBAJ|page=38}}</ref>

===Assassination===
Four years later, on 6 March 1897, the day following Eid, Lekh Ram was stabbed to death<ref>{{cite book|last=Geaves|first=Ron|title=Islam and Britain: Muslim Mission in an Age of Empire|year=2017|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4742-7173-8|page=38}}</ref> while staying in Lahore, purportedly by a Muslim.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse/page/194 194]|url=https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse|url-access=registration}}</ref> The assassin was a stranger to the city but had been staying with Lekh Ram for three weeks under the pretext of wishing to become a Hindu.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse/page/194 194]|url=https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse|url-access=registration}}</ref> Lekh Ram was cremated and the ashes dispersed into a river. His assassination caused a great shock among the Arya Samaj throughout the Punjab and his funeral drew an estimated 20,000 people at the [[burning ghat]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse/page/194 194]|url=https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse|url-access=registration}}</ref> The Hindu press as well as the police suspected a Muslim offended by Lekh Ram's writings. While Arya leaders were confident that the assassin would be arrested,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse/page/194 194]|url=https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse|url-access=registration}}</ref> a police investigation failed to apprehend the assassin.<ref>{{cite book | title=Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background | author=Friedmann, Yohanan | year=2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press | pages=10 | isbn=965-264-014-X}}</ref> The assassination also intensified communal tensions between Hindus and Muslims in the months that followed and generated a heightened sense of trepidation among both with mutual threats, boycotts and cases of street violence between rival groups.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse/page/195 195]–200|url=https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse|url-access=registration}}</ref> For his part, Ahmad maintained that he had no hand in the fulfillment of the prophecy other than through purely spiritual means<ref>{{cite book | title=Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background | author=Friedmann, Yohanan | year=2003 | publisher=Oxford University Press | pages=10 | isbn=965-264-014-X}}</ref> and although he was suspected by some, nothing could be proven.<ref name="Valentine 2008 xv">{{cite book |last=Valentine |first=Simon |title=Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jamaʻat: History, Belief, Practice |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-231-70094-8 |page=49}}</ref> Press speculation as to the assassin's identity, as well as rumours of his capture, resurfaced intermittently throughout the year.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=0-520-02920-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse/page/200 200]|url=https://archive.org/details/americocastromea0000unse|url-access=registration}}</ref>

==Works==
All his 33 works have been collectively published under the name ''Kulyaat-e-Arya Musafir'' by Mahashe Keeshat Dev manager ''Sattya Dharam Parcharak Haridwar'' at the Printing Press of Rai Sahib Munshi Gulab Singh ''Mufeed-e-Aam Press'' [[Lahore]] (1903).<ref>List of Lekh Ram's Works (Title Page) ''Kulyaat-e-Arya Musafir'' by Mahashe Keeshat Dev manager ''Sattya Dharam Parcharak Haridwar'' at the Printing Press of Rai Sahib Munshi Gulab Singh ''Mufeed-e-Aam Press'' [[Lahore]] (1903).</ref>

1. Tareekh-e-Dunya

2. Saboot-e-Tanasukh

3. Shri Krishn ka jeevan Charitra

4. Stree Shiksha

5. Stree Shiksha ke wasail

6. Namaste ki Tahqeeqat

7. Shrimad Devi Bhaagvat Pareeksha

8. Puranas Kisne Banai

9. Dharam Parchar

10. Patap Udharan

11. Murda Zaroor Jalana Chahiye

12. Murti Parkash

13. Itre Roohani

14. Saanch ko Aanch Nahi

15. Ram Chadar Ji ka Sacha Darshan

16. Christian Mat Darpan

17. Masal Neug

18. Sadaqat-e-Rigved

19. Nijaat Ki Asli Tareef

20. Sache Dharam ki Shahadat

21. Sadaqat-e-Ilham

22. Sadaqat-e-Usool wa Taleem Aray Samaj

23. Takzeeb-e-Barahin Ahmadiyya Volume 1

24. Takzeeb-e-Barahin Ahmadiyya Volume 2

25. Nuskha Khabte Ahmadiyya

26. Ibtaal Basharaat-e-Ahmadiyya

27. Risala Jihaad

28. Izhaar-e-Haq

29. Hujjat-ul-Islam

30. Rah-e-Nijaat

31. Sadaqat Dharam Arya

32. Radd-e-Khil’at Islam

33. Ayeena-e-Shafa’at

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Wikiquote}}
{{Arya Samaj by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lekhram, Pandit}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1897 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Jhelum District]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Arya Samajis]]
[[Category:Indian critics of Christianity]]
[[Category:Indian critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Hindu critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Critics of Ahmadiyya]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]

Vegakollai

2025-09-14T05:09:42Z

BennyHubbs95: adjusted information after review as per guidelines

{{short description|Village in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2015}}

'''Vegakkollai''' is a village and [[Gram panchayat]] located in the [[Panruti taluk|Panruti Taluk]] of [[Cuddalore district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.
It is situated 14.9 km from the main town of Panruti and 24.1 km from the district headquarters, Cuddalore.

Vegakkollai is approximately 173 km from the state capital, [[Chennai]].

== Near by towns ==
* Indira Nagar, Neyveli - 6 km
* Kurinjipadi - 10.3 km
* Panruti - 14.9 km
* Vadalur - 15 km
* Annagramam - 16.9 km
* Cuddalore - 21 km

== Nearby villages ==
* Ayeepettai - 1.2 km
* Vengadampettai - 1.5 km
* A. Puthur - 2 km
* Co. Chathiram - 2 km
* Koranapattu - 2.8 km
* Siruthondamadevi - 3 km
* Keelakollai - 4 km
* Krishnankuppam - 4 km
* Arasadikuppam - 4 km
* Kananchavadi - 4 km

== Places of worship ==
Vegakkollai is home to several ancient temples, each with deep cultural and spiritual significance:

* Kalapar Eswaran Kovil – An ancient temple dedicated to Lord Shiva.
* Murugan Kovil – A historic temple devoted to Lord Murugan.
* Kali Kovil – Dedicated to Goddess Kali.
* Om Shathi Kovil – Known for its tranquil atmosphere.
* [[Mariamman]] Kovil – A temple for Goddess Mariamman.
* Pillayar Kovil – A temple dedicated to Lord Ganesha.
* Iyyanar Kovil – A place of worship for Lord Ayyanar, a guardian deity.
* Purathaman Kovil – Another revered temple in the village.
Nearby, in Vengadampettai (1.5 km from Vegakkollai), stands the Ranganathar Kovil, renowned for housing the world’s largest statue of Lord Ranganathar in a reclining pose. This temple is approximately 1,000 years old and holds historical and religious significance.

== Education ==
Vegakkollai is served by local schools, including:

* Panchayat Union Middle School
* Panchayat Union Elementary School
These schools provide foundational education for the village children and support the community's educational needs.

== Economy ==
Vegakkollai village is nestled amidst cashew nut groves and jackfruit trees, with agriculture as its primary occupation. Most residents engage in organic farming, which is environmentally friendly and sustainable. Major crops include bananas, sugarcane, and groundnuts. In addition, the village is home to other enterprises such as small- to large-scale country chicken poultry farms, cashew shelling, and cashew export businesses, alongside jackfruit and banana cultivation.

Residents of Vegakkollai pursue a mix of careers, including self-employment, government roles, and engineering positions spanning from mechanical to IT industries.

The nursery garden business is also a significant industry here, with many villagers specializing in growing flower saplings, including country roses, casuarina hybrid clones, Kanagambaram, and jasmine. Vegakkollai has become a major hub for nursery gardens and horticulture, producing skilled horticulturists, including graduates from the village itself. These nurseries employ diverse propagation techniques, such as cutting, layering, grafting, and budding, to grow a variety of plants like tree saplings (casuarina, papaya, guava), flowering plants (Kanagambaram, rose), and medicinal herbs (Tulsi, Karpooravalli).

The horticulture industry in Vegakkollai also supports services in plant conservation, landscape restoration, garden design, construction, and maintenance, arboriculture, and horticultural therapy. This diverse range of agricultural products and services contributes to food security, medicinal needs, environmental health, and overall human well-being, making Vegakkollai a renowned center for horticulture

== Elected Representatives ==
The area of Vegakkollai includes several hamlets: Vegakkollai, Vegakkollai Puthur, Kattu Vegakkollai, and Vegakkollai Chathiram. The panchayat has approximately 2,300 registered voters.

Vegakkollai falls under the Neyveli MLA constituency and the Cuddalore Lok Sabha constituency.

== Bank ==
* [[Canara Bank]] – Includes an ATM facility located at Vegakkollai Chathiram.
* Tamil Nadu Co-operative Society – Serving the community with various financial services.

== Bus Services ==
The Tamil Nadu Villupuram Transport Corporation provides bus services to Vegakkollai on the following routes:

* Bus 21: Connects Panruti and Kurinjipadi, passing through Keelakollai and Vegakkollai.
* Bus 10: Connects Cuddalore and Vegakkollai via Kullanchavadi.
* Bus 20: Links Panruti and Kurinjipadi, passing through Kadapulliyur Register Office and Vegakkollai.

== Bus Route No : 21 ==

'''Departures from Panruti:'''

* 6:20 AM – Arrives at Vegakkollai: 7:00 AM, Ends at Kurinjipadi: 7:20 AM
* 10:00 AM – Arrives at Vegakkollai: 11:20 AM, Ends at Kurinjipadi: 11:50 AM
* 4:20 PM – Arrives at Vegakkollai: 5:00 PM, Ends at Kurinjipadi: 5:20 PM
* 7:20 PM – Arrives at Vegakkollai: 8:00 PM, Ends at Kurinjipadi: 8:20 PM

''' Departures from Kurinjipadi:'''

* 7:50 AM – Arrives at Vegakkollai: 8:15 AM, Ends at Panruti: 8:50 AM
* 11:50 AM – Arrives at Vegakkollai: 12:15 PM, Ends at Panruti: 12:50 PM
* 5:50 PM – Arrives at Vegakkollai: 6:30 PM, Ends at Panruti: 7:00 PM
* 8:50 PM – Arrives at Vegakkollai: 9:30 PM, Ends at Panruti: 10:15 PM

== Bus Route No: 10 ==
'''Route:'''
Cuddalore — via Kullanchavadi, Ambalavanan Pet, Kattiyankuppam, Chathiram, Thani Pathalutti, Kattu-Vegakkollai, Vegakkollai, Ayeepettai.

'''Bus No. 10 Timings'''

'''Departures from Vegakkollai:'''

* 5:00 AM – Arrives in Cuddalore: 6:20 AM
* 8:30 AM – Arrives in Cuddalore: 11:20 AM
* 12:30 PM – Arrives in Cuddalore: 1:50 PM
* 3:00 PM – Arrives in Cuddalore: 4:10 PM
* 6:00 PM – Arrives in Cuddalore: 7:20 PM
* 8:30 PM – Arrives in Cuddalore: 9:40 PM

'''Departures from Cuddalore:'''

* 6:30 AM – Arrives in Vegakkollai: 8:00 AM
* 11:20 AM – Arrives in Vegakkollai: 12:10 PM
* 1:50 PM – Arrives in Vegakkollai: 2:50 PM
* 4:20 PM – Arrives in Vegakkollai: 5:50 PM
* 7:30 PM – Arrives in Vegakkollai: 8:50 PM
* 9:50 PM – Arrives in Vegakkollai: 11:00 PM

== Bus Route No: 20 ==

'''Route:'''
Panruti — via Kadapulliyur Register Office, Chinna Poorakani, Periya Poorakani, Varisangkupam, Kananchavadi, Azhagapasamuthiram, Arasadikuppam, Chiruthondamadevi, A. Pudur, Thani Pathalutti, Kattu-Vegakkollai, Vegakkollai, Ayeepettai, Vengadampettai, Annadanampettai (Link Road), Paacharapalayam (Link Road), Meenachipettai, Railway Bus Stop (Kurinjipadi), Perumal Kovil, and Kurinjipadi (Bus Stand).

'''Bus No. 20 Timings'''

'''Departures from Panruti:'''

* 7:45 AM – Arrives at Vegakkollai: 8:50 AM, Ends at Kurinjipadi: 9:15 AM

'''Departures from Kurinjipadi:'''

* 9:00 AM – Arrives at Vegakkollai: 10:00 AM, Ends at Panruti: 10:50 AM

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Villages in Cuddalore district]]

Reema Nanavaty

2025-08-27T09:11:47Z

BennyHubbs95: new

{{Short description|Indian social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reema Nanavaty
| image =Reema Nanavati.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|05|22}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Social worker
| children = Two
| parents =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
| website =
| imagesize =
| restingplace = Ahmedabad
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Mihir Bhatt
| domesticpartner =
}}

'''Reema Nanavaty''' is an Indian developmental worker based in [[Ahmedabad]], India. She has been active for three decades in organising women into co-operative organisations, enterprises and trade unions in India. She is the director of ''SEWA'' ([[Self-Employed Women's Association of India]])<ref name="SEWA">{{cite web | url=http://www.sewa.org/padmashri.asp | title=SEWA | publisher=SEWA | date=2014 | access-date=17 October 2014 | archive-date=25 February 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225143619/http://www.sewa.org/padmashri.asp | url-status=dead }}</ref> and is credited for building women's livelihoods and enterprises within eighteen states in India as well as in neighbouring countries such as Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan.

She was honoured by the [[Government of India]], in 2013, with the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for her contributions to the field of social service.<ref name="Padma 2013">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-padma-awardees/article4345496.ece | title=Padma 2013 | newspaper=The Hindu | date=26 January 2013 | access-date=10 October 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
{{quote box|align = right|width=21em|''If the villagers of Gokhantar, in the arid deserts of western Gujarat state have a supply of sweet water today, they have their womenfolk to thank for it'' says Reema Nanavaty.<ref name="Google Books">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJFwK8XYQMkC&q=Reema+Nanavati&pg=PA371 |title=Women of India: Colonial and Post-colonial Periods |date=2014 |access-date=17 October 2014|isbn=9780761934097 |last1=Ray |first1=Bharati |publisher=SAGE Publications }}</ref>}}

Reema Nanavaty was born in [[Ahmedabad]], to Bharati Nanavaty and Rameshchandra Nanavaty, in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] on 22 May 1964. Her paternal grandfather Mahendrarai Nanavaty was a well known labour lawyer who worked for the [[Textile Labour Association]] or TLA (also known as ''Majoor Mahajan Sangh'') founded by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], from which ''SEWA'' originates. Her maternal grandfather, Shyamprasad Vasavada was the General Secretary of the [[Textile Labour Association]], a labour leader and [[Gandhian]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Six Decades of Textile Labour Association, Ahmedabad |url=https://vvgnli.gov.in/sites/default/files/Six%20Decades%20of%20Textile%20Labour%20Association%2C%20Ahmedabad%20%281917-1977%29.pdf |website=Six Decades of Textile Labour Association, Ahmedabad |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> He worked closely with [[Anasuya Sarabhai]] – on whom Reema’s family curated an exhibition – “Motaben” in 2012.<ref>{{cite news |title=An exhibition on Ahmedabad's forgotten heroine |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 November 2012 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/an-exhibition-on-ahmedabads-forgotten-heroine/articleshow/17250653.cms |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> Nanavaty is the daughter-in-law [[Ela Bhatt]], a renowned women's empowerment activist, [[Padma Bhushan]] winner and the founder of ''SEWA''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Noted women empowerment activist and SEWA founder. |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/noted-women-empowerment-activist-and-sewa-founder-ela-bhatt-passes-away-at-89/articleshow/95255275.cms?from=mdr |website=Economic Times| date=2 November 2022 }}</ref>

Nanavaty was raised and schooled in Ahmedabad. She pursued a master's in microbiology with Medical Laboratory Technician training and graduated in Science from the [[Gujarat University]].<ref name="DNA India" /> Opting for a career of civil service, she passed the civil services examination ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]).<ref name="DNA India">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-reema-nanavaty-receives-padma-shri-1825177 |title=DNA India |publisher=DNA India |date=21 April 2013 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref> However, her stay there lasted only one year as she quit the service to take up full-time social service.<ref name="SEWA" /><ref name="DNA 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-sewa-s-reema-nanavaty-gets-padma-shri-1792876 |title=DNA 1 |publisher=DNA India |date=26 January 2013 |access-date=17 October 2014}}</ref>

In 1985 she joined the rural wing of SEWA [[Self-Employed Women's Association of India]], an [[NGO]] founded by [[Ela Bhatt]], a [[Gandhian Movement|Gandhian]] and social worker. She developed a regional rural water supply scheme into an integrated water project. She stayed on with SEWA and expanded the project into an on-going Women, Water and Work campaign of 40000 women, making women central to water decisions in the process. In 1999, she was elected as the General Secretary of SEWA. Since then, she has expanded SEWA membership to 530,000 making SEWA the single largest union of informal sector workers in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Session on Women as Economic Players in Sustainable Development |url=https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/dda_e/symp03_bios_gwit_e.doc |website=World Trade Organisation |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> It was under her leadership, SEWA started self-help groups and a retail distribution network, ''Rudi'', to take the goods produced by SEWA sisters to 40000 households.

In 2001, Reema Nanavaty launched ''Jeevika project'', in association with the [[Government of Gujarat]] and [[International Fund for Agricultural Development]] (IFAD), an initiative to bring relief to the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] victims and their families.<ref name="DNA India" /> A year later, she started ''Shanta'', a relief programme to aid the [[2002 Gujarat riots]] victims.<ref name="SEWA" /><ref name="DNA India" /> She has taken SEWA out of Gujarat and the activities of the organization, now, spans across the country from [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] to [[Assam]]. They are also involved in war torn [[Afghanistan]], [[Bhutan]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref name="SEWA" /><ref name="DNA India" />

Reema is currently member of the Advisory Council on Gender of the World Bank Group. She was also invited as a member of International Labor Organization’s High Level Global Commission on Future of Work.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Commission on the Future of Work |url=https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/future-of-work/WCMS_569528/lang--en/index.htm |website=International Labour Organisation |date=14 August 2017 |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> She was the only commissioner representing the informal sector workers, self-employed workers and the rural workers union in the entire commission. She has also been invited as a member of the UN High-level Dialogue`s Technical Working Group on Energy Action to Advance Other SDGs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Reema Nanavaty Director, SEWA (Self-Employed Women's Association) |url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/reema-nanavaty |website=World Bank Group |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref>

==Personal life==

She is married to Mihir Bhatt, an Architect and Urban Planner and Founder of All India Disaster Mitigation Institute.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lunch with BS: Reema Nanavaty |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/lunch-with-bs-reema-nanavaty-116090201451_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref> They have two sons Somnath and Rameshwar Bhatt.

==Awards==
* Agriculture Leadership Award in 2021, Agriculture Today
* FICCI Water Awards in 2016
* ITUC Dorje Khatri Award in 2016
* Innovating – For a Better Tomorrow Award in 2014, CNN - IBN
* Social Innovator Award in 2014, Indians for Collective Action
* First Jacques Diouf Award on Global Food Security in 2013, Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)<ref>{{cite web |title=Presentation of the Jacques Diouf Award |url=https://www.ipcinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/FAODG/docs/2013-06-15-presentation-jacques-diouf-award-dg-speech-en.pdf |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref>
* [[Padma Shri]] Award in 2013, Government of India<ref>{{cite web |title=Reema Nanavaty receives Padma Shri |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-reema-nanavaty-receives-padma-shri-1825177 |website=DNA Indiaa |access-date=9 January 2023}}</ref>
* Designomics Awards in 2011, Bloomberg UTV, World Brand Congress and VGC
* Sankalp NABARD Award in 2009
* Kamladevi Chattopadhyay Award given by the Government of India.

==See also==
{{portal|India}}
* [[Self-Employed Women's Association of India]]
* [[Ela Bhatt]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal | url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2011/619/619_reema_nanavatyi.htm | title=Doosri azadi | author=Reema Nanavaty | journal=India Seminar}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nanavaty |first1=Reema |title="Pandemic and future of work: Rehabilitating informal workers livelihoods post pandemic." |journal=The Indian Journal of Labour Economics |date=2020 |volume=63| issue = 1 |pages=151–155|doi=10.1007/s41027-020-00271-0 |pmid=33071491 |pmc=7548055 }}
* James, A. J., Joep Verhagen, Christine Van Wijk, Reema Nanavaty, Mita Parikh, and Mihir Bhatt. "Transforming time into money using water: a participatory study of economics and gender in rural India." In Natural Resources Forum, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 205–217. Oxford, UK and Boston, USA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2002.
* Sijbesma, Christine, Joep Verhagen, Reema Nanavaty, and A. J. James. "Impacts of domestic water supply on gender and income: results from a participatory study in a drought-prone region in Gujarat, India." Water Policy 11, no. 1 (2009): 95–105.

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://www.theindianpanorama.com/2013/04/08/president-confers-padma-awards/ | title=Padma Awards List | publisher=Indian Panorama | date=2014 | access-date=12 October 2014}}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aJFwK8XYQMkC&q=Reema+Nanavati&pg=PA371 | title=Women of India: Colonial and Post-colonial Periods | publisher=Sage | author=Bharati Ray | date=4 October 2005 | pages=371 of 622 pages | isbn=9780761934097}}
* {{cite web | url=http://deshgujarat.com/2013/01/25/two-from-gujarat-win-padma-award/ | title=News report | publisher=Desh Gujarat | date=25 January 2013 | access-date=17 October 2014}}
* {{Cite news | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/one-can-t-have-balanced-growth-without-being-inclusive-114012801182_1.html | title=Seminar Report | journal=Business Standard India | date=17 October 2014 | access-date=17 October 2014| last1=Standard | first1=Business }}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nanavati, Reema}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]
[[Category:Scholars from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Gujarati people]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Activists from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:Indian women philanthropists]]
[[Category:Indian philanthropists]]
[[Category:Social workers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian social scientists]]

Pathinaru Vayathinile (album)

2025-08-24T11:58:08Z

BennyHubbs95:

{{for|the 1977 film|16 Vayathinile}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Pathinaru Vayathanile
| type = studio
| artist = T. S. Muralidharan
| cover = Pathinaru Vayathinile (album).jpg
| released = 2001 (India)
| recorded = 1998
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length =
| label = Ramiy Records
| producer =
}}
'''''Pathinaru Vayathanile''''' ({{Translation|At the age of sixteen}}) is the debut studio album by T. S. Muralidharan, released in 2001.

== Production ==
{{Blockquote
|text=While in school I even had a troupe called 'Black Snow'. And it was quite popular. When the chance to sing for a private album came, I ventured into it. It was a different experience.|source=[[Manoj Bharathiraja]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=A quick chat with Manoj |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/A%20quick%20chat%20with%20Manoj.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030102184313/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/A%20quick%20chat%20with%20Manoj.htm |archive-date=2 January 2003 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref>}}

The music for the album was composed in 1998.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |last=கிருஷ்ணா |first=கார்த்திக் |date=26 March 2025 |title=இயக்குநராக விரும்பியவரை நடிகராக்கிய பாரதிராஜா - மனோஜின் நிறைவேறாத ஆசை |url=https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cvgdxyw1xl4o |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326033825/https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cvgdxyw1xl4o |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2025 |title=நடிகர் டூ உதவி இயக்குநர்... மனோஜ் பாரதிராஜாவின் இயக்குநர் ஆசை! - MANOJ BHARATHIRAJA |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ta/!entertainment/manoj-bharathiraja-writer-director-actor-and-everything-many-faces-of-manoj-life-tamil-nadu-news-tns25032602221 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331132113/https://www.etvbharat.com/ta/!entertainment/manoj-bharathiraja-writer-director-actor-and-everything-many-faces-of-manoj-life-tamil-nadu-news-tns25032602221 |archive-date=31 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[ETV Network|ETV Bharat News]] |language=ta}}</ref> Manoj Bharathiraja sang six songs of the album, which marked his playback singing debut.<ref>{{Cite web |title=old news |url=https://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/old_news.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326194931/https://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/old_news.htm |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=pvv.ntnu.no}}</ref><ref name="Tweet">{{Cite tweet |number=1341299871207182337 |user=manojkumarb_76 |title=#padhinaruvayadhiniley My first music album which got released in 2001...down memory lane |author=manoj k bharathi |author-link=Manoj Bharathiraja |date=22 December 2020 |access-date=27 March 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/FbQUk |archive-date=31 March 2025}}</ref> [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] also made her playback singing debut through the album after being approached by Manoj.<ref name="Tweet" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2024 |title=On Her 48th Birthday, A Look At Actress Meena's Legacy In South And Bollywood |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/on-her-48th-birthday-a-look-at-actress-meenas-legacy-in-south-and-bollywood-9054165.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001175933/https://www.news18.com/movies/on-her-48th-birthday-a-look-at-actress-meenas-legacy-in-south-and-bollywood-9054165.html |archive-date=1 October 2024 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref name="V">{{Cite web |last=காந்தி |first=உ சுதர்சன் |date=10 April 2018 |title="அப்போ ஹீரோ... இப்போ, டீச்சர்!"- 'அப்போ இப்போ' கதை சொல்கிறார், மனோஜ் பாரதிராஜா பகுதி - 5 |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/121721-manoj-bharathiraja-in-appo-ippo-series-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326190702/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/121721-manoj-bharathiraja-in-appo-ippo-series-5 |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=[[Cinema Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref> The album was named after [[16 Vayathinile|the 1977 film of the same name]], which was directed by [[Bharathiraja]], Manoj's father.<ref name="V" />

== Release ==
[[Ajith Kumar]] and [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] attended the audio release function in 2001 as the chief guests.<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1256100077283815425 |user=manojkumarb_76 |title=Haappy birthday ajith sir...💖💖💖 |author=manoj k bharathi |author-link=Manoj Bharathiraja |date=1 May 2020 |access-date=27 March 2025 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/tzpgX |archive-date=31 March 2025}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
All of the songs were composed by T. S. Muralidharan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 March 2000 |title=முரளிதரன் = Muralitharan / தபுன் = Tabun - 16 வயதினிலே... / ஓ நண்பனே |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/10485696-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A9-Muralitharan-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9-Tabun-16-%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2-%E0%AE%93-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9?srsltid=AfmBOoqpc2j2bLOqXd-MoZBMwR9K8BLTvPbYl6xtPAkVITP_3ewCQSzu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326194804/https://www.discogs.com/release/10485696-%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25B3%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AE%25A9-Muralitharan-%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25A9-Tabun-16-%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AE%25AF%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25A9%25E0%25AE%25B2-%25E0%25AE%2593-%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AE%25A3%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AE%25A9%3Fsrsltid%3DAfmBOoqpc2j2bLOqXd-MoZBMwR9K8BLTvPbYl6xtPAkVITP_3ewCQSzu |archive-date=26 March 2025 |access-date=27 March 2025 |via=[[Discogs]]}}</ref>{{efn|Although Muralidharan is credited as the music director, Manoj said in an interview that he composed the music for the album himself.<ref name="V" /><ref name="BBC" />}} The lyrics were written by Pushpavasagan.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vaikarai Velaile
| extra1 = [[Manoj Bharathiraja|Manoj]]
| length1 = {{Emdash}}
| title2 = Kadhal Vanthu
| extra2 = [[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
| length2 = {{Emdash}}
| title3 = Pathinaru Vayathinile
| extra3 = Meena, Manoj
| length3 = {{Emdash}}
| title4 = Madura Mailu Eiva
| extra4 = Meena, Manoj
| length4 = {{Emdash}}
| title5 = Oirele Kalanthu
| extra5 = Manoj
| length5 = {{Emdash}}
| title6 = Karisa Kaadutha Kadhal
| extra6 = Meena, Manoj
| length6 = {{Emdash}}
| title7 = Kadhal Vanthu
| extra7 = Manoj
| length7 = {{Emdash}}
| title8 = Seetha Kalyanam
| extra8 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length8 = {{Emdash}}
| title9 = Azhaka Azhaka
| extra9 = Dheepa
| length9 = {{Emdash}}
| title10 = Madura Mailu Eiva
| extra10 = Meena, Tippu
| length10 = {{Emdash}}
| total_length = {{Emdash}}
}}

== Music videos ==
The music videos for the album were directed by Pushpavasagan and feature Manoj and Meena.<ref name="S">{{Cite web |title=Shri |url=http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/shri.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531134314/http://cinematoday3.itgo.com/shri.html |archive-date=31 May 2008 |access-date=27 March 2025 |website=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Venky of ''Chennai Online'' described the album's originality, sound quality and lyrics all as "average".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Venky |title='Pathinaru Vayathinile' |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/pathinaru.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010309223417/http://www.chennaionline.com/musicreviews/pathinaru.asp |archive-date=9 March 2001 |access-date=31 March 2025 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Prior to the album's release, [[A. R. Rahman]] heard Manoj's work as a playback singer from this album and offered him to sing one of the versions of "Eechi Elemichi" in the film.<ref name="BBC" /> This album is notably the only album to feature Meena's voice as her second album ''Kadhalism'', which she also worked on in 2001, remains unreleased.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Waheed |first=Sajahan |date=27 September 2001 |title=Meena's album delayed |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82615511.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060356/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-82615511.html |archive-date=10 June 2014 |access-date=27 March 2025 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2001 |title=I will make the public know there is a good actor in Vikram |url=http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg115/p7.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216214924/http://www.tamilguardian.com/tg115/p7.pdf |archive-date=16 December 2007 |work=[[Tamil Guardian]] |access-date=27 March 2025 }}</ref> Pushpavasagan and Muralidharan collaborated again for ''[[Sri (2002 film)|Sri]]'' (2002).<ref name="S" />

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2001 debut albums]]
[[Category:Pop albums by Indian artists]]
[[Category:Tamil music]]

Sophagasenus

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{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| reign = 3rd century BC
}}
'''Sophagasenos''', also spelt '''Sophagasenus''' or '''Sophagasenas'''<ref name="Garg, Gaṅgā Rām 1992 510">{{cite book | author= Garg, Gaṅgā Rām |title= Encyclopaedia of the Hindu world, Volume 2 |publisher= Concept Publishing Company |year=1992 |page=510 |isbn= 9788170223757}}</ref> ([[Sanskrit]]: '''Subhagasena'''), was a local Indian king ruling in Kabul and [[Kingdom of Kapisa|Kapisa]] valley ([[Paropamisadae]] of the classical writings) during the last decades of 3rd century BCE. Sophagasenus finds reference only in "The Histories" of [[Polybius]].

==Names==
Sophagasenus is probably derived from the name Shubhagasena.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|p=36}}

==Polybius on Sophagasenus==
[[Polybius]] ({{circa|204|122 BCE}}), the Greek historian, makes reference to Sophagasenus in context with [[Antiochus III]]'s expedition across the Caucasus Indicus ([[Hindu Kush]]) in around 206 BCE. Having crossed the Caucasus Mountains, Antiochus moved up to Kabul and met Sophagasenus the Indian king with whom he renewed league and friendship he had made previously.<ref>Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p 322, Dr H. C. Raychaudhury, Dr B. N. Mukerjee</ref> and received more elephants until he had one hundred and fifty of them all together. He then returned home via Arachosia, Drangiana and Karmania.<ref>Ref: Polybius, XI.34.11-12</ref>{{#tag:ref|Read actual Trans of Polybius 11.34: ''"He (Antiochus) crossed the Caucasus Indicus (Paropamisus) and descended into India; renewed his friendship with Sophagasenus the king of the Indians; received more elephants, until he had a hundred and fifty all together; and having once more provisioned his troops, set out again personally with his army: leaving Androsthenes of Cyzicus the duty of taking home the treasure which this king had agreed to hand over to him.{{sfn|Kosmin|2014|pp=35–36}} Having traversed Arachosia and crossed the river Enymanthus, he came through Drangene to Carmania; and as it was now winter, he put his men into winter quarters there."''<ref>The Histories of Polybius, Book 11, 1889, p 78, by Friedrich Otto Hultsch, [[Evelyn Shirley Shuckburgh]]</ref>|group=Note}} No other source except Polybius makes any reference to Sophagasenus.

==See also==
* [[Kamboja Kingdom]]
*[[Apraca|Apraca dynasty]]
*[[Bajaur casket]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{citation |last=Kosmin |first=Paul J. |authorlink=Paul J. Kosmin |title=The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]] |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-674-72882-0 }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian warriors]]
[[Category:3rd-century BC Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Afghan monarchs]]

Yeroor

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BennyHubbs95: improve article for clarity and added references as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = yeroor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ml
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|08|55|45|N|76|55|05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district|Kollam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = Punalur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Kollam |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3213_PART_B_KOLLAM.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=5 March 2016|page=138|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = shrfinOfficial
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0475
| registration_plate = KL-25, KL-77
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 =[[Punalur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Kollam
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Literacy]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = 93.63%
| blank3_name_sec1=Assembly constituency
| blank3_info_sec1=
| website =
}}

'''Yeroor''' is a village situated near [[Anchal]], Kollam district, [[Kerala]], [[India]].

==Politics==

Yeroor is a part of [[Punalur]] assembly constituency in [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Shri. [[P S SUPAL]] is the current MLA of Punalur. Shri.[[N. K. Premachandran]] is the current [[member of parliament]] of Kollam.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies |access-date=2008-10-20 |work=Kerala |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304011026/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009 }}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Geography of Kollam district]]
[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]

{{Kollam-geo-stub}}

List of populated places in Tamenglong district

2025-06-28T02:44:19Z

BennyHubbs95: creating first place needs work!

{{short description|Villages in Tamenglong district of Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

The [[Tamenglong district]] of [[Manipur]] state has 3 subdivisions.<ref name="villages">{{cite web |title=Demography |publisher=District Administration Tamenglong |url=https://tamenglong.nic.in/demography/ |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], it included the present-day [[Noney district]] (split in 2016).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-violence-new-districts-okram-ibobi-united-naga-council-4436039/ |title=Simply put: Seven new districts that set Manipur ablaze |author=Esha Roy |date=2016-12-06 |access-date=2022-12-22 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Tamenglong - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6464 |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref> 096 946 723

== Subdivisions ==

The Tamenglong district has 3 subdivisions:<ref name="villages"/>

* Tamenglong
* Tamei
* Tousem

== Towns ==

The Tamenglong district has one town:<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Type
! Block
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Tamenglong]]
| [[Census town#India|Census Town]]
| Tamenglong
| 19363
| 86.95%
| 968
| 0.02%
| 96.07%
| 269207
|}

== Villages ==

=== Tamenglong subdivision ===

The Tamenglong subdivision has following villages:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/><ref name="tamenglong_block">{{cite web |title=House ownership status of SC Households: Tamenglong block |work=Socio Economic and Caste Census |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |url=https://secc.gov.in/getSCCategoryHouseOwnershipStatusBlockLgdReport.htm/14/258/2378 |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Akhui]]
| 729
| 75.79%
| 769
| 0.0%
| 86.42%
| 269176
|-
| [[Bhalok]]
| 1457
| 62.0%
| 1015
| 0.0%
| 99.86%
| 269200
|-
| [[Bamgaijang]]
| 565
| 73.58%
| 976
| 0.0%
| 98.76%
| 269178
|-
| [[Dailong]]
| 1634
| 66.37%
| 995
| 0.0%
| 98.9%
| 269201
|-
| [[Duigailong]]
| 733
| 60.83%
| 992
| 0.0%
| 99.59%
| 269173
|-
| [[Kahulong]]
| 721
| 77.67%
| 883
| 0.0%
| 99.17%
| 269177
|-
| [[Keikao]]
| 878
| 62.1%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 99.43%
| 269181
|-
| [[Khebuching]]
| 442
| 80.4%
| 913
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269197
|-
| [[Khongjaron Khunkha]]
| 639
| 69.03%
| 902
| 0.0%
| 99.69%
| 269175
|-
| [[Khongjaron Khunthak]]
| 603
| 70.99%
| 1023
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269174
|-
| [[L. Pabram]]
| 593
| 54.01%
| 964
| 0.0%
| 99.16%
| 269204
|-
| [[Ramlalong]]
| 159
| 97.12%
| 1065
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269205
|-
| [[Sanglungpang]]
| 733
| 66.18%
| 1019
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269180
|-
| [[Sempang]]
| 395
| 62.91%
| 936
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269182
|-
| [[Sonpram]]
| 1112
| 60.22%
| 1037
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269202
|-
| [[Tabanglong]]
| 302
| 25.2%
| 1013
| 0.0%
| 99.67%
| 269179
|-
| [[Tharon]]
| 1238
| 44.33%
| 943
| 0.0%
| 99.43%
| 269203
|-
| [[Wairangba]]
| 1676
| 68.93%
| 1079
| 0.0%
| 99.58%
| 269199
|}

The following villages do not appear in the 2011 census directory:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/><ref name="tamenglong_block"/>

* Khangchiulon
* Chiulon
* Kahulong
* Namkaolong
* Duilon
* Phalong
* Luangdi
* Puching
* Guangnam

=== Tamei subdivision ===

The Tamei subdivision has following villages:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/><ref name="tamei_block">{{cite web |title=House ownership status of SC Households: Tamei block |work=Socio Economic and Caste Census |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |url=https://secc.gov.in/getSCCategoryHouseOwnershipStatusBlockLgdReport.htm/14/258/2377 |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Atang Khullen]] (Atangkhullen)
| 96
| 58.7%
| 1182
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269169
|-
| [[Atang Khunou]] (Atangkhunou)
| 250
| 57.08%
| 812
| 0.0%
| 99.6%
| 269168
|-
| [[Chaton I]]
| 2015
| 81.92%
| 910
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269158
|-
| [[Dikiuram]]
| 542
| 73.9%
| 863
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269145
|-
| [[Dunong]] (Dunnong)
| 863
| 32.1%
| 836
| 0.0%
| 99.77%
| 269160
|-
| [[Elleng]] (Illeng)
| 1339
| 52.13%
| 860
| 0.0%
| 99.4%
| 269159
|-
| [[Kabonram]] (Kabuanram)
| 178
| 85.44%
| 874
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269150
|-
| [[Kawalong]]
| 317
| 46.62%
| 1032
| 0.0%
| 98.42%
| 269154
|-
| [[Khundong Khunkhaiba]] (split into Khundong I and Khundong II)
| 755
| 66.56%
| 837
| 0.0%
| 99.6%
| 269171
|-
| [[Kuilong-I]]
| 1708
| 71.38%
| 917
| 0.0%
| 98.36%
| 269164
|-
| [[Konphung]]
| 739
| 77.6%
| 1041
| 0.0%
| 99.59%
| 269144
|-
| [[Lamlaba]]
| 757
| 38.6%
| 1013
| 0.0%
| 99.34%
| 269149
|-
| [[Langmei]]
| 971
| 77.9%
| 1040
| 0.0%
| 99.18%
| 269152
|-
| [[Langpram]]
| 619
| 74.19%
| 947
| 0.0%
| 99.84%
| 269146
|-
| [[Lasan, Manipur|Lasan]]
| 194
| 89.61%
| 764
| 0.0%
| 98.45%
| 269166
|-
| [[Lenglong]]
| 191
| 89.02%
| 802
| 0.0%
| 99.48%
| 269236
|-
| [[Makuinong]]
| 1300
| 43.89%
| 857
| 0.0%
| 99.15%
| 269161
|-
| [[Nallong]]
| 979
| 72.08%
| 982
| 0.0%
| 99.9%
| 269162
|-
| [[Nurathen]]
| 424
| 62.66%
| 820
| 0.0%
| 99.53%
| 269170
|-
| [[Old Kadi]] (Kadi I)
| 1925
| 81.37%
| 952
| 0.0%
| 99.17%
| 269165
|-
| [[Old Lemta]] (Lemta I)
| 1986
| 81.28%
| 872
| 0.0%
| 99.9%
| 269163
|-
| [[Old Thenjang]]
| 1044
| 57.58%
| 923
| 0.0%
| 99.81%
| 269167
|-
| [[Pallong]]
| 1037
| 82.29%
| 924
| 0.0%
| 99.42%
| 269148
|-
| [[Piulong]]
| 392
| 76.77%
| 970
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269151
|-
| [[S. Songpibung]]
| 192
| 92.99%
| 1021
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269172
|-
| [[Taipram]]
| 419
| 87.06%
| 1095
| 0.0%
| 99.05%
| 269147
|-
| [[Tamah]]
| 806
| 79.51%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.88%
| 269155
|-
| [[Tamei, Manipur|Tamei]] (Tamei H/Q)
| 2728
| 92.94%
| 532
| 0.0%
| 69.39%
| 269153
|}

The following villages are listed in the 2011 census directory, but do not appear on the district website as of 2023:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/><ref name="tamei_block"/>

* Old Takou (population 1211): Instead, there are two villages called Lower Takou and Upper Takou
* New Kadi (population 451): Instead, there are villages named Kadi II, Kadi III, Kadi IV, and Kadi V

The following villages do not appear in the 2011 census directory:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/><ref name="tamei_block"/>

* Nenluang
* Chaton II
* Kadi-II
* Kadi-III
* Kadi-IV
* Kadi-V
* Kuilong-II
* Kuilong-III
* Nheng
* Lower Takou
* Upper Takou
* New Lemta
* New Thenjang
* Sojamphai
* Tabam
* New Nallong
* Thiujaining
* LC Phai
* Lungmonphai

=== Tousem subdivision ===

The Tousem subdivision has following villages:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/><ref name="tousem_block">{{cite web |title=House ownership status of SC Households: Tousem block |work=Socio Economic and Caste Census |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |url=https://secc.gov.in/getSCCategoryHouseOwnershipStatusBlockLgdReport.htm/14/258/2379 |access-date=2023-01-10}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Aben, Manipur|Aben]]
| 616
| 49.73%
| 987
| 0.0%
| 97.73%
| 269120
|-
| [[Atengba]] (Makoi)
| 936
| 66.92%
| 1030
| 0.0%
| 99.47%
| 269113
|-
| [[Azuram]]
| 902
| 80.37%
| 875
| 0.0%
| 93.57%
| 269106
|-
| [[Chingkao]]
| 570
| 43.06%
| 919
| 0.0%
| 23.33%
| 269110
|-
| [[Chingkhonglong]]
| 239
| 46.08%
| 1173
| 0.0%
| 99.16%
| 269111
|-
| [[Impa, Manipur|Impa]]
| 907
| 54.97%
| 980
| 0.0%
| 99.89%
| 269101
|-
| [[Inem]]
| 481
| 34.64%
| 963
| 0.0%
| 98.75%
| 269102
|-
| [[J. Pabram]]
| 889
| 50.52%
| 954
| 0.0%
| 99.44%
| 269115
|-
| [[Jeilatjang]] (Jeiladjang)
| 159
| 84.51%
| 1092
| 0.0%
| 99.37%
| 269112
|-
| [[Kaimai]] (Kaimai Kuki and Kaimai Naga)
| 1162
| 52.85%
| 930
| 0.77%
| 95.44%
| 269129
|-
| [[Kaiphundai]] (Kaiphundai Naga)
| 390
| 78.72%
| 840
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269125
|-
| [[Kandihang]]
| 365
| 51.58%
| 1160
| 0.0%
| 99.73%
| 269091
|-
| [[Katang, Manipur|Katang]]
| 875
| 82.68%
| 966
| 0.0%
| 99.89%
| 269100
|-
| [[Katangam]] (Katangnam)
| 269
| 50.64%
| 1085
| 0.0%
| 99.63%
| 269097
|-
| [[Katiang]]
| 183
| 51.27%
| 1316
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269096
|-
| [[Karamkha Khasi]] (Kamranga Khasia / Kamarangkha Khasi)
| 213
| 56.32%
| 1009
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269123
|-
| [[Khedarga Khasi]] (Khedagor Khasia / Khedargar Khasi)
| 117
| 22.22%
| 828
| 0.0%
| 0.0%
| 269122
|-
| [[Khedraga Mikir]] (Khedagor Mirkir)
| 0
| NA
| NA
| NA
| NA
| 269124
|-
| [[Kolbung, Manipur|Kolbung]] (Kulbung)
| 156
| 59.38%
| 773
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269140
|-
| [[Lhangnom]]
| 306
| 78.99%
| 1040
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269139
|-
| [[Longchai]]
| 336
| 86.05%
| 1087
| 0.0%
| 99.11%
| 269098
|-
| [[Longjon]]
| 187
| 53.37%
| 948
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269118
|-
| [[Maokot]]
| 104
| 45.74%
| 1039
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269116
|-
| [[Muktokhal]]
| 268
| 75.0%
| 1062
| 0.0%
| 99.25%
| 269130
|-
| [[Namtiram]]
| 681
| 94.02%
| 924
| 0.0%
| 98.97%
| 269105
|-
| [[New Magulong]]
| 232
| 62.56%
| 1128
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269103
|-
| [[Ngahmunphai]] (Ngamunphai)
| 78
| 74.63%
| 902
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269121
|-
| [[Ningning, Manipur|Ningning]] (Njingning)
| 386
| 48.07%
| 1086
| 0.0%
| 99.74%
| 269109
|-
| [[Njungkok]] (Njukuak)
| 298
| 79.3%
| 1292
| 0.0%
| 98.66%
| 269093
|-
| [[Nungkao]]
| 1004
| 48.71%
| 961
| 0.0%
| 96.81%
| 269126
|-
| [[Oinamlong]]
| 1512
| 37.87%
| 1016
| 0.0%
| 98.68%
| 269119
|-
| [[Old Kaiphundai]] (Old Kaiphundai Kuki)
| 227
| 60.44%
| 1083
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269133
|-
| [[Magulong]] (Old Magulong)
| 1148
| 77.79%
| 969
| 0.0%
| 99.56%
| 269099
|-
| [[Mandu, Manipur|Mandu]] (Old Mandu)
| 909
| 61.02%
| 955
| 0.0%
| 94.83%
| 269090
|-
| [[Pangkotphai]]
| 87
| 59.26%
| 977
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269142
|-
| [[Phaitol]]
| 971
| 26.01%
| 1015
| 0.0%
| 98.56%
| 269134
|-
| [[Phelong]] (Phellong)
| 537
| 77.52%
| 918
| 0.0%
| 99.26%
| 269104
|-
| [[Phoklong]]
| 1004
| 24.94%
| 992
| 0.0%
| 99.5%
| 269094
|-
| [[Pumram]]
| 164
| 64.38%
| 1103
| 0.0%
| 99.39%
| 269092
|-
| [[Rangkekilong]]
| 188
| 68.35%
| 918
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269127
|-
| [[Saramba]] (Chramram)
| 692
| 37.48%
| 928
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269107
|-
| [[Sibilong]]
| 882
| 75.21%
| 913
| 0.0%
| 98.98%
| 269128
|-
| [[T. Motbung]] (Motbung)
| 133
| 10.08%
| 1015
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269137
|-
| [[Taningjam]]
| 939
| 67.09%
| 1006
| 0.0%
| 99.47%
| 269108
|-
| [[Tatbung]]
| 268
| 75.0%
| 848
| 0.0%
| 99.63%
| 269132
|-
| [[Thingchamphai]]
| 173
| 86.71%
| 840
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269135
|-
| [[Thingtatbung]]
| 106
| 69.89%
| 1038
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269138
|-
| [[Thiulon]]
| 1097
| 69.52%
| 1043
| 0.0%
| 99.64%
| 269114
|-
| [[Tolen]] (Tollen)
| 116
| 67.62%
| 1071
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269136
|-
| [[Togoram]] (Teguaram / Taguaram)
| 565
| 61.32%
| 948
| 0.0%
| 99.12%
| 269095
|-
| [[Tongtao]]
| 107
| 94.23%
| 911
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269141
|-
| [[Tousem]]
| 2063
| 70.56%
| 1007
| 0.0%
| 99.52%
| 269089
|-
| [[Vanchengphai]]
| 236
| 85.02%
| 1107
| 0.0%
| 99.58%
| 269117
|-
| [[Vangaichungpao]] (Vangaichunpao)
| 309
| 48.21%
| 919
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 269131
|}

The following villages do not appear in the 2011 census directory:<ref name="villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/><ref name="tousem_block"/>

* New Mandu
* Deigie
* Tuisemphai
* Rangkekiulong
* Katang Mbeukam
* Taningjam
* Inpa Nkang (J-Pabram)
* Impa Ningdi
* Taijijang
* Charinapang
* Zeiladjang
* Luangkao
* Gamphazol
* Pangmol

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of populated places in Manipur|Tamenglong]]

2020 Ahmedabad chemical factory blast

2025-06-14T20:49:36Z

BennyHubbs95: Refined content and updated sections

{{Old news|date=March 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2020 Ahmedabad chemical factory blast
| image =
| image_size =
| date = {{start date|df=yes|2020|11|04}}
| time = 11:22 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| venue = Sahil Enterprises chemical boiler factory
| place = Revabhai Nanu Kaka estate, Pirana, [[Gujarat]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|59|30|N|72|34|13|E|type:event_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| reported death(s) = 12
| reported injuries = 9
| cause =
| notes =
}}
On 4 November 2020, a blast at a [[chemical factory]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India caused deaths of 12 people and injuries to nine others.<ref name="InEx">{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=12 killed in Gujarat after blast in factory leads to textile godown collapse|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/12-killed-in-gujarat-after-blast-in-factory-leads-to-textile-godown-collapse-6949366/|access-date=2020-11-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Incident==
A blast occurred at Sahil Enterprise, a chemical factory on Piplaj road in Pirana, [[Ahmedabad]] at 11:22 am IST. Kanika Texo Fab, a textile facility next to the factory, had around 30 people working when the blast occurred. The building collapsed and several people died and others injured due to the fallen debris. A total 12 people, including five women, died. Nine others, including four women, were admitted to the L G Hospital, six of whom were in critical condition.<ref name="InEx" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-11-04|title=Ahmedabad: At least 12 labourers were killed and nine injured in the blast at the chemical warehouse|url=https://scroll.in/latest/977699/ahmedabad-at-least-12-labourers-killed-nine-injured-in-blast-at-chemical-warehouse|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105024026/https://scroll.in/latest/977699/ahmedabad-at-least-12-labourers-killed-nine-injured-in-blast-at-chemical-warehouse |archive-date=5 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-06|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-04|title=Several women among 12 labourers killed in Ahmedabad warehouse blast|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/many-labourers-killed-in-ahmedabad-warehouse-blast/article33020789.ece|access-date=2020-11-06|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Rescue and compensation==
The [[fire brigade]] arrived with 60 firefighters and 24 [[fire engine]]s. The rescue operation lasted till 8:00 pm IST.<ref name="InEx"/>

The [[Government of Gujarat]] had announced an [[ex gratia]] of {{INRconvert|4|l}} each to the families of those killed.<ref name="InEx" />

==Investigation==
The [[Chief Minister of Gujarat]] [[Vijay Rupani]] had ordered the investigation. An inquiry commission comprising two members was formed for investigation.<ref name="InEx"/> The FIR was filed by [[Gujarat Police]] against the owner of the chemical factory and two owners of the estate on 5 November 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-06|title=Ahmedabad blast: Factory owners negligent, say kin of deceased; FIRs against 3|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabad-blast-factory-owners-negligent-say-kin-of-deceased-firs-against-3-6967234/|access-date=2020-11-06|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[2020 Dahej chemical plant explosion]]
*[[Visakhapatnam gas leak]]
*[[List of industrial disasters]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Disasters in India in 2020}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmedabad chemical factory blast, 2020}}
[[Category:2020 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2020 industrial disasters]]
[[Category:2020s in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Chemical plant explosions]]
[[Category:Disasters in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Explosions in 2020]]
[[Category:Industrial fires and explosions in India]]
[[Category:21st century in Ahmedabad|2020 chemical factory blast]]
[[Category:November 2020 in India]]

National Institute of Technology

2025-05-13T20:19:40Z

BennyHubbs95: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[National Institutes of Technology]]

Chandan Rawat (cricketer)

2025-04-04T01:09:56Z

BennyHubbs95: Expanded article with relevant info

{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1986)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Chandan Rawat
| image =
| country =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|12|18|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Assam]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nickname =
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Legbreak
| role = [[Batsman]]

| club1 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| year1 = 2004 - present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =
| date = 26 May 2019
| source = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33258.html ESPNcricinfo]
}}

'''Chandan Rawat''' (born 18 December 1986) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who played for [[Assam cricket team]]. A right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm. [[offbreak]].<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/33258.html |title=Chandan Rawat|access-date=26 May 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Rawat made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut in the 2004/05 [[Ranji Trophy]] against [[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=33258 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rawat, Chandan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Assam cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Guwahati]]
[[Category:1986 births]]

{{India-cricket-bio-stub}}

Chandan Rawat (cricketer)

2025-04-04T01:09:56Z

BennyHubbs95: Expanded article with relevant info

Ravi Bhushan

2025-03-20T09:11:23Z

BennyHubbs95: stub

{{short description| Indian chemist (born 1953)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ravi Bhushan
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Ravi Bhushan (2022).jpg
| imagesize = 240px
| alt =
| caption = Ravi Bhushan
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1953|04|12}}
| birth_place = [[Muzaffarnagar]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| other_names =
| residence =
| citizenship =
| nationality =
| fields =
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]]
| patrons =
| education = BSc at [[University of Jodhpur]] MSc at University of Jodhpur PhD at University of Jodhpur
| alma_mater = University of Jodhpur
| thesis_title= 
| thesis_url = 
| thesis_year = 1978
| doctoral_advisor = Ramesh Chandra Kapoor
| academic_advisors =
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| known_for = {{Ubl
| [[Analytical chemistry]]
}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| author_abbrev_bot =
| author_abbrev_zoo =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| signature = 
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ravi Bhushan''' (born 12 April 1953, in Muzaffarnagar, India) was a Professor of Chemistry at [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]] who worked in the areas of natural products chemistry, [[protein chemistry]], and [[chiral analysis]] by liquid chromatography.

== Education and academic career ==

Bhushan began his education in his native India, completing his undergraduate and master's degrees from the [[University of Jodhpur]]. He received his Ph.D. in chemistry (working on structure elucidation of natural products isolated from certain desert plants) in 1978 at the [[University of Jodhpur]]. Bhushan joined as a lecturer at the [[University of Roorkee]] (now [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]], India) in 1979 and was later selected for the position of full professor of chemistry in 1996 and served there till retirement in 2018.{{fact|date=February 2023}}

=== Research ===
He started his research in the chemistry of natural products. At [[Washington State University]] he established early steps in the metabolism of d-neomethyl-α-D-glucoside in pipermint (''Mentha piperita'') rhizomes ''via in vivo'' studies. Bhushan developed a ''de novo'' method for direct resolution of certain [[racemate]]s by [[liquid chromatography]]. Later, the approach was applied for direct enantioseparation of several active pharmaceutical ingredients ([[API]]s). It is now an established approach in literature. 1994 onwards, the method was extended to such resolutions by [[ligand exchange]] principle.<ref name="Bhushan">Ravi Bhushan, Jürgen Martens. ''Amino Acids: Chromatographic Separation and Enantioresolution'', HNB Publishing, New York, 2010, S. 322, ISBN 978-0-9728061-3-8.</ref> The method is of significant importance to pharmaceutical industry and analytical laboratories associated with regulatory agencies for determination and control of enantiomeric purity (and isolation of native enantiomers) of a variety of APIs since many of them are marketed and administered as racemic mixture while only one enantiomer is therapeutically useful.<ref name="pmid6092093">{{cite journal |author=[[Everhardus Jacobus Ariëns]]|title=Stereochemistry, a basis for sophisticated nonsense in pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology |journal=Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=663–668 |year=1984 |pmid=6092093 |doi= 10.1007/BF00541922|s2cid=30916093 |url=}}</ref>

Bhushan supervised the Ph.D. theses of > 30 scholars and has published more than 270 research papers.

=== Editorial work ===
Bhushan is a member of editorial board of
* [[Biomedical Chromatography]], (John Wiley & Sons, UK, since Jan 1996);
* [[Bioanalysis]] (Future Science Group, UK, since 2011), and
* [[Acta Chromatographica]] (Akademiai Kiado, Hungary, since 2012).

==Honours and awards==
* 1988 [[Alexander von Humboldt Fellow|Alexander von Humboldt fellowship]] of Germany: Research with Jürgen Martens at the [[University of Oldenburg]] and Hans Brückner [[University of Giessen]].
* 1992 European Economic Community Fellowship: Research with Peter Shewry [[University of Bristol]]
* 1993 [[Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]
* 2001 Fellow of the National Academy of Sciences India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhushan, Ravi}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Roorkee alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Analytical chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society of Chemistry]]