Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

HMIS Amritsar

2026-05-08T11:32:28Z

BenjaminWoodard: starting initial post added tags

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|date=May 2026}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2026}}
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{{Short description|Minesweeper of the Royal Indian Navy}}
{{Infobox ship
|infobox_caption=
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_size=
|image_caption=
|image_alt=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country= India
|flag= {{shipboxflag| British India| naval-1928}}
|name= ''Amritsar''
|owner= [[Royal Indian Navy]]
|namesake= [[Amritsar]], city in [[Punjab]], [[India]]
|ordered= 16 February 1941
|builder= Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd. ([[Calcutta]])
|laid_down= 4 August 1941
|launched= 19 December 1941
|acquired=
|commissioned= 20 November 1942
|decommissioned= 1947
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|stricken=
|reinstated=
|honours=
|honors=
|fate= Decommissioned in 1947
|notes=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption= <ref>{{Cite book|last=Conway|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946 (1980)|year=1980 |isbn=0-85177-146-7}}</ref>
|class={{sclass|Basset|trawler|0}} [[naval trawler]]
|displacement={{convert|521|LT|t|0}}
|length={{convert|160|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|beam={{convert|27|ft|1|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|7|in|m|abbr=on}} (mean)
|draft=
|propulsion=1 triple expansion [[reciprocating engine]], 1 shaft, {{convert|850|ihp|0|abbr=on}}
|speed={{convert|12.5|kn|mph km/h|lk=in}}
|range=
|complement=33 (RIN 48)
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × [[QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun|12-pounder]] gun,
*or, 1 × [[QF 4 inch Mk XIX naval gun|4 in]] gun
*4 × [[depth charge]]s
|armour=
|notes=
}}
}}

'''HMIS ''Amritsar''''' (T261) was a {{sclass|Basset|trawler|0}} minesweeping trawler of the [[Royal Indian Navy]], one of twenty-two built during the [[Second World War]] She was laid down in August 1941, and launched in December 1941, serving until 1947 when she was decommissioned.<ref>{{cite web |title=HMIS Amritsar |url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/7994.html |website=Uboat.net |publisher=Uboat.net |access-date=2 January 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amritsar}}
[[Category:Mine warfare vessels of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]
[[Category:1941 ships]]

{{Mil-ship-stub}}

P. Saravanan (politician)

2026-05-06T17:32:51Z

BenjaminWoodard: New First Data More To Come

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''P. Saravanan''' (born 1981), also known as Saravanamoorthy, is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from Sholinganallur Assembly constituency, in the erstwhile Chengalpattu district, presently in [[Chennai district]], representing [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Tamil Nadu election results 2026: Full list of winners |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-2026-results-full-list-of-winners/article70908112.ece |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shozhinganallur Election Results 2026 : Shozhinganallur Assembly Election Results, Winner, Runner-Up & Vote Share – Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/shozhinganallur-assembly-elections-tn-27/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Saravanan is from [[Sholinganallur]], Chennai district. He is the son of Palani. He studied up to Class 5 at Government Higher Secondary School, [[Thiruvanmiyur]], Chennai and dropped out of school in 1992. He declared assets worth Rs.50 lakhs to the Election Commission of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ecr P Saravanan(Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam):Constituency- SHOLINGANALLUR(CHENGALPATTU) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/TamilNadu2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=851 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Saravanan became an MLA for the first time winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from Sholinganallur Assembly constituency representing Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. He polled 2,20,382 votes and defeated his nearest rival and sitting MLA, [[S. Aravind Ramesh]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], by a margin of 96,780 votes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Shozhinganallur election results 2026: TVK’s ECR P Saravanan wins by 96,780 votes, defeats DMK and AIADMK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/shozhinganallur-election-results-2026/articleshow/130666909.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2026 |title=Shozhinganallur election results 2026: TVK’s ECR P Saravanan wins by 96,780 votes, defeats DMK and AIADMK |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/shozhinganallur-election-results-2026-tvk-s-ecr-p-saravanan-wins-by-96-780-votes-defeats-dmk-and-aiadmk/ar-AA22n1FC?apiversion=v2&domshim=1&noservercache=1&noservertelemetry=1&batchservertelemetry=1&renderwebcomponents=1&wcseo=1 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=MSN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sholinganallur constituency - Election 2026 |url=https://election.dailythanthi.com/constituency/sholinganallur |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=election.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saravanan, P.}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:People from Chennai district]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2026–2031]]

Chandrashekar Bandiyappa

2026-05-05T02:01:11Z

BenjaminWoodard: adding article

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chandrashekar Bandiyappa
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Bandiyappa on the set of ''Chowkidar''
| other_names = CSB, Chandru, Shekar
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mandya]] district, India
| years_active = 2013–present
| spouse = Pooja A. V.
| children = 2
| occupation = Film Director, Writer, Author & Advocate
}}
'''Chandrashekar Bandiyappa''' is an Indian film director<ref>https://www.filmysphere.com/chandrashekarbandiyappa{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://filmcultr.com/rathavara-directors-name-starts-doing-the-rounds/ |title=Rathavara director's name starts doing the rounds! » |access-date=15 January 2016 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072910/http://filmcultr.com/rathavara-directors-name-starts-doing-the-rounds/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> who was born in Ummadahalli, a small village from [[Mandya]] district. With an academic qualification of M.Sc. from Mysore University, LLB from KSLU, and B.Ed. from [[Bangalore University]] and a Diploma in Film Technology from KANFIDA. He has been with the industry for almost two decades now. He has worked as an associate director with many directors including [[S. Narayan]] and [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]. He made his debut in 2013 with the film ''[[Aane Pataaki]]'' and rose to fame with the Kannada film ''[[Rathavara]].''

==Personal life==
Chandrashekar Bandiyappa was born on 6 February 1981 into a farming family in Mandya. His parents are Kalegowda and Thayamma.
Bandiyappa married Pooja in 2016 and the couple has two daughters by the names of Bhoomi.B.Gowda and Rahitya.B.Gowda.

Bandiyappa wished to work in the film industry ever since he was a kid, which was highly influenced by his father who was also worked in theatres as an artist.

==Career==
In an interview, Bandiyappa mentioned that his interest for films was primarily inspired by watching his father acting on stage during his childhood. And, this influence was turned into a decision at the age of 11 when he watched his father perform the role of [[Duryodhana]] from the epic play [[Mahabharata]] in his hometown.

And for the same reason he moved to Bengaluru after finishing his degree in M.Sc. and took up Diploma in Film Technology from KANFIDA, which taught him the depths of film making.

During his career, Bandiyappa has worked as an Assistant & Associate Director with many renowned directors of KFI.

In the year 2006 he entered the industry as an assistant director with the renowned Kannada actor [[Jai Jagadish]] who had set to make his debut as a director for the movie [[Madana]]. Although, it was not a great box-office success, it did have critiques applauding the story line.

He then went on to work as an associate director with [S. Narayan] and [Rajendra Singh Babu] for many films like ''[[Veera Parampare]]'' starring [[Kiccha Sudeepa]] & [[Ambareesh]] directed by [[S.Narayan]], ''[[Shyloo]]'' starring Golden Star [[Ganesh]] and also ''[[Bheemoo's Bang Bang Kids]]'' starring [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] & [[Ramya]] directed by [[Rajendra Singh Babu]].

Bandiyappa has also written the Kannada version of the Malayalam hit movie ''[[Chattambinadu]]'' which starred the super star [[Mammotty]] and directed by the famous director [[Shafi]].

Bandiyappa made his debut as a director with the movie ''[[Aane Pataaki]]'' starring [[Srujan Lokesh]], [[Jai Jagadish]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Rangayana Raghu]] and many more. The movie is about a wannabe actor who comes to the city aspiring to become a hero. However, because of his innocence and naivety he is often teased and made fun. He is invited to a party at the house of a movie producer because of an error made by the producers secretary. There he falls in love with a "Star Guest".

In August 2014, Bandiyappa joined hands with the ''[[Ugramm]]'' star [[Sri Murali]] for ''[[Rathavara]]''. The film hosted the casting of a winning combination comprising [[P. Ravishankar]], [[Rachita Ram]], [[Sadhu Kokila]], [[Chikkanna]], [[Saurav Lokesh]], [[Charan Raj]] and many more. ''[[Rathavara]]'' was released on 4 December 2015 where it received mixed to positive reviews from critics and became a box office hit by running for 125 days in the theatres. [[Sri Murali]] also mentioned that one of the action sequences was one of the toughest scenes he ever shot as it was shot near [[Srirangapattana]] in a water canal that is almost 3 kilometers long. This also became a key scene which made the audience remember [[Sri Murali]] and [[Saurav Lokesh]] for a very long time. The camera work is another strong point of this movie and at the helm it was [[Bhuvan Gowda]] who later went on to become a top marquee is the world of cinematography. [[Bhuvan Gowda]] has also worked as the Cinematographer for ''[[KGF: Chapter 1]]'', ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'' and ''[[Salaar:Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''.

Then in 2018, Bandiyappa directed his next movie ''[[Tharakaasura]]'' which starred the debutant [[Vybhav]], [[Manvitha]] in lead roles. The movie also had the Hollywood actor [[Danny Sapani]] as lead villain delivering incredible acting. The movie depicted story of the ''[[Budbudke]]'' tribe and received a massive response from the audience for the making and story line. The movie was also nominated in two categories in the [[SIIMA]] awards.

Bandiyappa's work was recognized and was offered to direct his first [[Bollywood]] movie in 2021 ''[[Red Collar]]'' and has finished shooting with post production in works right now. The movie starrs [[Kishore Kumar G]] in the lead along with [[Sargam Gupta]], [[Rachna Shyam]], [[Sunetra Pandit]], [[Arjun Gowda]] and more. Music for this movie has been composed by [[Dharma Vish]]. The director said that this movie is a bone chilling crime thriller which will keep the audience glued to their seats. Release date to be announced soon.

In July 2024 Bandiyappa announced his new movie ''Chowkidar''. Speaking to the media, he explained that ''Chowkidar'' is a family-action-drama which connects to the audience in a unique way. The story represents every house hold's ups and lows and will grip the minds of the audience for a very long time. The movie also casts [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] and [[Dhanya Ramkumar]] in lead roles. The star cast of the movie also includes legendary stars like [[P. Sai Kumar]], [[Vinodhini|Shweta]], [[Sudharani]], [[Muni (actor)|Muni]] in important roles. [[Dharma (actor)|Dharma]] and [[Arjun Gowda (actor)|Arjun Gowda]] have taken the helm of working as lead villains in this movie. The movie wrapped up its shooting in December 2024 and expected to release by early 2025.

Other than this, Bandiyappa has also penned the story for the upcoming movie ''[[Karavali]]'' directed by ''[[Ambi Ninge Vayassaitho]]'' fame directed [[Guruduth Ganiga]], starring [[Prajwal Devaraj]] in the lead role. The story is said to be revolving the lives of people from coastal regions of [[Karnataka]]. The teaser released earlier in 2024 shows promises of a grand making with thrilling storyline, which Bandiyappa is famous for.

==Filmography==

{{pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable"
!Year !!Film !!Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Aane Pataaki]]''||
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Rathavara]]''||Nominated during SIIMA for the Best Director<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rathaavara is Gritty in a Mass Idiom |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2015/dec/05/rathaavara-is-gritty-in-a-mass-idiom-852029.html |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The New Indian Express|date=5 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Tharakaasura]]''||'Chitrasanthe' award for best story<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shwetha |first=Aravind |date=2018-11-23 |title='Taarakaasura' review: An interesting docu-drama on the Budbudke community |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/taarakaasura-review-interesting-docu-drama-budbudke-community-92095 |access-date=2024-01-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2026
| ''[[Chowkidar (2026 film)|Chowkidar]]''||
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bandiyappa, Chandrashekhar}}
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Mandya district]]

Kaviya Maran

2026-05-04T18:11:41Z

BenjaminWoodard: starting a details from scratch

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kaviya Maran
| image = File:Kaviya_Maran.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Kaviya Kalanithi Maran
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1992|08|06}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/meet-kavya-maran-the-owner-of-sunrisers-hyderabad-srh-a-look-at-her-net-worth-career-education-family-investments-more/articleshow/122718963.html |title=Meet Kavya Maran, the owner of Sunrisers Hyderabad (SRH): A look at her net worth, career, education, family, investments & more |publisher=Indiatimes |access-date=22 April 2026 |archive-date= |archive-url=}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| education = [[Stella Maris College, Chennai]]<br />[[New York University Stern School of Business]], USA<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kalanithi-marans-daughter-appointed-on-sun-tv-board/articleshow/68529340.cms | title=Kalanithi Maran's daughter appointed on Sun TV board | work=The Times of India | date=23 March 2019 }}</ref>
| occupation = Businesswoman
| known_for = She is the head of [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]], [[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]], [[Sunrisers Leeds]] and executive director of [[Sun TV Network]]
| father = [[Kalanithi Maran]]
}}
'''Kaviya Kalanithi Maran''' (born 6 August 1992) is an Indian businesswoman, co-owner and head of<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/who-is-kavya-maaran-the-ceo-of-sunrisers-hyderabad-3708427.html|title=Who Is Kav ya Maran? The CEO Of Sunrisers Hyderabad|date=19 December 2023 |publisher=One India|access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219101611/http://www.oneindia.com/sports/cricket/who-is-kavya-maaran-the-ceo-of-sunrisers-hyderabad-3708427.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] in [[Indian Premier League]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/meet-kavya-maran-the-sunrisers-hyderabad-ceo-making-waves-in-ipl-season-all-about-her-net-worth-and-business-article-109334554|title=Meet Kaviya Maran, the Sunrisers Hyderabad CEO Making Waves in IPL Season; all about her Network and Business|publisher=Times Now Digital|access-date=16 April 2016|archive-date=16 April 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416061837/https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/meet-kavya-maran-the-sunrisers-hyderabad-ceo-making-waves-in-ipl-season-all-about-her-net-worth-and-business-article-109334554|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sunrisers Eastern Cape]] in [[SA20|SA20 League]], [[Sunrisers Leeds]] in [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]], and Executive Director of [[Sun TV Network]] Limited. She is the daughter of [[Kalanithi Maran]], the chairman and founder of the [[Sun Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/ipl-auction-2024-who-is-kavya-maran-all-you-need-to-know-about-sunrisers-hyderabad-ceo-11702987491393.html|title=All you need to know about SunRisers Hyderabad CEO amid IPL Auction 2024|work=mint |date=19 December 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023|archive-date=19 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231219123512/https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/ipl-auction-2024-who-is-kavya-maran-all-you-need-to-know-about-sunrisers-hyderabad-ceo-11702987491393.html|url-status=live |author1=Livemint }}</ref><ref name="p261">{{cite web | title=IPL Auction 2024: Meet Kavya Maran, the CEO of SunRisers Hyderabad | website=mint | date=19 December 2023 | url=https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/ipl-auction-2024-who-is-kavya-maran-all-you-need-to-know-about-sunrisers-hyderabad-ceo-11702987491393.html | access-date=20 May 2024 | archive-date=26 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426042400/https://www.livemint.com/sports/cricket-news/ipl-auction-2024-who-is-kavya-maran-all-you-need-to-know-about-sunrisers-hyderabad-ceo-11702987491393.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kavya Maran s Red European Car Collections |url=http://www.indiaherald.com/Politics/Read/994714147/Kavya-Marans-Red-European-Car-Collections |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=indiaherald.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Kaviya graduated with a [[B.Com]] degree from [[Stella Maris College, Chennai]] and did her [[MBA]] from the [[Stern School of Business|NYU Stern School of Business]], [[New York (state)|New York]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/kalanithi-marans-daughter-appointed-on-sun-tv-board/articleshow/68529340.cms | title=Kalanithi Maran's daughter appointed on Sun TV board Times of India | date=23 March 2019 }}</ref>

== Career ==
Post her higher education, she returned to Chennai and joined the [[Sun Group]], the conglomerate founded by her father, [[Kalanithi Maran]], which is one of the largest media networks in Asia.<ref>{{cite news |last= Mathur |first= Abhimanyu |date= 12 October 2024|title= India's richest filmmaker isn't from Bollywood, has $3.6 billion net worth, is richer than SRK, Aditya Chopra combined |url= https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/indias-richest-filmmaker-kalanithi-maran-net-worth-3-6-billion-not-bollywood-richer-than-shah-rukh-khan-aditya-chopra-101728716230372.html|work= Hindusthan Times|access-date=12 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-22 |title=Sun TV Network inducts Kaviya Maran to its Board; names R Mahesh Kumar as Managing Director |url=https://www.medianews4u.com/sun-tv-network-inducts-kaviya-kalanithi-maran-to-its-board-of-directors/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501064852/https://www.medianews4u.com/sun-tv-network-inducts-kaviya-kalanithi-maran-to-its-board-of-directors/ |archive-date=1 May 2024 |access-date=2024-05-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> She is the Executive Director of Sun TV Network Limited. She is the Head of the Group’s growing presence in professional sports, which includes three cricket teams. SunRisers Hyderabad, in the Indian Premier League, won the championship in 2016 and was runners-up in 2018 and 2024. SunRisers Eastern Cape, in the South Africa T20 League, have established themselves as one of the most consistent teams in franchise cricket. They won the championship in the inaugural season in 2023<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-07 |title=SA20 Season 3: Two seasons, two titles, Sunrisers Eastern Cape target a hat-trick |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/sa20-season-3-two-seasons-two-titles-sunrisers-eastern-cape-target-a-hat-trick/articleshow/117008690.cms |access-date=2026-01-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and successfully defended the title in 2024, finished runners-up in 2025, and went on to win the trophy again in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unreal scenes after Sunrisers Eastern Cape win third SA20 title |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/sa20/unreal-scenes-after-sunrisers-eastern-cape-win-third-sa20-title/videoshow/127534615.cms |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In doing so, the team reached the final four consecutive times, a rare achievement in franchise cricket history.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-25 |title=SA20 results: Sunrisers Eastern Cape beat Pretoria Capitals to seal third title despite Dewald Brevis' century |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/articles/cg4e01z09w1o |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Sun Group has recently acquired a cricket team in UK’s [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-10 |title=Reliance, RPSG, Sun Group: Why IPL Owners Are Buying Stakes in The Hundred Teams |url=https://www.outlookbusiness.com/corporate/reliance-rpsg-sun-group-why-ipl-owners-are-buying-stakes-in-the-hundred-teams |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Outlook Business |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In January 2024, Kaviya was awarded the Face and Force Behind Sunrisers Hyderabad<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Praveen Kumar |date=2024-01-26 |title=Devi Awards 2024: Of women, grit, grace and glory |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/msociety/2024/Jan/26/devi-awards-2024-of-women-grit-grace-and-glory-57188.html |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501064849/https://www.indulgexpress.com/msociety/2024/Jan/26/devi-awards-2024-of-women-grit-grace-and-glory-57188.html |url-status=live }}</ref> at the Devi Awards,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Praveen |date=2024-01-25 |title=Devi Awards 2024: Of women, grit and glory |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/chennai/2024/Jan/25/devi-awards-2024-of-women-grit-and-glory |access-date=2024-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502060644/https://www.newindianexpress.com/chennai/2024/Jan/25/devi-awards-2024-of-women-grit-and-glory |url-status=live }}</ref> in recognition of her contributions to the franchise.

Kaviya is the youngest businesswoman to be featured on India Today’s prestigious ‘100 Women Achievers of India’ List of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-24 |title=The She List {{!}} Business |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-she-list/story/20240101-the-she-list-business-2479671-2023-12-24 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, she was featured on The Hollywood Reporter India’s “Women in Entertainment Power List”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=INDIA |first=THR |title=Women in Entertainment Power List 2025 {{!}} Women's Day {{!}} THR India |url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/women-in-entertainment-power-list-2025-by-thr-india |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=The Hollywood Reporter India |language=en}}</ref>

That same year, she was ranked #46 on Fortune India’s “Most Powerful Women in Business” list.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Powerful Women 2025: This Year's Top Women in Business |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/rankings/most-powerful-women/2025 |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=Fortune India |language=en}}</ref>

Kaviya was also honoured by GQ Magazine as one of the "35 Most Influential Young Indians of 2025".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Sanjana |date=2025-05-15 |title=Meet GQ's Most Influential Young Indians of 2025 |url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/meet-gqs-most-influential-young-indians-of-2025 |access-date=2025-06-06 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=|first= |date=|url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/anirudh-ravichander-breaks-silence-on-rumours-of-marriage-with-kavya-maran-completely-false-11749907832025.html|title=Anirudh Ravichander Breaks Silence ...</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maran, Kaviya}}
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League franchise owners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil businesspeople]]
[[Category:1992 births]]

Chavaragiri

2026-04-30T19:05:15Z

BenjaminWoodard: adding new stub.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2016}}

'''Chavaragiri''' is a small rural village in Parappa Taluk in [[Kasaragod]] District of [[Kerala State]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Palavayal]] Village in [[East Eleri]] Grama Panchayath. It is located 43 km towards East from [[Payyanur]]. The village is approximately 543 km from the State capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala.

==Transport==
This village is connected to Karnataka state through Panathur. There is a 20 km road from Panathur to Sullia in Karnataka from where Bangalore and Mysore can be easily accessed. Locations in Kerala can be accessed by driving towards the western side. The nearest railway station is [[Kanhangad railway station]] on [[Mangalore]]-[[Palakkad]] line. There are airports at [[Mangalore Airport|Mangalore]] and [[Calicut International Airport|Calicut]].

==Closest cities, towns and villages==
* [[Payyanur]] [42 km]
* [[Cherupuzha (Kannur)|Cherupuzha]] [10 km]
* [[Chittarikkal]] [11 km]
* [[Pulingome]] [4 km]
* [[Palavayal]] [3.5 km]
* [[Thayyeni]] [3 km]

==History==
After World War II, a large scale migration of people from Central Travancore especially from Meenachil Thaluk (Palai) to Chavaragiri. The migration continued well into the 1970s and 80s. Many of these migrants were Roman Catholic Christians who had an agricultural background. These people changed the agricultural practices to this area. They introduced cash crops like [[rubber]] and daily staples like tapioca to this area.

==Politics==
Chavaragiri is part of the Kasargode Lok Sabha constituency and Trikaripur Assembly Constituency. The main political parties in Chavaragiri are the [[Indian National Congress]], [[Kerala Congress]] (M) and CPI(M). CPI(M) member P. Karunakaran is the present MP from Kasargod. M.Rajagopalan, CPI(M) is the sitting MLA of Trikaripur Assembly Constituency.

==Institutions==
* St.Chvara Church,
* St. Martha Sister's Convent
* Amala Nagar Chapel
* Cultural Centre
* Chavaragiri Traders

==Religious places==
'''St. Chvara Church, Chavaragiri''', which comes under the Archdiocese of Tellicheri, Kerala. This parish has 138 Catholic families and 760 parishioners. Ward prayer groups, under the guidance of the parish priest and Sisters and conduct prayer meetings once in a month in each ward. The religious house of St. Martha Sisters here functions along with the parish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org/parish-view.php?pid%3D37 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-08-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812042346/http://www.archdioceseoftellicherry.org/parish-view.php?pid=37 |archivedate=2014-08-12 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20141018142603/http://www.chavaragiri.org/ Website]
{{Kasaragod district}}
{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Panathur area]]

Nakkhul

2026-04-27T03:15:27Z

BenjaminWoodard:

{{about|the playback singer|other uses|Nakul (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Indian actor and playback singer (born 1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nakkhul
| image = Nakul at the Madras Couture Fashion Week Season 5 – Day 1.jpg
| caption = Nakul at the Madras Couture Fashion Week
| birth_name = Nakkhul Jaidev Betarrbet
| other_names = Nakul
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|06|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Borivali]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = {{Hlist|Actor|Playback singer}}
| spouse = Sruti Bhaskar
| children = 2
| relatives = {{unbulletedlist| [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]] (sister)|}}
| years_active = 2003–present
}}

'''Nakkhul Jaidev Betarrbet''' is an Indian actor and playback singer who works in [[Tamil cinema]]. He debuted as one of the lead actors in the 2003 film ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' directed by [[S. Shankar]]. He sang his first song in the soundtrack album for ''[[Anniyan]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4856443.cms|title=I never gave her a gift: Nakul|date=5 August 2009|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=7 May 2010}}</ref>

==Career==

Nakkhul was 19 years old when he was chosen for the part of Juju in Shankar's [[coming-of-age film]] ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' (2003). His family had initially sent some pictures of his elder brother Mayur to Shankar's office, but after seeing Nakkhul in one of the pictures, Shankar approached him to portray a leading role alongside an ensemble cast of newcomers.<ref name="redboys">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/aug/28sld3.htm|title=Boys: A Preview|website=Rediff.com|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/interview-5/actor/nakul.html|title=ACTOR NAKUL INTERVIEW - Behindwoods.com - Nakul Interview Ajith Vikram Nakul Kollywood actor Kadhalil Vizhunthen Sabapathy Boys directed by S.Shankar Juju Kadhalil Vizhunthen Nakul Sunaina Music by Vijay Anthony Directed by P.V.Prasath Produced by Umapathy brother of Actress Devayani playback singer Rani ANNA Nagar |website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> The film opened in August 2003 to mixed reviews but the high-profile nature of the technical team ensured that the film was publicized and took a good opening at the box office. He then subsequently did a Telugu language film titled ''[[Keelu Gurram (2005 film)|Keelu Gurram]]'', in which he played a supporting role, which didn’t do well at the box office. He struggled to get a breakthrough as an actor and during the period, he worked as a playback singer in films, notably recording for [[Harris Jayaraj]] in his albums for ''[[Anniyan]]'', ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' and ''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/11/27/stories/2009112750160800.htm |title=The Hindu : Cinema Plus / Interview : Double impact |date=1 December 2009 |website= |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201061123/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2009/11/27/stories/2009112750160800.htm |archive-date=1 December 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He signed on to feature in Prasad's ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'', his first film as a lead actor, in 2007 and lost close to 20 kilograms in order to fit into the role of his character. Nakkhul revealed that the director and himself were wary that the film would define their careers in the film industry, and shot on a trial-and-error basis and were not in a hurry to complete the film, with production taking almost two years. The film gained unexpected publicity after "[[Nakka Mukka]]", a song composed by [[Vijay Antony]] for the soundtrack, became a big success and the venture was consequently selected by media giants [[Sun Pictures]] to become their first project for film distribution.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goergo.in/|title=Goergo.in|website=Goergo.in|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> Portraying a semi-psychotic character who refuses to accept the death of his lover, the film saw Nakkhul paired alongside actress [[Sunaina]]. The film released in 2008 and became a commercial hit, with critics raving and praising his performance stating "Nakul is riveting" and that "he holds the film together and dances with élan, and has a good future."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180544/http://www.sify.com/movies/kadhalil-vizhundhen-review-tamil-14767308.html Movie Review : Kadhalil Vizhundhen], Web.archive.org</ref> Sun Pictures also chose to distribute his next venture, the romantic comedy ''[[Maasilamani]]'' (2009) opposite Sunaina again, with the film becoming a surprise huge box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.chennaivision.com/interview.php?id=5|title=The name is Nakul - Interview (Tamil Movies, Tamil Cinema, thamil films, Tamil Actors, Tamil Actresses, Telugu Actresses, Tamil Cinema Photo Gallery, Telugu film Wallpapers, t...|website=Movies.chennaivision.com|access-date=24 February 2022}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2009/dec/12/naughty-nakul-gears-up-for-kandha-kottai-112279.html|title=Naughty Nakul gears up for Kandha Kottai|newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]]|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> He next featured in [[AGS Entertainment]]'s ''[[Kandhakottai]]'' with [[Shamna Kasim|Poorna]], which opened to average response critically and commercially.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kandha-kottai-review-tamil-movie-10857|title=Kandha Kottai review. Kandha Kottai Tamil movie review, story, rating|website=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>

Nakkhul subsequently went four years without a film release, though he continued to work on several ventures simultaneously. In an interview, he stated that he preferred quality over quantity of work. Prithvi Rajkumar's thriller drama film ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'' released in 2013 to mixed reviews."<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/naan-rajavaga-pogiren-this-masala-works/article4660467.ece Naan Rajavaga Pogiren: This masala works], ''[[The Hindu]]''</ref> His next release, ''[[Vallinam]]'' (2014), had been in production since mid 2011 and featured Nakkhul as a basketball player. To prepare for the role, Nakkhul underwent special training to "ensure that he lived the role rather than act".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/jun-11-04/arivazhagan-nakul-24-06-11.html |title=Eeram Director's Next Vallinam |website=Behindwoods.com |date=2011-06-24 |access-date=2011-08-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/My-film-will-focus-on-basketball-Arivazhagan/articleshow/7326381.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418151735/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-21/news-interviews/28352351_1_film-sportsperson-nakul |url-status=live |archive-date=2012-04-18 |title=My film will focus on basketball: Arivazhagan |date=2011-01-21 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2011-08-07 }}</ref> The film opened to positive reviews, with a critic noting "Nakul gives his career's best performance. He proves that a hero can step out of the commercial zone and take up roles that can still be liked by audience."<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vallinam-power-politics-and-sports-ians-tamil-movie-review-news-national-odbnEnbcahj.html |title='Vallinam': power, politics and sports (IANS Tamil Movie Review) |date=29 August 2015 |website= |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829014337/http://www.sify.com/movies/vallinam-power-politics-and-sports-ians-tamil-movie-review-news-national-odbnEnbcahj.html |archive-date=29 August 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He went on next be seen in Naga Venkatesh's ''[[Narathan]]'', while [[K. S. Adhiyaman]]'s long-delayed venture ''[[Amali Thumali]]'', in which Nakkhul co-stars with [[Shanthanu Bhagyaraj]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Swathi Reddy]] and [[Nikesha Patel]], was also expected to be completed in 2014. In 2015, his ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum ]]'' released which turned out to be good reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/tamizhuku-enn-ondrai-azhuthavum/tamizhuku-enn-ondrai-azhuthavum-box-office-mar-22.html|title=Tamizhuku Enn Ondrai Azhuthavum box office collection|website=Behindwoods.com|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> He then went on to act in ''[[Brahma.com]]'' (2017). Though the movie received very mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/brammacom-aka-brahmacom-preview-tamil-movie-21586|title=Bramma.Com (aka) Brahma.com Tamil Movie Preview cinema review stills gallery trailer video clips showtimes|website=Indiaglitz.com|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> ''[[Sei (film)|Sei]]'' (2018), in which he plays a role of an aspiring actor Saravedi Saravanan which was a failure at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sei-review-an-average-action-entertainer-review-tamil-slxkT6cbdfibg.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123094132/http://www.sify.com/movies/sei-review-an-average-action-entertainer-review-tamil-slxkT6cbdfibg.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2018|title=Sei Review: An average action entertainer|website=Sify.com|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref> His film ''[[Vasco Da Gama (film)|Vasco Da Gama]]'', which has been in production for a long time, will finally be released in theaters on 2 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nakkhul's Vasco Da Gama gets a release date|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/29/nakkhuls-vasco-da-gama-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> He starred in ''[[Maarconi Mathaai|Kadhal Kadhai Sollava]]'' (2026) speaking love stories of characters.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kaadhal Kathai Sollava Trailer: Vijay Sethupathi listens to two love stories in this romantic film |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/02/kaadhal-kathai-sollava-trailer-vijay-sethupathi-listens-to-two-love-stories-in-this-romantic-film |access-date=2026-02-02 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Nakkhul was born in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] to Jaidev and Lakshmi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140201214908/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/36276.html Devayani gives birth to second child – Telugu Movie News], Indiaglitz.com</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/08/30/stories/2008083052051400.htm |title=The Hindu : Metro Plus Chennai : Five years... and still sitting pretty |date=14 September 2008 |website= |access-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914230349/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2008/08/30/stories/2008083052051400.htm |archive-date=14 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> He was born to a [[Konkani language|Konkani father]] from [[Mangalore]] and a [[Malayalis|Malayali]] mother.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-28 |title=Devayani latest interview: Actress shares the love story |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/devayani-latest-interview-actress-shares-the-love-story-viral-video/articleshow/99833909.cms |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref> His elder sister is actress [[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]. His elder brother, Mayur, has also attempted to make a career as an actor, though several of his films have been stalled prior to completion. He is married to his long-time girlfriend Sruti Bhaskar since 28 February 2016. His wife and him are known for singing together and making videos on their Instagram handles which receive a response among his fans. They are also known for being animal lovers and own many cats and dogs. They have been advocates for Indian dogs and post many cute pictures and videos. They have a daughter who was born in August 2020 and a son who was born in June 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130519/entertainment-kollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-have-persistence-i-would-die-i-give-up%E2%80%99-nakul|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303003754/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130519/entertainment-kollywood/article/%E2%80%98i-have-persistence-i-would-die-i-give-up%E2%80%99-nakul|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 March 2014|title='I have persistence, I would die before I give up': Nakul |newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=24 February 2022}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{Pending films key}}

===As an actor===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of films and roles
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' || Juju || ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Keelu Gurram (2005 film)|Keelu Gurram]]'' || Bala Bheema || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'' || Sabapathy || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Maasilamani]]'' || Maasilamani || ||
|-
| ''[[Kandhakottai]]'' || Siva || ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Naan Rajavaga Pogiren]]'' || Raja / Jeeva || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Vallinam]]'' || Krishna || ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'' || Vasanth || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Narathan]]'' || Vishnu || ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Brahma.com]]'' || Kameshwaran || ||
|-
| 2018 ||''[[Sei (film)|Sei]]'' || Saravedi Saravanan || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Vasco Da Gama (film)|Vasco Da Gama]]'' || Vasudevan || || <ref>{{cite news|date=29 June 2024|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/29/nakkhuls-vasco-da-gama-gets-a-release-date|title=Nakkhul's Vasco Da Gama gets a release date|access-date=19 July 2024|language=en|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]|url-status=live|archive-date=29 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629095101/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Jun/29/nakkhuls-vasco-da-gama-gets-a-release-date}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 ||''[[Maarconi Mathaai|Kadhal Kadhai Sollava]]'' || Naveen || ||
|-
|}

===As a playback singer===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of songs
|-
! Year !! Song !! Album !! Language !! Composer
|-
|rowspan="5"|2005|| "Kaadhal Yaanai" || ''[[Anniyan]]'' || Tamil || rowspan="9"|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| "Love Elephantla" || ''Aparichitudu'' '''(D)''' || Telugu
|-
| "Remo" ||''Aparichit'' '''(D)''' || Hindi
|-
| "X-Machi" || ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]'' || Tamil
|-
| "X-Pichi" || ''Ghajini'' '''(D)''' || Telugu
|-
|rowspan="5"|2006 || "Manjal Veyil" || rowspan="2"|''[[Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu]]'' || rowspan="2"|Tamil
|-
| "Karka Karka"
|-
| "Pacha Velugu" || rowspan="2"| ''Raghavan'' '''(D)''' || rowspan="2"|Telugu
|-
| "Katti Choosthe"
|-
| "Hooray Hooray Hip" || ''[[Vallavan]]'' || rowspan="5"|Tamil || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
|2008|| "Naakka Mukka" || ''[[Kadhalil Vizhunthen]]'' ||[[Vijay Antony]]
|-
|2009 || "Eppadi Ennul Kaadhal" || ''[[Kandhakottai]]'' ||[[Dhina (music director)|Dhina]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014 || "Nakula" || ''[[Vallinam]]'' ||rowspan="2"|[[Thaman]]
|-
| "Live The Moment" || ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
|-
|}

===Television===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+List of television shows and roles
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel!!Notes
|-
|2020||''Dance Vs Dance''||Judge||[[Colors Tamil]]||Television debut
|-
|2020||''Super Singer Junior 7 ''||Judge||[[Star Vijay]]||
|-
|2021||''BB Jodigal''||Judge||[[Star Vijay]]||
|-
|2021||''Super Singer Junior 8 ''||Judge||[[Star Vijay]]||
|-
|2022||''Super Queen''||Judge<br />Host||[[Zee Tamil]]||

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1150216}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nakul}}
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Konkani people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

Tattva (Ayyavazhi)

2026-04-25T14:51:31Z

BenjaminWoodard: New initial details initial version...

{{confusing|date=June 2021|reason=many of the tattvas are listed without explanations or context; many are given ambiguous or dubious translations which cannot be checked or compared to others because the original terms are not provided}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

{{Ayyavazhi}}
'''Tatvas''' are the 96 qualities or [[Property (philosophy)|properties]] of [[human]] [[Human anatomy|body]] according to [[Akilattirattu Ammanai]], the religious book of [[Ayyavazhi]]. They are as follows:

==[[Jñānendriya]] - 5==
The organs of sense<ref>{{Citation |last=Johnson |first=W. J. |title=jñānendriya |date=2009-01-01 |work=A Dictionary of Hinduism |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001/acref-9780198610250-e-1210 |access-date=2024-05-30 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198610250.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-861025-0|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name="www.wisdomlib.org">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-06-08 |title=Jnanendriya, Jnana-indriya, Jñānendriya, Jnanemdriya: 18 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/jnanendriya |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

#'''The [[eye]] (chakshu-tattva)''' - the organ of sight having visible formes as its object.
#'''The [[ear]] (srotra-tattva)''' - the organ of hearing, having sound as its object.
#'''The [[Human nose|nose]] (ghrana-tattva)''' - the organ of smelling, having smell (odors) as its object.
#'''The [[tongue]] (rasana-tattva)''' - the organ of tasting, having flavors as its object.
#'''The [[Human skin|skin]] (tvak-tattva)''' – the organ of feeling, having touch (contact) as its object.
Hearing, Feeling by Touch, Seeing, Tasting and Smelling are the Soul's Powers of Perceptual Knowledge and extensions of the Lower Mind, whereby the Soul experiences the multitude of sense perceptions that constitute the external World.<ref name="www.wisdomlib.org"/>

==[[Karmendriya]] - 5==
The organs of actions<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2015-12-06 |title=Karmendriya, Karma-indriya, Karman-indriya, Karmemdriya: 15 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/karmendriya |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

#'''The [[mouth]]''' (vak-tattva) - organ for speech (voice)
#'''The feet''' (pada-tattva) - organ for walking (feet)
#'''The [[hand]]s''' (pani-tattva) - organ for grasping (hands)
#'''The [[anus]]''' (payu-tattva) - organ for excretion (anus)
#'''The [[genital]]s''' (upastha-tattva) - organ for procreation (genitals)
Speaking, Grasping, Moving About, Excreting and Sexual Activities are the Soul's Powers of responding to and interacting with, the external World.<ref name=":0" />

==[[Tanmatras]] - 5==
The [[archetype]]s or subtle rudiments of elementary matter, the five elements being resolved into the rudimentary elements of the five senses.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2014-09-02 |title=Tanmatra, Tanmātra, Tad-matra: 25 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/tanmatra |access-date=2024-05-30 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

#'''The [[light]]/form (rupa-tattva)'''
#'''The [[sound]] (sabdha-tattva)'''
#'''The [[taste]] (rasa-tattva)'''
#'''The [[odor|smell]] (gandha-tattva)'''
#'''The [[consciousness]]/feel/palpation (sparsha-tattva)'''
Sound, Touch, Colour, Flavour and Odour constitute the Soul's sense data that together form his external experiences.<ref name=":1" />

==[[Antahkarana]] - 4==
The intellectual powers

#'''Mana''' – the organ of [[thought]]
#'''Buddhi''' – the organ of [[understanding]].
#'''Aham''' – the power of mind which leads to the [[accomplishment]] of [[Objective (goal)|objective]]s, and eventually toward identifications and attachments.
#'''Chitta''' – the organ where Sanskaras are stored, and from where all the vikaras of mind originate.

==Naadi - 10==
The ten [[nerve]]s:

#'''Suzhi munai''' – the nerve passing through six ataras
#'''Idakalai''' – the nerve beginning from the great toe of the right foot and passing up to the left nostril.
#'''Pinkalai''' - the nerve beginning from the great toe of the left foot and passing up to the right nostril.
#'''Kanthari''' – the nerve beginning at the navel and passing to the neck, where it assumes a sevenfold form, being the source of the seven musical tones of the human voice.
#'''Atthi'''
#'''Siguvai''' – situated in the region of the eyes forming ten branches, as [[optical nerve]]s.
#'''Alambudai'''
#'''Purudan''' – in the region of the ears forming 120 branches or auditory nerves
#'''Guru''' – beginning at the naval and reaching to the verenda.
#'''Sangini''' – situated in the verenda.

==Chakras - 7==
There are seven Chakras

#'''Moolaadhaara'''
#'''Swaadhisthaana'''
#'''Manippoora'''
#'''Anaahata'''
#'''Vishuddhi'''
#'''Aajnaa'''
#'''Sahasraara'''

==Dhatus - 7==
The seven constituents of the body:

#'''The [[blood plasma|Serum]]'''
#'''The [[Blood]]'''
#'''The [[Semen]]'''
#'''The [[bone marrow]]'''
#'''The [[Flesh]]'''
#'''The [[Bone]]'''
#'''The [[Skin]]'''

==Vayu - 10==
The ten vital airs of the body

#'''Praana''' – situated in the heart
#'''Apaana''' - situated in the top of the head and passing downwards
#'''Samaana''' - situated in the pit of the throat
#'''Vyaana''' – pervading the whole body
#'''Udaana''' - situated in the navel
#'''Naaga''' – which effects the motions and speech
#'''Koorma''' – causing horripilation
#'''Krikara''' - seated in the face
#'''Devadatta''' – that which is exhaled in yawning
#'''Dhananjaya''' – that which remains in the body after the death and escapes by splitting the head.

==Kosa - 5==
There are five [[Kosas|Kosa]]

#'''Annamaya''' - The food body
#'''Pranamaya''' - The force vitalizes and holds together the body and the mind
#'''Manomaya''' - The body composed of mind
#'''Vijnanamaya''' - The body composed of intellect
#'''Anandamaya''' - The body composed of bliss

==Navadwaram - 9==

The apertures to the body

#'''Two [[Human eyes|eyes]]'''
#'''Two [[ears]]'''
#'''Two [[nostrils]]'''
#'''The [[mouth]]'''
#'''The [[anus]]'''
#'''[[Urinary orifice]]'''

==[[Vikaara]] - 8==
(Kaama[desire], Krodha[anger], Lobha[greed], Moha[attachment], Mada[arrogance] and Maatsarya[hatred](Jealousy is also a kind of hatred) are the original Vikaaras mentioned in Gita)

The eight [[vice]]s

#'''[[Lust]]'''
#'''[[Penuriousness]]'''
#'''[[Wrath]]'''
#'''[[Fierce]], ungovernable lust'''
#'''[[recklessness (psychology)|Recklessness]]'''
#'''[[Ostentation]]'''
#'''[[:wikt:arrogance|Arrogance]]'''
#'''[[Envy]]'''

==Mandala - 3==
The three regions of the [[human body]]

#'''Agni mandala''' – that of fire in lower abdomen
#'''Aaditya mandala''' – of the sun in the stomach
#'''Chandra mandala''' – of the moon in the head and shoulders

==Pini - 3==
The three kinds of temperaments - tri doshas

#Vaata - '''[[Flatulency]]''' – inducing melancholy.
#Pitta - '''[[Bile]]''' – bilious distempers.
#Kapha - '''[[Phlegm]]''' – a phlegmatic temper.

==[[Guṇa|Gunas]] - 3==
The three attributes. (The 3 original Powers causing the creation)

#'''Sattva guna'''(Jnaana Shakti)
#'''Rajas guna''' (Kriyaa Shakti)
#'''Tamo guna''' (power of ignorance and obstruction causing darkness)

==Mala - 3==
The three evil passions inherent in the soul

#'''[[Pride]]'''
#'''Moral actions'''
#'''[[Maya (illusion)|Maya]]'''

==Avasthaa - 5==

These are 5 states of consciousness in human forms.

# Jaagarita - Waking
# Swapna - copping
# Sushupti - Deep Sleep (slumber)
# Tureeya - Underlying state in all the above states
# Unmani or Tureeyateeta - State of enlightened beings where the cosmos is experienced as oneness.

==See also==
* [[Kaliyan]]
* [[Ayyavazhi]]

==Further reading==
* A. Ari Sundara Mani, 2002, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Parayan Urai'', Ayya Vaikunda Thirukkudumbam.
* N. Vivekanandan, 2003, ''Akilathirattu Ammanai Moolamum Uraiyum'', Vivekananda Pathippakam.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ayyavazhi large}}
{{Spirituality-related topics}}

[[Category:Ayyavazhi philosophical concepts]]

Daulat Ram Saran

2026-04-24T23:45:00Z

BenjaminWoodard: adding new details.

{{Short description|Indian politician (1924–2011)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Daulat Ram Saran
| office = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Union Minister of Urban Development]]
| term_start = 21 November 1990
| term_end = 21 June 1991
| prime_minister = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| predecessor = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| successor = [[Sheila Kaul]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1924|01|13}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2011|07|02|1924|01|13}}
| death_place = [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| birth_place = Dhani Panchera, [[Churu district]], [[Rajasthan]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)]]
| other_party = Congress {{small|(1948–1967)}}<br/>[[Swatantra Party]] {{small|(1967–1972)}}<br/>[[Janata Party]] {{small|(1977–1984)}}<br/>[[Lokdal]] {{small|(1985–1988)}}<br/>[[Janata Dal]] {{small|(1988–1990)}}
| spouse = Jadav Devi
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 1989
| term_end1 = 1991
| constituency1 = [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]]
| term_start2 = 1977
| term_end2 = 1984
| constituency2 = [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]]
| successor1 = [[Ram Singh Kaswan]]
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 = [[Mohar Singh Rathore]]
| predecessor1 = [[Narendra Budania]]
}}

'''Daulat Ram Saran''' (13 January 1924 – 2 July 2011) was an Indian politician and freedom fighter.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Former Union Minister Daulatram Saran dead|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/former-union-minister-daulatram-saran-dead/articleshow/9075147.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-01-15}}</ref> He was well known farmer leader of [[Rajasthan]] and follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" /> He represented [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]] Lok Sabha constituency three times.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> He was a Union Minister in [[Chandra Shekhar]] cabinet from 1990 to 1991.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=21 November 1990|title=Chandrashekhar Cabinet|url=https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104102945/https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|archive-date=4 January 2022|website=Cabinet Secretariat}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Daulat Ram Saran was born in a Jat family large land owned farmer in Dhani Panchera of [[Churu district|Churu]] district in [[Rajasthan]]. He received his primary education at government high school at [[Sardarshahar]]. At the age of 16, he participated in a protest against school authorities when one of his teachers was beaten up by some people who were close to school principal.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

In 1935, at the age of 11 he was married to Jadav Devi. The couple had 3 sons and 4 daughters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> He played a pro-active role in freedom struggles before 1947.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=OBITUARY|first=REFERENCE|date=4 August 2011|title=The Speaker made references to the passing away of Shri Daulat Ram Saran, member, 6|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf#search=null%20OBITUARY%20REFERENCE%20Meira%20Kumar%202011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115085612/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Daulat Ram Saran was a member of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from 1957 to 1972.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=OBITUARY|first=REFERENCE|date=4 August 2011|title=The Speaker made references to the passing away of Shri Daulat Ram Saran, member, 6|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf#search=null%20OBITUARY%20REFERENCE%20Meira%20Kumar%202011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115085612/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref> He also served as Deputy minister in [[Rajasthan government]] but resigned due to ideological differences with Chief Minister [[Mohan Lal Sukhadia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=OBITUARY|first=REFERENCE|date=4 August 2011|title=The Speaker made references to the passing away of Shri Daulat Ram Saran, member, 6|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf#search=null%20OBITUARY%20REFERENCE%20Meira%20Kumar%202011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115085612/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library}}</ref> After declaration of [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] by [[Indira Gandhi]], he was arrested under [[Maintenance of Internal Security Act]] (MISA) on 27 July 1975.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=3 July 2011|title=Daulat Ram Saran passes away|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/daulat-ram-saran-passes-away/article2155097.ece}}</ref> He was jailed for 19 months during the Emergency.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=3 July 2011|title=Daulat Ram Saran passes away|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/daulat-ram-saran-passes-away/article2155097.ece}}</ref> He was elected to 6th and 7th Lok Sabha on [[Janata Party]] ticket from [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of 6th Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=6&tab=10|url-status=live|website=Lok Sahba|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830151705/http://loksabhaph.nic.in:80/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=6&tab=10 |archive-date=30 August 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of 7th Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=7&tab=9|url-status=live|website=Lok Sabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830151710/http://loksabhaph.nic.in:80/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=7&tab=9 |archive-date=30 August 2019 }}</ref>

When the [[Janata Party]] split, he first remained in Janata Party but later he joined [[Lokdal|Lok Dal]] of [[Ajit Singh (politician, born 1939)|Ajit Singh]]. He was elected to 9th Lok Sabha on [[Janata Dal]] ticket from [[Churu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Churu]] constituency.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Members of 9th Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=9&tab=7|url-status=live|website=Lok Sabha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830151721/http://loksabhaph.nic.in:80/Members/lokaralpha.aspx?lsno=9&tab=7 |archive-date=30 August 2019 }}</ref> In 1990, he was one of the 64 MPs who left [[Janata Dal]] and formed [[Chandra Shekhar]] government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 January 1991|title=Decision of the Speaker under Tenth Schedule of the Constitution Disqualification of Members on Ground of Defection|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/810959?view_type=browse|url-status=live|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113093106/https://eparlib.nic.in/handle/123456789/810959?view_type=browse |archive-date=13 January 2022 }}</ref> He was [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]] in [[Chandra Shekhar]] cabinet from November 1990 to June 1991.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=21 November 1990|title=Chandrashekhar Cabinet|url=https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104102945/https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|archive-date=4 January 2022|website=Cabinet Secretariat}}</ref>

== Positions held ==

* 1950–1957 President, District Congress Committee (DCC), [[Churu district|Churu]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>
* 1957–1967 Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=3 July 2011|title=Daulat Ram Saran passes away|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/daulat-ram-saran-passes-away/article2155097.ece}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=OBITUARY|first=REFERENCE|date=4 August 2011|title=The Speaker made references to the passing away of Shri Daulat Ram Saran, member, 6|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf#search=null%20OBITUARY%20REFERENCE%20Meira%20Kumar%202011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115085612/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library}}</ref>
* 1957–1966 Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Cooperatives, Panchayat, Local Self Government and Irrigation in the Government of Rajasthan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=OBITUARY|first=REFERENCE|date=4 August 2011|title=The Speaker made references to the passing away of Shri Daulat Ram Saran, member, 6|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf#search=null%20OBITUARY%20REFERENCE%20Meira%20Kumar%202011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115085612/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library}}</ref>
* 1967–1972 Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly (3rd term).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>
* 1977–1979 Member, 6th Lok Sabha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>
* 1980–1984 Member, 7th Lok Sabha (2nd term).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>
* Member of Public Accounts Committee, Estimates Committee and House Committee, 7th Lok Sabha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>
* 1989–1991 Member, 9th Lok Sabha (3rd term).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>
* 1989 Member of Business Advisory Committee of [[Parliament of India|Parliament]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>
* 1990 Member of Rules Committee, Committee on Public Undertakings, Consultative Committee of Ministry of Commerce and Tourism.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Saran, Shri Daulat Ram, Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115080226/http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2563.htm|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha}}</ref>

== Death ==
Daulat Ram Saran died on 2 July 2011 at [[Jaipur]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=OBITUARY|first=REFERENCE|date=4 August 2011|title=The Speaker made references to the passing away of Shri Daulat Ram Saran, member, 6|url=https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf#search=null%20OBITUARY%20REFERENCE%20Meira%20Kumar%202011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220115085612/https://eparlib.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/738227/1/4782.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2022|website=Lok Sabha Digital Library}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> He was survived by two sons and four daughters.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=3 July 2011|title=Daulat Ram Saran passes away|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/daulat-ram-saran-passes-away/article2155097.ece}}</ref> He was cremated with full government honours at his hometown in [[Churu district|Churu]] district.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}} Politicians from across the spectrum of Indian parties paid tribute to him and Chief Minister [[Ashok Gehlot]] passed a resolution in State Cabinet condoling the death of Saran.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=3 July 2011|title=Daulat Ram Saran passes away|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/daulat-ram-saran-passes-away/article2155097.ece}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1967–1972]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of India]]
[[Category:Chandra Shekhar administration]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Janata Party politicians]]

Dashama Vrata

2026-04-23T05:34:19Z

BenjaminWoodard: adding new info

{{Short description|Annual Hindu festival}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox holiday
| type = Hindu
| holiday_name = Dashama Vrata
| image = File:Dashamaa Vart 2023.jpg
| alt = Dashamaa Vrat 2023 Leicester
| observedby = [[Hindu]]s
| begins = [[Amavasya]] of [[Ashadha]]
| ends = 10 days after
| date =
| month = July–August
| duration = 10 days
| frequency = Annual
| date2025 = 24 July
}}
'''Dashama Vrata''' ([[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]:દશામા વ્રત) is an annual 10-day [[Hindu festival]] or [[vrata]] (religious vow), mainly observed in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]] and [[Diu, India|Diu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=17 July 2023 |title=Dashama Vrat 2023 : Story, Significance, Dates |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/07/17/dashama-vrat-2023-story-significance-dates/ |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref> This vrata is usually observed in July–August on the [[amavasya]] (new moon day) of the Hindu month of [[Ashadha]]. Many people also observe the vrata in the month of [[Chaitra]] (March). The vrata is dedicated to the goddess Dashama or [[Momai]]. The vrata is mainly observed by women for prosperity and good fortune of their family.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 July 2009 |title=For ritual, these girls sit on floor to study |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/for-ritual-these-girls-sit-on-floor-to-study/articleshow/4831610.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Vrata ==
On the [[amavasya]] (new moon day) of the [[Hindu month]] of [[Ashadha]], which is also known as Divaso (Diwaso). Devotees observe Dashama Vrata by installing a ''Sandhani''{{clarify|date=September 2023}} made of raw soil in their home on a Bajot (prayer table). On top of the bajot, red cloth is layed out, the sandhani, made out of raw soil should be installed on the cloth. Devotees also install a ''[[murti]]'' (icon) or image of the goddess [[Momai|Dashama]] with an icon of the Hindu god [[Ganesha]]. On the bajot, a copper pot (kalash) is also placed with shriphal and mango tree leafs and it is worship with colored powders including abhil, gulal and kanku. This practice also includes taking Kautuka which has 10 knots and mixed with vermilion power, and it is placed on the kalash. Devotees who observe this vrata wear the 10 ''[[Kautuka]]'' (red-coloured thread) or sometimes 9 with 10th thread taking from their saree (for women) making it ten with 10 knots on their right hand on the first day and eat once a day (''ek tanu''). Daily, devotees perform ''[[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]]'' (ritual worship), ''[[Arti (Hinduism)|arti]]'', reads the ''[[Katha (storytelling format)|katha]]'' (legend) and then eats [[prasada]] (food offering). Devotees also participate in [[jagarana]], a night vigil of prayer and worship.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sruthi |first=V. |date=28 July 2022 |title=Dashama Vrat 2022 Date Gujarat, Ritual, Significance, And More – News |url=https://latestnews.fresherslive.com/articles/dashama-vrat-2022-date-gujarat-ritual-significance-and-more-1009017 |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Fresherslive |language=en-US}}</ref> The vrata is observed for 10 days. On the last day, devotees observe the jagaran and around 4–5 AM, the ''murti'' is immersed into a water body like a river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dashama idols left by roadside, river banks |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.com/dashama-idols-left-by-roadside-river-banks/81805311.html |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Times of India brings the Latest & Top Breaking News on Politics and Current Affairs in India & around the World, Cricket, Sports, Business, Bollywood News and Entertainment, Science, Technology, Health & Fitness news & opinions from leading columnists. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/city/ahmedabad/surat-non-immersed-dashama-idols-pile-up-on-banks-of-tapi-river/videoshow/65488437.cms |access-date=2023-09-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2017 |title=Photos: Dashama offerings leave Sabarmati waters murky in Ahmedabad |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/india-news/photos-dashama-offerings-leave-sabarmati-waters-murky-in-ahmadabad/photo-YUZhFEeDaVGz3C4QmQmMjM.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The vrata is observed for 5 years and on the fifth year, the observer is prescribed to make a Sandhani made out of silver and donate to an auspicious brahmin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Webdunia |title=Dashama Vrat Katha Gujarati – દશામાં વ્રત કથા/ દશામાની વાર્તા |url=https://gujarati.webdunia.com/about-hinduism/dashama-vrat-katha-gujarati-122071900013_1.html |access-date=2024-01-12 |website=gujarati.webdunia.com |language=gu}}</ref>

== Date ==
The dates of the vrata can vary as it is based on Gujarati Calendar of [[Vikram Samvat]] and observed on the amavasya of the Ashadha month. It is usually observed between July–August.
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Date
|-
|2018
|12 August
|-
|2019
|2 August
|-
|2020
|21 July
|-
|2021
|9 August
|-
|2022
|28 July
|-
|2023
|17 July/17 August
|-
|2024
|4 August
|-
|2025
|24 July<ref>{{cite web |title=Gujarati Calendar 2025 : Vikram Samvat Year 2081 |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2008/01/27/gujarati-calendar-2008-vikram-samvat-year-2064/ |website=DeshGujarat |access-date=7 October 2024 |date=27 January 2008}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|12 August<ref>{{Cite web |last=LLP |first=Adarsh Mobile Applications |title=August 12, 2026 Gujarati Daily Panchang for New Delhi, NCT, India |url=http://www.drikpanchang.com/gu/panchang/gujarati-day-panchang.html |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Drikpanchang |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Vrata]]
[[Category:Festivals in Gujarat]]

Karuna Nundy

2026-04-20T14:53:59Z

BenjaminWoodard: starting first stub initial version

{{Short description|Lawyer at the Supreme Court of India}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Karuna Nundy
| image = Karuna Nundy (cropped).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Karuna Nundy in 2024
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|4|28}}
| birth_place = [[India]]
| education = * BA (Hons) in Economics, [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[Delhi University]]
* LL.B., [[Cambridge University]]
* LL.M., [[Columbia University]], [[New York City|New York]]
| occupation = [[Senior Advocate]], [[Lawyer]]
| years_active = 2005–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = * Paytm vs. Telecom Companies case
* Jeeja Ghosh vs. SpiceJet
* Shreya Singhal vs. Union of India
| title = Senior [[Advocate]], [[Supreme Court of India]]
| spouse = 
| parents =
| father = [[Samiran Nundy]]
| website = 
| awards = 
}}

'''Karuna Nundy'''<ref name="Mint-1" /> is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[lawyer]] and Senior [[Advocate]] at the [[Supreme Court of India]], designated as a [[Senior Advocate]] in 2024. She is qualified to practice in both [[India]] and New York. Her notable cases include enforcing blockchain regulations on behalf of [[Paytm]] against [[Telephone company|telecom]] [[companies]],<ref name="Seema">{{Cite web|url=https://www.seema.com/karuna-nundy-my-clients-are-always-partners-in-my-cases/|title=KARUNA NUNDY: 'MY CLIENTS ARE ALWAYS PARTNERS IN MY CASES'|website=Seema.com|date=12 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> securing damages for a disability rights activist against [[SpiceJet]], and addressing issues related to platform liability and online speech restrictions. She has also worked on efforts to provide safe water to [[Bhopal disaster|Bhopal gas disaster]] victims. Her practice areas include constitutional law, commercial litigation, arbitration, intellectual property, technology law, and international law. She also serves as a mediator at the Supreme Court Mediation Centre.<ref name="femina-1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/karuna-nundy-the-lawyer-who-helped-frame-indias-anti-rape-bill-175683-2.html|title=Meet Karuna Nundy, The Lawyer Who Helped Frame India's Anti-Rape Bill'|website=Femina|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mint-1">{{Cite web |title=Freedom from injustice - An agent of change |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/bFSO0FyBmpqGNeAFwiFdQM/Freedom-from-injustice--An-agent-of-change.html |website=Live Mint |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Karuna Nundy was born on 28 April 1976 in [[India]] to [[Samiran Nundy|Dr. Samiran Nundy]] and Sushmita Nundy. Her father is a [[gastrointestinal]] [[surgeon]], medical academic, [[writer]], and President of [[AIIMS]] [[Rishikesh]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Karuna Nundy |url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/about/experts/karuna-nundy/ |website=Global Freedom of Expression |language=en}}</ref> and a recipient of the [[Padma Shri]] in 1985. Her mother was the founder and chair of the Spastics Society of India.<ref name="Mint-1" />

Her father transitioned from Harvard Medical School to [[AIIMS]] and a public hospital in India, and her mother, with a background from the [[London School of Economics]] and [[SOAS University of London|SOAS University]], founded the Spastics Society of Northern India after learning about a family member’s cerebral palsy.<ref name="Mint-1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2022-02-02 |title=Marital Rape Exception Restricts Women's Freedom Of Sexual Expression, Violates Art. 19(1)(a) Of Constitution: Adv Karuna Nundy To Delhi High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/marital-rape-delhi-high-court-freedom-of-expression-article-1919a-constitution-190985 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

Nundy holds a BA (Hons) in Economics from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[Delhi University]]. She studied law at [[Cambridge University]], where she served as Editor-in-Chief of the Cambridge University Law Society Journal. She later earned an LL.M. from [[Columbia Law School]], [[New York City|New York]], and was awarded a [[Human Rights]] Fellowship.<ref name="Mint-1" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Empower List 2018 - Karuna Nundy |url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/the-empower-list-2018-karuna-nundy |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=www.vervemagazine.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Karuna Nundy |url=https://www.journalismfestival.com/speaker/karuna-nundy |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Festival Internazionale del Giornalismo |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Career ==
Nundy is qualified to practice in [[India]] and New York. She opted to forgo a long-term position at [[Clifford Chance]] and instead pursued short-term employment at the associate level in India. This decision allowed her to gain experience in investment treaty arbitration, including working on the case of Telenor v. the Republic of Hungary, a [[Bilateral investment treaty|Bilateral Investment Treaty]] (BIT) claim brought by a Norwegian investor company.<ref>https://indiankanoon.org/doc/61994460/</ref>

'''Arbitration Experience'''

Nundy's arbitration experience includes cases such as Telecommunications Consultants India Ltd. v. PPCL Ltd. (representing a [[Government of India]] public sector undertaking in a dispute over an Algerian contract) and Jayaswals Neco Pvt. Ltd. v. Trimex FZE and Jayaswals Neco Pvt. Ltd. v. GNDC, Hong Kong, (both related to disputes over coke supply contracts). While at [[Essex Court Chambers]], she provided research assistance to [[Christopher Greenwood|Sir Christopher Greenwood QC]] (later a judge at the [[International Court of Justice]]) for the case of Occidental v. Republic of Ecuador before the UK High Court, which arose from a bilateral investment treaty between the United States and Ecuador.

'''Paytm petition to implement the TCCPR Rules and TRAI Act'''

Nundy represented [[Paytm]], which sought enforcement of the Telecom Commercial Communications Customer Preference Regulations, 2018, and Telecom Regulatory Authority of India Act, 1997, to prevent unsolicited communications that defrauded and spammed consumers. Nundy argued that the right to informational privacy under Articles 21 and 19 of the Indian Constitution encompasses protection from spam and fraud caused by unsolicited commercial communications.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=One97 Communications Limited And Anr vs Union Of India And Ors on 3 February, 2021 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/140797058/ |journal=Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

'''1984 gas disaster and toxic waste dumps in Bhopal'''

Nundy has been a vocal advocate for the families and victims of the 1984 Bhopal Gas tragedy. She represents survivor groups, NGOs, and other entities seeking compensation from Union Carbide,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=RECORD OF PROCEEDINGS CURATIVE PET(C) NOS. 345-347/2010 IN R.P.(C) NOS. 229/1989 & 623 - 624/1989 IN C.A. NOS. 3187-3188/1988 AND SLP (C) NO. 13080/1988 |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2010/60172/60172_2010_3_502_20088_Order_29-Jan-2020.pdf |journal=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> criminal prosecution of those responsible for the disaster,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=CURATIVE PETITION (CRL.) NOS. 39-42 OF 2010 |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/37991.pdf |journal=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> prevention of further harm from the toxic waste sites,<ref>{{Cite journal |title=I.A. NO.63 OF 2012 IN WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.(S) 657 OF 1995 |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/1995/14025/14025_1995_Order_18-Jul-2018.pdf |journal=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> and enforcement of the survivors’ rights<ref>{{Cite journal |title=I.A. NO.63 OF 2012 IN WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.(S) 657 OF 1995 |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/1995/14025/14025_1995_Order_18-Jul-2018.pdf |journal=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> before the Supreme Court of India.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=WRIT PETITION (C) NO.50 OF 1998 |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/39466.pdf |journal=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> Notably, her legal efforts led to the closure of contaminated water outlets near the Union Carbide factory, which posed a health risk to survivors and residents.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=I.A. NO.63 OF 2012 IN WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.(S) 657 OF 1995 |url=https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/1995/14025/14025_1995_Order_18-Jul-2018.pdf |journal=Supreme Court of India}}</ref>

'''Marital Rape'''

Nundy has represented women's rights organisations in petitions advocating for the criminalisation of marital rape in India. These petitions seek the removal of the marital rape exception from the [[Indian Penal Code]]. A landmark petition was filed in 2015 by the NGO RIT Foundation, followed by others in 2017, including one by the [[All India Democratic Women's Association|All India Democratic Women’s Association]], which Nundy represented.<ref name="Rajvanshi/Delhi">{{Cite magazine |last=Rajvanshi/Delhi |first=Astha |date=2022-03-28 |title=A Lawyer's Fight to Criminalize Marital Rape in India |url=https://time.com/6160414/marital-rape-india-karuna-nundy-interview/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |magazine=TIME |language=en}}</ref> In arguments before the Delhi High Court in 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2022-02-02 |title=Marital Rape Exception Restricts Women's Freedom Of Sexual Expression, Violates Art. 19(1)(a) Of Constitution: Adv Karuna Nundy To Delhi High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/marital-rape-delhi-high-court-freedom-of-expression-article-1919a-constitution-190985 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2022-01-10 |title=Marital Rape : Delhi High Court Continues Hearing Petitions Challenging Exception To Section 375 IPC |url=https://www.livelaw.in/top-stories/marital-rape-delhi-high-court-continues-hearing-petitions-challenging-exception-to-section-375-ipc-189166 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> Nundy challenged the constitutionality of the [[marital rape]] exception. The High Court issued a split verdict, and the case is currently pending before the Supreme Court, where Nundy continues to advocate for legal equality for married and unmarried women.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Debayan |date=2023-07-19 |title=Supreme Court agrees to list Marital Rape case |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/supreme-court-list-marital-rape-case |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

'''Legalisation of Queer Marriage'''

Nundy represented two couples and one queer rights activist seeking legal recognition of queer marriage before the Delhi High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saxena |first=Akshita |date=2021-10-25 |title=Marriage Permissible Only Between Biological Man & Woman; Navtej Johar Case Does Not Recognize Same-Sex Marriage: Centre Tells Delhi High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/same-sex-marriage-delhi-high-court-centre-says-marriage-between-biological-man-and-woman-only-184235 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> One petition that challenges the Special Marriage Act, Foreign Marriage Act, and Citizenship Act is on behalf of an overseas citizen of India (OCI) and a US citizen seeking OCI status as a marital partner. The third petitioner is Mario D’Penha, who is a queer rights activist and academic pursuing a PhD at [[Rutgers University]].

'''Criminal Law Amendments 2013 (Anti-rape Bill)'''

Following the [[2012 Delhi gang rape]], Nundy was invited by the [[J. S. Verma|Justice JS Verma Committee]] to submit expert recommendations for amendments to criminal law. Her contributions informed the drafting of the anti-rape bill that later became the [[Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013|Criminal (Amendment) Act, 2013]]. This act amended various provisions of the Indian Penal Code, the Indian Evidence Act, and the Criminal Procedure Code. The drafting inputs and work with the government provided recommendations for quicker trial and enhanced punishment for criminals accused of committing sexual assault against women.<ref name="Mint-1" /> The Act amended several provisions of the Indian Penal Code, the Indian Evidence Act, and the Criminal Procedure Code.

'''National Food Security Act, 2013 (Right to Food Act)'''

Nundy also served on the National Advisory Council (Law Drafting Committee) for the [[National Food Security Act, 2013#:~:text=The National Food Security Act,retroactive to 5 July 2013.|Right to Food Act]].<ref name="Karuna Nundy">{{Cite web |title=Karuna Nundy |url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/about/experts/karuna-nundy/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Global Freedom of Expression |language=en}}</ref> In recognition of the fundamental right to food, the Act provides subsidised food grains to approximately two-thirds of the country's 1.2 billion people.

'''Shreya Singhal v. Union of India'''

Nundy appeared on behalf of [[People's Union for Civil Liberties|the People’s Union for Civil Liberties]] (PUCL), an NGO that defends civil liberties and human rights in India, in the landmark Supreme Court [[Shreya Singhal v. Union of India|judgment]], which struck down section 66A of the Information Technology Act, 2000. The case deals with freedom of speech and online censorship.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Behind the scenes of the fight against Section 66A |url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/VDznbaFeNxSGnLfrYwOBcM/Behind-the-scenes-of-the-fight-against-Section-66A.html |work=The Mint}}</ref>

'''Jeeja Ghosh & Anr. v. Union of India & Ors.'''

In 2016, Nundy represented Jeeja Ghosh, a passenger with cerebral palsy, in a case against [[SpiceJet|SpiceJet Airlines]]. Ghosh was denied boarding on a flight from Kolkata to Goa due to concerns about her health expressed by airline staff. Nundy argued for equal treatment of disabled passengers in air travel. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Ms. Ghosh, awarding her compensation of ₹10 lakh and directing all air carriers to provide training for their staff on the needs and proper treatment of passengers with disabilities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeeja Ghosh And Another v. Union Of India And Others, Supreme Court Of India, Judgment, Law, casemine.com |url=https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5790b4f5e561097e45a4e69f |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Case Mine |language=en}}</ref>

'''Covid-19 continuing mandamus before the Delhi HC'''

During the peak of the second wave of COVID-19 in India, Nundy represented the Aseemit Social Foundation before the Delhi High Court. The NGO sought judicial intervention to ensure the provision of essential supplies and medical care for COVID-19 patients undergoing home treatment due to a shortage of hospital beds. Nundy's arguments focused on the need for effective measures, including a functioning GNCTD helpline and website, telemedicine availability, and a system for tracking and managing the limited oxygen supply. She also advocated for providing COVID-19 kits containing necessary treatment supplies to those unable to afford separate housing and medical care, along with ensuring access to food.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Bhavreen Kandhari vs Govt Of Nct Of Delhi & Ors on 2 August, 2022 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/114541508/ |journal=Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

'''MC Mehta v. Union of India (sealing case)'''

In a Supreme Court case concerning the sealing of residential properties, Nundy represented homeowners facing property sealing and potential demolition. The Supreme Court ultimately sided with Nundy's argument and ruled in favour of the homeowners.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=M.C.Mehta vs Union Of India on 14 August, 2020 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/61994460/ |journal=Indian Kanoon}}</ref>

'''Sexual Harassment and Assault case against Manik Katyal'''

Nundy represented close to 30 defendants, from young women photographers in India, Korea, Cambodia and elsewhere who complained against the photo editor and curator Manik Katyal for harassment and sexual assault.<ref name="Mansi Midha vs Manik Katyal on 11 May 2018">{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/118802815/|title=Mansi Midha vs Manik Katyal on 11 May, 2018|website=India Kanoon|language=en}}</ref>

'''Advisory Work on Gender Equality and anti-sexual harassment'''

Nundy has advised several companies on equality policies and the prevention of sexual harassment policies. She has also worked with companies such as ITC Vivel and [[Penguin Random House]] to create education modules that simplify laws to empower women.<ref name="Karuna Nundy has shaped much of the law around gender justice and freedom of speech, taking on corporations and governments
">{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/self-made-women-2020/karuna-nundy-without-fear-or-favour/58133/1|title=Karuna Nundy has shaped much of the law around gender justice and freedom of speech, taking on corporations and governments
|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref> One such video that she co-created was with ITC Vivel as part of their Know Your Rights campaign, receiving 6 million views.<ref name="Know Your Rights - Equality at Home & Work">{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/VivelbyITC/videos/1880858265269216/|title=Know Your Rights - Equality at Home & Work|website=Facebook|language=en}}</ref>

== International Law ==
Nundy is a member of the [[New York State Bar Association]] (2005 to present),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karuna Nundy - Supreme Court of India {{!}} LinkedIn |url=https://in.linkedin.com/in/karuna-nundy-451a133 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=in.linkedin.com |language=en}}</ref> the New York State Bar Association Committee on Alternative Dispute Resolution (2005-2017), the [[London Court of International Arbitration]], and the Young International Arbitration Group (2006- 2017).

Nundy worked as a lawyer with the [[United Nations]]<ref name="Mint-1" /> as a Global Advocacy Officer, assisting the secretary-general’s report on conflict prevention.<ref name="Rajvanshi/Delhi"/> She advised the Maldives Supreme Court and Attorney General’s Office in 2009-2010. She held widespread consultations to determine recommendations to implement the new constitution, especially for legal empowerment and access to justice for children and women. She advised the Interim Government of Nepal on drafting the Constitution with UNICEF Nepal Country Office in August 2006 and advised on and drafted contributions to the Fundamental Rights section of the Nepal Interim Constitution.<ref name="Mint-1" />

Nundy’s advisory work also includes a legislative workshop on constitutional rights with the Senate of Pakistan, advice to the Government of Bhutan with UNICEF Bhutan Country Office (Sept 2006) on the fulfilment of its treaty obligations regarding certain international human rights conventions, and advising SAARC countries on progress in legal reform and policy since 2001, pursuant to several SAARC and international conventions and its impact on the Millennium Development Goals.<ref name="Mint-1" /><ref name=":2" /> In 2007, she created a template for South Asian governments to cost and budget for child protection interventions with the UNDP Regional Centre in Colombo, UNICEF Regional Office South Asia.

In 2019, Nundy was appointed to the High Level Panel of Legal Experts on Media Freedom, chaired by [[David Neuberger, Baron Neuberger of Abbotsbury|Lord Neuberger]] and [[Amal Clooney]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Level Panel of Legal Experts on Media Freedom |url=https://www.ibanet.org/IBAHRIsecretariat |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=www.ibanet.org |language=en}}</ref> The Panel is the independent advisory arm to Media Freedom Coalition of States. Nundy also serves as an expert on the Columbia Global Freedom of Expression Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Experts |url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/about/experts/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Global Freedom of Expression |language=en}}</ref>

Nundy has trained judges globally at a MOOC of the Bonavero Institute at Oxford University on international standards required of judges when dealing with 'blasphemy' and religious hate speech—especially when journalists are implicated.

== Public engagement ==
Nundy is an advocate for gender equality and reform, particularly concerning sexual harassment and rape laws.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Renowned lawyer and leading feminist to deliver IDS Annual Lecture |url=https://www.ids.ac.uk/news/renowned-lawyer-and-gender-justice-campaigner-to-deliver-ids-annual-lecture/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Institute of Development Studies |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Dempo Industries Pvt |date=2022-06-03 |title=An Agent of Change with Karuna Nundy |url=https://www.dempos.com/an-agent-of-change-with-karuna-nundy/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=The House of Dempo |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=x.com |url=https://twitter.com/karunanundy/status/1230487187092697090 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=X (formerly Twitter)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karuna Nundy: India Has a Strong Constitution, but Its Democracy Is Weakening {{!}} Council on Foreign Relations |url=https://www.cfr.org/blog/karuna-nundy-india-has-strong-constitution-its-democracy-weakening |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=www.cfr.org |language=en}}</ref> She has been a vocal critic of workplace sexual harassment and has advised companies on preventing and addressing such issues. Nundy's experience extends to representing clients in court cases related to sexual harassment. Her work on India's anti-rape legislation, including the 2013 Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, has been significant. She continues to advocate for further legal reforms, including the criminalisation of marital rape.<ref name="Mint-1" /><ref name=":2" />

== Publications ==
Nundy has published a chapter on ‘Arbitration of Claims Relating to Environmental Damage in India’ in the Wolters Kluwer book ''Arbitration in India'', edited by Dushyant Dave, Martin Hunter, Fali Nariman, and Marike Paulsson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WK estore |url=https://law-store.wolterskluwer.com/s/product/arbitration-in-india/01t4R00000NqdgsQAB |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=law-store.wolterskluwer.com}}</ref> She recently authored ''A Report on Blasphemy Laws Globally'', on behalf of the High Level Panel on Media Freedom, published by the International Bar Association Human Rights Institute and the High Level Panel on Media Freedom (through the [[International Bar Association]] with [[UNESCO]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=IBAHRI Report on International Standards Relating to Blasphemy Laws and Media Freedom |url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/publications/ibahri-report-on-international-standards-relating-to-blasphemy-laws-and-media-freedom/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Global Freedom of Expression |language=en}}</ref>

Nundy’s publications with UN agencies include a paper titled “You Hate Me? Now Go to Jail: When ‘Hate’ is Criminal,” published in ‘Intellectual, Philosophers, Women in India: Endangered Species, Women Philosophers Journal’.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WOMEN PHILOSOPHERS'JOURNAL |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000265538 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> She was the lead researcher for Columbia Global Freedom of Expression’s Research Project on Violence Against Journalists, published by Columbia University’s Global Freedom of Expression.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lalinde |first=Sofia |date=2022-06-16 |title=Global Workshops on the Protection of Journalists |url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/updates/2022/06/global-workshops-on-the-protection-of-journalists/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=Global Freedom of Expression |language=en}}</ref> Nundy also authored the Global Status of Legislative Reform Related to the Convention on the Rights of the Child for the Global Policy Section, UNICEF, New York in 2004.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2022 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2022/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Karuna Nundy" />

She has also written opinion pieces on legal issues for publications such as the New York Times, CNN, the Indian Express, Hindustan Times, and the Hindu.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2022 |url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2022/ |access-date=2024-06-13 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBC News">{{Cite news |date=2013-03-28 |title=Explaining India's new anti-rape laws |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-21950197 |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}{{Portal bar|India|Law|Biography}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nundy, Karuna}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Columbia Law School alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women lawyers]]
[[Category:Senior advocates in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]
[[Category:Sardar Patel Vidyalaya alumni]]

P C K Prem

2026-04-20T14:09:32Z

BenjaminWoodard: New New Data W/ Infobox - done

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox poet
| name = P C K Prem
| image = P C K Prem.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1945|09|28}}
| birth_place = Garh Malkher, [[Palampur]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Writer, Poet, Critic
|notableworks = {{Unbulleted list
|''Collage of Life (A collection of Poems)''
|''A Handsome Man''
|''A Slinging Bag and other Stories''
|''Time and Continuity ''
}}
|website = {{URL|pckprem.blogspot.in}}
| relations =
|spouse = {{Unbulleted list
| |Shakun Katoch
}}
|children = Dr. Shivalik Katoch Pathania (Daughter) & P. Vikranta Jay Katoch (Son)
}}

'''P C K Prem''' (P C Katoch) is an Indian poet, novelist, short story writer, editor and critic, writing in [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]]. He is a former academician, civil servant, and member of the [[Himachal]] [[Public Service Commission in India|Public Service Commission]], [[Shimla]].

==Biography==
P C K Prem (P C Katoch) born on 28 September 1945, at Garh Malkher, [[Palampur]], [[Himachal]], is an Indian Poet, novelist, short story writer, editor and critic writing in English and [[Hindi]]. He post-graduated from [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]] in 1970. He has one daughter Dr. Shivalik Katoch Pathania and a son P. Vikranta Jay Katoch. Presently, he lives with his wife Shakun in their farm at [[Palampur]]-176061, [[Himachal]].

==Literary career==
An author of more than seventy books in English and [[Hindi]], P C K Prem, a former academician, civil servant and Member, [[Public Service Commission in India|Public Service Commission]], [[Shimla]], [[Himachal]], has published nine collections of poetry (now poetry is published in four volumes), six novels and four collections of short fiction in English. A few significant works on criticism are: ''Contemporary Indian English Poetry from Himachal (1992)'', E''nglish Poetry in India: A Comprehensive Survey of Trends and Thought-Patterns (2011)'', ''English Poetry in India: A Secular Viewpoint'' (2011), ''TEN Poetic Minds in Indian English Poetry'' and ''Time and Continuity (2016)''. Creative writings in [[Hindi]] include twenty novels, nine books on short fiction, one collection of poetry and criticism. He is a recipient of more than twenty literary/social awards including the prestigious HP State Guleri & Academy Awards, and Bharat Hindi Rattan Award, the top mutthal of the century award. His critical articles on poetry and fiction have appeared in numerous anthologies. Many literary journals of International repute have also published his critiques on poetry and fiction.

"Indeed, as a creative artist, PCK Prem has tremendous potential and vitality. In his writings he not only offers an exposé of our life in its shocking shallowness or outward show but also provides, down deep, a philosophical prop or basis to sustain our life",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ram|first1=DrAtma|title=Indian Poetry and fiction in English|date=1991|publisher=Bahri Publications|location=New Delhi}}</ref> says Dr Atma Ram, former Director of Education and Advisor to the Government of [[Himachal]]. Prem's novel ''A Handsome Man'' was short-listed in the year 2002 for International IMPAC [[Dublin]] Literary Award. Moreover, Prem bagged Academy Award for his novel in [[Hindi]], ''Sangyaheen''; Guleri Award for ''Vanshdaan'', Bharat Hindi Ratan Award for contribution to [[Hindi literature|Hindi Literature]] with special reference to ''KaalKhand''.

==Published books in English==
===Poetry collection===
* ''Among the Shadows<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Among the Shadows|date=1989|publisher=Narinder Publications|location=New Delhi}}</ref> (1989)'', Narinder Publications, [[New Delhi]]
* ''Enigmas of an Identity<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Enigmas of an Identity|date=1990|publisher=Rachna Publications|location=Palampur, Rajpur}}</ref> (1990)'', Rachna Publications, Rajpur, [[Palampur]]
* ''Those Distant Horizons<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Those Distant Horizons|date=1993|publisher=Abhinav Publication|location=New Delhi}}</ref> (1993)'', Abhinav Publication, [[New Delhi]]
* ''The Bermuda Triangles<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=The Bermuda Triangles|date=1996|publisher=Writers Workshop|location=Calcutta}}</ref> (1996)'', Writers Workshop, [[Calcutta]]
* ''Oracles of the Last Decade<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Oracles of the Last Decade|date=1998|publisher=Writers Workshop|location=Calcutta}}</ref> (1998)'', Writers Workshop, [[Calcutta]]
* ''Rainbows at Sixty<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Rainbows at Sixty|date=2008|publisher=Prakash Book Depot|location=Bareilly}}</ref> (2008)'', Prakash Book Depot, [[Bareilly]]
* ''Of This Age and Obscurity and Other Poem <ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Of This Age and Obscurity and Other Poem|date=2011|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi}}</ref>(2011)'', Authorspress, [[New Delhi]]
* ''Tales of Half-men and Other Poems<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Tales of Half-men and Other Poems|date=2014|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi}}</ref> (2014)'', Authorspress, [[New Delhi]]
* ''Collage of Life (A collection of Poems) <ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Collage of Life (A collection of Poems)|date=2016|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi}}</ref>(2016)'', Authorspress, [[New Delhi]]
* ''Yayati Returns & Other Poems<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Yayati Returns & Other Poems|date=2017|publisher=The Poetry Society of India|location=Gurgaon}}</ref> (2017)'', The Poetry Society of India, [[Gurgaon]]
* and the time chases -poems personal and impersonal Authorspress, New Delhi 2018
* Collected Poems of P C K PREM in Four Volumes, Authorspress, New Delhi 2020

===Novels===
* ''Rainbows at Dawn<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Rainbows at Dawn|date=1991|publisher=Writers Workshop|location=Calcutta}}</ref> (1991)'' Writers Workshop, [[Calcutta]]
* ''A Night of Storms: Calcutta <ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=A Night of Storms: Calcutta|date=1996|publisher=Writers Workshop|location=Calcutta}}</ref>(1996)'', Writers Workshop, [[Calcutta]]
* ''It Shall Be Green Again<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=It Shall Be Green Again|date=1999|publisher=Writers Workshop|location=Calcutta}}</ref> (1999)'', Writers Workshop, [[Calcutta]]
* ''A Handsome Man<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=A Handsome Man|date=2001|publisher=Abhinav Publication|location=New Delhi}}</ref> (2001)'', Abhinav Publication, [[New Delhi]]
* ''A Heart for the Man<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=A Heart for the Man|date=2002|publisher=Book Enclave|location=Jaipur}}</ref> (2002)'', Book Enclave, [[Jaipur]]
* ''Not Their Lives<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Not Their Lives|date=2003|publisher=Book Enclave|location=Jaipur}}</ref> (2003) '', Book Enclave, [[Jaipur]]

===Short story===
* ''Shadows at Dawn<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Shadows at Dawn|date=1990|publisher=Writers Workshop|location=Calcutta}}</ref> (1990)'', Writers Workshop, [[Calcutta]]
* ''A Slinging Bag and other Stories<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=A Slinging Bag and other Stories|date=2011|publisher=Aavishkar Publishers|location=Jaipur|isbn=978-8179103463}}</ref> (2011)'', Aavishkar Publishers, [[Jaipur]]
* ''Areas of Hope (A Collection of Stories)''<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=PCK|title=Areas of Hope (A Collection of Stories)|date=2018|publisher=Authorspress|location=Delhi|isbn=978-93-87281-57-8}}</ref> (2018), Authorspress, New Delhi
* Memorials and Other Stories ibid, 2020

===Criticism===
* ''Contemporary Indian English Poetry from Himachal<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Contemporary Indian English Poetry from Himachal|date=1992|publisher=Konark Publishers|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8122002799}}</ref> (1992)'', Konark Publishers, [[New Delhi]]
* ''English Poetry in India: A Comprehensive Survey of Trends and Thought Patterns<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=English Poetry in India: A Comprehensive Survey of Trends and Thought Patterns|date=2011|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8172736026}}</ref> (2011)'', Authorspress, [[New Delhi]]
* ''English Poetry in India: A Secular Viewpoint<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=English Poetry in India: A Secular Viewpoint|date=2011|publisher=Aavishkar Publishers|location=Jaipur|isbn=978-8179103647}}</ref> (2011)'', Aavishkar Publishers, [[Jaipur]]
* ''Editor -Struggling for Life'' (A collection of Poems of Dr [[Mahendra Bhatnagar]])<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Editor -Struggling for Life (A collection of Poems of Dr Mahendra Bhatnagar)|date=2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref> (2015), [[New Delhi]]
* ''Ten Poetic Minds in Indian English Poetry<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Ten Poetic Minds in Indian English Poetry|date=2016|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-9352071463}}</ref> (2016)'', Authorspress, [[New Delhi]]
* ''Time and Continuity (Twelve Contemporary Poets)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Time and Continuity (Twelve Contemporary Poets)|date=2016|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-9352071715}}</ref> (2016)'', Authorspress, [[New Delhi]]
* History of Contemporary [[Indian English|INDIAN ENGLISH]] POETRY -AN APPRAISAL VOLUME I, Authorspress New Delhi 2019
* History of Contemporary INDIAN ENGLISH POETRY -AN APPRAISAL VOLUME II, Authorspress New Delhi 2019

===Ancient Literature===

* ''Light of Experience -Indian Literature and Universal Oneness (2013)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P. C. K.|title=Indian Literature and Universal Oneness|date=2012|publisher=Author Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-8172736477}}</ref>'', Authorspress publication, [[New Delhi]]
* ''Selected Tales from the Great Epic MAHABHARATA<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Select Tales from Mahabharata|date=2014|isbn=978-8182534780}}</ref> (Many have not read) (2014)'', Cyberwit.net. publication
* ''Folk Tales from Himachal (2017)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Folk Tales from Himachal|date=2017|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-9352075072}}</ref>'', Authorspress, [[New Delhi]]
* ''Folk Tales from the Northern Region of India (2017)<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Folk Tales (from the Northern Region of India)|date=2017|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-9352075645}}</ref>'', Authorspress, [[New Delhi]]
* THE LORD OF GODS VOLUME I (BASED ON SRIMAD BHAGAVATA MAHAPURANA) AUTHORSPRESS NEW DELHI 2019
* THE LORD OF GODS VOLUME II (BASED ON SRIMAD BHAGAVATA MAHAPURANA) AUTHORSPRESS NEW DELHI 2019
* As I Know - The Lord of the Mountains ([[Shiva Purana]])
Authorspress, Delhi 2021
*SRIMAD BHAGAVATA MAHAPURANA -AS I UNDERSTAND, PART I - BOOK I TO IV, PART II- BOOK V TO VIII, PART III- BOOK IX TO XII
AUTHORSPRESS, DELHI 2023.
* Eternal Truths -A few pages from Ancient Indian Literature
in Five Parts, R K Publishers & Distributors, Delhi 110053 -2024

===Books on P C K Prem===
* ''P C K Prem –Echoing Time and Civilizations<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harle|first1=Rob, Sunil Sharma, Sangeeta Sharma|title=P C K Prem –Echoing Time and Civilizations|date=2015|publisher=Authorspress Publication|location=New Delhi}}</ref>'', Eds. Rob Harle, Sunil Sharma, Sangeeta Sharma, [[New Delhi]]: Authorspress Publication, 2015
* ''P C K Prem Ka Katha Sansar<ref>{{cite book|last1=Devi|first1=Dr Jogindra|title=P C K Prem Ka Katha Sansar (The Fictional world of P C K Prem)|date=2005|publisher=Nirmal Publications|location=Delhi}}</ref>'' (The Fictional world of P C K Prem), Ed. Dr Jogindra Devi, [[Delhi]]: Nirmal Publications 2005
* ''P C K Prem –The Spirit of Age and Ideas in the novels of PCK Prem<ref>{{cite book|last1=Laxmiprasad|first1=Dr P V|title=P C K Prem –The Spirit of Age and Ideas in the novels of PCK Prem|date=2016|publisher=Authorspress|location=New Delhi}}</ref>'', Ed. Dr P V Laxmiprasad, [[New Delhi]]: Authorspress, 2016

==Published books in Hindi==
===Poetry collection===
* ''Indradhanush Shabd Ho Gaye<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Indradhanush Shabd Ho Gaye|date=1992|publisher=Praveen Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Praveen Prakashan, [[Delhi]] 1992

===Novels===
* ''Akash Mera Nahi<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Akash Mera Nahi|date=1988|publisher=Praveen Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Praveen Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 1988
* ''File Gawah Hai<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=File Gawah Hai|date=1988|publisher=Nalanda Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Nalanda Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 1988
* ''Dashansh<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Dashansh|date=1991|publisher=Anurag Prakashan|location=New Delhi}}</ref>'', Anurag Prakashan, [[New Delhi]], 1991
* ''Shankhnaad<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Shankhnaad|date=1991|publisher=Atma ram & Sons|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Atma ram & Sons, [[Delhi]], 1991
* ''Vishmoh<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Vishmoh|date=1992|publisher=Rajesh Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Rajesh Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 1992
* ''Sangyaheen<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Sangyaheen|date=1992|publisher=Jagatram & Sons|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Jagatram & Sons, [[Delhi]], 1992
* ''Chhote Chhote Riste<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Chhote Chhote Riste|date=1993|publisher=Sanmarg Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Sanmarg Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 1993
* ''KhudaHua Adami<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=KhudaHua Adami|date=1993|publisher=Jawahar Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Jawahar Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 1993
* ''Vanshdaan<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Vanshdaan|date=1994|publisher=Sanmarg Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Sanmarg Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 1994
* ''Itne Baras Baad<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Itne Baras Baad|date=1998|publisher=Nirmal Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Nirmal Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 1998
* ''Kaalkhand<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Kaalkhand|date=2000|publisher=Nirmal Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Nirmal Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 2000
[Five Volumes ''i.e.'' I. ''Aastha'' II. ''Manthan'', III. ''Sangharsh'', IV. ''Prayaschit'', V. ''Pratishodh''(2300 pages), (scholars of Hindi Literature consider it as one of the longest novels in Hindi)]
* ''Adha Adhura Ek Din<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Adha Adhura Ek Din|date=1998|publisher=Piyoosh Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Piyoosh Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 1998
* ''Akash Aur Kauve<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Akash Aur Kauve|date=2004|publisher=Bikram Prakahsan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Bikram Prakahsan, [[Delhi]], 2004

===Short stories===
* ''Chhote Chhote Riste<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Chhote Chhote Riste|date=1993|publisher=Sanmarg Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Sanmarg Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 1993
* ''Tinka Bhar Dard<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Tinka Bhar Dard|date=1988|publisher=Himachal Pustak Bhandar|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Himachal Pustak Bhandar, [[Delhi]], 1988
* ''Akritiaon Ke Beech<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Akritiaon Ke Beech|date=1990|publisher=Archana Publication|location=Meerut}}</ref>'', Archana Publication, [[Meerut]], 1990
* ''Awaazedited<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Awaazedited|date=1989|publisher=Himotkarsh Prakashan|location=Una, HP}}</ref>'', Himotkarsh Prakashan, Una, HP 1989
* ''Dhundh Me Ugte Sooraj<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Dhundh Me Ugte Sooraj|date=1990|publisher=Rachna Publications|location=Palampur}}</ref>'', Rachna Publications, [[Palampur]], 1990
* ''Riste<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Riste|date=1998|publisher=Bishanchand &Co.|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Bishanchand &Co., [[Delhi]], 1998
* ''Chopal Khamosh Hai<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Chopal Khamosh Hai|date=1998|publisher=Bishan chand & Company}}</ref>'', Bishan chand & Company, 1998
* ''Teen Kadam Aur<ref>{{cite book|last1=Prem|first1=P C K|title=Teen Kadam Aur|date=1999|publisher=Rajesh Prakashan|location=Delhi}}</ref>'', Rajesh Prakashan, [[Delhi]], 1999
*Bhule biserei Sandharva, 2019 Pushpaanjali Prakashan, Delhi 110053

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
Articles on the works of P C K Prem:

'''by [[D. C. Chambial]]'''
* “Oracles of the Last Decade: Postcolonial Imaging of Human Suffering.” Postcolonial Readings in Indo-Anglian Literature. Ed. K.V. Dominic Delhi: Authorspress, 2009. Pages 57–63 Print.
* “PCK Prem’s Monto: An Exposition of Political and Ideological Sham: A study in Text.” Yking concise Encyclopedia of Language, Literature and Culture: Eds. Satendra Kumar, Manoj Kumar. Jaipur: Yking Books Jaipur, 2014 print Pages 25–53
* “P. C. K. Prem’s Enigmas of Identity: Poems of Beauty and Hope.” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English-
(Jayanta Mahapatra, Hazara Singh, P C K Prem, Gopikrishnan Kottor, Manas Bakshi, Chandramoni Narayanaswamy).Ed. K. V. Dominic
New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 88–101 Print
* “P. C. K. Prem’s Monto: An Exposition of Political and Ideological Sham.” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English-
(Jayanta Mahapatra, Hazara Singh, PCK Prem, Gopikrishnan Kottor, Manas Bakshi, Chandramoni Narayanaswamy). Ed. K. V. Dominic. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 102-134 Print

'''by Jayshree Goswami and Mojibur Rahman.'''
* “Shams are Conditions, False is your Pitying and You Think Wildly to Infuse a Concrete Meaning: The Dystopian Society of P. C. K. Prem.” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 88–101 Print Pages 135-149 Print.

'''by Jayshree Goswami'''
* “When a Man Ailing Along/Waiting for a Meaning/Lost Long Ago” P. C. K. Prem: A Study in Culture.” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English. Ed. K. V. Dominic. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 150-169 Print

'''by Aju Mukhopadhyay'''
* “For P. C. K. Prem Life, Full of Delusion and Illusion, is Pathetic.” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English. Ibid. 191-198. Print.

'''by Dr. Mallikarjun Patil'''
* “P. C. K Prem’s A Night of Storms as a Psychological Novel.” New Aspects of Indian Writing in English Eds. Dr. M.F. Patel & Dr. B. K. Sharma, Jaipur: Sunrise Publishers & Distributors, 2010. Pages 83–89 Print
* “P. C. K Prem’s A Night of Storms as a Psychological Novel.” Studies in Indian English Literature. Ed. Delhi: Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2010 Pages 280-286 Print

'''by Dr. P.V. Laxmi Prasad'''
* “Philosophical Realizations in the Poetry of P. C. K. Prem” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English. Pages 170-190 Print.
* “Enigmas of Life in P. C. K. Prem’s Enigmas of An Identity.” Critical Evaluation of Contemporary Indian Poetry in English. Ed. K. V, Dominic. New Delhi: Access –an imprint of Authorspress, 2012 Pages 68–78 Print

'''by V.V.B. Rama Rao'''
* “Monto –A Fabulous Scoundrel: A Study of P. C, K. Prem’s Long Poem- Sensitivity and Cultural Multiplexity.” Recent Indian English Poetry. Jaipur: Aadi Publications, 2014 Pages 94–106 Print

'''by [[T. Vasudeva Reddy]]'''
* “Dynamics of Realism in the Poetry of P. C. K. Prem” The Complexities of the Inner World, Studies on Six Indian Poets in English. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 88–101 Print

'''by Suman Sachar'''
* “Prem’s Poetic Voice: A Search for Fusion through Confusion.” Indian English Poetry and Fiction (A Critical Evaluation). Eds. N. R, Gopal & Suman Sachar. Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors: 2000 Pages 178-184 Print

'''by Dr. Sishupal Sehgal'''
* “P. C. K. Prem’s Oracles of the Last Decade- Psychological Sufferings.” Critical Studies on Indian English Literature Volume 2 Jaipur: Mark Publishers 2010. Pages 250 -259
* “P. C. K. Prem’s Oracles of the Last Decade- Psychological Sufferings.” Critical Studies on Indian English Literature Volume 1 Jaipur: Pointer Publishers, 2010: Pages 163 -171 Print
* “P. C. K. Prem’s Oracles of the Last Decade- Physical Sufferings.” Critical Studies on Indian English Literature. Volume 2 Jaipur: Mark Publishers 2010 Pages 218 -226

'''by Dr Arvind M. Nawale'''
* "[https://www.academia.edu/12313803/A_Bureaucrat-turned_Academician_and_a_Creative_Writer_The_World_of_an_IAS_Officer_and_a_Passionate_Poet_Literary_Interview_of_P.C.K.Prem_P_C_Katoch_ A Bureaucrat-turned Academician and a Creative Writer: The World of an IAS Officer and Passionate Poet: Literary Interview of P. C. K. Prem (P C Katoch)]. Ethics & Identity in Contemporary Indo-English Poetry. Eds. Capt. Dr Arvind M. Nawale, Dr Smita Jha, Dr Anindita Chatterjee. New Delhi: Authorspress, 2012. Pages 367-381 Print

==External links==
* [http://www.boloji.com/writers/4056/p-c-k Biography at boloji.com]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prem, PCK}}
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scholars of English literature]]
[[Category:People from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

P. D. T. Achary

2026-04-20T06:54:20Z

BenjaminWoodard: New Some Data From Scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=March 2011}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=March 2011}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = The Secretary General, Lok Sabha Shri P.D.T. Achary addressing at the inauguration of the Orientation Course of the 44th Youth Parliament Competition, 2009-2010 for the schools under the Directorate of Education.jpg
| image_size = 220px
| name = P. D. Thankappan Achary
| caption = Achary addressing the 44th Youth Parliament Competition.
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1945|6|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kadammanitta]], [[Travancore]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Secretary General of Lok Sabha & Lok Sabha Secretariat
| constituency =
| term =
| predecessor = [[G. C. Malhotra]]
| successor = [[T. K. Viswanathan]]
| party =
| spouse = Leela
| children = 3
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''P. D. Thankappan Achary''' (born 17 June 1945) is the former Secretary General of the [[14th Lok Sabha]] and [[15th Lok Sabha]] and Lok Sabha Secretariat, [[Parliament of India]].<ref name=TH>{{cite web|title=PDT Achary new Secretary-General of Lok Sabha|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/29/stories/2005072918730300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150429181311/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/07/29/stories/2005072918730300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 April 2015|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=2005-07-29|accessdate=29 April 2015}}</ref> As Secretary General, he was also the ex-officio administrative head of the Secretariat of the [[Lok Sabha]]. The post of Secretary-General is of the rank of the [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet Secretary]] in the Government of India, who is the senior most civil servant to the Indian Government. The incumbent to the post is appointed by the [[Speaker of Lok Sabha]] in consultation with the Prime Minister of India and in the [[Lok Sabha]]. As per precedence, incumbents to the post of Secretary General have either been senior officers in the Lok Sabha Secretariat or senior civil servants in the Government of India.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Achary, P. D. T.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:Secretaries general of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Pathanamthitta district]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Aaghaz-e-Dosti

2026-04-20T01:38:25Z

BenjaminWoodard: created a data

{{Short description|India-Pakistan friendship initiative}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Aaghaz-e-Dosti
| logo =
| founded = 2012
| founder = Ravi Nitesh
| type = An Indo-Pak Friendship Initiative
| headquarters = [[New Delhi]], India
| location = India
| origins =
| key_people = Founder – Ravi Nitesh & Co-Founder – Devika Mittal
| region_served =
| focus =
| method =
| revenue =
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| owner =
| website = {{website defunct|https://missionbhartiyam.com/aaghaz-e-dosti/}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Aaghaz-e-Dosti''' (English: "Beginning of Friendship") is an India–Pakistan organization that aims to promote engagement and understanding between people of the two countries. It was started in 2012 by the Indian organization ''Mission Bhartiyam'' and its founder, Ravi Nitesh. The initiative aims to facilitate engagement and understanding between the people of both countries by providing platforms for people to learn about conditions and perspectives across the border. The organization has publicly called for the reopening of diplomatic channels between Pakistan and India and has expressed support for adherence to ceasefire movements.

Aaghaz-e-Dosti has organized initiatives intended to facilitate interactions between the people of India and Pakistan. Its activities include creating opportunities for cross-border interaction and promoting pen-pal exchanges among young people in both countries. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/life-and-style/letters-across-divide-128|title=Letters across the divide|first=Aarti|last=Bhanushali|date=October 24, 2016|website=The Asian Age}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2015may22/1432290622.html|title=Aaghaz-e-Dosti facilitates 30 people to make friends beyond the border – TwoCircles.net|date=22 May 2015}}</ref>

A delegation from various parts of India arrived in [[Attari]] at the conclusion of the Delhi–Attari road trip, "Aman Dosti Yatra 2018," which was organized with the stated objective of encouraging Indian and Pakistani dialogue. <ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2018 |title='Aman Dosti Yatra' reaches Attari, backs Indo-Pak peace | Chandigarh News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/aman-dosti-yatra-reaches-attari-backs-indo-pak-peace/articleshow/65431562.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> The 40-member group was flagged off in Delhi by journalist and former diplomat [[Kuldip Nayar]] and proceeded to the [[Wagah border]] under the banner of Aaghaz-e-Dosti. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Nepali |date=2024-08-13 |title=Peacemongers at India-Pakistan border |url=https://nepalitimes.com/opinion/peacemongers-at-india-pakistan-border |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=nepalitimes.com}}</ref>

Aaghaz-e-Dosti launched its 7th Indo-Pak peace calendar on 20 January 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/aaghaz-e-dosti-to-launch-indo-pak-peace-calendar-tomorrow|title='Aaghaz-e-Dosti' to launch 7th Indo-Pak peace calendar on January 20|website=National Herald|date=19 January 2019}}</ref>

==History==
Aaghaz-e-Dosti was established in 2012 by people from India and Pakistan, led by Ravi Nitesh. In March 2016, Aaghaz-e-Dosti became a joint initiative of India-based Mission Bhartiyam and Pakistan-based The Catalyst of Peace. In May 2017, Hum Sab Aik Hain <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allevents.in/lahore/indopak-chiraagheaman-lit-the-lamp-of-peace/454061571621230|title=IndoPak ChiraagheAman, Lit the Lamp of Peace|website=allevents.in|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411104619/https://allevents.in/lahore/indopak-chiraagheaman-lit-the-lamp-of-peace/454061571621230|url-status=dead}}</ref> also joined as a collaborator from [[Pakistan]].

==Goals==
According to the organization, its goals include addressing mutual perceptions between communities of [[India–Pakistan relations|India and Pakistan]]. It focuses on people-to-people communication and provides a platform for people of both countries where participants can communicate ideas and discuss mutual issues. Through this initiative, the Aaghaz-e-Dosti team operates programs involving the exchange of letters, greeting cards, and cultural and open mic nights via video conferencing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/01/28/pak-india-peace-calendar-launched-with-inspiring-artwork/|title=Pak-India peace calendar launched with inspiring artwork | Pakistan Today|website=www.pakistantoday.com.pk|date=28 January 2018 }}</ref> It has a defined working structure consisting of the founder, conveners, the core committee, and team members—city coordinators and task-based coordinators. Initiatives of Aaghaz-e-Dosti are Aman Chaupal,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cydapakistan.org/projects/aaghaz-e-dosti/aman-chaupal/|title = Aman Chaupal - CYDA Pakistan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indian-peaceniks-hold-Aman-Chaupal-in-Pakistan/articleshow/45092282.cms|title=Indian peaceniks hold 'Aman Chaupal' in Pakistan | India News – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 November 2014}}</ref> greeting card exchange between schools,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mieken.info/send-greeting-cards-to-india/send-greeting-cards-to-india-greeting-card-exchange-between-schools-aaghaz-e-dosti-printable/|title=send greeting cards to india greeting card exchange between schools aaghaz e dosti printable – Mieken.info|first=Jacobo|last=Alire}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Indo-Pak Classroom Connect,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sabrangindia.in/breaking-barriers/first-indo-pak-classroom-connect-between-mumbai-and-karachi|title=First Indo-Pak Classroom Connect between Mumbai and Karachi|date=9 December 2015|website=SabrangIndia}}</ref> Indo-Pak Peace Calendar,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.dailyhunt.in/news/india/english/wion+news-epaper-wionnew/indo+pak+peace+calendar+released-newsid-106771100|title=Indo-Pak peace calendar released – Wion News|website=Dailyhunt}}</ref> Indo-Pak Peace Workshop,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightonconflict.org/conflicts/pakistan/peacebuilding-organisations/aaghaz-e-dosti/|title=Aaghaz-e-Dosti (an indopak friendship initiative)|website=Peace Insight}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pcdnetwork.org/blogs/aaghaz-e-dosti-conducts-indo-pak-peace-building-workshop-with-centre-for-social-equity-and-inclusioncsei-in-delhi/|title=Aaghaz-e-Dosti conducts Indo-Pak Peace Building Workshop with Centre for Social Equity and Inclusion(CSEI) in Delhi|website=PCDN|access-date=11 April 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411095942/https://pcdnetwork.org/blogs/aaghaz-e-dosti-conducts-indo-pak-peace-building-workshop-with-centre-for-social-equity-and-inclusioncsei-in-delhi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> etc.

==Awards==
* Social Media for Empowerment Award 2016 by Digital Empowerment Foundation (DEF) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://defindia.org/aaghaz-e-dosti-is-forging-friendship-across-border/|title=Aaghaz-e-Dosti is forging friendship across border|date=16 March 2016}}</ref>
* Felicitated as Laureate of Public Peace Prize 2017 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publicpeaceprize.org/aaghaz-e-dosti/|title=Aaghaz-e-Dosti|date=11 January 2017}}</ref>
* Felicitated at the Global Peace Initiative 2015 hosted by Welingkar Institute of Management Development and Research (Mumbai, India) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://paperplane.pk/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi|title=Contact Support|website=paperplane.pk}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:Peace movement in India]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in India]]

Ambedkar Nagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T23:43:29Z

BenjaminWoodard: created post

{{Short description|Legislative assembly seat in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ambedkar Nagar
| mla = [[Ajay Dutt]]
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
| established = 1993
| state = [[Delhi]]
| district = [[South Delhi]]
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = File:Ajay Dutt Full.jpg
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 48
}}
'''Ambedkar Nagar''' is one of the 70 [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of the [[National Capital Territory]] in northern India.

==Overview==
The present geographical structure of Ambedkar Nagar constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<ref name="eci1">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=549}}</ref>
Ambedkar Nagar is part of [[South Delhi (Lok Sabha constituency)|South Delhi Lok Sabha constituency]] along with nine other Assembly segments, namely [[Bijwasan (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Bijwasan]], [[Sangam Vihar (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Sangam Vihar]], [[Chhatarpur (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Chhatarpur]], [[Deoli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Deoli]], [[Kalkaji (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Kalkaji]], [[Tughlakabad (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Tughlakabad]], [[Palam (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Palam]], [[Badarpur, Delhi Assembly constituency|Badarpur]] and [[Mehrauli (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Mehrauli]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Ch. Prem Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| [[Ashok Kumar Chauhan]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Aam Aadmi Party}}
|-
| [[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Ajay Dutt]]
|-
| [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
| [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2025 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2025]]: Ambedkar Nagar<ref name="Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Ambedkar Nagar">{{cite news |title=Delhi Assembly Elections Results 2025 - Ambedkar Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0548.htm |access-date=20 March 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320084847/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenFeb2025/candidateswise-U0548.htm |archive-date=20 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ambedkar Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025">{{cite news |title=Ambedkar Nagar Constituency Election Results 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/ambedkar-nagar |access-date=20 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320084901/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/delhi/constituency-show/ambedkar-nagar |archive-date=20 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Ajay Dutt]]
| votes = 46,285
| percentage =
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Khushi Ram Chunar|votes=42,055|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jay Prakash|votes=7,172|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Sewa Das|votes=397|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aazad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|candidate=Darshan Singh|votes=261|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,230|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=97,189|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner =
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020" />

=== 2020 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2020"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2020]]: Ambedkar Nagar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Ajay Dutt]]
| votes = 62,871
| percentage = 62.25
| change = -6.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Khushi Ram Chunar|votes=34,544|percentage=34.20|change=+9.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Yaduraj Choudhary|votes=2,138|percentage=2.12|change=-3.35}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Satish|votes=620|percentage=0.61|change=-0.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=496|percentage=0.49|change=-}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,327|percentage=28.05|change=-15.52}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,01,079|percentage=64.29|change=-5.51}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = -6.13
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2020" />

=== 2015 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2015"/>
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2015 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2015]]: Ambedkar Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = [[Ajay Dutt]]
| votes = 66,632
| percentage = 68.38
| change = +25.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Ashok Kumar Chauhan
| votes = 24,172
| percentage = 24.80
| change = -3.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = [[Chaudhary Prem Singh|Ch. Prem Singh]]
| votes = 5,336
| percentage = 5.47
| change = -17.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rajbir
| votes = 815
| percentage = 0.83
| change = -2.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None of the above
| votes = 481
| percentage = 0.49
| change = -0.17
}}
{{Election box majority|
| votes = 42,460
| percentage = 43.57
| change = +29.91
}}
{{Election box turnout|
| votes = 97,491
| percentage = 69.80
| change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,39,676
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| swing = +25.96
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2015" />

=== 2013 ===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2013"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2013]]: Ambedkar Nagar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Aam Aadmi Party
| candidate = Ashok Kumar Chauhan
| votes = 36,239
| percentage = 42.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Khushi Ram Chunar
| votes = 24,569
| percentage = 28.76
| change = -7.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ch Prem Singh
| votes = 19,753
| percentage = 23.12
| change = -20.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Ghan Shyam Dass
| votes = 3,250
| percentage = 3.80
| change = -13.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Radhey Shyam
| votes = 330
| percentage = 0.39
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Jammu & Kashmir National Panthers Party
| candidate = Gopal Krishan
| votes = 238
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajveer Singh
| votes = 190
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Bahujan Party
| candidate = Ramesh Chander Chhazlaan
| votes = 188
| percentage = 0.22
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Raj Kumar Banewal
| votes = 104
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = None
| votes = 568
| percentage = 0.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 11,670
| percentage = 13.66
| change = +6.81
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 85,526
| percentage = 68.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
| winner = Aam Aadmi Party
| loser = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2013" />

===2008 results===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2008"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2008 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2008]]: Ambedkar Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/stats_DL_2008.pdf 2008 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ch Prem Singh
| votes = 30,467
| percentage = 43.19
| change = -9.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Suresh Chand
| votes = 25,630
| percentage = 36.34
| change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Prahlad Kumar Malviya
| votes = 12,362
| percentage = 17.53
| change = +9.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Lok Jan Shakti Party
| candidate = Dalip Valmiki
| votes = 1,264
| percentage = 1.79
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Trilok
| votes = 515
| percentage = 0.73
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Rashtriya Janadhikar Suraksha Party
| candidate = Praveen Parcha
| votes = 300
| percentage = 0.43
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 4,837
| percentage = 6.85
| change = -10.32
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 70,538
| percentage = 57.4
| change = +3.33
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = -9.96
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2008" />

===2003===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 2003"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2003 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 2003]]: Ambedkar Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_NOV_2003/StatisticalReports_DEL_Nov2003.pdf 2003 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ch Prem Singh
| votes = 25,880
| percentage = 53.15
| change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Suresh Chand
| votes = 17,519
| percentage = 35.98
| change = +17.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Kailash
| votes = 3,679
| percentage = 7.56
| change = +1.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Siya Ram
| votes = 587
| percentage = 1.21
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Justice Party
| candidate = Narender Malawaliya
| votes = 463
| percentage = 0.95
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Dalit Muslim Vikas Party
| candidate = Ramesh
| votes = 305
| percentage = 0.63
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Lokekta Congress Party
| candidate = Naresh
| votes = 262
| percentage = 0.54
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,361
| percentage = 17.17
| change = -17.28
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 48,695
| percentage = 54.07
| change = +1.56
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +0.22
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 2003" />

===1998===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1998"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1998]]: Ambedkar Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-DEL98.pdf 1998 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Ch Prem Singh
| votes = 27,670
| percentage = 52.93
| change = +9.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Jagdish Bharti
| votes = 9,662
| percentage = 18.48
| change = -6.23
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Rajbir
| votes = 3,614
| percentage = 6.91
| change = -1.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Seva Das
| votes = 3,330
| percentage = 6.37
| change = +4.49
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Rajesh Chauhan
| votes = 2,185
| percentage = 4.18
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Dalip Kumar
| votes = 2,031
| percentage = 3.89
| change = -9.07
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Ji Lal
| votes = 1,914
| percentage = 3.66
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Harish Chander Rajora
| votes = 1,486
| percentage = 2.84
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Sanjiv Kumar
| votes = 278
| percentage = 0.53
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Shiv Raj Singh
| votes = 58
| percentage = 0.11
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Mam Chand
| votes = 45
| percentage = 0.09
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 18,008
| percentage = 34.45
| change = +15.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 52,273
| percentage = 52.51
| change = -8.62
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing = +9.08
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1998" />

===1993===
 <section begin="Assembly Election 1993"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1993 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|Delhi Assembly elections, 1993]]: Ambedkar Nagar<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_DL_93.pdf 1993 Election Commission of India]</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Prem Singh
| votes = 19,621
| percentage = 43.85
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Rajender Kumar Sonker
| votes = 11,056
| percentage = 24.71
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Janata Dal
| candidate = Sat Pal
| votes = 5,801
| percentage = 12.96
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| candidate = Rajbir
| votes = 3,841
| percentage = 8.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ram Narayan
| votes = 1,684
| percentage = 3.76
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = Rajpal Singh
| votes = 839
| percentage = 1.88
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Shiv Sena
| candidate = Subhash Kumar
| votes = 388
| percentage = 0.87
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Pal
| votes = 260
| percentage = 0.58
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Republican Party of India
| candidate = Dharam Singh
| votes = 227
| percentage = 0.51
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Raj Singh
| votes = 189
| percentage = 0.42
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Kishan Chand Meena
| votes = 152
| percentage = 0.34
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Forward Bloc
| candidate = Ram Nath
| votes = 126
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Ramesh Karotia
| votes = 126
| percentage = 0.28
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian Democratic Socialist Party
| candidate = Ram Phal
| votes = 120
| percentage = 0.27
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Suraj Bhan
| votes = 117
| percentage = 0.26
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Independent (politician)
| candidate = Jagdish Singh Nagar
| votes = 89
| percentage = 0.20
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Lok Tantrik Mazdoor Dal
| candidate = Mukesh Kumar
| votes = 57
| percentage = 0.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Doordarshi Party
| candidate = Timasi Prasad
| votes = 52
| percentage = 0.12
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8,565
| percentage = 19.14
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 44,745
| percentage = 61.13
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Indian National Congress
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}<section end="Assembly Election 1993" />

==See also==
* [[First Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Second Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Third Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Fourth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Fifth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]
* [[Sixth Legislative Assembly of Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of New Delhi}}
{{coords|28.721|77.287|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:South Delhi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Delhi]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1993]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Delhi Legislative Assembly]]

Ritu Rani

2026-04-13T02:50:48Z

BenjaminWoodard: New First Entry W/ Infobox

{{Short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Ritu Rani
| image = Ritu-Rani.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|12|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| height = 1.58 m
| position = [[Field hockey#Positions|Halfback]]
| currentclub =
| clubs1 =
| years1 =
| caps(goals)1 =
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalyears1 = 2006–2016
| nationalcaps1 = 240
| nationalgoals1 = 16
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport|Women's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Field hockey at the 2006 Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2009 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2009 Bangkok]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Kuala Lumpur]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Women's Asian Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2013 Kakamigahara]]|}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2010 Women's Asian Champions Trophy|2010 Busan]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the South Asian Games|South Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 South Asian Games|2016 Guwahati]]|[[Field Hockey at the 2016 South Asian Games – Women|Team]]}}
| updated = 16 December 2017
}}
{{confused|Ritu Rani (footballer)}}

'''Ritu Rani''' (born 29 December 1991) is an Indian former [[field hockey]] player, who represented the [[India women's national field hockey team]]. She also served as the captain of the [[India women's national field hockey team|national team]]. She plays as a [[Field hockey#Positions|halfback]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Eves' hockey is on the right track: Ritu Rani |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/398219/eves039-hockey-right-track-ritu.html |newspaper=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=10 April 2014 |accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref> Rani has led the team to medal winning performances most notably the bronze at the [[2014 Asian Games]]. Also under her captaincy the team qualified for the [[2016 Summer Olympics|Olympics]] after 36 years after finishing fifth in the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ritu Rani |url=http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/table_tennis/1008690/ritu_rani.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711024614/http://results.glasgow2014.com/athlete/table_tennis/1008690/ritu_rani.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 July 2015 |publisher=[[2014 Commonwealth Games|Glasgow 2014]] |accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Ritu Rani was born on 29 December 1991, in [[Haryana]]. She did her schooling at the Sri Guru Nanak Dev Sr. Higher Secondary School in [[Shahabad Markanda]], Haryana.<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview with Ritu Rani: Must improve penalty corner conversions |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/interview-with-ritu-rani-must-improve-penalty-corner-conversions |website=Sportskeeda |date=8 December 2012 |accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref> She took to hockey at the age of 9 and trained with the Shahbad Hockey Academy in Shahabad Markanda.<ref name="fih1">{{cite web |title=Hockey girls make Indian town of Shahbad famous |url=http://www.fih.ch/en/news-2187-hockey-girls-make-indian-town-of-shahbad |publisher=[[International Hockey Federation|FIH]] |date=4 August 2009 |accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref> Rani was employed with the [[Indian Railways]] until 2014, when she quit to join the [[Haryana Police]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ritu Rani: Need more jobs for women hockey players |url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/hockey/exclusive-interview-ritu-rani-need-more-jobs |website=Sportskeeda |date=6 October 2014 |accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref> Rani trained at the Shahbad Hockey Academy at Shahabad.

==Career==
Rani made her debut in the senior team in 2006, at the [[2006 Asian Games|Asian Games]] in [[Doha]]. She was a part of the Indian team that played the [[2006 Women's Hockey World Cup|2006 World Cup]] in [[Madrid]], and aged 14 at the time, she was the youngest in the squad. At the [[2009 Women's Hockey Champions Challenge II|2009 Champions Challenge II]] in [[Kazan]], [[Russia]], India won the tournament, with Rani finishing as the top scorer with eight goals to her name.<ref name="fih1" /> She was appointed the captain of the team in 2011. Led by her, the team finished third at the [[2013 Women's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Asia Cup]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]] and the [[2014 Asian Games]] in [[Incheon]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{cite web |title=India win women's Asia Cup hockey bronze |url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/india-win-womens-asia-cup-hockey-bronze/20130927.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=27 September 2013 |accessdate=10 October 2014}}</ref>

During the summer of 2015 when India hosted the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Round 2|Round 2]] of the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League]] Rani led the team to finish on top to qualify for the next stage. She also led the side at the [[2014–15 Women's FIH Hockey World League Semifinals|World League Semifinals]] held in [[Antwerp]] and the team finished in the fifth place beating higher ranked Japan in classification match.<ref name="verge">{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/verge-olympic-qualification-indian-womens-hockey-team-arrive-grand-welcome-2329378.html |title=On the verge of Olympic qualification, Indian women's hockey team arrive to grand welcome |accessdate=2015-08-29 |last=PTI |author-link=Press Trust of India |date=2015-07-06 |work=Firstpost}}</ref> The Indian woman's national field hockey team thus qualified for the
[[Field hockey at the 2016 Summer Olympics#Women.27s tournament|2016 Summer Olympics]]<ref name="chakdemoment"/><ref name="chakdeolymp">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/othersports/chak-de-indian-women-hockey-team--qualifies-for-rio-olympics/article1-1385359.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150829193147/http://www.hindustantimes.com/othersports/chak-de-indian-women-hockey-team--qualifies-for-rio-olympics/article1-1385359.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2015 |title=Chak De: Indian women's hockey team qualifies for Rio Olympics |accessdate=2015-08-29 |last=Bhagvatula |first=Shrikant |date=2015-08-29 |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> for the first time since the [[Field hockey at the 1980 Summer Olympics#Women.27s Tournament|1980 Summer Olympics]] under her captaincy.<ref name="chakdemoment">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0f9qKU8l95w |title=Chak De Moment For India |accessdate=2015-08-29 |date=2015-08-29 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref name="thirtysix">{{cite news |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/08/29/womens-hockey-team-_n_8057566.html |title=India Women's Hockey Team Bags Historic 2016 Rio Olympic Berth After 36 Years |accessdate=2015-08-29 |last=Bose |first=Adrija |date=2015-08-29 |work=[[Huffington Post]]}}</ref>

On qualifying for the [[2016 Summer Olympics]] Rani said:

{{quote|I've been dreaming of playing in Olympics for 10 years. It is an honour to be leading this group. Many of these girls won the (medal at) the junior world cup. Exposure against top teams has taught us what to expect in Rio. Even our seniors tried to make the cut, but fell at the final hurdle, losing to South Africa in 2012. But this team is special.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Aasheesh |title=Meet the first Indian women's hockey Olympic qualifiers ever |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/meet-the-first-indian-women-s-hockey-olympic-qualifiers-ever/story-IGhOhbHfuFXOzACWQPxaMK.html |website=Hindustan Times |accessdate=20 March 2016 |date=5 December 2015}}</ref>}}

==Awards, rewards and recognition==
* [[Arjuna Award]] - 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=149084 |title=National Sports Awards – 2016 |website=pib.nic.in |access-date=2017-08-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/hockey/hockey-indias-statement-said-ritu-rani-vr-raghunath-recommended-for-arjuna-award/article8584523.ece |title=Arjuna Award for Rani, Raghunath recommended |work=The Hindu |access-date=2017-08-23 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216052120/http://hockeyindia.org/team/ritu-rani-2.html |title=Ritu Rani at Hockey India}}

{{India FHW Squad 2006 Asian Games}}
{{India FHW Squad 2009 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2013 Asia Cup}}
{{India FHW Squad 2014 Asian Games}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rani, Ritu}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's field hockey players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Haryana]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:South Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:South Asian Games medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in field hockey]]

Shivaraj Patil

2026-04-12T12:02:55Z

BenjaminWoodard: New basic stub initial version...

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1940)}}
{{for|Indian politician|Shivraj Patil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Shivaraj Patil
| image = Shivarajpatil.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 15 March 2000
| term_end = 11 January 2005
| office2 = Chief Justice of the [[Rajasthan High Court]]
| term_start2 = 22 January 1999
| term_end2 = 2000
| office3 = Chief Justice of the [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start3 = 28 December 1998
| term_end3 = 19 January 1999
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|01|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maladkal]], [[Raichur District]], Kingdom of Mysuru, British India (present-day Karnataka, India)
| birth_name = Shivaraj Virupanna Patil
| children = Sharan Patil, [[Basava Prabhu Patil]], [[Malati Patel]]
}}

'''Shivaraj Virupanna Patil''' (born 12 January 1940) is a retired Indian judge who served as a justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]] from 2000 to 2005 and as chief justice of two [[High courts of India|High Courts of India]].

==Career==
Patil joined the bar in 1962, practising in Hyderabad until the late 1970s.<ref name="supremecourt">{{cite web | url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/bio/108_svpatil.htm | title=Former Judges – Hon'ble Mr. Justice Shivaraj V. Patil | publisher=Supreme Court of India | accessdate=13 January 2013}}</ref>

In 1990 he became a judge of the [[Karnataka High Court]], transferring to the [[Madras High Court]] in 1994. He served as Chief Justice of the Madras High Court from late 1998 until becoming chief justice of the [[Rajasthan High Court]] in early 1999.<ref name="supremecourt" />

Patil was appointed a justice of the [[Supreme Court of India]] in March 2000, retiring in January 2005.<ref name="supremecourt" />

In 2006, he was appointed as an Acting Chairperson of [[National Human Rights Commission of India|National Human Rights Commission]] by [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Justice Shivaraj V. Patil appointed Acting Chairperson of NHRC {{!}} National Human Rights Commission India |url=https://nhrc.nic.in/press-release/dr-justice-shivaraj-v-patil-appointed-acting-chairperson-nhrc#:~:text=Dr.-,Justice%20Shivaraj%20V.,Justice%20Shri%20Shivaraj%20V. |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=nhrc.nic.in}}</ref>

===Post-judicial career===
In July 2011, he was selected as [[Lokayukta]] of Karnataka State Government.

He has authored a book, munjaavigondu nudikirana, which was released on his 72nd birthday, 12 January 2012.

He has two sons, Basava Prabhu Patil Sr. Advocate practicing in Supreme court of India and Sharan Patil who is a doctor, heading Sparsh Hospital in Bangalore.<ref name="banglamirror">{{cite news | url=http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=20110727201107270933314046fb0d45f | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809081158/http://www.bangaloremirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=10&contentid=20110727201107270933314046fb0d45f | url-status=dead | archive-date=9 August 2011 | title=Justice Shivraj Patil to succeed Hegde as Lokayukta | work=Bangalore Mirror | date=27 July 2011 | accessdate=14 January 2013 | author=R, Chetan}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Shivaraj}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Rajasthan High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Karnataka High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:Ombudsmen in India]]
[[Category:People from Raichur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Rajyotsava Award 2016]]

Amol Kale

2026-04-04T03:08:17Z

BenjaminWoodard: created new page

{{Short description|Indian cricket administrator (1976-2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = President [[Mumbai Cricket Association]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=Amol Kale pips ex-Indian cricketer Sandeep Patil to become new Mumbai Cricket Association chief |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/amol-kale-pips-ex-indian-cricketer-sandeep-patil-to-become-new-mumbai-cricket-association-chief-article-95000844 |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=Sandeep Patil loses MCA prez elections to Amol Kale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/sandeep-patil-loses-mca-prez-elections-to-amol-kale/articleshow/94995746.cms |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
| term_start = 21 October 2022
| term_end = 10 June 2024
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office2 = Member [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2023 |title=Amol Kale appointed TTD member |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/amol-kale-appointed-ttd-member-8909886/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| prime_minister1 =
| term_start2 = 2021
| term_end2 = 2024
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = 1976
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2024|06|10|48|df=y}}
| death_place = [[New York City]], U.S.
| occupation = Cricket administrator
| spouse = Minal
| children = One son, one daughter
| parents = Kishor Kale (father)
| alma_mater = [[Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University|Nagpur University]] ([[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E.]])
}}

'''Amol Kale''' (1976 – 10 June 2024) was an Indian cricket administrator, president of the [[Mumbai Cricket Association]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Mumbai Cricket Association president Amol Kale dies of cardiac arrest in New York |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/cricket-association-president-amol-kale-dies-9383622/ |access-date=10 June 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Has CM Devendra Fadnavis recommended Amol Kale for MCA elections? |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/cricket/has-cm-recommended-candidate-for-mca-election/articleshow/71384426.cms |access-date=10 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and former [[BJP]] ward president for Abhyankar Nagar, [[Nagpur]].<ref name=":1" />
Amol Kale was appointed member of Tiruputi Balaji Devasthan Trust in Andhra Pradesh three consecutive times.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SUBRAMANYAM |first=AVINASH P. |date=26 August 2023 |title=New TTD trustees board announced; inclusion of certain individuals sparks controversy |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/260823/new-ttd-trustees-board-announced-inclusion-of-certain-individuals-spa.html |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Education and early career==
Kale was born to Kishor Kale. His family was associated with Rashtriya Swayamsewak Sangh. Kale did his schooling from Saraswati Vidyalaya at Shankar Nagar Nagpur. Incidentally [[Devendra Fadnavis]] too studied at the same school.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=11 June 2024 |title=Nagpur mourns its son & MCA prez who died in NY |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/nagpur-mourns-its-son-mca-prez-who-died-in-ny/articleshow/110887049.cms |access-date=12 June 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
His grandfather Malhar Kale was MLC (Teachers Constituency), was founder of Nutan Bharat Vidyalay at Abhyankar Nagar Nagpur.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}} He was married to Minal and had one son, one daughter.

==Death==
Amol Kale died from a cardiac arrest in [[New York City]], on 10 June 2024, at the age of 48, shortly after watching a cricket match between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=10 June 2024 |title=Mumbai Cricket Association president Amol Kale dies of cardiac arrest in New York |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/t20-world-cup-2024/story/mumbai-cricket-president-amol-kale-dies-cardiac-arrest-new-york-india-vs-pakistan-2551393-2024-06-10 |access-date=12 June 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kale, Amol}}
[[Category:1970s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]

Hauz-i-Shamsi

2026-03-29T19:44:18Z

BenjaminWoodard: starting the entry w/ refs

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Hauz-i-Shamsi
| image = Tower at the location of prophet's horse's hoop.jpg
| caption = View of the pavilion in Hauz-i-Shamsi
| alt = View of the pavilion in Hauz-i-Shamsi
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Hauz-i-Shamsi within Delhi
| location =
| coords = {{coord|28|30|51|N|77|10|42|E|region:IN_type:waterbody_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[Reservoir]]
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = India
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|2|ha|acre|0|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands =
| sections =
| cities = Mehrauli
| frozen =
| reference =
}}
'''Hauz-i-Shamsi''' (literally "sunny water tank"), also known as ''Shamsi Talab'', is a water reservoir built by Iltutmish of the [[Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)|Slave Dynasty]] in 1230 CE. According to legend, its location was revealed to him in a dream by the Islamic prophet [[Muhammad]]. A palace known as the [[Jahaz Mahal]] was constructed on the eastern edge of the same reservoir during the [[Lodi dynasty]] in the 16th century, serving as a retreat or inn for pilgrims. At the edge of Hauz-i-Shamsi stands the tomb of [[Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi|Abdul-Haqq Dehlavi]], a 17th-century Persian writer at the Mughal court. The monuments are situated in the sprawling environs of [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]], near the [[Qutb Minar]].<ref name=dream>{{Cite web|url=http://pilgrimage-tours.tourtravelworld.com/muslim-pilgrimage/masjid/hauz-i-shamsi-hauz.htm|title=Hauz-i-Shamsi(Hauz)|access-date=2009-06-21|publisher=Pilgrimage Tours|archive-date=25 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225092542/http://pilgrimage-tours.tourtravelworld.com/muslim-pilgrimage/masjid/hauz-i-shamsi-hauz.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lucy>{{Cite book|title=Delhi - A thousand years of Building|access-date=2009-06-21|author=Lucy Peck|work=Hauz Shamsi|page=233|publisher=Roli Books Pvt Ltd.|location=New Delhi|year=2005|isbn=81-7436-354-8|url=https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|quote=''This great tank, built by Iltumish, was originally much larger. The pavilion, now attached to the west bank, was formerly in the middle of the tank; it is supposed to cover the foot print of a horse, ridden by the Muhammad, who told Iltumish in a dream where to build the tank.''|archive-date=12 March 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060312215021/https://www.vedamsbooks.com/no43813.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Arch>{{Cite book|title=Delhi and its Neighbourhood|author=Y.D.Sharma|work=Hauzi-i-Shamsi|pages=63–64 & 73|access-date=2009-04-24|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|location=New Delhi|year=2001|url=http://www.indiaclub.com/Shop/SearchResults.asp?ProdStock=8780'}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name =foot>{{Cite book|author= Patrick Horton|author2= Richard Plunkett|author3= Hugh Finlay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ee1HTcplZS0C&dq=JAHAJ+MAHAL+DELHI&pg=PA128|title= Delhi|work=Jahaj Mahal and Hauz-i-Shamsi|page=128|publisher= Footscray, Vic.: Lonely Planet|year=2002|isbn=978-1-86450-297-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Tomb of Shaikh 'Abdul Haq Dihlavi |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0005475u00078vrb.html |year=1843 |publisher=[[British Library]] |access-date=28 July 2009 |archive-date=12 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812191140/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/addorimss/t/019addor0005475u00078vrb.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Legend==
A popular legend narrated is of Iltumish's dream in which Muhammad directed him to build a reservoir at a particular site. When Iltumish inspected the site the day after the dream, he reported to have found a hoof print of Muhammad's horse. He then had a pavilion erected to commemorate the sacred location and excavated a large tank (reservoir) around the pavilion to harvest rain water.<ref name=dream/><ref name=Lucy/><ref name=explore>{{Cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/aagc/Mehrauli_archeological_park.pdf|title=Exploring the Mehrauli Archaeological Park: Hauz -e –Shamshi|access-date=2009-06-21}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>
[[File:Stone slab depicting imprint of Prophet's Horse's hoop.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Stone slab depicting imprint of Muhammad's horse's hoof]]

According to Sharma:<ref name=Arch/> "A red stone domed pavilion resting on twelve pillars located near the south-western corner of the tank, but originally believed to have been situated in its centre, is identified with the pavilion built by Iltumish. The original stone with hoof print is believed to have been removed, the present stone being a later renewal. The waters of the tank are regarded as sacred, and several graves of Muslim saints lie around it."

==Reservoir==
[[File:Jahaz Mahal on the bank of Hauz-i-Shamsi tank.jpg|thumb|right|200px|View of [[Jahaz Mahal]] from Hauz-i-Shamsi]]
Hauz-i-Shamsi originally covered an area of {{convert|2|ha|acre|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=milli>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/16-31May04-Print-Edition/1605200404.htm|title= Historical tank cries for attention|access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref> The domed pavilion (pictured) constructed by Iltumish to mark the foot print Muhammad's horse located in the middle of the tank is a double-storeyed structure made of red sandstone supported on twelve pillars. It could be approached only by boat (now a foot-bridge exists). The original stone, on which the foot print of the horse of Muhammad was imprinted, was located at this pavilion. It has since been removed but replaced by a new one. In view of its religious significance, the water stored in the tank was considered sacred. Many prominent emperors and saints have been buried on the periphery of the reservoir. Owing to the reduction in the size of the reservoir over the years on account of encroachments and siltation, the pavilion's present location is seen in the eastern edge of the tank.<ref name=Arch /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hauz-i-Shamsi|url=http://www.hauz-i-shamsi.in/|access-date=2021-10-11|website=www.hauz-i-shamsi.in}}</ref>

;Jharna
[[File:Hauz-iKhasi.jpg|right|thumb|200px|A painting of Hauzi-i-Shamsi feeding a Jharna for the garden with two pavilions]]
[[File:Jharna pavilion below the Hauz -i-Shamsi.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Jharna pavilion built by Akbar Shah II]]
A Jharna or water fall emanating from the Hauz-i-Shamsi is located close to the Jahaz Mahal. It is identified as a significant water structure that had been developed by Nawab Ghaziuddin around 1700 AD as a pleasure garden during the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[governance|rule]]. An underground pipe (still visible in ruins) supplied the runoff to the Jharna from Hauz-i–Shamshi. This was in addition to an open channel close by that carried the overflow of the tank to [[Tughlaqabad]] fort to enhance the drinking water supply.<ref name=explore/> The Jharna structure was built in three parts (pictured – painting from Metcalfe's album). The first part consisted of the reservoir or the tank, the second part was the water fall and the last part consisted of the fountains. [[Akbar Shah II]] built the pavilion on the side and his son [[Bahadur Shah II]] added the central pavilion, more in the style of ''hayat hakhsh'' pool in the [[Red Fort]].<ref name=Lucy/> The Jharna, which was once the Mughal retreat and the highlight of the three-day festival of the [[Phool Walon Ki Sair]], is seen now partly in ruins and the surroundings have been encroached upon (25 families are reported to be living here now). The water fall is seen more in the form of a drain in need of urgent restoration measures.<ref name=protect>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/lib/2006/MAY/11/11IED-THIS.doc|title=This monument seeks a protector|access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref>

[[File:Jharna Restoration.jpg|thumb|Jharna Restoration in July 2014]]
==Restoration==
Hauz-i-Shamsi and the ''Jharna'', which are in state of deterioration, have drawn the attention of the [[Delhi High Court]]. The High Court scathingly remarked on the inaction of the concerned authorities on their upkeep of the monuments and observed:<ref name=court>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/catchwater/oct_nov2002/campaign.htm|title= From the courtroom|access-date=2009-06-21}}</ref><blockquote>''Since 2000, we have been hearing this case and only files are getting thicker. The concerned authorities should now start taking action, seriously.''</blockquote>
A conservation [[architect]] has remarked:<ref name=protect/><blockquote>''The Jharna is an extremely significant water structure and connected with protected monuments like Jahaz Mahal and Hauz-i-Shamsid. However, the multiplicity of ownership has led to neglect of the monument. The festival here is held by the MCD and the land otherwise belongs to the DDA. Ideally, the archaeological department or the [[Archaeological Survey of India|ASI]] should take it over along with the MCD and the DDA ensuring that the environment around it is restored and the encroachments removed.''</blockquote>

Hauz-i-Shamsi is considered one of the heritage components of Delhi's historic and traditional water management systems and is mandated for conservation under a [[Delhi High Court]] ruling.<ref name=heritage>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccsindia.org/ccsindia/pdf/Ch07_Conservation%20and%20Heritage%20Management.pdf|title=Chapter – 7 : Conservation & Heritage Management|access-date=2009-06-21|work=Historic & Traditional Water Management Systems|page=21|publisher=ccsindia.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727113832/http://www.ccsindia.org/ccsindia/pdf/Ch07_Conservation%20and%20Heritage%20Management.pdf|archive-date=27 July 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Central pavilion of the Jharna.jpg|Central pavilion built by [[Bahadur Shah II]]
File:Tomb of Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki, Mehrauli.jpg|Tomb of [[Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki]] near Huaz-i-Shamsi
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Chahartaq (architecture)]]
*'''Jamali Kamali Mosque and Tomb''', located in the Archaeological Village complex in [[Mehrauli]], [[Delhi]], [[India]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat-inline}}

{{Delhi}}

[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Delhi]]
[[Category:Fountains in India]]
[[Category:Mehrauli]]
[[Category:New Delhi]]
[[Category:Architecture of the Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Mughal Empire]]

Mahishasuramardini Mandapa

2026-03-28T23:53:53Z

BenjaminWoodard: created post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Mahishasuramardini Mandapa<br>Mahishasuramardini Cave Temple
| image = Mahabalipuram Mahishasura 2.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Mahishamardini Rock Cut Mandapam
| coordinates = {{coord|12.6167|80.1917|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| other_names =
| proper_name =
| country = India
| state = Tamil Nadu
| district = Kancheepuram district
| location =
| elevation_m =
| deity = Vishnu, Durga and Somaskanda
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity = 1
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions = Inscribed in 1984 under [[List of World Heritage Sites in Asia and Australasia|Asia-Pacific]] of UNESCO
| year_completed = Mid-7th century
| creator = [[Pallava dynasty]]
| website =
}}
'''Mahishasuramardhini Mandapa''' (Cave Temple; also known as '''Yampuri''')<ref name="Morris1881">{{cite book|author=Madras literary society|editor=J.C. Morris|title=The Journal (afterw.) The Madras journal of literature and science|url=https://archive.org/details/journalafterwma00unkngoog|accessdate=18 March 2013|edition=Public domain|year=1881|page=[https://archive.org/details/journalafterwma00unkngoog/page/n110 98]}}</ref> is an example of [[Indian rock-cut architecture]] dating from the late 7th century, of the [[Pallava dynasty]]. It is a rock-cut cave temple located on a hill, near a lighthouse, along with other caves in [[Mamallapuram]]. Mamallapuram, also popularly known as Mahabalipuram, is a small village to the south of [[Chennai]], in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="library">{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02213000.html|title=General view of the entrance to the Varaha Cave Temple, Mamallapuram|publisher=British Library|accessdate=2008-11-18|archive-date=21 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521183718/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02213000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The temple is part of the [[Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] inscribed in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/|title=Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram|publisher=World Heritage|accessdate=2007-02-08}}</ref> This Cave Temple has many interesting architectural features of which three exquisitely carved reliefs on the cave walls of three sanctums are prominent. One is of [[Vishnu]] reclining on the seven hooded serpent, [[Adisesha|Adishesha]], another of Durga, the main deity of the cave temple [[Durga]] slaying the [[Water Buffalo|buffalo]] headed demon [[Mahishasura]], and the third sanctum has a sculpture of [[Shiva]].<ref name="Gupta2003">{{cite book|author=Shobhna Gupta|title=Monuments Of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W4r5iLMVGkAC&pg=PA35%7Caccessdate%3D7+February+2013%7Cyear%3D2003%7Cpublisher%3DHar-Anand+Publications%7Cisbn%3D978-81-241-0926-7%7Cpages%3D35%E2%80%93%7D%7D%3C%2Fref%3E|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=2003|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-0926-7|pages=35–}}</ref><ref name="Kamath2000">{{cite book|author=Rina Kamath|title=Chennai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&pg=PA124|accessdate=7 February 2013|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1378-5|pages=124–}}</ref>

==History==
The cave is dated to the period of king Narasimhavarman Mahamalla (630–668 AD) of the Pallava dynasty, after whom the town is also named.<ref name=View>{{Cite web|url= http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02214000.html|title= General view of the façade of the Yamapuri or Mahishasuramardhini Cave Temple, Mamallapuram|accessdate= 23 October 2012|publisher= Online Gallery of British Library|archive-date= 18 October 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20221018134628/https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho000001003u02214000.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> The cave architecture is also said to be a continuation of the great religious themes that were carved in [[Western India]]. The cave reflects a transitional style of architecture in its columns mounted on seated lions and frescoes carved on the walls inside the cave which evolved during the rule of [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] kings Mahendra Varman I and Rajasimha or Narasimhavarman I known as Mamalla. This style was continued by Mamalla's son Parameshvaravarman I.<ref name="Jouveau-Dubreuil1994">{{cite book|author=G. Jouveau-Dubreuil|title=Pallava Antiquities – 2 Vols.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=itsryymCeLgC&pg=PA30|accessdate=3 January 2013|date=1 December 1994|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0571-8|pages=30–}}</ref> Historical research has also confirmed that Mahabalipuram town came to be established only after it was named after Mamalla and the caves and rathas are all attributed to his reign during the year 650 AD.<ref name="RingSalkin1995">{{cite book|author1=Trudy Ring|author2=Robert M. Salkin|author3=Sharon La Boda|title=Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA912|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1995|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6|pages=912–}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{Main|Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}
Mahishasura Mardhini Cave or Mantapa is situated on the top of a hill range along with other caves in Mahabalipuram town, on the [[Coromandel Coast]] of the [[Bay of Bengal]] of the [[Indian Ocean]]. Now in the [[Kanchipuram district]], it is approximately {{convert|58|km}} from Chennai city (previously, Madras) and about {{convert|20|miles}} from [[Chengalpattu|Chingelpet]].<ref name="Ayyar1982">{{cite book|first=P. V. Jagadisa |last=Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&pg=PA157|accessdate=7 February 2013|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0151-2|pages=157–}}</ref>

==Layout==
The cave shrine faces east and has three chambers. Its internal dimensions are {{convert|32|ft}} in length, {{convert|15|ft}} in width, and {{convert|12.5|ft}} in height. There is frontal projection of the main central chamber when compared to the two chambers which flank it. In the front façade of the cave are 10 horseshoe-shaped windows which are ''[[gavaksha|kudus]]'' on the cornice; these are unfinished carvings. The cornice also depicts carvings of five gable-roofed semi-complete shrines. The façade has four carved pillars and two pilasters at the ends, which are part of the façade and are carved in the traditional Pallava architectural style. The central chamber is fronted by a small ''mukhamandapa'' (entrance porch), which has two carved pillars with lion bases in the Pallava style.<ref name=Mahishi>{{Cite web|url= http://puratattva.in/2010/08/04/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-ii-44.html|title= Mahabalipuram – The Workshop of Pallavas – Part II|work= Mahishasurmardini Cave Temple|accessdate= 23 February 2013|publisher= puratattva.in|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120421061449/http://puratattva.in/2010/08/04/mahabalipuram-the-workshop-of-pallavas-part-ii-44.html|archive-date= 21 April 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:Mahabalipuram Mahishasura 5.jpg|right|thumb|The Somaskhanda Panel of Shiva Parvati and their son Skanda]]
The mandapa is one of the most important caves in Mahabalipuram. It is dedicated to the goddess [[Mahishasuramardini]], who is considered an incarnation of the goddess Durga. The mandapa is carved into the [[granite]] rock face of a hill. The verandah cut at the cave entrance, long and calumniated, has a composition of three chambers;<ref name=View/> the central chamber entrance depicts guardians (dwarapalas) on the flanks. The back wall of the central chamber features a carving of a Somaskanda panel; this panel is carved with images of Shiva and his consort [[Parvathi]] in their regal dress, each wearing a crown known as ''kirita-mukuta'' and other ornamentation, with their son [[Murugan|Skanda]] seated between them. This panel also shows the carving of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] (bull), Shiva's mount (Vahana). [[Chandeshvara Nayanar]], an ardent devotee of Shiva, is carved to the left of the carved images of the [[Triple deity#Eastern religions|trinity gods]] Shiva, Brahma, and Vishnu, who are shown standing behind the main image of Shiva and Parvathi. The carving of the trinity gods gives the impression that they are pleased with the seated couple of Shiva, his consort and their son. In the individual depiction, Brahma is carved with four heads and four hands, with the upper hands holding a water vessel and ''[[akshamala]]''; the lower right hand is shown raised in an appreciative gesture to Shiva, while the left hand is in a kataka mudra. Vishnu's carving is also depicted with four hands; [[chakra]] and [[shankha]] are held in his upper hands, with the lower left hand showing a gesture of appreciation to Shiva, and the lower right hand held up in a ''kataka mudra''. The image of [[Surya]] (Sun) is carved on the top part of the panel, between Brahma and Vishnu. A separate Brahma panel carving appears on the back wall of the left chamber, while the right chamber is repeated with a panel of Shiva that, according to the opinion of archaeologists, wasoriginally meant to host a panel of Vishnu. Another interpretation mooted for the dominance of Shiva panels in this cave is that the religious leaning of the Kings who ruled at that time changed from [[Vaishnavism]] to [[Shivaism|Shavisim]].<ref name=Mahishi/> Additionally, the Somaskanda panel in this cave is of a different architectural composition than similar panels carved in Dharmaraja Ratha, the Shore Temple, and the Atiranachanda Cave. Archeologists suggest the panel here was created during the reign of Rajasimha.<ref name="Mahishi" />

[[File:Anantasayi Panel Mahishasuramardini Temple Mahabalipuram Sep22 D72 24966.jpg|thumb|centre|700px|Front View of the Ananthashayani Pannel]]

On the southern face of the cave, there is a panel of [[Vishnu|Maha Vishnu]] in an [[Anantashayana Vishnu|Anantasayana]] ''[[mudra]]'', (a reclining posture), lying on the bed of a [[serpent (symbolism)|serpent]]. He is shown with two hands, one is patting the coil of the Thousand-headed serpent known as ''[[Adisesha]]'' to pacify him, which forms a cover over Vishnu's head and the other hand with [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]]. [[Madhu-Kaitabha]], the two demons, are carved near Vishnu's feet in an attacking mode, armed with a ''[[Gada (mace)]]''. The demons are in a position of retreat, as ''Adisesha'' hisses at them with flames emerging from its hoods attack the demons. [[Vishnu]] who is unconcerned, is patting [[Shesha|Adisesha]] to pacify him. Also shown in the panel are the two ''ganas'' (dwarfs). The Dwarfs are Vishnu's ''[[ayudhapurusha]]s'' (his personified weapons); the male ''gana'' is known as ''[[Panchajanya|Shanka]]'', and the female ''gana'' is Vishnu's ''[[Kaumodaki|gada]]''. The other scene in the panel, is at its lower end, where three figures; his ''[[Sudarshana|chakra]]'' (discus) in ''ayudha-purusha'' form, ''[[Nandaka|Khadga]]'' (Vishnu's sword) on the right and the female figure is [[Bhudevi]].<ref name=Mahishi/> This carving explains the legend mentioned in the [[Bhagavata Purana]], It states that during the creation, the asuras Madhu and Kaitabha stole the [[Vedas]] from [[Brahma]], and deposited them deep inside the waters of the primeval ocean. [[Vishnu]] was the only god who could save the [[Vedas]] so they wanted to attack him, [[Sesha]] gets enraged and hisses flames at them emerging from its hoods and attacks the demons. [[Maha Vishnu]] Pacifies Sesha and takes the [[Hayagriva]] Avatharam. He killed the demons and retrieved the Vedas to [[Brahma]]. This led to Vishnu being offered the epithets [[Madhusudana]] - the killer of Madhu, and Kaitabhajit - the victor of Kaitabha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2017-09-24 |title=Kaitabha, Kaiṭabha: 17 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/kaitabha#purana |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> The bodies of Madhu and Kaitabha disintegrated into 2 times 6 — which is twelve pieces (two heads, two torsos, four arms and four legs). These are considered to represent the twelve seismic plates of the Earth.
[[File:06 MahishamardiniMandapa 02 P1190239 MahishasuraMardini.jpg|alt=Mahishasura Mardini panel|center|thumb|700x700px|Mahishasura Mardini panel]]
The north wall in the cave contains a relief depicting the battle scene of the two adversaries, goddess Durga and the demon [[Water buffalo|buffalo]]-headed [[Mahishasura]]. This panel symbolizes the triumph of good over evil. The carving is considered one of the best creations of the Pallava period. In the war scene, Durga appears with eight hands riding a fierce-looking lion. She is holding a ''khadga'' (sword), ''dhanush'' (bow), ''bana'' (arrows), ''ghanta'' (bell) in her four right hands; her four left hands display ''pasa'', ''sankha'', and dagger. An attendant holds a ''chatra'' ([[parasol]]) over Durga's head. She is in the battlefield with her army of female warriors and [[ganas]] (dwarfs). She is shown attacking, with arrows, the demon Mahisha, causing him to retreat with his followers. Mahishasura is armed with a ''gada'' (club).<ref name="Mahishi" /> Mahishasura's legend is told in the major texts of the [[Shaktism]] traditions known as the [[Devi Mahatmya]], which is part of Markandeya Purana. The story of Mahishasura is told in the chapter where Markandeya is narrating the story of the birth of Savarnika Manu. Per the [[Markandeya Purana]], the story of Mahishasura was narrated in the second [[Manvantara]] (approximately 1.3 billion years ago, as per the Vishnu Purana) by Maharishi Medha to a king named Soorut, as an incident which occurred in times ancient for even the 2nd Manvantara. Mahishasura is described as an evil being who can change his outer form, but never his demonic goals. According to Christopher Fuller, Mahishasura represents the forces of ignorance and chaos hidden by outer appearances.<ref name="Fuller2004p108">{{cite book|first=Christopher John|last=Fuller|title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&pg=PA108 |year=2004|publisher= Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-12048-X|pages=108–109}}</ref><ref name="amazzone96" /> The symbolism is carried in Hindu art found in South Asia and South-East Asia (e.g., Javanese art), where Durga is shown as a serene, calm, collected and graceful symbol of good as she pierces the heart and kills the scared, overwhelmed and outwitted Mahishasura.<ref>{{cite book|first=Heinrich|last=Zimmer|title=Myths and Symbols in Indian Art and Civilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jJmFDPkwj50C&pg=PA195|year=1990|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0751-8|pages=195–198}}</ref><ref name="amazzone96">{{cite book|first=Laura|last=Amazzone|title=Goddess Durga and Sacred Female Power|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PM_TNDu8NHUC|year=2012|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-5314-5|pages=96–97}}</ref>

==References==
{{commons category|Mahishasuramardini Cave Temple}}
{{Reflist|35em}}

{{Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Mahabalipuram]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in India]]
[[Category:7th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:7th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Caves of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Architecture of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

Pandua, Hooghly

2026-03-23T05:33:54Z

BenjaminWoodard:

{{Other uses|Pandua (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pandua
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.08|N|88.28|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 19
| population_total = 30,700
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 712149
| registration_plate = WB
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pandua (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pandua]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pandua''' ({{langx|bn|পাণ্ডুয়া}}) is a [[census town]] in the [[Pandua (community development block)|Pandua]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Chinsurah subdivision]] of the [[Hooghly district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].<ref>[http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm District-wise list of statutory towns] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930191128/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |date=2007-09-30 }}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map |width=300 |height=350 |zoom=10 |coord={{coord|23|0|45|N|88|20|12|E}} |float=right
|caption='''Cities and towns in the Chinsurah subdivision (except Polba Dadpur and Dhaniakhali CD Blocks) in Hooghly district'''<br/>M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, <br/>Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|58|32|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1=Bansberia | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Bansberia]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|54|0|N|88|23|24|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Hugli-Chuchura| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Hugli-Chuchura]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|7|25|N|88|12|4|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Batika | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Batika]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|5|30|N|88|16|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Pandua| numbered4=CT| mark-title4= Pandua, Hooghly (CT)|shape-color4=black| label-size4=13|label-color4=black 
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|4|10|N|88|15|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Purusattompur| numbered5=CT| mark-title5= [[Purusattompur]] (CT)| shape-color5=#A40000
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|3|10|N|88|15|59|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Namajgram| numbered6=CT| mark-title6= [[Namajgram]] (CT)| shape-color6=#A40000
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|11|55|N|88|24|32|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Badhagachhi| numbered7=CT| mark-title7= [[Badhagachhi]] (CT)| shape-color7=#A40000
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|11|5|N|88|24|53|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Mirdhanga| numbered8=CT| mark-title8= [[Mirdhanga]] (CT)| shape-color8=#A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|7|4|N|88|28|22|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9=Sripur| numbered9=CT| mark-title9= [[Sripur, Hooghly|Sripur]] (CT)| shape-color9=#A40000
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|5|54|N|88|27|42|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Jirat| numbered10=CT| mark-title10= [[Jirat]] (CT)| shape-color10=#A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|6|40|N|88|27|27|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Balagarh| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Balagarh]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|1|40|N|88|23|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Raghunathpur| numbered12=CT| mark-title12= [[Raghunathpur (PS-Magra)]] (CT)| shape-color12=#A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|0|N|88|24|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13=Madhusudanpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13= [[Madhusudanpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|0|45|N|88|22|22|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14=Hansghara| numbered14=CT| mark-title14= [[Hansghara]] (CT)| shape-color14=#A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|59|28|N|88|21|43|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15=Kola| numbered15=CT| mark-title15= [[Kola, Hooghly|Kola]] (CT)| shape-color15=#A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|59|15|N|88|23|34|E}} | label-pos16=right|label16=Amodghata| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Amodghata]] (CT)| shape-color16=#A40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|23|0|0|N|88|22|55|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Mogra| numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Mogra]] (R)| shape-color17=#C42222
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|58|42|N|88|22|14|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Alikhoja| numbered18=CT| mark-title18= [[Alikhoja]] (CT)| shape-color18=#A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|88|23|20|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Shankhanagar| numbered19=CT| mark-title19= [[Shankhanagar]] (CT)| shape-color19=#A40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|58|0|N|88|22|20|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20=Chak Bansberia| numbered20=CT| mark-title20= [[Chak Bansberia]] (CT)| shape-color20=#A40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|56|10|N|88|23|3|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Keota| numbered21=CT| mark-title21= [[Keota, Hooghly|Keota]] (CT)| shape-color21=#A40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|22|55|21|N|88|22|46|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22=Bandel| numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Bandel]] (R)| shape-color22=#C42222
|mark-coord23={{coord|22|56|0|N|88|22|0|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Manushpur| numbered23=CT| mark-title23= [[Manushpur]] (CT)| shape-color23=#A40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|22|55|12|N|88|21|50|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24=Naldanga| numbered24=CT| mark-title24= [[Naldanga, Hooghly|Naldanga]] (CT)| shape-color24=#A40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|22|54|15|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Kodalia| numbered25=CT| mark-title25= [[Kodalia]] (CT)| shape-color25=#A40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|22|53|30|N|88|22|10|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26=Kulihanda| numbered26=CT| mark-title26= [[Kulihanda]] (CT)| shape-color26=#A40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|22|52|38|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27=Dharmapur| numbered27=CT| mark-title27= [[Dharmapur, West Bengal|Dharmapur]] (CT)| shape-color27=#A40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|22|52|40|N|88|21|30|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28=Simla| numbered28=CT| mark-title28= [[Simla, West Bengal|Simla]] (CT)|shape-color28=#A40000 |mark-coord29={{coord| 23.131844|88.475278}}| label29=Hooghly |labela29=River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=0| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|7|20|N|88|27|27|E}} | label-pos30=left|label30=Guptipara| numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Guptipara]] (R)| shape-color30=#C42222}}

===Location===
Pandua is located at {{Coord|23.08|N|88.28|E|}}.<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf | title=Census of India 2011, West Bengal: District Census Handbook, Hooghly |work = Map of Pandua CD Block, page 385| publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |access-date = 25 September 2018}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 19 metres (62 feet).

Pandua, [[Purusattompur]] and [[Namajgram]] form a cluster of census towns.<ref name=censushandbook/>

Pandua CD block is a flat [[alluvium|alluvial]] plain, known as the Hooghly-Damodar Plain, that forms part of the [[Ganges Delta|Gangetic Delta]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Physiography, Page 17|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 28 September 2018}}</ref>

The place is best known for its [[minaret|minar]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Husain |first=ABM |year=2012 |chapter=Chhota Pandua Minar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Chhota_Pandua_Minar |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref> and the ruins of Pandu Raja's Palace where all important state ceremonies were held.<ref>{{cite book |last=Das |first=Dipakranjan |year=2012 |chapter=Bari Mosque |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bari_Mosque |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] }}</ref> The 13th-century minar is {{convert|125|ft|m|order=flip}} high.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.victorynewsmagazine.com/TheMinarsAndMinarettesIndia.htm |title=Minars and Minarettes of India |work=Victory News Magazine |date= |access-date= |archive-date=29 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129104356/http://www.victorynewsmagazine.com/TheMinarsAndMinarettesIndia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==History==
According to [[Binoy Ghosh]], the tall Pandua Minar can be seen by those travelling in trains or along the Grand Trunk Road. It is locally said that Shah Sufiuddin defeated the [[Hindu king]] of the Pandua and [[Mahanad]] area and built this victory pillar. Mahiuddin Ostagar of Santipur composed a poem, ''Panduar Kechha'', in which he describes how Muslim domination of the area was achieved. There was a king named Pandu in Pandua. Inside his palace there was a well blessed by the gods. When the body of a dead person was immersed in its waters, the person regained life. During the reign of king Pandu, mostly Hindus lived in Pandua, and there were a few Muslims. One day a Muslim peasant killed a cow on his son's birthday. This enraged the Hindus and they killed the son. The Muslim peasant complained to king Pandu but he did not take any action. The peasant carried the dead body of his son to the [[Padishah|Badshah]] at Delhi, Feroze Shah. After listening to the complaint, he sent his nephew, Shah Sufi, at the head of an army, to Pandua. He waged war but initially he was unsuccessful, because of the life-giving properties of the divine well. Frustrated Shah Sufi was almost on the verge of returning to Delhi, when a cowherd boy revealed the secret of the divine well to Shah Sufi. The boy, dressed as a yogi, entered the palace and threw some beef into the well, thereby destroying its divine properties. The Muslim forces captured Pandua, and Shah Sufi remained back in Pandua. He built a large mosque there.<ref name=binoyghosh>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', {{in lang|bn}}, part II, 1976 edition, pages 312–316, Prakash Bhaban, Kolkata.</ref>

Historically, there is no evidence of the existence of king Pandu, but there were many minor [[Hindu king]]s in the [[Saptagram]]-Pandua area. Within a century of [[Bakhtiyar Khilji]]'s conquest, the Muslim thrust into the southern parts of the [[Rarh region]], that included the present-day Hooghly district, started from the end of the 13th century to the 14th century. It was during the rule of the Balban sultans in Delhi (1286–1328) that efforts were made to establish Islam, not only by capturing the thrones and political power, but also by establishing Islam socially.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApVjzgEACAAJ |title=The History of Bengal: Muslim period, 1200-1757 |date=1976 |publisher=University of Dacca |pages=69 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=binoyghosh/>

According to the available records, Zafar Khan had come to the [[Tribeni, Hooghly|Tribeni]] area towards the end of the 13th century and Shah Sufiuddin had come to the Pandua area towards the beginning of the 14th century. During the period that followed Muslim Ghazis built many mosques and tombs on the ruins of Hindu temples.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pinakpani |title=English: Pandua Minar, an ASI heritage building at Pandua, Hooghly |date=2022-04-17 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pandua_Minar_at_Pandua_15.jpg |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref> There is tell-tale evidence of the historical role of Muslim Ghazi-Pirs in the Pandua-Mahanad-Tribeni area.<ref name=binoyghosh/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shrinkhala Devi Temple|url=https://ipltours.com/news/india/travel/srunkala-devi-eng/|access-date=18 May 2021|archive-date=18 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518212342/https://ipltours.com/news/india/travel/srunkala-devi-eng/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2018 75">{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Partha|title=The Forgotten Shivalinga of the Sati Shaktipeeths|year=2018|isbn=978-9387456129|pages=75|publisher=Zorba Books }}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Pandua had a total population of 30,700 of which 15,597 (51%) were males and 15,103 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 2,986. The total number of literate persons in Pandua was 22,604 (81.56% of the population over 6 years).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 10 June 2016}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]], Pandua had a population of 27,126. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Pandua has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 72%, and female literacy is 62%. In Pandua, 12% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=10 June 2016|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
Pandua police station has jurisdiction over [[Pandua (community development block)|Pandua]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Hooghly |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 3 October 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | title = Hooghly District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170705234600/http://policewb.gov.in/wbp/district/Hooghly/hglyphone.php | archive-date = 5 July 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Pandua CD block are located at Pandua.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/DCHB/DCHB_A/19/1912_PART_A_DCHB_HUGLI.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Hugli, Series-20, Part XIIA | work= Map of Hooghly district with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 20 June 2017 }}</ref>

==Economy==
This is a rich agricultural area with several cold storages.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | title= List of functioning Cold Storage of West Bengal District wise as on 18.01.07 | publisher= West Bengal State Marketing Board | access-date= 2009-01-28 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090122084728/http://wbagrimarketingboard.gov.in/cold%20storage-ok/Cold%20storage11.html | archive-date= 22 January 2009 | url-status= dead }}</ref>

S.R.Industry, manufacturer of construction and agricultural machinery was established at Pandua in 1996.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indiamart.com/sr-industry/profile.html | title = S.R.Industry | publisher = indiamart.com | access-date = 14 July 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
Pandua has a rural hospital (with 30 beds).<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 15 July 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Transport==
* [[State Highway 13 (West Bengal)|State Highway 13]]/ [[Grand Trunk Road|GT Road]] passes through Pandua.<ref name="pwd">{{cite web| url = http://www.pwdwb.in/road/state_highway |title = Road – Highway | publisher= Public Works Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 24 February 2017}}</ref><ref>Google maps</ref>
* [[Pundooah railway station]] situated on [[Howrah-Bardhaman main line]].

== Visitor attractions ==
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Bari Masjid
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Mosque, Pandua.jpg
| caption = The former mosque, in 2013
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India West Bengal
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the former mosque in [[West Bengal]]
| location = Pandua, [[Hugli-Chinsura|Hooghly]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}
| sect =
| festivals =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Mosque]] {{small|(former)}}
| functional_status = {{ubl|{{nowrap|'''Inactive''' {{small|(as a mosque)}};}}|''Partial ruinous state''}}
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style =
| founded_by =
| funded_by = Shah Sufiuddin
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 14th century
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = One {{small|(1477 [[Common Era|CE]])}}
| minaret_height = {{cvt|125|ft|m|order=flip}}
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number = N-WB-69 | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
* Bari Masjid: The meaning of the bari is "the big mosque which shows the incredible architecture styled with Bricks". It was built by Shah Sufiuddin in 14th century.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pinakpani |title=English: Bori Masjid, a ruined heritage Mosque of Pandua, Melatala, Hooghly district |date=2022-04-17 |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bori_Masjid,_a_ruined_heritage_Mosque_of_Pandua_04.jpg |access-date=2024-04-12}}</ref>
* Pandua Minar: It was built by [[Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah]] in 1477 [[Common Era|CE]] and it is a symbol of victory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Begama |first1=Āẏaśā |title=Forts and Fortifications in Medieval Bengal |date=2013 |publisher=University Grants Commission of Bangladesh |page=196 |isbn=9789848910139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27hc0KhHYy0C|quote="The Chhota Pandua Minar pre - dates the Firuz Minar by about 10 years built by Sultan Yusuf Shah in 1477 A D."}}</ref> Along with the Bari Masjid, it was built to replace the Srinkhala Devi temple which was destroyed by Shamsuddin Yusuf Shah.<ref name="Sharma 2018 75"/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Bari Masjid, Pandua, Hooghly 01.jpg|Bari masjid
Bori Mosque of Pandua.jpg|ASI Board of for the mosque
Pundooah Hooghly 1.jpg|The minar in the distance
Pandua Minar by Piyal Kundu.jpg|The minar
Minar Pandua.jpg|The minar
Pandua Minar at Pandua 15.jpg|ASI Board for the minar
Panduaminar.jpg|The minar
Mahanad Kali Temple-Pandua-West Bengal-DSC 3173 00001.jpg|Mahanad Kali temple
Pandua Cattle Market by Piyal Kundu.jpg|Cattle market
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pandua, Hooghly}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110519115341/http://picasaweb.google.com/pb1981/panduahooghly Pandua Image gallery]
*[http://www.rangan-datta.info/Pundooah.htm Travel article on Pandua by Rangan Datta]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080905113025/http://www.rangan-datta.info/index.htm Rangan Datta's Home Page]
*[http://www.shaktipeethas.org/pradyumna-shrinkala-devi-and-kashmir-saraswati-devi-t21.html Shrinkhala Shaktipith at Pandua]
{{Hooghly District}}
{{Mosques in West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Mosques in West Bengal|Bari]]

Elizabeth II

2026-03-20T14:35:45Z

BenjaminWoodard: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Queen of the United Kingdom from 1952 to 2022}}
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| succession = {{Br separated entries|[[Queen of the United Kingdom]]|and other [[Commonwealth realm]]s}}
| moretext = {{nowrap|([[List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II|full list]])}}
| reign = 6 February 1952{{Sndash}}{{Avoid wrap|8 September 2022}}
| cor-type = [[Coronation of Elizabeth II|Coronation]]
| coronation = 2 June 1953
| predecessor = [[George VI]]
| successor = [[Charles III]]
| birth_name = Princess Elizabeth of York
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|04|21}}
| birth_place = [[17 Bruton Street, Mayfair]], London, England
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2022|09|08|1926|04|21|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Balmoral Castle]], Aberdeenshire, Scotland
| burial_date = 19 September 2022
| burial_place = [[King George VI Memorial Chapel]], St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]|20 November 1947|9 April 2021|reason=d}}
| issue = {{Plainlist|
* [[Charles III]]
* [[Anne, Princess Royal]]
* [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]]
* [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh]]
}}
| full name = Elizabeth Alexandra Mary
| house = [[House of Windsor|Windsor]]
| father = [[George VI]]
| mother = [[Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon]]
| religion = [[Protestantism in the United Kingdom|Protestant]]{{Efn|name=religion|{{Windsor monarchs religion|Elizabeth|She}}}}
| signature = Elizabeth II signature 1952.svg
| signature_alt = Elizabeth's signature in black ink
| module = {{Listen voice
| filename = Elizabeth II Coronation speech.ogg
| description = [[Special address by the British monarch#Elizabeth II|Coronation Day speech]]
| recorded = 2 June 1953
}}
}}

'''Elizabeth II''' (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 1926{{Sndash}}8 September 2022) was [[Queen of the United Kingdom]] and other [[Commonwealth realm]]s from 6 February 1952 until [[Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II|her death]] in 2022. She was [[queen regnant]] of [[List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II|32 sovereign states]] during her lifetime and was the monarch of 15 realms at her death. Her reign of 70 years and 214 days is the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest of any British monarch]], the [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|second-longest of any sovereign state]], and the [[List of female monarchs|longest of any queen regnant in history]].

Elizabeth was born in [[Mayfair]], London, during the reign of her paternal grandfather, [[King George V]]. She was the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York (later [[King George VI]] and [[Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]]). Her father acceded to the throne in 1936 upon [[Abdication of Edward VIII|the abdication]] of his brother [[Edward VIII]], making the ten-year-old Princess Elizabeth the [[heir presumptive]]. She was educated privately at home and began to undertake public duties during the [[Second World War]], serving in the [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]]. In November 1947, [[Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten|she married]] [[Philip Mountbatten]], a former [[prince of Greece and Denmark]]. Their marriage lasted 73 years until [[Death and funeral of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|his death in 2021]]. They had four children: [[Charles III|Charles]], [[Anne, Princess Royal|Anne]], [[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor|Andrew]], and [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Edward]].

When [[Death and state funeral of George VI|her father died]] in February 1952, Elizabeth, then 25 years old, became queen of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]], and [[Dominion of Ceylon|Ceylon]], as well as [[head of the Commonwealth]]. Elizabeth reigned as a [[constitutional monarch]] through times of significant political change such as [[the Troubles]] in Northern Ireland, [[devolution in the United Kingdom]], the [[decolonisation of Africa]], and the [[United Kingdom's accession to the European Communities]] as well as its [[Brexit|subsequent withdrawal]]. The number of her realms varied over time as territories gained independence and as most realms [[Republics in the Commonwealth of Nations|became republics]]. As queen, Elizabeth was advised by [[List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II|more than 170 prime ministers]] across her realms. Her many historic visits and meetings included [[List of state visits made by Elizabeth II|state visits]] to China in 1986, [[State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia|to Russia]] in 1994, and [[State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland|to the Republic of Ireland]] in 2011; she met five popes and fourteen US presidents.

Significant events of her reign included [[Coronation of Elizabeth II|her coronation]] in 1953 and the celebrations of her [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Silver]], [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden]], [[Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Diamond]], and [[Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Platinum]] [[jubilee]]s. Although there was occasional [[Republicanism in the United Kingdom|republican]] sentiment and media criticism of her family—particularly after the breakdowns of her children's marriages, her ''[[annus horribilis#Elizabeth II|annus horribilis]]'' in 1992, and [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|the death]] of her former daughter-in-law [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]] in 1997—support for the monarchy and her popularity in the United Kingdom remained consistently high. Elizabeth died aged 96 at [[Balmoral Castle]] in Scotland, and was succeeded by her eldest son as Charles III.

== Early life ==
Elizabeth was born at 2:40 am on 21 April 1926 by [[Caesarean section]] at her maternal grandfather's London home, [[17 Bruton Street]] in [[Mayfair]],<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=33153 |date=21 April 1926 |page=1}}</ref>{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=22|Brandreth|2004|2p=103|Marr|2011|3p=76|Pimlott|2001|4pp=2–3|Lacey|2002|5pp=75–76|Roberts|2000|6p=74}} the first child of [[Prince Albert, Duke of York]] (later King George VI), and his wife, [[Elizabeth, Duchess of York]] (later Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother). Her father was the second son of [[King George V]] and [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], and her mother was the youngest daughter of Scottish aristocrat [[Claude Bowes-Lyon, 14th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne]] and his wife [[Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne|Cecilia]] ({{nee|Cavendish-Bentinck}}). She was [[baptised]] by the [[Archbishop of York]], [[Cosmo Gordon Lang]] in the private chapel at [[Buckingham Palace]] on 29 May,{{Sfn|ps=none|Hoey|2002|p=40}}{{Efn|name=baptism|Her godparents were: King George V and Queen Mary; Lord Strathmore; [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn]] (her paternal great-granduncle); [[Princess Mary, Viscountess Lascelles]] (her paternal aunt); and [[Mary Elphinstone, Lady Elphinstone|Lady Elphinstone]] (her maternal aunt).{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=103|Hoey|2002|2p=40}}}} and she was named Elizabeth after her mother; Alexandra after [[Alexandra of Denmark|her paternal great-grandmother]], who had [[Death and funeral of Alexandra of Denmark|died five months earlier]]; and Mary after her paternal grandmother.{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=103}} She was affectionately called "Lilibet" by her close family,{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=12}} based on what she called herself at first.{{Sfn|ps=none|Williamson|1987|p=205}} She was cherished by her grandfather George V, whom she affectionately called "Grandpa England",{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=15}} and her regular visits during his serious illness in 1929 were credited in the popular press and by later biographers with raising his spirits and aiding his recovery.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=56|Nicolson|1952|2p=433|Pimlott|2001|3pp=14–16}}
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 320
| image1 = Princess Elizabeth on TIME Magazine, April 29, 1929.jpg
| alt1 = Elizabeth as a thoughtful-looking toddler with curly, fair hair
| caption1 = On the [[1929 Time magazine covers|cover]] of [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']], April 1929
| image2 = Philip de László - Princess Elizabeth of York - 1933.jpg
| alt2 = Elizabeth as a rosy-cheeked young girl with blue eyes and fair hair
| caption2 = Portrait by [[Philip de László]], 1933
}}
Elizabeth's sole sibling, [[Princess Margaret]], was born in 1930. The two princesses were cared for by their nanny, [[Clara Knight (nanny)|Clara Knight]], and educated at home under the supervision of their mother and their [[governess]], [[Marion Crawford]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1p=26|Pimlott|2001|2p=20|Shawcross|2002|3p=21}} Lessons concentrated on history, language, literature, and music.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=124|Lacey|2002|2pp=62–63|Pimlott|2001|3pp=24, 69}} Crawford published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years titled ''[[The Little Princesses]]'' in 1950, much to the dismay of the [[British royal family|royal family]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=108–110|Lacey|2002|2pp=159–161|Pimlott|2001|3pp=20, 163}} The book describes Elizabeth's love of horses and dogs, her orderliness, and her attitude of responsibility.{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=108–110}} Others echoed such observations: [[Winston Churchill]] described Elizabeth when she was two as "a character. She has an air of authority and reflectiveness astonishing in an infant."{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=105|Lacey|2002|2p=81|Shawcross|2002|3pp=21–22}} Her cousin [[Margaret Rhodes]] described her as "a jolly little girl, but fundamentally sensible and well-behaved".{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=105–106}} Elizabeth's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at [[145 Piccadilly]] (their [[town house]] in London) and [[Royal Lodge]] in Windsor.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=14–34|Heald|2007|2pp=7–8|Warwick|2002|3pp=35–39}}

== Heir presumptive ==
During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the [[line of succession to the British throne]], behind her uncle [[Edward VIII|Edward, Prince of Wales]], and her father. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as Edward was still young and likely to marry and have children of his own, who would precede Elizabeth in the line of succession.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=8|Lacey|2002|2p=76|Pimlott|2001|3p=3}} When [[Death and state funeral of George V|her grandfather died]] in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second in line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, [[Abdication of Edward VIII|Edward abdicated]], after his proposed marriage to divorced American socialite [[Wallis Simpson]] provoked a [[constitutional crisis]].{{Sfn|ps=none|Lacey|2002|pp=97–98}} Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, taking the [[regnal name]] George VI. Since Elizabeth had no brothers, she became [[heir presumptive]]. If her parents had subsequently had a son, he would have been [[heir apparent]] and before her in the line of succession, which was determined by the [[male-preference primogeniture]] in effect at the time.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1pp=78, 85|Pimlott|2001|2pp=71–73}}

Elizabeth received private tuition in [[constitutional history]] from [[Henry Marten (educator)|Henry Marten]], [[List of provosts of Eton College|Vice-Provost]] of [[Eton College]],{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=124|Crawford|1950|2p=85|Lacey|2002|3p=112|Marr|2011|4p=88|Pimlott|2001|5p=51|Shawcross|2002|6p=25}} and learned French from a succession of native-speaking governesses.<ref name="Edu">{{Cite web |date=29 December 2015 |title=Her Majesty The Queen: Early life and education |url=https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen?ch=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507231247/https://www.royal.uk/her-majesty-the-queen?ch=5 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> A [[Girl Guides]] company, the [[1st Buckingham Palace Company]], was formed specifically so she could socialise with girls her age.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1p=84|Pimlott|2001|2p=47}} Later, she was enrolled as a [[Ranger (Girl Guide)|Sea Ranger]].<ref name="Edu" />

In 1939, Elizabeth's parents [[1939 royal tour of Canada|toured Canada]] and the United States. As in 1927, when they had [[Royal tours of Australia|toured Australia]] and [[Royal visits to New Zealand#1951–2000|New Zealand]], Elizabeth remained in Britain since her father thought she was too young to undertake public tours.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=54}} She "looked tearful" as her parents departed.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=55}} They corresponded regularly,{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=55}} and she and her parents made the first royal [[transatlantic telephone]] call on 18 May.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=54}}

=== Second World War ===
[[File:Hrh Princess Elizabeth in the Auxiliary Territorial Service, April 1945 TR2832.jpg|thumb|right|In [[Auxiliary Territorial Service]] uniform, April 1945]]
In September 1939, [[United Kingdom declaration of war on Germany (1939)|Britain entered the Second World War]]. [[Douglas Hogg, 1st Viscount Hailsham|Lord Hailsham]] suggested that Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret should be [[Evacuations of civilians in Britain during World War II|evacuated]] to Canada to avoid the frequent [[Aerial bombing of cities|aerial bombings]] of London by the ''[[Luftwaffe]]''.{{Sfn|ps=none|Warwick|2002|page=102}} This was rejected by their mother, who declared, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodey |first=Emma |date=21 December 2015 |title=Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother |url=https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507183311/https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth-queen-mother |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> The princesses stayed at [[Balmoral Castle]], Scotland, until Christmas 1939, when they moved to [[Sandringham House]], Norfolk.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=104–114|Pimlott|2001|2pp=56–57}} From February to May 1940, they lived at Royal Lodge, Windsor, until moving to [[Windsor Castle]], where they lived for most of the next five years.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Crawford|1950|1pp=114–119|Pimlott|2001|2p=57}} At Windsor, [[Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret's Christmas pantomimes|the princesses staged pantomimes]] at Christmas in aid of the Queen's Wool Fund, which bought [[yarn]] to knit into military garments.{{Sfn|ps=none|Crawford|1950|pp=137–141}} In 1940, the 14-year-old Elizabeth made her first radio broadcast during the [[BBC]]'s ''[[Children's Hour]]'', addressing other children who had been evacuated from the cities.<ref name="CH">{{Cite web |date=13 October 1940 |title=Children's Hour: Princess Elizabeth |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/childrens-hour--princess-elizabeth/z7wm92p |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127053143/https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/childrens-hour--princess-elizabeth/z7wm92p |archive-date=27 November 2019 |access-date=22 July 2009 |website=BBC Archive}}</ref> She stated: "We are trying to do all we can to help our gallant sailors, soldiers, and airmen, and we are trying, too, to bear our own share of the danger and sadness of war. We know, every one of us, that in the end all will be well."<ref name="CH" />

In 1943, Elizabeth undertook her first solo public appearance on a visit to the [[Grenadier Guards]], of which she had been appointed [[colonel]] the previous year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early public life |url=https://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328170101/https://www.royal.gov.uk/HMTheQueen/Publiclife/EarlyPublicLife/Earlypubliclife.aspx |archive-date=28 March 2010 |access-date=20 April 2010 |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> As she approached her 18th birthday, Parliament changed the law so that she could act as one of five [[counsellors of state]] in the event of her father's incapacity or absence abroad, such as his visit to Italy in July 1944.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=71}} In February 1945, she was appointed an honorary [[Auxiliary Territorial Service#Ranks|second subaltern]] in the Auxiliary Territorial Service with the [[service number]] 230873.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=36973 |date=6 March 1945 |page=1315 |supp=y |nolink=y}}</ref> She trained as a driver and mechanic and was given the rank of honorary junior commander (female equivalent of [[Captain (British Army and Royal Marines)|captain]] at the time) five months later.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Harvnb|Bradford|2012|p=45}}; {{Harvnb|Lacey|2002|pp=136–137}}; {{Harvnb|Marr|2011|p=100}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=75}}; | {{London Gazette |issue=37205 |date=31 July 1945 |page=3972 |supp=y |nolink=y |ref=none}} }}</ref>

[[File:Special Film Project 186 - Buckingham Palace 2.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth (far left) on the balcony of [[Buckingham Palace]] with her family and Winston Churchill, [[8 May 1945]]]]
At the end of the war in Europe, on [[Victory in Europe Day]], Elizabeth and Margaret mingled incognito with the celebrating crowds in the streets of London. In 1985, Elizabeth recalled in a rare interview, "... we asked my parents if we could go out and see for ourselves. I remember we were terrified of being recognised ... I remember lines of unknown people linking arms and walking down [[Whitehall]], all of us just swept along on a tide of happiness and relief."{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=10|Pimlott|2001|2p=79}}<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite interview |interviewer=[[Godfrey Talbot]] |title=The Queen Remembers VE Day 1945 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3t2rAYE7K-o |access-date=4 April 2024 |work=The Way We Were |publisher=[[BBC Radio 4]] |via=YouTube |date=8 May 1985}}; | {{BBC Genome prog|50ae7646017f471ab1dd365d82bc35fa|The Way We Were}} }}</ref>

During the war, plans were drawn to quell [[Welsh nationalism]] by affiliating Elizabeth more closely with Wales. Proposals, such as appointing her Constable of [[Caernarfon Castle]] or a patron of [[Urdd Gobaith Cymru]] (the Welsh League of Youth), were abandoned for several reasons, including fear of associating Elizabeth with [[conscientious objector]]s in the Urdd at a time when Britain was at war.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 March 2005 |title=Royal plans to beat nationalism |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4329001.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208181209/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4329001.stm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |access-date=15 June 2010 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Welsh politicians suggested she be made [[Princess of Wales]] on her 18th birthday. Home Secretary [[Herbert Morrison]] supported the idea, but the King rejected it because he felt such a title belonged solely to the wife of a [[prince of Wales]] and the prince of Wales had always been the heir apparent.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=71–73}} In 1946, she was inducted into [[the Gorsedd of Bards]] at the [[National Eisteddfod of Wales]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gorsedd of the Bards |url=https://www.museumwales.ac.uk/911 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518203811/https://www.museumwales.ac.uk/911 |archive-date=18 May 2014 |access-date=17 December 2009 |publisher=National Museum of Wales}}</ref>

Elizabeth went on her first overseas tour in 1947, accompanying her parents through southern Africa. During the tour, in [[21st birthday speech of Princess Elizabeth|a broadcast]] to the [[British Commonwealth]] on her 21st birthday, she made the following pledge:<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=20 April 1947 |title=A speech by the Queen on her 21st Birthday, 1947 |url=https://www.royal.uk/21st-birthday-speech-21-april-1947 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191402/https://www.royal.uk/21st-birthday-speech-21-april-1947 |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref>{{Efn|The oft-quoted speech was written by [[Dermot Morrah]], a journalist for ''[[The Times]]''.<ref name="Oldie">{{Cite web |last=Utley |first=Charles |date=June 2017 |title=My grandfather wrote the Princess's speech |url=https://www.theoldie.co.uk/article/my-grandfather-wrote-the-princesss-speech |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531074419/https://www.theoldie.co.uk/article/my-grandfather-wrote-the-princesss-speech |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=The Oldie}}</ref>}}

{{blockquote|I declare before you all that my whole life, whether it be long or short, shall be devoted to your service and the service of our great imperial family to which we all belong. But I shall not have strength to carry out this resolution alone unless you join in it with me, as I now invite you to do: I know that your support will be unfailingly given. God help me to make good my vow, and God bless all of you who are willing to share in it.}}

=== Marriage ===
{{Main|Wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten}}

Elizabeth met her future husband, [[Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark]], in 1934 and again in 1937.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=132–139|Lacey|2002|2pp=124–125|Pimlott|2001|3p=86}} They were [[Cousin#Cousin chart|second cousins once removed]] through [[King Christian IX of Denmark]] and third cousins through [[Queen Victoria]]. After meeting for the third time at the [[Britannia Royal Naval College|Royal Naval College]] in [[Dartmouth, Devon|Dartmouth]] in July 1939, Elizabeth—though only 13 years old—said she fell in love with Philip, who was 18, and they began to exchange letters.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=10|Brandreth|2004|2pp=132–136, 166–169|Lacey|2002|3pp=119, 126, 135}} She was 21 when their engagement was officially announced on 9 July 1947.{{Sfn|ps=none|Heald|2007|p=77}}

The engagement attracted some controversy. Philip had no financial standing, was foreign-born (though a [[British subject]] who had served in the [[Royal Navy]] throughout the Second World War), and his sisters had married German noblemen with [[Nazi]] links.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Phil |date=31 October 2000 |title=The Real Prince Philip |url=https://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209095416/https://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/R/real_lives/prince_philip_t.html |archive-date=9 February 2010 |access-date=23 September 2009 |publisher=[[Channel 4]]}}</ref> Marion Crawford wrote, "Some of the King's advisors did not think him good enough for her. He was a prince without a home or kingdom. Some of the papers played long and loud tunes on the string of Philip's foreign origin."{{Sfn|ps=none|Crawford|1950|p=180}} Later biographies reported that Elizabeth's mother had reservations about the union initially and teased Philip as "[[Hun (pejorative)|the Hun]]".<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=20 April 2006 |title=Philip, the one constant through her life |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1400208/Philip-the-one-constant-through-her-life.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220109050110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1400208/Philip-the-one-constant-through-her-life.html |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=23 September 2009 |work=The Telegraph |location=London |ref=none}};{{Cbignore}} | {{Harvnb|Brandreth|2004|p=314}}}}</ref> In later life, however, she told the biographer [[Tim Heald]] that Philip was "an English gentleman".{{Sfn|ps=none|Heald|2007|p=xviii}}

[[File:Huwelijk Prinses Elisabeth, Bestanddeelnr 902-4693 (cropped).jpg|thumb|At Buckingham Palace with Philip after their wedding, 1947]]
Before the marriage, Philip renounced his Greek and Danish titles, officially converted from [[Greek Orthodoxy]] to [[Anglicanism]], and adopted the style ''Lieutenant Philip Mountbatten'', taking [[Mountbatten family|the surname of his mother's British family]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1pp=55–56|Pimlott|2001|2pp=101, 137}} Shortly before the wedding, he was created [[Duke of Edinburgh]] and granted the style ''His Royal Highness''.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=38128 |date=21 November 1947 |page=5495 |nolink=y}}</ref> Elizabeth and Philip were married on 20 November 1947 at [[Westminster Abbey]]. They received 2,500 wedding gifts from around the world.<ref name="news1">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2007 |title=60 Diamond Wedding anniversary facts |url=https://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/60diamondweddinganniversaryfacts.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203033258/https://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/60diamondweddinganniversaryfacts.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2010 |access-date=20 June 2010 |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> Elizabeth required [[Rationing in the United Kingdom|ration coupons]] to buy the material for [[Wedding dress of Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom|her gown]] (which was designed by [[Norman Hartnell]]) because Britain had not yet completely recovered from the devastation of the war.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1p=58|Pimlott|2001|2pp=133–134}} In [[Post-war Britain (1945–1979)|post-war Britain]], it was not acceptable for Philip's German relations, including his three surviving sisters, to be invited to the wedding.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hoey|2002|1p=59|Petropoulos|2006|2p=363}} Neither was an invitation extended to the Duke of Windsor, formerly King Edward VIII.{{Sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=61}}

Elizabeth gave birth to her first child, [[Prince Charles]], in November 1948. One month earlier, the King had issued [[Letters patent (United Kingdom)|letters patent]] allowing her children to use the style and title of a royal prince or princess, to which they otherwise would not have been entitled, as their father was no longer a royal prince.<ref>{{Multiref|Letters Patent, 22 October 1948; | {{Harvnb|Hoey|2002|pp=69–70}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|pp=155–156}}}}</ref> A second child, [[Princess Anne]], was born in August 1950.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=163}}

Following their wedding, the couple leased [[Windlesham Moor]], near Windsor Castle, until July 1949,<ref name="news1" /> when they took up residence at [[Clarence House]] in London. At various times between 1949 and 1951, Philip was stationed in the British [[Crown Colony of Malta]] as a serving Royal Navy officer. He and Elizabeth lived intermittently in Malta for several months at a time in the [[Hamlet (place)|hamlet]] of [[Gwardamanġa]], at [[Villa Guardamangia]], the rented home of Philip's uncle [[Lord Mountbatten]]. Their two children remained in Britain.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=226–238|Pimlott|2001|2pp=145, 159–163, 167}}

== Reign ==

=== Accession and coronation ===
{{Main|Coronation of Elizabeth II}}

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II on her Coronation Day.jpg|thumb|alt=Elizabeth is seated and holds an orb and sceptre.|Coronation portrait by [[Cecil Beaton]], 1953]]
As George VI's health declined during 1951, Elizabeth frequently stood in for him at public events. When she visited Canada and [[Harry S. Truman]] in Washington, DC, in October 1951, her private secretary [[Martin Charteris]] carried a draft accession declaration in case the King died while she was on tour.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=240–241|Lacey|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3pp=169–172}} In early 1952, Elizabeth and Philip set out for a tour of Australia and New Zealand by way of the British colony of [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]]. On 6 February, they had just returned to their Kenyan home, [[Sagana Lodge]], after a night spent at [[Treetops Hotel]], when word arrived of [[Death and state funeral of George VI|the death]] of Elizabeth's father. Philip broke the news to the new queen.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=245–247|Lacey|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3pp=173–176|Shawcross|2002|4p=16}} She chose to retain Elizabeth as her regnal name,{{Sfnm|ps=none|1a1=Bousfield|1a2=Toffoli|1y=2002|1p=72|Bradford|2002|2p=166|Pimlott|2001|3p=179|Shawcross|2002|4p=17}} and was therefore called Elizabeth II. The numeral offended some Scots, as she was the first Elizabeth to rule in Scotland.{{Sfn|ps=none|Mitchell|2003|page=113}} She was [[Proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II|proclaimed queen]] throughout her realms, and the royal party hastily returned to the United Kingdom.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=178–179}} Elizabeth and Philip moved into Buckingham Palace.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=186–187}}

With Elizabeth's accession, it seemed possible that the [[royal house]] would take her husband's name, in line with the custom for married women of the time. Lord Mountbatten advocated for ''House of Mountbatten'', and Philip suggested ''House of Edinburgh'', after his ducal title.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soames |first=Emma |date=1 June 2012 |title=Emma Soames: As Churchills we're proud to do our duty |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9305749/Emma-Soames-As-Churchills-were-proud-to-do-our-duty.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120602100737/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/9305749/Emma-Soames-As-Churchills-were-proud-to-do-our-duty.html |archive-date=2 June 2012 |access-date=12 March 2019 |work=The Telegraph |location=London}}</ref> The British prime minister, Winston Churchill, and Elizabeth's grandmother Queen Mary favoured the retention of the [[House of Windsor]]. Elizabeth issued a declaration on 9 April 1952 that the royal house would continue to be ''Windsor''. Philip complained, "I am the only man in the country not allowed to give his name to his own children."{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=80|Brandreth|2004|2pp=253–254|Lacey|2002|3pp=172–173|Pimlott|2001|4pp=183–185}} In 1960, the surname ''[[Mountbatten-Windsor]]'' was adopted for Philip and Elizabeth's male-line descendants who do not carry royal titles.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=297–298}}<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=41948 |date=5 February 1960 |page=1003 |supp=y |nolink=y}}</ref>

Amid preparations for the coronation, Princess Margaret told her sister she wished to marry [[Peter Townsend (RAF officer)|Peter Townsend]], a divorcé 16 years Margaret's senior with two sons from his previous marriage. Elizabeth asked them to wait for a year; in the words of her [[Private Secretary to the Sovereign|private secretary]], "the Queen was naturally sympathetic towards the Princess, but I think she thought—she hoped—given time, the affair would peter out."{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|pp=269–271}} Senior politicians were against the match and the [[Church of England]] did not permit [[remarriage]] after divorce. If Margaret had contracted a [[civil marriage]], she would have been expected to renounce her [[right of succession]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=269–271|Lacey|2002|2pp=193–194|Pimlott|2001|3pp=201, 236–238}} Margaret decided to abandon her plans with Townsend.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=22|Brandreth|2004|2p=271|Lacey|2002|3p=194|Pimlott|2001|4p=238|Shawcross|2002|5p=146}} In 1960, she married [[Antony Armstrong-Jones]], who was created [[Earl of Snowdon]] the following year. They divorced in 1978; Margaret did not remarry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Princess Margaret: Marriage and family |url=https://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/HRHPrincessMargaret/Marriageandfamily.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106225052/https://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/The%20House%20of%20Windsor%20from%201952/HRHPrincessMargaret/Marriageandfamily.aspx |archive-date=6 November 2011 |access-date=8 September 2011 |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref>

Despite [[Death and funeral of Mary of Teck|Queen Mary's death]] on 24 March 1953, the coronation went ahead as planned on 2 June, as Mary had requested.{{Sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=82}} The coronation ceremony in Westminster Abbey was televised for the first time, with the exception of the [[anointing]] and [[Eucharist|communion]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2003 |title=50 facts about The Queen's Coronation |url=https://www.royal.uk/50-facts-about-queens-coronation-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207234935/https://www.royal.uk/50-facts-about-queens-coronation-0 |archive-date=7 February 2021 |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref>{{Efn|name=television|Television coverage of the coronation was instrumental in boosting the medium's popularity; the number of [[television licences in the United Kingdom]] doubled to 3{{Spaces}}million,{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=207}} and many of the more than 20{{Spaces}}million British viewers watched television for the first time in the homes of their friends or neighbours.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Briggs|1995|1pp=420 {{Wikt-lang|en|ff.}}|Pimlott|2001|2p=207|Roberts|2000|3p=82}} In North America, almost 100{{Spaces}}million viewers watched recorded broadcasts.{{Sfn|ps=none|Lacey|2002|p=182}}}} On Elizabeth's instruction, [[Coronation gown of Elizabeth II|her coronation gown]] was embroidered with the [[floral emblem]]s of Commonwealth countries.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=190|Pimlott|2001|2pp=247–248}}

=== Early reign ===
{{Further|Commonwealth realm#From the accession of Elizabeth II}}
[[File:British Empire in February 1952.svg|thumb|upright=1.3|[[List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II|Elizabeth's realms]] and their territories and [[British protectorate|protectorates]] at the beginning of her reign in 1952:
{{legend|#ff0000|United Kingdom}}
{{legend|#800000|Colonies, protectorates and mandates}}
{{legend|#ff80c0|Dominions/realms}}]]

From Elizabeth's birth onwards, the [[British Empire]] continued its transformation into the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].{{Sfn|ps=none|Marr|2011|p=272}} By the time of her accession in 1952, her role as head of multiple independent states was already established.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=182}} In 1953, Elizabeth and Philip embarked on a seven-month round-the-world tour, visiting 13 countries and covering more than {{Convert|40000|mi|km}} by land, sea and air.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Commonwealth: Gifts to the Queen |url=https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/gifts-to-the-queen |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160301123708/https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/exhibitions/gifts-to-the-queen |archive-date=1 March 2016 |access-date=20 February 2016 |publisher=[[Royal Collection Trust]]}}</ref> She became the first reigning [[monarch of Australia]] and [[Monarchy of New Zealand|New Zealand]] to visit those nations.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |date=13 October 2015 |title=Australia: Royal visits |url=https://www.royal.uk/australia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201044226/https://www.royal.uk/australia |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=18 April 2016 |website=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}; | {{Cite news |last=Vallance |first=Adam |date=22 December 2015 |title=New Zealand: Royal visits |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household |url=https://www.royal.uk/new-zealand |url-status=dead |access-date=18 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322052936/https://www.royal.uk/new-zealand |archive-date=22 March 2019 |ref=none }}; | {{Harvnb|Marr|2011|p=126}}}}</ref> During the tour, crowds were immense; three-quarters of the population of Australia were estimated to have seen her.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=278|Marr|2011|2p=126|Pimlott|2001|3p=224|Shawcross|2002|4p=59}} Throughout her reign, she made hundreds of [[List of state visits made by Elizabeth II|state visits]] to other countries and [[List of Commonwealth visits made by Elizabeth II|tours of the Commonwealth]]; she was the most widely travelled [[head of state]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Campbell |first=Sophie |date=11 May 2012 |title=Queen's Diamond Jubilee: Sixty years of royal tours |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/news/Queens-Diamond-Jubilee-sixty-years-of-royal-tours |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/ZsXhc |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=20 February 2016 |work=The Telegraph}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, [[Sir Anthony Eden]] and [[Guy Mollet]], discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted, and the following year, France signed the [[Treaty of Rome]], which established the [[European Economic Community]], the precursor to the European Union.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomson |first=Mike |date=15 January 2007 |title=When Britain and France nearly married |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6261885.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123072141/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6261885.stm |archive-date=23 January 2009 |access-date=14 December 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In November 1956, Britain and France [[Suez Crisis|invaded Egypt]] in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the [[Suez Canal]]. Lord Mountbatten said that Elizabeth was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=255|Roberts|2000|2p=84}}
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and the Prime Ministers of the Commonwealth Nations, at Windsor Castle (1960 Commonwealth Prime Minister's Conference).jpg|thumb|left|alt=A formal group of Elizabeth in tiara and evening dress with eleven politicians in evening dress or national costume|With Commonwealth leaders, at the 1960 [[Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference|Commonwealth Conference]]]]

The governing [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] had no formal mechanism for choosing a leader, meaning that it fell to Elizabeth to decide whom to [[Kissing hands|commission to form a government]] following Eden's resignation. Eden recommended she consult [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 5th Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]], the [[lord president of the council]]. Lord Salisbury and [[Lord Kilmuir]], the [[lord chancellor]], consulted the [[British Cabinet]], Churchill, and the chairman of the backbench [[1922 Committee]], resulting in Elizabeth appointing their recommended candidate: [[Harold Macmillan]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Marr|2011|1pp=175–176|Pimlott|2001|2pp=256–260|Roberts|2000|3p=84}}

The Suez crisis and the choice of Eden's successor led, in 1957, to the first major personal criticism of Elizabeth. In a magazine, which he owned and edited,{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=199|Shawcross|2002|2p=75}} [[John Grigg|Lord Altrincham]] accused her of being "out of touch".<ref>{{Multiref| Altrincham in ''[[National Review (London)|National Review]]'', quoted by | {{Harvnb|Brandreth|2004|p=374}}; {{Harvnb|Roberts|2000|p=83}}}}</ref> Altrincham was denounced by public figures and slapped by a member of the public appalled by his comments.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=374|Pimlott|2001|2pp=280–281|Shawcross|2002|3p=76}} Six years later, in 1963, Macmillan resigned and advised Elizabeth to appoint [[Alec Douglas-Home]] as the prime minister, advice she followed.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=22|Pimlott|2001|2pp=324–335|Roberts|2000|3p=84}} Elizabeth again came under criticism for appointing the prime minister on the advice of a small number of ministers or a single minister.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=22|Pimlott|2001|2pp=324–335|Roberts|2000|3p=84}} In 1965, the Conservatives adopted a formal mechanism for electing a leader, thus relieving the Queen of her involvement.{{Sfn|ps=none|Roberts|2000|p=84}}

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip sit on thrones before a full Parliament.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|With Philip, seated on thrones at the [[Canadian parliament]], 1957]]
In 1957, Elizabeth made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the [[United Nations General Assembly]] on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the [[23rd Canadian Parliament]], becoming the first [[monarch of Canada]] to open a parliamentary session.<ref name="Canada">{{Cite web |title=Queen and Canada: Royal visits |url=https://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Royalvisits.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100504150511/https://www.royal.gov.uk/MonarchAndCommonwealth/Canada/Royalvisits.aspx |archive-date=4 May 2010 |access-date=12 February 2012 |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada.<ref name="Canada" />{{Sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=114}} In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, [[Kingdom of Nepal|Nepal]], and [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=303|Shawcross|2002|2p=83}} On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President [[Kwame Nkrumah]], who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins.{{Sfn|ps=none|Macmillan|1972|pp=466–472}} Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed '[[Speech to the Troops at Tilbury|the heart and stomach of a man]]' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen."{{Sfn|ps=none|Macmillan|1972|pp=466–472}} Before her tour through parts of [[Quebec]] in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the [[Quebec separatist movement]] were plotting Elizabeth's assassination.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dubois |first=Paul |date=12 October 1964 |title=Demonstrations Mar Quebec Events Saturday |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163032/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19641012&id=3K4tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=YZ8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6599,2340498 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=6 March 2010 |work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]] |page=1}}</ref> No assassination attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in [[Montreal]]; her "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.{{Sfn|ps=none|Bousfield|Toffoli|2002|p=139}}

Elizabeth gave birth to her third child, [[Prince Andrew]], in February 1960; this was the first birth to a reigning British monarch since 1857.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2017 |title=Royal Family tree and line of succession |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23272491 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311001051/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-23272491 |archive-date=11 March 2021 |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Her fourth child, [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|Prince Edward]], was born in March 1964.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=43268 |date=11 March 1964 |page=2255 |nolink=y}}</ref>

=== Political reforms and crises ===
{{Multiple image
| total_width = 400
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Elizabeth II in Queensland, Australia, 1970.jpg
| alt1 = Elizabeth waving from a car
| caption1 = In [[Queensland]], Australia, 1970
| image2 = Stevan Kragujevic, Elizabeth II i Josip Broz Tito,1972, u Beogradu.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = With President [[Josip Broz Tito]] of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] in Belgrade, 1972
}}

The 1960s and 1970s saw an acceleration in the [[decolonisation of Africa]] and the Caribbean. More than 20 countries gained independence from Britain as part of a planned transition to self-government. In 1965, however, the Rhodesian prime minister, [[Ian Smith]], in opposition to moves towards [[majority rule]], [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|unilaterally declared independence]] with Elizabeth as "[[Queen of Rhodesia]]". Although Elizabeth formally dismissed him, and the international community applied sanctions against Rhodesia, his regime survived for over a decade.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=66|Pimlott|2001|2pp=345–354}} As Britain's ties to its former empire weakened, the British government sought entry to the [[European Community]], a goal it [[Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities|achieved in 1973]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1pp=123, 154, 176|Pimlott|2001|2pp=301, 315–316, 415–417}}<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1967/01/14/archives/elizabeth-is-called-queen-of-rhodesia.html |date=14 January 1967 |title=Elizabeth is called "Queen of Rhodesia" |page=4}}</ref>

In 1966, the Queen was criticised for waiting eight days before visiting the village of [[Aberfan]], where [[Aberfan disaster|a mining disaster]] killed 116 children and 28 adults. [[Martin Charteris, Baron Charteris of Amisfield|Martin Charteris]] said that the delay, made on his advice, was a mistake that she later regretted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 September 2022 |title=Aberfan disaster: The Queen's regret after tragedy |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-42101460 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123064943/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-42101460 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2019 |title=How filming the agony of Aberfan for The Crown revealed a village still in trauma |url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/17/television-drama-the-crown-portrays-aberfan-disaster |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221221000005/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2019/nov/17/television-drama-the-crown-portrays-aberfan-disaster |archive-date=21 December 2022 |access-date=20 December 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

Elizabeth toured [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] in October 1972, becoming the first British monarch to visit a [[communist country]].{{Sfn|ps=none|Hoey|2022|page=58}} She was received at the airport by President [[Josip Broz Tito]], and a crowd of thousands greeted her in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 1972 |title=Big Crowds in Belgrade Greet Queen Elizabeth |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/18/archives/big-crowds-in-belgrade-greet-queen-elizabeth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/18/archives/big-crowds-in-belgrade-greet-queen-elizabeth.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

In February 1974, British prime minister [[Edward Heath]] advised Elizabeth to call [[February 1974 United Kingdom general election|a general election]] in the middle of her tour of the [[Austronesia]]n [[Pacific Rim]], requiring her to fly back to Britain.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=181|Pimlott|2001|2p=418}} The election resulted in a [[hung parliament]]; Heath's Conservatives were not the largest party but could stay in office if they formed a coalition with the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberals]]. When discussions on forming a coalition foundered, Heath resigned, and Elizabeth asked the [[Leader of the Opposition (United Kingdom)|Leader of the Opposition]], [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]]'s [[Harold Wilson]], to form a government.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=181|Marr|2011|2p=256|Pimlott|2001|3p=419|Shawcross|2002|4pp=109–110}}

A year later, at the height of the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis]], the Australian prime minister, [[Gough Whitlam]], was dismissed from his post by Governor-General [[Sir John Kerr]], after the Opposition-controlled [[Australian Senate|Senate]] rejected Whitlam's budget proposals.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=96|Marr|2011|2p=257|Pimlott|2001|3p=427|Shawcross|2002|4p=110}} As Whitlam had a majority in the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], Speaker [[Gordon Scholes]] appealed to Elizabeth to reverse Kerr's decision. She declined, saying she would not interfere in decisions reserved by the [[Constitution of Australia]] for the [[Governor-General of Australia|governor-general]].{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=428–429}} The crisis fuelled [[Australian republicanism]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=96|Marr|2011|2p=257|Pimlott|2001|3p=427|Shawcross|2002|4p=110}}

[[File:Jimmy Carter with Queen Elizabeth - NARA - 174724.jpg|thumb|[[3rd G7 summit|Leaders of the G7 states]], members of the royal family and Elizabeth (centre), London, 1977]]
In 1977, Elizabeth marked the [[Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Silver Jubilee]] of her accession. Parties and events took place throughout the Commonwealth, many coinciding with [[List of events during the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II|her associated national and Commonwealth tours]]. The celebrations re-affirmed Elizabeth's popularity, despite virtually coincident negative press coverage of Princess Margaret's separation from her husband, Lord Snowdon.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=449}} In 1978, Elizabeth endured a state visit to the United Kingdom by [[Socialist Republic of Romania|Romania]]'s communist leader, [[Nicolae Ceaușescu]], and his wife, [[Elena Ceaușescu|Elena]],{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=137|Roberts|2000|2pp=88–89|Shawcross|2002|3p=178}} though privately she thought they had "blood on their hands".<ref>Elizabeth to her staff, quoted in {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|p=178}}</ref> The following year brought two blows: the unmasking of [[Anthony Blunt]], former [[Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures]], as a communist spy and the [[assassination of Lord Mountbatten]] by the [[Provisional Irish Republican Army]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1pp=336–337, 470–471|Roberts|2000|2pp=88–89}}

According to [[Paul Martin Sr.]], by the end of the 1970s, Elizabeth was worried [[the Crown]] "had little meaning for" [[Pierre Trudeau]], the Canadian prime minister.<ref name="Post" /> [[Tony Benn]] said Elizabeth found Trudeau "rather disappointing".<ref name="Post">{{Cite news |last=Heinricks |first=Geoff |date=29 September 2000 |title=Trudeau: A drawer monarchist |work=[[National Post]] |location=Toronto |page=B12}}</ref> Trudeau's supposed [[Republicanism in Canada|republicanism]] seemed to be confirmed by his antics, such as sliding down banisters at Buckingham Palace and pirouetting behind Elizabeth's back in 1977, and the removal of various [[Canadian royal symbols]] during his term of office.<ref name="Post" /> In 1980, Canadian politicians sent to London to discuss the [[patriation]] of the [[Canadian constitution]] found Elizabeth "better informed ... than any of the British politicians or bureaucrats".<ref name="Post" /> She was particularly interested after the failure of Bill C-60, which would have affected her role as head of state.<ref name="Post" />

=== Perils and dissent ===
[[File:ElizabethIItroopingcolour crop.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Elizabeth in red uniform on a black horse|Riding Burmese at the 1986 Trooping the Colour ceremony]]
During the 1981 [[Trooping the Colour]] ceremony, six weeks before the [[wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer]], six shots were fired at Elizabeth from close range as she rode down [[The Mall, London]], on her horse, [[Burmese (horse)|Burmese]]. Police later discovered the shots were blanks. The 17-year-old assailant, [[Marcus Sarjeant]], was sentenced to five years in prison and released after three.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 1981 |title=Queen's 'fantasy assassin' jailed |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/14/newsid_2516000/2516713.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728131747/https://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/14/newsid_2516000/2516713.stm |archive-date=28 July 2011 |access-date=21 June 2010 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Elizabeth's composure and skill in controlling her mount were widely praised.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=281|Pimlott|2001|2pp=476–477|Shawcross|2002|3p=192}} That October, Elizabeth was the subject of another attack while on a visit to [[Dunedin]], New Zealand. [[Christopher John Lewis]], who was 17 years old, fired a shot with a [[.22 rifle]] from the fifth floor of a building overlooking the parade but missed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=McNeilly |first=Hamish |date=1 March 2018 |title=Intelligence documents confirm assassination attempt on Queen Elizabeth in New Zealand |url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/intelligence-documents-confirm-assassination-attempt-on-queen-elizabeth-in-new-zealand-20180301-p4z282.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626183822/https://www.smh.com.au/world/oceania/intelligence-documents-confirm-assassination-attempt-on-queen-elizabeth-in-new-zealand-20180301-p4z282.html |archive-date=26 June 2019 |access-date=1 March 2018 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> Lewis was arrested, but instead of being charged with [[attempted murder]] or [[treason]] was sentenced to three years in jail for unlawful possession and discharge of a firearm. Two years into his sentence, he attempted to escape a [[psychiatric hospital]] with the intention of assassinating Charles, who was visiting the country with [[Diana, Princess of Wales|Diana]] and their son [[Prince William]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ainge Roy |first=Eleanor |date=13 January 2018 |title='Damn ... I missed': the incredible story of the day the Queen was nearly shot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/13/queen-elizabeth-assassination-attempt-new-zealand-1981 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301120257/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/jan/13/queen-elizabeth-assassination-attempt-new-zealand-1981 |archive-date=1 March 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

[[File:President Ronald Reagan riding horses with Queen Elizabeth II during visit to Windsor Castle.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Elizabeth and Ronald Reagan on black horses. He bare-headed; she in a headscarf; both in tweeds, jodhpurs and riding boots.|Riding at Windsor with President Reagan, June 1982]]
From April to September 1982, Elizabeth's son Andrew served with British forces in the [[Falklands War]], for which she reportedly felt anxiety{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=115|Pimlott|2001|2p=487}} and pride.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|1p=487|Shawcross|2002|2p=127}} On 9 July, she awoke in her bedroom at Buckingham Palace to find an intruder, [[Michael Fagan]], in the room with her. In a serious lapse of security, assistance only arrived after two calls to the Palace police switchboard.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1pp=297–298|Pimlott|2001|2p=491}} After hosting US president [[Ronald Reagan]] at Windsor Castle in 1982 and visiting [[Rancho del Cielo|his California ranch]] in 1983, Elizabeth was angered when [[Presidency of Ronald Reagan|his administration]] ordered the [[invasion of Grenada]], one of her Caribbean realms, without informing her.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=188|Pimlott|2001|2p=497}}

Intense media interest in the opinions and private lives of the royal family during the 1980s led to a series of sensational stories in the press, pioneered by ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' tabloid.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=488–490}} As [[Kelvin MacKenzie]], editor of ''The Sun'', told his staff: "Give me a Sunday for Monday splash on the Royals. Don't worry if it's not true—so long as there's not too much of a fuss about it afterwards."{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=521}} Newspaper editor [[Donald Trelford]] wrote in ''[[The Observer]]'' of 21 September 1986: "The royal soap opera has now reached such a pitch of public interest that the boundary between fact and fiction has been lost sight of ... it is not just that some papers don't check their facts or accept denials: they don't care if the stories are true or not." It was reported, most notably in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'' of 20 July 1986, that Elizabeth was worried that [[Margaret Thatcher]]'s [[Thatcherism#economicposition|economic policies]] fostered social divisions and was alarmed by high unemployment, [[1981 England riots|a series of riots]], the violence of [[1984–1985 United Kingdom miners' strike|a miners' strike]], and Thatcher's refusal to apply sanctions against the [[apartheid]] regime in South Africa. The sources of the rumours included royal aide [[Michael Shea (diplomat)|Michael Shea]] and Commonwealth secretary-general [[Shridath Ramphal]], but Shea claimed his remarks were taken [[out of context]] and embellished by speculation.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Harvnb|Hardman|2011|pp=216–217}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|pp=503–515}}; {{Nowrap|see also}} | {{Harvnb|Neil|1996|pp=195–207}}; {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|pp=129–132}}}}</ref> Thatcher reputedly said Elizabeth would vote for the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]]—Thatcher's political opponents.<ref>{{Multiref|Thatcher to [[Brian Walden]], quoted in {{Harvnb|Neil|1996|pp=207}}; | Neil quoted in {{Harvnb|Wyatt|1999|loc= diary of 26 October 1990}}}}</ref> Thatcher's biographer [[John Campbell (biographer)|John Campbell]] claimed "the report was a piece of journalistic mischief-making".{{Sfn|ps=none|Campbell|2003|p=467}} Reports of acrimony between them were exaggerated,{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|pp=167, 171–173}} and Elizabeth gave two honours in her personal gift—membership in the [[Order of Merit]] and the [[Order of the Garter]]—to Thatcher after her replacement as prime minister by [[John Major]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Roberts|2000|1p=101|Shawcross|2002|2p=139}} [[Brian Mulroney]], Canadian prime minister between 1984 and 1993, said Elizabeth was a "behind the scenes force" in ending apartheid.<ref name="Geddes">{{Cite magazine |last=Geddes |first=John |year=2012 |title=The day she descended into the fray |magazine=[[Maclean's]] |page=72 |edition=Special Commemorative }}</ref><ref name="MacQueen">{{Cite magazine |last1=MacQueen |first1=Ken |last2=Treble |first2=Patricia |year=2012 |title=The Jewel in the Crown |magazine=Maclean's |pages=43–44 |edition=Special Commemorative }}</ref>

In 1986, Elizabeth paid a six-day state visit to the People's Republic of China, becoming the first British monarch to visit the country.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 1986 |title=Queen fulfills a Royal Goal: To visit China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155118/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/13/world/queen-fulfills-a-royal-goal-to-visit-china.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> The tour included the [[Forbidden City]], the [[Great Wall of China]], and the [[Terracotta Warriors]].{{Sfn|ps=none|BBC Books|1991|page=181}} At a [[state banquet]], Elizabeth joked about the first British emissary to China being lost at sea with [[Queen Elizabeth I]]'s letter to the [[Wanli Emperor]], and remarked, "fortunately postal services have improved since 1602".{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2019|page=437}} Elizabeth's visit also signified the acceptance of both countries that [[Handover of Hong Kong|sovereignty over Hong Kong would be transferred]] from the United Kingdom to China in 1997.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bogert |first=Carroll R. |date=13 October 1986 |title=Queen Elizabeth II Arrives In Peking for 6-Day Visit |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-arrives-in-peking-for-6-day-visit/60fd4c89-992c-4399-ae6a-3e38f15f7aad |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033204/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1986/10/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-arrives-in-peking-for-6-day-visit/60fd4c89-992c-4399-ae6a-3e38f15f7aad/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=12 October 2022 |newspaper=The Washington Post |issn=0190-8286}}</ref>

By the end of the 1980s, Elizabeth had become the target of satire.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1pp=293–294|Pimlott|2001|2p=541}} The involvement of younger members of the royal family in the charity game show ''[[It's a Royal Knockout]]'' in 1987 was ridiculed.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1pp=82–83|Lacey|2002|2p=307|Pimlott|2001|3pp=522–526}} In Canada, Elizabeth publicly supported politically divisive [[Meech Lake Accord|constitutional amendments]], prompting criticism from opponents of the proposed changes, including Pierre Trudeau.<ref name=Geddes /> The same year, the elected Fijian government was deposed in [[1987 Fijian coups d'état|a military coup]]. As [[monarch of Fiji]], Elizabeth supported the attempts of Governor-General [[Ratu Sir Penaia Ganilau]] to assert executive power and negotiate a settlement. Coup leader [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] deposed Ganilau and declared Fiji a republic.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=515–516}}

=== Turbulent years ===
In the wake of coalition victory in the [[Gulf War]], Elizabeth became the first British monarch to address a [[Joint session of the United States Congress|joint meeting]] of the [[United States Congress]] in May 1991.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=538}}

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip disembark from a British Airways Concorde (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|alt=Elizabeth and Philip disembark from a British Airways Concorde supersonic transport aircraft|With Philip in the United States, May 1991]]
In November 1992, in a speech to mark the [[Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Ruby Jubilee]] of her accession, Elizabeth called 1992 her {{Lang|la|[[annus horribilis]]}} (a Latin phrase, meaning {{gloss|horrible year}}).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=24 November 1992 |title=A speech by The Queen on the 40th Anniversary of her succession (Annus horribilis speech) |url=https://www.royal.uk/annus-horribilis-speech |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103191553/https://www.royal.uk/annus-horribilis-speech |archive-date=3 January 2017 |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> [[Republican feeling in Britain]] had risen because of press estimates of Elizabeth's private wealth—contradicted by the Palace{{Efn|name=finances|The ''[[Sunday Times Rich List 1989]]'' put her number one on the list with a reported wealth of £5.2 billion (approximately £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|5200000000|1989|r=-6}}}} in {{Inflation/year|UK-GDP}}'s value),{{Inflation-fn|UK-GDP|df=y}} but it included state assets like the [[Royal Collection]] that were not hers personally.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 April 2013 |title=Rich List: Changing face of wealth |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22188762 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106171208/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-22188762 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |access-date=23 July 2020 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In 1993, Buckingham Palace called estimates of £100 million "grossly overstated".<ref>{{Multiref|[[David Ogilvy, 13th Earl of Airlie|Lord Airlie]], the [[lord chamberlain]], quoted in | {{Harvnb|Hoey|2002|p=225}}; {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=561}}}}</ref> In 1971, [[Jock Colville]], her former private secretary and a director of her bank, [[Coutts]], estimated her wealth at £2 million (equivalent to about £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|2000000|1971|1993|r=-6}}}} in 1993{{Inflation-fn|UK-GDP|df=y}}).<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=11 June 1971 |title=£2m estimate of the Queen's wealth 'more likely to be accurate' |work=[[The Times]] |page=1}}; | {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=401}}}}</ref>}}—and reports of affairs and strained marriages among her extended family.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|pp=519–534}} In March, her second son, Prince Andrew, separated from his wife, [[Sarah Ferguson|Sarah]]; her daughter, Princess Anne, divorced Captain [[Mark Phillips]] in April;{{Sfnm|ps=none|Lacey|2002|1p=319|Marr|2011|2p=315|Pimlott|2001|3pp=550–551}} angry demonstrators in [[Dresden]] threw eggs at Elizabeth during a state visit to Germany in October;<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stanglin |first=Douglas |date=18 March 2010 |title=German study concludes 25,000 died in Allied bombing of Dresden |url=https://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/03/official-german-study-concludes-25000-died-in-allied-bombing-of-dresden/1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515131113/https://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/03/official-german-study-concludes-25000-died-in-allied-bombing-of-dresden/1 |archive-date=15 May 2010 |access-date=19 March 2010 |work=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> and [[1992 Windsor Castle fire|a large fire broke out at Windsor Castle]], one of her [[official residence]]s, in November. The monarchy came under increased criticism and public scrutiny.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=377|Pimlott|2001|2pp=558–559|Roberts|2000|3p=94|Shawcross|2002|4p=204}} In an unusually personal speech, Elizabeth said that any institution must expect criticism, but suggested it might be done with "a touch of humour, gentleness and understanding".{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=377}} Two days later, John Major announced plans to reform the royal finances, drawn up the previous year, including Elizabeth paying [[income tax]] from 1993 onwards, and a reduction in the [[civil list]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=229|Lacey|2002|2pp=325–326|Pimlott|2001|3pp=559–561}} In December, Prince Charles and his wife, Diana, formally separated.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bradford|2012|1p=226|Hardman|2011|2p=96|Lacey|2002|3p=328|Pimlott|2001|4p=561}} At the end of the year, Elizabeth sued ''The Sun'' newspaper for breach of copyright when it published the text of her [[Royal Christmas Message|annual Christmas message]] two days before it was broadcast. The newspaper was forced to pay her legal fees and donated £200,000 to charity.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=562}} Elizabeth's solicitors had taken successful action against ''The Sun'' five years earlier for breach of copyright after it published a photograph of her daughter-in-law the Duchess of York and her granddaughter [[Princess Beatrice]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 1993 |title=Queen Threatens to Sue Newspaper |url=https://apnews.com/article/5b6c71ab1ca6e966a27db134c49909ec |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407111152/https://apnews.com/article/5b6c71ab1ca6e966a27db134c49909ec |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=27 December 2021 |work=Associated Press News |location=London}}</ref>

In January 1994, Elizabeth broke her left wrist when a horse she was riding at Sandringham tripped and fell.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 1994 |title=The Queen injured |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the-queen-injured-1400716.html |access-date=15 June 2025 |work=The Independent |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708020059/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/the-queen-injured-1400716.html |archive-date= Jul 8, 2025 }}</ref> In October 1994, she became the first reigning British monarch to set foot on Russian soil.{{Efn|name=russia|The only previous state visit by a British monarch to Russia was made by [[King Edward VII]] in 1908. The King never stepped ashore, and met [[Nicholas II]] on [[royal yacht]]s off the Baltic port of what is now [[Tallinn]], Estonia.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=15 July 1994 |title=Elizabeth II to visit Russia in October |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97450734/queen-russia |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97450734/queen-russia |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Evansville Press |page=2 |agency=Associated Press}}; | {{Harvnb|Tomaszewski|2002|page=22}}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sloane |first=Wendy |date=19 October 1994 |title=Not all's forgiven as queen tours a czarless Russia |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1994/1019/19092.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905181532/https://www.csmonitor.com/1994/1019/19092.html |archive-date=5 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Christian Science Monitor |location=Moscow}}</ref> During the [[State visit by Elizabeth II to Russia|four-day visit]], which was considered to be one of the most important foreign trips of Elizabeth's reign,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 October 1994 |title=British queen in Moscow |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/10/17/British-queen-in-Moscow/3900782366400 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220312020810/https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/10/17/British-queen-in-Moscow/3900782366400 |archive-date=12 March 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=United Press International |location=Moscow}}</ref> she and Philip attended events in Moscow and [[Saint Petersburg]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=de Waal |first=Thomas |date=15 October 1994 |title=Queen's Visit: Lifting the Clouds of the Past |work=The Moscow Times}}</ref>}} In October 1995, she was tricked into a [[hoax call]] by Montreal radio host [[Pierre Brassard]] impersonating Canadian prime minister [[Jean Chrétien]]. Elizabeth, who believed that she was speaking to Chrétien, said she supported Canadian unity and would try to influence [[1995 Quebec referendum|Quebec's referendum]] on proposals to break away from Canada.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=29 October 1995 |title=Allo! Allo! Ici the Queen. Who's This? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/world/allo-allo-ici-the-queen-who-s-this.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/29/world/allo-allo-ici-the-queen-who-s-this.html |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The New York Times}}; | {{Cite news |date=28 October 1995 |title=Queen falls victim to radio hoaxer |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/queen-falls-victim-to-radio-hoaxer-1579745.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603193700/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/queen-falls-victim-to-radio-hoaxer-1579745.html |archive-date=3 June 2022 |ref=none }}}}</ref>

In the year that followed, public revelations on the state of Charles and Diana's marriage continued.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=356|Pimlott|2001|2pp=572–577|Roberts|2000|3p=94|Shawcross|2002|4p=168}} In consultation with her husband and John Major, as well as the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] ([[George Carey]]) and her private secretary ([[Robert Fellowes, Baron Fellowes|Robert Fellowes]]), Elizabeth wrote to Charles and Diana at the end of December 1995, suggesting that a divorce would be advisable.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=357|Pimlott|2001|2p=577}}

In August 1997, a year after the divorce, Diana [[Death of Diana, Princess of Wales|was killed]] in a car crash in Paris. Elizabeth was on holiday with her extended family at Balmoral. Diana's two sons, Princes William and [[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex|Harry]], wanted to attend church, so Elizabeth and Philip took them that morning.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1p=358|Hardman|2011|2p=101|Pimlott|2001|3p=610}} Afterwards, for five days, the royal couple shielded their grandsons from the intense press interest by keeping them at Balmoral where they could grieve in private,{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=358|Marr|2011|3p=338|Pimlott|2001|4p=615}} but the royal family's silence and seclusion, and the failure to fly a flag at [[half-mast]] over Buckingham Palace, caused public dismay.<ref name=MacQueen />{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=358|Lacey|2002|3pp=6–7|Pimlott|2001|4p=616|Roberts|2000|5p=98|Shawcross|2002|6p=8}} Pressured by the hostile reaction, Elizabeth agreed to return to London and address the nation in a [[Addresses to the nation by Elizabeth II|live television broadcast]] on 5 September, the day before [[Diana's funeral]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=358–359|Lacey|2002|2pp=8–9|Pimlott|2001|3pp=621–622}} In the broadcast, she expressed admiration for Diana and her feelings "as a grandmother" for the two princes.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=359|Lacey|2002|3pp=13–15|Pimlott|2001|4pp=623–624}} As a result, much of the public hostility evaporated.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Brandreth|2004|2p=359|Lacey|2002|3pp=13–15|Pimlott|2001|4pp=623–624}}

In October 1997, Elizabeth and Philip made a state visit to India, which included a controversial visit to the site of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]] to pay her respects. Protesters chanted "Killer Queen, go back",<ref name="goback">{{Cite news |date=14 October 1997 |title=Indian group calls off protest, accepts queen's regrets |url=https://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/14/india.queen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202629/https://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9710/14/india.queen |archive-date=3 May 2021 |access-date=3 May 2021 |publisher=CNN |location=Amritsar, India}}</ref> and there were demands for her to apologise for the action of British troops 78 years earlier.<ref name="NYT">{{Cite news |last=Burns |first=John F. |date=15 October 1997 |title=In India, Queen Bows Her Head Over a Massacre in 1919 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/in-india-queen-bows-her-head-over-a-massacre-in-1919.html?smid=pl-share |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517191611/https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/15/world/in-india-queen-bows-her-head-over-a-massacre-in-1919.html?smid=pl-share |archive-date=17 May 2013 |access-date=12 February 2013 |work=The New York Times}}</ref> At the memorial in the park, she and Philip laid a [[wreath]] and stood for a 30‑second [[moment of silence]].<ref name="NYT" /> As a result, much of the fury among the public softened, and the protests were called off.<ref name="goback" /> That November, the royal couple held a reception at [[Banqueting House]] to mark their golden wedding anniversary.<ref name="G-Wedding-Anniversary">{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=20 November 1997 |title=A speech by The Queen on her Golden Wedding Anniversary |url=https://www.royal.uk/golden-wedding-speech |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190110073945/https://www.royal.uk/golden-wedding-speech |archive-date=10 January 2019 |access-date=10 February 2017 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> Elizabeth made a speech and praised Philip for his role as consort, referring to him as "my strength and stay".<ref name="G-Wedding-Anniversary" />

In 1999, as part of the process of [[devolution in the United Kingdom]], Elizabeth formally opened newly established legislatures for Wales and Scotland: the [[National Assembly for Wales]] at [[Cardiff]] in May,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gibbs |first=Geoffrey |date=27 May 1999 |title=Welsh crown day with a song |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/may/27/wales.devolution1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163608/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/may/27/wales.devolution1 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> and the [[Scottish Parliament]] at [[Edinburgh]] in July.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Engel |first=Matthew |date=2 July 1999 |title=Something for everyone as Scots at last put history behind them |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/jul/02/scotlanddevolution.devolution |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914185759/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/1999/jul/02/scotlanddevolution.devolution |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=14 September 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

=== Dawn of the new millennium ===
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II with her British Prime Ministers during her Golden Jubilee in 2002.jpg|thumb|[[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden Jubilee]] dinner with living British prime ministers, 2002: (left to right) [[Tony Blair]], [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Edward Heath]], Elizabeth, [[James Callaghan]], [[John Major]]]]
On the eve of the new millennium, Elizabeth and Philip boarded a vessel from [[Southwark]], bound for the [[Millennium Dome]]. Before passing under [[Tower Bridge]], she lit the National Millennium Beacon in the [[Pool of London]] using a laser torch.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=December 1999 |title=Queen to visit Southwark on Millennium Eve |url=https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/1299/queen.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213021754/https://www.london-se1.co.uk/news/1299/queen.html |archive-date=13 February 2022 |access-date=13 February 2022 |work=London SE1}}; | {{Cite news |date=31 December 1999 |title=Beacons blaze across UK |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/586264.stm |url-status=live |access-date=13 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220213021743/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/586264.stm |archive-date=13 February 2022 |ref=none }}}}</ref> Shortly before midnight, she officially opened the Dome.{{Sfn|ps=none|Knappett|2016|page=24}} During the singing of ''[[Auld Lang Syne]]'', Elizabeth held hands with Philip and British prime minister [[Tony Blair]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Shawcross|2002|1p=224|Bedell Smith|2017|2p=423}} Following the [[9/11 attacks]] in the United States, Elizabeth, breaking with tradition, ordered the [[American national anthem]] to be played during the [[Changing of the guard (United Kingdom)|changing of the guard]] at Buckingham Palace to express her solidarity with the country.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelso |first=Paul |date=14 September 2001 |title=US anthem played at changing of the guard |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/sep/14/september11.usa3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208005149/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/sep/14/september11.usa3 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2022 |title=After Sept. 11, Queen Elizabeth Ordered Up 'The Star-Spangled Banner' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/11/world/sept-11-queen-elizabeth.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214062824/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/09/11/world/sept-11-queen-elizabeth.html |archive-date=14 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023 |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

In 2002, Elizabeth marked her [[Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II|Golden Jubilee]], the 50th anniversary of her accession. Her sister died in February and [[Death and funeral of Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother|her mother in March]], and the media speculated on whether the Jubilee would be a success or a failure.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=156|Bradford|2012|2pp=248–249|Marr|2011|3pp=349–350}} Princess Margaret's death shook Elizabeth; her funeral was one of the rare occasions where Elizabeth openly cried.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McDowell |first=Erin |date=6 December 2022 |title=13 photos that show Queen Elizabeth and Princess Margaret's close sisterly bond |url=https://www.insider.com/photos-of-queen-elizabeth-and-princess-margaret-2022-9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240223055921/https://www.businessinsider.com/photos-of-queen-elizabeth-and-princess-margaret-2022-9#as-children-the-two-princesses-were-practically-inseparable-2 |archive-date=23 February 2024 |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=[[Business Insider|Insider]]}}</ref> Elizabeth again undertook an extensive tour of her realms, beginning in Jamaica in February, where she called the farewell banquet "memorable" after a [[power cut]] plunged [[King's House, Jamaica|King's House]], the official residence of the [[Governor-General of Jamaica|governor-general]], into darkness.{{Sfn|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|p=31}} As in 1977, there were street parties and commemorative events, and monuments were named to honour the occasion. One million people attended each day of the three-day main Jubilee celebration in London,{{Sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|pp=166–167}} and the enthusiasm shown for Elizabeth by the public was greater than many journalists had anticipated.{{Sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|p=157}}

[[File:Queen at NASA.jpg|thumb|left|Greeting [[NASA]] employees at the [[Goddard Space Flight Center]], Maryland, May 2007]]
In 2003, Elizabeth sued the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' for [[Breach of confidence in English law|breach of confidence]] and obtained an [[injunction]] which prevented the outlet from publishing information gathered by a reporter who posed as a [[footman]] at Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Higham |first=Nick |date=14 September 2012 |title=Analysis: The Royal Family's history of legal action |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19599899 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-19599899 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> The newspaper also paid £25,000 towards her legal costs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wells |first=Matt |date=24 November 2003 |title=Palace and Mirror settle over fake footman |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/nov/25/pressandpublishing.themonarchy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601015921/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2003/nov/25/pressandpublishing.themonarchy |archive-date=1 June 2022 |access-date=22 May 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Though generally healthy throughout her life, in 2003 she had [[keyhole surgery]] on both knees. In October 2006, she missed the opening of the new [[Emirates Stadium]] because of a strained back muscle that had been troubling her since the summer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2006 |title=Queen cancels visit due to injury |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6087724.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217060327/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6087724.stm |archive-date=17 February 2007 |access-date=8 December 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

In May 2007, citing unnamed sources, ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported that Elizabeth was "exasperated and frustrated" by the policies of Tony Blair, that she was concerned the [[British Armed Forces]] were overstretched in Iraq and [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], and that she had raised concerns over rural and countryside issues with Blair.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alderson |first=Andrew |date=28 May 2007 |title=Revealed: Queen's dismay at Blair legacy |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552769/Revealed-Queens-dismay-at-Blair-legacy.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/OFaqF |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=31 May 2010 |work=The Telegraph}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> She was, however, said to admire Blair's efforts to achieve [[peace in Northern Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alderson |first=Andrew |date=27 May 2007 |title=Tony and Her Majesty: an uneasy relationship |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1552767/Tony-and-Her-Majesty-an-uneasy-relationship.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/d1rD2 |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=31 May 2010 |work=The Telegraph}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> She became the first British monarch to celebrate a diamond wedding anniversary in November 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 November 2007 |title=Queen celebrates diamond wedding |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7101094.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913162744/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/cgi-bin/m?rnd=1631550463567&ci=bbc&cg=0&sr=1600x1000&ts=v51.js&cd=24&lg=en-US&je=n&ck=y&tz=0&ct=&hp=&tl=BBC%20NEWS%20%7C%20UK%20%7C%20Queen%20celebrates%20diamond%20wedding&si=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F7101094.stm&rp= |archive-date=13 September 2021 |access-date=10 February 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On 20 March 2008, at the [[Church of Ireland]] [[St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh (Church of Ireland)|St Patrick's Cathedral, Armagh]], Elizabeth attended the first [[Maundy service]] held outside England and Wales.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2008 |title=Historic first for Maundy service |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7305675.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412102120/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7305675.stm |archive-date=12 April 2009 |access-date=12 October 2008 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

Elizabeth addressed the UN General Assembly for a second time in 2010, again in her capacity as Queen of all Commonwealth realms and [[Head of the Commonwealth]].<ref name="UN">{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=6 July 2010 |title=A speech by The Queen at the United Nations General Assembly, 2010 |url=https://www.royal.uk/address-united-nations-general-assembly-6-july-2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114061854/https://www.royal.uk/address-united-nations-general-assembly-6-july-2010 |archive-date=14 November 2018 |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> The [[UN secretary-general]], [[Ban Ki-moon]], introduced her as "an anchor for our age".<ref name="BBCUN">{{Cite news |date=7 July 2010 |title=Queen addresses UN General Assembly in New York |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10518044 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715050818/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10518044 |archive-date=15 July 2010 |access-date=7 July 2010 |work=BBC News}}</ref> During her visit to New York, which followed a tour of Canada, she officially opened a memorial garden for British [[victims of the 9/11 attacks]].<ref name="BBCUN" /> Elizabeth's 11-day visit to Australia in October 2011 was her 16th visit to the country since 1954.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 October 2011 |title=Royal tour of Australia: The Queen ends visit with traditional 'Aussie barbie' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8857106/Royal-tour-of-Australia-The-Queen-ends-visit-with-traditional-Aussie-barbie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030150841/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/8857106/Royal-tour-of-Australia-The-Queen-ends-visit-with-traditional-Aussie-barbie.html |archive-date=30 October 2011 |access-date=30 October 2011 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> By invitation of the [[Irish president]], [[Mary McAleese]], she made the first [[State visit by Elizabeth II to the Republic of Ireland|state visit to the Republic of Ireland]] by a British monarch in May 2011.{{Sfn|ps=none|Bradford|2012|p=253}}

=== Diamond Jubilee and milestones ===
[[File:Day 194 - West Midlands Police - Royal Diamond Jubilee Visit (7555521830).jpg|thumb|Visiting [[Birmingham]] in July 2012 as part of the Diamond Jubilee tour]]
The [[2012 Diamond Jubilee]] marked 60 years since Elizabeth's accession, and celebrations were held throughout her realms, the wider Commonwealth, and beyond. She and Philip undertook an extensive tour of the United Kingdom, while their children and grandchildren embarked on royal tours of other Commonwealth states on her behalf.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=7 March 2012 |title=Prince Harry pays tribute to the Queen in Jamaica |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17281585 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318154923/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-17281585 |archive-date=18 March 2012 |access-date=31 May 2012 |work=BBC News}}; | {{Cite press release |title=Their Royal Highnesses The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall to Undertake a Royal Tour of Canada in 2012 |date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/12/their-royal-highnesses-prince-wales-duchess-cornwall-undertake-royal-tour-canada-2012.html |ref=none |access-date=31 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520183506/https://www.canada.ca/en/news/archive/2011/12/their-royal-highnesses-prince-wales-duchess-cornwall-undertake-royal-tour-canada-2012.html |archive-date=20 May 2018 }}}}</ref> On 4 June, Jubilee beacons were lit around the world.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Event News |url=https://www.diamond-jubilee-beacons.buzzsites.co.uk/pages/event_news_162371.cfm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116075010/https://www.diamond-jubilee-beacons.buzzsites.co.uk/pages/event_news_162371.cfm |archive-date=16 November 2018 |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Beacons}}</ref> On 18 December, the Queen became the first British [[sovereign]] to attend a peacetime [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet meeting]] since [[George III]] in 1781.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2012 |title=UK to name part of Antarctica Queen Elizabeth Land |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-20757382 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130128080212/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-20757382 |archive-date=28 January 2013 |access-date=9 June 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

Elizabeth, who opened the [[Montreal Summer Olympics]] in 1976, also opened the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] and [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]] in London, making her the first [[List of people who have opened the Olympic Games|head of state to open]] two [[Olympic Games]] in two countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 July 2012 |title=Canada's Olympic Broadcast Media Consortium Announces Broadcast Details for London 2012 Opening Ceremony, Friday |url=https://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1011615/canada-s-olympic-broadcast-media-consortium-announces-broadcast-details-for-london-2012-opening-ceremony-friday |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402092404/https://www.newswire.ca/en/story/1011615/canada-s-olympic-broadcast-media-consortium-announces-broadcast-details-for-london-2012-opening-ceremony-friday |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=22 March 2015 |agency=PR Newswire}}</ref> For the London Olympics, she portrayed herself in [[Happy & Glorious|a short film]] as part of [[2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony|the opening ceremony]], alongside [[Daniel Craig]] as [[James Bond]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brown |first=Nicholas |date=27 July 2012 |title=How James Bond whisked the Queen to the Olympics |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419193112/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19018666 |archive-date=19 April 2019 |access-date=27 July 2012 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On 4 April 2013, she received an honorary [[BAFTA]] award for her [[patronage]] of the film industry and was called "the most memorable [[Bond girl]] yet" at a special presentation at Windsor Castle.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 April 2013 |title=Queen honoured with Bafta award for film and TV support |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22035942 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407054746/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-22035942 |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=7 April 2013 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

[[File:Official Opening of the Borders Rail - 21086557488.jpg|thumb|Opening the [[Borders Railway]] on the day she became the longest-reigning British monarch, 2015. In her speech, she said she had never aspired to achieve that milestone.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=9 September 2015 |title=A speech by The Queen at the Borders Railway, Scotland |url=https://www.royal.uk/queens-speech-borders-railway-scotland-9-september-2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.royal.uk/queens-speech-borders-railway-scotland-9-september-2015 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref>]]

In March 2013, the Queen stayed overnight at [[King Edward VII's Hospital]] as a precaution after developing symptoms of [[gastroenteritis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2013 |title=Queen leaves hospital after stomach bug |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21659635 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304151251/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-21659635 |archive-date=4 March 2013 |access-date=4 March 2013 |work=BBC News}}</ref> A week later, she signed the new [[Charter of the Commonwealth]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2013 |title=Recovering Queen signs Commonwealth charter |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21737817 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024024324/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-21737817 |archive-date=24 October 2016 |access-date=23 October 2016 |work=BBC News}}</ref> That year, because of her age and the need for her to limit travelling, she chose not to attend the biennial [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] for the first time in 40 years. She was represented at the [[2013 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting|summit in Sri Lanka]] by Prince Charles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 May 2013 |title=Queen to miss Commonwealth meeting |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22431757 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125220445/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-22431757 |archive-date=25 January 2021 |access-date=7 May 2013 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On 20 April 2018, the Commonwealth heads of government announced that Charles would succeed her as Head of the Commonwealth, which the Queen stated as her "sincere wish".<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 April 2018 |title=Charles to be next Commonwealth head |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43840710 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420141358/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-43840710 |archive-date=20 April 2018 |access-date=21 April 2018 |work=BBC News}}</ref> She underwent [[cataract surgery]] in May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Collier |first=Hatty |date=8 June 2018 |title=The Queen undergoes eye surgery to remove cataract |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/queen-undergoes-eye-surgery-remove-141520545.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308052447/https://uk.news.yahoo.com/queen-undergoes-eye-surgery-remove-141520545.html |archive-date=8 March 2021 |access-date=19 March 2021 |work=[[Evening Standard]] |via=Yahoo! News}}</ref> In March 2019, she gave up driving on public roads, largely as a consequence of a car accident involving her husband two months earlier.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nikkash |first=Roya |date=31 March 2019 |title=Queen slams brakes on driving in public |url=https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/driving/article/queen-slams-brakes-on-driving-in-public-5q5k8dchn |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331174928/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/queen-slams-brakes-on-driving-in-public-5q5k8dchn |archive-date=31 March 2019 |access-date=31 March 2019 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref>

On 21 December 2007, Elizabeth surpassed her great-great-grandmother, Queen Victoria, to become the longest-lived British monarch, and she became the [[List of monarchs in Britain by length of reign|longest-reigning British monarch]] and [[List of longest-reigning monarchs|longest-reigning queen regnant]] and female head of state in the world on 9 September 2015.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=6 September 2014 |title=Elizabeth Set to Beat Victoria's Record as Longest Reigning Monarch in British History |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/06/elizabeth-set-to-beat-victorias-record-as-longest-reigning-monarch-in-british-history_n_5777134.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926132141/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/09/06/elizabeth-set-to-beat-victorias-record-as-longest-reigning-monarch-in-british-history_n_5777134.html |archive-date=26 September 2014 |access-date=28 September 2014 |work=[[HuffPost]]}}; | {{Cite news |last=Modh |first=Shrikant |date=11 September 2015 |title=The Longest Reigning Monarch Queen Elizabeth II |work=Philately News |url=https://philatelynews.com/the-longest-reigning-monarch-queen-elizabeth-ii |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033651/https://philatelynews.com/the-longest-reigning-monarch-queen-elizabeth-ii |archive-date=1 December 2017 |ref=none }} }}</ref> She became the oldest living monarch after the death of [[King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] on 23 January 2015.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=24 January 2015 |title=Queen Elizabeth II is now world's oldest monarch |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-becomes-worlds-oldest-monarch/article6818895.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102192250/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-becomes-worlds-oldest-monarch/article6818895.ece |archive-date=2 January 2020 |access-date=20 November 2017 |work=The Hindu}}; | {{Cite news |last=Rayner |first=Gordon |date=23 January 2015 |title=Queen becomes world's oldest monarch following death of King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11364902/Queen-becomes-worlds-oldest-monarch-following-death-of-King-Abdullah-of-Saudi-Arabia.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/bB0Fi |archive-date=10 January 2022 |ref=none }}{{Cbignore}}}}</ref> She later became the longest-reigning current monarch and the [[List of current state leaders by date of assumption of office|longest-serving current head of state]] following the [[death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand on 13 October 2016,<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=13 October 2016 |title=Thailand's King Bhumibol Adulyadej dies at 88 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37643326 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013123050/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37643326 |archive-date=13 October 2016 |access-date=23 April 2022 |work=BBC News}}; | {{Cite news |last=Addley |first=Esther |date=13 October 2016 |title=Queen Elizabeth II is longest-reigning living monarch after Thai king's death |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-is-longest-reigning-living-monarch-after-thai-kings-death |url-status=live |access-date=23 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423145926/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/oct/13/queen-elizabeth-ii-is-longest-reigning-living-monarch-after-thai-kings-death |archive-date=23 April 2022 |ref=none }}}}</ref> and the [[Lists of state leaders by age|oldest current head of state]] on the [[resignation of Robert Mugabe]] of Zimbabwe on 21 November 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 November 2017 |title=Queen Elizabeth II will be the world's oldest head of state if Robert Mugabe is toppled |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-will-be-the-world-e2-80-99s-oldest-head-of-state-if-robert-mugabe-is-toppled/ar-BBF0dPV |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115195819/https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/queen-elizabeth-ii-will-be-the-world-e2-80-99s-oldest-head-of-state-if-robert-mugabe-is-toppled/ar-BBF0dPV |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017 |publisher=MSN}}</ref> On 6 February 2017, she became the first British monarch to commemorate [[Sapphire Jubilee of Elizabeth II|a sapphire jubilee]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rayner |first=Gordon |date=29 January 2017 |title=The Blue Sapphire Jubilee: Queen will not celebrate 65th anniversary but instead sit in 'quiet contemplation' remembering father's death |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/01/28/blue-sapphire-jubilee-queen-will-not-celebrate-65th-anniversary |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/IGX3p |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=3 February 2017 |work=The Telegraph}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> and on 20 November that year, she was the first British monarch to celebrate a platinum wedding anniversary.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 November 2017 |title=Queen and Prince Philip portraits released to mark 70th anniversary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/20/queen-prince-philip-portraits-platinum-wedding-70th-anniversary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120085334/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/nov/20/queen-prince-philip-portraits-platinum-wedding-70th-anniversary |archive-date=20 November 2017 |access-date=20 November 2017 |work=The Guardian |agency=Press Association}}</ref> Philip had retired from his official duties as the Queen's consort in August 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bilefsky |first=Dan |date=2 August 2017 |title=Prince Philip Makes His Last Solo Appearance, After 65 Years in the Public Eye |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/02/world/europe/uk-prince-philip-retired-queen-elizabeth.html |access-date=4 August 2017 |work=The New York Times}}{{Cbignore}}</ref>

=== Pandemic and widowhood ===
[[File:A private audience with Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.jpg|thumb|left|[[Virtual meeting]] with [[Cindy Kiro]] during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], October 2021]]
On 19 March 2020, as the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom|COVID-19 pandemic hit the United Kingdom]], Elizabeth moved to Windsor Castle and sequestered there as a precaution.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Friel |first=Mikhaila |date=16 March 2020 |title=The royal family is canceling events because of the coronavirus, and the Queen may be asked to self-isolate for up to 4 months |url=https://www.insider.com/how-coronavirus-will-impact-queen-elizabeth-royal-schedule-2020-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908185425/https://www.insider.com/how-coronavirus-will-impact-queen-elizabeth-royal-schedule-2020-3 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=Insider}}</ref> Public engagements were cancelled and Windsor Castle followed a strict sanitary protocol nicknamed "HMS Bubble".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 2020 |title=Coronavirus: Queen and Prince Philip return to Windsor Castle for lockdown |url=https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-queen-and-prince-philip-return-to-windsor-for-lockdown-12121882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621150341/https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-queen-and-prince-philip-return-to-windsor-for-lockdown-12121882 |archive-date=21 June 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> On 5 April, in a televised broadcast watched by an estimated 24 million viewers in the United Kingdom,<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: The Queen's message seen by 24 million |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52183327 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710073241/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52183327 |archive-date=10 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Elizabeth asked people to "take comfort that while we may have more still to endure, better days will return: we will be with our friends again; we will be with our families again; [[We'll Meet Again|we will meet again]]."<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2020 |title=Coronavirus: The Queen's broadcast in full |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52176208 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825205418/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52176208 |archive-date=25 August 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On 8 May, the 75th anniversary of [[VE Day]], in a television broadcast at 9 pm—the exact time at which her father had broadcast to the nation on the same day in 1945—she asked people to "never give up, never despair".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2020 |title=VE Day: UK's streets not empty as filled with love, says Queen |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52590865 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709230720/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52590865 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In 2021, she received her first and second [[COVID-19 vaccinations]] in January and April respectively.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Busby |first=Mattha |date=9 January 2021 |title=The Queen and Prince Philip receive first dose of Covid vaccine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jan/09/the-queen-and-prince-philip-receive-first-dose-of-covid-vaccine |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184958/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jan/09/the-queen-and-prince-philip-receive-first-dose-of-covid-vaccine |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=5 July 2021 |work=The Guardian |ref=none}}; | {{Cite web |last=Petit |first=Stephanie |date=1 April 2021 |title=Queen Elizabeth Received Her Second COVID-19 Vaccine Before First Maskless Outing of the Year |url=https://people.com/royals/queen-elizabeth-received-second-covid-vaccine-before-outing |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808020126/https://people.com/royals/queen-elizabeth-received-second-covid-vaccine-before-outing |archive-date=8 August 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |website=People |ref=none }}}}</ref>

[[Prince Philip died]] on 9 April 2021, after 73 years of marriage, making Elizabeth the first British monarch to reign as a [[widow]] or widower since Queen Victoria.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip: After over 70 years by her side, the Queen faces a future without her 'strength and stay' |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-04-09/prince-philip-after-over-70-years-by-her-side-the-queen-faces-a-future-without-her-strength-and-stay |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409125554/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-04-09/prince-philip-after-over-70-years-by-her-side-the-queen-faces-a-future-without-her-strength-and-stay |archive-date=9 April 2021 |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=ITV News}}; | {{Cite news |last=Elliott |first=Caitlin |date=9 April 2021 |title=Queen will complete her reign in the same sad way as great-great grandmother Queen Victoria |work=GoodtoKnow |url=https://www.goodto.com/royal-news/queen-reign-prince-philip-died-queen-victoria-593479 |url-status=live |access-date=11 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611164919/https://www.goodto.com/royal-news/queen-reign-prince-philip-died-queen-victoria-593479 |archive-date=11 June 2021 |ref=none }}}}</ref> She was reportedly at her husband's bedside when he died,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tominey |first=Camilla |author-link=Camilla Tominey |date=9 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip's peaceful passing reflects a remarkable life lived in self-effacing dignity |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/04/09/prince-philips-peaceful-passing-reflects-remarkable-life-lived |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410160905/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2021/04/09/prince-philips-peaceful-passing-reflects-remarkable-life-lived |archive-date=10 April 2021 |access-date=11 May 2021 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> and remarked in private that his death had "left a huge void".<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 April 2021 |title=Prince Philip: The Queen says his death has 'left a huge void' – Duke of York |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56710086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161855/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-56710086 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Due to the COVID-19 restrictions in place in England at the time, Elizabeth sat alone at Philip's funeral service, which evoked sympathy from people around the world.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Abraham |first=Ellie |date=17 April 2021 |title=Social Media Reacts to 'heartbreaking' Image of Queen Sitting Alone at Prince Philip's Funeral |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-alone-prince-philip-funeral-b1833152.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706220849/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/royal-family/queen-alone-prince-philip-funeral-b1833152.html |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Independent |ref=none}}; | {{Cite news |last=Hassan |first=Jennifer |date=17 April 2021 |title=Image of Queen Elizabeth II sitting alone at Philip's funeral breaks hearts around the world |newspaper=The Washington Post |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/17/queen-funeral-alone-chapel-philip |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512191857/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2021/04/17/queen-funeral-alone-chapel-philip |archive-date=12 May 2021 |ref=none }}}}</ref> It was later reported in the press that Elizabeth had rejected a government offer to relax the rules.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Burford |first=Rachael |date=20 January 2022 |title=No10 'offered to ease Covid rules for Prince Philip's funeral but Queen declined because it wouldn't be fair' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/downing-street-covid-rules-prince-philip-funeral-queen-declined-private-eye-b977841.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329152726/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/downing-street-covid-rules-prince-philip-funeral-queen-declined-private-eye-b977841.html |archive-date=29 March 2022 |access-date=29 March 2022 |work=Evening Standard}}</ref> In her Christmas broadcast that year, which was ultimately her last, she paid a personal tribute to her "beloved Philip", saying, "That mischievous, inquiring twinkle was as bright at the end as when I first set eyes on him."<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=25 December 2021 |title=Queen's Christmas message pays tribute to 'beloved' Philip |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59768736 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220143732/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-59768736 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}; | {{Cite news |last=Ship |first=Chris |date=25 December 2021 |title=Queen remembers 'mischievous twinkle' of Prince Philip in emotional Christmas message |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-12-25/queen-remembers-mischievous-twinkle-of-philip-in-emotional-christmas-message |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215133432/https://www.itv.com/news/2021-12-25/queen-remembers-mischievous-twinkle-of-philip-in-emotional-christmas-message |archive-date=15 February 2022 |ref=none }}}}</ref>

Despite the pandemic, Elizabeth attended the [[2021 State Opening of Parliament]] in May,<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 May 2021 |title=Queen's Speech 2021: What can we expect? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56987630 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510025817/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-56987630 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=BBC News}}</ref> the [[47th G7 summit]] in June,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=12 June 2021 |title=G7 summit: Queen charms prime ministers and presidents |url=https://news.sky.com/story/g7-summit-queen-charms-prime-ministers-and-presidents-12330626 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612035541/https://news.sky.com/story/g7-summit-queen-charms-prime-ministers-and-presidents-12330626 |archive-date=12 June 2021 |access-date=12 June 2021 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> and hosted US president [[Joe Biden]] at Windsor Castle. Biden was the 14th US president that the Queen had met.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 June 2021 |title=Queen meets Joe Biden at Windsor Castle |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57461257 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617081244/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-57461257 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |access-date=8 September 2023 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In October 2021, Elizabeth cancelled a planned trip to Northern Ireland and stayed overnight at King Edward VII's Hospital for "preliminary investigations".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Harry |date=21 October 2021 |title=The Queen spent night in hospital after cancelling Northern Ireland visit |url=https://theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/21/the-queen-spent-night-in-hospital-after-cancelling-northern-ireland-visit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207235721/https://theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/oct/21/the-queen-spent-night-in-hospital-after-cancelling-northern-ireland-visit |archive-date=7 December 2023 |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> On Christmas Day 2021, while she was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a [[crossbow]] with the aim of assassinating Elizabeth in revenge for the [[Amritsar massacre]]. Before he could enter any buildings, he was arrested and detained under the [[Mental Health Act 2007|Mental Health Act]]. In February 2023, Chail pleaded guilty to [[Treason Act 1842#Section 2|attempting to injure or alarm the sovereign]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Man admits treason after breaking into grounds of Windsor Castle with crossbow 'to kill Queen' |url=https://news.sky.com/story/man-admits-trying-to-harm-queen-after-being-caught-in-grounds-of-windsor-castle-with-a-crossbow-12802059 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203113557/https://news.sky.com/story/man-admits-trying-to-harm-queen-after-being-caught-in-grounds-of-windsor-castle-with-a-crossbow-12802059 |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> and was sentenced in October to a nine-year custodial sentence plus an additional five years on extended licence. The sentencing judge also placed Chail under a hybrid order under section 45A of the [[Mental Health Act 1983]], ordering that he remain at [[Broadmoor Hospital]] to be transferred into custody only after receiving psychiatric treatment.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Zaccaro |first=Maria |date=5 October 2023 |title=Jaswant Singh Chail: Man who took crossbow to 'kill Queen' jailed |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-berkshire-66113524 |access-date=28 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Platinum Jubilee and beyond ===

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee 2022 - Platinum Pageant (52124830349).jpg|thumb|With the royal family on the balcony of Buckingham Palace following the [[Platinum Jubilee Pageant]], June 2022]]
[[Elizabeth's Platinum Jubilee celebrations]] began on 6 February 2022, marking 70 years since her accession.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Lauren |date=5 February 2022 |title=Queen holds reception to mark Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60272124 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221164719/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-60272124 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In her [[accession day]] message, she renewed her commitment to a lifetime of public service, which she had originally made in 1947.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Goodey |first=Emma |date=5 February 2022 |title=Accession Day 2022 |url=https://www.royal.uk/accession-day-2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220174327/https://www.royal.uk/accession-day-2022 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref>

Later that month, Elizabeth fell ill with COVID-19 along with several family members, but she only exhibited "mild cold-like symptoms" and recovered by the end of the month.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Dulcie |last2=Durbin |first2=Adam |date=20 February 2022 |title=The Queen tests positive for Covid |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60453566 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220115305/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60453566 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=20 February 2022 |work=BBC News |ref=none}}; | {{Cite news |last1=Foster |first1=Max |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |date=20 February 2022 |title=Britain's Queen Elizabeth tests positive for Covid-19 |publisher=CNN |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/20/uk/queen-elizabeth-coronavirus-intl-gbr/index.html |url-status=live |access-date=8 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527235154/https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/20/uk/queen-elizabeth-coronavirus-intl-gbr/index.html |archive-date=27 May 2022 |ref=none }}}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hinton |first=Megan |date=28 February 2022 |title=Queen enjoys time with family after recovering from Covid |url=https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/queen-recovers-from-covid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305043126/https://www.lbc.co.uk/news/queen-recovers-from-covid |archive-date=5 March 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=[[LBC]]}}</ref> She was present at [[A Service of Thanksgiving for the life of The Duke of Edinburgh|the service of thanksgiving for her husband]] at Westminster Abbey on 29 March,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lauren |first=Turner |date=29 March 2022 |title=Queen attends Prince Philip memorial service at Westminster Abbey |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60902088 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60902088 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=5 April 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> but was unable to attend both the annual [[Commonwealth Day]] service that month<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Thompson |first=Eliza |date=14 March 2022 |title=Prince Charles Fills in for Queen Elizabeth II at Commonwealth Day Service Alongside Prince William |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/queen-elizabeth-ii-misses-2022-commonwealth-day-service |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314202741/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/queen-elizabeth-ii-misses-2022-commonwealth-day-service |archive-date=14 March 2022 |access-date=14 March 2022 |magazine=Us Weekly}}</ref> and the [[Royal Maundy]] service in April, because of "episodic mobility problems".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Charley |date=14 April 2022 |title=Prince Charles stands in for Queen at Maundy Service |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61111303 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606155117/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61111303 |archive-date=6 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> In May, she missed the [[State Opening of Parliament]] for the first time in 59 years. (She did not attend the state openings in 1959 and 1963 as she was pregnant with Prince Andrew and Prince Edward, respectively.)<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 May 2022 |title=Queen to miss State Opening of Parliament – Prince of Wales to read speech instead |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-wont-be-attending-state-opening-of-parliament-12609353 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611195207/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-wont-be-attending-state-opening-of-parliament-12609353 |archive-date=11 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> Later that month she made a surprise visit to [[Paddington Station]] and officially opened the [[Elizabeth line]], named in her honour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 May 2022 |title=Elizabeth line: Queen makes surprise visit to Paddington Station |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-61465207 |access-date=21 May 2025 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

The Queen was largely confined to balcony appearances during the public jubilee celebrations, and she missed the [[Platinum Jubilee National Service of Thanksgiving|National Service of Thanksgiving]] on 3 June.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=2 June 2022 |title=The Queen to miss service of thanksgiving after suffering discomfort |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/02/queen-miss-service-thanksgiving-suffering-discomfort |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627180802/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/royal-family/2022/06/02/queen-miss-service-thanksgiving-suffering-discomfort |archive-date=27 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> On 13 June, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in history (among those whose exact dates of reign are known), with 70 years and 127 days on the throne—surpassing [[King Bhumibol Adulyadej]] of Thailand.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Lauren |date=13 June 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II becomes second-longest serving monarch |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61774853 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615204423/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61774853 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> On 6 September, she appointed her 15th British prime minister, [[Liz Truss]], at Balmoral Castle in Scotland. This was the only occasion on which Elizabeth received a new prime minister at a location other than Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Foster |first1=Max |last2=Said-Moorhouse |first2=Lauren |date=31 August 2022 |title=Queen won't return to London to appoint new British PM, for first time in her reign |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/uk/queen-elizabeth-prime-minister-balmoral-intl-gbr/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902004500/https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/uk/queen-elizabeth-prime-minister-balmoral-intl-gbr/index.html |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> No other British monarch appointed as many prime ministers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=10 Little known facts about British Prime Ministers |url=https://www.history.co.uk/articles/10-little-known-facts-about-the-british-prime-minister |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010155323/https://www.history.co.uk/articles/10-little-known-facts-about-the-british-prime-minister |archive-date=10 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |work=Sky HISTORY}}</ref> The Queen's last public message was issued on 7 September, in which she expressed her sympathy for those affected by the [[Saskatchewan stabbings]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=In last public statement, Queen Elizabeth extended condolences following Saskatchewan stabbing rampage |url=https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/in-last-public-statement-queen-elizabeth-extended-condolences-following-saskatchewan-stabbing-rampage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908193354/https://thestarphoenix.com/news/local-news/in-last-public-statement-queen-elizabeth-extended-condolences-following-saskatchewan-stabbing-rampage |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=29 January 2023 |work=[[The StarPhoenix]]}}</ref>

Elizabeth did not plan to [[abdicate]],{{Sfnm|ps=none|Brandreth|2004|1pp=370–371|Marr|2011|2p=395}} though she took on fewer public engagements in her later years and Prince Charles performed more of her duties.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last1=Mansey |first1=Kate |last2=Leake |first2=Jonathan |last3=Hellen |first3=Nicholas |date=19 January 2014 |title=Queen and Charles start to 'job-share' |url=https://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/royalwedding/article1365067.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203044636/https://www.thesundaytimes.co.uk/sto/news/uk_news/National/royalwedding/article1365067.ece |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=20 January 2014 |work=[[The Sunday Times]] |ref=none}}; | {{Harvnb|Marr|2011|p=395}}}}</ref> She told Canadian {{Not a typo|governor-general}} [[Adrienne Clarkson]] in a meeting in 2002 that she would never abdicate, saying, "It is not our tradition. Although, I suppose if I became completely gaga, one would have to do something."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tasker |first=John Paul |date=19 September 2022 |title=Canada is the country it is today because of Queen Elizabeth, Mulroney says at memorial service |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/national-commemorative-ceremony-live-1.6585991 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010752/https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/national-commemorative-ceremony-live-1.6585991 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=15 October 2022 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> In June 2022, Elizabeth met the Archbishop of Canterbury, [[Justin Welby]], who "came away thinking there is someone who has no fear of death, has hope in the future, knows the rock on which she stands and that gives her strength."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sherwood |first=Harriet |date=9 September 2022 |title=Queen had no fear of death, says archbishop of Canterbury |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/queen-had-no-fear-of-death-says-archbishop-of-canterbury-justin-welby |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909105236/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/09/queen-had-no-fear-of-death-says-archbishop-of-canterbury-justin-welby |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{Main|Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II}}

On 8 September 2022, Buckingham Palace stated, "Following further evaluation this morning, the Queen's doctors are concerned for Her Majesty's health and have recommended she remain under medical supervision. The Queen remains comfortable and at Balmoral."<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen's doctors concerned for her health – palace |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113739/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-62836057 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision at Balmoral after doctors' concerns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908114820/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/queen-under-medical-supervision-at-balmoral-after-doctors-concerns |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Her [[immediate family]] rushed to Balmoral.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen under medical supervision as doctors are concerned for her health. Prince Charles, Camilla and Prince William are currently travelling to Balmoral, Clarence House and Kensington Palace said |url=https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908113720/https://news.sky.com/story/queen-under-medical-supervision-as-doctors-are-concerned-for-her-health-12692805 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shaw |first=Neil |date=8 September 2022 |title=Duke of York, Princess Anne and Prince Edward all called to Queen's side |url=https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908161855/https://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/duke-york-princess-anne-prince-7562410 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=Plymouth Live}}</ref> She died peacefully at 3:10 pm, aged 96.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Furness |first=Hannah |date=12 January 2024 |title=King found out his mother had died while 'driving back to Balmoral from picking mushrooms' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/12/king-picking-mushrooms-when-told-mother-had-died/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114003842/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2024/01/12/king-picking-mushrooms-when-told-mother-had-died/ |archive-date=14 January 2024 |access-date=14 January 2024 |work=The Telegraph |issn=0307-1235}}</ref><ref name="COD">{{Cite news |last=Coughlan |first=Sean |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen's cause of death given as 'old age' on death certificate |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001023647/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-63078676 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=29 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prynn |first=Jonathan |date=9 September 2022 |title=Queen died 'with Charles and Anne by side as other royals dashed to Balmoral' |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909161357/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/queen-died-charles-anne-with-her-balmoral-b1024527.html |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=17 October 2022 |website=Evening Standard}}</ref> Her death was announced to the public at 6:30 pm,<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II has died |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908173314/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-61585886 |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kottasová |first1=Ivana |last2=Picheta |first2=Rob |last3=Foster |first3=Max |last4=Said-Moorhouse |first4=Lauren |date=8 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II dies at 96 |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908200025/https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/08/uk/queen-health-supervision-gbr-intl/index.html |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=8 September 2022 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> setting in motion [[Operation London Bridge]] and, because she died in Scotland, [[Operation London Bridge#Operation Unicorn|Operation Unicorn]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Davies |first=Caroline |date=8 September 2022 |title=Operation Unicorn: what happens after the Queen's death in Scotland? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908172120/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/08/operation-unicorn-plans-if-queen-dies-scotland |archive-date=8 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2022 |title="Operation Unicorn", Not "London Bridge": The Codename For Queen's Death |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220921144025/https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/operation-unicorn-not-london-bridge-the-codename-for-queen-elizabeth-iis-death-in-scotland-3328664 |archive-date=21 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref> Elizabeth was the first monarch to die in Scotland since [[James V]] in 1542.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Silver |first=Christopher |date=13 September 2022 |title=Elizabeth, the last Queen of Scots? |url=https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913161115/https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/politics/elizabeth-the-last-queen-of-scots |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=[[Prospect (magazine)|Prospect]]}}</ref> Her [[death certificate]] recorded her cause of death as "[[old age]]".<ref name="COD" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth died of 'old age', death certificate says |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204115424/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/sep/29/queen-elizabeth-died-of-old-age-death-certificate-says |archive-date=4 December 2022 |access-date=8 December 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> According to former prime minister [[Boris Johnson]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Keate |first=Noah |date=30 September 2024 |title=Boris Johnson says Queen Elizabeth II had bone cancer |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/boris-johnson-says-queen-elizabeth-ii-had-bone-cancer-uk/ |access-date=30 September 2024 |website=[[Politico]]}}</ref> and the biographer [[Gyles Brandreth]], she was suffering from a form of [[bone marrow cancer]], which Brandreth wrote was [[multiple myeloma]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Bethany |date=26 November 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II was battling bone marrow cancer before she died, claims new book |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-queen-elizabeth-ii-had-cancer-before-she-died-new-book-claims-2022-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302151635/https://www.businessinsider.com/uk-queen-elizabeth-ii-had-cancer-before-she-died-new-book-claims-2022-11 |archive-date=2 March 2024 |access-date=2 March 2024 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>

On 12 September, Elizabeth's coffin was carried up the [[Royal Mile]] in a procession to [[St Giles' Cathedral]], where the [[Crown of Scotland]] was placed on it.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2022 |title=The quiet symbolism of the Queen's farewell to Scotland |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923025129/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62887703 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=22 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Her coffin lay at rest at the cathedral for 24 hours, guarded by the [[Royal Company of Archers]], during which around 33,000 people filed past it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Queen's coffin vigil in Edinburgh witnessed by 33,000 people |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913081145/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-62887444 |archive-date=13 September 2022 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref> On 13 September, the coffin was flown to [[RAF Northolt]] in west London, before continuing its journey by road to Buckingham Palace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2022 |title=Plane carrying coffin of Queen Elizabeth lands in London |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/plane-carrying-coffin-queen-elizabeth-lands-london-2022-09-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607051309/https://www.reuters.com/world/uk/plane-carrying-coffin-queen-elizabeth-lands-london-2022-09-13/ |archive-date=7 June 2023 |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=Reuters}}</ref> On 14 September, her coffin was taken in a military procession to [[Westminster Hall]], where Elizabeth's body [[lay in state]] for four days. The coffin was guarded by members of both the [[Sovereign's Bodyguard]] and the [[Household Division]]. An estimated 250,000 members of the public [[Queue for the lying-in-state of Elizabeth II|filed past the coffin]], as did politicians and other public figures.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 September 2022 |title=In Photos: World Leaders Join Public to Pay Respects to Queen |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://www.voanews.com/a/in-photos-world-leaders-join-public-to-pay-respects-to-queen/6752358.html |archive-date=13 January 2023 |access-date=18 September 2022 |publisher=[[Voice of America]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2022 |title=At least 250,000 people lined up to see queen's coffin |url=https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920150200/https://apnews.com/article/queen-elizabeth-ii-world-news-london-02d46942aed4734261b40f48571103f5 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=20 September 2022 |website=AP News}}</ref> On 16 September, Elizabeth's children held [[Vigil of the Princes#Queen Elizabeth II|a vigil]] around her coffin, and the next day her eight grandchildren did the same.<ref name="secondvigil">{{Cite web |last=Therrien |first=Alex |date=16 September 2022 |title=Royals hold sombre watch over Queen's coffin |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923001332/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62934405 |archive-date=23 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Bowden |first1=George |last2=Faulkner |first2=Doug |date=16 September 2022 |title=Queen Elizabeth II's grandchildren to observe lying-in-state vigil |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922122319/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62922194 |archive-date=22 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref>

[[File:Queen Elizabeth II's Funeral and Procession (19.Sep.2022) - 23.jpg|thumb|Elizabeth's coffin on the [[State Gun Carriage of the Royal Navy]], during the procession to [[Wellington Arch]]]]

Elizabeth's [[State funerals in the United Kingdom|state funeral]] was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 September, marking the first time a monarch's funeral service had been held there since [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] in 1760.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A History of Royal Burials and Funerals |url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220912200155/https://www.westminster-abbey.org/about-the-abbey/history/a-history-of-royal-burials-and-funerals |archive-date=12 September 2022 |access-date=11 September 2022 |work=Westminster Abbey}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> More than a million people lined the streets of [[central London]],<ref name="SkyN-Crowds">{{Cite news |last=Minelle |first=Bethany |date=19 September 2022 |title=Tens of thousands in London and Windsor as world says goodbye to the Queen at her funeral |url=https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919090242/https://news.sky.com/story/crowds-gather-in-london-and-windsor-as-world-prepares-to-say-goodbye-to-the-queen-at-her-funeral-12701321 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=Sky News}}</ref> and the day was declared a holiday in several Commonwealth countries. In Windsor, a final procession involving 1,000 military personnel took place and was witnessed by 97,000 people.<ref name="BBC News-2022">{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Your complete guide to the Queen's funeral |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909001318/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-60617519 |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="SkyN-Crowds" /> Elizabeth's [[fell pony]] and two [[royal corgis]] stood at the side of the procession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Heald |first=Claire |date=19 September 2022 |title=Queen's corgis and pony wait at Windsor Castle as coffin approaches |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924014502/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-62961120 |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=BBC News}}</ref> After a committal service at [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]], Elizabeth's body was interred with her husband Philip's in the [[King George VI Memorial Chapel]] later the same day, in a private ceremony attended by her closest family members.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2022 |title=Family say final goodbye as Queen buried next to Philip |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220919001031/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/uk-62892350 |archive-date=19 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="BBC News-2022" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hunter |first=Sophie |date=19 September 2022 |title=The State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |url=https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925015510/https://www.royal.uk/state-funeral-her-majesty-queen-0 |archive-date=25 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=State Funeral for Her Majesty The Queen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TN2vT_jpW1o |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918203110/https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=TN2vT_jpW1o |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=19 September 2022 |publisher=The Royal Family |via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Public perception and character ==
{{Main|Personality and image of Elizabeth II}}

=== Beliefs, activities, and interests ===
[[File:Queen Elizabeth II - 1974 Royal Tour of NZ - Oamaru with Mayor Bill Laney (4).jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|Patting a dog in New Zealand, 1974]]

Elizabeth rarely gave interviews, and little was known of her political opinions, which she did not express explicitly in public. It is against convention to ask or reveal the monarch's views. When ''Times'' journalist [[Paul Routledge]] asked her about the [[miners' strike of 1984–85]] during a royal tour of the newspaper's offices, she replied that it was "all about one man" (a reference to [[Arthur Scargill]]),<ref name="BBCRoutledge1999">{{Cite news |last=Walton |first=John |date=16 January 1999 |title=The author of political scandal |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/255159.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218235624/https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/255159.stm |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 |work=BBC News}}</ref> with which Routledge disagreed.{{Sfn|ps=none|Routledge|1994|page=xiii}} Routledge was widely criticised in the media for asking the question and claimed that he was unaware of the protocols.{{Sfn|ps=none|Routledge|1994|page=xiii}} After the [[2014 Scottish independence referendum]], Prime Minister [[David Cameron]] was overheard saying that Elizabeth was pleased with the outcome.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dominiczak |first=Peter |date=24 September 2014 |title=David Cameron: I'm extremely sorry for saying Queen 'purred' over Scottish Independence vote |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11120146/David-Cameron-Im-extremely-sorry-for-saying-Queen-purred-over-Scottish-Independence-vote.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220109050127/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/11120146/David-Cameron-Im-extremely-sorry-for-saying-Queen-purred-over-Scottish-Independence-vote.html |archive-date=9 January 2022 |access-date=8 October 2018 |work=The Telegraph}}{{Cbignore}}</ref> She had arguably issued a public coded statement about the referendum by telling one woman outside Balmoral Kirk that she hoped people would think "very carefully" about the outcome. It emerged later that Cameron had specifically requested that she register her concern.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quinn |first=Ben |date=19 September 2019 |title=David Cameron sought intervention from Queen on Scottish independence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/19/david-cameron-sought-intervention-from-queen-on-scottish-independence |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107212310/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/sep/19/david-cameron-sought-intervention-from-queen-on-scottish-independence |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Guardian}}</ref>

Elizabeth had a deep sense of religious and [[civic duty]], and took her [[Coronation Oath]] seriously.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |date=19 April 2006 |title=Queen 'will do her job for life' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4921120.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208145900/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4921120.stm |archive-date=8 December 2008 |access-date=4 February 2007 |work=BBC News}}; | {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|pp=194–195}}}}</ref> Aside from her [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom#Religious role|official religious role]] as [[supreme governor]] of the [[State religion|established]] Church of England, she worshipped with that church and with the national [[Church of Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2010 |title=Our structure |url=https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125192732/https://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about-us/our-structure |archive-date=25 January 2020 |access-date=23 April 2022 |publisher=Church of Scotland}}</ref> She demonstrated support for [[inter-faith]] relations and met with leaders of other churches and religions, including five popes: [[Pius XII]], [[John XXIII]], [[John Paul II]], [[Benedict XVI]] and [[Pope Francis|Francis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 2014 |title=Queen meets Pope Francis at the Vatican |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26867032 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528055839/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26867032 |archive-date=28 May 2017 |access-date=28 March 2017 |work=BBC News}}</ref> A personal note about her faith often featured in her annual [[Christmas Message]] broadcast to the Commonwealth. In 2000, she said:<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Fisher |first=Connie |date=25 December 2000 |title=Christmas Broadcast 2000 |url=https://www.royal.uk/christmas-broadcast-2000 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507175203/https://www.royal.uk/christmas-broadcast-2000 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household |ref=none}}; | {{Harvnb|Shawcross|2002|pp=236–237}}}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|To many of us, our beliefs are of fundamental importance. For me the teachings of Christ and my own personal accountability before God provide a framework in which I try to lead my life. I, like so many of you, have drawn great comfort in difficult times from Christ's words and example.}}

Elizabeth was [[patron]] of more than 600 organisations and charities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 September 2014 |title=About The Patron's Lunch |url=https://www.thepatronslunch.com/about-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317233039/https://www.thepatronslunch.com/about-2 |archive-date=17 March 2016 |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=The Patron's Lunch}}</ref> The [[Charities Aid Foundation]] estimated that Elizabeth helped raise over £1.4 billion for her patronages during her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hodge |first=Kate |date=11 June 2012 |title=The Queen has done more for charity than any other monarch in history |url=https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2012/jun/11/queen-charitable-support |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222170933/https://www.theguardian.com/voluntary-sector-network/2012/jun/11/queen-charitable-support |archive-date=22 February 2021 |access-date=25 February 2021 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> Her main leisure interests included [[Horses of Elizabeth II|equestrianism]] and dogs, especially her [[Pembroke Welsh Corgi]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fact files: 80 facts about The Queen |url=https://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/80factsaboutTheQueen.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090321215851/https://www.royal.gov.uk/LatestNewsandDiary/Factfiles/80factsaboutTheQueen.aspx |archive-date=21 March 2009 |access-date=20 June 2010 |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> Her lifelong love of corgis began in 1933 with [[Dookie (dog)|Dookie]], the first of many royal corgis.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Harvnb|Bush|2007|page=115}}; | {{Cite news |last=Pierce |first=Andrew |date=1 October 2007 |title=Hug for Queen Elizabeth's first corgi |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564705/Hug-for-Queen-Elizabeths-first-corgi.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/dzjXo |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=21 September 2012 |work=The Telegraph |ref=none}}{{Cbignore}}}}</ref> Scenes of a relaxed, informal home life were occasionally witnessed; she and her family, from time to time, prepared a meal together and washed the dishes afterwards.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Delacourt |first=Susan |date=25 May 2012 |title=When the Queen is your boss |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/world/royals/2012/05/25/when_the_queen_is_your_boss.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130307084753/https://www.thestar.com/news/world/royals/2012/05/25/when_the_queen_is_your_boss.html |archive-date=7 March 2013 |access-date=27 May 2012 |work=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref>

=== Media depiction and public opinion ===
In the 1950s, as a young woman at the start of her reign, Elizabeth was depicted as a glamorous "fairytale Queen".{{Sfn|ps=none|Bond|2006|p=22}} After the trauma of the Second World War, it was a time of hope, a period of progress and achievement heralding a "new [[Elizabethan age]]".{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=35|Pimlott|2001|2p=180|Roberts|2000|3p=82|Shawcross|2002|4p=50}} Lord Altrincham's accusation in 1957 that her speeches sounded like those of a "[[prig]]gish schoolgirl" was an extremely rare criticism.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=35|Pimlott|2001|2p=280|Shawcross|2002|3p=76}} In the late 1960s, attempts to portray a more modern image of the monarchy were made in the television documentary ''[[Royal Family (film)|Royal Family]]'' and by televising [[Prince Charles's investiture as Prince of Wales]].{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1pp=66–67, 84, 87–89|Bradford|2012|2pp=160–163|Hardman|2011|3pp=22, 210–213|Lacey|2002|4pp=222–226|Marr|2011|5p=237|Pimlott|2001|6pp=378–392|Roberts|2000|7pp=84–86}} Elizabeth also instituted other new practices; her first royal walkabout, meeting ordinary members of the public, took place during a tour of Australia and New Zealand in 1970.{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|pp=213–214}} Her wardrobe developed a recognisable, signature style driven more by function than fashion.{{Sfn|ps=none|Hardman|2011|p=41}} In public, she took to wearing mostly solid-colour [[overcoat]]s and decorative hats, allowing her to be seen easily in a crowd.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cartner-Morley |first=Jess |date=10 May 2007 |title=Elizabeth II, belated follower of fashion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/10/monarchy.jesscartnermorleyonfashion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107225041/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/may/10/monarchy.jesscartnermorleyonfashion |archive-date=7 November 2021 |access-date=5 September 2011 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> By the end of her reign, nearly one third of Britons had seen or met Elizabeth in person.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=17 May 2018 |title=Almost a third of the country has seen or met the Queen in real life |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/05/17/almost-third-country-has-seen-or-met-queen-real-li |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013300/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2018/05/17/almost-third-country-has-seen-or-met-queen-real-li |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=11 August 2023 |publisher=[[YouGov]]}}</ref>

At Elizabeth's Silver Jubilee in 1977, the crowds and celebrations were genuinely enthusiastic;{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=97|Bradford|2012|2p=189|Pimlott|2001|3pp=449–450|Roberts|2000|4p=87|Shawcross|2002|5pp=1114–117}} but, in the 1980s, public criticism of the royal family increased, as the personal and working lives of Elizabeth's children came under media scrutiny.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=117|Roberts|2000|2p=91}} Her popularity sank to a low point in the 1990s. Under pressure from public opinion, she began to pay income tax for the first time, and Buckingham Palace was opened to the public.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Pimlott|2001|2pp=556–561, 570}} Although support for [[republicanism in Britain]] seemed higher than at any time in living memory, republican ideology was still a minority viewpoint, and Elizabeth herself had high approval ratings.<ref>{{Multiref|MORI poll for ''[[The Independent]]'' newspaper, March 1996, quoted in | {{Harvnb|Pimlott|2001|p=578}}; | {{Cite news |last=O'Sullivan |first=Jack |date=5 March 1996 |title=Watch out, the Roundheads are back |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/watch-out-the-roundheads-are-back-1340396.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121212013603/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/watch-out-the-roundheads-are-back-1340396.html |archive-date=12 December 2012 |access-date=17 September 2011 |work=[[The Independent]] |ref=none}}}}</ref> Criticism was focused on the institution of the monarchy itself, and the conduct of Elizabeth's wider family, rather than her own behaviour and actions.{{Sfn|ps=none|Pimlott|2001|p=578}} Discontent with the monarchy reached its peak on the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, although Elizabeth's personal popularity—as well as general support for the monarchy—rebounded after her live television broadcast to the world five days after Diana's death.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1p=134|Pimlott|2001|2pp=624–625}}

[[File:Queen in Brisbane 1982.jpg|thumb|left|In [[Brisbane]], Australia, 1982]]
In November 1999, [[1999 Australian republic referendum|a referendum in Australia]] on the future of the [[Australian monarchy]] favoured its retention in preference to an indirectly elected head of state.{{Sfnm|ps=none|Hardman|2011|1p=310|Lacey|2002|2p=387|Roberts|2000|3p=101|Shawcross|2002|4p=218}} Many republicans credited Elizabeth's personal popularity with the survival of the monarchy in Australia. In 2010, Prime Minister [[Julia Gillard]] noted that there was a "deep affection" for Elizabeth in Australia and that another referendum on the monarchy should wait until after her reign.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 August 2010 |title=Australia's PM says Elizabeth II should be country's last British monarch |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027023347/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/17/australia-leader-queen-last-monarch |archive-date=27 October 2022 |access-date=16 October 2022 |work=The Guardian |location=Canberra |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Gillard's successor, [[Malcolm Turnbull]], who led the republican campaign in 1999, similarly believed that Australians would not vote to become a republic in her lifetime.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ireland |first=Judith |date=15 July 2017 |title=We're all Elizabethans now: When Malcolm Turnbull met the monarch |url=https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701064241/https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/were-all-elizabethans-now-when-malcolm-turnbull-met-the-monarch-20170713-gxa796.html |archive-date=1 July 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref> "She's been an extraordinary head of state", Turnbull said in 2021, "and I think frankly, in Australia, there are more Elizabethans than there are monarchists."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lagan |first=Bernard |date=9 March 2021 |title=Australians in new push to break royal links after Meghan and Harry interview |url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/royal-family/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202052213/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/sussexes-interview-leads-to-renewed-push-in-australia-to-break-royal-links-p3cbhdc7k |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=16 October 2022 |website=[[The Times]] |location=Sydney}}</ref> Similarly, referendums in both [[2008 Tuvaluan constitutional referendum|Tuvalu in 2008]] and [[2009 Vincentian constitutional referendum|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines in 2009]] saw voters reject proposals to become republics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2009 |title=Vincies vote 'No' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010073408/https://www.bbc.co.uk/caribbean/news/story/2009/11/091126_nib.shtml |archive-date=10 October 2021 |access-date=26 November 2009 |work=BBC News}}</ref>

Polls in Britain in 2006 and 2007 revealed strong support for the monarchy,<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |date=April 2006 |title=Monarchy poll |url=https://www.ipsos-mori.com/researchpublications/researcharchive/378/Monarchy-Poll-April-2006.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163103/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchy-poll-april-2006 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=22 March 2015 |publisher=[[Ipsos MORI]]}}; | {{Cite web |date=16 December 2007 |title=Monarchy Survey |url=https://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511201056/https://populuslimited.com/uploads/download_pdf-160108-The-Discovery-Channel-Monarchy-Survey.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=17 August 2010 |publisher=[[Populus Ltd]] |page=9 |ref=none }}; | {{Cite news |date=28 December 2007 |title=Poll respondents back UK monarchy |work=BBC News |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm |url-status=live |access-date=17 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208182109/https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7162649.stm |archive-date=8 February 2012 |ref=none }}}}</ref> and in 2012, Elizabeth's Diamond Jubilee year, her approval ratings hit 90 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2016 |title=Monarchy/Royal Family Trends – Satisfaction with the Queen |url=https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123163208/https://www.ipsos.com/ipsos-mori/en-uk/monarchyroyal-family-trends-satisfaction-queen |archive-date=23 January 2021 |access-date=19 September 2017 |publisher=Ipsos MORI}}</ref> Her family came under scrutiny again in the last few years of her life due to her son Andrew's association with convicted sex offenders [[Jeffrey Epstein]] and [[Ghislaine Maxwell]], [[Giuffre v. Prince Andrew|his lawsuit]] with [[Virginia Giuffre]] amidst accusations of sexual impropriety, and her grandson Harry and his wife [[Meghan, Duchess of Sussex|Meghan]]'s [[Megxit|exit from the working royal family]] and subsequent move to the United States.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Rhiannon |date=7 September 2019 |title=Epstein, Andrew and private jets: The royals have had a tumultuous summer |url=https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210923210841/https://news.sky.com/story/epstein-andrew-and-private-jets-the-royals-have-had-a-tumultuous-summer-11803972 |archive-date=23 September 2021 |access-date=26 September 2021 |publisher=Sky News |ref=none}}; | {{Cite news |last1=Gallagher |first1=Sophie |last2=Hall |first2=Harriet |date=19 May 2021 |title=How the couple who were supposed to 'modernise the monarchy' turned their backs on it |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html |url-status=live |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927133622/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/harry-meghan-megxit-royal-family-b1849947.html |archive-date=27 September 2021 |ref=none }}}}</ref> Polling in Great Britain during the Platinum Jubilee, however, showed support for maintaining the monarchy<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |last1=Skinner |first1=Giden |last2=Garrett |first2=Cameron |date=11 January 2022 |title=Three in five favour Britain remaining a monarchy, although support falls from 2012 peak as more become uncertain |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/three-five-favour-britain-remaining-monarchy-although-support-falls-2012-peak-more-become-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712192545/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/three-five-favour-britain-remaining-monarchy-although-support-falls-2012-peak-more-become-0 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=[[Ipsos]] |ref=none}};|{{Cite web |title=Queen Elizabeth II |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/Queen_Elizabeth_II |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914104959/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/explore/public_figure/Queen_Elizabeth_II |archive-date=14 September 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none }};|{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Isabelle |date=1 June 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602071842/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/lifestyle/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |archive-date=2 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none }};|{{Cite news |last=Ship |first=Chris |date=2 June 2022 |title=Poll: Dramatic decline in support for monarchy in decade since Diamond Jubilee |work=ITV News |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-01/poll-dramatic-decline-in-support-for-monarchy-in-decade-since-diamond-jubilee |url-status=live |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722205309/https://www.itv.com/news/2022-06-01/poll-dramatic-decline-in-support-for-monarchy-in-decade-since-diamond-jubilee |archive-date=22 July 2022 |ref=none }};|{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=13 September 2022 |title=How have Britons reacted to Queen Elizabeth II's death? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/how-have-britons-reacted-queen-elizabeth-iis-death |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011172024/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/09/13/how-have-britons-reacted-queen-elizabeth-iis-death |archive-date=11 October 2022 |access-date=12 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none }}}}</ref> and Elizabeth's personal popularity remained strong.<ref>{{Multiref|{{Cite web |last1=Beaver |first1=Kelly |last2=Skinner |first2=Gideon |last3=Garrett |first3=Cameron |date=30 May 2022 |title=The Queen remains the nations' favourite royal as the public associate her with tradition and a positive symbol of Britain at home and abroad |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170513/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/queen-remains-nations-favourite-royal-public-associate-her-tradition-and-positive-symbol-britain |archive-date=20 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Ipsos |ref=none}};
|{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Isabelle |date=1 June 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: where does public opinion stand on the monarchy? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004013402/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/society/articles-reports/2022/06/01/platinum-jubilee-where-does-public-opinion-stand-m |archive-date=4 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none}};
|{{Cite web |last=Ibbetson |first=Connor |date=31 May 2022 |title=Platinum Jubilee: how popular are the royals? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002063147/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2022/05/31/platinum-jubilee-how-popular-are-royals |archive-date=2 October 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov |ref=none}};
|{{Cite web |date=March 2022 |title=IPSOS Attitudes to the Royal Family |url=https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516095425/https://www.ipsos.com/sites/default/files/ct/news/documents/2022-04/Ipsos_Attitudes_to_the_Royals_poll_040422_PUBLIC.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2022 |access-date=20 May 2022 |publisher=Ipsos}};
|{{Cite web |last=Merrick |first=Jane |date=2 June 2022 |title=Half of Britons won't be celebrating Platinum Jubilee and think Royal Family is out of touch |url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929062055/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/platinum-jubilee-queen-half-britons-wont-celebrate-royal-family-out-of-touch-poll-1665587 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |website=[[i (British newspaper)|i]] |ref=none}};
|{{Cite web |date=30 May 2022 |title=Sky high public approval for the Queen ahead of Platinum Jubilee |url=https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909081309/https://www.ipsos.com/en-uk/sky-high-public-approval-for-the-queen-ahead-of-platinum-jubilee |archive-date=9 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=Ipsos}};
|{{Cite web |title=Has the Queen done a good job during her time on the throne? |url=https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924045039/https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/has-the-queen-done-a-good-job-during-her-time-on-the-throne |archive-date=24 September 2022 |access-date=4 October 2022 |publisher=YouGov}}}}</ref> As of 2021 she remained the third [[most admired woman]] in the world according to the annual [[Gallup poll]], her 52 appearances on the list meaning she had been in the top ten more than any other woman in the poll's history.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Matthew |date=14 December 2021 |title=World's most admired 2021 |url=https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418180803/https://today.yougov.com/topics/international/articles-reports/2021/12/13/worlds-most-admired-2021 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |access-date=14 December 2021 |website=YouGov America}}</ref>

Elizabeth was portrayed in a variety of media by many notable artists, including painters [[Pietro Annigoni]], [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]], [[Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy]], [[Terence Cuneo]], [[Lucian Freud]], [[Rolf Harris]], [[Damien Hirst]], [[Juliet Pannett]] and [[Tai-Shan Schierenberg]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Riley |first=Ben |date=12 February 2016 |title=Revealed: Damien Hirst's only portrait of the Queen found in government archives |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/queen-elizabeth-II/12155026/Revealed-Damien-Hirsts-only-portrait-of-the-Queen-found-in-government-archives.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/hcSiV |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=10 September 2016 |work=The Telegraph}}{{Cbignore}}</ref><ref name="NPG1">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth II |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203023806/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?sort=dateAsc&LinkID=mp01454&displayNo=60&displayStyle=thumb&wPage=0 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |access-date=22 June 2013 |publisher=[[National Portrait Gallery, London|National Portrait Gallery]]}}</ref> Notable photographers of Elizabeth included [[Cecil Beaton]], [[Yousuf Karsh]], [[Anwar Hussein (photographer)|Anwar Hussein]], [[Annie Leibovitz]], [[Patrick Anson, 5th Earl of Lichfield|Lord Lichfield]], [[Terry O'Neill (photographer)|Terry O'Neill]], [[John Swannell (photographer)|John Swannell]] and [[Dorothy Wilding]]. The first official [[portrait photograph]] of Elizabeth was taken by [[Marcus Adams (photographer)|Marcus Adams]] in 1926.<ref name="NPG">{{Cite web |title=Marcus Adams |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115011943/https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp04999/marcus-adams?role=art |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=20 April 2013 |publisher=National Portrait Gallery}}</ref>

== Titles, styles, honours, and arms ==
{{Main|List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II}}

{{Multiple image
| width = 150
| perrow = 1/1
| image1 = Royal Cypher of Elizabeth II.svg
| caption1 = [[Royal cypher]] of Elizabeth II, surmounted by [[St Edward's Crown]]
| image2 = Personal flag of Queen Elizabeth II.svg
| caption2 = Personal flag of Elizabeth II
}}

=== Titles and styles <span class="anchor" id="Royal cypher"></span> ===
Elizabeth held many titles and honorary military positions throughout [[the Commonwealth]], was sovereign of many orders in her own countries and received honours and awards from around the world. In each of her realms, she had a distinct title that follows a similar formula: ''Queen of Saint Lucia and of Her other Realms and Territories'' in [[Monarchy of Saint Lucia|Saint Lucia]], ''Queen of Australia and Her other Realms and Territories'' in Australia, etc. She was also styled ''[[Defender of the Faith]]''.

=== Arms ===
{{See also|Flags of Elizabeth II}}
From 21 April 1944 until her accession, Elizabeth's arms consisted of a [[Lozenge (heraldry)|lozenge]] bearing the [[royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]] differenced with a [[Label (heraldry)|label]] of three points [[argent]], the centre point bearing a [[Tudor rose]] and the first and third a [[cross of Saint George]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coat of Arms: Her Royal Highness The Princess Elizabeth |url=https://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106035558/https://ltgov.bc.ca/lg/honours-awards/heraldry/shields/PrincessElizabeth1951.htm |archive-date=6 November 2013 |access-date=6 April 2013 |publisher=[[Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia]]}}</ref> Upon her accession, she inherited the various arms her father held as sovereign, with a subsequently modified representation of the crown. Elizabeth also possessed [[Heraldic banner|royal standards]] and personal flags for use [[Royal Standard of the United Kingdom|in the United Kingdom]], [[Royal standards of Canada|Canada]], [[Queen's Personal Australian Flag|Australia]], [[Queen's Personal New Zealand Flag|New Zealand]], [[Queen's Personal Jamaican Flag|Jamaica]], and elsewhere.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berry |first=Ciara |date=15 January 2016 |title=Personal Flags |url=https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507180249/https://www.royal.uk/personal-flags |archive-date=7 May 2016 |access-date=18 April 2016 |work=The Royal Family |publisher=The Royal Household}}</ref> Elizabeth approved her modified British arms on 26 May 1954.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/newsletter/item/242-january-2025-newsletter-no-77|access-date=29 January 2026 |website=College of Arms |archive-date=23 January 2025 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250123163356/https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/newsletter/item/242-january-2025-newsletter-no-77 |title=College of Arms January 2025 News letter (no 77)|date=January 2025|url-status=live }}</ref>

{{multiple image
| align = center
| total_width = 1000
| perrow =
| image1 = Coat of Arms of Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (1947-1952).svg
| caption1 = Coat of arms as [[Duchess of Edinburgh]] (1947–1952)
| image2 = Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom (St. Edward's Crown).svg
| caption2 = [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom]]
| image3 = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom in Scotland.svg
| caption3 = [[Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom for use in Scotland]]
| image4 = Royal Coat of Arms of Canada.svg
| caption4 = [[Royal coat of arms of Canada]]
}}

== Family tree==
<div style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; overflow:auto; width: 100%;">
{{chart top |width=120%|Family of Elizabeth II{{Sfnm|ps=none|Bond|2006|1pp=4-5|Roberts|2000|2pp=10-11}}}}

{{Tree chart/start |style= line-height:100% |align=center
}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | | | | |Victoria|v|Albert|Victoria='''[[Queen Victoria]]'''|Albert=[[Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Prince Albert]]}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | |~|v|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|~|~|}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|~| | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | | | | |Edward|v|Alexandra| | | | | | | | | | | |George| | | | | | | |Alice|George=King [[George I of Greece]]|Victoria=[[Victoria, Princess Royal]]|Edward='''[[King Edward VII]]'''|Alexandra=[[Queen Alexandra]]|Alice=[[Princess Alice of the United Kingdom|Princess Alice]]}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | |~|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | |~|v|-|h|-|v|~| | | | |,|-|^|~|~|}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | |George|v|Mary| |Louise| |Victoria| |Maud| | | |Nicholas| | |!| | | | |VictoriaM|Nicholas=[[Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark]]|George='''[[King George V]]'''|Mary=[[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]]|Louise=[[Louise, Princess Royal]]|Victoria=[[Princess Victoria of the United Kingdom|Princess Victoria]]|Maud=[[Queen Maud of Norway]]|VictoriaM=[[Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine]]}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | |!| | | | | |:| | | | | | | |:| | | | | |!| | | |!| | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|v|~| | |f| | | |!| | | |,|-|^|-|v|-|~|~|}}
{{tree chart |border=0|Edward| |Albert|v|Elizabeth| |Mary| |Henry| |George|V|Marina| |Andrew|v|Alice| |Louis|Edward='''[[King Edward VIII]]'''|Albert='''[[King George VI]]'''|Elizabeth=[[Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother]]|Mary=[[Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood|Mary, Princess Royal]]|Henry=[[Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester]]|George=[[Prince George, Duke of Kent]]|Alice=[[Princess Alice of Battenberg]]|Andrew=[[Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark]]|Louis=[[Louis Mountbatten, Earl Mountbatten of Burma]]|Marina=[[Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent]]}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |:| | | |:| | | | | |:| | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|~| | | |:|}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | |Elizabeth| |Margaret| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Philip|Elizabeth='''Queen Elizabeth II'''|Margaret=[[Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon]]|Philip=[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]]}}
{{tree chart |border=0| | | | | |!| | | |:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!|}}
{{tree chart |border=0| |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|(|}}
{{tree chart |border=0|Charles| | | | | | | |Anne| | | | | |Andrew| | | | | |Edward|Charles='''[[King Charles III]]'''|Anne=[[Anne, Princess Royal]]|Andrew=[[Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor]]|Edward=[[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh]]}}
{{tree chart |border=0| |)|-|-|-|-|.| | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.|}}
{{tree chart |border=0|William| |Harry| |Peter| |Zara| |Beatrice| |Eugenie| |Louise| |James|William=[[William, Prince of Wales]]|Harry=[[Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex]]|Peter=[[Peter Phillips]]|Zara=[[Zara Tindall]]|Beatrice=[[Princess Beatrice]]|Eugenie=[[Princess Eugenie]]|Louise=[[Lady Louise Mountbatten-Windsor]]|James=[[James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex]]}}
{{tree chart |border=0| |:| | | |:| | | |:| | | |:| | | |:| | | |:|}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{chart bottom}}
</div>

== See also ==
* {{anl|Finances of the British royal family}}
* {{anl|Household of Elizabeth II}}
* [[List of covers of Time magazine (1920s)|List of covers of ''Time'' magazine {{text|(|1920s}}]]; [[List of covers of Time magazine (1940s)|1940s]]; [[List of covers of Time magazine (1950s)|1950s]]; [[List of covers of Time magazine (2010s)|2010s)]]
* {{anl|List of jubilees of Elizabeth II}}
* {{anl|List of special addresses made by Elizabeth II}}
* {{anl|List of things named after Elizabeth II}}
* [[Royal eponyms in Canada]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist|30em}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|28em}}

===Bibliography===
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bedell Smith |first=Sally |author-link=Sally Bedell Smith |title=Elizabeth the Queen: The Woman Behind the Throne |date=2017 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-1-4059-3216-5}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Jennie |author-link=Jennie Bond |url=https://archive.org/details/elizabetheightyg0000bond |title=Elizabeth: Eighty Glorious Years |date=2006 |publisher=Carlton Publishing Group |isbn=1-8444-2260-7 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bousfield |first1=Arthur |url=https://archive.org/details/fiftyyearsqueent0000bous |title=Fifty Years the Queen |last2=Toffoli |first2=Gary |date=2002 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-5500-2360-2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |author-link=Sarah Bradford |title=Elizabeth: A Biography of Her Majesty the Queen |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-1419-3333-7 |edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bradford |first=Sarah |url=https://archive.org/details/queenelizabethhe0000brad |title=Queen Elizabeth II: Her Life in Our Times |date=2012 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-6709-1911-6 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Brandreth |first=Gyles |author-link=Gyles Brandreth |url=https://archive.org/details/philipelizabeth0000bran |title=Philip and Elizabeth: Portrait of a Marriage |date=2004 |publisher=Century |isbn=0-7126-6103-4 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Briggs |first=Asa |author-link=Asa Briggs |title=The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom |date=1995 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-1921-2967-8 |volume=4}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bush |first=Karen |url=https://archive.org/details/everythingdogsex0001bush |title=Everything Dogs Expect You to Know |date=2007 |publisher=New Holland |isbn=978-1-8453-7954-4 |location=London |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=John |author-link=John Campbell (biographer) |title=Margaret Thatcher: The Iron Lady |date=2003 |publisher=Jonathan Cape |isbn=0-2240-6156-9}}
* {{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=Marion |author-link=Marion Crawford |title=The Little Princesses |date=1950 |publisher=Cassell & Co.}}
* {{Cite book |title=The BBC Book of Royal Memories: 1947–1990 |publisher=BBC Books |year=1991 |isbn=978-0-5633-6008-7 |editor-last=Elliot |editor-first=Caroline |ref={{Harvid|BBC Books|1991}}}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hardman |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Hardman |url=https://archive.org/details/ourqueen0000hard_t3g5 |title=Our Queen |date=2011 |publisher=Hutchinson |isbn=978-0-0919-3689-1 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hardman |first=Robert |title=Queen of the World |publisher=Penguin Random House |year=2019 |isbn=978-1-7808-9818-6}}
* {{Cite book |last=Heald |first=Tim |author-link=Tim Heald |url=https://archive.org/details/princessmargaret0000heal_n5q7 |title=Princess Margaret: A Life Unravelled |date=2007 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |isbn=978-0-2978-4820-2 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |url=https://archive.org/details/hermajestyfiftyr0000hoey_y9q3 |title=Her Majesty: Fifty Regal Years |date=2002 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-0065-3136-9 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hoey |first=Brian |title=Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II: Platinum Jubilee Celebration: 70 Years: 1952–2022 |publisher=Rizzoli |year=2022 |isbn=978-1-8416-5939-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Knappett |first=Gill |title=The Queen at 90: A Royal Birthday Souvenir |date=2016 |publisher=Pitkin |isbn=978-0-7509-7031-0}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lacey |first=Robert |author-link=Robert Lacey |title=Royal: Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II |date=2002 |publisher=Little, Brown |isbn=0-3168-5940-0}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Louda |first1=Jiří |author-link=Jiří Louda |title=Lines of Succession: Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe |last2=Maclagan |first2=Michael |author-link2=Michael Maclagan |publisher=Little, Brown |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-3168-4820-6 |edition=2nd |location=London |orig-year=1981}}
* {{Cite book |last=Macmillan |first=Harold |author-link=Harold Macmillan |url=https://archive.org/details/pointingway1959100macm |title=Pointing the Way 1959–1961 |date=1972 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-3331-2411-1 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Marr |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Marr |title=The Diamond Queen: Elizabeth II and Her People |date=2011 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-0-2307-4852-1}} 
* {{Cite book |last=Mitchell |first=James |title=Britain Since 1945 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-6312-0967-6 |editor-last=Hollowell |editor-first=Jonathan |pages=109–125 |chapter=Scotland: Cultural Base and Economic Catalysts |doi=10.1002/9780470758328.ch5}}
* {{Cite book |title=Burke's Guide to the Royal Family |publisher=Burke's Peerage |year=1973 |isbn=0-2206-6222-3 |editor-last=Montgomery-Massingberd |editor-first=Hugh |editor-link=Hugh Massingberd |location=London |chapter=The Royal Lineage}}
* {{Cite book |last=Neil |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Neil |url=https://archive.org/details/fulldisclosure0000neil |title=Full Disclosure |date=1996 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-3336-4682-7 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Nicolson |first=Harold |author-link=Harold Nicolson |title=King George the Fifth: His Life and Reign |date=1952 |publisher=Constable & Co.}} 
* {{Cite book |last=Petropoulos |first=Jonathan |author-link=Jonathan Petropoulos |url=https://archive.org/details/royalsreichprinc0000petr |title=Royals and the Reich: The Princes von Hessen in Nazi Germany |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-1951-6133-5 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Pimlott |first=Ben |author-link=Ben Pimlott |title=The Queen: Elizabeth II and the Monarchy|url=https://archive.org/details/queenelizabethii0000piml_c9b6 |date=2001 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-0025-5494-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Roberts |first=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Roberts (historian) |url=https://archive.org/details/houseofwindsor0000unse |title=The House of Windsor |date=2000 |publisher=Cassell & Co. |isbn=0-3043-5406-6 |editor-last=Fraser |editor-first=Antonia |editor-link=Antonia Fraser |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Routledge |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Routledge |title=Scargill: The Unauthorized Biography |publisher=Harper Collins |year=1994 |isbn=0-0063-8077-8 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Shawcross |first=William |author-link=William Shawcross |url=https://archive.org/details/queencountry0000shaw |title=Queen and Country |date=2002 |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |isbn=0-7710-8056-5 |url-access=registration}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tomaszewski |first=Fiona K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBUeMM3guAC&pg=PA22 |title=A Great Russia: Russia and the Triple Entente, 1905–1914 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-2759-7366-7 |access-date=5 October 2022 |url-access=limited |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230113010743/https://books.google.com/books?id=ORBUeMM3guAC&pg=PA22 |archive-date=13 January 2023 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Warwick |first=Christopher |title=Princess Margaret: A Life of Contrasts |publisher=Carlton Publishing Group |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-2330-5106-2 |location=London}}
* {{Cite book |last=Williamson |first=David |title=Debrett's Kings and Queens of Britain |date=1987 |publisher=Webb & Bower |isbn=0--86350-101-X}}
* {{Cite book |last=Wyatt |first=Woodrow |author-link=Woodrow Wyatt |url=https://archive.org/details/journalsofwoodro0002wyat |title=The Journals of Woodrow Wyatt |date=1999 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0-3337-7405-1 |editor-last=Curtis |editor-first=Sarah |volume=II |url-access=registration}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Elizabeth II-article-20230422.ogg|date=22 April 2023}}
* [https://www.royal.uk/queen-elizabeth Queen Elizabeth II] at the Royal Family website
* [https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-family/queen.html Queen Elizabeth II] at the website of the [[Government of Canada]]
* [https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/queen-elizabeth-ii-queen-of-the-united-kingdom-1926-2022#/type/subject Queen Elizabeth II] at the website of the [[Royal Collection Trust]]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61605149 Obituary] at [[BBC News Online]]
* {{NPG name|name=Queen Elizabeth II}}
* {{IMDb name|name=Queen Elizabeth II}}
* {{C-SPAN}}

{{Hidden begin|title=Titles and succession|titlestyle=text-align: center|border=#aaa 1px solid}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-hou|[[House of Windsor]]|21 April|1926|8 September|2022}}
{{S-reg}}
{{S-bef|rows=7|before=[[George VI]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of the United Kingdom]]|years=6 February 1952{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-aft|rows=4|after=[[Charles III]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Australia]]|years=6 February 1952{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Canada]]|years=6 February 1952{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of New Zealand]]|years=6 February 1952{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[List of heads of state of Sri Lanka#Monarch (1948–1972)|Queen of Ceylon]]|years=6 February 1952{{Sndash}}22 May 1972}}
{{S-non|reason=Republics established|rows=17}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Pakistan]]|years=6 February 1952{{Sndash}}23 March 1956}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of South Africa]]|years=6 February 1952{{Sndash}}31 May 1961}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-new|rows=17|reason=Independence from the United Kingdom}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Ghana]]|years=6 March 1957{{Sndash}}1 July 1960}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Nigeria]]|years=1 October 1960{{Sndash}}1 October 1963}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Sierra Leone]]|years=27 April 1961{{Sndash}}19 April 1971}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Tanganyika]]|years=9 December 1961{{Sndash}}9 December 1962}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Trinidad and Tobago]]|years=31 August 1962{{Sndash}}1 August 1976}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Uganda]]|years=9 October 1962{{Sndash}}9 October 1963}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Kenya]]|years=12 December 1963{{Sndash}}12 December 1964}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Malawi]]|years=6 July 1964{{Sndash}}6 July 1966}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Malta]]|years=21 September 1964{{Sndash}}13 December 1974}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of the Gambia]]|years=18 February 1965{{Sndash}}24 April 1970}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Guyana]]|years=26 May 1966{{Sndash}}23 February 1970}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Barbados]]|years=30 November 1966{{Sndash}}30 November 2021}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Mauritius]]|years=12 March 1968{{Sndash}}12 March 1992}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Fiji]]|years=10 October 1970{{Sndash}}6 October 1987}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Jamaica]]|years=6 August 1962{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-aft|rows=11|after=[[Charles III]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of the Bahamas]]|years=10 July 1973{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Grenada]]|years=7 February 1974{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-new|reason=Independence from Australia}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Papua New Guinea]]|years=16 September 1975{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-new|reason=Independence from the United Kingdom|rows=7}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of the Solomon Islands]]|years=7 July 1978{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Tuvalu]]|years=1 October 1978{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Saint Lucia]]|years=22 February 1979{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]|years=27 October 1979{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Belize]]|years=21 September 1981{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Antigua and Barbuda]]|years=1 November 1981{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]|years=19 September 1983{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-hon}}
{{S-bef|before=[[George VI]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Head of the Commonwealth]]|years=6 February 1952{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Charles III]]}}
{{S-break}}
{{S-mil}}
{{S-bef|before=[[George Jellicoe, 2nd Earl Jellicoe|The Earl Jellicoe]]|as=[[First Lord of the Admiralty]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral]]|years=1 April 1964{{Sndash}}10 June 2011}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]}}
{{S-bef|before=[[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]]}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom|Lord High Admiral]]|years=9 April 2021{{Sndash}}8 September 2022}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Charles III]]}}
{{S-end}}
{{Hidden end}}
{{Elizabeth II}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Elizabeth 02}}
[[Category:Elizabeth II| ]]
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Anjani Kumar Mishra

2026-03-19T03:24:52Z

BenjaminWoodard: created biography...

{{Short description|Chief Justice of Allahabad High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = Justice
| name = Anjani Kumar Mishra
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] of [[Allahabad High Court]]
| term_start = 12 April 2013
| term_end = 16 May 2025
| nominator = [[Altamas Kabir]]
| appointer = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| successor =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| appointer2 =
| nominator2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| nominator3 =
| appointer3 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|05|17|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| alma_mater =
}}

''' Anjani Kumar Mishra''' (born 17 May 1963) is an Indian judge who has served as a judge of [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.allahabadhighcourt.in/service/judgeDetail.jsp?id=200 |title=About Anjani Kumar Mishra High Court Judge {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} Ministry of Law & Justice {{!}} GoI|website=Allhabadhighcourt.in|language=en|access-date=2024-12-07}}</ref>

==Life and work==

He completed his law degree from [[University of Allahabad|Allahabad University]] in 1988 and enrolled as an advocate on January 8, 1989. He mainly practiced in core areas such as civil, consolidation, constitutional, revenue and company, and other interconnected areas. He also served as the standing counsel for the [[Medical Council of India]], eventually elevated to the position of an additional judge on April 12, 2013. He took the oath as permanent judge on Apr 10, 2015. He has retired on 16 May 2025 after attaining the retirement age of 62 years as prescribed for High Court Judges.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anjani Kumar Mishra |url=https://www.cdjlawjournal.com/judge-profile1.php?id=946&cid=14 |access-date=2024-12-07 |website=www.cdjlawjournal.com}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=December 2024|reason=source needed to verify}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar Mishra, Anjani}}
[[Category:Judges of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Allahabad High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Micronesia

2026-03-17T15:33:58Z

BenjaminWoodard: content fix

{{Short description|Subregion of Oceania}}
{{About|the geographical region of Micronesia|the sovereign state|Federated States of Micronesia}}
{{Distinguish|Macaronesia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}{{Infobox settlement
| name = Micronesia
| image_map = Micronesian Cultural Area.png
| map_caption = Geographical map of Micronesia (cropped)
| subdivision_type = Largest cities
| subdivision_name =
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 517.464
| population_as_of = {{UN_Population|Year}}
| population_footnotes =
| population_demonym = [[Micronesians|Micronesian]]
| blank_name_sec1 = Other information
| blank1_name_sec1 = Countries
| blank1_info_sec1 = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = '''[[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Oceania|5]]'''
|{{flag|Kiribati|size=23px}} (partially)
|{{flag|Nauru|size=23px}}
|{{flag|Marshall Islands|size=23px}}
|{{flag|Micronesia|size=23px}}
|{{flag|Palau|size=23px}}
}}
| blank1_name_sec2 =
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_title2 =
| demographics1_info2 =
| demographics1_title3 =
| demographics1_info3 =
| demographics1_title4 =
| demographics1_info4 =
| demographics1_title5 =
| demographics1_info5 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Dependencies
| blank2_info_sec1 = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;
|title = [[Dependent territory|External]] (2)
| {{flag|Guam|local|size=23px}} ([[United States]]) {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands|local|size=23px}} ([[United States]])
}}
| blank3_info_sec1 =
| blank4_name_sec1 =
}}[[File:Oceania UN Geoscheme - Map with Zones.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Subregions ([[Melanesia]], Micronesia, [[Polynesia]] and [[Australasia]]), as well as sovereign and dependent islands of [[Oceania]]]]
[[File:Pacific Culture Areas (Philippines+Vanuatu Correction).svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Micronesia is one of three major cultural areas of the [[List of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific Ocean islands]], along with [[Melanesia]] and [[Polynesia]].]]
[[File:Mapa Micronesia.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Outline of sovereign (dark orange) and dependent islands (bright orange)]]

'''Micronesia''' ({{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|m|aɪ|k|r|ə|ˈ|n|iː|z|i|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|US|-|ˈ|n|iː|ʒ|ə|audio=En-us-Micronesia.ogg}})<ref>from {{langx|grc|μικρός}} ''mikrós'' "small" and {{lang|grc|νῆσος}} ''nêsos'' "island"</ref> is a [[subregion]] of [[Oceania]], consisting of approximately 2,000 small islands in the Northwestern [[Pacific Ocean]]. It has a close shared cultural history with three other island regions: [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] to the west, [[Polynesia]] to the east, and [[Melanesia]] to the south—as well as with the wider community of [[Austronesian peoples]].

The region has a [[tropical marine climate]] and is part of the [[Oceanian realm]]. It includes four main [[archipelago]]s—the [[Caroline Islands]], the [[Gilbert Islands]], the [[Mariana Islands]], and the [[Marshall Islands]] — as well as numerous islands that are not part of any archipelago.

Political control of areas within Micronesia varies depending on the island, and is distributed among six sovereign nations. Some of the Caroline Islands are part of the [[Palau|Republic of Palau]] and some are part of the [[Federated States of Micronesia]] (often shortened to "FSM" or "Micronesia"—not to be confused with the identical name for the overall region). The [[Gilbert Islands]] (along with the [[Phoenix Islands]] and the [[Line Islands]] in Polynesia) comprise the Republic of [[Kiribati]]. The Mariana Islands are affiliated with the United States; some of them belong to the [[territories of the United States|U.S. Territory]] of [[Guam]] and the rest belong to the [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|U.S. Commonwealth]] of the [[Northern Mariana Islands]]. The island of [[Nauru]] is its own sovereign nation. The [[Marshall Islands]] all belong to the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The sovereignty of [[Wake Island]] is contested: it is claimed both by the United States and by the Republic of the Marshall Islands. The United States has actual possession of Wake Island, which is under the immediate administration of the [[United States Air Force]].

Notwithstanding the fact that the notion of "Micronesia" has been quite well established since 1832 and has been used ever since, by most popular works, this set does not correspond to any geomorphological, archaeological, linguistic, ethnic or cultural unity, but on the contrary represents a disparate ensemble, with no real deep unity. In fact, "[[Micronesians|Micronesian people]]" does not exist as a subset of the sea-migrating [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian people]], who may also include the [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] people and the hypothetical [[Australo-Melanesian]] or "[[Melanesia]]n people".<ref>[[Patrick Vinton Kirch]], ''On the Road of the Winds: an Archeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact'', Berkeley, University of California Press, 2000:5.</ref>

Human settlement of Micronesia began several millennia ago.{{sfn|Kirch|2001|p=167}} Based on the current scientific consensus, the Austronesian peoples originated from a [[early human migrations|prehistoric seaborne migration]], known as the [[Austronesian peoples#Migration from Taiwan|Austronesian expansion]], from pre-[[Han Chinese|Han]] [[Taiwan|Formosa]], at around 3000 to 1500 BCE. Austronesians reached the northernmost [[Philippines]], specifically the [[Batanes|Batanes Islands]], by around 2200 BCE. Austronesians were the first people to invent oceangoing sailing technologies (notably [[catamaran]]s, [[outrigger boat]]s, [[lashed-lug]] [[boat building]], and the [[crab claw sail]]), which enabled their rapid dispersal into the islands of the [[Indo-Pacific]].<ref name="Doran1981">{{cite book |last1=Doran |first1=Edwin B. |title=Wangka: Austronesian Canoe Origins |date=1981 |publisher=Texas A&M University Press |isbn=978-0-89096-107-0}}</ref><ref name="Dierking2007">{{cite book |last1=Dierking |first1=Gary |title=Building Outrigger Sailing Canoes: Modern Construction Methods for Three Fast, Beautiful Boats |date=2007 |publisher=International Marine/McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-159456-1}}</ref><ref name="Horridge1986">{{cite journal |last1=Horridge |first1=Adrian |title=The Evolution of Pacific Canoe Rigs |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |date=1986 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=83–89 |jstor=25168892|doi=10.1080/00223348608572530 }}</ref> From 2000 BCE they assimilated (or were assimilated by) the earlier populations on the islands in their migration pathway.<ref name="Bellwood1988">{{cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |title=A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins |journal=Asian Perspectives |date=1988 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=107–117 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf |access-date=1 May 2019 |archive-date=1 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501105624/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Bellwood 1991">{{cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages |journal=Scientific American |date=1991 |volume=265 |issue=1 |pages=88–93 |jstor=24936983|bibcode=1991SciAm.265a..88B |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88 }}</ref><ref name="hill&serjeanston1989">{{cite book |editor=Hill, Adrian V.S. |editor2=Serjeantson, Susan W. |title =The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail|publisher =Oxford University Press|series =Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7|year =1989|isbn = 978-0-19-857695-2}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood2006">{{cite book |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |last2=Fox |first2=James J. |last3=Tryon |first3=Darrell |name-list-style=vanc |title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |date=2006 |publisher=Australian National University Press |isbn=978-1-920942-85-4 |url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians |access-date=23 March 2019 |archive-date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402234524/https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="blench2012">{{cite book|author =Blench, Roger|editor =Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin|editor2 =Reinecke, Andreas|editor3 =Bonatz, Dominik|title =Crossing Borders|chapter =Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True|publisher =National University of Singapore Press|year =2012|pages =128–148|isbn =978-9971-69-642-9|chapter-url =http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|access-date =23 March 2019|archive-date =30 December 2019|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20191230083644/http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|url-status =live}}</ref>

The earliest known contact of Europeans with Micronesia was in 1521, when the [[Magellan expedition]] landed in the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]]. [[Jules Dumont d'Urville]] is usually credited with coining the term "Micronesia" in 1832, but in fact, {{ill|Louis Domeny de Rienzi|fr}} used this term a year earlier.{{sfn|Rainbird|2004|p=6}}<ref>« Although based on a superficial understanding of the Pacific islanders, Dumont d'Urville's tripartite classification stuck. Indeed, these categories — Polynesians, Micronesians, Melanesians — became so deeply entrenched in Western anthropological thought that it is difficult even now to break out the mould in which they entrap us ([[Nicholas Thomas (anthropologist)|Thomas]], 1989). Such labels provide handy geographical referents, yet they mislead us greatly if we take them to be meaningful segments of cultural history. Only Polynesia has stood the tests of time and increased knowledge, as a category with historical significance », [[Patrick Vinton Kirch]], ''On the Road of the Winds : an Archeological History of the Pacific Islands before European Contact'', Berkeley, University of California Press, 2000 : 5.</ref>

==Geography==
Micronesia is a region in Oceania that includes approximately 2100 islands, with a total land area of {{convert|2,700|km2|abbr=on}}, the largest of which is [[Guam]], which covers {{convert|582|km2|abbr=on}}. The total ocean area within the perimeter of the islands is {{convert|7,400,000|km2|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Kirch|2001|p=165}}

There are four main island groups in Micronesia:
* the [[Caroline Islands]] ([[Federated States of Micronesia]] and [[Palau]])
* the [[Gilbert Islands]] ([[Kiribati]])
* the [[Mariana Islands]] ([[Northern Mariana Islands]] and [[Guam]], U.S.)
* the [[Marshall Islands]]

This does not include the separate island nation of [[Nauru]], along with other distinctly separate islands and smaller island groups.

===Caroline Islands===
The [[Caroline Islands]] are a widely scattered [[archipelago]] consisting of about 500 small [[coral island]]s, north of [[New Guinea]] and east of the [[Philippines]]. The Carolines consist of two nations: the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], consisting of approximately 600 islands on the eastern side of the chain with [[Kosrae]] being the most eastern; and [[Palau]] consisting of 250 islands on the western side.

===Gilbert Islands===
[[File:South Tarawa from the air.jpg|thumb|[[Tarawa Atoll]]]]
The [[Gilbert Islands]] are a chain of sixteen [[atoll]]s and coral islands, arranged in an approximate north-to-south line. In a geographical sense, the [[equator]] serves as the dividing line between the northern Gilbert Islands and the southern Gilbert Islands. The [[Kiribati|Republic of Kiribati]] contains all of the Gilberts, including the island of [[Tarawa]], the site of the country's capital.

===Mariana Islands===
[[File:Suicide Cliff in Saipan 3.JPG|thumb|Mount Marpi in [[Saipan]].]]
The [[Mariana Islands]] are an arc-shaped [[archipelago]] made up by the summits of fifteen volcanic mountains. The island chain rose as a result of the western edge of the [[Pacific Plate]] moving westward and plunging downward below the [[Mariana plate]], a region that is the most volcanically active convergent plate boundary on Earth. The Marianas were politically divided in 1898, when the United States acquired title to [[Guam]] under the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris, 1898]], which ended the [[Spanish–American War]]. Spain then sold the remaining northerly islands to [[German Empire|Germany]] in 1899. Germany lost all of her colonies at the end of [[World War I]] and the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] became a [[League of Nations]] Mandate, with [[Japan]] as the mandatory. After [[World War II]], the islands were transferred into the [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Trust Territories|Trust Territory]] System, with the [[United States]] as Trustee. In 1976, the Northern Mariana Islands and the United States entered into a covenant of political union under which commonwealth status was granted the Northern Mariana Islands and its residents received United States citizenship.

===Marshall Islands===
[[File:Laura beach n tree (170671778).jpg|thumb|Beach scenery at [[Laura, Marshall Islands|Laura]], [[Majuro]], Marshall Islands]]
The [[Marshall Islands]] are located north of [[Nauru]] and [[Kiribati]], east of the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], and south of the U.S. territory of [[Wake Island]]. The islands consist of 29 low-lying [[atoll]]s and five isolated islands,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rmiembassyus.org/Geography.htm|title=Geography Overview | work = Embassy of the Republic of the Marshall Islands | publisher = Republic of the Marshall Islands |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131115173707/http://rmiembassyus.org/Geography.htm|archive-date=15 November 2013}}</ref> comprising 1,156 individual islands and [[islet]]s. The atolls and islands form two groups: the [[Ratak Chain]] and the [[Ralik Chain]] (meaning "sunrise" and "sunset" chains). All the islands in the chain are part of the [[Republic of the Marshall Islands]], a [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]] in [[Associated state|free association]] with the United States. Having few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a [[service economy]], as well as some [[fishing]] and [[agriculture]]. Of the 29 atolls, 24 are inhabited.

[[Bikini Atoll]] is an atoll in the Marshall Islands. There are 23 islands in the Bikini Atoll. The islands of Bokonijien, Aerokojlol and part of Nam were destroyed during nuclear tests that occurred there.<ref name=facts>{{cite web|title=Bikini Atoll Reference Facts | work = Bikini Atoll |url=http://www.bikiniatoll.com/facts.html|access-date=12 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/nominations/1339.pdf |title=Bikini Atoll |date=January 2009 |publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |page=20 |access-date=2024-07-29}}</ref> The islands are composed of low coral limestone and sand.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Emery|first1=Kenneth O.|last2=Tracey|first2=J. I. Jr.|last3=Ladd|first3=H.S.|date=1954|title=Geology of Bikini and Nearby Atolls|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0260a/report.pdf|access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref> The average elevation is only about {{convert|7|ft|order=flip}} above low tide level.<ref>{{cite report|title=The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the United States and Pacific Freely Associated States, 2002|publisher=U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service|location=Silver Spring, MD|year=2002|oclc=255883515|issn=1949-7105|url=https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/project/state-coral-reef-ecosystems-united-states-pacific-freely-associated-states/|access-date=June 8, 2024}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" caption="" widths="175px" heights="175px">
File:Castle Bravo Blast.jpg|Image of the [[Castle Bravo]] nuclear test, detonated on 1 March 1954, at [[Bikini Atoll]]
File:Cross spikes club.jpg|An illustration of the Cross Spikes Club<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.history.navy.mil/ac/bikini/bikini1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000521071018/http://history.navy.mil/ac/bikini/bikini1.htm |archive-date=21 May 2000 |title=Operation Crossroads: Bikini Atoll |work=Navy Historical Center |publisher=Department of the Navy |access-date=4 December 2013 }}</ref> of the US Navy on [[Bikini Atoll]], one of several Marshall Islands used for [[Bikini atomic experiments|atomic bomb tests]].
File:Kili Island - NASA Astronaut Photography.png|[[Kili Island]] is one of the smallest islands in the [[Marshall Islands]].
</gallery>

===Nauru===
[[Nauru]] is an oval-shaped [[island country]] in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, {{convert|42|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south of the [[Equator]], listed as the [[List of countries by area|world's smallest republic]], covering just {{convert|21|km2|sqmi|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=CIA>{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Nauru |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nauru/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109235256/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nauru |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 January 2021 |year=2011 |access-date=12 February 2011 }}</ref> With {{UN_Population|Nauru}} residents, it is the third [[List of countries by population|least-populated country]], after [[Vatican City]] and [[Tuvalu]]. The island is surrounded by a coral reef, which is exposed at low tide and dotted with pinnacles.<ref name=state/> The presence of the reef has prevented the establishment of a [[seaport]], although channels in the reef allow small boats access to the island.<ref>{{cite web|page=234|url=http://www.sprep.org/att/IRC/eCOPIES/Countries/Nauru/11.pdf|last1=Thaman | first1 = RR |last2=Hassall | first2 = DC |publisher=South Pacific Regional Environment Programme|title=Nauru: National Environmental Management Strategy and National Environmental Action Plan | year = 1996 }}</ref> A fertile coastal strip {{convert|150|to|300|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide lies inland from the beach.<ref name=state>{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/16447.htm|title=Background Note: Nauru|publisher=State Department Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs|date=September 2005|access-date=11 May 2006}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" caption="" widths="175px" heights="175px">
File:Aerial view of Nauru.jpg|Aerial view of Nauru
File:Nauru Denigomodu-Nibok.jpg|Nauruan districts of [[Denigomodu]] and [[Nibok]]
</gallery>

===Wake Island===
[[Wake Island]] is a coral atoll with a coastline of {{convert|12|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} just north of the [[Marshall Islands]]. It is an [[Territories of the United States#Minor Outlying Islands|unorganized]], [[unincorporated territory]] of the United States. Access to the island is restricted and all activities on the island are managed by the [[United States Air Force]]. While geographically adjacent, it is not ethnoculturally part of Micronesia, due to its historical lack of human inhabitation.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}} Micronesians may have possibly visited Wake Island in prehistoric times to harvest fish, but there is nothing to suggest any kind of settlement.<ref name="sprep">{{Cite web |title=The State of Coral Reef Ecosystems of the U.S. Pacific Remote Island Areas |url=https://www.sprep.org/attachments/15.pdf |website=[[Pacific Regional Environment Programme]]}}</ref>

<gallery class="center" caption="" widths="175px" heights="175px">
File:Wake Island by Agate.jpg|Wake Island as depicted by the [[United States Exploring Expedition]], drawn by [[Alfred Thomas Agate]]
File:Wake Island air.JPG|Aerial view Wake Island, looking westward
</gallery>

===Geology===
{{Expand section|date=December 2013}}
The majority of the islands in the area are part of a [[atoll|coral atoll]]. Coral atolls begin as [[coral reefs]] that grow on the slopes of a central [[volcano]]. When the volcano sinks back down into the sea, the coral continues to grow, keeping the reef at or above water level. One exception is [[Pohnpei State|Pohnpei]] in the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], which still has the central volcano and coral reefs around it.

Some islands, such as Yap, have a more unusual geological history: rather than just being young volcanic sediment, they consist of uplifted volcanic and metamorphic rocks that were deformed and thrust upward during tectonic movement involving the Yap Trench and surrounding plate boundaries.

===Fauna===
{{main|List of mammals of Micronesia|List of birds of Micronesia}}

The [[Yap|Yap Islands]] host a number of endemic bird species, including the [[Yap monarch]] and the [[Rukia|Olive white-eye]], in addition to four other restricted-range bird species.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Yap Islands State, Federated States of Micronesia {{!}} Ecoregions {{!}} WWF|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/oc0204|access-date=2021-01-12|website=World Wildlife Fund|language=en}}</ref> The endangered [[Yap flying fox|Yap flying-fox]], though often considered a subspecies of the Pelew flying fox or the [[Mariana fruit bat]], is also endemic to Yap.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:SpinnerDolphinsoffKauai 1999-03-15.jpg|thumb|[[Spinner dolphin]]s]]
{{Expand section|date=December 2013}}

===Climate===
The region has a [[tropical marine climate]] moderated by seasonal northeast [[trade winds]]. There is little seasonal temperature variation. The dry season runs from December or January to June and the rainy season from July to November or December. Because of the location of some islands, the rainy season can sometimes include [[typhoon]]s.

==History==
{{see also|History of the Federated States of Micronesia|History of the Marshall Islands}}

===Prehistory{{anchor|Pre-history}}===
{{Further|Austronesian peoples}}

[[File:Chronological dispersal of Austronesian people across the Pacific.svg|thumb|upright=2|Chronological dispersal of [[Austronesian peoples]] across the [[Indo-Pacific]]<ref name="Chambers2013">{{cite book |last1=Chambers |first1=Geoff |title=Encyclopedia of Life Sciences |chapter=Genetics and the Origins of the Polynesians |publisher= John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|date=15 January 2013 |doi=10.1002/9780470015902.a0020808.pub2|isbn=978-0-470-01617-6 }}</ref>]]

The [[Northern Mariana Islands]] were the first islands in [[Oceania]] colonized by the [[Austronesian peoples]]. They were settled by the voyagers who sailed eastwards from the [[Philippines]] in approximately 1500 BCE. These populations gradually moved southwards until they reached the [[Bismarck Archipelago]] and the [[Solomon Islands]] by 1300 BCE and reconnected with the [[Lapita culture]] of the southeast migration branch of Austronesians moving through coastal [[New Guinea]] and [[Island Melanesia]]. By 1200 BCE, they again began crossing open seas beyond inter-island visibility, reaching [[Vanuatu]], [[Fiji]], and [[New Caledonia]]; before continuing eastwards to become the ancestors of the [[Polynesian people]].<ref name="Chambers2013"/><ref name="wilson2018">{{cite book|first1=Meredith|last1=Wilson|first2=Chris|last2=Ballard|editor1-first=Bruno |editor1-last=David|editor2-first= Ian J.|editor2-last= McNiven|title =The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Rock Art|chapter=Rock Art of the Pacific: Context and Intertextuality|publisher =Oxford University Press|year =2018|pages=221–252|isbn = 978-0-19-084495-0|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=tXFyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood2011">{{cite journal |last1=Bellwood |first1=Peter |title=The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator |journal=Rice |date=9 December 2011 |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=93–103 |doi=10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9 |s2cid=44675525 |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/81529950.pdf|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011Rice....4...93B }}</ref>

Further migrations by other Austronesians also followed, likely from [[Sulawesi]], settling [[Palau]] and [[Yap]] by around 1000 BCE. The details of this colonization, however, are not very well known.<ref name="Chambers2013"/><ref name="wilson2018"/>{{sfn|Morgan|1988|p=30}} In 200 BCE, a loosely connected group of Lapita colonists from [[Island Melanesia]] also migrated back northwards, settling the islands of eastern Micronesia almost simultaneously. This region became the center of another wave of migrations radiating outwards, reconnecting them with other settled islands in western Micronesia.<ref name="Chambers2013"/><ref name="wilson2018"/>

Around 800 CE, a second wave of migrants from Southeast Asia arrived in the Marianas, beginning what is now known as the [[Latte period]]. These new settlers built large structures with distinctive capped stone pillars known as ''haligi''. They also reintroduced [[rice]] (which did not survive earlier voyages), making the Northern Marianas the only islands in [[Oceania]] where rice was grown prior to European contact. However, it was considered a high-status crop and only used in rituals. It did not become a staple until after [[Spanish East Indies|Spanish colonization]].<ref name="Bellwood2011"/><ref name="Carson2012">{{cite journal |last1=Carson |first1=Mike T. |title=An overview of ''latte'' period archaeology |journal=Micronesica |date=2012 |volume=42 |issue=1/2 |pages=1–79 |url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/1_carson1-79sm.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Peterson2012">{{cite journal |last1=Peterson |first1=John A. |title=Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity? |journal=Micronesica |date=2012 |volume=42 |issue=1/2 |pages=183–08 |url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf}}</ref>

Construction of [[Nan Madol]], a [[megalith]]ic complex made from [[Columnar basalt|basalt lava logs]] in Pohnpei, began in around 1180 CE. This was followed by the construction of the [[Leluh archaeological site|Leluh complex]] in [[Kosrae]] in around 1200.<ref name="wilson2018"/><ref name="Richards2015">{{cite journal |last1=Richards |first1=Zoe T. |last2=Shen |first2=Chuan-Chou |last3=Hobbs |first3=Jean-Paul A. |last4=Wu |first4=Chung-Che |last5=Jiang |first5=Xiuyang |last6=Beardsley |first6=Felicia |title=New precise dates for the ancient and sacred coral pyramidal tombs of Leluh (Kosrae, Micronesia) |journal=Science Advances |date=March 2015 |volume=1 |issue=2 |article-number=e1400060 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1400060|pmid=26601144 |pmc=4643814 |bibcode=2015SciA....1E0060R }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rainbird |first1=Paul |last2=Wilson |first2=Meredith |title=Crossing the line: the enveloped cross in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia |journal=Antiquity |date=2 January 2015 |volume=76 |issue=293 |pages=635–636 |doi=10.1017/S0003598X00091018|s2cid=161654405 }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Map FM-Nan Madol.PNG|Central Nan Madol (map)
File:Nan Madol 5.jpg|[[Nan Madol]]
File:Lelu Ruins, Kosrae, Micronesia.jpg|[[Leluh archaeological site|Leluh]]
File:Latte stones in Hagatna.jpg|[[Latte stone]]s
File:Yap Stone Money.jpg|[[Rai stone]]
</gallery>

===Early European contact===
[[File:Reception of the Manila Galleon by the Chamorro in the Ladrones Islands, ca. 1590.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|[[Manila galleon|Manila Galleon]] in the [[Mariana Islands|Marianas]] and [[Caroline Islands|Carolinas]], c. 1590 [[Boxer Codex]]]]
The earliest known contact with Europeans occurred in 1521, when a Spanish expedition under [[Ferdinand Magellan]] reached the Marianas.<ref>{{Cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&q=ferdinand+magellan+mariana+islands&pg=PA379 |title = The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History |isbn = 978-1-85109-951-1 |last1 = Tucker |first1 = Spencer |year = 2009 | publisher = ABC CLIO | location = Santa Barbara, California}}</ref> This contact is recorded in [[Antonio Pigafetta]]'s chronicle of Magellan's voyage, in which he recounts that the Chamorro people had no apparent knowledge of people outside of their island group.<ref>{{cite book | editor-last = Levesque | editor-first = Rodrigue | year = 1992–1997 | title = History of Micronesia: A collection of source documents, Vols. 1–20 | location = Quebec, Canada | publisher = Levesque Publications | pages = 249, 251}}</ref> A Portuguese account of the same voyage suggests that the Chamorro people who greeted the travellers did so "without any shyness as if they were good acquaintances".{{sfn|Rainbird|2004|p=13–14}}

Further contact was made during the sixteenth century, although often initial encounters were very brief. Documents relating to the 1525 voyage of [[Diogo da Rocha]] suggest that he made the first European contact with inhabitants of the Caroline Islands, possibly staying on the [[Ulithi]] atoll for four months and encountering [[Yap]]. Marshall Islanders were encountered by the expedition of Spanish navigator [[Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón]] in 1529.<ref>{{Cite report|first1=Kenneth O.|last1=Emery|first2=J I.|last2=Tracey|first3=H. S.|last3=Ladd|title=Geology of Bikini and Nearby Atolls|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CegqAQAAIAAJ&q=%C3%81lvaro+de+Saavedra+marshall+islands&pg=PA3|series=Geological Survey Professional Papers|volume=260|number=1|page=3|year=1954}}</ref> Other contact with the Yap islands occurred in 1625.{{sfn|Rainbird|2004|p=14}}

===Colonisation and conversion===
[[File:HH1883 pg123 Hafen von Jaluit, Marshall-Inseln.jpg|thumb|German trading station at [[Jaluit Atoll]] with a Marshallese ''[[Walap|korkor]]'' outrigger canoe in the foreground]]
In the early 17th century [[Spain]] colonized [[Guam]], the [[Northern Marianas]] and the [[Caroline Islands]] (what would later become the Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of Palau), creating the [[Spanish East Indies]], which was governed from the [[Spanish Philippines]].

When Russian explorer [[Otto von Kotzebue]] visited the [[Marshall Islands]] in 1817, he noted that Marshallese families practiced [[infanticide]] after the birth of a third child as a form of population planning due to frequent [[famine]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hezel |first=Francis X. |date=1983 |title=The First Taint of Civilization: A History of the Caroline and Marshall Islands in Pre-colonial Days, 1521–1885 |series=Pacific Islands Monograph Series |location=Honolulu |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |pages=92–94 |isbn=978-0-8248-1643-8}}</ref>

In 1819, the [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions]]—a Protestant group—brought their Puritan ways to Polynesia. Soon after, the Hawaiian Missionary Society was founded and sent missionaries into Micronesia. Conversion was not met with as much opposition, as the local religions were less developed (at least according to Western ethnographic accounts). In contrast, it took until the end of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th centuries for missionaries to fully convert the inhabitants of Melanesia; however, a comparison of the cultural contrast must take into account the fact that Melanesia has always had deadly strains of [[malaria]] present in various degrees and distributions throughout its history (see [[De Rays Expedition]]) and up to the present; conversely, Micronesia does not have—and never seems to have had—any malarial mosquitos nor pathogens on any of its islands in the past.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ridgell|first=Reilly|title=Pacific Nations and Territories: The Islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polonesia|page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p3liL6fAjrcC&q=%22micronesia%22 | edition = Third, Revised | publisher = Bess Press | location = Honolulu, Hawaiʻi |isbn=978-1-57306-001-1|year=1995}}</ref>

===German–Spanish Treaty of 1899===
{{main|German–Spanish Treaty (1899)}}

[[File:German new guinea 1888 1899.png|thumb|[[German New Guinea]] before and after the German-Spanish treaty of 1899]]
In the [[Spanish–American War]], Spain lost many of its remaining colonies. In the Pacific, the United States took possession of the [[Spanish Philippines]] and Guam. On 17 January 1899, the United States also took possession of unclaimed and uninhabited Wake Island. This left Spain with the remainder of the Spanish East Indies, about 6,000 tiny islands that were sparsely populated and not very productive. These islands were ungovernable after the loss of the administrative center of Manila and indefensible after the loss of two Spanish fleets in the war. The Spanish government therefore decided to sell the remaining islands to a new colonial power: the [[German Empire]].

The treaty, which was signed by Spanish Prime Minister [[Francisco Silvela]] on 12 February 1899, transferred the Caroline Islands (Kosrae in the east to Palau in the west), the Mariana Islands, and other possessions to Germany. Under German control, the islands became a protectorate and were administered from [[German New Guinea]]. Nauru had already been annexed and claimed as a colony by Germany in 1888.

===20th century===
[[File:MapofTTPI.gif|thumb|Map from 1961 of the US [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]], formerly Japan's [[South Seas Mandate]].]]
In the early 20th century, the islands of Micronesia were divided between three foreign powers:
* the [[United States]], which took control of Guam following the Spanish–American War of 1898 and claimed [[Wake Island]];
* [[German Empire|Germany]], which took Nauru and bought the Marshall, Caroline and Northern Mariana Islands from Spain; and
* the [[British Empire]], which took the [[Gilbert Islands]] (Kiribati).

During [[World War I]], Germany's Pacific island territories were seized and became [[League of Nations mandate]]s in 1923. Nauru became an [[Australia]]n mandate, while Germany's other territories in Micronesia were given as a mandate to [[Japan]] and were named the [[South Seas Mandate]]. During [[World War II]], Nauru and [[Banaba|Ocean Island]] were occupied by [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] troops, with also an [[Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands|occupation of some of the Gilbert Islands]] and were bypassed by the Allied advance across the Pacific. Following Japan's defeat in [[World War II]] its mandate became a [[United Nations Trusteeship]] administered by the United States as the [[Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pelzer|first=Karl J.|date=1950|title=Micronesia—A Changing Frontier|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/world-politics/article/abs/micronesiaa-changing-frontier/7EB3E45CAA8069039DF2A73A5E630382|journal=World Politics|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=251–266|doi=10.2307/2009190|jstor=2009190|s2cid=154463511 |issn=1086-3338|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Nauru became independent in 1968.

===21st century===
Today, most of Micronesia are independent states, except for the [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|U.S. Commonwealth of the]] [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[Guam]] and [[Wake Island]], which are U.S. territories.

==States and dependencies==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Country !! Population (July {{UN_Population|Year}} estimate){{UN_Population|ref}} !! Area (km<sup>2</sup>) !! Population density (/km<sup>2</sup>) !! Urban population !! Life expectancy !! Literacy rate !! Official language(s) !! Main religion(s) !! Ethnic groups
!Major
Islands
|-
|{{FSM}} ||{{UN_Population|Micronesia (Fed. States of)}} ||702 ||158 ||22% ||71.2 ||89% ||English ||Roman Catholic 50%, Protestant 47%, others 3% ||[[Chuuk State|Chuuk]]ese 48.8%, [[Pohnpei]]an 24.2%, [[Kosrae]]an 6.2%, [[Yap]]ese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 7.8%
|Chuuk, Pohnpei, Kosrae, Yap
|-
|{{GUM}} (United States) ||{{UN_Population|Guam}} ||540 ||299 ||93% ||78.2 ||99% ||English 38.3%, [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] 22.2%<ref>{{citation | url = http://ns.gov.gu/language.html | title = Languages of Guahan | date = n.d. | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131223170220/http://ns.gov.gu/language.html | archive-date = 23 December 2013 | work = The Guam Website - Afa Adai | access-date = 12 November 2010 }}</ref> ||Roman Catholic 85%, Buddhism 3.6, other religion 11.4% ||[[Chamorro people|Chamorro]] 37.1%, [[Philippines|Filipino]] 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%, white 6.9%, other 8.6%, mixed 9.8%
|Guam
|-
|{{KIR}} ||{{UN_Population|Kiribati}} ||811 ||152 ||44% ||64.0 ||92% ||English, [[Gilbertese]] (de facto) ||Roman Catholic 55%, Protestant 36% ||Micronesian 98.8%
|Tarawa atoll, Banaba
|-
|{{MHL}} ||{{UN_Population|Marshall Islands}} ||181 ||293 ||71% ||71.5 ||93.7% ||[[Marshallese language|Marshallese]] 98.2%, English ||Protestant 54.8%, other Christian 40.6% ||[[Marshall Islands|Marshallese]] 92.1%, mixed Marshallese 5.9%, other 2%
|Majuro atoll, Kwajalein atoll
|-
|{{NRU}} ||{{UN_Population|Nauru}} ||21 ||480 ||100% ||65.0 ||99%<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/nauru.html | title = Nauru | date = 2010 | work = TalkTalk | publisher = Tiscali UK Limited | access-date = 12 November 2010 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100620133735/http://www.talktalk.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/countryfacts/nauru.html | archive-date = 20 June 2010}}</ref> ||[[Nauruan language|Nauruan]]{{Cref|f}}, English (''de facto'') ||[[Nauru Congregational Church]] 35.4%, Roman Catholic 33.2%, Nauru Independent Church (Protestant)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.travelblog.org/Oceania/blog-84053.html | title = Nauru | date = 24 August 2006 | work = TravelBlog | publisher = TravelBlog.org | access-date = 12 November 2010}}</ref> 10.4%, Baha'i faith 10%, Buddhism 9%||[[Nauruan people|Nauruan]] 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%
|Nauru
|-
|{{MNP}} (United States) ||{{UN_Population|Northern Mariana Islands}} ||464 ||113 ||91% ||76.9 ||97% ||English, Chamorro and Carolinian<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/cnmipage.htm | title = Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands: Overview | work = Office of Insular Affairs | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609103520/http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/cnmipage.htm | archive-date=9 June 2007 | publisher = U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs | access-date = 12 November 2010}}</ref> ||Roman Catholic, Buddhism 10.6% ||Asian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%, White 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8%
|Saipan, Tinian, Rota
|-
|{{PLW}} ||{{UN_Population|Palau}} ||459 ||47 ||81% ||71.5 ||92% ||[[Palauan language|Palauan]] 64.7%{{Cref|d}}, English ||Roman Catholic 41.6%, Protestant 23.3% ||[[Palau]]an 69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%, [[Carolinian people|Carolinian]] 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other 3.2%
|Babeldaob, Koror, Peleliu, Angaur
|-
! Total ||{{UN_Population|Micronesia}} ||3,178 ||||||||||||||
!
|}

===Politics===
The [[Pacific Community]] (SPC) is a regional intergovernmental organization whose membership includes both nations and territories in the Pacific Ocean and their metropolitan powers.

== Economy ==
Nationally, the primary income is the sale of fishing rights to foreign nations that harvest tuna using huge [[purse seine]]rs. A few Japanese [[Longline fishing|long liners]] still ply the waters. The crews aboard fishing fleets contribute little to the local economy since their ships typically set sail loaded with stores and provisions that are cheaper than local goods. Additional money comes in from government grants, mostly from the United States, and the $150 million the US paid into a trust fund for reparations of residents of Bikini Atoll who had to move after nuclear testing. Few mineral deposits worth exploiting exist, except for some high-grade phosphate, [[Phosphate mining in Nauru|especially on Nauru]].

Most residents of Micronesia can freely move to and work within, the United States. Relatives working in the US who send money home to relatives represent the primary source of individual income. Additional individual income comes mainly from government jobs and work within shops and restaurants.

The [[tourist industry]] consists mainly of scuba divers that come to see the coral reefs, do wall dives and visit sunken ships from WWII. Major stops for scuba divers in approximate order are Palau, Chuuk, Yap and Pohnpei. Some private yacht owners visit the area for months or years at a time. However, they tend to stay mainly at ports of entry and are too few in number to be counted as a major source of income.

[[Copra]] production used to be a more significant source of income, however, world prices have dropped in part to large palm plantations that are now planted in places like [[Borneo]].

==Demographics==
{{further|Demographics of Oceania}}
The people today form many ethnicities, but all are descended from and belong to the Micronesian culture.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hudjashov |first1=Georgi |last2=Endicott |first2=Phillip |last3=Post |first3=Helen |last4=Nagle |first4=Nano |last5=Ho |first5=Simon Y. W. |last6=Lawson |first6=Daniel J. |last7=Reidla |first7=Maere |last8=Karmin |first8=Monika |last9=Rootsi |first9=Siiri |last10=Metspalu |first10=Ene |last11=Saag |first11=Lauri |date=2018-01-29 |title=Investigating the origins of eastern Polynesians using genome-wide data from the Leeward Society Isles |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=1823 |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-20026-8 |pmid=29379068 |pmc=5789021 |bibcode=2018NatSR...8.1823H |issn=2045-2322}}</ref>

Because of this mixture of descent, many of the ethnicities of Micronesia feel closer to some groups in [[Melanesia]], or the [[Philippines]]. A good example of this are the [[Yapese people]] who are related to [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] tribes in the northern [[Philippines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Mauritania-to-Nigeria/Micronesians.html |title=Micronesians - Introduction, Location, Language, Folklore, Religion, Major holidays, Rites of passage|work=everyculture.com}}</ref> Genetics also show a significant number of Micronesian have Japanese paternal ancestry: 9.5% of males from Micronesia as well as 0.2% in [[East Timor]] carry the [[Haplogroup D-M55]].<ref name="tumonggor">{{cite journal |last1=Tumonggor |first1=Meryanne K |last2=Karafet |first2=Tatiana M |last3=Downey |first3=Sean |last4=Lansing |first4=J Stephen |last5=Norquest |first5=Peter |last6=Sudoyo |first6=Herawati |last7=Hammer |first7=Michael F |last8=Cox |first8=Murray P |title=Isolation, contact and social behavior shaped genetic diversity in West Timor |journal=Journal of Human Genetics |date=September 2014 |volume=59 |issue=9 |pages=494–503 |doi=10.1038/jhg.2014.62 |pmid=25078354 |pmc=4521296 }}</ref>

There are also substantial Asian communities found across the region, most notably in the [[Northern Mariana Islands]] where they form the majority and smaller communities of Europeans who have migrated from the United States or are descendants of settlers during European colonial rule in Micronesia.

Though they are all geographically part of the same region, they all have very different colonial histories. The US-administered areas of Micronesia have a unique experience that sets them apart from the rest of the Pacific. Micronesia has great economic dependency on its former or current motherlands, something only comparable to the French Pacific. Sometimes, the term ''American Micronesia'' is used to acknowledge the difference in cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last =Kiste | editor1-first= Robert C. | editor2-last =Marshall | editor2-first = Mac |title=American Anthropology in Micronesia: An Assessment|year=1999|page=1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V8Dr4fJxlkIC&q=%22micronesia%22|isbn=978-0-8248-2017-6 | publisher = University of Hawaiʻi Press | location = Honolulu, Hawaiʻi}}</ref>

A 2011 survey found that 93.1% of Micronesian are [[Christians]];<ref name="Christianity in Oceania">{{citation | url = http://wwwgordonconwell.com/netcommunity/CSGCResources/ChristianityinitsGlobalContext.pdf | title = Christianity in its Global Context, 1970–2020: Society, Religion, and Mission | author = Center for the Study of Global Christianity | date = June 2013 | publisher = [[Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary]] | location = South Hamilton, Massachusetts, USA| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130815184022/http://wwwgordonconwell.com/netcommunity/CSGCResources/ChristianityinitsGlobalContext.pdf | archive-date = 15 August 2013 }}</ref> a survey in 2022 showed that 99% were Christian.<ref name=US2022 />

=== Demographic table ===
The countries and territories in this table are categorised according to the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations. The information shown follows sources in cross-referenced articles; where sources differ, provisos have been clearly indicated. These territories and regions are subject to various additional categorisations, depending on the source and purpose of each description.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid #aaa; font-size:90%;"
|- style="background:#ececec;"|
! style="line-height:95%; width:4em" class="unsortable" | [[Coat of arms|Arms]]
! style="line-height:95%; width:2em" class="unsortable" | Flag
! Name of region, followed by countries<ref name="region">Regions and constituents as per [[:File:United Nations geographical subregions.png|UN categorisations/map]] except [[#endnote CCAU|notes 2–3]], 6. Depending on definitions, various territories cited below (notes 3, 5–7, 9) may be in [[List of countries spanning more than one continent|one or both of]] Oceania and Asia or North America.<br /></ref>
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|Area]]<br />(km<sup>2</sup>)
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />({{UN_Population|Year}}){{UN_Population|ref}}
! data-sort-type="number" | [[List of countries and dependencies by population density|Population density]]<br />(per km<sup>2</sup>)
! [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
! [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO 3166-1]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Coat of arms|text=none|Federated States of Micronesia}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|Federated States of Micronesia}}
| '''[[Federated States of Micronesia]]'''
| style="text-align:right;"| 702
| style="text-align:right;"| {{UN_Population|Micronesia (Fed. States of)}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 149.5
| [[Palikir]]
| FM
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Coat of arms|text=none|Guam}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|Guam}}
| [[Guam]] (United States)
| style="text-align:right;"| 549
| style="text-align:right;"| {{UN_Population|Guam}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 296.7
| [[Hagåtña, Guam|Hagåtña]]
| GU
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Coat of arms|text=none|Kiribati}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|Kiribati}}
| '''[[Kiribati]]'''
| style="text-align:right;"| 811
| style="text-align:right;"| {{UN_Population|Kiribati}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 141.1
| [[South Tarawa]]
| KI
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Coat of arms|text=none|Marshall Islands}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|Marshall Islands}}
| '''[[Marshall Islands]]'''
| style="text-align:right;"| 181
| style="text-align:right;"| {{UN_Population|Marshall Islands}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 293.2
| [[Majuro]]
| MH
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Coat of arms|text=none|Nauru}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|Nauru}}
| '''[[Nauru]]'''
| style="text-align:right;"| 21
| style="text-align:right;"| {{UN_Population|Nauru}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 540.3
| [[Yaren District|Yaren]] <small>(''de facto'')</small>
| NR
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Coat of arms|text=none|Northern Mariana Islands}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|Northern Mariana Islands}}
| [[Northern Mariana Islands]] (United States)
| style="text-align:right;"| 477
| style="text-align:right;"| {{UN_Population|Northern Mariana Islands}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 115.4
| [[Saipan]]
| MP
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Coat of arms|text=none|Palau}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|Palau}}
| '''[[Palau]]'''
| style="text-align:right;"| 458
| style="text-align:right;"| {{UN_Population|Palau}}
| style="text-align:right;"| 46.9
| [[Ngerulmud]]<ref name="Palau">On 7 October 2006, government officials moved their offices in the former capital of [[Koror]] to [[Ngerulmud]] in the state of [[Melekeok]], located {{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} northeast of Koror on [[Babeldaob|Babelthuap Island]].<br /></ref>
| PW
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Coat of arms|text=none|United States}}
| style="text-align:center;"| {{Flagicon|United States}}
| [[Wake Island]] (United States)
| style="text-align:right;"| 2
| style="text-align:right;"| 150
| style="text-align:right;"| 75
| [[Wake Island]]
| UM
|- class=sortbottom
! scope=row colspan=3 style="text-align:center;"| '''Micronesia''' (total)
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,307
| style="text-align:right;"| 526,343
| style="text-align:right;"| 163.5
|}

===Indigenous groups===
====Micronesians====
{{main|Micronesians}}

=====Carolinian people=====
It is thought that ancestors of the [[Carolinian people]] may have originally immigrated from the Asian mainland and [[Indonesia]] to Micronesia around 2,000 years ago. Their primary language is [[Carolinian language|Carolinian]], called ''Refaluwasch'' by native speakers, which has a total of about 5,700 speakers. The Carolinians have a [[matriarchy|matriarchal]] society in which respect is a very important factor in their daily lives, especially toward the [[matriarch]]s. Most Carolinians are of the [[Roman Catholic]] faith.

The immigration of Carolinians to [[Saipan]] began in the early 19th century, after the [[Spain|Spanish]] reduced the local population of [[Chamorro people|Chamorro]] natives to just 3,700. They began to [[immigrate]] mostly sailing from small [[canoes]] from other islands, which a [[typhoon]] previously devastated. The Carolinians have a much darker complexion than the native [[Chamorro people|Chamorros]].

=====Chamorro people=====
[[File:Chamorro people in 1915.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Chamorro people in 1915]]
The [[Chamorro people]] are the [[indigenous peoples]] of the [[Mariana Islands]], which are politically divided between the [[Territories of the United States|United States territory]] of [[Guam]] and the United States [[Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]] in Micronesia. The Chamorro are commonly believed to have come from [[Southeast Asia]] at around 2000 [[Common Era|BC]]. They are most closely related to other [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] natives to the west in the [[Philippines]] and [[Taiwanese aborigines|Taiwan]], as well as the [[Caroline Islands|Carolines]] to the south.

The [[Chamorro language]] is included in the [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian subgroup]] of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian]] family. Because Guam was colonized by Spain for over 300 years, many words derive from the [[Spanish language]]. The traditional Chamorro number system was replaced by Spanish numbers.<ref>{{cite book | first = Rafael | last = Rodríguez-Ponga Salamanca | title = Del español al chamorro: Lenguas en contacto en el Pacífico | language = es | trans-title = From Spanish to Chamorro: languages in contact in the Pacific| location = Madrid | year = 2009 | publisher = Ediciones Gondo | isbn = 978-84-933774-4-1 | oclc = 436267171}}</ref>

=====Chuukese people=====
The [[Chuukese people]] are an [[ethnic group]] in [[Oceania]]. They constitute 48% of the population of the [[Federated States of Micronesia]]. Their language is [[Chuukese language|Chuukese]]. The home atoll of Chuuk is also known by the former name Truk.

=====Nauruan people=====
The [[Nauruan people]] are an [[ethnicity]] inhabiting the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] [[island]] of [[Nauru]]. They are most likely a blend of [[Indigenous peoples of Oceania|other Pacific peoples]].<ref>{{cite book|title=FutureFish 2001: FutureFish in Century 21: The North Pacific Fisheries Tackle Asian Markets, the Can-Am Salmon Treaty, and Micronesian Seas|first=C.D. | last = Bay-Hansen|year=2006|publisher=[[Trafford Publishing]]|isbn=1-55369-293-4|page=277}}</ref>

The origin of the Nauruan people has not yet been finally determined. It can possibly be explained by the last Malayo-Pacific [[human migration]] (c. 1200). It was probably seafaring or shipwrecked [[Polynesians]] or [[Melanesians]] that established themselves in Nauru because there was not already an [[indigenous people]] present, whereas the [[Micronesians]] were already crossed with the Melanesians in this area.

====Kaping people====
The roughly 3000 residents of the Federated States of Micronesia that reside in [[Kapingamarangi]], nicknamed 'Kapings', live in one of the most remote locations in both Micronesia and the world at large. Their home atoll is almost {{convert|200|mi|km|abbr=on|order=flip}} from the nearest point of immigration.<ref>{{cite book|first=Douglas L.|last=Oliver|title=Oceania: The Native Cultures of Australia and the Pacific Islands|volume=1|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|year=2022|isbn=978-0-82484-570-4|page=274}}</ref> There are no regular flights; the only reliable way to legally visit is to travel on a high-speed sailboat to the atoll. Owing to this difficulty, few sailors travelling the Pacific attempt to visit. The local language is the [[Kapingamarangi language]]. From the 1970s, to attend high school the children needed to travel to Pohnpei, bringing their parents with them to create communities of Kapings on the island.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Drummond|first1=Emily|last2=Rudolph|first2=Johnny|year=2021|title=Nukuoro (Nukuoro Atoll, Pohnpei State, Federated States of Micronesia) – Language Snapshot|journal=Language Documentation and Description|issue=20|page=149}}</ref>

===Immigrant groups===
====East, South, and Southeast Asian people====
{{See also|Japanese settlement in Palau|Japanese settlement in the Federated States of Micronesia|Koreans in Micronesia|Chinese in Palau|Filipinos in Palau}}
There are large [[East Asia|East]], [[South Asia|South]] and [[Southeast Asia|Southeast]] Asian communities found across certain Micronesian countries that are either immigrants, foreign workers or descendants of either one, most migrated to the islands during the 1800s and 1900s.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|first=R. G.|last=Crocombe|date=1 January 2007|publisher=IPS Publications, University of the South Pacific|via=Google Books|isbn=978-982-02-0388-4}}</ref> According to the 2010 census results Guam was 26.3% [[Overseas Filipino|Filipino]], 2.2% [[Korean diaspora|Korean]], 1.6% [[Overseas Chinese|Chinese]] and 2% other Asian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/guam/ethnic_groups.html|title=Guam Ethnic groups - Demographics|work=indexmundi.com}}</ref> The 2010 census showed the Northern Mariana Islands was 50% Asian of which 35.3% were Filipino, 6.8% Chinese, 4.2% Korean and 3.7% other Asian (mainly [[Japanese diaspora|Japanese]], [[Bangladeshi diaspora|Bangladeshi]] and [[Thai people|Thai]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/northern_mariana_islands/demographics_profile.html|title=Northern Mariana Islands Demographics Profile 2016|work=indexmundi.com}}</ref> The 2010 census for the Federated States of Micronesia showed 1.4% were Asian while statistics for Nauru showed 8% of Nauruans were Chinese.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/federated_states_of_micronesia/ethnic_groups.html|title=Federated States of Micronesia Ethnic groups - Demographics|work=indexmundi.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/nauru/ethnic_groups.html|title=Nauru Ethnic groups - Demographics|work=indexmundi.com}}</ref> The 2005 census results for Palau showed 16.3% were Filipino, 1.6% Chinese, 1.6% Vietnamese and 3.4% other Asian (mostly Bangladeshi, Japanese and Korean).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indexmundi.com/palau/ethnic_groups.html|title=Palau Ethnic groups - Demographics|work=indexmundi.com}}</ref>

Japanese rule in Micronesia also led to Japanese people settling the islands and marrying native spouses. [[Kessai Note]], the former president of the [[Marshall Islands]] has partial Japanese ancestry by way of his paternal grandfather, and [[Manny Mori|Emanuel Mori]], the former president of the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], is descended from one of the first settlers from Japan, [[Mori Koben|Koben Mori]].

A significant number of Micronesians were shown to have paternal genetic relations with Japanese [[Haplogroup D-M55]]. [[Genetic testing]] found that 9.5% of males from Micronesia as well as 0.2% in [[East Timor]]<ref name=Hammer2006>{{cite journal | last1 = Hammer | first1 = Michael F. | last2 = Karafet | first2 = Tatiana M. | last3 = Park | first3 = Hwayong | last4 = Omoto | first4 = Keiichi | last5 = Harihara | first5 = Shinji | last6 = Stoneking | first6 = Mark | last7 = Horai | first7 = Satoshi | year = 2006 | title = Dual origins of the Japanese: Common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes | journal = Journal of Human Genetics | volume = 51 | number = 1 | pages = 47–58 | doi = 10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 | pmid = 16328082| doi-access = free }}</ref> carry what is believed to reflect recent admixture from Japan. That is, D-M116.1 (D1b1) is generally believed to be a primary subclade of D-M64.1 (D1b), possibly as a result of the [[Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies|Japanese military occupation of Southeast Asia]] during [[World War II]].<ref name="tumonggor"/>

====European people====
The 2010 census results of Guam showed 7.1% were white while the 2005 census for Nauru showed 8% were European. Smaller numbers at 1.9% in Palau and 1.8% in the Northern Mariana Islands were recorded as "white". In conjunction to the European communities there are large amounts of mixed Micronesians, some of which have European ancestry.

[[File:Languages of Micronesia.en.svg|thumb|upright=1.65|Languages of Micronesia.]]

===Languages===
The largest group of languages spoken in Micronesia are the [[Micronesian languages]]. They are in the family of [[Oceanic languages]], part of the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] group. They descended from the [[Proto-Oceanic language|Proto-Oceanic]], which in turn descended via [[Proto-Malayo-Polynesian language|Proto-Malayo-Polynesian]] from [[Proto-Austronesian language|Proto-Austronesian]].
The languages in the Micronesian family are [[Marshallese language|Marshallese]], [[Gilbertese language|Gilbertese]], [[Kosraean language|Kosraean]], [[Nauruan language|Nauruan]], as well as a large sub-family called the [[Chuukic–Pohnpeic languages]] containing 11 languages.

On the eastern edge of the Federated States of Micronesia, the languages [[Nukuoro language|Nukuoro]] and [[Kapingamarangi language|Kapingamarangi]] represent an extreme westward extension of the [[Polynesian languages|Polynesian branch]] of Oceanic.

Finally, there are two [[Malayo-Polynesian languages]] spoken in Micronesia that do not belong to the [[Oceanic languages]]: [[Chamorro language|Chamorro]] in the [[Mariana Islands]] and [[Palauan language|Palauan]] in [[Palau]].

==Culture==
===Animals and food===
By the time Western contact occurred, although Palau did not have dogs, they did have fowls and possibly pigs. Pigs are not native to Micronesia. [[Fruit bat]]s are native to Palau, but other mammals are rare. Reptiles are numerous and both mollusks and fish are an important food source.{{sfn|Morgan|1988|p=3}} The people of Palau, the Marianas and Yap often chew [[Areca nut|betel nuts]] seasoned with lime and pepper leaf. Western Micronesia was unaware of the ceremonial drink, which was called ''saka'' on Kosrae and ''sakau'' on Pohnpei.{{sfn|Morgan|1988|p=30}}

===Architecture===
The book ''Prehistoric Architecture in Micronesia'' argues that the most prolific pre-colonial Micronesian architecture is "Palau's monumental sculpted hills, megalithic stone carvings and elaborately decorated structure of wood placed on piers above elevated stone platforms".{{sfn|Morgan|1988|p=2}} The archeological traditions of the [[Yapese people]] remained relatively unchanged even after the first European contact with the region during Magellan's 1520s circumnavigation of the globe.{{sfn|Morgan|1988|p=30}}

===Art===
Micronesia's artistic tradition has developed from the [[Lapita culture]]. Among the most prominent works of the region is the megalithic floating city of [[Nan Madol]]. The city began in 1200 CE and was still being built when European explorers begin to arrive around 1600. The city, however, had declined by around 1800 along with the [[Saudeleur dynasty]] and was completely abandoned by the 1820s. During the 19th century, the region was divided between the [[colonialism|colonial powers]], but art continued to thrive. Wood-carving, particularly by men, flourished in the region, resulted in richly decorated ceremonial houses in [[Belau]], stylized bowls, canoe ornaments, ceremonial vessels and sometimes sculptured figures. Women created textiles and ornaments such as bracelets and headbands. Stylistically, traditional Micronesian art is streamlined and of a practical simplicity to its function, but is typically finished to a high standard of quality.
<ref>{{cite web|title=Micronesia, 1800–1900 a.d|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah//ht/10/oci/ht10oci.htm|work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201183658/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah//ht/10/oci/ht10oci.htm|archive-date=1 December 2008 |year=2000}}</ref> This was mostly to make the best possible use of what few natural materials they had available to them.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | title = Oceanic art | encyclopedia = [[Columbia Encyclopedia]] | edition = Sixth | year = 2006 | publisher = Columbia University Press}}</ref>

The first half of the 20th century saw a downturn in Micronesia's cultural integrity and a strong foreign influence from both western and Japanese Imperialist powers. A number of historical artistic traditions, especially sculpture, ceased to be practiced, although other art forms continued, including traditional architecture and weaving. Independence from colonial powers in the second half of the century resulted in a renewed interest in, and respect for, traditional arts. A notable movement of contemporary art also appeared in Micronesia towards the end of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=Micronesia, 1900 a.d.–present|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/oci/ht11oci.htm|work=Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|publisher=[[The Metropolitan Museum of Art]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521202632/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/11/oci/ht11oci.htm|archive-date=21 May 2009 |year=2000}}</ref>

===Cuisine===
The cuisine of the Mariana Islands is tropical in nature, including such dishes as [[kelaguen]] as well as many others.

[[Marshallese cuisine]] comprises the fare and foodways of the Marshall Islands, and includes local foods such as breadfruit, taro root, [[pandanus]] and seafood, among others.

Palauan cuisine includes local foods such as cassava, taro, yam, potato, fish and pork. Western cuisine is favored among young Palauans.

===Education===
The educational systems in the nations of Micronesia vary depending on the country and there are several higher-level educational institutions.

The [[CariPac]] consists of institutions of [[higher education]] in [[Guam]], the [[Northern Mariana Islands]], [[American Samoa]], [[Puerto Rico]], the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], the [[Marshall Islands]] and [[Palau]]. The [[Agricultural Development in the American Pacific]] is a partnership of the University of Hawaii, American Samoa Community College, College of Micronesia, Northern Marianas College and the University of Guam.

In the Federated States of Micronesia, education is required for citizens aged 6 to 13,<ref name=".info">{{cite web |url=http://micronesiaeducation.info//profile.asp |title=Education Profile of Micronesia, Micronesia Education, Education in Micronesia, Universities in Micronesia, Schools in Micronesia, Micronesia Education Profile |publisher=micronesiaeducation.info |access-date=13 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425062651/http://micronesiaeducation.info//profile.asp |archive-date=25 April 2012 }}</ref> and is important to their economy.<ref>{{cite book |last1 = Dunford |first1 = Betty |last2 = Ridgell |first2 = Reilly |title = Pacific neighbors: the islands of Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia |publisher = Bess Press |year = 1996 |location = Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn = 1-57306-023-2}}</ref> The literacy rate for citizens aged 15 to 24 is 98.8%.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/document.aspx?ReportId=121&IF_Language=eng&BR_Country=4845 |title=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=13 October 2011}}</ref> The [[College of Micronesia-FSM]] has a campus in each of the four states with its national campus in the capital city of [[Palikir]], [[Pohnpei]]. The COM-FSM system also includes the Fisheries and Maritime Institute (FMI) on the [[Yap]] islands.<ref name="FMI">{{cite web |url= http://www.comfsm.fm/fmi/index.html |title= Fisheries and Maritime Institute |work= College of Micronesia - FSM | publisher = College Of Micronesia-FSM | date = 1 December 2011 }}</ref><ref name="JICA">{{cite web|url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/evaluation/project/term/oc/archives/14-1-52.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011631/http://www.jica.go.jp/english/evaluation/project/term/oc/archives/14-1-52.html |archive-date=2007-09-28 |title=Outline of the Fisheries Training Project in the Federated States of Micronesia |work=[[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] |quote=Partner Country's Implementing Organization: Fisheries and Maritime Institute (FMI), College of Micronesia (COM)}}</ref>

The public education in Guam is organized by the [[Guam Department of Education]]. Guam also has several educational institutions, such as [[University of Guam]], [[Pacific Islands University]] and [[Guam Community College]], There is also the [[Guam Public Library System]] and the [[Umatac Outdoor Library]].

[[Weriyeng]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Gladwin|first=Thomas|title=East Is a Big Bird|url=https://archive.org/details/eastisbigbirdnav00glad|url-access=limited|year=1970|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-674-22425-6|pages=[https://archive.org/details/eastisbigbirdnav00glad/page/n218 200]}}</ref> is one of the last two schools of traditional [[navigation]] found in the central [[Caroline Islands]] in Micronesia, the other being [[Fanur]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Woodward|first=David|title=History of Cartography|year=1998|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-90728-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k_NoubO0RiYC&q=%22Fanur%22+navigation&pg=PA470|access-date=2010-08-04|page=470}}</ref>

The [[Northern Marianas College]] is a two-year [[community college]] located in the [[United States]] [[Northern Mariana Islands|Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands]] ([[CNMI]]).

The [[College of the Marshall Islands]] is a community college in the Marshall Islands.

===Law===
''Understanding Law in Micronesia'' notes that The Federated States of Micronesia's laws and legal institutions are "uninterestingly similar to [those of Western countries]". However, it explains that "law in Micronesia is an extraordinary flux and flow of contrasting thought and meaning, inside and outside the legal system". It says that a knee-jerk reaction would be that law is disarrayed in the region and that improvement is required, but argues that the failure is "one endemic to the nature of law or to the ideological views we hold about law".<ref name=Tamanaha1993>{{cite book|last=Tamanaha|first=Brian Z.|title=Understanding Law in Micronesia: An Interpretive Approach to Transplanted Law|pages=1–2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LPA9LCS9-RIC&q=%22micronesia%22 | publisher = E.J. Brill | location = Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=90-04-09768-6|year=1993}}</ref>

The Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, a United Nations Trusteeship administered by the United States, borrowed heavily from United States law in establishing the Trust Territory Code during the Law and Development movement of the late 1950s and early 1960s. Many of those provisions were adopted by the new Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia when the Federated States of Micronesia became self-governing in 1979.<ref name=Tamanaha1993 />

===Media===
In September 2007, journalists in the region founded the [[Micronesian Media Association]].<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=72699&cat=1 | title = Regional journalists form Micronesian media group | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080116043548/http://www.saipantribune.com/newsstory.aspx?newsID=72699&cat=1 | archive-date=16 January 2008 | work = [[Saipan Tribune]] | date = 26 September 2007}}</ref>

===Music and dance===
{{See also||Music of the Federated States of Micronesia}}
Micronesian music is influential to those living in the Micronesian islands.<ref name="Garland">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulLJUDmptFMC&pg=PA697 |encyclopedia =The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 1 |publisher=Routledge | location = New York |title =The Music and Dance of Micronesia |year=2013 |pages=697–706 |isbn=978-1-136-09570-2}}</ref> Some of the music is based around [[mythology]] and ancient Micronesian [[ritual]]s. It covers a range of styles from traditional songs, handed down through generations, to contemporary music.

Traditional beliefs suggest that the music can be presented to people in [[dream]]s and [[altered state of consciousness|trances]], rather than being written by [[composer]]s themselves. Micronesian folk music is, like [[Music of Polynesia|Polynesian music]], primarily vocal-based.

In the Marshall Islands, the ''[[roro (chant)|roro]]'' is a kind of traditional [[chant]], usually about ancient legends and performed to give guidance during navigation and strength for mothers in labour. Modern bands have blended the unique songs of each island in the country with modern music. Though [[drums (musical instrument)|drums]] are not generally common in [[Micronesian music]], one-sided hourglass-shaped drums are a major part of Marshallese music.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/arts/music/musicarchive/PacificInfo.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012123403/http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/arts/music/musicarchive/PacificInfo.html | archive-date=12 October 2007 | title = Music of the Pacific Island Nations | first = Hans W. | last = Telford | date = n.d. | work = Music Archive for Pacific Island Nations | publisher = School of Arts, [[Southern Cross University]]}}</ref> There is a traditional Marshallese dance called [[beet (dance)|beet]], which is influenced by Spanish folk dances; in it, men and women side-step in parallel lines. There is a kind of [[Tirere|stick dance]] performed by the [[Jobwa]], nowadays only for very special occasions.

Popular music, both from Micronesia and from other areas of the world, is played on radio stations in Micronesia.<ref name="Garland"/>

===Sports===
The region is home to the [[Micronesian Games]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abcasiapacificnews.com/stories/201008/2970170.htm?desktop |title=Micronesian Games begin in Palau | work = Asia Pacific News | publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=August 1, 2010 |access-date=15 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215215224/http://abcasiapacificnews.com/stories/201008/2970170.htm?desktop |archive-date=15 December 2013 }}</ref> This quadrennial international multi-sport event involves all of Micronesia's countries and territories except Wake Island.

[[Nauru]] has two national sports, [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifting]] and [[Australian rules football]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.ausport.gov.au/international/development/docs/nauru.pdf |title=Pacific Sporting Needs Assessment | author = Australian Sports Commission | year = 2004 | publisher = [[Government of Australia|Australian Government]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203042324/http://www.ausport.gov.au/international/development/docs/nauru.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2007 }}</ref> According to 2007 Australian Football League International Census figures, there are around 180 players in the Nauru senior competition and 500 players in the junior competition,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afl.com.au/Portals/0/afl_docs/2007_International_Census_Sheet_240807.pdf|title=INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL CENSUS 2007: Clubs & Players - Internationally | publisher = [[Australian Football League]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524130530/http://www.afl.com.au/Portals/0/afl_docs/2007_International_Census_Sheet_240807.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2011}}</ref> representing a participation rate of over 30% overall for the country.

==Religion and mythology==
The predominant religion in Micronesia is [[Christianity]] (93%).<ref name="Christianity in Oceania" /> According to 2023 government statistics, 55% of the population were Catholic and 42% were Protestant, while 2% belonged to other Christian denominations. Other religious groups exist including Baha'is, Buddhists, Hindus, Jews, and Muslims.<ref name="US2022">{{Cite web |title=Micronesia |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/micronesia |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=United States Department of State |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Micronesian mythology]] comprises the traditional belief systems of the people of Micronesia. There is no single belief system in the islands of Micronesia, as each island region has its own [[mythological creature|mythological beings]]. It was noted that 2.7% of the population followed folk religions in 2014.<ref name=US2022 />

There are several significant figures and myths in the traditions of the Federated States of Micronesia, Nauru, and Kiribati.

[[Shinto shrine]]s dating from during or after [[World War II]] exist in some Micronesian countries.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oskow |first=Noah |date=2020-07-13 |title=When Japan Ruled the Waves: The Forgotten Colonies of Micronesia |url=https://unseen-japan.com/japan-forgotten-colonies-micronesia/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=Unseen Japan |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Oceania|Islands}}

* [[Flags of Oceania]]

==References==
=== Citations ===
{{reflist|30em}}

=== General bibliography ===
* {{Cite book |last=Kirch |first=Patrick Vinton |title=On the Road of the Winds: An Archaeological History of the Pacific Islands Before European Contact |year=2001 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-92896-1}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Brij V. |last2=Fortune |first2=Kate |title=The Pacific Islands: An Encyclopedia |year=2000 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-2265-1}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morgan |first=William N. |title=Prehistoric Architecture in Micronesia |page=30 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B3Z-aH7govUC&q=%22micronesia%22 |publisher=University of Texas Press |location=Austin, Texas |isbn=978-0-292-78621-9 |year=1988}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rainbird |first=Paul |title=The Archaeology of Micronesia |year=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65630-6}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last1 = Goetzfridt | first1 = Nicholas J. | first2 = Karen M. | last2 = Peacock | year = 2002 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=oqqdbU0tBvAC&q=Micronesian+Histories:+An+Analytical+Bibliography+and+Guide+to+Interpretations | title = Micronesian Histories: An Analytical Bibliography and Guide to Interpretations | location = Westport, Connecticut, USA | publisher = Greenwood Press | isbn = 0-313-29103-9}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Micronesia|q=Category:Micronesia|voy=Micronesia|d=Q3359409}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100113023709/http://www.visit-fsm.org/visitors/history.html History of Micronesia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091201222720/http://www.gbrathletics.com/ic/micg.htm Micronesian Games]

{{Regions of Oceania}}
{{Regions of the world}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Micronesia| ]]
[[Category:Asia-Pacific]]
[[Category:Islands of Oceania]]
[[Category:Regions of Oceania]]

Tirupati

2026-03-15T07:25:20Z

BenjaminWoodard: fix

{{Short description|City in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the city in Andhra Pradesh, India|}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tirupati
| other_name =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Tirumala 090615.jpg
| photo2a = Tirupati_001.jpg
| photo2b = SVU entrance with ambedkar statue tirupati.JPG
| photo3a = Tirupati Airport View.jpg
| photo3b = Tirumala Overview.jpg
| photo4a = Tirupati hills.jpg
| photo4b = FOXLINK Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty.jpg
| photo5a = Main_Gate,_IITT.jpg
| spacing = 1
| position = centre
| border = 2
| color = white
|| size = 250
| foot_montage = }}
| image_caption = [[Venkateswara Temple]], Alipiri Garuda Circle, [[Sri Venkateswara University]] entrance, View of [[Tirupati International Airport]], View of [[Tirumala]] hills, Tirupati City night view, FOXLINK Facility at APIIC EMC Tirupati, Main Gate [[Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati|IIT Tirupati]]
| etymology =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 12
| map_caption = Tirupati City
| nicknames = ''Spiritual Capital of Andhra Pradesh'',''Heritage City'',"City Of Devotion"
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India#Asia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|13.6355|N|79.4236|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rayalaseema]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tirupati district|Tirupati]]
| founder =
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = {{Start date and age|1130|02|24|df=y}}
| established_title1 = Incorporated (municipality)
| established_date1 = {{Start date and age|1886|04|01|df=y}}
| established_title2 = Incorporated (corporation)
| established_date2 = {{Start date and age|2007|03|02|df=y}}
| named_for = [[Venkateswara]]
| parts_type = Wards
| parts = 50
| government_footnotes =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Mayor–Council]]
| governing_body = [[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]], [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]](TUDA)
| leader_party = YSRCP
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = B. R. Sirisha Yadav<ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Sirisha elected as Tirupati Corporation Mayor |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/tirupathi/dr-sirisha-elected-as-tirupati-corporation-mayor-677438 |access-date=10 April 2022 |work=The Hans India |date=18 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="area">{{cite web|title=City profile|url=http://mct.gov.in/welcome/pagedetails/?id=6|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 December 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223191120/http://mct.gov.in/welcome/pagedetails/?id=6|archive-date=23 December 2015}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 30.01
| area_metro_footnotes = <ref name="about_us">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in/about-tirupati |website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation |access-date=9 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Tirupati development |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/development-tirumala-andhra-pradesh-1916673 |work=Sakshi |language=te |date=13 January 2024 |access-date=13 January 2024}}</ref>
| area_metro_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 295,323
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh by population|9th in Andhra Pradesh]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="profile">{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 30 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027032256/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=27 October 2011|url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_metro = 4,61,900
| population_blank1_title =
| population_blank1 =
| population_demonym = Tirupatian, Tirupatollu
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Literacy<ref name="profile"/>
| demographics1_title1 = Literates
| demographics1_info1 = 229,730
| demographics1_title2 = Effective literacy rate
| demographics1_info2 = 87.55%
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 517501 (Tirupati city)
| area_code_type = 
| area_code = +91–0877
| geocode = [[UN/LOCODE]] IN TIR<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations – Code for Trade and Transport Locations| url=http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/cefact/locode/in.htm|access-date=5 June 2015}}</ref>
| registration_plate_type = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|Vehicle registration]]
| registration_plate = Old:AP-03, AP-39, New:[[List of RTO districts in India|AP-40]] (from 2023)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahmed |first1=Sayed |date=5 April 2023 |title=AP 40G : ఏపీలో ప్రభుత్వ వాహనాలకు కొత్త రిజిస్ట్రేషన్ నంబర్ సిరీస్ |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/andhra-pradesh/new-registration-number-series-ap-40g-for-ap-government-vehicles-340731.html |work=One India |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Nominal GDP]] (2023-24)
| website = {{URL|https://tirupati.cdma.ap.gov.in/}}
| official_name =
| footnotes =
| blank_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|20444|c|year=2024}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Publications |url=https://des.ap.gov.in/MainPage.do?mode=menuBind&tabname=publications |website=Directorate of Economics and Statistics Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Currency]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Indian Rupee]], [[Indian rupee|INR]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Air|International Airport]]
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati Airport|Tirupati International Airport]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Air|Domestic Airport]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati Airport]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Railway Station]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Tirupati railway station|Tirupati Main Railway station]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Police]]
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Andhra Pradesh Police|Tirupati district Police]]
}}
{{Hinduism}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
'''Tirupati''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Tirupati.ogg|'|t|ɪ|r|ʊ|p|ɒ|t|ɪ}}) is a city in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] and serves as the administrative headquarters of [[Tirupati district]]. It is known for its significant religious and cultural heritage, being home to the renowned [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]], a major Hindu pilgrimage site, as well as [[Hindu Temples in Tirupati|other historic temples]].<ref>{{cite news |date=29 April 2015 |title=Administration-AP-Financial Capital |url=http://www.uniindia.com/news/other/administration-ap-financial-capital/45016.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111422/http://www.uniindia.com/news/other/administration-ap-financial-capital/45016.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=13 August 2015 |location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref> The temple is one of the eight ''Svayam Vyakta Kshetras'' (self-manifested temples) dedicated to the deity [[Vishnu]]. Tirupati is situated 150 km from [[Chennai]], 250 km from [[Bangalore]], and 416 km from [[Vijayawada]].

Tirupati is the second largest city in the [[Rayalaseema]] region, after [[Kurnool]]. According to the [[2011 census of India]], Tirupati had a population of 287,035, making it the [[List of cities in Andhra Pradesh|ninth most populous city]] in Andhra Pradesh, while the larger urban agglomeration had a population of 459,985, ranking it the [[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh|seventh largest]] in the state.<ref name="profile" /> The city functions as a [[List of municipal corporations in India|municipal corporation]] and serves as the headquarters for the [[Tirupati district]], [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]], [[Tirupati Urban mandal|Tirupati Urban]], [[Tirupati Rural mandal|Tirupati Rural]] mandals, the [[Tirupati revenue division]], the [[Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited]] (APSPDCL), and the [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] (TUDA).<ref name="map">{{cite web |title=Part III - District and Sub-District (Mandals) - Guntur to Chittoor (7 Districts) - Guntur District |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf |access-date=19 January 2015 |publisher=Census of India |pages=459, 512}}</ref>

In 2012–2013, Tirupati was recognized by India's [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]] as the "Best Heritage City".<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2014 |title=Tirupati bags 'best heritage city' award |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Tirupati-bags-best-heritage-city-award/articleshow/30577258.cms |access-date=1 June 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Additionally, it was selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed under the [[Smart Cities Mission]], a [[Government of India]] initiative aimed at urban development and modernization.

== Etymology ==
In [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]],<ref name="Stein 1980 124">{{Cite book |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India |year=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=124 |isbn=978-0195643183}}</ref> ''Tiru'' means sacred or Honourable and ''Pati'', a [[Dravidian Languages|Dravidian]] word<ref>[[Monier Monier-Williams|Monier Williams]] (1899) “पति”, in, new edition, Oxford: At the [[Oxford University Press|Clarendon Press]], →OCLC, page 582/1.</ref> meaning residence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oppert |first=Gustav Salomon |date=8 June 2017 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WiAnDwAAQBAJ&q=tiru+dravidian+word&pg=PA25 |title=On the Original Inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |isbn=9789925082193 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024065470/cu31924024065470_djvu.txt |title=Full text of "On the original inhabitants of Bharatavarsa or India" |website=archive.org |year=1893 |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu/NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk%203/Jan%20N/ENGLISH/The_Dravidians_/TXT/ |title=Index of /NASD/4a7f1db4-5792-415c-be79-266f41eef20a/upgrade-archive-06-14-2007/data/upload-allbooks/disk 3/Jan N/ENGLISH/The_Dravidians_/TXT |website=tera-3.ul.cs.cmu.edu |access-date=18 November 2016}}</ref> The prefix "Tiru" (or "Thiru") is a widely recognised [[Tamil language|Tamil]] word and is used in many South Indian place names.<ref name="Stein 1980 124"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zvelebil |first=Kamil |title=Companion Studies to the History of Tamil Literature |year=1992 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004093652}}</ref> Tirupati ([[Tirumala]]) is referred to as Pushpa-mandapa in ''Acharya-Hrdayam'' (13th century).<ref name=pushpa1>{{cite book |last1 = Raman|first1 = K. V .|date=January 2006 |title=Temple Art, Icons And Culture Of India And South-East Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vb2fAAAAMAAJ&q=pushpa |isbn=9788188934317 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |access-date=25 September 2019}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Puranas ===
According to ''[[Varaha Purana]]'', during ''[[Treta Yuga]]'', [[Rama]] resided here with [[Sita]] and [[Lakshmana]] on his return from Lankapuri.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord Sri Kodanda Rama Swamy Temple in Tirupati and Sri Pattabhiramalayam Temple at Valmikipuram Gear up for Annual Mega Fete-special Story|url=http://news.tirumala.org/lord-sri-kodanda-rama-swamy-temple-in-tirupati-and-sri-pattabhiramalayam-temple-at-valmikipuram-gear-up-for-annual-mega-fete-special-story/|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams|access-date=12 May 2015}}</ref>

As per the ''[[Purana]]'', a loan of one crore and 11.4 million gold coins was sought by [[Venkateswara|Balaji]] from [[Kubera]] for his marriage with [[Padmavathi]]. To pay back the loan, devotees from all over India visit the temple and donate money.<ref>{{Cite news |title=At This Temple People Make Offerings of Gold, making it the Richest Temple in India, Know More |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/spiritual/what-makes-the-tirupati-balaji-temple-the-richest-in-the-world-article-109463951 |work=Times Now |date=20 April 2024 |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref>

=== Ancient history ===
Tirupati was developed by [[Pallava]] Kings from 6th century onwards.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}} The city became a great Vaishnava centre during the time of [[Ramanujacharya]] in 11th century, from where Srivaishnavism spread to other parts of Andhra Desa. [[Kurmanathaswamy temple, Srikurmam|Srikurmam Temple]] in Srikakulam district of Andhra Pradesh bears the inscription, ''Tirupati Srivaishnavula Raksha''.<ref name=srivaishnav>{{cite book|title=Glimpses of our past—historical researches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IQtuAAAAMAAJ&q=srivaishnavism+tirupati|access-date=13 September 2019|date = 7 January 2004|last1 = Sarma|first1 = Mukkamala Radhakrishna}}</ref> Tirupati survived the [[Muslim]] invasions by accepting to pay [[Jizya]] to the Muslims. During the early 1300s [[Malik Kafur|Muslim invasion]] of South India, the idol of [[Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam]] was brought to Tirupati for safekeeping.{{sfn|Hopkins| 2002| p= 69}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Hopkins |first=Steven Paul |title=Singing the body of God: the hymns of Vedāntadeśika in their South Indian |year=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=0-19-512735-8}}</ref>

The temple town for most of the medieval era was part of [[Vijayanagara Empire]] until the 17th century and its rulers contributed considerable resources and wealth, notable among whom are [[Krishna Deva Raya]] and [[Achyuta Deva Raya]], [[Sadasiva Raya]] and [[Tirumala Deva Raya]].

The city has many historical temples including the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]] which bears 1,150 inscriptions in the Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu and Kannada languages.<ref name=inscrip>{{cite news |last=Neelima |first=P |date= 22 September 2009 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gold-coat-to-hide-Tirumala-carvings/articleshow/5039959.cms |title=Gold coat to hide Tirumala carvings |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> Out of 1150 inscriptions 236 belong to [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]], [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] dynasties, 169 belonged to [[Saluva dynasty]], 251 belonged to [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] period, 130 belonged to [[Sadasiva Raya]] period and another 135 originated in [[Aravidu dynasty]].<ref name=inscrip /><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/inscriptions-at-tirumala-digitised/article749997.ece|title=Inscriptions at Tirumala digitised|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> These mostly specify the contributions of the [[Pallava Empire|Pallava Kingdom]] around the ninth century CE, [[Chola Empire|Chola Kingdom]] around the tenth century CE and the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the 14th century CE.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_history.htm |title=Temple History |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412013703/http://www.tirumala.org/maintemple_history.htm |archive-date=12 April 2012 }}</ref> In the 15th century, [[Tallapaka Annamacharya]] sung many songs in praise of the holy town in Telugu. He termed it as divine, including the rocks, streams, trees, animals, and adds that it is heaven on earth. One example of such a song is:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sangeetasudha.org/annamacharya/k.html|title=Sangeeta Sudha|website=www.sangeetasudha.org}}</ref>

<div style="text-align:center;"><blockquote>
''Kattedura Vaikuntamu Kaanachaina Konda'' <br />
''Thettalaya Mahimale Tirumala Konda'' ||<br />
''Vedamulae Silalai Velasinadi Konda'' <br />
''Yedesa Punya Rasule Yerulainadi Konda'' <br />
''Gadili Brahmadi Lokamula Konalu Konda'' <br />
''Sree Devudundeti Seshadri Konda'' ||<br />
{{Cquote| Tirumala, in all its right, is heaven. Its powers are indescribable. The Vedas have taken the form of rocks and appeared on Tirumala. Holiness has taken the form of water and is flowing as streams on [[Tirumala]]. Its holy peaks are Brahmaloka and other lokas. Srinivasa lives on Seshadri.}}
</blockquote></div>

There was no human settlement at lower Tirupati until 1500. With the growing importance of upper Tirupati, a village formed at the present-day Kapilatheertham Road area and was named "kotturu". It was later shifted to the vicinity of [[Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati|Govindarajaswamy Temple]] which was consecrated around the year 1130 CE. Later the village grew into its present-day form around Govindaraja Swamy Temple which is now the heart of the city. It has now gained a lot of popularity as a tourism place.<ref name=TirupatiHistory1>{{cite book|title=Sri Venkateshwara by Shantha Nair|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CY9eAAAAQBAJ&q=Upper+Tirupathi&pg=PT118|access-date=21 June 2015|isbn = 9788184954456|last1 = Nair|first1 = Shantha|date = 7 January 2014| publisher=Jaico Publishing House }}</ref>

=== Modern history ===
In 1932, [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] was handed over to [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] by the TTD Act of 1932. In 2006, [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] (TUDA) and [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]] together conducted "Tirupati Utsavam" which focused on the history of development of Tirupati town, kings who visited Tirumala and their contribution for development of the temple.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Utsavam |url=http://www.tuda.gov.in/engineering/tirupatiustavam.aspx|access-date=21 June 2015}}</ref> The fourth [[World Telugu Conference]], a conference for furtherance of [[Telugu language]], was conducted at Tirupati during December 2012 for three days.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pranab inaugurates 4th World Telugu conference |newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 December 2012|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pranab-inaugurates-4th-world-telugu-conference/article4245424.ece|access-date=2 July 2015|last1=Rao|first1=M. Malleswara}}</ref> In January 2017, the 104th [[Indian Science Congress Association|Indian Science Congress]] (ISCA) meeting was held in Tirupati.{{citation needed|date=October 2017}}

== Geography ==

Tirupati is located in the [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] state in southern [[India]]. Tirupati lies at the foot of [[Seshachalam Hills]] of [[Eastern Ghats]] which were formed during [[Precambrian]] era.<ref name=topography>{{cite book |last=A |first=Vijaya Kumari |title=Social Change Among Balijas: Majority Community of Andhra Pradesh |publisher=MD publication pvt Ltd |page=20 |isbn=81-7533-072-4|year=1998 }}</ref> One of its suburbs, [[Tirumala]], which is home to [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Sri Venkateswara Temple]], is located within the hills.<ref name=topography /> [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] includes Tirupati (City), [[Renigunta]], [[Chandragiri]], and census towns Akkarampalle, Avilala, Cherlopalle, Mangalam, Peruru, Settipalle, Thummala gunta (part), Timminaidupalle, [[Tiruchanur]], Tirupati (NMA).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/metropolitan/350-tirupati.html| title=Tirupati Urban Region|access-date=3 November 2017}}</ref> Tirupati is surrounded by [[Srikalahasti]] towards the east, [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]] towards the south, [[Pakala, Tirupati district|Pakala]] towards the west and the Seshachalam hills ([[Tirumala]]) towards the north.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}} [[Swarnamukhi]] river originates in Chandragiri Hills and passes through the Tirupati City before reaching Srikalahasti in the east.<ref name=topography />

===Environment===
==== Geology ====
{{Panorama
|image = File:Andhra Pradesh - Landscapes from Andhra Pradesh, views from Indias South Central Railway (83).JPG
|height = 280
|alt = View Tirumala Hills from Tirupati
|caption = View Tirumala Hills from Tirupati
}}
At the {{cvt|12|km}} point on the Tirupati – [[Tirumala ghat roads|Tirumala ghat road]], there is a major discontinuity of [[stratigraphic]] significance that represents a period of remarkable serenity in the geological history of the [[Earth]]. This is referred to as [[Eparchaean Unconformity]]. This [[unconformity]] separates the Nagari [[Quartzite]] of the [[Proterozoic]] from the [[granite]] of the [[Archean]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Geological Survey of India – Monuments of Stratigraphic Significance|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529424&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|access-date=22 July 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161523/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529424&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL|archive-date=21 July 2011}}</ref> In 2001, the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI) declared the Eparchaean Unconfirmity to be one of the 26 "Geological Monuments of India".
[[File:Plaque at Tirumal hills on Eparchean Unconformity.jpg|thumb|A board in [[Tirumala]] hills briefing details of [[Eparchaean Unconformity]]|left]]

[[File:Natural stone arch in tirumala.JPG|thumb|left|[[Natural Arch, Tirumala hills|Silathoranam]] ([[natural arch]]) at Seshachalam Hills, Tirumala, [[Andhra Pradesh]]]]

[[Natural Arch, Tirumala hills|Silathoranam]], a [[natural arch]] and a distinctive geological feature, is located in the Tirumala Hills at a distance of {{cvt|1|km}} from [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]. The arch measures 8 metres in width and 3 metres in height and is eroded from quartzite of Cuddapah Supergroup of Middle to Upper [[Proterozoic]] (1600 to 570 [[Mya (unit)|Ma]]) by weathering agents like water and wind.<ref>{{cite web|title=Geological Survey of India – Monuments of Stratigraphic Significance|url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529414&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL&linkId=1077|access-date=22 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Flora and fauna ===
Sri Venkateswara National Park<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara Sanctuary & National Park |url=http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20svnp.htm |publisher=Andhra Pradesh Forest Department |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430045712/http://forest.ap.nic.in/WL%20svnp.htm |archive-date=30 April 2015 }}</ref> is a [[national park]] and [[biosphere reserve]] which is part of Seshachalam hills. The total area of the park is {{cvt|353|km2}}. The park is home to about 1,500 vascular plant species belonging to 174 families. Some of the rare and endemic plant species like [[Pterocarpus santalinus|red sanders]], ''[[Shorea]] talura'', ''[[Shorea]] thumburggaia'', ''[[Terminalia (plant)|Terminalia pallida]]'', [[sandalwood]], ''[[Syzygium alternifolium]]'', and ''[[Psilotum nudum]]'' occur in this region. ''[[Cycas beddomei]]'', a species of [[cycad]] in the genus [[Cycas]], is found only in the [[Tirumala Hills]].

About 178 species of birds from this national park have been identified which includes the globally threatened [[yellow-throated bulbul]], [[grey-fronted green pigeon]], critically endangered [[white-backed vulture|Oriental white-backed vulture]], [[large hawk-cuckoo]], [[blue-faced malkoha]], [[yellow-browed bulbul]], [[Indian scimitar-babbler]] and [[Loten's sunbird]]. Among predators the [[leopard]] is quite common, along with the [[wild dog]]. Among reptiles, the most interesting species is the [[Draco (genus)|gliding lizard]], found in some deep forested valleys. Another important reptile of this national park is the [[golden gecko]].

Established in 1987, Tirupati Zoo or [[Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park' |url=http://svzoo.org/html/theme.htm |access-date=6 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509084830/http://svzoo.org/html/theme.htm |archive-date=9 May 2015 }}</ref> is a zoo located at Tirupati and is Asia's largest zoo, with an area of 5500 acres. It is built on the concept of Hindu mythology. It exhibits only animals that are mentioned in the ancient epics like ''[[Ramayana]]'', ''[[Mahabharatha]]'', and ''[[Panchatantra]]''. The enclosures are named based on Indian mythology. It hosts a wide range of animals such as deer, monkeys, lions, tigers, bears, elephants, peafowl, grey pelicans, marsh crocodiles, and starred tortoises.

Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana shala is a home for [[cattle]] received as a donation (Godanam). It was established in 1956 by TTD and renamed to S.V. Gosamrakshana Shala in 2004. It is located at Chandragiri road, Tirupati. It is maintained by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] using the funds received through the Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala Trust. Activities of the trust include providing a good environment, management, and feeding for the cattle. The milk and its products produced here are used by TTD for daily rituals at Sri Venkateswara Temple and other TTD temples.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala' |url=http://ttdgoshala.org/|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Climate ===
Tirupati has a [[tropical savanna climate]] under the [[Köppen climate classification]] system, specifically ''Aw'' (dry "winter"), closely bordering ''As'' (dry "summer"). During the [[dry season]], which lasts from January to May, average minimum temperatures are between {{convert|18|and|28|C|F|1}}. The dry season is followed by the [[rainy season]], which lasts from June until the end of December. The city experiences heavy rainfall in November during the northeast monsoon season. The highest rainfall in 24 hours ({{convert|219|mm|in|2|disp=or}}) was on 16 November 2015, during the [[2015 South India floods]]. Cyclones commonly hit the Coast of [[Nellore]] and bring heavy rain to the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://city.imd.gov.in/citywx/extreme/NOV/tirupathi2.htm|title=TIRUPATHI|website=city.imd.gov.in|access-date=28 August 2020}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Tirupati ([[Tirupati Airport]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1981–2020
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| temperature colour =
| Jan record high C = 35.6
| Feb record high C = 39.9
| Mar record high C = 43.0
| Apr record high C = 45.7
| May record high C = 45.5
| Jun record high C = 45.2
| Jul record high C = 40.8
| Aug record high C = 40.0
| Sep record high C = 43.1
| Oct record high C = 39.0
| Nov record high C = 37.1
| Dec record high C = 34.3
| year record high C = 45.7
| Jan high C = 30.3
| Feb high C = 33.3
| Mar high C = 37.1
| Apr high C = 39.3
| May high C = 40.5
| Jun high C = 38.1
| Jul high C = 36.1
| Aug high C = 35.1
| Sep high C = 34.9
| Oct high C = 33.1
| Nov high C = 30.4
| Dec high C = 29.2
| year high C = 34.8
| Jan low C = 18.8
| Feb low C = 19.9
| Mar low C = 22.9
| Apr low C = 26.3
| May low C = 28.1
| Jun low C = 27.4
| Jul low C = 26.3
| Aug low C = 25.9
| Sep low C = 25.3
| Oct low C = 23.9
| Nov low C = 22.0
| Dec low C = 20.0
| year low C = 23.9
| Jan record low C = 12.9
| Feb record low C = 11.9
| Mar record low C = 14.2
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| May record low C = 20.4
| Jun record low C = 21.5
| Jul record low C = 20.6
| Aug record low C = 21.4
| Sep record low C = 21.0
| Oct record low C = 16.5
| Nov record low C = 15.0
| Dec record low C = 13.5
| year record low C = 11.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 12.2
| Feb rain mm = 7.9
| Mar rain mm = 8.4
| Apr rain mm = 17.5
| May rain mm = 50.0
| Jun rain mm = 84.2
| Jul rain mm = 110.5
| Aug rain mm = 130.5
| Sep rain mm = 111.9
| Oct rain mm = 207.8
| Nov rain mm = 260.3
| Dec rain mm = 112.3
| year rain mm = 1113.5
| Jan rain days = 0.8
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 0.5
| Apr rain days = 1.3
| May rain days = 2.6
| Jun rain days = 5.2
| Jul rain days = 7.1
| Aug rain days = 7.2
| Sep rain days = 6.7
| Oct rain days = 9.5
| Nov rain days = 9.4
| Dec rain days = 4.4
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 56
| Feb humidity = 45
| Mar humidity = 37
| Apr humidity = 38
| May humidity = 39
| Jun humidity = 46
| Jul humidity = 50
| Aug humidity = 53
| Sep humidity = 57
| Oct humidity = 65
| Nov humidity = 71
| Dec humidity = 65
| year humidity = 52
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Tirupati (A) Climatological Table 1981-2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981-2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 751–752
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M19
| access-date = 19 February 2020}}</ref>
}}

== Demographics ==
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Tirupati (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Andhra Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW28C-01%20MDDS.XLS|date=2011|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|92.82}}
{{bar percent|[[Andhra Muslims|Islam]]|green|6.05}}
{{bar percent|[[Telugu Christians|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.74}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.39}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India]], the Tirupati city municipal corporation had a population of 287,035. The total population constitutes 145,977 males and 141,058 females — a sex ratio of 966 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000. There were 24,643 children in the age group of 0–6 years. It had an effective literacy rate (7+ copulation) of 87.55%.<ref name="profile" /> The urban agglomeration had a population of 459,985, of whom males constitute 231,456, females constitute 228,529 — a sex ratio of 987 females per 1000 males and 41,589 children are in the age group of 0–6 years. There are a total of 356,558 literates with an effective literacy rate (7+ population) of 85.22%.

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Tirupati (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value1 = 87.98 |color1 = steelblue
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 5.50 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] |value3 = 3.40 |color3 = royalblue
|label4 = [[Hindi]] |value4 = 1.01 |color4 = orange
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.11 |color5 = grey
}}

[[Telugu language|Telugu]] is the official and the most commonly spoken language (87.98%). It is followed by [[Urdu]] (5.50%) and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] (3.40%), [[Hindi]] (1.01%) which are spoken in small numbers.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Andhra Pradesh (Town level)|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10254/download/13366/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2800.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

== Governance ==
{{Main|Tirupati Municipal Corporation||Tirupati Urban Development Authority||Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|}}
[[Tirupati (Assembly constituency)|Tirupati Assembly constituency]] is one of the 175 assembly constituencies of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], India. Tirupati is part of [[Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Gurumurthy Maddela of [[YSR Congress Party]] is the sitting [[Member of Parliament]] for Tirupati (Lok Sabha constituency).

Under the administration of TTD, Tirupati And Tirumala has seen continued emphasis on improving pilgrimage infrastructure, including the implementation of welfare schemes aimed at supporting devotees visiting the [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Sri Venkateswara Temple]].

[[Arani Srinivasulu]] of Janasena Party is the sitting [[Member of Legislative Assembly]] for Tirupati (Assembly constituency) and B. R. Sirisha Yadav of YSR Congress Party is the mayor for [[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|title=TDP wins Tirupati Assembly by-election|date=16 February 2015 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/tdp-wins-tirupati-assembly-byelection/article6901522.ece|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref> The [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]] (TUDA) Chairman is Dr.C.Divakar Reddy.And the Chairman Of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] is Bollineni Rajagopal Naidu.

=== Civic administration ===
Tirupati Municipal Corporation (TMC) oversees the administration of the city. Tirupati was constituted as a municipality on 1 April 1886; it was upgraded to a second grade municipality on 1 October 1962, to a first grade municipality on 12 December 1965, to special grade municipality on 13 February 1970, and to selection grade municipality on 7 October 1998. Tirupati Municipality was upgraded to a municipal corporation on 2 March 2007. The area of the municipal corporation at the time of formation was {{convert|16.59|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=tmc>{{cite web|title=ABOUT TMC|url=http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/about-tmc.aspx|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707052157/http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/about-tmc.aspx|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> While, at present the area of the city is {{convert|27.44|km2|mi2}}.<ref name=profile /> Tirupati has been ranked among the top ten cleanest cities in India as per Swachh Survekshan 2022 report.

Tirupati Urban Development Authority (TUDA) is the [[urban planning]] authority. It was constituted in the year 1981, with Tirupati town and 89 villages under its jurisdiction. In 2008, it included [[Srikalahasti]], [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]] and 69 surrounding villages. At present TUDA covers an area of {{convert|1211.51|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=tuda>{{cite web|title=TUDA – RTI 2005|url=http://www.tuda.gov.in/RTI_English.aspx|website=Tirupati Urban Development Authority|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=12 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614025001/http://www.tuda.gov.in/RTI_English.aspx|archive-date=14 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Law and order ===
[[File:The Gateway of Heaven.JPG|thumb|Sapthagiri Security Zone at [[Alipiri]]-Tirupati]]
Tirupati has the status of Urban Police District; it has 25 police stations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Urban District| url=http://www.appolice.gov.in/jsp/userDistComm.do?method=viewDistComm|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> 100 [[Organisation for Counter Terrorist Operations|Octopus]] (Organisation For Counter Terrorist Operations) commandos are deployed at Tirupati temple for its security. This was formed by [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] in the year 2012. The elite commando force has been specially trained for in-house intervention, hostage rescue and in the Israeli combat technique [[Krav Maga]].<ref>{{cite web|title=How Octopus commandos flushed out militants in 10-hr-long operation in Chittoor?| url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-how-octopus-commandos-flushed-out-militants-in-10-hr-long-operation-in-chittoor-4395129-NOR.html| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622132807/http://daily.bhaskar.com/news/NAT-TOP-how-octopus-commandos-flushed-out-militants-in-10-hr-long-operation-in-chittoor-4395129-NOR.html| url-status=dead| archive-date=22 June 2015|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref>

At [[Alipiri]], a security zone was established to screen vehicles and pilgrims entering Tirumala, to safeguard the hills from terrorists and anti-social elements.<ref>{{cite news|title=New security set-up at Alipiri| website=[[The Hindu]]| date=21 September 2009| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-security-setup-at-alipiri/article188746.ece|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref> To ensure more safety in Tirumala-Tirupati, the government of Andhra Pradesh started a project called "Safe City-Tirupati": the Tirupati temple and the city is under 24*7 CCTV surveillance with 3000 CCTV cameras, monitored from a command-and-control centre. Baggage scanners and Explosives detectors are installed at several places.<ref>{{cite news|title=High security in Tirumala, Tirupati after terror alert| url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/high-security-in-tirumala-tirupati-after-terror-alert/|date=30 January 2015|work=Indian Express|access-date=22 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Utility services ===
[[File:Wind Turbine on Tirumala.jpg|thumb|Wind Turbines on the hills of Tirumala]]
Electricity to the city is distributed by [[Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited]] (APSPDCL), headquartered at Tirupati.<ref name=power1>{{cite web|title=APSPDCL-Company Profile |url=http://www.apspdcl.in/SPDCL_Home.portal?_nfpb=true&_pageLabel=Login_portal_page_34_page_35 |access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> The city mostly depends on [[groundwater]] for its needs,<ref name=water1>{{cite web|title=Statistical Analysis of Drinking Water Quality and its Impact on Human Health in Chandragiri, near Tirupati, India|url=http://www.eco-web.com/edi/111219.html|access-date=10 August 2015}}</ref> though it also gets water from [[Telugu Ganga]] canal and Kalyani dam.<ref name=dam1>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Municipal Corporation-Water supply Timings|url=http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/waterstime.aspx|website=Tirupati Municipal Corporation|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707053835/http://www.tirupaticorporation.org.in/waterstime.aspx|archive-date=7 July 2015}}</ref> There are dams in the vicinity: [[Kalyani Dam]], Papavinasanam Dam, Gogurbham Dam, Pasupudara Dam, Kumaradara Dam, Akasa Ganga,<ref name=dam2>{{cite news |title=Acute water crisis hits Tirumala |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140624/nation-current-affairs/article/acute-water-crisis-hits-tirumala |access-date=10 August 2015 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref> all in the Tirumala Hill ranges. Of these, Papavinasanam, Gogurbham, Pasupudara, kumaradara, and Akasa Ganga completely cater to the water needs of Tirumala and Venkateswara Temple while 49% of Kalyani Dam water is being supplied to Tirumala and remaining water is supplied to Tirupati.<ref name=dam2 /><ref name=dam3>{{cite news |last1=Murali |first1=B |title=TTD May Purchase Reservoir from AP to Meet Water Needs |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/jul/14/ttd-may-purchase-reservoir-from-ap-to-meet-water-needs-783768.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

Tirupati falls under the Tirupati Telecom District of the [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam]] Limited (BSNL).<ref name=Telecom1>{{cite news |last1=Sandeep |first1=B. Venkat |title=BSNL ready to set up 27 Wi-Fi hotspots in Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/bsnl-ready-to-set-up-27-wifi-hotspots-in-tirupati/article7142206.ece |access-date=10 August 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=25 April 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> BSNL is planning to establish 27 Wi-Fi hotspots in the city.<ref name=Telecom1 /> The city also has a Regional Passport Seva Kendra (PSK).<ref name=passport1>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=MEA realigns jurisdiction of passport offices in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mea-realigns-jurisdiction-of-passport-offices-in-andhra-pradesh-telangana/articleshow/47374175.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=21 May 2015}}</ref> PSK-Tirupati will cover [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]], [[Nellore]], [[Chittoor]], [[Kadapa]], [[Kurnool]] and [[Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh|Anantapur]] districts of Andhra Pradesh and will come under Visakhapatnam Passport Office.<ref>{{cite news |title=Good news for passport seekers from Kurnool, Kadapa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/Good-news-for-passport-seekers-from-Kurnool-Kadapa/article17287415.ece |access-date=15 November 2017 |work=The Hindu |date=10 February 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

The city ranked sixth in India among the 200 cities that competed during Swachh Survekshan – 2018 conducted by [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs|Ministry of Urban Development]], [[Government of India]], and the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] (CPCB) of India. According to the National Urban Sanitation Policy, the city was ranked 117th in the country in 2009–10, with a total of 39.363 points.<ref>{{cite news|title=State bags 3 of top 10 Swachh ranks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/state-bags-3-of-top-10-swachh-ranks/article24242936.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 June 2018|access-date=30 July 2018}}</ref> As part of 'Swachh Tirupati', Tirupati Municipal Corporation has started household waste segregation programme.<ref name=waste1>{{cite news|title=Waste segregation begins in Tirupati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/waste-segregation-begins-in-tirupati/article6972881.ece|access-date=10 August 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=9 March 2015}}</ref> As of May 2015, 150 [[Tonnes]] of waste is being collected per day from households within the municipal limits.<ref name=waste1 /> The city is the 11th cleanliest city with 66 points in the cleanliness scorecard, published by Union Tourism Ministry of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi Emerges 7th Cleanest in 36-City Cleanliness Survey, Gangtok Cleanest, Raipur Dirtiest|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Delhi-Emerges-7th-Cleanest-in-36-City-Cleanliness-Survey-Gangtok-Cleanest-Raipur-Dirtiest/2015/08/23/article2989433.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825195104/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Delhi-Emerges-7th-Cleanest-in-36-City-Cleanliness-Survey-Gangtok-Cleanest-Raipur-Dirtiest/2015/08/23/article2989433.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 August 2015|access-date=23 December 2015|work=The New Indian Express|date=23 August 2015|location=New Delhi}}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===
Tirupati is a medical hub with major hospitals situated in its vicinity. Many of these are either run under State government or run/funded by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] (TTD).
[[File:SVAravind EYE Hospital Tirupati.jpg|thumb|SVAravind EYE Hospital Tirupati]]
[[Sri Venkateswara Ramnarain Ruia Government General Hospital]] is one of the largest in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], and the main government hospital for the [[Rayalaseema]] region. It was started in the year 1962 with a donation of Rs.5 lakhs from Sri Radha Krishna N. Ruia and 15 lakhs from TTD. At present it has 750 beds.<ref>{{cite web|title=Foundation Laying Ceremony of the New Children's Hospital, Tirupati| url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelcontent.aspx?relid=30671|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SVIMS) is another major medical institute, founded in 1986.<ref name="SVIMS"/>
[[File:Pvt Hospital in Tpty.jpg|thumb|Private medical facility]]
[[File:TATA Trust Cancer Unit.jpg|thumb|SVICCAR (Cancer) Facility at Tirupati]]

Balaji Institute of Surgery, Research and Rehabilitation for the Disabled (BIRRD) has 250 beds; it was established in 1985 by TTD to treat patients with polio myelitis, cerebral palsy, congenital anomalies, spinal injuries, and orthopaedic impairments. A non-profit organisation, it is run with funds from Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams and donations from the public.<ref>{{cite web|title=BIRRD| url=http://www.birrd.org/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091105035721/http://www.birrd.org/| url-status=usurped| archive-date=5 November 2009|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> [[Government Maternity Hospital, Tirupati|Government Maternity Hospital]] (GMH) in Tirupati is the largest maternity hospital in the state in terms of number of deliveries.<ref name=GMH>{{cite news|title=Maternity hospital awaits better 'treatment'| website=[[The Hindu]]| date=10 December 2013| url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/maternity-hospital-awaits-better-treatment/article5446494.ece|access-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> Established over 50 years ago, GMH serves pregnant woman from Chittoor, YSR, Nellore, Anantapur districts of Andhra Pradesh and few areas of Tamil Nadu.<ref name=GMH /> GMH was named "best hospital" under the "sterilization and institutional deliveries category" by the [[Ministry of Health and Family Welfare]] for the year 2013.<ref name=GMH />

== Economy ==
===City economic overview===
[[File:FOXLINK Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty.jpg|thumb|FOXLINK Facility at APIIC Park Tpty]]
[[Tourism in Andhra Pradesh|Tourism]] is the major industry in Tirupati.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Tirupati temple makes Andhra Pradesh top tourist spot |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/tirupati-temple-makes-andhra-pradesh-top-tourist-spot-529266 |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=NDTV |date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref name=tour1>{{cite news |title='Spiritual tourism' to rake in the moolah |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/spiritual-tourism-to-rake-in-the-moolah/article6862908.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=5 February 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name=tour2>{{cite news |last1=Rangarajan |first1=A. D. |title=Pilgrimage tourism hit in Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pilgrimage-tourism-hit-in-tirupati/article5025528.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=15 August 2013}}</ref>

The entire economy directly or indirectly depends on [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] (TTD). TTD is headquartered at Tirupati.<ref name=tirupatiTradition>{{cite book | title =Vedic Voices: Intimate Narratives of a Living Andhra Tradition| publisher =Oxford University Press| last=Knipe| first= David M |year = 2015 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=8oUSBwAAQBAJ&q=tirupati&pg=PT70| isbn =9780190266738}}</ref> Established in 1932, TTD is an independent trust which manages [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] and [[List of temples under Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|other temples]] in Tirupati and all over the world. It is also involved in several social activities. As Tirupati is a major religious tourist destination, the [[hospitality industry]] is also a major industry which includes many 3 star hotels and lodges.<ref name=tour1 /><ref name=tour2 />
[[File:Taj Group of Hotel Tirupati.jpg|thumb|Taj Group of Hotel Tirupati]]
Andhra Pradesh Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (APSPDCL) is also headquartered at Tirupati. Gandhi Road, Prakasam Road, V.V Mahal Road, AIR Bypass Road are highly commercial areas in the city. Major brands of automobile, textile, mobile, electrical and electronic companies have their outlets in Tirupati.<ref name=economy1>{{cite news |title=AP registers surge in vehicle sale |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/AP-registers-surge-in-vehicle-sale/articleshow/48660181.cms |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=25 August 2015}}</ref>

[[Andhra Pradesh Industrial Infrastructure Corporation|APIIC]] Industrial Park is located at Gajulamandyam, Renigunta. Industries like Sri Venkateswara Cooperative Sugar Factory Limited, AshwiniBio Pharma Ltd and others are situated in this park. [[Amara Raja Group|Amara Raja]] factory is located at Karakambadi, Renigunta. Lanco cement factory is located at Eerpedu mandal. The majority of the city residents are employed under TTD. [[Zoho Corporation|Zoho]], an Indian software development company has an office in [[Renigunta]] and has been operating from this office since 2018.<ref name="BL">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/zoho-corporation-opens-office-at-renigunta/article10031688.ece|title=Zoho Corporation opens office at Renigunta|date=13 January 2018|newspaper=Business Line|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref>

=== IT/ITES and electronics industry ===
[[File:DIXON Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty.jpg|thumb|DIXON Facility at APIIC EMC Tpty]]
[[File:Munoth Unit.jpg|thumb|Munoth Lithium Ion Cell Manufacturing Facility First of its kind in India]]
[[File:CELKON Manifacturing plant at Tirupati.jpg|thumb|CELKON Manufacturing plant at Tirupati]]
[[Sri Venkateswara Mobile and Electronics Manufacturing Hub]] is a dedicated mobile handset and electronics manufacturing facility located at Tirupati. The hub is spread over {{Convert|122|acre|abbr=on}} Acres out of which Celkon is established in {{Convert|20|acre|abbr=on}} acres, Micromax in {{Convert|15|acre|abbr=on}} acres, Karbonn in {{Convert|15.28|acre|abbr=on}} acres and Lava in {{Convert|20|acre|abbr=on}} acres with a total investment of Rupees 2000 crores.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|date=21 October 2015|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/prime-minister-narendra-modi-to-lay-stone-of-mobile-hub-in-tirupati/articleshow/49486090.cms|title=Prime Minister Narendra Modi to lay stone of mobile hub in Tirupati|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=IANS|date=22 October 2015|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/pm-lays-foundation-stone-for-mobile-manufacturing-facility-in-tirupati/|title=PM lays foundation stone for mobile manufacturing facility in Tirupati|work=Indian Express|access-date=9 May 2022}}</ref> Dixon Technologies has a manufacturing unit in this hub, where they are producing [[Smart TV]]s for [[Xiaomi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kurmanath |first1=K. V. |title=Xiaomi begins production of smart TVs at Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/xiaomi-begins-production-of-smart-tvs-at-tirupati/article25125337.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Business Line |date=4 October 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Tourism sector ===
The [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] and a number of other temples in and around the city attract large numbers of tourists.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati Tour – Andhra Pradesh Tourism|url=http://www.aptdc.gov.in/tirupathi.html|website=www.aptdc.gov.in|access-date=23 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Govt determined to strengthen tourism infrastructure: PM|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/modi-inaugurates-garuda-terminla-at-tirupati-airport/article7792787.ece|access-date=23 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=22 October 2015|location=Tirupati|language=en-IN}}</ref> Tirumala is said to be one of the most visited religious sites on earth, and Tirupati Temple is currently a Guinness World Record holder for most visited temple in the world.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}

== Culture ==

===Festivals===
The city celebrates all major [[List of Hindu festivals|Hindu festivals]], including [[Sankranti]], [[Ugadi]], [[Krishna Janmashtami]], [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Ganesh Chaturthi]], [[Deepavali]], [[Rama Navami]], and [[Kartik Poornima]]. [[Srivari Brahmotsavam]] is a nine-day event, celebrated during the months of September–October, when the temple of Tirumala witnesses lakhs of devotees.<ref>{{cite news |title=Over 4 Lakh Witness Garuda Vahana Seva |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/oct/01/over-4-lakh-witness-garuda-vahana-seva-667120.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 October 2014}}</ref> During this festival, the processional deity [[Malayappa swami|Malayappa]] of Venkateswara Temple, along with his consorts Sridevi and Bhudevi, is taken in a procession in four mada streets around the temple on different [[Vahana]]ms. Tirupati also celebrates a carnival named as [[Tirupati Ganga Jatara]], held during second week of May every year. This is a week long festival where Gangamma ([[Gramadevata]]) is worshiped.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tirupati set for 'Ganga Jatara' |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/tirupati-set-for-ganga-jatara/article4694213.ece|date=8 May 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=30 March 2015}}</ref> The tank behind [[Padmavathi Temple, Tiruchanur]] has Padma Pushkarini, where Chakra Snanam is undertaken on last day of the annual Padmavathi Brahmotsavams (Panchami Teertham). It witnesses lakhs of Devotees taking a dip in the holy waters.<ref>{{cite news |title=2 Lakh Take Holy Dip on 'Panchami Theertham' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/nov/28/2014-687845.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=28 November 2014}}</ref>

[[Vaikunta Ekadasi]], the day on which it is believed that Vaikunta Dwarams will be opened and the most important Vasihnavite festival, is celebrated in Tirumala and Tirupati with grandeur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tirupati gearing for Ekadasi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tirupati-gearing-for-ekadasi/article2721342.ece |access-date=21 March 2016 |work=The Hindu |date=16 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=1.5 lakh converge on Tirumala for Vaikuntha Ekadasi, New Year |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/450956/15-lakh-converge-tirumala-vaikuntha.html |access-date=21 June 2015 |work=Deccan Herald |date=1 January 2015 |language=en}}</ref> [[Ratha Saptami#In Tirumala|Rathasapthami]] is another festival, celebrated in February, when Venkateswara's processional deity (Malayappa swami) is taken in a procession around the temple on seven different [[vahana]]s from early morning to late night.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.geocities.com/suman_malepati/rathasaptami.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091027133227/http://www.geocities.com/suman_malepati/rathasaptami.html | archive-date = 27 October 2009 | title = Rathasapthami photos}}</ref>

[[Krishna Janmashtami|Sri Krishna janmastami]], also known as Gokulashtami, is celebrated with great fervour at Tirupati. The Lotus Temple belonging to [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] (ISKCON) is illuminated with lamps and paintings displaying themes from [[Bhagavata Purana|Srimad Bhagavatham]]. The celebrations include offering prayers to [[Krishna|Sri Krishna]], Utlotsavam, [[Annamacharya|Annamayya]] Kirtana alapana, [[Bhagavad Gita|Geetha]] Parayanam among others. On this day 'Gokulashtami Asthanam' is held at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]]. TTD also celebrates janmastami at Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshana Shala where prayers are offered to cows, horses and elephants.<ref>{{cite news|title=Janmashtami celebrated in Tirupati |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/janmashtami-celebrated-in-tirupati/article3091470.ece|work=The Hindu|date=16 August 2006 |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=All set for Sri Krishna Janmashtami in Tirupati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/all-set-for-sri-krishna-janmashtami-in-tirupati/article2380638.ece|work=The Hindu|date=21 August 2011 |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> [[Maha Shivaratri]] and [[Kartik Poornima]] are the most auspicious occasions celebrated in [[Kapila Theertham]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Kapileswara Swamy Temple|url=https://www.tirumala.org/KAPILESWARA%20SWAMY%20TEMPLE.aspx|access-date=2 July 2015}}</ref>

[[File:A Tirupathi laddu.jpg|thumb|[[Tirupati Laddu]] ([[Venkateswara|Srivari]] Laddu) offered to [[Venkateswara]] at [[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple|Tirupati Temple]]]]

===Cuisine===
The city's [[Tirupati Laddu]] is world famous among Hindu devotees around the world. It is the [[prasadam]] at [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]]. Tirupati Laddu was awarded the [[Geographical indication]] tag which entitles only [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] to make or sell it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Only TTD entitled to make or sell 'Tirupati laddu': High Court|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/only-ttd-entitled-to-make-or-sell-tirupati-laddu-high-court/article5743809.ece|work=The Hindu|date=3 March 2014 |access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Now, Geographical Indication rights for 'Tirupati laddu'|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/now-geographical-indication-rights-for-tirupati-laddu-114022800969_1.html|publisher=Business Standard|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

===Arts, crafts and architecture===
[[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] established Sri Venkateswara Museum, one at Tirumala and the other at Tirupati. It has a wonderful collection of Tirupati temple architecture and historical artefacts, such as ancient weaponry, [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] items and idols. It has a comprehensive photo gallery that gives a unique insight into Tirupati region's culture and traditions. It also boasts a meditation centre.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heritage in Tirupati-SV Museum|url=http://www.aptdc.gov.in/heritage-in-tirupati.html|publisher=Andhra Pradesh Tourism board|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> In 1988–89 [[Archaeological Survey of India]] had established an archaeological museum in the [[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri fort]] at [[Chandragiri]]. It exhibits rich collection of stone and metal sculptures of Hindu gods and other cultural vestiges retrieved from other historical places like [[Gudimallam]], [[Gandikota]] and [[Yaganti]]. It also includes galleries for medieval weaponry of swords and daggers, coins and paper documents.<ref>{{cite web|title=Archaeological Museum, Chandragiri|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_chandragiri.asp|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

== Cityscape ==

===Temples===
{{Main|Hindu Temples in Tirupati}}
[[Tirumala Venkateswara Temple]] is the most notable temple for being the world{{'}}s richest [[Vaishnavite]] temple of [[Venkateswara]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Record collection of Rs 5.73 crore at Tirumala|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Record-collection-of-Rs-5-73-crore-at-Tirumala/articleshow/12498226.cms|access-date=13 August 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 April 2012|location=Tirumala}}</ref> Beside Venkateswara Temple, the city is known for many other ancient temples, such as [[Padmavathi Temple, Tiruchanur|Padmavathi Temple]] at [[Tiruchanur]], [[Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati|Govindaraja Temple]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Govindaraja Swamy Temple|url=http://www.tirumala.org/TemplesAtTirupathi.aspx|access-date=23 June 2015}}</ref> Kapileswara Temple at [[Kapila Theertham]], [[Kalyana Venkateswara Temple, Srinivasamangapuram]], [[Tirupati Ganga Jatara|Thathayyaguntta Gangamma Temple]] of goddess Gangamma is the [[Gramadevata]] of Tirupati, [[Sri Kodandaramaswami Temple]] etc.
<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210" caption="[[Hindu Temples in Tirupati]]">
File:Sri Venkateswara Swamy Temple in Tirumala in Chittoor district,Andhra Pradesh.jpg|[[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala|Venkateswara Temple]]
File:Tirupathi (6337140675).jpg|[[Govindaraja Temple, Tirupati|Govindaraja Temple]]
File:Padmavathi Ammavari Temple.JPG|[[Padmavathi Temple]]
File:KodhandaRamarTemple.jpg|[[Kodandarama Temple, Tirupati|Kodandarama Temple]]
File:Kapila Theertham waterfalls Tirupati 2015 1.jpg|[[Kapila Theertham]]
File:Vakula-Matha-Temple.webp|[[Vakula Devi|Vakula Matha]] Temple
</gallery>

===Other landmarks===
[[File:Divyaramam View.jpg|thumb|Divyaramam View]]
[[File:Talakona falls view.jpg|thumb|Talakona falls view]]
Besides historic temples, there are other tourist destinations in and around the city. [[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri Fort]] is a historical fort, built in the 11th century located in [[Chandragiri]]. The fort hosts an Archaeological Museum maintained by Archaeological Survey of India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Museum – Chandagiri|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_museums_chandragiri.asp|website=Archaeological Survey of India|publisher=National Informatics Centre|access-date=16 March 2016}}</ref> Established in 1987, [[Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park]] in Tirupati is the largest [[Zoo Park|zoo park]] in Asia, which covers an area of 5532 acres.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asia's biggest zoo beckons tourists|url=http://www.siasat.com/?by_user=183.82.212.231&ref_url=/news/asia%E2%80%99s-biggest-zoo-beckons-tourists|publisher=The Siasat Daily|access-date=13 July 2014|date=13 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tirupati Zoo asked to exchange animals|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article1314096.ece|access-date=16 June 2015|work=The Hindu|date=11 August 2008}}</ref> Tirupati also hosts a Regional Science centre. A Space Exposition Hall, which has a digital Planetarium, the first of its kind in Andhra Pradesh, and an Innovation Space were added to this centre.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/cm-inaugurates-space-exposition-hall-innovation-hub-at-rsct/article18522391.ece|title=CM inaugurates Space Exposition Hall, Innovation Hub at RSCT|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 May 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUDak_q0jaE |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/VUDak_q0jaE |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live|title=Inauguration of Innovation Space, Space Exposition Hall and a digital planetarium|date=13 June 2017|via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;" heights="210" caption="Other Places of interest in Tirupati">
File:Chandragiri Fort - Raja Mahal (11).jpg|[[Chandragiri Fort, Andhra Pradesh|Chandragiri Fort]]
File:Regional science centre Tpty.jpg|Regional Science Centre, Tirupati
</gallery>

=== Neighbourhoods ===
{{Further|topic=the suburb|Vikruthamala}}
[[Tiruchanur]], [[Alipiri]], [[Chandragiri]] and [[Renigunta]] are the notable neighbourhoods of the city.<ref name="areas">{{cite news|last1=Rangarajan|first1=A.D|title=Tirupati set to enter 'smart' league|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-set-to-enter-smart-league/article8030338.ece|access-date=28 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=26 December 2015|location=Tirupati}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Heavy security blanket thrown around Tirupati|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/heavy-security-blanket-thrown-around-tirupati/article7956262.ece|access-date=16 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=7 December 2015|location=Tirupati}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Tirupati railway station||Tirupati bus station complex||Tirupati Airport|}}

[[File:Tirupati Ghat.jpg|thumb|Tirupati Ghat Road]]
[[File:APSRTC bus1.jpg|thumb|Sapthagiri Express bus of APSRTC]]

=== Roadways ===
[[File:Srinivasa Sethu Flyover View.jpg|thumb|Srinivasa Sethu Flyover View]]
[[File:Veterinary University Road.jpg|thumb|Veterinary University Road]]
[[File:NH 140 near Tirupati.jpg|thumb|NH 140 near Tirupati]]
The city is well connected to major cities through [[National Highway (India)|national]] and [[state highways]]. National highways passing through Tirupati are National Highway 71 (which connects [[Madanapalle]] and [[Kadiri]]), and National Highway 140 connecting Tirupati with [[Puthalapattu]]. Within Tirupati Urban Development Authority Limits, there are two additional national highways, namely, NH 716 and NH 565. NH 716 connects Renigunta part of Tirupati to Chennai and Muddanur (via Kadapa and Rajampet). NH 565 on the other hand connects NH 71 to NH 65 - it starts from Yerpedu area of Tirupati and ends at Nakrekal in Nalgonda district.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=22 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>

There are two all-weather, [[Road surface|asphalt]] [[Tirumala ghat roads|ghat roads between Tirupati and Tirumala]], one constructed in 1944 and the other in 1974.<ref name=transport /> There is a total of {{cvt|294.47|km}} of roads within the Tirupati Municipal Corporation limits.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati - Public services/amenities|url=http://cdma.gov.in/tirupati/Public%20services_amenities.html|website=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=23 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428003711/http://cdma.gov.in/tirupati/Public%20services_amenities.html|archive-date=28 April 2015}}</ref>

=== Public transport ===
[[APSRTC]] is the state owned transport service, which operates buses to various destinations from [[Tirupati bus station complex]]. The bus station comprises three mini bus stations to various destinations, such as Srinivasa bus station for west-bound destinations, Sri Hari bus station for east bound destinations and Yedukondalu bus station is utilised for bus services to [[Tirumala]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Tirupati bus station gets new name|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/tirupati-bus-station-gets-new-name/article3067373.ece|work=The Hindu|date=28 October 2006 |access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> Balaji Link bus station at [[Alipiri]] is also used for bus services to Tirumala.<ref name=transport>{{cite web|title=Travelling from Tirupati to Tirumala by road|url=http://www.tirumala.org/TransportFacilities.aspx|access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref> Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams runs free buses from the railway station and central bus stand to Alipiri for pilgrims. The buses to Tirumala are known as Sapthagiri Express.<ref>{{cite news|title=Super luxury buses on Tirumala ghat roads |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/super-luxury-buses-on-tirumala-ghat-roads/article362222.ece|work=The Hindu|date=24 February 2009 |access-date=17 July 2015}}</ref>

Tirupati is in close proximity with the states of [[Karnataka]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Hence, direct buses from [[Tirumala]] to [[Chennai]], [[Bengaluru]], [[Jayanagar, Bangalore]], [[Vellore]], [[Kanchipuram]] are run by [[APSRTC]] Sapthagiri Express. [[Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation|KSRTC]], [[TNSTC]] and [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]] also operates their services to Lower Tirupati. There are also private transport which operate in the city.

=== Tirumala foot steps ===
There are two footpaths from Tirupati to [[Tirumala]]. These paths are called ''Sopanamargas'' and are mostly used by pilgrims. The first (and older) path starts from [[Alipiri]] and has 3550 steps, totalling {{cvt|11|km}}. At Alipiri there is a temple dedicated to Venkateswara called Padalamandapam. There are four [[Gopuram]]s (temple towers) along the way. The other path, called ''Sri Vari Mettu'' starts from Srinivasa Mangapuram and is {{cvt|6|km}} long. Both paths are completely roofed and pass through seven hills (part of [[Seshachalam Hills]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Tirupati to Tirumala on Foot |url=http://www.tirumala.org/TirumalatoTirupathiOnFoot.aspx|publisher=Tirumala Tirupati Devastanams|access-date=6 June 2015}}</ref>

=== Railways ===
Tirupati has 6 railway stations. {{rws|Tirupati Main}} is classified as an ''A1 station'' in the [[Guntakal railway division]] of [[South Central Railway zone]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Statement showing category-wise No. of stations|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/StationRedevelopment/AI&ACategoryStns.pdf|website=Indian Railways|access-date=6 July 2017}}</ref> {{rws|Tirupati West Halt}} and {{rws|Tiruchanur}} are the satellite stations, used for decongesting rail traffic at the main station. In addition to these, Tirupati also has Chandragiri, Yerpedu and [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Junction]] railway stations to serve the needs of the people of the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sixth platform works begin in Tirupati railway station|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2017-05-02/Sixth-platform-works-begin-in-Tirupati-railway-station/297343|access-date=6 July 2017|work=The Hans India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Airways ===
[[File:Tirupati Airport View.jpg|thumb|Tirupati Airport View]]
[[Tirupati Airport]] is located {{cvt|15|km}} from the city centre and has daily flights to [[Coimbatore]], [[Kolkata]], [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kolhapur]], [[Pune]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Madurai]], [[Shirdi]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Kalaburagi]], [[Hubli]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Hyderabad]]. The closest international airport is [[Chennai International Airport]] which is {{convert|130|km|abbr=on}} from Tirupati. Tirupati Airport is being upgraded to an international airport. The new terminal was inaugurated on 22 October 2015.<ref name=newterminal>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-international-airport-inauguration-on-vijaya-dasami/article7751455.ece|title=Tirupati International Airport inauguration on Vijaya Dasami|work=The hindu|date=11 October 2015 |access-date=12 October 2015}}</ref>

== Education ==
[[File:ICI Tirupati.jpg|thumb|ICI Tirupati]]
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools of the School Education Department of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department|url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107220545/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|website=www.ap.gov.in|access-date=7 November 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/|archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> Majority of them are named after presiding deity of Tirupati temple, [[Venkateswara]] and his consort goddess [[Alamelu|Padmavati]].

[[File:SVU Admin Building.jpg|thumb|SVU Admin Building]]
[[File:S V Agricultural College.jpg|thumb|S V Agricultural College Tirupati]]

There are several universities and colleges including [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|state government]] and [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanam]] sponsored such as, [[Sri Venkateswara University]], established in 1954; [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]], a dedicated women's university; Medical colleges include [[Sri Venkateswara Medical College]] and [[Sri Padmavathi Medical College]] for Women.<ref name="SVIMS">{{cite web|title=Sri Padmavathi Medical College for Women Tirupati AP' |url=https://svimstpt.ap.nic.in/|access-date=26 May 2015}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SVIMS) is also a medical institute, [[Sri Venkateswara Vedic University]] to preserve, foster and promote oral traditions of Vedic, Agamic and Cognate Literature, with focus on right intonations.<ref>{{cite web|title=WELCOME TO SVVU' |url=http://www.svvedicuniversity.org/}}</ref> [[Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha]], a university established for higher learning in Sanskrit studies, Traditional Sastras and Pedagogy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rsvidyapeetha.ac.in/#/|title=Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha :: Tirupati|website=rsvidyapeetha.ac.in}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University]] to strengthen education and services in the fields of Veterinary Science, Dairy Technology and Fishery Science in the State of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Venkateswara veterinary University HISTORY' |url=http://www.svvu.edu.in/history.html |access-date=26 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424232812/http://svvu.edu.in/history.html |archive-date=24 April 2015 }}</ref> Sri Venkateswara Institute of Traditional Sculpture and Architecture (SVITSA) run by TTD is one of the two institutions in India offering courses in traditional sculpture and architecture to students. Seven diploma courses are offered in subjects such as [[Hindu temple architecture|temple architecture]], stone sculpture, Sudai aculpture, metal sculpture, wood sculpture, traditional painting and traditional [[Kalamkari]] art.<ref>{{cite news |title=Institute of Traditional Sculpture, Ancient Architecture at Tirupati |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2014/oct/05/institute-of-traditional-sculpture-ancient-architecture-at-tirupati-668114.html |access-date=19 June 2015 |work=The New Indian Express |date=5 October 2014}}</ref> [[Indian Culinary Institute, Tirupati]] is the first culinary institute in India established by [[Ministry of Tourism (India)]].<ref name=ICIT1>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/indian-culinary-institute-ready-for-inauguration/article24673689.ece| title=Indian Culinary Institute ready for inauguration | work=The Hindu | date=13 August 2018 | access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref name=ICIT2>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2018-06-19/Indian-Culinary-Institute-in-Tirupati-is-all-set-to-open/390351/| title=Indian Culinary Institute in Tirupati is all set to open | work=The Hans India | date=19 June 2018 | access-date=13 August 2018}}</ref>

The city has [[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]] (IISER) and [[IIT Tirupati]] which were allotted by [[Government of India]] to the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Minister lays foundations of IIT, IIIT, IISER in Chittoor dist |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/minister-lays-foundations-of-iit-iiit-iiser-in-chittoor-dist/article7043687.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=Business Line |date=28 March 2015 |language=en}}</ref> [[Sri Venkateswara College of Law]] is a notable law college in Tirupati.

==Research==
[[File:Inst Of Agri Business Management.jpg|thumb|Institute Of Agri Business Management, Tirupati]]
* The [[National Atmospheric Research Laboratory]] (NARL) is an autonomous research institute funded by the Department of Space of the Government of India. NARL is engaged in fundamental and applied research in the field of atmospheric sciences. It is around {{cvt|30|km}} from Tirupati.
* Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati is selected for establishment of Multidisciplinary Research Units (MRUs) and Model Rural Health Research Units (MRHRU) by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR).<ref name=research>{{cite web|title=Schemes to Promote Health Research in the Country|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=113262|access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref>
* [[Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Tirupati]]. It has been established by the Ministry of Human Resource Development, in order to promote Higher Scientific Learning and Research as well as Scientific Exploration at the Undergraduate and Postgraduate levels of education and to create Scientists and Academics. IISER Tirupati is recognised as an Institute of National Importance by the Government of India. This new institute started functioning from the 2015 academic year in the month of August.
* [[Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati]]. IIT Tirupati offers a 4-year Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech.) along with 2-years Master of Science (M.Sc.) Master of Science (M.S.), Master of Technology (M.Tech. - started in 2018), Master of Public Policy (MPP) & Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) programmes in several engineering, science and humanities fields .
* [[Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences]] (SVIMS), Tirupati is selected for establishment of college level Viral Diagnostic Research Labs.<ref name=research />
* A sub-centre for All India Coordinated Research Project (AICRP) on the groundnut ([[peanut]]) is established at the Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS), Tirupati to conduct research activities on new high. The research will help to meet the needs of the country's 100 arid districts which receive less than {{cvt|500|mm}} rainfall. RARS has so far developed 12 groundnut varieties.<ref name=GNresearch>{{cite news |title=Groundnut research to get a boost at Tirupati |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/groundnut-research-to-get-a-boost-at-tirupati/article6984044.ece |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The Hindu |date=12 March 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
* A research centre for indigenous cows was established by TTD at its dairy farm named Sri Venkateswara Gosamrakshanashala. The purpose of the centre is to protect the cows and also to share the rare breeds among similar organisations. The Gosamrakshanashala already had distinctive high-worth breeds like Ongole, while it is also trying to gather Sahiwal breed of cows from Punjab, Gir cows of Gujarat to the centre, Tharparker and Kankrej cows from Karnataka.<ref>{{cite news |title=TTD's dairy farm to become a research centre for indigenous cows |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttds-dairy-farm-to-become-a-research-centre-for-indigenous-cows/article5071265.ece |access-date=3 September 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=29 August 2013 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Media ==
[[SVBC TV|Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel (SVBC)]], the first 24-hour Telugu devotional TV channel dedicated to broadcast Hindu devotional programmes is telecast from Tirupati.

Started in 1949, ''[[Sapthagiri (magazine)|Sapthagiri]]'' is a spiritual monthly magazine based at Tirupati and published in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Sanskrit]], [[Hindi]], English, [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]] languages.<ref>{{cite news |title=TTD to release 2,000 publications as 'e-books' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/ttd-to-release-2000-publications-as-ebooks/article7319785.ece |access-date=17 July 2015 |work=The Hindu |date=15 June 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Both SVBC and ''Sapthagiri'' are run by [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]].<ref>{{cite news |title='Link Puranic Tales to Current Issues' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2015/jun/23/link-puranic-tales-to-current-issues-773209.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=23 June 2015}}</ref>

Telugu newspapers ''[[Andhra Bhoomi]]'', ''[[Sakshi (magazine)|Saakshi]]'', ''[[Eenadu]]'', ''[[Vaartha]]'', ''[[Andhra Jyothi]]'', and ''[[Andhra Prabha]]''; and English newspapers ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'', ''[[The Hindu]]'', ''[[Indian Express]]'', ''[[Times of India]]'', and ''[[The Hans India]]'' are available in the city. The Hindu, Sakshi, Andhra Jyothi, Eenadu and other dailies have their printing and publication offices set up here.

Tirupati has [[Akashvani (radio broadcaster)|All India Radio]] station and is served by FM stations [[BIG FM 92.7|92.7 Big FM]], [[Red FM 93.5|93.5 Red FM]], and E-FM 104.

== See also ==
* [[Tirupati district]]
* [[List of municipal corporations in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of urban agglomerations in Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in Tirupati]]
* [[Pullaiahgaripalli]]
* [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]
* [[Tirupati Urban Development Authority]]
* [[Tirupati Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Tirupati Ganga Jatara]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Tirupati}}
{{Wikivoyage|Tirupati}}
* [http://tuda.gov.in/ Tirupati Urban Development Authority]

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[[Category:Tirupati| ]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
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Mohini Bhasmasura

2026-03-05T18:07:54Z

BenjaminWoodard: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mohini Bhasmasura
| image =
| caption =
| director = S. S. Verma
| producer = T. Madaar<br/>V. M. Kuppayya Chettiyar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]<br>[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]<br>[[Udaykumar]]<br>[[T. N. Balakrishna]]
| music = [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = HM Baba Productions
| released = {{Film date|1966|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Mohini Bhasmasura''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಮೋಹಿನಿ ಭಸ್ಮಾಸುರ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1966 Kannada-language Indian [[Hindu mythological film]] directed by S. S. Verma and produced by T. Madaar and V.M.Kuppayya Chettiyar. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]], [[Udaykumar]] and [[T. N. Balakrishna|TN Balakrishna]] in the lead roles. The musical score was composed by [[T. Chalapathi Rao]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/mohini-bhasmasura-1966|title=Mohini Bhasmasura|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatmovies.com/kannada/info/mohini-bhasmasura.htm|title=Mohini Bhasmasura|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=bharatmovies.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nthwall.com/ka/crew/Mahaashilpi-1966-cast-and-crew/9219801654|title=Mohini Bhasmasura|accessdate=2015-01-29|publisher=nthwall.com|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150129163857/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/crew/Mahaashilpi-1966-cast-and-crew/9219801654|archivedate=29 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Vijaya Narasimha]] wrote both dialogues and songs for the film.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=b9G5rmHP2l4&feature=youtu.be | title="ತೂಗು ದೀಪ" ಚಿತ್ರ ಎಲ್ಲಿಯೂ ದೊರಕದಿರಲು ಕಾರಣ ಗೊತ್ತೇ..? | Halu Jenu Ramkumar | Ep 80 | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as [[Bhasmasura]]
* [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
* [[Udaykumar|Uday Kumar]] as [[Shiva]]
* [[T. N. Balakrishna|TN Balakrishna]] as [[Narada]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1408955|Mohini Bhasmasura}}

[[Category:1966 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bhagavata Purana]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}
{{Hindu-film-stub}}

Vijayachander

2026-03-02T07:46:45Z

BenjaminWoodard: improved article

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =Vijayachander Telidevara
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1939|05|24}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| othername =
| yearsactive = 1967–present
| parents =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Film producer|Producer]]
| relatives = [[Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu]]<br/>[[Tanguturi Suryakumari]]
| awards = [[Nandi Awards]]
}}
'''Vijayachander''', (born '''Vijayachander Telidevara'''), is an Indian actor, director and producer, known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]], [[Telugu theatre|theatre]], and television.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghantasala.info/tfs/cdata576f.html |title=suDigunDAlu ( 1967 ) |publisher=Ghantasala.info |access-date=2012-08-02}}</ref> Regarded as one of the finest [[character actor]]'s of Telugu cinema, Vijayachander has appeared in more than forty feature films in a variety of roles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mahaandhra.com/watchtvshow.php?id=334&title=Sakshi%20TV%20-%20Dil%20Se%20with%20Vijaya%20Chandra |title=Welcome mahaandhra.com - Justhost.com|first=just|last=host}}</ref>

Vijayachander is known for his path-breaking works in [[biographical film]]s; He essayed [[Jesus of Nazareth]] in the 1978 film ''[[Karunamayudu]]'' which he produced, and won the [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film]]; He then enacted his own maternal Grandfather [[Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu]] in the 1982 film ''[[Andhra Kesari (film)|Andhra Kesari]]'' for which he has received the state [[Nandi Special Jury Award]].<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://awardsandwinners.com/category/nandi-awards/1983/|title=Nandi Awards - 1983 - Winners & Nominees}}</ref>

He then essayed [[Sai Baba of Shirdi]] in the 1986 classic ''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]'' which was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]]; In the same year, he appeared as saint [[Vemana]] in the hit ''Vemana Charithra''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Y. Sunita Chowdhary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2621456.ece |title=Arts / Cinema : Grill Mill – Vijay Chander |work=The Hindu |date=2011-11-12 |access-date=2012-08-02}}</ref> He enacted the role of [[Kabir]] in the 2003 film ''Kabirdas''.

==Personal life and family==
He is the maternal grandson of brother of [[Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu]]. Yesteryear's [[Telugu film]] singer [[Tanguturi Suryakumari]] was his maternal aunt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?keyword=Tanguturi-Vijaychander |title=Tanguturi-Vijaychander on Independent Catholic News |publisher=Indcatholicnews.com |access-date=2012-08-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ilovehyderabad.com/interviews/interviews-vijaychander-born-to-perform-jesus.html |title=I Love Hyderabad |publisher=I Love Hyderabad |date=1978-12-21 |access-date=2012-08-02}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/16/stories/2008101657230400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020052932/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/16/stories/2008101657230400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-10-20 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Hyderabad News : Actors Jayasudha, Vijaychander join Congress |date=2008-10-16 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2012-08-02}}</ref>

==Career==
===Films===
After a successful career in [[Telugu theatre]], He made his acting debut in the film ''[[Sudigundalu]]'' (1967), which won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu]] for that year.<ref name="auto1"/> In 2007, he has donated land for old film artists and [[MAA TV|Movie Artists Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/events/12498.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804233350/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/events/12498.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2016|title=Telugu Movie launch, audio release, celebrity events and function coverage}}</ref>

===Television===
During 1996 to 1998, he was cast in a 50-episode serial titled ''Dayasagar'', which was telecast on [[DD National]]. The series was also dubbed into Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Malayalam and other languages.<ref>{{cite web|author=Special Correspondent |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article3430876.ece |title=NATIONAL / ANDHRA PRADESH : Vijay Chander adds lustre to poll campaign |work=The Hindu |date=2012-05-18 |access-date=2012-08-02}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
{{colbegin}}
*''[[Sudigundalu]]'' - 1968
*''[[Buddhimantudu]]'' - 1969
*''Maro Prapancham'' - 1970
*''Rowdy Raani'' - 1971
*''[[Basthi Bul Bul]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basthi Bul Bul (1971) |url=https://indiancine.ma/OHE |access-date=2023-10-18 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> - 1971...Prakash and Premnath
*''C.I.D. Raju'' - 1971
*''Mavoori Monagadu'' - 1975
*''Pasivani Paga'' - 1975
*''[[Karunamayudu]]'' - 1978
*''[[Rajadhi Raju]]'' - 1980
*''[[Andhra Kesari (film)|Andhra Kesari]]'' - 1983
*''[[Sri Shirdi Saibaba Mahathyam]]'' - 1986
*''Sri Vemana Charithra'' - 1986
*''Dayamayudu''-1987
*''[[Dharmam Vellum]]'' - 1989 (Tamil)
*''Police Report'' - 1989
* ''[[Lankeshwarudu]]'' - 1989
*''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geetaanjali]]'' - 1989
*''[[State Rowdy]]'' - 1989
*''[[Anna Thammudu (1990 film)|Anna Thammudu]]'' - 1990
*''[[Jaitra Yatra]]'' - 1991
*''[[Raat (film)|Raat]]'' - 1992 (Hindi)
* ''[[Raatri]]'' - 1992
*''[[Aapadbandhavudu]]'' - 1992
*''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]'' - 1993
*''Naga Jyothi'' - 1993
*''Donga Alludu'' - 1993
*''[[Mounam]]'' - 1995
*''[[Big Boss (film)|Big Boss]]'' - 1995
*''Suputhrudu'' - 1997
*''[[Bhadrachalam (film)|Bhadrachalam]]'' - 2001
*''[[Vachina Vaadu Suryudu]]'' - 2002
*''[[Pilisthe Palukutha]]'' - 2002
*''Kabirdas'' - 2003
*''[[Ela Cheppanu]]'' - 2003
*''[[Pedababu]]'' - 2004
*''[[Relax (film)|Relax]]'' - 2005
*''[[Sada Mee Sevalo]]'' - 2005
*''[[Hanumanthu (2006 film)|Hanumanthu]]'' - 2006
*''[[Gamyam]]'' - 2008
*''[[3 (2008 film)|Three]]'' - 2008
*''[[Aa Okkadu]]'' - 2009
*''[[Ratnavali]]'' - 2011
*''[[Virodhi (2011 film)|Virodhi]]'' - 2011
*''[[Aravaan]]'' - 2012 (Tamil)
*''[[Anando Brahma]]'' - 2017
*''[[N.T.R: Kathanayakudu]]'' - 2019
*''[[118 (film)|118]]'' - 2019
*''[[Natho Nenu]]'' - 2023
{{colend}}

==Awards==
;[[Nandi Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
*[[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film - Bronze]] - ''[[Karunamayudu]]'' (1978)
*[[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] - ''Andhra Kesari'' (1983)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0897205}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Telugu male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1949 births]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Ashwin Jerome

2026-02-25T21:44:16Z

BenjaminWoodard: created new details

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ashwin Jerome
| citizenship =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2017{{ndash}}2019
}}

'''Ashwin Jerome''' is a former Indian actor who works in Tamil-language films. He is known for playing the lead role in ''[[Yaanum Theeyavan]]'' (2017).

== Career ==
Ashwin was a professional dancer and he used to run a dance school before studying engineering and working in an information technology company for sometime.<ref name="T"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramanathan |first=Ganapathi |date=29 June 2017 |title=Testing new waters |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/testing-new-waters/article19168101.ece |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613192829/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/testing-new-waters/article19168101.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He completed a master's degree in business administration and worked in a resort in Singapore.<ref name="Ti"/> Later he joined the theatre group [[Koothu-P-Pattarai]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=14 April 2019 |title=From hero to villain |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140419/from-hero-to-villain.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417015718/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140419/from-hero-to-villain.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He made his acting debut in ''[[Yaanum Theeyavan]]'' (2017), which starred [[Varsha Bollamma]] and [[Raju Sundaram]].<ref name="T">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ashwin-Jerome-to-make-his-Kwood-debut-with-a-thriller/articleshow/53962020.cms|title=Ashwin Jerome to make his K'wood debut with a thriller|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 January 2017|first=Sharanya|last=CR|accessdate=26 July 2020|archive-date=16 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200716180834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ashwin-Jerome-to-make-his-Kwood-debut-with-a-thriller/articleshow/53962020.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=21 June 2017 |title=Duel between the dancers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/21/duel-between-the-dancers-1618972.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |archive-date=13 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613192832/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/jun/21/duel-between-the-dancers-1618972.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In a review of the film, a critic from the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted that "Debutant Ashwin Jerome has the right looks of a hero and he is good at action sequences as well".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stallings |first=A. E. |author-link=A. E. Stallings |date=1 July 2017 |title=Yaanum Theeyavan review: Ordinary story with underdeveloped characters |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010717/yaanum-theeyavan-review-ordinary-story-with-underdeveloped-characters.html |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=16 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316191430/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/010717/yaanum-theeyavan-review-ordinary-story-with-underdeveloped-characters.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

He played one of the five leads in the thriller ''[[Pancharaaksharam]]'', but the film ended up releasing after ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' (2019). He was approached for the role by [[Hiphop Tamizha Adhi]] and the film producers [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Sundar C]].<ref name="Ti">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2019 |title=I thank Hip Hop Adhi for giving me an identity: Ashwin Jerome |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-thank-hip-hop-adhi-for-giving-me-an-identity-ashwin-jerome/articleshow/68941073.cms |access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=22 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622182754/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/i-thank-hip-hop-adhi-for-giving-me-an-identity-ashwin-jerome/articleshow/68941073.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
His father, Jerome Pushparaj, is a music composer.<ref name="Ti"/> He married Olivette Nivedha in 2021 with Christian marriage rituals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zero Gravity Photography |date=2021-12-29 |title=Olivetta & Ashwin {{!}} Christian Wedding {{!}} South Indian Wedding {{!}} Zero gravity Photography |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Joiurb0-Zo8 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=[[YouTube]] |via= |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123051928/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Joiurb0-Zo8 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bulletash23 |date=2022-01-01 |title=Happy new year #ashliv #2022 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CYLfz7nF4og/?hl=en |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=[[Instagram]] |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123051928/https://www.instagram.com/p/CYLfz7nF4og/?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple had a child Adele Natalia in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=bulletash23 |date=2022-09-17 |title=Falling in love all over again …..ADELE NATALIA……….❤️❤️. #thugappa |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Cindq1sv72Q/?hl=en |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=[[Instagram]] |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123051936/https://www.instagram.com/p/Cindq1sv72Q/?hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Yaanum Theeyavan]]'' || Michael (Mike)
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''Ondraa Irandaa Aasaigal'' || Dev || Short film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n052eJK-veA|title=International Award Winning Tamil Short Film - Ondraa Irandaa Aasaigal with [ English Subtitles ]|date=6 July 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| ''My Valentine'' || || Short film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7NiO08OOOPM|title=My Valentine | Tamil Short Film | Ashwin Jerome | Vaishnavi Prasad | [English Subtitle]|date=22 October 2018|via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''[[Natpe Thunai]]'' || Aasif
|
|-
| ''[[Pancharaaksharam]]'' || Dharma
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|9103030}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jerome, Ashwin}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mai Bhago

2026-02-21T22:28:01Z

BenjaminWoodard: updated structure also and corrected details as per guidelines

{{short description|Sikh warrior woman (1670–1720)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Mai Bhago
| image = Mai Bhago in-battle, from a mural depicting the Battle of Muktsar (also known as the 'Battle of Khidrana') from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai, circa 19th century (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mai Bhago in-battle, from a mural depicting the Battle of Muktsar (also known as the 'Battle of Khidrana') from Gurdwara Baba Atal Rai, circa 19th century (no longer extant)
| father = Bhai Malo Shah
| issue =
| birth_date = 1670
| birth_place = [[Chabhal Kalan]], [[Punjab]]
| death_date = 1720
| death_place = [[Nanded]], [[Maharastra]]
| religion = [[Sikhism]]
| spouse = Bhai Nidhan Singh of Patti
}}
'''Mai Bhago ''' also known as '''Mata Bhag Kaur''', was a [[Sikh]] woman who led Sikh soldiers against the [[Mughals]] in 1705. She was an exceptionally skilled warrior on the battlefield and is revered as a warrior saint in Sikhism. She was known for rallying the 40 Sikhs (''Chali Mukte'') who abandoned [[Guru Gobind Singh]] at the siege of [[Anandpur Sahib]] and bringing them back to fight.

==Biography==
===Early life===
[[File:Gurdwara Mata Bhag Kaur.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Mai Bhago]]
Mai Bhago was born into Jat family,<ref name="Thornton">{{cite book |last=Thornton |first=S. A. |editor-last=Smith |editor-first=Bonnie G. |editor-link=Bonnie G. Smith |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History |volume=1 |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514890-9 |page=226 |entry-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=PA226 |entry=BHAGO, MAI |quote=BHAGO, MAI (fl. 1699–1708), ... Hers was a family of the Dhillon clan of the ''jat'' ...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Smith |first=Bonnie G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=PA226 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-514890-9 |page=226 |language=en |ol=18292976M |quote=BHAGO, MAI (1699-1708), Sikh soldier and bodyguard for Guru Gobind Singh. Mai Bhago was bom the daughter of Malo Shah in Jhabal village in what is now the Amritsar district of Punjab. Hers was a family of the Dhillon clan of the Jats |ol-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Gayer">{{cite book |last=Gayer |first=Laurent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEb8DwAAQBAJ |title=Politique et religions en Asie du Sud: le sécularisme dans tous ses états? |publisher=Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales |year=2012 |isbn=978-2-7132-2323-5 |editor1-last=Jaffrelot |editor1-first=Christophe |editor1-link=Christophe Jaffrelot |page=287 |language=French |chapter=Des « Princesses » chez les « Lions ». Parcours de vie de recrues féminines dans la Guérilla Sikhe (1984-1995) |doi=10.4000/books.editionsehess.22356 |quote=Mai Bhago, une Jat du clan Dhillon, s'illustra au début du XVIIIe siècle en combattant les armées mogholes pour le compte de Gourou Gobind Singh. |editor2-last=Mohammad-Arif |editor2-first=Aminah |trans-quote=Mai Bhago, a Jat of the Dhillon clan, distinguished herself at the beginning of the 18th century by fighting the Mughal armies on behalf of Guru Gobind Singh.}}</ref> her family's ancestral village of [[Chabhal Kalan]], in a sikh family at Jhabal Kalan, in the present-day [[Tarn Taran district|Tarn Taran]] district of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search Gurbani : Gurbani Research Website |url=https://www.searchgurbani.com/ |access-date=2022-05-22 |website=www.searchgurbani.com |language=en}}</ref> Mai Bhago was a staunch Sikh by birth and had her upbringing in a devout Sikh family. Mai Bhago's father, Malo Shah, was enrolled in [[Guru Hargobind]]'s army<ref>{{cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Bonnie|title=The Oxford encyclopedia of Women in World History, Volume 4|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195148909|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/226 226]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse_k2h2/page/226}}</ref> and like her father Mai Bhago learned ''[[Gatka|Shaster vidya]]'' (training in arms). Mai Bhago was the granddaughter of Bhai Pero Shah who was younger brother of the famous [[Jhabal Kalan#The Jhabal Brothers|Bhai Langah]] the chief of 84 villages who had converted to [[Sikhism]] during the time of [[Guru Arjan Dev]] (1563–1606), the fifth [[Sikh Guru]].<ref name="SAO">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=osnkLKPMWykC&pg=PA144 |title=Sikhism Origin and Development|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |page=152|author=Dalbir Singh Dhillon|year=1988 | access-date=30 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sagoo|first=Harbans|title=Banda Singh Bahadur and Sikh Sovereignty|year=2001|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MIL4xwcCmxkC|isbn=9788176293006}}</ref> She had two brothers Dilbagh Singh and Bhag Singh.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nihang|first1=Nidar|last2=Singh|first2=Parmjit|title=In the Master's Presence: the Sikh's of Hazoor Sahib|date=2008|publisher=Kashi House|location=London|isbn=9780956016829|page=54}}</ref> When she was young her parents took her to Anandpur Sahib to do ''[[darshana|darshan]]'' (glimpse) of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. She married Bhai Nidhan Singh of [[Patti, Punjab|Patti]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Arneja|first1=Simran|title=Ik Onkar One God|publisher=Simran Kaur Arneja|isbn=9788184650938|page=102|date=2009}}</ref>

===Mughal confrontation===
In attempt to capture the Guru the large Mughal army led by [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]] (of Sirhind) under the orders of [[Aurangzeb|Emperor Aurangzeb]] proceeded to [[Anandpur Sahib]] alongside the Mughal Armies of Lahore and Kashmir.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shaw|first1=Jeffrey|last2=Demy|first2=Timothy|title=War and Religion: an Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict|date=2017|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9781610695176|page=576}}</ref>

====Disbandment of the Chali Mukte (40 "liberated" Sikhs)====
On around 1704<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fenech|first1=Louis|title=The Sikh Zafar-namah of Guru Gobind Singh: A Discursive Blade in the Heart of The Mughal Empire|date=2013|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780199931453|page=18}}</ref> the Mughal hill chiefs had surrounded Anandpur Sahib and were demanding it be evacuated stopping provisions for food and the siege lasting a few months.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Teja|last2=Jaggi|first2=Rattan|title=Essays in Sikhism|date=1988|publisher=Languages Department Punjab|page=57}}</ref> They announced that any Sikh who would say that "he/she is not anymore a Sikh of Guru Gobind" would be left untouched while others would be "done to death". A group of 40 Sikhs (''Chali Mukte''),<ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Harbans|title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|date=2005|publisher=Hemkunt Press|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788170103011|page=42|edition= Second}}</ref> led by Mahan Singh Rataul, told Guru Gobind Singh that they were not his Sikhs anymore. The Guru told them that they would have to write a document that said "We are not your Sikhs anymore" and sign it. All forty Sikhs (except one: 'Bedava') wrote their names on this document, and left Guru Gobind Singh.

====Mai Bhago's retaliation====
Mai Bhago was distressed to hear that some of the Sikhs of her neighbourhood, who had gone to Anandpur to fight for Guru Gobind Singh, had deserted him under adverse conditions. She criticised them openly; hearing her taunts, these Sikhs were ashamed of their betrayal.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kohli|first1=M. S.|title=Miracles of Ardaas: Incredible Adventures and Survivals|date=2003|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173871528|page=168}}</ref> Mai Bhago rallied the deserters, and persuaded them to meet with the Guru and apologize to him. She set off with them (and some other Sikhs) to seek out the Guru, who were traveling across the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]].

====Unfolding events at Anandpur Sahib====
=====The Guru leaving Anandpur fort=====
A messenger arrived with an oath signed by Aurangzeb on a copy of the Quran, assuring the Guru that if he came out of the fort, permanent peace would be negotiated on honourable terms. The oath of the Emperor was further supported by an oath signed by all the Generals of the Mughal army and the Hill Chiefs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Harjinder |title=Brave Shaheeds of Chamkaur Sahib |publisher=Akaal Publishers |page=1}}</ref> Guru Gobind Singh did not trust these assurances,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Anand |first1=T K |title=Essence of Sikhism – 7 |date=2005 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788125919483 |page=37}}</ref> but to show the real face of the Mughals, the Guru nevertheless decided to leave the fort.

=====Separation of the Guru's family=====
Meanwhile, Guru Gobind Singh evacuated the fort of Anandpur. His children had already been separated in the retreat by the betraying Mughal army and the Hill Chiefs. The two youngest ones, [[Zorawar Singh (Sikhism)|Sahibzada Zorawar Singh]] and [[Fateh Singh (Sikhism)|Sahibzada Fateh Singh]], had gone along with their grandmother [[Mata Gujari|Mata Gujari Kaur]] (mother of Guru Gobind Singh Ji) while the elder two, Sahibzada [[Ajit Singh (Sikhism)|Ajit Singh]] and [[Jujhar Singh|Sahibzada Jhujhar Singh]], had gone with their father. At the [[battle of Chamkaur]], the Guru's elder sons were killed and attained martyrdom. The Guru left Chamkaur on the order of the [[Panj Pyare]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Pushpendra |title=The Hawk Hunters |date=2015 |publisher=Leadstart Publishing Pvt Ltd |location=Mumbai |isbn=9789352013395}}</ref> Guru Gobind Singh's forces travelled day and night through the jungles of the [[Malva]] region with the imperial Mughal forces of Aurangzeb in constant pursuit.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Randhir |first1=G. S. |title=Sikh Shrines in India |date=2016 |publisher=Publications Division Ministry of Information & Broadcasting |location=New Delhi |isbn=9788123022604}}</ref>

====Battle of Muktsar at Khidrana====
[[File:Detail from a painting showing Mai Bhago in the Battle of Muktsar, Sikh school, Punjab Plains, late 19th century.jpg|thumb|Detail from a painting showing Mai Bhago in the Battle of Muktsar, Sikh school, Punjab Plains, late 19th century]]
{{Main|Battle of Muktsar}}

The Guru had reached the village of [[Khidrana]], when Mai Bhago and the men reached khidrana. She led stopped near the ''dhab'', or pool, of Khidrana, the only source of water in the area<ref>{{cite book |last1=Grover |first1=Parminder Singh |last2=Singh |first2=Davinderjit |title=Discover Punjab: Attractions of Punjab |publisher=Golden Point |location=Ludhiana}}</ref> which was overtaken by the Mughal imperial army pursuing the Guru.

Mai Bhago and her men attacked the pursuing Mughals' army of 10,000 soldiers. Mai Bhago & the 40 liberated ones eventually forced the imperial Mughal army to retreat. while the Guru's forces showered arrows onto the Mughals from nearby high ground. When Guru Gobind Singh visited the battlefield, he found all dead except Mai Bhago and the previous leader of the deserters, Mahan Singh. Mahan Singh, who had been seriously wounded, died as the Guru took him into his lap.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kohli|first1=M. S.|title=Miracles of Ardaas: Incredible Adventures and Survivals|date=2003|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788173871528|page=169}}</ref> All forty of the Sikhs who came to redeem themselves died as well as Mai Bhago's brothers and husband<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nihang|first1=Nidar|last2=Singh|first2=Parmjit|title=In the Master's Presence: the Sikh's of Hazoor Sahib|date=2008|publisher=Kashi House|location=London|isbn=9780956016829|page=54}}</ref> and attained martyrdom in this pitched battle. Some sources say Mai Bhago's children were martyred there too.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bikram |title=Prasang Mai Bhago |date=1950 |publisher=Hall Malazhem |location=Jodhpur |page=47 |edition= First}}</ref>

Guru Gobind Singh blessed those forty dead as the ''Chali Mukte'', Forty Liberated Ones. He took into his care Mai Bhago, who had suffered serious injury<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fenech|first1=Louis E.|last2=McLeod|first2=W. H.|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|date=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|location=Maryland|isbn=9781442236011|page=65|edition= Third}}</ref> in the battle.

===Mai Bhago Kaur residing with the Guru===
Mai Bhago stayed with Guru Gobind Singh at [[Talwandi Sabo]].<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Journal of Sikh Studies, Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University |date=2004 |volume= 28 |issue=1 |page=75}}</ref> She may have adopted the garb of a [[Nihang]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nihang|first1=Nidar|last2=Singh|first2=Parmjit|title=In the Master's Presence: the Sikh's of Hazoor Sahib|date=2008|publisher=Kashi House|location=London|isbn=9780956016829|page=54}}</ref> When the Guru went to [[Hazur Sahib]] she became one of ten other bodyguards of the Guru arming herself with a large lance (weighing about 102 pounds)<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Calcutta Review |journal=University of Calcutta |date=1881 |volume= 72-73 |page=75}}</ref> and musket<ref>{{cite journal|journal=Journal of Sikh Studies, Department of Guru Nanak Studies, Guru Nanak Dev University|date=2004|volume=28|issue=1|page=75}}</ref> and did so in male attire.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kennick|first1=Victoria|last2=Sharma|first2=Arvind|title=Spiritual Masters of the World's Religions|date=2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9781438444994|page=150}}</ref>

===Mai Bhag Kaur at Janwada===
After the death of Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Nanded in 1708, Mai Bhag Kaur retired further south. She settled down at Janwada, 11 km from Bidar in Karnataka, setting up her ''[[Dera (organization)|dera]]'' where she immersed in meditation and taught ''Gurmat'' (The Guru's way) living a long life.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Pall|first1=S.J.S.|title=Masters & the Word Divine (Questions and Answers)|date=August 1999|publisher=B. Chattar Singh Jiwan Singh|location=Amritsar|isbn=9788176013123|page=219|edition= First}}</ref> Her hut in Janwada has now been converted into a place of worship and learning, [[Gurdwara]] Tap Asthan Mai Bhago. At Nanded, too, a hall within the compound of Takht Sachkhand Sri Hazur Sahib marking the site of her former residence is known as Bunga Mai Bhago.

==Legacy==
[[File:Mai Bhago -SikhHeritageMuseum.jpg|thumb|20th century painting of Mai Bhago]]
Mohan Singh, ''Jathedar'' of Hazur Sahib, in 1788 built a ''Bunga'' ([[fortified tower]]) in the memory of Mai Bhag Kaur.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nihang|first1=Nidar|last2=Singh|first2=Parmjit|title=In the Master's Presence: the Sikh's of Hazoor Sahib|date=2008|publisher=Kashi House|location=London|isbn=9780956016829|page=54}}</ref> The weapons of Mai Bhago are kept in the Hazur Sahib Gurudwara complex at Abchalnagar Nanded, India.[[File:Statue of Mai Bhago.jpg|thumb|Statue of Mai Bhago in Shahidi park, New Delhi]]Modern artwork of Mai Bhago often depict her wearing a turban in-battle.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=Young Sikhs in a Global World: Negotiating Traditions, Identities and Authorities |date=Mar 9, 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134790883 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |edition=reprint |quote=Another central image having received legendary status online is Mai Bhago, both within Sikh art and online narrative (Bedi, 2008). She has her own Facebook album (with nearly 1,500 "Likes") and is consistently portrayed as having donned a turban while on the battlefield (Facebook, n.d.). Despite little definitive historical knowledge about Mai Bhago, she has become the ''beau ideal'' of Sikh women, for some, the ultimate female warrior ideal; she remains that most legitimizing historical figure and model for contemporary turban-wearing Sikh women. |editor-last2=Myrvold |editor-first2=Kristina}}</ref> She has become the idealized woman for Sikh women.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[Women in Sikhism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/warriors/mai%20bhago/maibhago.htm "Mai Bhago", URL accessed 08/30/06]
*{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/bhago.html|title=Great Sikh Warriors|publisher=sikh-history.com|access-date=23 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320221721/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/bhago.html|archive-date=20 March 2016|url-status=dead}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhango, Mai}}
[[Category:17th-century births]]
[[Category:18th-century deaths]]
[[Category:Female military personnel]]
[[Category:Female Sikh warriors]]
[[Category:Sikh saints]]
[[Category:Women in 17th-century warfare]]
[[Category:Women in 18th-century warfare]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Amritsar district]]
[[Category:People from Tarn Taran district]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:Sikh generals]]
[[Category:Indian female generals]]

Thirukkuvalai

2026-02-12T12:44:27Z

BenjaminWoodard: small update details based on references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2016}}
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| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 4255
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 610204<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pincode.city/india/tamil-nadu/nagapattinam/tirukuvalai|title = Tirukuvalai 6 Locations Pin Codes & Post Offices Information}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04365
| registration_plate = TN 51
| blank3_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank3_info_sec1 = 80%
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Nagapattinam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
| blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank5_info_sec1 = [[Nagapattinam (State Assembly Constituency)|Nagapattinam]]
| website =
}}

'''Thirukkuvalai''' is a village situated in [[Nagapattinam district]] of Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]].

The village is known for the [[Brahmapureeswarar Temple, Thirukkuvalai|Brahmapureeswarar Temple]]. It is the birthplace of former chief minister of the state, [[M. Karunanidhi]] where his ancestral home functions as a library.<ref>{{cite news|title=M. K. Azhagiri visits temple in his ancestral home town|url=http://www.dinamani.com/edition/story.aspx?SectionName=Tamilnadu&artid=76404&SectionID=129&MainSectionID=0&SEO=&Title=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88+%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81.%E0%AE%95.+%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF|publisher=Dina Mani|date=20 June 2009}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the latest [[2011 Indian census]], the village has a population of 4255 divided in 1161 families of which male population is 2135 and female with 2120, 10.62 percent of population is under six years of age. The literacy rate of 80.94 percent and the sex ratio 993 are almost same as that of the state level which is 80.09 percent and 996. Literacy stands at 88.21 percent for men and 73.74 percent for women.<ref name="thirukuvalai2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/637773-thirukuvalai-tamil-nadu.html|title=Thirukuvalai Population - Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[2011 Census of India]]}}</ref>
This village have Anna university, this is the only government engineering college of this district
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Nagapattinam district]]
[[Category:Villages in Nagapattinam district]]

== External links ==

*[[Thirukkuvalai Port]]
{{Nagapattinam-geo-stub}}

Vellayani Arjunan

2026-02-12T03:25:12Z

BenjaminWoodard: New initial post nd citations

{{short description|Indian writer, scholar and linguist (1933–2023)}}
{{family name hatnote|Vellayani|Arjunan|Indian name|lang=Toponymic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vellayani Arjunan
| image = Dr Vellayani Arjunan.jpg
| caption =
| imagesize =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1933|02|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Vellayani]], [[Travancore]], [[British Raj]]<br>(present day [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|05|31|1933|02|10|df=yes}}
| death_place = Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|Writer|linguist|academic|scholar}}
| years_active = 1960–2023
| spouse = Radhamani A.
| children = Jayasree A R (deceased), Supriya A R, Sahithi A R, Rajasree A R, Jayasankar Prasad
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|G. Shankara Panicker|Narayani}}
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br />Paramacharya Award
}}

'''Vellayani Arjunan''' (10 February 1933 – 31 May 2023) was an Indian writer, scholar, academician, and linguist from [[Kerala]].<ref name="A Social History of India">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=Vellayani+Arjunan&pg=PA650 | title=A Social History of India | publisher=APH Publishing | author=S. N. Sadasivan | year=2000 | pages=799 | isbn=9788176481700}}</ref> He served two terms at the [[State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications|State Institute of Encyclopedic Publications]] as chief editor from 1975 to 1988<ref name="Sarva">{{cite web | url=http://www.sarva.gov.in/brief_history.html | title=Sarva | publisher=Sarva | date=2014 | access-date=22 December 2014 | archive-date=26 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026045626/http://www.sarva.gov.in/brief_history.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> and as director from 2001 to 2004.<ref name="Gurudevan">{{cite web | url=http://www.gurudevan.info/forum/the-state-institute-of-encyclopaedic-publications-t388.html | title=Gurudevan | publisher=Gurudevan | date=2014 | access-date=22 December 2014 | archive-date=22 December 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222113415/http://www.gurudevan.info/forum/the-state-institute-of-encyclopaedic-publications-t388.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> During his tenure at the institute, seven volumes of the 12-volume [[Malayalam]] encyclopedia [[Viswasahityavijnanakosam]] were published.<ref name="A Social History of India" /><ref name="KAU">{{cite web | url=http://kau.egranth.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=pb:State%20Institute%20of%20Encyclopaedic%20Publications | title=KAU | publisher=Kerala Agricultural University | date=2014 | access-date=22 December 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082126/http://kau.egranth.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=pb:State%20Institute%20of%20Encyclopaedic%20Publications | url-status=dead }}</ref> He is credited with several publications, including children's literature and critical studies.<ref name="KAU" /><ref name="Chandanathirikal">{{cite book |author=Vellayani Arjunan |url=http://www.maebag.com/Product/15110/Books/Books-for-Children/Malayalam-Books-For-Kids/Chandanathirikal |title=Chandanathirikal |publisher=CSN Books |access-date=22 December 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044230/http://www.maebag.com/Product/15110/Books/Books-for-Children/Malayalam-Books-For-Kids/Chandanathirikal |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref name="Gaveshana Mekhala">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC&q=Vellayani+Arjunan&pg=PA299 | title=Gaveshana Mekhala | author=Vellayani Arjunan | year=1972 | location=Kottayam| isbn=9788170991366 }}</ref><ref name="Golden Goblet">{{Citation | author1=Appan, M. P | author2=Arjunan, Vellayani | title=The golden goblet | date=1976 | publisher=Appan | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8584338 | access-date=22 December 2014 }}</ref> His book ''Gaveshana Mekhala'' has been a prescribed text for the post graduate course [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] Malayalam at the [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref name="Syllabus">{{cite web | url=http://www.amu.ac.in/newdata/syllabus/10419.pdf | title=Syllabus | publisher=Aligarh Muslim University | date=2014 | access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> A recipient of the Paramacharya Award from Sarojini Bhaskaran Memorial Charitable Public Trust, he was honored by the [[Government of India]] in 2008 with the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]].<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Shri | publisher=Padma Shri | date=2014 | access-date=11 November 2014 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2015, [[Aligarh Muslim University]] awarded him a third [[D.Litt.]] degree for his thesis in Malayalam on ''Influence of Sree Narayana Guru on Malayalam Poetry''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AMU NEWS |url=http://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=7735 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411232706/http://www.amu.ac.in/about3.jsp?did=7735 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |access-date=31 May 2023 |website=Aligarh Muslim University}}</ref> He was the first Indian to hold three D.Litt. degrees.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2015 |title=82-yr-old gets third D.Litt from AMU |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/agra/82-yr-old-gets-third-d-litt-from-amu/articleshow/47800543.cms |access-date=1 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Vellayani Arjunan was born on 10 February 1933 to G. Shankara Panicker, an agriculturalist and Narayani, a housewife, at [[Vellayani]] in the erstwhile [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]]. After receiving a [[Master of Arts]] degree in [[Malayalam]], he went on to teach Malayalam Language and Literature at Sree Narayana College in Kollam. He later became the first Malayalam lecturer<ref>{{cite news |title=ബഹുഭാഷാപണ്ഡിതന്‍ വെള്ളായണി അര്‍ജുനന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/keralam/2023/may/31/multilingual-scholar-vellayani-arjunan-passed-away-178915.html |work=[[Samakalika Malayalam Vaarika]] |language=ml}}</ref> in [[Aligarh Muslim University]], from which he gained his PhD degree in 1964.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Padma Shri Dr Vellayani Arjunan passes away |language=en-US |work=Keralakaumudi Daily |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1078019&u=padma-shri-dr-vellayani-arjunan-passes-away-1078019 |access-date=1 June 2023}}</ref> After leaving Aligarh Muslim University, he was appointed director of the [[State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications]] in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 June 2023 |title=Linguist Vellayani Arjunan dies at 90 |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/linguist-vellayani-arjunan-dies-at-90/articleshow/100668408.cms |access-date=1 June 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Degree !! Topic !! Awarding Institution
|-
| [[D.Litt.]] || Influence of Sree Narayana Guru on Malayalam Poetry. || [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|-
| [[D.Litt.]] || A Comparative Study of the Mutual Relations and Uniformity of Hindi and Malayalam Languages. || [[Agra University]]
|-
| [[D.Litt.]] || The influence of Hindi Vocabularies on the South Indian Languages: A Linguistic study. || [[Jabalpur University]]
|-
| [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] || A Comparative Linguistic Study of Common Vocables of Hindi and Malayalam Languages. || [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
|}

===Other Degrees===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Degree !! Subject
|-
| [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] [[Honours degree|Hons]] || [[Malayalam]] Language and Literature
|-
| [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] || [[Malayalam]] Language and Literature
|-
| [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] || [[Hindi]] Language and Literature
|-
| [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] || Hindi Special
|-
| [[Postgraduate diploma|P.G. Diploma]] || [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada]]
|}

==Death==
Arjunan died in [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], Kerala on 31 May 2023, at the age of 90.<ref>{{cite news |title=ബഹുഭാഷാപണ്ഡിതന്‍ ഡോ.വെള്ളായണി അർജുനൻ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/india/latest/2023/05/31/Dr-Vellayani-Arjunan-passed-away.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |publisher=Manorama News |date=31 May 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|India|Literature}}
* [[State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications]]
* [[Viswasahityavijnanakosam]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | url=http://www.maebag.com/Product/15110/Books/Books-for-Children/Malayalam-Books-For-Kids/Chandanathirikal | title=Chandanathirikal | publisher=CSN Books | author=Vellayani Arjunan | access-date=22 December 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044230/http://www.maebag.com/Product/15110/Books/Books-for-Children/Malayalam-Books-For-Kids/Chandanathirikal | url-status=usurped }}
* {{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ro8SLhyAc9AC&q=Vellayani+Arjunan&pg=PA299 | title=Gaveshana Mekhala | author=Vellayani Arjunan | year=1972 | location=Kottayam| isbn=9788170991366 }}
* {{Citation | author1=Appan, M. P | author2=Arjunan, Vellayani | title=The golden goblet | date=1976 | publisher=Appan | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/8584338 | access-date=22 December 2014 }}

==External links==
* {{cite web | url=http://kau.egranth.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=pb:State%20Institute%20of%20Encyclopaedic%20Publications | title=KAU | publisher=Kerala Agricultural University | date=2014 | access-date=22 December 2014 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304082126/http://kau.egranth.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-search.pl?q=pb:State%20Institute%20of%20Encyclopaedic%20Publications | url-status=dead }}
{{Padma Award winners of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arjunan, Vellayani}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]

National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology

2026-02-01T09:36:08Z

BenjaminWoodard: corrected section also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian deemed university and scientific society}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox university
| name = National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology
| image_name = NIELIT Logo.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| motto = To develop skilled professionals in the area of IECT
| established = {{start date and age|1994}}
| type = Deemed University
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| state = [[Delhi]]
| coor = {{coord|28.5856|N|77.0550|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| chairperson = [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Union Minister of Electronics and Information Technology]]
| head_label = Director-General
| head = Dr. Madan Mohan Tripathi
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| mascot =
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| affiliation =
| colors =
| sports_nickname =
| website = {{URL|https://nielit.gov.in/index.php}}<br> {{URL|https://nielit.ac.in/}}
| native_name =
| dean =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| postalcode =
| language = English
}}
'''National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology''' ('''NIELIT'''), formerly known as the '''Department of Electronics and Accreditation of Computer Classes Society (DOEACC Society)''', is a [[Deemed University]] and scientific society that offers Information Technology and Electronics training at different levels. It is an autonomous body under the administrative control of [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology]], [[Government of India]].<ref>🖉{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nielit-gets-deemed-university-status/article69057858.ece|title=NIELIT gets deemed university status|first=Biju|last=Govind 5972|date=3 January 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> NIELIT currently has 56 centers across the country, with its headquarters at [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2018 |title='नॅशनल इन्स्टिटय़ूट ऑफ इलेक्ट्रॉनिक्स अ‍ॅण्ड इन्फर्मेशन टेक्नॉलॉजी, औरंगाबाद'चे विविध अभ्यासक्रम |language=mr-IN |trans-title=Various Courses of National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology, Aurangabad |work=Loksatta |url=https://www.loksatta.com/career-vrutantta-news/national-institute-of-electronics-and-information-technology-1711126/ |access-date=12 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Madan |date=26 February 2018 |title=Bihar CM inaugurates new campus of National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology near Bihta |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/bihar-cm-inaugurates-new-campus-of-national-institute-of-electronics-and-information-technology-near-bihta/articleshow/63085029.cms |access-date=12 July 2018 |work=The Times of India |publisher=}}</ref>

The origins of NIELIT can be traced back to 1974 when the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Department of Electronics (DoE)]] and the University Grants Commission (UGC) of India, with assistance from the Swiss Development Corporation, established the first Centre for Electronic Design and Technology at the [[Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nielit.gov.in/content/amended-certificate-registration-regarding-name-change-doeacc-society-nielit|title=Amended Certificate of Registration regarding name change of DOEACC Society to NIELIT.|date=29 October 2015|website=www.nielit.gov.in}}</ref> The primary objective was to bridge the gap between academic institutions and the industry by providing specialized training in electronics design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/digital-india/nielits-landmark-transition-to-deemed-to-be-university-shaping-the-next-generation-tech-leaders/119536666|title=NIELIT’s landmark transition to Deemed-to-be University: Shaping the next generation tech leaders|website=ETGovernment.com}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:DOEACC Logo.jpg|thumb|right|DOEACC logo used during the early years of the society]]
In 1994, the '''Department of Electronics and Accreditation of Computer Classes Society''' was formed. The society was registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860, with the goal of implementing a scheme for accrediting computer training programs offered by the private sector to meet the growing demand for skilled manpower in information technology. The management and administration of the society were overseen by a Governing Council, chaired by the Minister of State for Communications & Information Technology.

In December 2002, a significant merger took place. Various autonomous societies and centers under the Department of Information Technology, including the '''Centre for Electronics Design & Technology of India (CEDTI)''' in Aurangabad, Calicut, Gorakhpur, Imphal, Srinagar, Jammu, Tezpur, Guwahati, and the '''Regional Computer Centres (RCC)''' in Chandigarh and Kolkata, were merged into the DOEACC Society. This consolidation expanded the society's network and scope of operations.

On 10 October 2011, the DOEACC Society was officially renamed the National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/nielit-gets-deemed-university-status/article69057858.ece|title=NIELIT gets deemed university status|first=Biju|last=Govind 5972|date=3 January 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> This change was made to reflect the expanded mandate of the organisation, which had grown beyond simple computer accreditation to a comprehensive role in human resource development, training, and education in the broader fields of electronics and Information and Communication Technology.

Today, NIELIT functions as an autonomous scientific society under the [[Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology|Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)]], [[Government of India]]. It has a network of over 50 centers across the country and is a key implementing agency for various government initiatives aimed at digital literacy, skill development, and e-governance projects. The institute continues to offer a wide range of formal and non-formal courses, including its well-known O, A, B, and C level courses, and plays a vital role as a national examination and accreditation body for non-formal IT and electronics courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/centre/one-nielit-centre-required-in-each-state-minister/articleshow/58570645.cms|title=One NIELIT Centre required in each State: Minister|date=8 May 2017|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Academic Programs==
===DOEACC Stream===
#O Level Equivalent to Diploma course. There are four papers in this level.
#A Level Equivalent to Advanced Diploma in Computer Applications. There are ten papers in this level.
#B Level Equivalent to MCA. For students doing B level after A level, there are fifteen papers, for students doing B level directly, there are 25 papers.
#C Level equivalent to M. Tech Level.<ref>https://www.nielit.gov.in/chandigarh/content/doeacc-b-level-0</ref>

===Main Stream===
*Mtech, MCA, MSc, Btech, BCA, BSc, Diploma, and PG-Diploma.<ref>https://nielit.ac.in/programmes.php</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NIELIT Centres |url=https://www.nielit.gov.in/content/nielit-centres |publisher=National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology |access-date=30 January 2026}}</ref>

==Centers==
{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* NIELIT [[Chandigarh]]
* NIELIT [[Delhi]]
* NIELIT [[Gorakhpur]]
* NIELIT [[Lucknow]]
* NIELIT [[Haridwar]]
* NIELIT [[Kurukshetra]]
* NIELIT [[Pali]]
* NIELIT [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]
* NIELIT [[Shimla]]
* NIELIT [[Srinagar]]
* NIELIT [[Jammu]]
* NIELIT [[Leh]]
* NIELIT [[Agartala]]
* NIELIT [[Aizawl]]
* NIELIT [[Lunglei]]
* NIELIT [[Gangtok]]
* NIELIT [[Guwahati]]
* NIELIT [[Dibrugarh]]
* NIELIT [[Jorhat]]
* NIELIT [[Kokrajhar]]
* NIELIT [[Silchar]]
* NIELIT [[Tezpur]]
* NIELIT [[Imphal]]
* NIELIT [[Churachandpur]]
* NIELIT [[Senapati]]
* NIELIT [[Itanagar]]
* NIELIT [[Pasighat]]
* NIELIT [[Tezu]]
* NIELIT [[Kohima]]
* NIELIT [[Chuchuyimlang]]
* NIELIT [[Shillong]]
* NIELIT [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]]
* NIELIT [[Majuli]]
* NIELIT [[Bhubaneswar]]
* NIELIT [[Kolkata]]
* NIELIT [[Patna]]
* NIELIT [[Ranchi]]
* NIELIT [[Kozhikode|Calicut]]
* NIELIT [[Chennai]]
* NIELIT [[Hyderabad]]
* NIELIT [[Tirupati]]
* NIELIT [[Ajmer]]
* NIELIT [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
* NIELIT [[Daman]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
*[[List of deemed universities]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.nielit.gov.in/index.php Official website]
*[https://nielit.ac.in/ Univ website]
{{Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (India)}}
{{Universities in Delhi|state=collapsed}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Institute of Electronics and Information Technology (NIELIT DOEACC)}}
[[Category:Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)]]
[[Category:Scientific societies based in India]]
[[Category:Deemed universities in India]]
[[Category:Electronics industry in India]]
[[category:DOEACC society]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1994]]
[[Category:Education in Patna]]

2024 Wayanad landslides

2026-01-29T07:46:06Z

BenjaminWoodard: created new details

{{Short description|Landslides in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox event
| title = Wayanad Landslides 2024
| image =
| image_size = 300px
| map = {{Location map | India Kerala#India
| places =
|lat= 11.4876314
|long= 76.1533857
|label=Wayanad landslides
|mark=Red pog.svg
| position = top
| caption =
| width = 300
| float = center
| relief = yes
}}
| map_size = 300px
| date = {{start date|2024|07|30|df=y}}
| time = 02:17–04:30
| timezone = [[Time in India|IST]]
| venue =
| location = Punjirimattom, [[Mundakkai, Wayanad|Mundakkai]], [[Chooralmala]], and Vellarimala villages in [[Meppadi|Meppadi Panchayat]], <br>[[Vythiri]] taluk, Wayanad district, Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| also_known_as =
| type = [[Landslide]] and [[Flash flood]]
| cause = Heavy rain
| outcome = Loss of human lives and properties
| reported deaths = 420
| reported injuries = 397
| missing = 47
| displaced = 10,000
| reported property damage = {{INRConvert|1200|c}}<ref name="Reported property damage-01">{{Cite news|title=Reported property damage-01|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/08/11/wayanad-landslide-rescuers-recover-body-parts-as-massive-search-ops-resume-130-missing.html|access-date=11 August 2024 |newspaper=The Week |language=en |quote=Revenue Minister K. Rajan said the region has incurred loss to the tune of Rs 1,200 crore.}}</ref><ref name="Reported property damage-02">{{Cite news|title=Reported property damage-02|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslides-ministers-hopeful-of-reasonable-compensation-from-centre-after-modi-visit/article68510182.ece|access-date=11 August 2024 |newspaper=The Hindu|language=en |quote=Revenue Minister says the total loss caused by the calamity is ₹1,200 crore and the State will need at least ₹2,000 crore for the rehabilitation process}}</ref><ref name="Reported property damage-03">{{Cite news|title=Reported property damage-03|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/wayanad-landslide-hope-pm-will-consider-states-demand-in-a-positive-manner-say-kerala-ministers-3145677|access-date=12 August 2024 |newspaper=Deccan Herald|language=en |quote=Revenue Minister K Rajan said the region has incurred a loss of Rs 1,200 crore and while Rs 2,000 crore was sought for rehabilitation alone.}}</ref><ref name="Reported property damage-04">{{Cite news|title=Loss of ₹1,200 cr. incurred in Wayanad landslides, Kerala tells HC|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/loss-of-1200-cr-incurred-in-wayanad-landslides-kerala-tells-hc/article68533552.ece|access-date=16 August 2024 |newspaper=The Hindu|language=en |quote=Kerala has incurred a loss of ₹1,200 crore in the Wayanad landslides, the State government has told the Kerala High Court.}}</ref>
| notes = [https://reliefweb.int/attachments/ea5ae42e-b52f-4ebf-b004-9d679820a1f0/LOCAL-Sitrep_Landslide%20in%20Kerala-011-2024_05-08-2024.pdf 2024 Wayanad Landslide Report]
}}
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The '''2024 Wayanad [[Landslide|landslides]]''' were a series of landslides that occurred in Punjirimattom, [[Mundakkai, Wayanad|Mundakkai]], [[Chooralmala]], and [[Vellarimala]] villages in [[Meppadi]] panchayat, [[Vythiri]] taluk<ref name="Location Of the incident">{{cite web|title=Location Of the incident|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2155|work=[[Government of India]]|access-date=17 August 2024|quote=On 30.07.2024 at about 0217 hrs, due to incessant and heavy to extremely heavy rainfall,a major landslide incident occurred at Punjirimattom, Mundakkai, Chooralmala, Vellarimala Village,Meppadi Panchayat, Vythiri taluk in District Wayanad.}}</ref> in [[Wayanad district]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] in the early hours of 30 July 2024. The landslides were caused by heavy rains that caused hillsides to collapse onto the areas below. The disaster was one of the deadliest in Kerala's history, with reports of 254 fatalities,<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2024 |title=Wayanad landslides: Fire Force, NDRF, volunteers continue search operations |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/wayanad-landslides-fire-force-ndrf-volunteers-continue-search-operations-124080900226_1.html |access-date=September 27, 2024 |publisher=[[The Business Standard]] |author=Ani |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2024-09-22 |title=Wayand landslides: The many challenges of DNA tests to identify victims |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/wayand-landslides-the-many-challenges-of-dna-tests-to-identify-victims-3201476 |access-date=2024-09-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |quote=At the end of the week-long rescue operation, the search operations team recovered 231 bodies while 118 persons were declared missing. The unidentified bodies and body parts—including severed limbs and dismembered remains—were assigned specific numbers for future identification, and samples were taken for DNA testing. The 421 samples were then sent to the Regional Forensic Science Laboratory in Kannur, where forensic experts began the task of matching names to the body parts recovered from the tragedy.}}</ref> 397 injuries,<ref name="Missing Person">{{Cite web |title=Missing Person |url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2157 |access-date=14 August 2024 |website=ndmindia}}</ref> and 118 people missing.<ref name=":12" /><ref name="Missing Person" /> [[Deforestation]], seismic sensitivity, poor building construction, and [[global warming]] have been identified as possible causes for the landslides and fatalities.

Many government agencies such as the armed forces, the [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF), fire and rescue services, and [[forest]] and [[wildlife]] authorities, as well as volunteers, launched a large-scale rescue mission to search for survivors.<ref name="How two villages vanished overnight">{{cite web|title=How two villages vanished overnight|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslide-how-two-villages-vanished-overnight/article68506601.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en|access-date=16 August 2024|quote=Following the incident, the authorities launched Fire and Rescue Services, Forest and Wildlife authorities, and the police, along with hundreds of volunteers and government officials rescued several stranded people in the surrounding forest area and mud-filled locations. On August 1, Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan said over 9,300 people were staying in 91 relief camps in Wayanad district.}}</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Rescue operation in the Wayanad landslide 2024 -White Guard Volunteers.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rescue operation at the Wayanad landslide site]]
[[File:White Guard Volunteers -rescue operation in the Wayanad landslide 2024 Choorlmala.jpg|thumb|right|300px|[[White Guard Volunteers (Kerala India)|White Guard Volunteers]] rescue operation in the Wayanad landslide at Chooralmala]]
[[File:Mundakkai, Chooralmala, Wayanad Landslide rescue team.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rescue teams at Mundakkai and Chooralmala]]
[[File:Rescue workers pass through Mundakai and Churalmala landslide area in Wayanad.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Rescue workers at the landslide-affected area]]
Wayanad is at risk of landslides during monsoon seasons.<ref name=":15">{{Cite web| date=31 July 2024 |title=Wayanad landslide: What did Gadgil say about Chooralmala and Mundakkai? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2024/07/31/wayanad-landslide-mundakkai-chooralmala-kerala-rain-madhav-gadgil-report.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite web|date=31 July 2024 |title=Not just nature's fury, man's greed too behind Wayanad tragedy |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/wayanad-landslides-factors-nature-man-made-kerala-western-ghats-disaster-prone-climate-change-sea-warming-2574272-2024-07-31 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Located in the [[Western Ghats]] mountain range, its hills consist of [[Fault (geology)|faulted]] and [[Erosion|eroded]] mountain edges of the [[Deccan Plateau]]. Geological evidence suggests that this region was shaped during the breakup of the supercontinent [[Gondwana]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":17">{{Cite web| title=What is soil piping? Did this phenomenon trigger Wayanad landslide |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/lifestyle/news/2024/08/02/soil-piping-phenomenon-trigger-wayanad-landslide.html |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama |quote=The massive landslide that occurred at Puthumala in Wayanad was attributed to soil piping. Meppady is a place located not so far from Puthumala and experts believe that the landslide in Mundakkai may be linked to it as well.}}</ref> As a result of this breakup, the Deccan Plateau was formed from [[basalt]] rocks, leading to the rise of the Western Ghats.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barron|first1=E.J.|last2=Harrison|first2=C.G.A.|last3=Sloan|first3=J.L. II|last4=Hay|first4=W.W.|year=1981|title=Paleogeography, 180 million years ago to the present|journal=Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae|volume=74|issue=2|pages=443–470}}</ref> [[Geophysics|Geophysical]] data indicates that the mountainous area of Wayanad emerged along the west coast of India during the [[late Jurassic]] to [[early Cretaceous]] periods when India separated from the African continent.<ref name="Geo">{{cite web|title=Formation of Western Ghats|url=https://wgbis.ces.iisc.ac.in/biodiversity/sahyadri/wgbis_info/form.htm|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|access-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> The [[Iruvanjippuzha]] and [[Chaliyar]] rivers, both originating in the Western Ghats, flow westward towards the [[Arabian Sea]] due to the steep gradient from east to west.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Rivers: Scientific and Socio-economic Aspects|author= Dhruv Sen Singh|year=2017|isbn=978-9-8110-2984-4|publisher=Springer Nature|page=309}}</ref> Numerous smaller streams drain the region into these rivers, often carrying a substantial volume of water during the [[monsoon]] months.<ref name="Hydro">{{cite book|title=Western Ghats - From Ecology To Economics|author1=Shanavas P H|author2=Sumesh A K|author3=Haris P M|year=2016|isbn=978-9-3852-4758-3|publisher=Educreation Publishing|pages=27–29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Waterfalls|author=Patricia Corrigan|year=2019|isbn=978-1-4381-8252-0|publisher=Infobase Publishing|page=131}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first1=R.L.|last1=Samani|first2=A.P.|last2=Ayhad|title=Silting Problems in Hydropower Plants|editor=S. P. Kaushish|editor2=B. S. K. Naidu|publisher=Central Board of Irrigation and Power|location=Bangkok|year=2002|chapter=Siltation of Reservoirs-Koyna Hydroelectric Project-A Case Study|isbn=978-90-5809-238-0}}</ref> According to [[Meppadi]] government disaster mitigation documents prepared in 2020, the villages of [[Mundakkai, Wayanad|Mundakkai]], [[Chooralmala]], Puthumala, Attamala, Vellithodu, [[Thrikkaipatta|Thrikkaippatta]], and Kottatharavayal are highly sensitive to landslides and flash floods.<ref name="Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA)">{{Cite web|title=Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA)|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/21/wayanad-landslides-master-plan-swept-away-nature-fury-chooralmala-meppadi.html|access-date=21 August 2024 |website=onmanorama|language=en|quote=All local governments in Kerala had prepared disaster mitigation documents in 2020, with the help of Kerala Institute of Local Administration (KILA). The document, prepared in Meppadi panchayat in the light of the 2019 Puthumala landslide, was comprehensive. The document had marked Mundakkai, Chooralmala, Puthumala, Attamala, Vellithodu, Thrikkaippatta, and Kottatharavayal wards in Meppadi as landslide-prone.}}</ref>

The villages of Punjirimattom, Mundakkai, Chooralmala, and Vellarimala are located on hilly terrain and farmland used for tea and coffee plantations, such as [[Harrisons Malayalam|Harrisons Malayalam Limited]]. They border the [[Nilambur|Nilambur forests]] and the [[Chaliyar]] river. Residents of these villages are primarily agricultural workers who have lived in the area for generations. Most of the residents are plantation workers and raise animals.<ref name="Background of the villages">{{Cite web|title=Background of the villages|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/wayanad-mundakkai-chooralmala-landslides-army-bodies-kerala-climate-change-impact-gadgil-western-ghats/article68528102.ece |access-date=17 August 2024 |website= The Frontline|language=en}}</ref>

==Incident==
The [[Western Ghats]] in [[Kerala]] experienced heavy rains, accumulating {{Cvt|204.5|mm}} of rainfall during the first 24 hours and {{Cvt|372.6|mm}} in the following 24 hours before the event.<ref name="Massive torrential rains">{{Cite web| title=Massive torrential rains|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslide-how-two-villages-vanished-overnight/article68506601.ece|access-date=16 August 2024 |website=[[Onmanorama]]|quote=On days before the incident, Mundakkai had received 572mm of rainfall in 48 hours - 200mm of rainfall in the first 24 hours and a massive 372 mm in the next 24 hours. Several other nearby places also received excessive rains on the previous day.}}</ref> Due to the heavy rainfall, residents of Punjirimattom, Attamala, and [[Mundakkai, Wayanad|Mundakkai]] were relocated to relief camps by local authorities starting on {{start date|2024|07|29|df=y}}. Despite an alert issued by the district administration, many residents in the [[Chooralmala]] area chose to remain in their homes, as the area was not classified as landslide-prone.<ref name=":18">{{Cite news |last1=Manoj |first1=E. M. |date=30 July 2024 |title=Wayanad landslide Hope and desperation as families wait for kith and kin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslide-hope-and-desperation-as-families-wait-for-kith-and-kin/article68465842.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730192526/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslide-hope-and-desperation-as-families-wait-for-kith-and-kin/article68465842.ece |archive-date=30 July 2024 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="Two villages vanished">{{Cite web|date=16 August 2024 |title=Wayanad landslides: How two villages vanished overnight |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslide-how-two-villages-vanished-overnight/article68506601.ece|access-date=16 August 2024|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Around 02:17 [[Time in India|IST]] (20:47 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]),<ref name="Time of first landslide">{{Cite web|title=Time of first landslide|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2155 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=ndmindia|quote=On 30.07.2024 at about 0217 hrs, due to incessant and heavy to extremely heavy rainfall, a major landslide incident occurred at Mundakki, Chooralmala, Vellarimala Village,Meppadi Panchayat, Vythiri taluk in District Wayanad.}}</ref> a landslide struck near the origin of the [[Punnapuzha River|Punnappuzha river]] (one of the tributaries of Chaliyar), between the villages of Punjirimattom and [[Mundakkai, Wayanad|Mundakkai]], sweeping away both villages.<ref>{{Cite web| date=2 August 2024 |title=Only 10 houses remain at Punjirimattom, the epicenter of landslide in Wayanad |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/02/only-10-houses-remain-at-unjirimattom-the-epicentre-of-landslide-in-wayanad |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> This was followed by a second landslide at approximately 04:10 [[Time in India|IST]] (22:40 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) in nearby Chooralmala, which diverted the Iruvanjippuzha river, causing flash floods that washed away the entire Chooralmala village. The collapse of the only bridge connecting the settlements left approximately 400 families stranded in [[Mundakkai, Wayanad|Mundakkai]] and Attamala.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web| title=Wayanad landslides: 133 dead, 481 saved, at least 98 missing |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/30/wayand-landslide-kerala-rain-live.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730073647/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/30/wayand-landslide-kerala-rain-live.html |archive-date=30 July 2024 |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref>

According to the [[First information report|First Information Report]] (FIR) on the [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] landslides prepared by the [[Geological Survey of India]], the velocity of the debris flow was {{Convert|57|m/s|abbr=on}}. The debris flow originated as a debris slide at an elevation of {{Convert|1544|m}}, then followed the river's path, carrying tons of rock and soil mixed with water, forming a slurry that devastated everything in its path.<ref name="First information report">{{Cite web| title=First information report|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2024/08/10/wayanad-landslide-velocity-rated-extremely-rapid-covered-seven-km-says-gsi-report.html|access-date=10 August 2024|website=onmanorama}}</ref> The [[National Remote Sensing Centre]] (NRSC), a subsidiary of the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], analyzed satellite imagery and released their findings on {{start date|2024|08|01|df=y}}. The images revealed that approximately {{Convert|86000|m2|abbr=on}} of land had moved down the hill.<ref name="Torrential Rains study by ISRO">{{Cite news|title=Torrential Rains study by ISRO|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/etimes/trending/isro-releases-before-and-after-images-of-the-devastating-wayanad-landslides/articleshow/112217200.cms|access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Times Of India|quote=ISRO has released high-resolution satellite images showing the devastating impact of the July 30, 2024, landslides in Wayanad, Kerala. Captured by Cartosat-3 and RISAT satellites, the images reveal {{Convert|86000|m2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of land slipping, altering the Iruvaiphuzha river’s course and damaging infrastructure. The landslides, triggered by heavy rainfall, have claimed 167 lives. The images emphasize the need for better disaster management and sustainable development to protect vulnerable regions.}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
===Loss of human lives===
Over 420 people were killed<ref name=":12" /> and 397 people were injured,<ref name="Missing Person" /> making these [[Landslide|landslides]] the deadliest in [[Kerala]]'s history.<ref name="Missing Person"/><ref name=":4" /> Seventeen entire families died.<ref name="17 families perished">{{Cite web| date=31 July 2024 |title=17 families perished|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/wayanad-landslides-none-of-17-families-alive-219-families-in-camps-kerala-cm-1.9828964|access-date=20 August 2024 |website=Mathrubhumi|language=en}}</ref> Most of the victims were tea and cardamom estate workers, asleep when the landslides struck.<ref name=":0" /> More than 118 people remain unaccounted for.<ref name=":12" /><ref name="Missing Person" /> Among the survivors, at least five children lost both parents, while six others lost one parent in the [[disaster]].<ref name="Orphan">{{cite web | last=Raghunath | first=Arjun | title=Five children orphaned in Wayanad landslides | website=[[Deccan Herald]] | date=6 August 2024 | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/five-children-orphaned-in-wayanad-landslides-3139566 | access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> The landslides led to the mixing of muddy water and debris with the [[Chaliyar|Chaliyar river]], in which over 200 bodies or body parts were found.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2024 |title=Wayanad landslides: Chaliyar River’s serene waters turned deadly |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslides-chaliyar-rivers-serene-waters-turned-deadly/article68484186.ece |access-date=12 August 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web| last1=Qureshi |first1=Imran |last2=Padanna |first2=Ashraf |date=30 July 2024 |title=India landslides kill 120 and trap dozens |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c51y7k2y7v1o |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=31 July 2024 |title=Wayanad landslides: Over 173 dead, more than 190 missing; Army rescues over 1,000 people |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Jul/31/day-2-wayanad-landslides-over-190-dead-225-missing-army-rescues-over-a-1000-people |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

===Property and commercial loss===
More than 1,555 houses and other buildings including [[School|schools]], a [[dispensary]], the panchayat bhawan, the electricity board office, and 136 community buildings were damaged.<ref name="Property damage">{{Cite web| title=Situation report regarding Flood/ Heavy rainfall in the Countryas on 12.08.2024 at 1800 Hrs. |url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2155 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=ndmindia|quote=A total of 1555 houses,100 other buildings, 290 MSME/ shops, 124 km electricity(LT) ,02 transformers, Rural road - 1.5 km, Bridges-03 and 626 hectare crop areahave been reported damaged/ affected so far.}}</ref><ref name="Reported property damage-04" /> Additionally, 290 shops, {{Convert|124|km|abbr=on}} of electricity infrastructure, two transformers, {{Convert|1.5|km|abbr=on}} of rural roads, and three bridges were affected. The [[Landslide|landslides]] also devastated a total of {{Convert|600|ha|abbr=on}} of land,<ref name="Land devastated">{{cite web|title=Land devastated| website=Asianet News |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/landslides-render-houses-uninhabitable-destroy-600-hectares-of-crops-state-government-in-high-court-siayn5| access-date=16 August 2024|quote=The state government has informed the High Court that 1555 houses have been rendered uninhabitable and around 600 hectares of land has been destroyed in the Wayanad landslides.}}</ref> including {{Convert|310|ha|abbr=on}} of [[Agricultural land|farmland]].<ref name="Loss of crops-01">{{cite web |title=Wayanad landslides toll crosses 400-mark, 152 people still missing; search and rescue ops underway | website=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 | date=7 August 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/wayanad-landslides-toll-crosses-400-mark-152-people-still-missing-search-and-rescue-ops-underway/articleshow/112335880.cms | access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> After the landslides, business institutions including hundreds of shops in [[Chooralmala]] and [[Mundakkai, Wayanad|Mundakkai]] were shut down by officials, citing danger of additional landslides. According to Kerala Vyapari Vyavasayi Ekopana Samithi, these restrictions cost more than {{INRConvert|25|c}} to the business community in the impacted areas.<ref name="Kerala Vyapari Vyavasayi Ekopana Samithi">{{Cite news |title=Kerala Vyapari Vyavasayi Ekopana Samithi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/traders-body-seeks-government-intervention-to-revive-business-in-landslide-hit-chooralmala/article68543529.ece |date=19 August 2024 |access-date=19 August 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|quote=KVVES district president Jojin T. Joy and general secretary Usman Anjukunnu said as many as 78 shops in Chooralmala and Mundakkai towns were operational before the disaster struck on July 30. The landslides resulted in a loss of ₹25 crore to business establishments and shops in the area, said Mr. Anjukunnu.}}</ref> Harrisons Malayalam lost {{Convert|10|ha|abbr=on}} of tea estate, which cultivates an estimated 230 tonnes of tea produce worth {{INRConvert|3.5|c}}; forty-one estate employees and forty-eight of their family members were either missing or dead.<ref name="Harrisons Malayalam Estate">{{Cite news |title=Harrisons Malayalam Estate|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/harrisons-malayalam-lost-10-hectares-of-tea-garden-in-wayanad-landslides/article68553408.ece |date=22 August 2024 |access-date=22 August 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|quote=The Sentinel Rock Estate of Harrisons Malayalam Ltd, which was severely damaged in the Wayanad landslides, has suffered a production loss of 230 tonnes of tea, valued at around ₹3.5 crore.}}</ref>

===Loss of wildlife and livestock===
The Wayanad Animal Husbandry Department reported that nearly 150 cattle and 75 goats perished in the [[disaster]].<ref name="Loss of livestock">{{cite web | last=Chandran | first=Cynthia | title=150 cattle, 75 goats perished in Wayanad landslide: Animal Husbandry Department | website=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=1 August 2024 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/01/150-cattle-75-goats-perished-in-wayanad-landslide-animal-husbandry-department | access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref> Wildlife activists noted a relatively low number of wild animal deaths, despite large swathes of forests being flattened by the landslides, because of their heightened alertness to natural disasters. Among the deceased wild animals were two tigers, a sambar deer and its calf, and eight wild elephants, including four from the [[Periyar Tiger Reserve]] and two each from the [[Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary]] and the [[Malayattoor |Malayattoor forests]].<ref name="Loss of wild life-01">{{Cite news |last=Zubair |first=Sana |title=Wayanad Landslides: Wild Animals Are Less Troubled - Why?|url=https://timelinedaily.com/environment/wayanad-landslides-wild-animals-are-less-troubled-why|access-date=15 August 2024 |date=15 August 2024 |newspaper=Timeline Daily}}</ref><ref name="Loss of livestock" /> The Animal Husbandry Department also reported that 14 out of the 40 dairy farmers in the Chooralmala Dairy Cooperative Society were believed to be among the disaster victims, causing a drop of {{Convert|12420|litre}} in milk production in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], and resulting in a shortage of milk supplies across [[Kerala]].<ref name="Reduction in milk production">{{Cite news |title=Wayanad landslides: Animal husbandry suffers heavy loss |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslides-animal-husbandry-suffers-heavy-loss/article68474334.ece |date=2 August 2024 |access-date=15 August 2024 |issn=0971-751X |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Additionally, large amounts of fodder grass used to feed domesticated livestock was destroyed.<ref name="Reduction in milk production" />

==Rescue operations==
===Extrication efforts===
====First week====
[[File:Rescue work after Mundakkai devastation.webm|thumb|right|300px|Rescue work after at Munakkai]]
Due to continuous heavy rains and the risk of further landslides, search operations could not begin until later in the day on 30 July, when numerous rescuers from various groups were deployed.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 2024 |title=There is not a soul left: At landslide Ground Zero in Wayanad, massive rescue ops on |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/there-is-not-a-soul-left-at-landslide-ground-zero-in-wayanad-massive-rescue-ops-on-9487684/ |website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vasistha |first=Yashasvi |date=31 July 2024 |title=Wayanad landslides: Rescue ops stepped up as several remain missing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wayanad-landslides-rescue-ops-stepped-up-as-several-remain-missing/photostory/112176014.cms?picid=112176030 |access-date=1 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The [[Indian Army]] established a command-and-control center in [[Kozhikode district]] to coordinate humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations on 31 July. Over 4,000 people were rescued and more than 10,000 were relocated to 93 disaster relief camps in Wayanad.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite news|title=Police heroically rescue youngsters trapped in Soochipara; airlifted to safety |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1357276&u=police-heroically-rescues-youngsters-trapped-in-soochipara-airlifted-to-safety |access-date=3 August 2024 |newspaper=Kerala Kaumudi |language=en |quote=More than 10,000 people have been moved to 93 relief camps across the district.}}</ref><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web| date=1 August 2024 |title=Wayanad: Hopes for survivors fade in deadly India landslides |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cv2g0jmm7vro |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en}}</ref> As a precaution, schools and colleges were closed in 10 out of 14 districts in Kerala.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=30 July 2024 |title=Wayanad landslide news: Death toll rises to 80; Navy deployed to aid in rescue operations |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/wayanad-landslide-death-toll-rises-indian-navy-amit-shah-pinrayi-vijayan-rahul-gandhi-mundakkai-chooralmala-attamala-11722328822833.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730095355/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/wayanad-landslide-death-toll-rises-indian-navy-amit-shah-pinrayi-vijayan-rahul-gandhi-mundakkai-chooralmala-attamala-11722328822833.html |archive-date=30 July 2024 |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> On 1 August, 144 army personnel from the [[Madras Engineer Group]]'s Engineer Task Force constructed a temporary {{convert|190|ft|m|adj=mid|-long}} [[Bailey bridge]] within 31 hours. This bridge connected the Chooralmala village with Mundakkai over the Iruvanjippuzha River.<ref>{{Cite web| date=1 August 2024 |title=Pics: Army builds bridge in record time to connect landslides-hit areas in Wayanad |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/wayanad-landslides-indian-army-bridge-in-record-time-chooralmala-mundakkai-iruvanipzha-river-2575346-2024-08-01 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The Kerala government also established 45 relief camps in Wayanad, providing shelter to over 4,000 people, while the state health department set up a control room to offer emergency assistance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wayanad Landslides Kill 298, Government Says in Parliament |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/social/wayanad-landslides-kill-298-government-says-in-parliament |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web| last1=Tiwari |first1=Ankita |last2=Chakraborty |first2=Prateek |date=1 August 2024 |title=Kerala's landslide crisis: High-risk ignored |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/kerala-wayanad-landslide-crisis-monsoon-fury-rescue-operation-natural-disasters-himachal-uttarakhand-cloudburst-2574826-2024-08-01 |website=India Today|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Kerala's health minister, [[Veena George]], stated that at least 1,500 rescue personnel, including forensic surgeons, were deployed.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web| last1=Nair |first1=Shilpa |last2=KG |first2=Shibimol |date=1 August 2024 |title=Wayanad landslides: Number of dead rises to 256, over 200 missing |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/kerala/story/kerala-wayanad-landslide-rains-dead-injured-rescue-operations-2574765-2024-08-01 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

On 2 August, the [[Indian Air Force]] deployed [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules]] aircraft, [[Drone aircraft|drones]], and a specialized team of subsoil evacuation and rescue monitoring experts from [[Hindan Air Force Station|Hindon Air Force Station]] in [[Ghaziabad]].<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web| date=2 August 2024 |title=308 dead in Wayanad landslides, drone-based radar to look for survivors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/wayanad-kerala-landslides-death-toll-survivors-rescue-operations-rahul-priyanka-gandhi-pinarayi-vijayan-2575468-2024-08-02 |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date=2 August 2024 |title=Weather LIVE Updates: Death Toll Mounts To 201 In Wayanad, 264 Injured; IAF's Specialized Drone For Rescue Ops |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/weather-live-updates-wayanad-landslide-uttarakhand-himachal-cloudbursts-delhi-heavy-rains-rescue-operations |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/wayanad-landslide/army-thanks-mohanlal-for-his-praise-on-their-search-operation-in-wayanad-1.9779479|title='We deeply appreciate...': Army thanks Mohanlal for recognizing rescue efforts in Wayanad|publisher=Mathrubhumi|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Rescue teams were divided across six zones (Attamala, Aaranmala, Mundakkai, Punjirimattom, Vellarmala village road, GVHSS Vellarmala), as well as areas downstream of the Chaliyar river. All police stations along the Chaliyar river were involved in the rescue efforts, assisted by regional expert swimmers.<ref name="auto2"/> During the rescue operation in Mundakkai village, advanced radar detected signs of breathing beneath the soil; by evening, it was determined that these were more likely from animals rather than trapped humans.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Wayanad landslides: Death count crosses 340, search enters day 5 |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslide-chooralmala-mundakkai-search-operation-death-toll-live.html |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> On 3 August, rescue operations resumed using advanced radar equipment and dog squads to locate buried victims. Authorities later reported that 341 autopsies had been completed, with 148 bodies identified. An aerial survey of the affected areas was conducted by Air Marshal [[Balakrishnan Manikantan]] and Army Station Commander M. P. Salil in order to assess the damage and carry out rescue operations.<ref>{{Cite web| date=3 August 2024 |title=Wayanad Landslides News Live Updates: More than 1,300 rescuers continue the search efforts on Day 5 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wayanad-landslide-live-updates-9492176/ |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

====Second week====
There were increased rescue measures in the disaster-struck areas of Wayanad on 4 August. Advanced radar, drones, and heavy machinery, including earth movers and cranes were used to find survivors or buried remains.<ref>{{Cite web| date=4 August 2024 |title=Day 6's efforts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wayanad-landslide-live-updates-9492176// |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 2024 |title=Karnataka Aids Wayanad Landslide Rescue Operations |url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/karnataka-aids-wayanad-landslide-rescue-operations/01082024/ |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=News Karnataka |language=en}}</ref> [[Odisha Police]] [[K9 Unit|K9 unit]] Storm, known for his sniffing abilities in harsh conditions and proven past record, was also involved in the rescue operation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=K9 dog Storm |url=https://odishatv.in/news/odisha/wayanad-landslide-odisha-police-k9-dog-storm-leaves-for-kerala-to-help-rescue-operation-240847 |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=odishatv |language=en}}</ref> The rescue operations were aided by numerous experienced volunteers. Most of the rescue efforts were diverted to the Cheliyar River, which flows through [[Malappuram]], Kozhikode, and Wayanad, because of an increased possibility of remains to be found in the river.<ref>{{Cite web| date=4 August 2024 |title=Wayanad landslides: Rescue operations enter day six as death toll crosses 360 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/04/wayanad-landslides-rescue-operations-enter-day-six-as-death-toll-crosses-360 |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Eight unclaimed bodies were buried in Puthumala.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web| title=Wayanad landslides: Mass burial of unidentified victims underway at Puthumala |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/05/wayanad-landslide-search-continues-for-missing-people-live.html |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> The search for missing people entered its seventh day on 5 August, with the resumption of search operations at the Chaliyar River.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Search entered in 7th day| url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/05/wayanad-landslide-search-continues-for-missing-people-live.html |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> DNA samples from unidentified bodies were collected, to be later matched with family members.<ref name ="DNA sample collection">{{Cite web|title=DNA sample collection| url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/04/wayanad-landslide-dna-sample-collection.html|access-date=5 August 2024 |website=onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> Traffic restrictions were put in place on the temporary bridge connecting Chooralmala and Mundakkai, allowing only rescuers to cross.<ref name ="Restriction on bailey bridge">{{Cite web|title=Restriction on bailey bridge| url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/04/wayanad-landslide-dna-sample-collection.html|access-date=5 August 2024 |website=onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> In Puthumala, 31 unclaimed bodies and over 158 body parts were buried after interfaith prayers, each grave was marked with a DNA sample number.<ref name ="Burial">{{Cite web|title=Burial| url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/05/wayanad-landslide-search-continues-for-missing-people-live.html|access-date=5 August 2024|website=onmanorama |language=en}}</ref> A large number of ambulances and more [[Search and rescue dog|cadaver dogs]] were deployed in the search and rescue operations.<ref name="auto1"/> Buried Object Detection Systems were used to find deeply-buried bodies.<ref name="BODS">{{Cite web| title=BODS|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/05/wayanad-landslide-search-continues-for-missing-people-live.html |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> A special drive was initiated in the remote areas between [[Soochipara Falls]] and Pothukallu with the help of twelve army rescuers, dog squads, and forest department officials to find victims in Meppadi on 6 August.<ref name="Soochippara">{{Cite web| title=Soochippara|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/06/wayanad-landslides-death-toll-go-up-search-enters-eighth-day-live.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> Teams were formed, each including one [[Panchayati raj|panchayath]] ward member of the [[Gram panchayat|Grama Panchayath]], to assess the structural integrity of residential buildings.<ref name="Rapid visual screening">{{Cite web| title=Rapid visual screening |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/06/wayanad-landslide-inspection-of-affected-buildings-to-study-impact.html|access-date=6 August 2024|date=6 August 2024|website=Onmanorama}}</ref> The Kerala government initiated a search operation in the Arabian Sea and sought the aid of the Navy and Coast Guard.<ref name="Arabian Sea">{{Cite web| title=Arabian Sea |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2024/08/06/wayanad-landslides-government-navy-coast-guard-aid-search-arabian-sea.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> The local authorities reported that 53 children had either died or were missing in the landslides. Rescue operations started in the Sunrise Valley area on 7 August. Kerala police registered 62 cases of spreading misinformation about misuse of the Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund and arrested 15.<ref name="CMDRF">{{Cite web| title=CMDRF|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/07/wayanad-landslides-399-dead-152-missing-meppadi-chooralmala.html|access-date=7 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

[[File:Wayanad Rescue Operation-07 July 2024.webm|thumb|right|300px|Rescue operations being conducted at the affected area]]

Search operations continued on 8 August. Search teams were delivered to inaccessible areas along the Chaliyar river with Air Force helicopters, and the use of heavy machines and K9 dog squads in Chooralmala and Mundakkai continued.<ref name="Search operations">{{Cite web| title=Search operations|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/kerala-landslides-search-operations-continue-for-10th-day-in-wayanad|access-date=7 August 2024 |website=udayavani}}</ref> The Indian Army withdrew partially from search operations and handed over further activities to the NDRF, State Disaster Response Force (SDRF), firefighters, and the Kerala police. A small contingent remained in the area to maintain the temporary bridge and to assist with search operations.<ref name="Army withdrawal">{{Cite web| title=Army withdrawal|url=https://telanganatoday.com/nine-days-after-wayanad-landslides-army-partially-withdraws-from-disaster-hit-areas|access-date=8 August 2024|website=telanganatoday}}</ref> Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan requested that volunteers avoid sending provisions, clothes, vegetables or confectionery to the disaster zone, instead to provide financial contributions for rehabilitation as nearly 400 truckloads of relief materials was in surplus.<ref name="Perishable goods">{{Cite news |title=Perishable goods|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cm-flags-a-problem-of-plenty-in-wayanad-and-requests-volunteers-to-stop-sending-more-goods-and-essentials/article68501725.ece|access-date=8 August 2024|website=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name="Surplus goods">{{Cite news |title=Surplus goods|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslides-a-problem-of-plenty-as-nearly-400-truckloads-of-surplus-relief-materials-from-tn-may-reach-wayanad-soon/article68505233.ece|access-date=8 August 2024|website=The Hindu}}</ref> The State government began to allow survivors and next-of-kin of the missing or dead to take part in the final search operation between 06:00 and 11:00 IST on 9 August, along with disaster management authorities and medical teams.<ref name="Final search operation">{{Cite web| title=Final search operation|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/08/massive-search-for-missing-people-in-wayanad-landslide.html|access-date=9 August 2024|website=The onmanorama}}</ref> The Indian Army's K-9 Dog Squad also ended their search and rescue operations and exited Wayanad's landslide zone.<ref name="K-9 Dog Squad">{{Cite web| title=K-9 Dog Squad|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/wayanad-landslides-fire-force-ndrf-volunteers-local-people-to-continue-search-operations20240809090833|access-date=9 August 2024|website=ANI news |language=en |quote=Indian Army's the Dog squad exited Wayanad after a stretched search, rescue and restoration operation.}}</ref> A holiday was declared for all schools and colleges in the affected area after a booming sound caused anxiety among the locals.<ref name="Fear among locals-02">{{Cite web|title=Fear among locals-02|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/mysterious-noise-sparks-panic-in-landslide-hit-wayanad/articleshow/112397293.cms?from=mdr|website=economictimes|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Fear among locals-03">{{Cite web|title=Fear among locals-03|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/mysterious-sound-from-under-the-earth-sparks-panic-in-wayanad-town-probe-launched|website=outlookindia|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date=11 August 2024 |title=Search mission resumes in landslide-hit Wayanad; hundreds of civil volunteers take part |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wayanad-landslide-search-mission-resumes-civil-volunteers-9507385/ |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date=2024-08-11 |title=Search mission resumes in landslide-hit Wayanad; hundreds of civil volunteers take part |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wayanad-landslide-search-mission-resumes-civil-volunteers-9507385/ |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The state government initiated massive [[waste management]] efforts, and cleared over 150 tonnes of waste.<ref name="Waste management">{{Cite news|title=Waste management|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/10/waste-management-operation-in-landslide-hit-wayanad.html|website=The onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Three dead bodies and one body part was found and then airlifted from near [[Kanthanpara Waterfalls]].<ref name="Kanthanpara Waterfalls">{{Cite web|title=Kanthanpara Waterfalls|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/10/wayanad-landslides-bodies-recovered-near-kanthanpara-waterfalls.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> More than 700 documents such as revenue certificates, land ownership certificates, ration cards, and house ownership documents were distributed to affected families.<ref name="Document distributed">{{Cite web|title=Document distributed|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/nearly-700-certificates-issued-to-survivors-of-wayanad-landslides-on-a-single-day/article68508845.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

====Third week====
A last-ditch search and rescue effort started on 11 August, after a pause for a visit by the Prime Minister, to search for missing people.<ref name="Last ditch effort">{{Cite web|title=Last ditch effort|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/11/wayanad-landslide-massive-search-including-survivors-on-sunday.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Hundreds of civil volunteers aided search operations and assisted fire and rescue personnel.<ref name="March of the volunteers">{{Cite web|title=March of the volunteers|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/search-mission-resumes-in-landslide-hit-wayanad-hundreds-of-civil-volunteers-take-part/articleshow/112438026.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst|website=Economictimes|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Mission Resumes">{{Cite web|title=Mission Resumes|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/search-mission-resumes-in-wayanad-survivors-to-help-locate-spots-6312295|website=ndtv|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Two more body parts were recovered from Kanthanpara Waterfalls.<ref name="Body parts recovery from Kanthanpara">{{Cite web|title=Body parts recovery from Kanthanpara|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/11/wayanad-landslide-massive-search-including-survivors-on-sunday.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Revenue Minister [[K. Rajan (politician)|K. Rajan]] confirmed that the landslides had cost around {{INRConvert|1200|c}} to the state of Kerala.<ref name="Property loss">{{Cite news|title=Property loss|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2024/08/11/wayanad-landslide-rescuers-recover-body-parts-as-massive-search-ops-resume-130-missing.html|access-date=11 August 2024 |newspaper=The Week |language=en |quote=Revenue Minister K. Rajan said the region has incurred loss to the tune of Rs 1,200 crore.}}</ref> According to the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], 322 out of 378 injured had been discharged from hospitals.<ref name="Discharged from the hospitals-02">{{Cite news|title=Discharged from the hospitals-02|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2153|access-date=11 August 2024 |website=ndmindia.mha.gov.in|language=en |quote=322 persons have been discharged from hospitals.}}</ref> The government of Kerala established a helpdesk at [[Chennai]].<ref name="Chennai helpdesk">{{Cite news|title=Chennai helpdesk|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/help-desk-for-wayanad-landslide-relief-set-up-in-chennai/article68509410.ece|access-date=11 August 2024 |website=The Hindu|language=en |quote=NORKA Roots, under the Non-Resident Keralite’s Affairs (NORKA), Kerala government, has established a help desk at its Chennai satellite office in Kerala Tourism Development (KTDC), Rain Drops Hotel on Greams Road, to assist those affected by the Wayanad landslide. Contributions for the rebuilding efforts can be made to the Chief Minister’s Distress Relief Fund (CMDRF) through the NORKA Roots office. }}</ref> Special search teams from the Army and Kerala Police's Special Operations Group intensified searches on 12 August in five regions close to the Chaliyar River in Malappuram; no volunteers were allowed<ref name="Search on 14th day">{{Cite web|title=Search on 14th day|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/12/wayanad-landslides--search-operations-enter-14th-day--dna-test-r.html|access-date=12 August 2024 |website=onmanorama|language=en |quote=The government has decided to intensify the search in five regions close to Chaliyar river in Malappuram. A special search team of the army and Kerala Police's Special Operations Group will be deployed in Kanthanpara region. No volunteers will be allowed for the search in Kanthanpara area which is close to the forest.}}</ref> Two more body parts, including a human skull, were recovered from Munderi Iruttukuthi and Chaliyar Kottupara Kadavu.<ref name="Kottupara Kadavu">{{Cite web|title=Kottupara Kadavu|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1363378&u=|access-date=12 August 2024 |website=keralakaumudi|language=en |quote=Two more body parts were recovered from the banks of Chaliyar River during search for people missing in the landslides that struck Mundakkai and Chooralmala in Wayanad. The body parts were recovered from Munderi Iruttukuthi and from Chaliyar Kottupara Kadavu.}}</ref><ref name="Human skull found">{{Cite web| title=Human skull found|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/12/wayanad-landslides--search-operations-enter-14th-day--dna-test-r.html |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> Two-hundred-fifty-three rental houses, including government quarters, were identified in and around the affected villages, to act as temporary housing for those displaced by the landslides.<ref name="Temporary rehabilitation">{{Cite web| title=Temporary rehabilitation|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/12/ksdma-experts-to-study-scope-of-habitation-in-chooralmala-mundakkai-of-wayanad.html|access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> A team of experts from the Kerala State Disaster Management Authority was formed to study future habitation in the landslide-hit regions.<ref name="KSDMA study">{{Cite web| title=KSDMA study |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/12/ksdma-experts-to-study-scope-of-habitation-in-chooralmala-mundakkai-of-wayanad.html|access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>

An expert panel chaired by senior scientist John Matthai of the National Centre for Geosciences was appointed by the State Disaster Management Authority to inspect the landslide-hit areas on 13 August, to assess how the disaster happened and what occurred during the landslide.<ref name="Assessment of the disaster-01">{{Cite web| title=Assessment of the disaster-01|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/kerala/five-member-expert-team-to-visit-landslide-hit-wayanad-today-1815996|access-date=13 August 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> They later recommended five locations for the construction of new townships.<ref name="Township Locations">{{Cite web |title=Township Locations |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1369305&u=wayanad-landslides-recommendation-to-build-townships-in-five-places-expert-team-submits-two-reports |access-date=22 August 2024 |website=Kerala Kaumudi}}</ref><ref name="Green signal for Chooralmala">{{Cite web |title=Green signal for Chooralmala |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/15/most-of-landslide-hit-chooralmala-in-wayanad-is-safe-now-scientist-2 |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Three more body parts were recovered from Wayanad's [[Vellarimala|Vellarmala]] and Thalappali areas and Malappuram's Kumpalappara.<ref name="3 more body parts found">{{Cite web| title=3 more body parts found|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/13/wayanad-landslides-search-underway-dna-test-results-within-three-days.html|access-date=13 August 2024 |website=onmanorama}}</ref> Search operations continued for a few hours in the Mundakai-Chooralmala disaster areas on the banks of the river flowing through the forest below the Chooralmala bridge.<ref name="Investigation of rental houses">{{Cite web| title=Investigation of rental houses|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/asia/wayanad-landslides-401-bodies-limbs-tested-for-dna-so-far|access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref> The [[India Meteorological Department]] issued severe weather alerts on 15 August and warned against the possibility of another flash flood.<ref name="Potentially dangerous weather">{{Cite web| title=potentially dangerous weather|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/wayanad-braces-for-flashfloods-again-two-weeks-after-keralas-deadliest-deluge-12797467.html|access-date=15 August 2024 |website=MoneyControl}}</ref><ref name="IMD issued an alert">{{Cite web| title=IMD issued an alert|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/imd-issues-rain-alert-for-keralas-wayanad-says-floods-likely/articleshow/112538543.cms|access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Times Of India}}</ref>

====Fourth week====
Due to a lack of quality [[DNA]] samples from bodies, forensic scientists began to use next-generation [[DNA sequencing|DNA sequencing technology]] to try and match 52 decomposed samples against [[DNA profiling|DNA profiles]] built from 401 samples at the Kerala Genome Data Center (KGDC)'s [[Forensic science|forensic]] lab in [[Kannur]].<ref name="DNA sequencing technology">{{Cite web| title=DNA sequencing technology|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/18/wayanad-landslides-next-gen-dna-sequencing-decomposed-samples.html|access-date=18 August 2024 |website=onmanorama|quote=The state government is mulling the use of advanced next-generation DNA sequencing technology (NGS) to see if it could help in identifying 52 decomposed samples at the Regional Forensic Lab n Kannur where a marathon identification process of the Wayanad landslide victims is being carried out by a six-member team. Rajan said the cross-matching will now start for 118 missing persons with the DNA profile built from 401 samples.}}</ref><ref name="Kerala to use advanced DNA technology">{{Cite web| title=Kerala may use advanced DNA technology to identify Wayanad landslides victims|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-may-use-advanced-dna-technology-to-identify-wayanad-landslides-victims/article68539938.ece|access-date=18 August 2024 |website=The Hindu|quote=Kerala may use advanced DNA technology to identify Wayanad landslides victims.}}</ref> On 19 August, the Wayanad district administration imposed a ban on visitor entry from neighboring districts and the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka to the landslide-affected villages of Mundakkai and Chooralmala.<ref name="Entry ban to Mundakkai and Chooralmala">{{Cite web| title=Entry ban to Mundakkai and Chooralmala|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2024/08/19/wayanad-landslides-mundakkai-chooralmala-entry-ban.html|access-date=19 August 2024 |website=onmanorama|quote=The Wayanad District Administration has imposed a ban on visitors' entry to the landslide-affected villages of Mundakkai and Chooralmala in the district. The decision follows a spike in visitors from neighbouring districts and the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka due to the slight relaxation in restrictions, after a temporary suspension of the search operation.}}</ref> By 26 August, all affected families were relocated from relief camps to relief housing.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayanad landslides: All survivors shifted from relief camps; all-party meeting on August 29 to discuss rehabilitation |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/26/wayanad-landslides-releif-camps-closed-rehabilitation-project-discussion-to-begin.html |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref name="Landslides killed 17 families completely">{{Cite web |title=Landslides killed 17 families completely |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/219-people-still-remain-in-relief-camps-cm/articleshow/112659455.cms |access-date=20 August 2024 |website=[[Times of India]] |quote=729 families were in camps but now only 219 remain. The others have moved to rented houses or family homes, with the govt providing rent assistance. Additionally, 177 houses have been identified for rent, with 123 ready for immediate occupancy. So far, 105 rental houses have been allocated and 22 families have already moved in. Others have requested more time to relocate. There are no significant obstacles in finding houses," the CM said. So far, 179 bodies have been identified. As many as 65 deaths have been reported from 17 families who have no surviving members left.}}</ref> On 21 August, the government of Kerala asked for central assistance of {{INRConvert|900|c}}.<ref name="₹900 crore compensation">{{Cite web| title=₹900 crore compensation|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-seeks-around-900-crore-central-assistance-for-compensation-and-rehab-of-wayanad-landslides-victims/article68551194.ece|access-date=21 August 2024 |website=The Hindu|quote=The loss sustained in the July 30 landslides that claimed 224 lives is estimated to be ₹281 crore. It has also been estimated that the State may require at least ₹600 crore for the development of a township and allied facilities for rehabilitation of the survivors.}}</ref>

===Rescuer mobilization===
A total of 1,531 rescuers were mobilized from different forces, including 35 personnel from the NDRF, 582 from the Indian Army, the Madras Engineer Group (MEG), the [[Defence Security Corps]] (DSC), 23 personnel from the Indian Air Force, 120 personnel from the SDRF , 460 personnel from the [[Kerala Fire and Rescue Services]], 31 [[Kerala Forest and Wildlife Department|Forest department]] personnel, 61 personnel from the [[Tamil Nadu Disaster Response Force]], seven from the Tamil Nadu Medical team, 50 from the [[Indian Coast Guard]], 80 from the [[Indian Navy]], and 82 personnel from the Kerala Civil Defense.<ref name ="Situation report in the Country as on 04.08.2024">{{Cite web|title=Situation report in the Country as on 04.08.2024|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2147|access-date=5 August 2024|work=Ministry of Home Affairs - Disaster Management Division}}</ref><ref name="Rescuers mobilized by various rescue teams">{{Cite web|title=Rescuers mobilized by various rescue teams|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/report|access-date=11 August 2024 |website=ndmindia|language=en }}</ref><ref name="Situation report in the Country as on 12.08.2024">{{Cite web|title=Situation report in the Country as on 12.08.2024|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2155|access-date=12 August 2024 |website=ndmindia|language=en }}</ref>

===Resource allocation===
Four helicopters, as well as a C-130 cargo plane and numerous [[Drone warfare|drone]] aircraft were deployed by Indian Air Force for rescue operation.<ref name="Resource mobilization-01" /><ref name="auto2" /> Fourteen Army columns, along with five medical teams, the Madras Engineer Group, two teams from the Defence Security Corps, a parachute regiment team, and 15 dogs from a K-9 dog squad were mobilized by the Indian Army.<ref name="Resource mobilization-01">{{Cite web |title=Resource mobilization-01 |url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2154 |access-date=11 August 2024 |website=ndmindia |language=en}}</ref> Other specialized equipment such as radar and excavators were also deployed by the Army.<ref name="Resource mobilization-02">{{Cite web|title=Resource mobilization-02|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2152|access-date=9 August 2024 |website=ndmindia|language=en }}</ref> The ''INS Zamorin'' was sent to the area to assist with rescue operations.<ref name="Resource mobilization-03">{{Cite web|title=Resource mobilization-03|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2154/|access-date=11 August 2024 |website=ndmindia|language=en }}</ref> An Indian Navy column from Kozhikode, a medical team, a river crossing team, and two sets of UAV-based sub-soil scanners were deployed for rescue and relief operation.<ref name="Resource mobilization-04">{{Cite web|title=Resource mobilization-04|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2148|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=ndmindia|language=en }}</ref> The Indian Coast Guard provided three disaster response teams (two from [[Kochi]] and one from [[Beypore]]), along with ALH MK III aircraft stationed at Kochi, CGS Kochi, ICGS Beypore and CGS Vizhinjam.<ref name="Resource mobilization-01" /> Other disaster response forces included four teams from the NDRF, the SDRF, the Forest Department, the Fire Service, and the Kerala police. The Wayanad district administration and Civil Defence mobilized 100 ambulances, doctors, medical supplies, and equipment.<ref name="Resource mobilization-05">{{Cite web|title=Resource mobilization-05|url=https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/viewUploadedDocument?uid=NEW2147|access-date=11 August 2024 |website=ndmindia|language=en }}</ref>

===Volunteers===

The District Administration were effective in collaborating IAG group under the leadership its Executive Committee. There were several organisation worked under the leadership of IAG( Inter Agency Group) and District Emergency Operation Center (DEOC) become the center point of coordination and allocation of such needs. An effective system were in place to manage the volunteers by the IAG and Numerous volunteers from political parties, charity institutions, religious, social, and cultural organizations registered themselves with the district administration and became involved at the affected sites and relief camps.<ref name="People from other states, all walks of life turn volunteers">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2024 |title=People from other states, all walks of life turn volunteers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/01/people-from-other-states-all-walks-of-life-turn-volunteers-relief-camps-well-stocked-in-wayanad |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=The New Indian Express |quote=Volunteer groups from other states have come forward to help with traffic and crowd management.}}</ref> These included [[Seva Bharati]], [[White Guard Volunteers (Kerala India)|White Guard Volunteers]], [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]], [[Indian Youth Congress]], [[Sunni Students' Federation]],[[Democratic Youth Federation of India]], [[All India Youth Federation]],<ref>https://frontline.thehindu.com/environment/wayanad-landslide-disaster-kerala-model-civilian-volunteers-pour-in-help-rescue-effort-indian-army-impressed/article68529008.ece</ref><ref>https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/05/wayanad-landslide-government-safety-concerns-stop-charity-food-distribution-residents-decry-petty-politics.html</ref> People's Foundation and Ideal Relief Wing.<ref name="Volunteering">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/03/kerala-landslides-when-humanity-triumphs-over-religion-politics|title=Kerala landslides: When humanity triumphs over religion, politics|date=3 August 2024|website=The New Indian Express |quote=Many organizations like Youth Care, SYS, SKSSF, DYFI and Seva Bharati too have been at the forefront of search and rescue efforts.|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Volunteerism at Wayanad">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/selfless-service-by-volunteers-of-civil-groups-in-relief-operations-in-landslide-hit-wayanad/article68516427.ece|title=Volunteerism at Wayanad|date=12 August 2024|website=The Hindu |quote=Selfless service by volunteers of civil groups in relief operations in landslide-hit Wayanad.|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Volunteers from the [[Bharat Scouts and Guides]], the [[National Service Scheme]] (NSS), and the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]] (NCC) also assisted.<ref name="NSS & NCC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/multimedia/video/wayanad-landslide-govt-school-students-volunteer-in-relief-camps-amid-unfolding-tragedy/article68472025.ece|title=NSS & NCC|date=12 August 2024|website=The Hindu Business Line |quote=Many of the student volunteers are part of community service programmes like the National Service Scheme (NSS) and the National Cadet Corps (NCC).|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> School teachers motivated their students to take part in to the NSS and NCC programmes.<ref name="Motivating Students">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/kerala-landslides-government-school-students-volunteer-tirelessly-in-relief-camps-3130333|title=Motivating Students|date=12 August 2024|website=Deccan Herald|quote=School teachers are also playing a crucial role, motivating and supporting the students, many of whom are part of the NSS and NCC programmes, in their efforts.|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Students from various schools in Wayanad also distributed relief materials and food supplies to the landslide survivors, and provided physical assistance and emotional support.<ref name="School Students">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/multimedia/video/wayanad-landslide-govt-school-students-volunteer-in-relief-camps-amid-unfolding-tragedy/article68472025.ece|title=School Students|date=12 August 2024|website=The Hindu Business Line |quote=Students from the Government Higher Secondary School in Meppadi, Wayanad, are working tirelessly to coordinate the distribution of relief materials for the landslide survivors, who have been relocated to relief camps throughout the district.|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

==Causes==
[[File:ECDM 20240805 India Kerala.pdf|thumb|right|300px| Landslide location and the debris flow route]]
===Anthropological factors===
Landslides can be caused by heavy rain fall, slope of the land, poor construction techniques, and poor-planned land use.<ref name="Anthropological activities">{{Cite web|title=Anthropological activities|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/explained-landslides-causes-wayanad-tragedy-9488385/|access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Indian express|quote=Landslides are natural phenomena that usually occur in mountainous regions with steep slopes. During a landslide, large amounts of rock, boulders, loose mud, soil, and debris roll down slopes and hillsides, gathering great momentum and often taking vegetation or buildings along.}}</ref>

According to the latest census data provided by the [[Government of India]], the population of Wayanad district increased 11-fold over the past century, from 75,149 in 1901 to 817,420 in 2011, within an area of {{Convert|2132|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Population of Wayand">{{Cite web|title=Population of Wayand|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/273-wayanad.html|access-date=20 August 2024 |website=census2011}}</ref> With the increase in the population, tourism also boomed in the area in the recent decades as affluent travelers started visiting the plateau district for extended weekends. According to the state tourism department's data, tourist arrivals into the state grew 72% from 2003 (6.16 million) to 2023 ( 22.52 million). Out of the 19.21 millions tourists who visited Kerala in 2022, 1.51 million visited Wayanad district alone. To host such a large number of tourists, many resorts have been built.<ref name="Tourism Hazard">{{Cite web|title=Tourism Hazards|url=https://india.mongabay.com/2024/08/commentary-why-the-wayanad-landslide-must-not-fade-from-memory/|access-date=19 August 2024 |website=mongabay|quote=Wayanad is a late bloomer among plateaus. The plateau is at an altitude where the prevalence of malaria is high. Unlike the Idukki plateau where pioneering settler-agriculturists started moving in, in the late 19th Century, braving the disease, settlers moved into Wayanad after the discovery of synthetic malaria drugs after the 1940s. Before that, it was the land of indigenous communities in enclaves. The tourism boom for Wayanad had been in the recent decades when the affluent and mobile from cities such as Bengaluru started travelling to the plateau district for extended weekends. According to the Census data, Wayanad district had a settled population of 75,149 in 1901, which grew to 817,420 by the 2011 Census. The settler boom decades started after the 1941 census (106,350) and stabilised by the 2001 census (780,619). In short, between 1941 and 2001, the population of the district grew by 7.34 times over these six decades. Compare this with the fact that between 1901 and 1941 the population had only grown by 1.41 times.}}</ref>

===Deforestation===
The [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] in Kochi conducted a study on soil [[topography]] and [[geomorphology]] of Wayanad and concluded that major [[deforestation]] occurred in Wayanad district as a result of the creation of [[tea plantation]]s, which contributed to the landslides.<ref name="CUSAT">{{Cite web|title=CUSAT|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/pm-modi-wayanad-landslides-live-updates-9505918/|access-date=10 August 2024 |website=Indian express|quote=S Abhilash, director of the Advanced Centre for Atmospheric Radar Research (ACARR) at Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, told The Indian Express that the cutting of trees to create plantations is contributing to landslides in Kerala.}}</ref><ref name="Deforestation">{{Cite web|title=Deforestation|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-climate/explained-landslides-causes-wayanad-tragedy-9488385/|access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Indian express|quote=Most of the landslides that are taking place in Kerala are around plantation areas, indicating another major triggering factor — agricultural activities such as monocropping, in which large, native trees, which hold the top soil to the bedrock, are cut down. These trees are being replaced by big plantation crops, such as tea and coffee, which have shallow roots.}}</ref>

Another study published in 2022 by the [[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]] on deforestation in Wayanad district showed that 62% of green cover in the district disappeared between 1950 and 2018, while tea plantation cover rose by around 1800%, leaving less forest to keep muddy hills stable.<ref name="International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health">{{Cite web|title=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/did-unchecked-rise-in-construction-tourism-lead-to-wayanad-landslides-heres-what-we-know-439681-2024-08-01 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Business Today}}</ref> [[Kerala]]'s hilly regions have slopes of more than 20 degrees, increasing the risk of flash floods during heavy rains.<ref name="Flash flood">{{Cite web|title=Flash flood|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/did-unchecked-rise-in-construction-tourism-lead-to-wayanad-landslides-heres-what-we-know-439681-2024-08-01 |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Business Today}}</ref>

===Geological triggers===
According to the Geological Survey of India, a total of {{Convert|19,301|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, or 49.7% of Kerala's total area, falls within landslide-prone areas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 2024 |title=49.7% area of Kerala is Landslide Prone |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/wayanad-landslides-5-of-keralas-landmass-under-high-landslide-prone-zone-report/articleshow/112183140.cms |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Chairman of The [[Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel]] (WGEEP) and ecologist [[Madhav Gadgil]] categorised all three divisions of Wayanad ([[Vythiri]], [[Sultan Bathery]] and [[Mananthavady]]) as [[Eco-Sensitive Zone|Ecologically Sensitive Zone-I]], and suggested stringent regulations, including a ban on future construction and mining.<ref name="Ecologically Sensitive Zone I">{{Cite web|title=Ecologically Sensitive Zone I|url=https://thewire.in/environment/nightmare-in-wayanad-torrential-rains-triggered-landslides-but-climate-change-may-not-be-the-sole-culprit/|access-date=10 August 2024 |website=The Wire}}</ref> However, no such regulatory measures had been taken up.<ref name="State's denial to implement the recommendations">{{Cite web|title=State's denial to implement the recommendations|url=https://thewire.in/environment/nightmare-in-wayanad-torrential-rains-triggered-landslides-but-climate-change-may-not-be-the-sole-culprit/|access-date=10 August 2024 |website=The Wire|quote=On the evening of July 30, Gadgil told The Hindu that the Wayanad disaster was man-made; it was the Kerala government’s failure to implement crucial ecological recommendations that brought it on, he said.}}</ref>

===Global warming===
The [[World Weather Attribution]] (WWA) group, including 24 scientists from India, Sweden, the United States, and the United Kingdom, studied climate high-resolution models to accurately predict rainfall in the relatively small study area around Wayanad.<ref name="Ecologically fragile Wayanad">{{Cite web|title=Ecologically fragile Wayanad|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/wayanad-landslides-global-team-of-scientists-find-fingerprints-of-climate-change-on-wayanad-landslides/cid/2040854 |website=Telegraph India|quote=The team of 24 researchers from India, Sweden, the US and the UK said that more than 140 mm of rainfall fell in a single day on soils highly saturated by two months of monsoon precipitation, triggering catastrophic landslides and floods that killed at least 231 people in Wayanad.}}</ref> The models indicated that the intensity of rainfall has increased 10% due to climatic change and a further increase of 4% can be expected if the average temperature rises by two degrees,<ref name="Mariam Zachariah">{{Cite web|title=Mariam Zachariah|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/08/13/climate-change-wayanad-kerala-india-landslides-rainfall/286987be-59c9-11ef-93a9-023ab69f91f5_story.html|access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Washington Post|quote=The study by the World Weather Attribution, a group of scientists who use established climate models to quickly determine whether human-caused climate change played a part in extreme weather events around the world, found that the 15 centimeters (5.91 inches) of rain that fell in a 24-hour period July 29–30 was 10% more intense because of global warming.}}</ref> causing Kerala to become thermodynamically and ecologically unstable.<ref name="World Weather Attribution">{{Cite web|title=World Weather Attribution|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/wayanad-landslide-burst-of-rainfall-10-pc-heavier-due-to-climate-change-says-study20240814162726/|access-date=14 August 2024 |website=ANI News|quote=To measure the impact of human-caused climate change, the scientists from the World Weather Attribution (WWA) group analysed climate models with high enough resolution to accurately reflect rainfall in the relatively small study area. The models indicated that the intensity of rainfall has increased by 10% due to climate change, they said.}}</ref> The study suggested that a warmer atmosphere could hold more moisture, leading to heavier downpours within short period of time, causing an increase in the potential number of landslides that could be triggered in the future around Kerala.<ref name="Potential number of landslides">{{Cite web|title=Potential number of landslides|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/wayanad-tragedy-set-off-by-heavier-rainfall-says-study-101723608299938.html|access-date=14 August 2024 |website=Hindustan Times|quote=However, the increase in heavy one-day rainfall events is in line with a large and growing body of scientific evidence on extreme rainfall in a warming world, including in India, and the physical understanding that a warmer atmosphere can hold more moisture, leading to heavier downpours,” the analysis said..}}</ref>

An expert panel chaired by senior geoscientist John Matthai of the [[National Centre for Earth Science Studies|National Centre for Earth Science Studies (NCESS)]] appointed by the State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) visited the villages in the impacted area and reported that an uphill heavy rainfall–induced "Dam burst effect" caused the landslide that destroyed the three villages.<ref name="National Centre for Geosciences ">{{Cite web|title=National Centre for Geosciences|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/dam-burst-effect-caused-wayanad-landslide-experts/article68529310.ece|access-date=15 August 2024 |website=The Hindu|quote=A team of geologists who surveyed the landslide-hit zone in Wayanad on Thursday (August 15, 2024) said a heavy rainfall-induced "Dam burst effect" in a densely forested and uninhabited uphill region had caused the massive earthfall that wiped out three villages at Vythiri taluk in the Wayanad district of Kerala early on July 30. }}</ref><ref name="Damming effect">{{Cite web|title=Damming effect|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/kerala/damming-effect-may-have-triggered-wayanad-landslides-expert-1816717|access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Deccan Chronicle|quote=John Mathai, a senior scientist at the National Centre for Geosciences and head of the expert committee constituted by the Kerala government, revealed this information while surveying the affected areas of Mundakkai, Chooralmala, and Punjarimattom. "The region experienced more than 570 mm of rainfall within three days. The water flowing downhill likely accumulated downstream, creating a damming effect. A damming occurs when a barrier forms downstream following heavy rainfall, leading to the accumulation of a large volume of water. The second cloudburst may have broken this barrier, causing a deluge of water to rush downhill at high speed, uprooting trees and sweeping along massive boulders and rocks. This happened eight km downstream," he explained to the media on Thursday.}}</ref>

=== Hilling effect ===
Residents of [[Edakkal]] noticed a mysterious underground noise around 10:15 IST on 9 August, causing panic among locals anticipating another landslide.<ref name="Panic among residents">{{Cite web|title=Panic among residents|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/wayanad-landslides-mysterious-noise-sparks-panic-among-residents-and-authorities/cid/2039815|website=telegraphindia|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Rumblings">{{Cite web|title=Rumblings|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wayanad-rumbling-9504439/|website=indianexpress|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Rumblings Sound-02">{{Cite web|title=Rumblings Sound-02|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/wayanad-landslides-mysterious-noise-sparks-panic-among-residents-and-authorities/cid/2039815|website=telegraphindia|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> The India Meteorological Department initially suspected that an earthquake had occurred,<ref name="Seismic activity">{{Cite web|title=Seismic activity|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2024/08/09/tremors-reported-wayanad-nenmeni-evacuation-underway-seoc.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> but the [[National Centre for Seismology]] confirmed that none was recorded by any seismological stations.<ref name="Earthquake">{{Cite web|title=Earthquake|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2024/08/09/no-earthquake-recorded-kerala-says-national-centre-seismology.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Seismologists later explained the incident as a "hilling effect", in which a weakened land mass shifts naturally to regain stability, creating a rumbling sound.<ref name="Hilling Effect">{{Cite web| title=Hilling Effect|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/09/four-more-bodies-recovered-11-days-after-landslides-struck-keralas-wayanad-tremors-reported-in-ambalavayal|access-date=9 August 2024|website=newindianexpress|language=en}}</ref>

==Rehabilitation work==
===Relief efforts===
[[VPS Healthcare]], a multinational company based in [[Abu Dhabi]], provided extraction support to the search and rescue teams and medical treatment to injured residents.<ref name=":11" /><ref name="VPS Healthcare">{{Cite web|date=1 August 2024 |title=VPS Healthcare |url=https://www.news18.com/tech/wayanad-landslide-impact-jio-and-airtel-offer-free-mobile-data-and-other-services-for-affected-users-8986193.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jio|Jio Infocomm]] increased network strength in the impacted area, and set up an additional tower to improve communication services.<ref name=":11" /><ref name="Jio Infocomm">{{Cite web|date=1 August 2024 |title=Jio Infocomm |url=https://www.news18.com/tech/wayanad-landslide-impact-jio-and-airtel-offer-free-mobile-data-and-other-services-for-affected-users-8986193.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> [[Airtel India]] increased caps on affected customers' voice and data services.<ref name="Airtel India">{{Cite web|date=1 August 2024 |title=Airtel India |url=https://www.news18.com/tech/wayanad-landslide-impact-jio-and-airtel-offer-free-mobile-data-and-other-services-for-affected-users-8986193.html |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The Business Club in Kozhikode offered to construct 40 houses worth {{INRConvert|3|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2024 |title=Business Club to build 40 houses for Wayanad landslide victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/business-club-to-build-40-houses-for-wayanad-landslide-victims/article68477822.ece |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Munnar Catering College pledged to develop an educational project worth {{INRConvert|1|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Munnar Catering College |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/30/wayand-landslide-kerala-rain-live.html |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> Prathidhwani IT Employee's Welfare Organisation, [[Kottakkal Arya Vaidya Sala]], and National Service Scheme each offered to construct 2 houses, 10 houses and 150 houses respectively.<ref name="Prathidhwani, KAVS & NSS">{{Cite web| title=Prathidhwani, KAVS & NSS|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/30/wayand-landslide-kerala-rain-live.html|access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> [[Ahalia Health Heritage and Knowledge Village|Ahalia Medical Group]], a health organization in Kerala, pledged to adopt all orphaned children.<ref name="Ahalia">{{Cite web| title=Ahalia|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/kerala-landslide-uae-group-to-adopt-orphaned-children-secure-their-future|access-date=5 August 2024 |website=khaleejtimes}}
</ref> [[Kerala Fiber Optic Network|K-FON]] provided high-speed internet connections to all the search and rescue teams in the impacted area.<ref name="K-FON">{{Cite web| title=K-FON|url=https://www.apnnews.com/wayanad-landslide-k-fon-provides-connection-to-control-rooms/|access-date=5 August 2024 |website=apnnews}}</ref> [[Sobha LLC|Sobha Group]], a Dubai-based real estate company, offered help construct 50 houses worth {{INRConvert|10|c}}.<ref name="Sobha Group-01">{{Cite web| title=Sobha Group-01|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/world/asia/dubai-businessman-to-build-50-homes-for-kerala-landslide-victims|access-date=5 August 2024 |website=khaleejtimes}}</ref><ref name="Sobha Group-02">{{Cite web| title=Sobha Group-02|url=https://indiacsr.in/pnc-menon-to-build-50-homes-worth-rs-10-cr-wayanad-landslide-victims/|access-date=13 August 2024 |website=India CSR}}</ref> [[Amrita Hospital, Kochi|Amrita Hospital]] provided advanced medical care to severely injured people.<ref name="Amrita Hospitals">{{Cite web| title=Amrita Hospitals|url=https://www.amritahospitals.org/kochi/news/amrita-hospital-kochi-provides-advanced-medical-care-wayanad-landslide-affected|access-date=5 August 2024 |website=amritahospitals}}</ref> Gokulam Group and All India Malayalee Association pledged to construct 25 houses together.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2024/08/04/wayanad-landslide-gokulam-group-and-all-india-malayalee-association-will-construct-25-houses.html|title=Wayanad Tragedy; Gokulam Group and All India Malayali Association will construct 25 houses|date=4 August 2024|website=Twentyfournews.com|access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> [[Reporter TV]], an Indian [[Malayalam]]-language news channel offered to provide {{Convert|150|acre|abbr=off}} of land for a new township.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reporterlive.com/kerala/2024/08/04/mundakkai-land-slide-participate-in-township-construction-said-reporter-tv-m-d-anto-augustine|title=Reporter TV to reach Wayanad; 150 acres for township, 15 cents per person and house|date=4 August 2024|website=Reporter Live|access-date=5 August 2024}}</ref> The [[Kerala State Electricity Board]] pledged to supply free electricity to consumers in disaster-hit areas for six months, The board also exempted outstanding amounts in disaster-hit areas.<ref name="Kerala State Electricity Board">{{Cite web| title=Kerala State Electricity Board |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/06/kseb-supply-free-electricity-consumers-disaster-hit-areas-six-months.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=onmanorama}}</ref> [[Yenepoya University]], [[Mangalore]] offered free education to students from affected families.<ref name="Yenepoya University">{{Cite web| title=Yenepoya University |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/yenepoya-offers-free-education-to-students-from-families-affected-by-wayanad-disaster/|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=mangalorean}}</ref> ABC Cargo, a UAE-based cargo company, provided employment opportunities to about 100 people from affected families.<ref name="ABC Cargo">{{Cite web| title=ABC Cargo|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2024/08/06/abc-cargo-with-assistance-wayanad-landslide-victims.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=twentyfournews}}</ref> The [[Kerala Catholic Bishops' Council]] offered help to construct 100 houses and provide expert medical care and trauma counseling.<ref name="KCBC">{{Cite web| title=KCBC|url=https://thedailyguardian.com/wayanad-landslide-kerala-church-to-build-100-homes-for-victims/|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=thedailyguardian}}</ref> The Kerala Association of Professional Social Workers provided emergency psychological assistance, with a focus on children's mental health.<ref name="KAPS">{{Cite web| title=KAPS|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/local-situation-report-011-2024-landslide-kerala-august-05-2024|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=reliefweb}}</ref> Prodomino Foundation, a Chennai-based non-profit organization, offered to clean houses before residents could reenter.<ref name="Prodomino Foundation">{{Cite web| title=Prodomino Foundation|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/local-situation-report-011-2024-landslide-kerala-august-05-2024|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=reliefweb}}</ref>

Faircode Infotech, a Kochi-based software company, provided [[Enterprise resource planning|ERP]] software to manage supplies sent to relief camps.<ref name="Faircode Infotech">{{Cite web| title=Faircode Infotech|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/local-situation-report-011-2024-landslide-kerala-august-05-2024|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=reliefweb}}</ref> Kerala Suchitwa Mission provided supplies such as non-disposable eating utensils and other materials.<ref name="Kerala Suchitwa Mission">{{Cite web| title=Kerala Suchitwa Mission|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/local-situation-report-011-2024-landslide-kerala-august-05-2024|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=reliefweb}}</ref> [[Akshaya Patra Foundation]] pledged to provide 10,000 kits containing meals to sustain a family of three for up to a week.<ref name="Akshaya Patra Foundation">{{Cite news |title=Akshaya Patra Foundation|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/aid-pours-in-for-victims-of-wayanad-landslides/article68492502.ece|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Fujifilm]] donated medical equipment to local authorities.<ref name="Fujifilm">{{Cite web| title=Fujifilm|url=https://www.fujifilm.com/in/en/news/fujfilm-to-donate-medical-equipment-for-people-affected-by-the-landslides-in-wayanad-india|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Reliance Foundation]] provided supplies, counseling, and vocational training.<ref name="Reliance Foundation">{{Cite web| title=Reliance Foundation|url=https://www.news18.com/india/reliance-foundation-announces-relief-long-term-development-initiatives-for-landslide-hit-wayanad-8991677.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=news18}}</ref> National Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation), a [[Thrissur]]-based rehabilitation center, provided counselling services for the survivors.<ref name="NIPMR">{{Cite news |title=NIPMR|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/search-for-missing-people-in-wayanad-disaster-to-continue-death-toll-put-at-224-so-far/article68493515.ece |website=The Hindu|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Harrisons Malayalam Limited pledged to transfer about {{Convert|2500|m2|ha}} of land to local authorities for burial in Vellarmala village.<ref name="Burial land">{{Cite web| title=Burial land|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2024/08/08/wayanad-landslide-burial-land.html|access-date=8 August 2024|website=onmanorama}}</ref> Noorul Islam Institute of Medical Science and Research Foundation offered free education to 1,000 affected students.<ref name="Noorul Islam">{{Cite web| date=9 August 2024|title=Noorul Islam|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/nims-group-comes-to-aid-of-wayanad-landslide-survivors-898155|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> [[Central Food Technological Research Institute]], an Indian food research institute and laboratory based in [[Mysore]], provided food.<ref name="CFTRI">{{Cite web| date=10 August 2024|title=CFTRI|url=https://starofmysore.com/wayanad-landslides-tragedy-cftri-sends-nutrient-rich-food-products-for-survivors-rescuers/|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> [[Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen]].<ref name="Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen">{{Cite web| date=11 August 2024|title=Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/wayanad-landslide-updates-kerala-nadwatul-mujahideen-will-build-50-houses-asr-683587.html|language=ml|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Sree Gokulam Movies donated funds that were to be spent on a promotional event of the film [[Thangalaan]].<ref name="Sree Gokulam Movies">{{Cite web| date=11 August 2024|title=Sree Gokulam Movies|url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/thangalaan-makers-cancels-promotional-event-in-kerala-will-now-donate-funds-to-cm-s-relief-fund-for-wayanad-landslide-victims-see-post/ar-AA1ozHAt|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> One individual provided 100 cots using his savings.<ref name="KA Abdul Azeez">{{Cite web| date=12 August 2024|title=KA Abdul Azeez|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/ka-abdul-azeez-is-using-his-savings-to-provide-100-cots-to-people-of-wayanad-who-lost-everything-in-landslides/article68515441.ece|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

Residents of Coimbatore provided a truckload of essential supplies, including food, clothes, notebooks, and blankets worth {{INRConvert|20|l}}.<ref name="People of Coimbatore">{{Cite web| date=12 August 2024|title=People of Coimbatore|url=https://www.afternoonnews.in/article/coimbatore-people-send-relief-materials-worth-rs-20-lakhs-to-wayanad-landslide-survivors|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> [[Kerala Bank]] wrote off loans availed from its Mundakkai and Chooralmala branch by the victims and survivors worth {{INRConvert|29|c}}.<ref name="Kerala Bank"/><ref name="Kerala Bank-02">{{Cite web| date=12 August 2024|title=Kerala Bank-02|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/wayanad-landslides-more-body-parts-recovered-in-massive-search-operation-1503331009.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> [[V. D. Satheesan]], Leader of opposition in the Kerala assembly, pledged bear the life-long expenses of a young survivor who lost her entire family.<ref name="V D Satheesan">{{Cite web| date=12 August 2024|title=V D Satheesan|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/congress-leader-v-d-satheesan-pledges-to-cover-expenses-for-young-landslide-survivor-in-wayanad-3147748|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Event Management Association of Kerala offered to build a new house for an affected family.<ref name="Event Management Association of Kerala">{{Cite web| date=12 August 2024|title=Event Management Association of Kerala|url=https://www.apnnews.com/event-management-association-of-kerala-pledges-to-build-a-house-for-landslide-affected-family-in-wayanad/|language=en|access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref> Dr Moopen's Medical College pleadged to build multiple houses worth {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} for affected families.<ref name="Moopen">{{Cite web|title=Moopen |url=https://theprint.in/india/donations-pour-into-cmdrf-amidst-smear-campaign/2203489/ |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=The Print |language=en}}</ref> The Kerala State Small Industries Association offered to build 10 houses on {{Convert|1|acre|abbr=off}} of land.<ref name="Kerala State Small Industries Association">{{Cite web|title=Kerala State Small Industries Association|url=https://theprint.in/india/donations-pour-into-cmdrf-amidst-smear-campaign/2203489/ |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=The Print |language=en}}</ref> NSS Students of [[Kannur University]] provided essential items worth {{INRConvert|10|l}} to the affected people.<ref name="NSS Students of Kannur University">{{Cite web|title=NSS Students of Kannur University|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/manipur-students-contribute-1-lakh-for-wayanad-relief-hold-candlelight-vigil/article68519731.ece|access-date=13 August 2024 |website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> Street Providence, a food bank for the poor from [[Sangolda]], [[Goa]], provided bedding and other supplies.<ref name="Street Providence">{{Cite web|title=Street Providence|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Guv-Pillai-scales-down-Independence-party-to-donate-to-Wayanad-Landslide-Victims/224754|access-date=13 August 2024|language=en}}</ref> The [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness]] pledged to provide food and rubber boots in landslide-hit areas.<ref name="International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)">{{Cite web|title=International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON)|url=https://goachronicle.com/iskcon-extends-support-in-landslide-hit-areas-in-wayanad/|access-date=14 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>

===Animal welfare===
Numerous pets and livestock were found stranded in the rubble caused by the landslides. A team of [[veterinarian]]s from the [[Animal husbandry|Animal Husbandry Department]], animal rescue organisations, and members of the [[Indian Veterinary Association - Kerala|Indian Veterinary Association]] searched for these animals around affected areas in Wayanad district. Many pets were found sniffing around the area of their former homes or sitting on the rubble and were found to be reluctant to eat or drink and were showing symptoms of shock. Temporary shelters and medical support were provided to 90 cattle, 22 dogs, 7 cats, and more than 50 fowls by the [[Humane Society International]] and in some cases, surviving villagers adopted them.<ref name="Animal welfare">{{Cite web| title=Animal welfare |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/04/lost-landslide-hit-wayanad-pet-dogs-reluctant-eat-leave-village-cow-animal-meppadi-chooralmala.html |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref name="Animal Rescue">{{Cite web| title=Animal Rescue|url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/over-100-animals-being-cared-for-in-aftermath-of-wayanad-landslides-748062|access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Wionews|quote= have been able to provide aid to 90 cattle, 22 dogs, seven cats, and more than 50 fowl," Praveen from Humane Society International (HSI) told WION. }}</ref>

===Orphan adoption===
The landslides left five children without any living family members, while six others lost one of their parents.<ref name="Orphan-02">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=Orphan-02|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/five-children-orphaned-in-wayanad-landslides-3139566|website=Deccanherald|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> After many families expressed willingness to adopt these orphan children, the [[Central Adoption Resource Authority]] invoked the [[Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2015|Juvenile Justice Act]] to oversee the adoption and child fostering process and assign the children to appropriate families.<ref name="Orphans' adoptions">{{Cite web| title=Orphans' adoptions |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2024/08/05/clear-guidlines-child-adoption-district-collector-oversees-assignment-eligible-families.html |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> A mother of two children from [[Idukki district|Idukki]] volunteered to breastfeed infants who have lost their mother until they get adopted.<ref name="Breastfeeding volunteering">{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/01/idukki-woman-volunteers-breastfeed-babies-mothers-killed-wayanad-landslide.html|title=Breastfeeding volunteering|website=Onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

==Humanitarian aid==
===State governments===
The [[government of Tamil Nadu]] offered {{INRConvert|5|c}} for relief operations and sent medical and rescue teams.<ref name="Government of Tamil Nadu">{{Cite web|date=30 July 2024 |title=Kerala landslides: Tamil Nadu chips in; to send relief team, assistance of Rs 5 crore |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/tamil-nadu/kerala-landslides-tamil-nadu-chips-in-to-send-relief-team-assistance-of-rs-5-crore-3128245|access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The chief minister of Karnataka, [[Siddaramaiah|Siddaramiah]], assured the Kerala government that the state would build 100 houses for those affected by the landslides.<ref name="Karnataka Government">{{Cite news |date=3 August 2024 |title=Karnataka to construct 100 houses for Wayanad landslides victims: CM Siddaramaiah |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-to-construct-100-houses-for-wayanad-landslides-victims-cm-siddaramaiah/articleshow/112242363.cms |access-date=3 August 2024 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The government of Andhra Pradesh announced a lump sum donation of {{INRConvert|10|c}} for the affected families of Wayanad.<ref name="Andhra government donates 10 Crores">{{Cite news |date=16 August 2024 |title=Andhra government donates 10 Crores|url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2024/andhra-pradesh/cm-chandrababus-government-has-provided-rs10-crores-for-the-victims-of-wayanad-vsl-1297495.html|access-date=16 August 2024 |work=Andhra Jyothy|language=TL}}</ref><ref name="Andhra government">{{Cite news |date=16 August 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh releases ₹10 crore as financial aid to Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslides-andhra-pradesh-releases-10-crore-as-financial-aid-to-kerala/article68533942.ece|access-date=16 August 2024 |work=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref> On 26 August, the [[government of Uttar Pradesh]] sanctioned {{INRConvert|10|c}} to relief efforts in Kerala, as communicated in an official letter by [[Chief Minister]] [[Yogi Adityanath]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=Uttar Pradesh sanctions Rs 10 crore for relief and rehabilitation in Kerala's landslide-hit Wayanad |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/uttar-pradesh/uttar-pradesh-sanctions-rs-10-crore-for-relief-and-rehabilitation-in-keralas-landslide-hit-wayanad-3164930 |access-date=2024-08-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

The state government of Kerala announced on 12 August assistance of {{INRConvert|10|k}} per month per family to those who lost everything to the landslides in the Mundakai and Churalmala areas of Wayanad district.<ref name="Immediate assistance">{{Cite news|title=Immediate assistance|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/government-allows-an-immediate-financial-assistance-to-landslide-affected-families-in-wayanad-mm-683177.html|work=malayalam.news18|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> On 13 August the government announced that families would get {{INRConvert|6000|h}} per month as rent allowance until repairs to their homes are completed.<ref name="Rent allowance">{{Cite web| title=Rent allowance|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/13/wayanad-landslides-kerala-government-allots-6000-monthly-rent-survivors.html|access-date=13 August 2024 |website=onmanorama}}</ref> The government also announced payments of {{INRConvert|6|l}} to families of the deceased, {{INRConvert|75000|h}} to those with major injuries, and {{INRConvert|5000|h}} to those with minor injuries.<ref name="Ex-gratia payment">{{Cite web| title=Ex-gratia payment|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/ex-gratia-for-families-of-deceased-in-wayanad-landslides-1.9813600|access-date=14 August 2024 |website=mathrubhumi|quote=The Kerala government has decided to allocate Rs 6 lakh as financial assistance to the families of those who lost their lives in the Wayanad landslide. This was announced by chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan during a press conference following the Cabinet meeting on Wednesday. Those who have suffered major disabilities will receive Rs 75,000, while those with minor disabilities will be given Rs 50,000.}}</ref> On 17 August, the government released {{INRConvert|10000|h}} each to 617 persons who had lost their means of livelihood, and sanctioned the disbursement of {{INRConvert|10000|h}} each to 124 persons for cremation and burial.<ref name="Disbursement of financial aid">{{Cite web| title=Kerala govt expeditiously providing financial aid to those affected|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/wayanad-landslides-kerala-govt-expeditiously-providing-financial-aid-to-those-affected-3154380|access-date=17 August 2024|website=Deccan Herald|quote=Rs 10,000 each has been given as urgent financial assistance to as many as 617 persons who lost their means of livelihood in the July 30 disaster that claimed over 200 lives, the administration said. Additionally, the government also sanctioned sanctioned disbursement of Rs 10,000 each to 124 persons for cremation and burial of remains.}}</ref>

As of 9 June 2025, Total disaster relief fund collected was at {{INRConvert|763.16|c}}, out of which only 4.80% {{INRConvert|36.81|c}} was allotted for relief work.<ref name="CMDRF Receipts and Allotments">{{Cite web| title=CMDRF Receipts and Allotments|url=https://donation.cmdrf.kerala.gov.in/index.php/Settings/transparency/k3Kz38ENUup4KtgQz.vNPriDzctI5B0DLSg26P5QG.MnFtXc1w3OAsT06PAiFaoicbYcEsqT.nF7GhqCXfcITg__|access-date=9 June 2025|website=CMDRF|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Fund Collection">{{Cite web| title=Fund Collection|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2024/08/13/wayanad-landslide-cmdrf-receives-110-crores.html|access-date=13 August 2024 |website=twentyfournews |language=ml}}</ref>

===Corporate and NGOs===

{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hover-highlight" "style="font-size: 100%"
|-
! Donors !! Amount !! class=unsortable | References
|-
| [[LuLu Group International|Lulu Group International]] || {{INRConvert|5|c}} || <ref name=":11" /><ref name="Lulu Group International">{{Cite web| title=Lulu Group International|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/gautam-adani-ma-yousuf-ali-donates-5-crore-rupees-to-kerala-cmdrf-wayanad-landslide-disaster-shhkot |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| RP Group || {{INRConvert|5|c}} || <ref name=":11" /><ref name="RP Group">{{Cite web| title=RP Group|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/gautam-adani-ma-yousuf-ali-donates-5-crore-rupees-to-kerala-cmdrf-wayanad-landslide-disaster-shhkot |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kalyan Jewellers]] || {{INRConvert|5|c}} || <ref name=":11" /><ref name="Kalyan Jewellers">{{Cite web| title=Kalyan Jewellers|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/gautam-adani-ma-yousuf-ali-donates-5-crore-rupees-to-kerala-cmdrf-wayanad-landslide-disaster-shhkot |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malabar Gold and Diamonds|Malabar Group]] || {{INRConvert|5|c}} || <ref name=":11" /><ref name="Malabar Group">{{Cite web| title=Malabar Group|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/gautam-adani-ma-yousuf-ali-donates-5-crore-rupees-to-kerala-cmdrf-wayanad-landslide-disaster-shhkot |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| [[Aster DM Healthcare]] || {{INRConvert|5|c}} || <ref name=":11" /><ref name="Aster DM Healthcare">{{Cite web| title=Aster DM Healthcare|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/gautam-adani-ma-yousuf-ali-donates-5-crore-rupees-to-kerala-cmdrf-wayanad-landslide-disaster-shhkot |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
| [[Adani Group]]|| {{INRConvert|5|c}} || <ref name=":11" /><ref name="Adani Group">{{Cite web| title=Adani Group|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/gautam-adani-ma-yousuf-ali-donates-5-crore-rupees-to-kerala-cmdrf-wayanad-landslide-disaster-shhkot |access-date=1 August 2024 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|[[Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church]]
|{{INRConvert|5|c}}
|<ref name="Malankara">{{Cite web |title=Malankara |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/30/wayand-landslide-kerala-rain-live.html |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Thiruvananthapuram Corporation]] || {{INRConvert|2|c}} || <ref name="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation-01">{{Cite web| date=2 August 2024 |title=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation-01|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/02/wayanad-landslide-mundakkai-chooralmala-bailey-bridge-search-rescue-death-toll-live.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="Thiruvananthapuram Corporation-02">{{Cite web|title=Thiruvananthapuram Corporation-02|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1357266&u=essential-items-collected-from-thiruvananthapuram-will-be-handed-over-to-victims-says-tharoor-mp |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=Kerala Kaumudi|language=en|quote=the Thiruvananthapuram Corporation donated Rs 2 crore to the chief minister’s relief fund}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pothys|Pothys Retail Ltd]] || {{INRConvert|50|l}} || <ref name="Pothys Retail Ltd">{{Cite web| title=Pothys Retail Ltd |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/30/wayand-landslide-kerala-rain-live.html |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bhima Jewellers|Bhima Jewellery Group]] || {{INRConvert|2|c}} || <ref name="Bhima Jewellery Group">{{Cite web| title=Bhima Jewellery Group|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/30/wayand-landslide-kerala-rain-live.html |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Cochin Shipyard|Cochin Shipyard Limited]] || {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <ref name="Cochin Shipyard Limited">{{Cite web| title=Cochin Shipyard Limited|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/30/wayand-landslide-kerala-rain-live.html |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam|SNDP Yogam]] || {{INRConvert|25|l}} || <ref name="Yogam">{{Cite web| date=4 August 2024 |title=Yogam|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/04/wayanad-landslides-sndp-pledges-rs25lakh-cmdrf.html|website=onmanorama|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| |Kerala Social Centre || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || <ref name="Kerala Social Centre">{{Cite web| title=Kerala Social Centre|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/kerala-landslide-uae-group-to-adopt-orphaned-children-secure-their-future|access-date=5 August 2024 |website=khaleejtimes}}</ref>
|-
| [[Varkey Group]] || {{INRConvert|1.1|c}} || <ref name="Varkey Group">{{Cite web| title=Varkey Group|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/kerala-landslide-uae-group-to-adopt-orphaned-children-secure-their-future|access-date=5 August 2024 |website=khaleejtimes}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences]] || {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <ref name="Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences">{{Cite web| title=Kerala Institute of Medical Sciences|url=https://www.news18.com/india/kimshealth-donates-rs-1-crore-to-kerala-cm-fund-for-families-hit-by-wayanad-landslides-8990350.html|access-date=5 August 2024 |website=news18}}</ref>
|-
| [[ViswaSanthi Foundation]] || {{INRConvert|3|c}} || <ref>{{Cite news |date=3 August 2024 |title='Biggest disaster the country has ever seen'; ViswaSanthi Foundation to donate Rs 3 crore for rehabilitation of Wayanad, says Mohanlal |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=1357242&u= |access-date=5 August 2024 |work=Kerala Kaumudi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mohanlals-viswasanthi-foundation-pledges-3-crore-for-landslide-relief/article68482462.ece|title=Mohanlal's Viswasanthi Foundation pledges ₹3 crore for landslide relief|newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 August 2024|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Minerals and Metals|Kerala Minerals and Metals Limited]] || {{INRConvert|50|l}} || <ref name="KMML">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024 |title=KMML|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/31/wayanad-landslide-cmdrf-donations.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State|Kerala State Women's Development Corporation]] || {{INRConvert|30|l}} || <ref name="KSWDC">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024 |title=KSWDC|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/31/wayanad-landslide-cmdrf-donations.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Canara Bank]] || {{INRConvert|5|c}} || <ref name="Canara Bank">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=Canara Bank|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/31/wayanad-landslide-cmdrf-donations.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Financial Enterprises]] || {{INRConvert|5|c}} || <ref name="KSFE">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024 |title=KSFE|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/31/wayanad-landslide-cmdrf-donations.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Seashore Group]] || {{INRConvert|50|l}} || <ref name="Seashore Group">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=Seashore Group|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Al Muqtadir Group || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || <ref name="Al Muqtadir Group">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=Al Muqtadir Group|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Palluruthy|Palluruthy Service Co-operative Bank]] || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || <ref name="Palluruthy Service Co-operative Bank">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=Palluruthy Service Co-operative Bank|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Thrikkakkara|Thrikkakara Municipal Co-operative Hospital]] || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || <ref name="Thrikkakara Hospital">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=Thrikkakara Hospital|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Cable TV Operators Association || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || <ref name="CTVOA">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=CTVOA|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Deshabhimani|Deshabhimani Employees]] || {{INRConvert|50|l}} || <ref name="Deshabhimani">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=Deshabhimani |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Nishka Jewellery ||{{INRConvert|50|l}} || <ref name="Nishka Jewellery">{{Cite web|title=Nishka Jewellery|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2024/08/05/nishka-jewellery-gives-rs-50-lakhs-for-mundakai-disaster-relief.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Twentyfournews.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Meenakshi Mission Hospital || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || <ref name="Meenakshi Mission Hospital">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=Meenakshi Mission Hospital|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/meenakshi-mission-hospital-and-research-centre-madurai-donates-%E2%82%B910-lakhs-towards-wayanad-landslide-relief/|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vellore Institute of Technology]] || {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <ref name="Vellore Institute of Technology">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024|title=Vellore Institute of Technology|newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/aid-pours-in-for-victims-of-wayanad-landslides/article68492502.ece|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[SRM Institute of Science and Technology]] || {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <ref name="SRM Institute of Science and Technology">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024|title=SRM Institute of Science and Technology|newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/aid-pours-in-for-victims-of-wayanad-landslides/article68492502.ece|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Royale Hayat Hospital Employees || {{INRConvert|7|l}} || <ref name="Royale Hayat Hospital">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=Royale Hayat Hospital |url=https://www.indiansinkuwait.com/news/Royale-Hayat-Hospital-staff-donates-7-lakh-Rupees-for-Kerala-landslide-relief|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Noorul Islam Institute of Medical Science and Research Foundation || {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <ref name="NIMS">{{Cite web| date=9 August 2024|title=NIMS|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/nims-group-comes-to-aid-of-wayanad-landslide-survivors-898155|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Kerala Karshaka Sangham || {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <ref name="KKS">{{Cite web| date=9 August 2024|title=KKS|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/farmer-organisation-donates-rupees-one-crore-to-wayanad-landslide-relief-fund/cid/2039896|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[All India Kisan Sabha]] || {{INRConvert|5|l}} || <ref name="AIKS">{{Cite web| date=9 August 2024|title=AIKS|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/farmer-organisation-donates-rupees-one-crore-to-wayanad-landslide-relief-fund/cid/2039896|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Tamil Nadu Vivasayigal Sangham || {{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="TNVS">{{Cite web| date=9 August 2024|title=TNVS|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/farmer-organisation-donates-rupees-one-crore-to-wayanad-landslide-relief-fund/cid/2039896|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Alappuzha district panchayat || {{INRConvert|2.5|c}} || <ref name="Alappuzha district panchayat">{{Cite web| date=9 August 2024|title=Alappuzha district panchayat|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/local-bodies-in-alappuzha-donate-216-crore-to-cmdrf/article68505835.ece|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Kuwait Aluva Pravasi Association || {{INRConvert|1.11|l}} || <ref name="Kuwait Aluva Pravasi Association">{{Cite web| date=11 August 2024|title=Kuwait Aluva Pravasi Association|url=https://www.indiansinkuwait.com/news/Kuwait-Aluva-Pravasi-Association-donated-1-11-001-for-Wayanad-landslide-relief|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Kerala Bank || {{INRConvert|50|l}} || <ref name="Kerala Bank">{{Cite web| date=12 August 2024|title=Kerala Bank|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslides-kerala-bank-to-write-off-loans-availed-by-victims/article68516011.ece|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara]] || {{INRConvert|2|c}} || <ref name="Supreme Court directed Sahara to pay ₹2 crore for Wayanad landslide relief">{{Cite web|date=13 August 2024|title=Supreme Court directed Sahara to pay ₹2 crore for Wayanad landslide relief|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/why-supreme-court-directed-sahara-pay-2-crore-wayanad-landslide-relief|language=en|access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Ayurveda Medical Association of India || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || <ref name="Ayurveda Medical Association of India">{{Cite web|title=Ayurveda Medical Association of India |url=https://theprint.in/india/donations-pour-into-cmdrf-amidst-smear-campaign/2203489/ |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Dr Moopen's Medical College || {{INRConvert|2.5|c}} || <ref name="Dr Moopen’s Medical College">{{Cite web|title=Dr Moopen’s Medical College |url=https://theprint.in/india/donations-pour-into-cmdrf-amidst-smear-campaign/2203489/ |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=ThePrint |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Manipuri Students of Kannur University || {{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="Students of Kannur University from Manipur">{{Cite web|title=Students of Kannur University from Manipur|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/manipur-students-contribute-1-lakh-for-wayanad-relief-hold-candlelight-vigil/article68519731.ece|access-date=13 August 2024 |website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Manipuri Students of Kannur University">{{Cite web|title=Manipuri Students of Kannur University|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/want-to-offer-condolences-manipuri-students-donate-rs-1-lakh-to-cm-distress-relief-fund-amid-wayanad-landslide-article-112501590|access-date=13 August 2024 |website=TimesNow News|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation Limited|Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation]] || {{INRConvert|11|l}} || <ref name="KSCDC">{{Cite web|title=KSCDC|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kscdc-contributes-11-lakh-for-wayanad-victims/article68525498.ece|access-date=14 August 2024 |website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Cricket Association]] || {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <ref name="Kerala Cricket Association">{{Cite web|title=Kerala Cricket Association|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-it-parks-contribute-21-crore-to-cmdrf-kca-gives-1-crore/article68524506.ece|access-date=15 August 2024 |website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Technopark Trivandrum]]<hr>[[InfoPark Kochi]] <hr>[[Cyberpark, Kozhikode]] || {{INRConvert|2.1|c}} || <ref name="Technopark, Infopark, and Cyberpark">{{Cite web|title=Technopark, Infopark, and Cyberpark|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kerala-it-parks-contribute-21-crore-to-cmdrf-kca-gives-1-crore/article68524506.ece|access-date=15 August 2024 |website=The Hindu|language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Individual===

{{static row numbers}}{{sort under}}{{Table alignment}}{{row hover highlight}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-text mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hover-highlight" "style="font-size: 100%"
|-
! Donors !! Amount !! class=unsortable | References
|-
| [[Suriya]]<hr>[[Karthi]]<hr>[[Jyothika]] || {{INRConvert|50|l}} || <ref name ="Suriya Karthi Jyothika">{{Cite web|date=1 August 2024 |title=Suriya Karthi Jyothika |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/wayanad-landslide-suriya-vikram-mammootty-fahadh-faasil-donate-to-kerala-101722519617740.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] || {{INRConvert|20|l}} || <ref name ="Vikram">{{Cite web|title=Vikram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/wayanad-landslide-suriya-vikram-mammootty-fahadh-faasil-donate-to-kerala-101722519617740.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mammootty]] || {{INRConvert|20|l}}|| <ref name ="Mammootty">{{Cite web|title=Mammootty|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/wayanad-landslide-suriya-vikram-mammootty-fahadh-faasil-donate-to-kerala-101722519617740.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dulquer Salmaan]] || {{INRConvert|15|l}}|| <ref name ="Dulquer Salmaan">{{Cite web|title=Dulquer Salmaan|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/wayanad-landslide-suriya-vikram-mammootty-fahadh-faasil-donate-to-kerala-101722519617740.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Fahadh Fasil]]<hr> [[Nazriya Nazim]] || {{INRConvert|25|l}} || <ref name ="Fahadh Fasil Nazriya Nazim">{{Cite web|title=Fahadh Fasil Nazriya Nazim|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/wayanad-landslide-suriya-vikram-mammootty-fahadh-faasil-donate-to-kerala-101722519617740.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rashmika Mandanna]] || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || <ref name ="Rashmika">{{Cite web|title=Rashmika|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/wayanad-landslide-suriya-vikram-mammootty-fahadh-faasil-donate-to-kerala-101722519617740.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Nayanthara]]<hr>[[Vignesh Shivan]]|| {{INRConvert|20|l}} || <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2024 |title=Wayanad Landslides: Nayanthara And Vignesh Shivan Donate Rs. XX Lakh For The Victims, 'Can't Match The Losses' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/nayanthara-vignesh-shivan-donate-rs-20-lakh-to-support-victims-of-wayanad-landslides-101722599088551.html|access-date=2 August 2024 |website=hindustantimes|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Anand Patwardhan]] || {{INRConvert|2.2|l}} || <ref>{{Cite web| date=4 August 2024 |title=Anand Patwardhan|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/04/wayanad-tragedy-allu-arjun-donates-rs-25-lakh-to-kerala-cm-relief-fund-for-landslide-victims/|access-date=4 August 2024 |website=new Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Allu Arjun]] || {{INRConvert|25|l}} || <ref>{{Cite web| date=4 August 2024 |title=Allu Arjun|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wayanad-landslide-live-updates-9492176// |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Chiranjeevi]]<hr>[[Ram Charan]] || {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <ref>{{Cite web| date=4 August 2024 |title=Chiranjeevi-Ram Charan|url=https://www.siasat.com/chiranjeevi-announces-contribution-of-rs-one-crore-to-support-wayanad-landslides-victims-3073383/|access-date=4 August 2024 |website=siasat|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jayaram]] || {{INRConvert|5|l}}|| <ref name="Jayaram">{{Cite web| title=Jayaram|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/30/wayand-landslide-kerala-rain-live.html|access-date=4 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pinarayi Vijayan]]<hr>T. Kamala || {{INRConvert|1.33|l}} ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/wayanad-landslide/pinarayi-vijayan-and-wife-donate-to-wayanad-landslide-relief-cmdrf-fund-1.9782192|title=Wayanad landslide: Kerala CM, wife donate Rs 1.33 lakh to relief fund|date=3 August 2024|website=English.Mathrubhumi|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Dalai Lama]] || {{INRConvert|11|l}} || <ref name="Dalai Lama">{{Cite web| date=4 August 2024 |title=Dalai Lama|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/30/wayand-landslide-kerala-rain-live.html|access-date=4 August 2024 |website=onmanorama|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tovino Thomas]] || {{INRConvert|25|l}} || <ref name="Tovino Thomas">{{Cite web| date=4 August 2024 |title=Tovino Thomas|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/08/03/tovino-thomas-donates-wayanad-relief-fund-landslides-kerala.html|website=onmanorama|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Navya Nair]] || {{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="Navya Nair">{{Cite web| date=4 August 2024 |title=Navya Nair|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actress-navya-nair-donates-to-kerala-cms-relief-fund-for-victims-of-wayanad-landslide-8988972.html|website=news18|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kamal Haasan]] || {{INRConvert|25|l}} || <ref name="Kamal Haasan">{{Cite news |date=4 August 2024 |title=Kamal Haasan|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/suriya-to-chiyaan-vikram-kollywood-stars-who-raised-a-helping-hand-for-wayanad-landslide/photostory/112288511.cms?picid=112288531|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Shobhana George]] || {{INRConvert|10|l}} || <ref name="Shobhana George">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024 |title=Shobhana George|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/07/31/wayanad-landslide-cmdrf-donations.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Joju George]] ||{{INRConvert|5|l}} || <ref name="Joju George">{{Cite web| title=Joju George |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rimi Tomy]] ||{{INRConvert|5|l}} || <ref name="Rimi Tomy">{{Cite web| title=Rimi Tomy|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[T. Padmanabhan|T Padmanabhan]] ||{{INRConvert|5|l}} || <ref name="Padmanabhan">{{Cite web| title=Padmanabhan|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html |access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[K. Radhakrishnan (politician)|K Radhakrishnan]] ||{{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="K Radhakrishnan">{{Cite web| title=K Radhakrishnan|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[John Brittas]] || {{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="John Brittas">{{Cite web| title=John Brittas|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|[[V. Sivadasan]] || {{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="V. Sivadasan">{{Cite web| title=V. Sivadasan|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[A. A. Rahim (politician, born 1980)|A. A. Rahim]] || {{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="AA Rahim">{{Cite web| title=AA Rahim|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya]] || {{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya">{{Cite web| title=Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Amra Ram|Amraram]] || {{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="Amraram">{{Cite web| title=Amraram|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[S. Venkatesan]] || {{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="S. Venkatesan">{{Cite web| title=S. Venkatesan|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ramesh Chennithala]] ||{{INRConvert|50|k}} || <ref name="Ramesh Chennithala">{{Cite web| title=Ramesh Chennithala|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/03/wayanad-landslides-congress-construct-100-houses-mla-lakh-cmdrf-fund-relief-house-construction.html|access-date=6 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|S P Velumani]] || {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <ref name="AIADMK">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024|title=AIADMK|newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/wayanad-landslides-aiadmk-hands-over-rs-1crore-relief-fund-to-kerala-cm/articleshow/112321219.cms|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prabhas]] || {{INRConvert|2|c}} || <ref name="Prabhas">{{Cite web| date=6 August 2024|title=Prabhas|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/prabhas-donates-rs-2-crore-to-kerala-cm-relief-fund-for-wayanad-landslide-victims/article68496263.ece|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[A. K. Antony]] || {{INRConvert|50|k}} || <ref name="A K Antony">{{Cite news |date=6 August 2024|title=A K Antony|newspaper=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/kerala-landslides-ak-antony-urges-people-to-contribute-to-cmdrf/articleshow/112335520.cms?from=mdr|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| Sukesh Chandrashekhar || {{INRConvert|15|c}} || {{efn|name=fn5|Proposed by him, but not confirmed by Government.}}<ref name="Sukesh Chandrashekhar">{{Cite web| date=8 August 2024|title=Sukesh Chandrashekhar|url=https://www.news18.com/india/wayanad-landslides-jailed-conman-sukesh-chandrashekhar-offers-rs-15-crore-and-to-build-300-houses-8997244.html|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Arif Mohammad Khan|Arif Mohammed Khan]] || {{INRConvert|5|l}} || <ref name="Arif Mohammed Khan">{{Cite web|title=Arif Mohammed Khan|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1215832|access-date=8 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| V. D. Satheesan || {{INRConvert|1|l}} || <ref name="VD Satheesan">{{Cite web|title=VD Satheesan|url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1215832|access-date=8 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Lissy Lakshmi || {{INRConvert|1|c}} || <ref name="Lissy Lakshmi">{{Cite web|title=Lissy Lakshmi|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/malayalam-actor-lissy-and-friends-donate-rupees-one-crore-to-cmdrf-1.9802483|access-date=10 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Dhanush K.Raja || {{INRConvert|25|l}} || <ref name="Dhanush">{{Cite web|title=Dhanush|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dhanush-donates-25-lakh-for-wayanad-landslide-victims-to-kerala-cm-relief-fund-101723369406718.html|access-date=11 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] || {{INRConvert|25|l}} || <ref name="Prithviraj Sukumaran">{{Cite web|title=Prithviraj Sukumaran|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prithviraj-sukumaran-donates-rs-25-lakh-to-help-those-affected-by-wayand-landslides/articleshow/112474855.cms|access-date=12 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Dinesh Nirmal || {{INRConvert|25|l}} || <ref name="Dinesh Nirmal">{{Cite web|title=Dinesh Nirmal|url=https://theprint.in/india/donations-pour-into-cmdrf-amidst-smear-campaign/2203489/|access-date=13 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[K. T. Jaleel]] || {{INRConvert|5|l}} || <ref name="K T Jaleel">{{Cite web|title=K T Jaleel|url=https://theprint.in/india/donations-pour-into-cmdrf-amidst-smear-campaign/2203489/|access-date=13 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[P. S. Sreedharan Pillai]] || {{INRConvert|8|l}} || <ref name="P. S. Sreedharan Pillai">{{Cite web|title=P. S. Sreedharan Pillai|url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/News-Today/Guv-Pillai-scales-down-Independence-party-to-donate-to-Wayanad-Landslide-Victims/224754|access-date=13 August 2024|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==Reactions==
===Domestic===
[[File:Narendra Modi Wayanad August 2024.jpg|300px|thumb|Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] at the landslide-affected region]]
Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] announced payments of {{INRConvert|2|l}} to relatives of the dead and {{INRConvert|50000}} to each injured.<ref name="Narendra Modi">{{Cite news |date=30 July 2024 |editor-last=Kumar Bose |editor-first=Saikat |title=Narendra Modi |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wayanad-landslides-kerala-landslides-narendra-modi-pinarayi-vijayan-8-dead-hundreds-trapped-after-wayanad-landslides-pm-dials-chief-minister-6219824|access-date=30 July 2024 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> He later visited [[Wayanad district]] on 10 August, accompanied by Kerala chief minister [[Pinarayi Vijayan]], governor [[Arif Mohammad Khan|Arif Mohammed Khan]] and minister of state [[Suresh Gopi]] to conduct aerial surveys of the region. He also visited a relief camp to meet the landslide-affected people.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 August 2024 |title=PM Modi meets landslide victims at relief camp |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-in-wayanad-live-updates-kerala-landslides-death-toll-news-today-august-10-101723253964648.html |access-date=10 August 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |quote=The visit has been delayed by over 50 minutes due to the extended time spent on the aerial survey and at the Chooralmala site.}}</ref><ref name="PM's visit">{{Cite news|title=PM's visit|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/wayanad-landslide-pm-modi-visit-national-disaster-declaration-rahul-gandhi-2578965-2024-08-08|work=indiatoday|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

[[Rahul Gandhi]], leader of the opposition in the [[Lok Sabha]] and former [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|member of Parliament]] for [[Wayanad Lok Sabha constituency]], spoke with chief minister of Kerala [[Pinarayi Vijayan]] and urged [[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|United Democratic Front]] workers to provide help.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=30 July 2024 |title=Wayanad landslides: Rahul Gandhi speaks with Kerala CM; urges UDF workers to provide all help |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rahul-gandhi-speaks-with-kerala-chief-minister-pinarayi-vijayan-urges-udf-workers-to-provide-all-help-to-those-affected-in-wayanad-landslides/cid/2037311 |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph (India) |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |archive-date=30 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240730074009/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/rahul-gandhi-speaks-with-kerala-chief-minister-pinarayi-vijayan-urges-udf-workers-to-provide-all-help-to-those-affected-in-wayanad-landslides/cid/2037311 |url-status=live }}</ref> Gandhi and his sister [[Priyanka Gandhi]] were initially scheduled to visit Wayanad on 31 July, but the visit was postponed to the next day due to heavy rains and inclement weather. The duo visited the relief camps in [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] on 1 August. He said during a press conference in Wayanad later that day that the [[Indian National Congress]] would build 100 houses in the affected areas.<ref>{{Cite web| title="RG-press conference|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/wayanad-landslides-rahul-gandhi-priyanka-gandhi-vadra-feel-what-i-felt-when-my-father-died-rahul-gandhi-in-landslide-hit-wayanad-6241149 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date=2 August 2024 |title=Will build 100 houses for landslide victims, says Rahul Gandhi in Wayanad |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/will-build-100-houses-for-landslide-victims-says-rahul-gandhi-in-wayanad |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref> [[Indian Union Muslim League]] President [[Sayyid Sadiq Ali Shihab Thangal]] said that in addition to the 100 homes, work, medicine and education would be essential for the survival of poor people and a comprehensive rehabilitation package would be implemented.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/wayanad-tragedy-muslim-league-will-build-100-houses-1316599|title=Rahul Gandhi's support|date=5 August 2024|website=www.madhyamam.com|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2024/08/05/muslim-league-helping-hands-on-wayanad-landslide.html|title=Muslim league helping hands on Wayanad landslide|date=5 August 2024|website=Twentyfournews.com|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

Archbishop [[Andrews Thazhath]], president of the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India]], expressed condolences to the families affected by the [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]] [[Landslide|landslides]], saying all Catholic parishes and institutions nearby would be actively engaging in the rescue mission and support government agencies in their relief efforts. He said [[Caritas India]] is already on the ground, coordinating with its local partners such as Wayanad Social Service Society, Shreyas, and Jeevana to deliver immediate relief support and trauma counseling to those affected by the crisis.<ref>{{Cite web| date=4 August 2024 |title=Wayanad, Kerala - Devastating Landslides: Caritas India Responds to Tragedy - India |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/india/wayanad-kerala-devastating-landslides-caritas-india-responds-tragedy |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| date=1 August 2024 |title=Wayanad Landslide Disaster: Catholic Church's Caritas India Swings into Action |url=https://www.indiancatholicmatters.org/wayanad-landslide-disaster-catholic-churchs-caritas-india-swings-into-action/ |access-date=5 August 2024 |website=Indian Catholic Matters |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister]] of India [[Amit Shah]] informed the [[Parliament of India]] that four early warnings were issued to the Kerala government between 23 and 26 July indicating possible rainfall of more than {{Convert|20|cm|mm|abbr=on}} in and around the area.<ref>{{Cite web| date=31 July 2024 |title=Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah participates in debates in both the houses of Parliament on the situation arising out of landslides in Wayanad, Kerala |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2039711 |access-date=31 July 2024 |website=Indian Press Information Bureau}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=Wayanad: Amit Shah says Centre gave advance warning, Pinarayi Vijayan cites IMD orange alert |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/gallery/wayanad-amit-shah-says-centre-gave-advance-warning-pinarayi-vijayan-cites-imd-orange-alert/cid/2037676 |access-date=31 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph (India) |agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> The [[Chief Minister of Kerala]] responded by claiming that the red alert was issued for Wayanad only after the disaster and only a forecast of low probability for landslides was given for Wayanad on 30 and 31 July by the central agencies.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=Kerala CM challenges Amit Shah's claims of 'early warning' on Wayanad landslides: 'Red alert was issued only after...' |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kerala-cm-challenges-amit-shahs-claims-of-early-warning-on-wayanad-landslides-red-alert-was-issued-only-after-11722426278862.html |website=Mint|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=Kerala CM counters Amit Shah's 'early warnings' claim on Wayanad landslides: 'Red alert issued only after...' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-cm-counters-amit-shahs-early-warnings-claim-on-wayanad-landslides-red-alert-issued-only-after-101722426014155-amp.html |website=The Hindustan Times|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 August 2024 |title=How accurate were Amit Shah's claims of early warning to Kerala before Wayanad landslides? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/wayanad-landslide-amit-shah-claims-on-early-warnings-for-kerala-ahead-of-the-wayanad-landslide/article68471659.ece |work=The Hindu|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> [[Government of Kerala|The Kerala state government]] distributed mobile phones, free rations, and duplicate certificates to affected individuals in need of them.<ref name="Comprehensive relief">{{Cite web|date=7 August 2024 |title=Comprehensive relief |url=https://news.abplive.com/states/kerala/wayanad-landslides-kerala-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-announces-new-mobiles-free-rations-duplicate-certificates-for-survivors-1708540|work=abplive|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

In the wake of the [[Landslide|landslides]], the tourism department of the state government called off the [[Nehru Trophy Boat Race|Nehru Trophy]], [[Champions Boat League|Champion's Boat League]], and all types of the [[Onam]] week celebrations in the whole state, scheduled to begin on 10 August.<ref name="Champions Boat League">{{Cite news|title=Champions Boat League|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/wayanad-landslides-onam-week-fete-champions-boat-league-dropped/article68502333.ece|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> The government also cancelled [[Puli Kali|Pulikali]], [[Kummattikali]] in Thrissur during Onam.<ref name="Pulikali">{{Cite news|title=Pulikali|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2024/08/09/no-pulikali-this-year-in-thrissur-due-to-wayanad-landslide.html|work=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> [[Puli Kali|The Pulikali]] organizing committee and participating teams unilaterally expressed their opposition to the cancellation because of the debt they had taken on for the event.<ref name="Opposition to Pulikali cancellation">{{Cite news|title=Opposition to Pulikali cancellation|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/11/pulikali-cancellation-irks-teams-to-file-complaint.html|work=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> On 19 August the state recinded the cancellation.<ref name="Kerala govt gives nod to host Pulikali in Thrissur">{{Cite news|title=Kerala govt gives nod to host Pulikali in Thrissur|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/19/kerala-government-gives-nod-for-pulikali-thrissur.html|work=onmanorama|access-date=19 August 2024|quote=The state government has made a U-turn by permitting Pulikali to be hosted in Thrissur as part of Onam celebrations. Earlier, the government had cancelled the event following the fatal landslides in Wayanad.}}</ref>

===International===
United States president [[Joe Biden]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2024 |title=Biden extends deepest condolences over deadly landslides in Kerala |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/biden-extends-deepest-condolences-over-deadly-landslides-in-kerala-3133335 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Chinese premier [[Li Qiang]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2024 |title=Chinese Premier sends condolence message to PM Modi on Kerala landslides|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/chinese-premier-sends-condolence-message-to-pm-modi-on-kerala-landslides20240804144556/ |access-date=4 August 2024 |website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> and Russian president [[Vladimir Putin]]<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Aveek |date=1 August 2024 |title=Russia, China convey 'deepest condolences' to President Murmu, PM Modi on Wayanad landslides |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/wayanad-landslides-russia-turkey-convey-deepest-condolences-to-president-murmu-pm-modi-death-toll-updates-2024-08-01-944632 |website=India TV News |language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> extended their condolences and sympathies to the people of India,<ref name=":8" /> as did Maldives president [[Mohamed Muizzu]],<ref name=":8" /> the Turkish [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Turkey)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], Australian high commissioner to India [[Philip Green (diplomat)|Philip Green]],<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Avijit |date=1 August 2024 |title=Wayanad Landslide: Israeli, Australian Envoys Express Condolences For Victims |url=https://www.newsx.com/world/wayanad-landslide-israeli-australian-envoys-express-condolences-for-victims/ |website=Newsx |language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Israeli ambassador to India [[Naor Gilon]],<ref name=":10" /> [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|French envoy to India]] Thierry Mathou,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Shankhayaneel |date=1 August 2024 |title=Wayanad Landslides: Chinese, French Envoys Extend Condolences To Victims, Kin Of Deceased |url=https://www.news18.com/world/wayanad-landslide-chinese-french-envoys-extend-condolences-to-victims-kin-of-deceased-8984590.html |website=News18 |language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)|Iranian ambassador in India]] Denis Alipov,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran Ambassador in India |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/world/bhutan-us-russia-iran-extend-heartfelt-condolences-to-india-after-deadly-wayanad-landslides|website=freepressjournal|language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Armenian foreign minister [[Ararat Mirzoyan]],<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1819035952662155454 |user=AraratMirzoyan |title=Saddened to learn of the massive landslides in the #Wayanad district, #Kerala🇮🇳, which caused loss of lives, injuries & extensive damages. My deepest condolences & sincere sympathies to the bereaved families. @DrSJaishankar |first=Mirzoyan |last=Ararat |author-link=Ararat Mirzoyan|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> president of UAE Sheikh [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]],<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Saseendran |first=Sajila |date=1 August 2024 |title=Kerala landslides: UAE-based Indian business groups pledge millions for relief, rehabilitation assistance |url=https://gulfnews.com/uae/kerala-landslides-uae-based-indian-business-groups-pledge-millions-for-relief-rehabilitation-assistance-1.103675884 |website=Gulf News |language=en|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|King Salman]] and Crown Prince [[Mohammed bin Salman]] of Saudi Arabia,<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2024 |title=വയനാട് ഉരുൾ ദുരന്തം: അനുശോചിച്ച് സൗദി |trans-title=Wayanad landslide disaster: Saudi condoles |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/gulf-news/saudi-arabia/wayanad-landslide-saudi-arabia-condemns-1314797|newspaper=Madhyamam|language=ml|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Bhutanese prime minister [[Tshering Tobgay]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 August 2024 |title=Bhutan PM Tshering Tobga feels sad by loss of lives in Wayanad landslides|url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/98922/bhutan-pm-tshering-tobga-feels-sad-by-loss-of-lives-in-wayanad-landslides.html|newspaper=indiablooms}}</ref> and the foreign ministries of Latvia, Jordan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Egypt, the Netherlands, and Germany.<ref name ="solidarity">{{Cite news |date=4 August 2024 |title=Republic of Latvia|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/release-of-indranis-passport-subject-to-hcs-decision-on-travel-abroad-order-cbi-court/|newspaper=dailyexcelsior|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> [[Pope Francis]] prayed for victims of the landslides during his [[Angelus|angelus address]] at [[Saint Peter's Square]].<ref name="Pope Francis">{{Cite news |date=4 August 2024 |title=Pope Francis|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/world/pope-francis-prays-for-victims-of-devastating-landslides-in-wayanad-invites-everyone-to-join-him-in-prayer-dmn-shqcjg|work=asianetnews|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

==Controversies==
===CMDRF transparency===
The Chief Minister's Distress Relief Fund (CMDRF) faced criticism on social media, with some accusing it of lacking transparency and misusing funds. The chief minister of Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan denied these claims, emphasising that the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]] audited the CMDRF from 2016 to 2019 and found no irregularities. He further stated that the CMDRF was completely open to scrutiny by the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] and operated entirely on a transparent electronic platform that tracked all incoming and outgoing funds. He further stated that all transactions of CMDRF could be accessed by the general public through the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|right to information act]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thiruvananthapuram Bureau |first=The Hindu |date=6 August 2024 |title=Wayanad landslides: Kerala CM slams attempts to undermine CMDRF’s credibility |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cm-slams-attempts-to-undermine-cmdrfs-credibility/article68493477.ece |access-date=9 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Both the ruling [[Left Democratic Front]] and opposition United Democratic Front expressed full support for the CMDRF, with all MLAs from both sides contributing to the fund.<ref>{{Cite web| date= |title=LDF and UDF MLA donate their salary |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/both-ldf-udf-ask-their-mlas-mps-to-donate-in-cm-relief-fund-101723058026418.html|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> In response to the allegations against the CMDRF, FIRs were lodged against 14 individuals, including the owner of online news portal Marunadan Malayali, Shajan Skaria<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kerala-government-oppostion-congress-unite-against-propaganda-on-chief-ministers-disaster-relief-fund/cid/2038331|title=LDF and UDF UNITE against smear campaign.FIR filed against 14 people includes Marunadan Malayali|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> and film director Akhil Marar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2024 |title=Case against Bigg Boss Malayalam winner Akhil Marar for the post on Chief Minister’s Distress Relief fund |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/case-against-bigg-boss-malayalam-winner-akhil-marar-for-the-post-on-chief-ministers-distress-relief-fund/articleshow/112287421.cms |access-date=9 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

As of 9 June 2025, the total disaster relief fund collected was at {{INRConvert|763.16|c}}, out of which only 4.80% that was {{INRConvert|36.81|c}}, was allotted for relief work by the [[Government of Kerala]].<ref name="CMDRF Receipts and Allotments">{{Cite web| title=CMDRF Receipts and Allotments|url=https://donation.cmdrf.kerala.gov.in/index.php/Settings/transparency/k3Kz38ENUup4KtgQz.vNPriDzctI5B0DLSg26P5QG.MnFtXc1w3OAsT06PAiFaoicbYcEsqT.nF7GhqCXfcITg__|access-date=9 June 2025|website=CMDRF|language=en}}</ref>

=== Government advisory to scientific community ===
The Kerala state government issued an order to scientific and technology institutions prohibiting scientists from conducting any site visits or further studies without prior permission from the Kerala Disaster Management Authority. The advisory also directed the scientific community to restrain from speaking to the media about the landslides or their potential causes. Although the government stated the advisory was made in an effort to curtail panic and misinterpretations of scientific statements by the general public, it was ultimately seen as a [[gag order]] that suppressed scientific dialogue, and was revoked hours later. <ref name ="Gag order">{{Cite web| title=Kerala gag order bans scientists from visiting Wayanad disaster sites, sharing views |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/01/scientists-banned-from-visiting-landslide-hit-places-of-wayanad.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Gag order Withdrawn |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/wayanad-landslides-kerala-govt-withdraws-gag-order-for-scientists-with-immediate-effect/articleshow/112209855.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst.. |access-date=2 August 2024 |newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

===Suo moto case & writ petition===
After concerns over reoccurring landslides in the state of Kerala, Justices [[A. K. Jayasankaran Nambiar]] and V. M. Syam Kumar of [[Kerala High Court]] asked the court's registrar general to register a [[suo moto|suo moto case]] to consider steps that can be put in place to prevent and manage natural disasters that may arise in the state in the future.<ref name ="The suo moto case">{{Cite web| title=The suo moto case |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Aug/08/wayanad-landslides-kerala-high-court-to-register-case-2|access-date=8 August 2024 |website=newindianexpress}}</ref> The high court wanted to look for the legal framework to control illegal mining and floodings.<ref name="Legal framework">{{Cite web| title=Legal framework|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/wayanad-landslides-fire-force-ndrf-volunteers-local-people-to-continue-search-operations20240809090833|access-date=9 August 2024|website=ANI news |language=en |quote=The court also said that they should think about what can be done legally to control things like illegal mining and floods.}}</ref> Meanwhile, [[Kasaragod]] resident advocate C Shukur submitted another [[writ petition]] and demanded the high court stop the collection of money without prior permission from the government and to stop misuse or mismanagement of funds during disasters that could occur due to lack of transparency, poor oversight, corruption, and insufficient oversight mechanisms.<ref name="Adv. C Shukur">{{Cite web| title=Adv. C Shukur |url=https://www.kvartha.com/news/kerala/high-court-orders-suo-moto-case-on-wayanad-landslide/cid15115483.htm#google_vignette|access-date=8 August 2024 |website=kvartha}}</ref> Later, the Kerala High Court dismissed the writ petition alleging relief funds being collected on political or religious grounds. The court also imposed costs of {{INRConvert|25|k}} to be paid to the Chief Minister's Disaster Relief Fund on the petitioner.<ref name ="Dismissing writ petition">{{Cite web| title=Dismissing writ petition|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/wayanad-landslide-kerala-high-court-junks-pil-alleging-relief-fund-collection-political-religious|access-date=9 August 2024 |website=barandbench}}</ref>

===Charity food distributions===
A controversy arose when police closed the [[White Guard Volunteers (Kerala India)|White Guard]] kitchen on 4 August, which provided free food to 7,000 people a day at the Wayanad landslides. The closing was carried out in disaster-hit areas near Mepadi by Kannur deputy inspector general Thomson Jose on the orders of the minister.<ref>{{Cite web| date=5 August 2024 |title=Controversy over food distribution in disaster-hit areas of Wayanad is not contained|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/closure-of-food-supply-unit-for-rescue-workers-sparks-controversy-in-wayanad-262628 |website=mediaoneonline |quote=The minister also clarified that volunteers and outsiders will not be allowed to distribute food directly. |trans-quote=The minister also clarified that volunteers and outsiders will not be allowed to distribute food directly.|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> The controversial closings<ref>{{Cite web| date=5 August 2024 |title=Row over closure of White Guards' mess in Wayanad|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/row-over-closure-of-white-guards-mess-in-wayanad/article68485602.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/04/closure-food-supply-unit-rescue-workers-sparks-controversy-wayanad.html|title=Closure of food supply unit for rescue workers sparks controversy in Wayanad|website=Onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://janamtv.com/80900075/|title=Voluntary organizations banned: Complaints of lack of food for rescue workers; Allegation that the date will be overdue. Ministers from Malacca|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> were withdrawn on 5 August.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2024 |title='There is no hindrance to whoever comes to give food'; Minister Mohamm|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/there-is-no-hindrance-to-whoever-comes-to-give-food-minister-mohammed-riyas-against-police-action-1316246 |website=madhyamam|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=4 August 2024 |title=Govt directive|url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/muslim-youth-league-free-food-service-counter-as-disaster-relief-closed-after-govt-instruction-in-nadapuram-narippatta-262547 |website=mediaoneonline|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

===Arrest of YouTuber Aju Alex===
After the landslide at Wayanad, [[Malayalam Film Industry|Malayalam]] actor [[Mohanlal]], who is also an honorary [[lieutenant colonel]] in the [[Territorial Army (India)|Indian Territorial Army]] visited the site in army uniform. YouTuber Aju Alex spotted his uniform and made a defamatory remark against Mohanlal, which generated social media backlash. A case was registered by the [[Thiruvalla|Tiruvalla]] police. Alex went into hiding after the case was filed and was later caught arrested.<ref name="Chekuthan">{{Cite web|title=Chekuthan|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/08/09/aju-alex-arrested-defamatory-comments-mohanlal.html|website=manoramaonline|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> He was later released after being granted bail, and according to police may face a civil suit.<ref name="Bail">{{Cite web|title=Bail|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/wayanad-landslides-malayali-youtuber-aju-alex-aka-chekuthan-arrested-for-making-defamatory-remarks-against-mohanlal-report-1337399|website=pinkvilla|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Indian army">{{Cite web|title=Indian army|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/content/mm/en/kerala/top-news/2024/08/10/aju-alex-chekuthan-arrested-over-remarks-against-mohanlal-army-to-register-case.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>

===Unauthorized properties===
Wayanad is a small district where majority of the population directly or indirectly depending tourism sector as the farming is not being feasible for the larger group. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/wayanad-tragedy-over-380-buildings-come-up-every-year-in-landslide-hit-kerala-panchayat-meppadi/articleshow/112233229.cms We cannot consider the tourism sector alone as the cause of landslides. but Unregulated tourism was considered to be one of the reasons for changing the land-use pattern that aggravated the landslide conditions in Wayanad. Thousands of unauthorized [[homestay]]s and [[resort]]s<ref name="Number of Unauthorized Homestay">{{Cite web|title=Number of Unauthorized Homestay|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/10/google-properties-resorts-blamed-wayand-havoc-nobody-knows-how-many.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> did not have any records in the official database of government, but they could be seen on search engines like [[Google Maps]].<ref name="Unauthorized Homestay">{{Cite web|title=Unauthorized Homestay|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/10/google-properties-resorts-blamed-wayand-havoc-nobody-knows-how-many.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> Most of these unauthorized establishments lacked licenses from local bodies or the District Tourism Promotion Council. According to the Department of Tourism, only 32 such villas or resorts were registered with government, but more than 3,000 such establishments could be found online in the Wayanad district alone. These properties did not pay taxes, and did not follow any norms of the State Pollution Control Board or forest department. Authorities have started taking action against them.<ref name="'Google' properties">{{Cite web|title='Google' properties|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/10/google-properties-resorts-blamed-wayand-havoc-nobody-knows-how-many.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref> A report submitted by the district town planner to District Disaster Management Authority on 27 September indicated that several resorts located in the landslide-prone zones of the eastern slope of the Western Ghats violated all norms and regulations.<ref name="Exploitation of natural resources">{{Cite web|title=Exploitation of natural resources|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/13/wayanad-tourism-landslide-prone-zones.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=13 August 2024|quote=A report submitted by the District Town Planner to DDMA on September 27, 2023, which compiled the reports of various agencies, indicated that several resorts located in the landslide-prone zones of the Eastern slope of the Western Ghats violate all norms and regulations.}}</ref> The Fire and Rescue Department reported that several glass bridges in resorts operate without approvals from any department.<ref name="NOC">{{Cite web|title=NOC|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2024/08/13/wayanad-tourism-landslide-prone-zones.html|website=onmanorama|access-date=13 August 2024|quote=In its report, the Fire and Rescue Department says that several glass bridges in resorts operate without its NOC and in case of casualties the rescue operation from the hilly areas would be tough.}}</ref>

===The pork challenge===
The Democratic Youth Federation of India (DYFI), the youth wing of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]], conducted two pork challenges. The first event was organized at Kasaragod on 10 August and raised {{INRConvert|1.25|l}}. The second event was organized at [[Kothamangalam, Kerala|Kothamangalam]], [[Ernakulam district]], on 18 August and raised {{INRConvert|50000|h}}<ref name="Pork challenge-01">{{Cite web|title=Pork challenge-01|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/kerala-dyfis-pork-challenge-to-raise-funds-for-landslide-victims-in-wayanad-draws-flak/cid/2041904|website=Telegraph India|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> by selling tones of meat as part of the drive to raise funds for Wayanad landslides victims. Later, [[Sunni Islam|Sunni Muslim]] cleric Nasar Faizy Koodathay called it "religious blasphemy, done under the guise of a challenge", as the majority of the victims are Sunni Muslim and consider pork a prohibited food.<ref name="Pork challenge-02">{{Cite web|title=Pork challenge-02|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/pork-event-to-raise-funds-for-wayanad-draws-ire/articleshow/112613091.cms|website=Times Of India|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Pork challenge-03">{{Cite web|title=Pork challenge-03|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/wayanad-cleric-says-raising-relief-funds-by-selling-pork-is-blasphemy-9520020/|website=Indian Express|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="Pork challenge-04">{{Cite web|title=Pork challenge-04|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/row-over-pork-challenge-to-raise-funds-for-wayanad-landslide-survivors-3154981|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>

===Loan EMI vs relief aid===
The government of Kerala released emergency financial assistance of {{INRConvert|10000|h}} to 617 persons on 17 August as relief aid. Some of these beneficiary had taken business, personal or agriculture loans from [[Kerala Gramin Bank]] before the landslides.<ref name="Kerala Gramin Bank EMI-01">{{Cite web|title=Kerala Gramin Bank EMI -01|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/multimedia/video/wayanad-protests-against-kerala-gramin-bank-after-emi-deducted-from-relief-fund-meant-for-landslide-survivors/article68543217.ece|website=Business Line|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> Once the funds were credited in the accounts of the victim, the bank deducted their due EMI from the account on 18 August. Protests arose as these victims had nothing left after the landslides. The [[National Human Rights Commission of India|Human Rights Commission of India]] launched a voluntary police case against the bank,<ref name="Kerala Gramin Bank EMI-02">{{Cite web|title=Kerala Gramin Bank EMI-01|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/row-over-bank-deducting-emi-from-landslide-survivors-accounts/article68539748.ece|website=The Hindu|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref> after which the bank refunded the money.<ref name="Kerala Gramin Bank EMI-03">{{Cite web|title=Kerala Gramin Bank EMI-03|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/local-news/state-human-rights-commission-booked-case-against-kerala-gramin-bank-on-emi-deduction-from-victims-of-wayanad-landslide-sigugh|website=Asianet News|access-date=19 August 2024}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|India|Asia|Geography}}
*[[List of landslides]]
*[[2024 Jivitputrika tragedy]]
*[[2020 Pettimudi landslide]]
*[[Disaster Management]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
'''Government'''
* [https://www.india.gov.in/ Official website of the Government of India]
* [https://goidirectory.nic.in/index.php Government of India Web Directory]
* [https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/ndmi/ National Disaster Management Authority]
* [https://sdma.kerala.gov.in/ State Disaster Management Authority]
'''Research article'''
* [https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4931011/v1 Advanced Detection and Mapping of Landslides Using Interferometric SAR Imagery: A Case Study of the July 2024 Event in Wayanad]

{{Deadliest meteorological events in 2024}}
{{Disasters in India in 2024}}
{{Natural disasters in India}}
{{Natural disasters}}
{{Western Ghats}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wayanad landslides, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2024 in Kerala]]
[[Category:July 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Landslides in 2024]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]
[[Category:Landslides in India]]
[[Category:Wayanad district|2024 landslides]]
[[Category:Western Ghats| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

List of cities in Goa by population

2026-01-21T02:38:54Z

BenjaminWoodard: created new pg - done

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
This is a '''list of cities and towns in [[Goa]]'''. Goa {{IPAc-en|audio=Goa.ogg|ˈ|ɡ|oʊ|.|ə}} is a state located in the south-western region of [[India]]; It is India's smallest [[states and territories of India|state]] by area and the [[List of states and territories of India by population|fourth smallest by population]]. Goa is one of India's richest states with a GDP per capita two and a half times that of the country.<ref name="report" /> It was ranked the best placed state by the Eleventh Finance Commission for its infrastructure and ranked on top for the best quality of life in India by the National Commission on Population based on the 12 Indicators.<ref name="report">{{cite book|others=India. Finance Commission|title=Reports of the finance commissions of India: First Finance Commission to the Twelfth Finance Commission: the complete report|publisher=Academic Foundation |year=2005|page=268|isbn=81-7188-474-1}}</ref>

[[Panjim]] is the state capital of Goa. [[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]] is the largest city. [[Margao]] is the commercial capital of Goa, while [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]] is considered the cultural capital of the state. Goa still exhibits the religious and cultural influence of the [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese]], who ruled Goa from 1510 to 1961.

==Subdivisions==
[[File:Administrative map of Goa.png|thumb|upright|Talukas of Goa. Talukas in green shades belong to North Goa district, and orange denote South Goa district.]]
{{Main article|Districts of Goa}}
The state is divided into two [[List of Indian districts|districts]]: [[North Goa]] and [[South Goa]]. Each district is administered by a district collector, appointed by the Indian government.

Panaji is the headquarters of North Goa district and is also the capital of Goa.

North Goa is further divided into three subdivisions – Panaji, [[Mapusa]], and [[Bicholim]]; and five [[taluk]]s – [[Tiswadi]] (Panaji), [[Bardez]] ([[Mapusa]]), [[Pernem]], [[Bicholim]], and [[Sattari]] ([[Valpoi]]), (note = the letter m is silent at the end of every place/city/taluka)

[[Margao]] is the headquarters of South Goa district.

South Goa is further divided into five subdivisions – [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]], [[Mormugao]] ([[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco da Gama]]), Margao, [[Quepem]], and [[Dharbandora]]; and seven ''taluks'' – [[Ponda taluk|Ponda]], [[Mormugao]], [[Salcete]] ([[Margao]]), [[Quepem]], and [[Canacona]] ([[Chaudi]]), [[Sanguem]], and [[Dharbandora]]. (Ponda Taluka shifted from North Goa to South Goa in January 2015). (note = the letter m is silent at the end of every place/city/taluka)

Goa's major cities include Vasco da Gama, Margao, Panaji, Mapusa and Ponda.

Panaji is the only Municipal Corporation in Goa.
There are thirteen Municipal Councils: Margao, Mormugao (including Vasco da Gama), Pernem, Mapusa, Bicholim, [[Sanquelim]], Valpoi, Ponda, [[Cuncolim]], Quepem, [[Curchorem]], Sanguem, and Canacona.(note = the letter m is silent at the end of ever place/city/taluka)

==Cities in Goa==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row" style="width:20px; background:#bfb;"| {{dagger}}
| style="width:100px;"| [[Capital city|Capital City]]
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" rowspan=2 | Name<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/towns/goa_towns.pdf|title=ALPHABETICAL LIST OF TOWNS AND THEIR POPULATION |website=Censusindia.gov.in|accessdate=2016-06-10}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:90px;" rowspan=2 | Type<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" rowspan=2 | Category<ref name="censusindia.gov.in"/>
! scope="col" style="width:140px;" rowspan=2 | Taluka
! scope="col" style="width:110px;" rowspan=2 | Population (2011)<ref name="censusindia.gov.in2">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3001_PART_B_DCHB_NORTH%20GOA.pdf|title= GOA : SERIES-31 PART XII-B : DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK : NORTH GOA|website=Censusindia.gov.uk|accessdate=2016-06-10}}</ref><ref name="censusindia.gov.in1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3002_PART_B_DCHB_SOUTH%20GOA.pdf|title= GOA : SERIES-31 PART XII-B : DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK : SOUTH GOA|website=Censusindia.gov.uk|accessdate=2016-06-10}}</ref>
! scope="col" style="width:170px;" colspan=2 | Land area<ref name="censusindia.gov.in2"/><ref name="censusindia.gov.in1"/>
! scope="col" style="width:130px;" rowspan=2 | District
|-
! km<sup>2</sup>
! mi<sup>2</sup>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Bicholim]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Bicholim taluk|Bicholim]]
| align=right | 16986
| {{convert|14.50|km2 | sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[North Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Canacona]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Canacona taluk|Canacona]]
| align=right | 12434
| {{convert|18.70|km2|sqmi|disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[South Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cuncolim]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Salcete]]
| align=right | 16623
| {{convert|28.70|km2 | sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[South Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Curchorem]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Quepem taluk|Quepem]]
| align=right | 22730
| {{convert|22.60|km2 | sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[South Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mapusa]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Bardez]]
| align=right | 40487
| {{convert|11.32|km2 | sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[North Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Margao]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Salcete]]
| align=right | 87650
| {{convert|21.10|km2 | sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[South Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mormugao]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Mormugao]]
| align=right |94393
| {{convert|27.36|km2 | sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[South Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#bfb;"| [[Panaji]]{{dagger|alt=Capital City}}
| City
| Municipal Corporation
| [[Tiswadi]]
| align=right | 40017
| {{convert|08.10|km2 | sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[North Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Pernem]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Pernem taluk|Pernem]]
| align=right | 5289
| {{convert|15.94|km2| sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[North Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ponda, Goa|Ponda]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Ponda taluk|Ponda]]
| align=right | 22664
| {{convert|5.20|km2| sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[South Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Quepem]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Quepem taluk|Quepem]]
| align=right | 14795
| {{convert|19.70|km2| sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[South Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sanguem]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Sanguem taluk|Sanguem]]
| align=right | 6444
| {{convert|4.90|km2| sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[South Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sanquelim]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Bicholim taluk|Bicholim]]
| align=right | 13651
| {{convert|14.70|km2| sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[North Goa]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Valpoi]]
| City
| Municipal Council
| [[Sattari]]
| align=right | 8532
| {{convert|11.70|km2| sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[North Goa]]
|}

==Urban agglomerations in Goa==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="row" style="width:20px; background:#bfb;"| {{dagger}}
| style="width:100px;"| [[Capital city|Capital City]]
|}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" style="width:150px;" rowspan=2 | Name
! scope="col" style="width:90px;" rowspan=2 | UA Type
! scope="col" style="width:140px;" rowspan=2 | Taluka
! scope="col" style="width:110px;" rowspan=2 | Population (2011)
! scope="col" style="width:170px;" colspan=2 | Land area
! scope="col" style="width:130px;" rowspan=2 | UA has following cities & town under it.
|-
! km<sup>2</sup>
! mi<sup>2</sup>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Margao]] UA
| Class I UAs/Towns
| [[Salcete]]
| align=right | 106484
| {{convert|24.1|km2 | sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[Margao]](M.CI), [[Aquem]], [[Navelim]]
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mormugao]] UA
| Class I UAs/Towns
| [[Mormugao]]
| align=right |101326
| {{convert|39.55|km2 | sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[Mormugao]](M CI), [[Chicalim]]
|-
! scope="row" style="background:#bfb;"| [[Panaji]] UA{{dagger|alt=Capital City}}
| Class I UAs/Towns
| [[Tiswadi]]
| align=right | 114759
| {{convert|75|km2 | sqmi |disp=table|sortable=on}}
| align=right | [[Panaji]](M Corp.), [[Taleigao]], Durgawado, Morambi-O-Grande, Cujira, Panelim, Morambi-O-Pequeno, [[Bambolim]], Calapor, [[Chimbel]], Murda
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Goa| ]]
[[Category:Goa-related lists|Cities]]
[[Category:Lists of cities in India by state or union territory|Goa]]

Sonal Mansingh

2026-01-12T13:57:04Z

BenjaminWoodard: refined article to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian classical dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name = Sonal Mansingh
| image = Sonal Mansingh.jpg
| caption = Sonal Mansingh performing in [[New Delhi]].
| birth_name = Sonal Pakvasa
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|4|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai|Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| origin = [[India]]
| instruments =
| genre = [[Odissi]], [[Bharatanatyam]]
| occupations = *[[Indian classical dance|Indian Classical Dancer]]
* [[Guru]]
*[[Motivational Speaker]]
| years_active = 1961–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = [http://www.sonalmansingh.in www.sonalmansingh.in]
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Sonal Mansingh
|office = [[Rajya Sabha|Member Of Parliament<br>Rajya Sabha]]
|constituency = [[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]] ([[Arts]])
|term_start = 14 July 2018
|term_end = 23 July 2024
|predecessor = [[K. Parasaran]]
|successor = [[Harsh Vardhan Shringla]]
|party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father = Arvind Pakvasa
| mother = Poornima Pakvasa
}}
'''Sonal Mansingh''' (born 30 April 1944) is an [[Indian classical dance]]r and Guru in [[Bharatanatyam]] and [[Odissi]] dancing style. She has been [[List of nominated members of Rajya Sabha|nominated]] by the [[President of India]] to become a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/sonal-mansingh-ram-shakal-among-four-nominated-to-rs/articleshow/64985955.cms | title=Sonal Mansingh, Ram Shakal among four nominated to RS | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | date=14 July 2018 | access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jul/14/former-mp-ram-shakal-rss-leader-rakesh-sinha-among-four-nominated-to-rajya-sabha-1843254.html | title=Former MP Ram Shakal, RSS leader Rakesh Sinha among four nominated to Rajya Sabha | newspaper=New Indian Express | date=14 July 2018 | access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-nominates-rss-ideologue-rakesh-sinha-among-three-others-to-rajya-sabha/articleshow/64985950.cms | title=President nominates RSS ideologue Rakesh Sinha among three others to Rajya Sabha | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | date=14 July 2018 | access-date=14 July 2018}}</ref> She is the recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1992 and [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2003.<ref name='INgov'/>

==Early life and background==
Sonal Mansingh was born in [[Mumbai]], second of three children to Arvind and [[Poornima Pakvasa]], a noted social worker from [[Gujarat]] and [[Padma Bhushan]] winner in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-27|title=Freedom fighter, 'Didi of Dangs', dies at 103 in Surat|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/freedom-fighter-didi-of-dangs-dies-at-103-in-surat-2771986/|access-date=2021-02-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Her grandfather was [[Mangal Das Pakvasa]], a freedom fighter, and one of the first five [[Governors of India]].<ref>[https://www.ualberta.ca/~spicm/sonal_mansingh_biography.htm Sonal Mansingh] [[University of Alberta]] website, www.ualberta.ca.</ref>

She started learning [[Manipuri dance]] at age four, along with her elder sister, from a teacher in [[Nagpur]], then at age seven she started learning [[Bharatnatyam]] from various gurus belonging to the [[Pandanallur style|Pandanallur school]],<ref>''National centre for the performing Arts''. Quarterly journal. v.12-13, ''page 3''</ref> including Kumar Jayakar in Bombay<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/273843.cms Sonal Mansingh: The dance of life] ''[[The Times of India]]'', 9 November 2003.</ref>

She has "Praveen" and "Kovid" degrees in [[Sanskrit]] from [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] and B.A. (Hons) degree in German Literature from [[Elphinstone College]], [[Bombay]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Khokar|first=Ashish Mohan|date=2018-05-17|title=Sonal: The 22-carat dancer|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/sonal-the-22-carat-dancer/article23914118.ece|access-date=2021-02-18|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Though, her real training in dance started when at age 18, despite her family's opposition, she went to [[Bangalore]], to learn Bharatanatyam from Prof. U. S. Krishna Rao and Chandrabhaga Devi<ref>[http://nrcw.nic.in/shared/sublinkimages/191.htm Sonal Mansingh] nrcw.nic.in.</ref> at age 18, abhinaya from [[Mylapore Gowri Ammal]], and later started learning [[Odissi]] from Guru [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]] in 1965.

Mansingh was married to former Indian diplomat [[Lalit Mansingh]]. The couple decided to divorce later.<ref name=indpress>{{cite news|title=The art of diplomacy|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/129791/|access-date=29 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 Oct 1999}}</ref> Her father-in-law [[Mayadhar Mansingh]] introduced her to [[Kelucharan Mohapatra]] where she had her training in [[Odissi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sonal Mansingh|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/indian-heroes/sonal-mansingh.html|publisher=iloveindia.com|access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
Sonal Mansingh dancing career which started in 1962, after her ''arangetram'' in [[Mumbai]], and in 1977, she founded, ''Centre for Indian Classical Dances'' (CICD) in [[New Delhi]].<ref name=bio>[http://www.mansinghsonal.com/biography.html Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728165649/http://www.mansinghsonal.com/biography.html |date=2009-07-28 }} Official website.</ref><ref>[http://mansinghsonal.wordpress.com/ Sonal Mansingh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718102128/http://mansinghsonal.wordpress.com/ |date=2011-07-18 }}</ref>

Over the years, dance has taken her all over the world<ref>[http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrvw52.html Interview]</ref> and brought her many awards, including the [[Padma Bhushan]] (1992),<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1987,<ref>[http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition&honours_dance_odissi.html Awards Odissi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816093636/http://www.sangeetnatak.com/programmes_recognition%26honours_dance_odissi.html |date=16 August 2018 }} [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] official website.</ref> and the [[Padma Vibhushan]], India's the second highest [[civilian award]], in 2003; making her the second woman dancer in India to receive such an honour after [[Balasaraswati]].<ref>[http://www.webindia123.com/personal/dancer/sonal.htm Sonal]</ref> This was followed by [[Kalidas Samman]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] government, in 2006 and on 21 April 2007, she was conferred with Doctor of Science (Honoris Causa) by [[Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology|G.B. Pant University]], [[Uttarakhand]] at [[Pantnagar]] and Doctor of Literature (Honoris Causa) by [[Sambalpur University]].<ref>"String of awards for Sonal Mansingh", ''[[The Hindu]]'', 27 April 2007.</ref>

To mark the completion of her 40 years in dancing in 2002, noted [[Hindi]] film director, [[Prakash Jha]] made a documentary film on her, title ''Sonal'',<ref name=bio/> which also won the [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film]] for the year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prakashjhaproductions.com/sonal.html |title=''Sonal'' |access-date=10 September 2008 |archive-date=26 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626001547/http://www.prakashjhaproductions.com/sonal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2018, she was honoured with [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]] also known as Akademi Ratna, for her contribution in the field of performing arts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Akademi Ratna for Rajya Sabha MP Sonal Mansingh|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/jul/17/akademi-ratna-for-rajya-sabha-mp-sonal-mansingh-2005115.html|access-date=2021-02-18|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Choreographies==
* ''Indradhanush''
* ''Manavatta''
* ''Mera Bharat''
* ''Draupadi''
* ''Gita Govinda''<ref name=hindu/>
* ''Sabras''
* ''Chaturang''<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.culturopedia.com/Personalities/indianpersonality-sonalmansingh.html |title=Famous Personalities of India |access-date=3 May 2008 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219035809/https://www.culturopedia.com/Personalities/indianpersonality-sonalmansingh.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* ''Panchkanya''
* ''Devi Durga''
* ''Aatmayan''<ref>[http://www.4to40.com/legends/index.asp?id=953 Legends of India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416005749/http://www.4to40.com/legends/index.asp?id=953 |date=2008-04-16 }}</ref>
* ''Samanavaya''

==Awards==
*Youngest recipient of [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1992 .<ref name='INgov'>{{cite web |title=Padma Bhushan Awards 1992 |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/content/notifications/PadmaAwards/1992.pdf |website=Padmaawards.gov.in}}</ref>
*Youngest recipient of [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalam presents Padma awards |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/apr/03padma.htm |website=rediff.com}}</ref>
*In November 2019, Sonal Mansingh felicitated with Lifetime Achievement Award.<ref>{{cite news |title=Lifetime achievement award for Sonal Mansingh - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/lifetime-achievement-award-for-sonal-mansingh/articleshow/72145639.cms |website=The Times of India |date=20 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=India |first1=The Hans |title=Lifetime achievement award for Sonal Mansingh |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2016-09-14/Lifetime-achievement-award-for-Sonal-Mansingh/253849 |website=thehansindia.com |language=en |date=15 September 2016}}</ref>

==Quotes==
*''"A dancer is not just a dancer. He/She is part of this environment. He/She does not exist in a vacuum. Society and its happenings have an impact on all individuals, especially artists. If an art form does not reflect the existing milieu, it stagnates."''<ref>[http://www.artindia.net/sonal.html Sonal Mansingh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509080406/http://artindia.net/sonal.html |date=2008-05-09 }} www.artindia.net.</ref>
* ''"Radha is a grand image too but she's a personification of love without which there is no creation. In our male-dominated HISTORY the image of Krishna at the feet of Radha, begging for her love, is most unusual. Gita Govind invokes deep spiritual thoughts, packaged in beautifully written verses".''<ref name=hindu>[https://archive.today/20130125130500/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Redir.aspx?ID=ac0f708f-339e-4eda-be3e-42d2bb2826e0 Art and Culture] [[Hindustan Times]], 18 March 2008.</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''The Penguin Book of Indian Dance'' by Sonal Mansingh, Penguin Books Australia. {{ISBN|0-14-013921-4}}.
* ''Classical Dances'' by Sonal Mansingh, Avinash Pasricha, Varsha Das. 2007, Wisdom Publications. {{ISBN|81-8328-067-6}}.
* ''Draupadi'', by Sonal Mansingh; Museum Society of Bombay, 1994.

* '' Devpriya'' conversation with Sonal Mansingh by Yatindra Mishra; Vaani publication.

==Further reading==
* ''Sonal Mansingh Contribution to Odissi Dance'' by Jiwan Pani. 1992, Centre for Indian Classical Dances. {{ISBN|81-7304-002-8}}.
* ''Bharata Natyam: Indian Classical Dance Art'', by Sunil Kothari. MARG Publications, 1979. ''Page 169-170''.

==See also==
* [[Indian women in dance]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*''India’s 50 Most Illustrious Women'' ({{ISBN|81-88086-19-3}}) by Indra Gupta

==External links==

{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mansingh, Sonal}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Odissi dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dancers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Women educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Women artists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]

Rishabha (Hindu sage)

2026-01-08T01:09:38Z

BenjaminWoodard: New The Info Initial Version

{{Short description|One of the avatars of Vishnu in the Bhagavata Purana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{about|the avatar of Vishnu in Hinduism|the first tirthankara of Jainism|Rishabhanatha|the solar month in traditional Indian lunisolar calendar|Vṛṣabha}}
In [[Hinduism]], '''Rishabha Sage''' is one of the twenty-four [[avatar]]s of [[Vishnu]] in the [[Bhagavata Purana]].<ref name="Matchett">{{cite book|last=Matchett|first=Freda|title=Krishna, Lord or Avatara?: the relationship between Krishna and Vishnu|publisher=9780700712816|year=2001|page=152|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oqTYiPeAxMC&pg=PA152 | isbn=978-0-7007-1281-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Wendy Doniger|title=On Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fUnaAgAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-936009-3|pages=593 note 46}}</ref><ref name=jaini1>{{cite journal|author=PS Jaini|title=Jina Rishabha as an avatar of Vishnu|year= 1977|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies | volume=XL| issue=2| pages=321–327}}</ref>

==Vedic references and etymology==
The name Rishabha appears in several early vedic texts.{{sfn|Prioreschi|1996|p=205}} The context in the [[Rigveda]], [[Atharvaveda]] and the [[Upanishad]]s suggests that it means [[bull]], sometimes "any male animal" or "most excellent of any kind".<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0200/mw__0259.html Rishabha], Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary and Etymology, Oxford University Press, page 226, 3rd column</ref>{{sfn|Prioreschi|1996|p=205}}

Comparative religion scholar [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] (later President of India) argued that Rishabha was worshipped by the first century BCE and that the ''[[Yajurveda]]'' mentions three Tirthankaras: Rishabha, [[Ajitanatha]] and [[Arishtanemi]]{{sfn|Radhakrishnan|1923|p=287}}

Examples of Rishabha appearing in the Vedic literature include verses 6.16.47 of Rigveda, 9.4.14–15 of [[Atharvaveda]], 3.7.5.13 and 4.7.10.1 of [[Taittiriya Brahmana]].{{sfn|Bloomfield|1906|p=293}}

==Depiction in the Bhagavata Purana==
Rishabha is described as a partial avatara of Vishnu, with an extended account of his life spanning four chapters of the fifth book of the Bhagavata Purana (5.3–5.6), detailing his divine birth, kingship, ascetic renunciation, and final departure from the world.<ref name="GuptaValpeyPages">{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Ravi M. |last2=Valpey |first2=Kenneth R. |title=The Bhāgavata Purāṇa: Sacred Text and Living Tradition |year=2013 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-14998-3 |pages=152–155}}</ref>
===Divine birth and incarnation===
The Bhagavata Purana presents five lists of Vishnu's avataras, and Rishabha is included in four of them, with only the shortest omitting his name.<ref name="GuptaValpeyPages" />

He was born to King Nabhi and Queen Merudevi, although in an alternative account, his mother is named Sudevi.<ref name="GuptaValpeyPages"/> According to the text, King Nabhi was a virtuous but childless monarch who performed rigorous austerities and commissioned a grand sacrificial ritual to Vishnu for an heir. Pleased by his devotion, Vishnu is said to have incarnated through Nabhi’s wife with the purpose of exemplifying the dharma of celibate sramanas.<ref name="GuptaValpeyPages" />

The Bhagavata Purana presents Rishabha as a divine figure from birth, telling the tale of how [[Indra]] once withheld rainfall out of envy for the prince, prompting Rishabha to miraculously generate rain himself. Thus, recognizing his divine nature, King Nabhi relinquished the throne and appointed Rishabha as king, entrusting him to the guidance of the brahmanas.<ref name="GuptaValpeyPages" />

===Kingship and family life===
According to the Bhagavata, Rishabha first adopted the life of a student under a guru, setting an example of ideal conduct. After completing his education, he married [[Jayanti (Hinduism)|Jayanti]], who is described as a gift from a repentant Indra, and lived a model household life. He fathered one hundred sons, the eldest being [[Bharata chakravarti|Bharata]], after whom the earth is said to have received its name.<ref name="GuptaValpeyPages" /> Though described as the eternal, self-satisfied Bhagavan, Rishabha undertakes worldly duties primarily to demonstrate dharma, which the text presents as neglected in that age. His rule is described as effective, bringing satisfaction to his subjects.

Valpey and Gupta note that although the Bhagavata Purana aligns with Jain traditions in portraying Rishabha as an ideal king and father of Bharata, it diverges by attributing key cultural innovations - such as agriculture and the varna system - not to Rishabha but to King [[Prithu]], thereby presenting a more limited role for Rishabha as a culture hero in comparison to Jain accounts.<ref name="GuptaValpeyPages" />

===Renunciation and teachings===
The Bhagavata recounts that Rishabha met his sons at a gathering of sages in [[Brahmavarta]] and instructed them in the values of renunciation and devotion. He emphasizes the rejection of sense gratification, describing it as characteristic of animal life, and advocates for austerity and spiritual association as means to purify the heart. A central theme in his monologue is the "knot of the heart" - attachment formed through conjugal and material bonds - which must be loosened to overcome the illusion of [[Maya (religion)|maya]].<ref name="GuptaValpeyPages" />

Rishabha outlines practical steps for spiritual advancement, including associating with devotees, following a spiritually elevated master, controlling the senses, and engaging in [[bhakti yoga]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam: Canto 5, Chapter 5 – Lord Ṛṣabhadeva’s Teachings to His Sons |website=Vedabase.io |publisher=Bhaktivedanta Book Trust |author=A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupāda |url=https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/5/5/ |access-date=3 September 2025}}</ref> Notably, he expresses strong praise for brahmanas, portraying them as embodiments of the Vedas and declaring that food offered to them pleases him more than sacrificial offerings. This praise has been interpreted as part of the text’s effort to contrast Rishabha’s orthodoxy with the anti-Brahmanical views traditionally associated with Jainism.<ref name="GuptaValpeyPages" />

After delivering his teachings, Rishabha is portrayed as exemplifying his own principles by crowning his son Bharata and renouncing the throne to pursue a life of complete detachment. He adopted the path of an [[avadhuta]] - wandering naked, with unbound hair, and maintaining a [[vow of silence]], appearing to others as if mad or senseless.<ref name="GuptaValpeyPages" />

==Comparison with Jain Tradition==
{{main|Rishabhanatha}}

According to [[John E. Cort]] and other scholars, there is a considerable overlap between Jain and Hindu [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] traditions in the western parts of India, with Hindus adopting Jain sacred figures in Hindu texts like [[Rishabha]] and his son [[Bharata Chakravartin|Bharata]].<ref>{{cite book|author=John E. Cort|authorlink=John E. Cort|title=Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ip7mCwAAQBAJ|year=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-513234-2|pages=23, 108–118, 135}}</ref><ref>Padmanabh S. Jaini (1977), [http://www.jstor.org/stable/615287 Jina Ṛṣabha as an Avatāra of Viṣṇu], Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 40, No. 2 (1977), pp. 321-337</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bharata (Jainism)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation |last=Bloomfield |first=Maurice | author-link=Maurice Bloomfield |title=A Vedic Concordance: Being an Alphabetic Index to Every Line of Every Stanza of the Published Vedic Literature and to the Liturgical Formulas Thereof|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W5dEAQAAMAAJ |year=1906|publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=9788120806542 }}
* {{citation |last=Prioreschi |first=Plinio |title=A History of Medicine: Primitive and ancient medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJUMhEYGOKsC |year=1996| publisher= Horatius|isbn=978-1-888456-01-1 }}
* {{citation |last=Radhakrishnan |first=S. |authorlink=S. Radhakrishnan |title=Indian Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/IndianPhilosophyVol.1/page/n281 |publisher=[[The Macmillan Company]] |date=1923 }}

{{VishnuAvatars}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Avatars of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Jainism and other religions]]
[[Category:Hinduism and other religions]]
[[Category:Solar dynasty]]

Karen Nikitha Harris

2026-01-08T00:16:59Z

BenjaminWoodard: Created a redirect

#REDIRECT [[Harris Jayaraj#Personal life]]

{{R cat shell|
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Karen Nikitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:2006 births]]
[[Category:Indian child singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]

Pooja Bhatt

2026-01-07T09:15:18Z

BenjaminWoodard: updated page

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1972)}}
{{COI|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pooja Bhatt
| image = Pooja Bhatt grace the press meet of the film Cabaret at JW Marriott Juhu (2) (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bhatt in 2019
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|2|24}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| education =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|producer|director}}
| years_active = 1989–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Manish Makhija]]|2003|2014|reason=div.}}
| children =
| father = [[Mahesh Bhatt]]
| relatives = See [[Bhatt family]]
| family =
}}

'''Pooja Bhatt''' (born 24 February 1972) is an Indian actress, director, and filmmaker who works in [[Hindi]] films.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pooja Bhatt photos: 50 rare HD photos of Pooja Bhatt |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pooja-bhatt-photos-50-best-looking-hot-and-beautiful-hq-and-hd-photos-of-pooja-bhatt-4403372/ |access-date=4 March 2021 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 April 2018 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115154243/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pooja-bhatt-photos-50-best-looking-hot-and-beautiful-hq-and-hd-photos-of-pooja-bhatt-4403372/ |url-status=live }}</ref> She established herself as one of the leading actresses of the 1990s and is the recipient of several accolades, including two [[National Film Awards]] and one [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]].

Born into the [[Bhatt family]], she is the daughter of Indian filmmaker [[Mahesh Bhatt]]. Bhatt played her first leading role in Mahesh Bhatt's [[television film]] ''[[Daddy (1989 film)|Daddy]]'' in 1989. For the film, she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]]. Her breakthrough came with the romance comedy ''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]'' (1991), which also emerged as her highest grossing release. In the following decade, she earned critical acclaim for her performances in the films ''[[Sadak]]'' (1991), ''[[Junoon (1992 film)|Junoon]]'' (1992), ''[[Naaraaz]]'' (1994), ''[[Angrakshak]]'' (1995), ''[[Chaahat (1996 film)|Chaahat]]'' (1996), ''[[Tamanna (1997 film)|Tamanna]]'' (1997), ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'' (1997), ''[[Kabhi Na Kabhi]]'' (1998), ''[[Angaaray (1998 film)|Angaaray]]'' (1998) and ''[[Zakhm]]'' (1998). This was followed by a hiatus and intermittent work.

==Early life==
{{See also|Bhatt family}}
Pooja Bhatt was born on 24 February 1972<ref name="arch_Birt">{{Cite news |title=Birthday Exclusive: Pooja Bhatt |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 February 2013 |access-date=8 July 2019 |url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130224/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-pooja-bhatt |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122111336/http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130224/entertainment-bollywood/gallery/birthday-exclusive-pooja-bhatt |archive-date=22 November 2015}}</ref> to [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and Kiran Bhatt (born Loraine Bright).<ref name="IENov2016"/> On her father's side, Bhatt is of [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] descent and on her mother's side, she is of [[English language|English]], [[Scottish people|Scottish]], [[Armenian people|Armenian]], and [[Bamar people|Burmese]] ancestry.<ref name="IENov2016">{{cite news |last1=Nath |first1=Dipanita |title=Letters from Father to Daughter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-bhatt-pooja-movies-letters-from-father-to-daughter-4375617/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 November 2016 |language=en |archive-date=23 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523113733/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-bhatt-pooja-movies-letters-from-father-to-daughter-4375617/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0"/> She is the step-daughter of [[Soni Razdan]]. She has a brother, [[Rahul Bhatt]] and younger half-sisters Shaheen Bhatt and [[Alia Bhatt]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/pooja-bhatt-lesser-known-facts/photostory/46353804.cms |title=Pooja Bhatt: Lesser known facts |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 May 2022 |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519200758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/photo-features/pooja-bhatt-lesser-known-facts/photostory/46353804.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Her cousins are Hitarth Bhat, film director [[Mohit Suri]], former actress [[Smiley Suri]] and actor [[Emraan Hashmi]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Aditi |title=Emraan Hashmi spills the beans on Mahesh Bhatt-Mukesh Bhatt split |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/emraan-hashmi-spills-the-beans-on-mahesh-bhatt-mukesh-bhatt-split-2362070.html |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=Zee News |date=15 May 2021 |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519200758/https://zeenews.india.com/people/emraan-hashmi-spills-the-beans-on-mahesh-bhatt-mukesh-bhatt-split-2362070.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
===Debut and establishment (1989-1995)===
Bhatt made her acting debut at age 17, in 1989 with ''[[Daddy (1989 film)|Daddy]]'', a TV film directed by her father Mahesh Bhatt. In the film, she portrayed a soul-searching teenage girl in an estranged relationship with her [[alcoholic]] father, played by actor [[Anupam Kher]]. Her performance in the film earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Goyal |first1=Divya |title=Pooja Bhatt On The Irony Of Having Saved' An Alcoholic Father In Daddy Only To Battle Drinking Problem Herself |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pooja-bhatt-on-the-irony-of-having-saved-an-alcoholic-father-in-daddy-only-to-battle-drinking-proble-1838862 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=9 November 2018 |date=17 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Classic revisited: Daddy, Mahesh Bhatt's touching fairy-tale |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-classic-revisited-daddy-mahesh-bhatts-touching-fairy-tale/20140115.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=9 November 2018 |date=15 January 2014}}</ref> Her biggest solo hit and her big screen debut came with the romantic comedy ''[[Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin]]'' (1991) opposite [[Aamir Khan]],<ref name=":0" /> which is a remake of the [[Academy Awards|Oscar]]-winning [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] classic ''[[It Happened One Night]]'' (1934). The film proved to be a breakthrough for Bhatt.

Her most well-known films in the 1990s include ''[[Sadak]]''<ref name=":0" /> opposite [[Sanjay Dutt]], one of the highest-grossing movies of the year 1991.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top Earners of 1991, Boxoffice India|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=197&catName=MTk5MQ==|access-date=31 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131152326/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=197&catName=MTk5MQ==|archive-date=31 January 2009}}</ref> The film was inspired by the 1976 American film ''[[Taxi Driver]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1090524/jsp/7days/story_11011453.jsp |title=The Telegraph - Calcutta (Kolkata) {{!}} 7days {{!}} No ripoffs, please |website=www.telegraphindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090528084045/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090524/jsp/7days/story_11011453.jsp |archive-date=28 May 2009}}</ref> Then in 1992 she was seen in ''[[Prem Deewane]]'', directed by [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] and produced by Ashok Ghai. The film was released in India on 12 June, and stars an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Madhuri Dixit]], [[Vivek Mushran]], [[Manohar Singh]], [[Ashalata Wabgaonkar]], [[Prem Chopra]] and Kamal Chopra. In the same year, she starred in ''[[Junoon (1992 film)|Junoon]]'', reportedly inspired by the 1981 film ''[[An American Werewolf in London]]''. The film was successful at the box office and received favourable reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/ghost-stories-netflix-bollywood-horror-the-horror-film-filmmakers-spike-genre-with-subversion-and-reality-6208266/|title=The horror film shrugs off its B-movie tag, as filmmakers spike the genre with subversion and reality|last=Sahani|first=Alaka|date=12 January 2020|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=3 September 2020}}</ref>

In 1993, she appeared in many films including ''[[Jaanam]]'' which is about a boy and girl from opposing families who meet and fall in love, determined not to let the hate between their parents stand in the way of their happiness and ''[[Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee]]'' which was an Indian '90s melodious musical [[Hindi]]-language [[romance film]]. Both the films was widely appreciated by Critics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19930815-phir-teri-kahani-yaad-aayee-starring-pooja-bhatt-rahul-roy-pooja-bedi-812052-1993-08-15|title=Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee, starring Pooja Bhatt, Rahul Roy, Pooja Bedi|website=India Today|date=15 August 1993 |access-date=6 August 2019|archive-date=6 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806182403/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/your-week/story/19930815-phir-teri-kahani-yaad-aayee-starring-pooja-bhatt-rahul-roy-pooja-bedi-812052-1993-08-15|url-status=live}}</ref> She then starred in ''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]'' opposite debutant [[Atul Agnihotri]]. This film is about a peace-loving college professor Amar, who loses his son in a war break-out between the two gang leaders. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Gangmaster (film)|Gangmaster]]'', with [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/atul-agnihotri-goes-down-the-memory-lane-as-his-debut-film-sir-clocks-26-years/articleshow/70138343.cms|title=Atul Agnihotri goes down the memory lane as his debut film, 'Sir' clocks 26 years|newspaper=The Times of India |date=9 July 2019|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> After that she appeared in ''[[Chor Aur Chaand]]'' opposite [[Aditya Pancholi]]. It is a love story with the backdrop of drugs and its effect on the youth of the nation. Although the film underperformed at the box office, it developed a significant cult following over the years since its release.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/aditya-pancholi-pooja-bhatts-1993-film-chor-aur-chand-deserves-a-revisit-simply-for-its-melodious-soundtrack-4486839.html|title= Aditya Pancholi, Pooja Bhatt's 1993 film Chor Aur Chand deserves a revisit simply for its melodious soundtrack|newspaper=First Post|date=23 February 2021|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref> Her next release was [[Ashutosh Gowariker]]'s thriller ''[[Pehla Nasha]]'', co-starring [[Deepak Tijori]], [[Raveena Tandon]], and [[Paresh Rawal]]. The movie is a remake of [[Brian de Palma]]'s 1984 thriller ''[[Body Double]]''. The film also has cameo appearances by Aamir Khan, [[Sudesh Berry]], [[Rahul Roy]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Juhi Chawla]] and [[Saif Ali Khan]] as themselves. It remains the only film to have Aamir, Shah Rukh and Saif in a scene together along with Roy and Berry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/7-films-where-khans-worked-together-14400-7.html|title=7 films where Khans worked together|last=Gupta|first=Rachit|date=8 July 2016|work=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> Upon release, the film received negative reviews and failed at the box office.<ref name="Bhatkal2002">{{cite book|last=Bhatkal|first=Satyajit|authorlink=Satyajit Bhatkal|title=The Spirit of Lagaan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eBOtHi34YDIC&pg=PA15|year=2002|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-003-0|page=15|oclc=50712244}}</ref> Bhatt's final release of 1993 was Mahesh Bhatt's romantic action film ''[[Tadipaar]]'', with [[Mithun Chakraborty]]. The movie was released on the same day as Mithun's [[Shatranj (1993 film)|Shatranj]] and both went on to become hits based on Mithun's stupendous popularity at the time.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/hindi/tadipaar-song-bikhri-zulfon-ko-sajaane-ki/videoshow/74885751.cms |title= Tadipaar Song - 'Bikhri Zulfon Ko Sajaane Ki' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=30 March 2020|access-date=27 October 2024}}</ref>

===Further success and critical acclaim (1995-2001)===
[[File:Close up of Pooja Bhatt in 2011.jpg|thumb|right|Pooja Bhatt at Queer Film Festival]]
After starring in many hit movies, she did many films including, ''[[Guneghar]]'' (1995) opposite [[Atul Agnihotri]], and ''[[Naaraaz]]'' (1994) opposite [[Mithun Chakraborty]], ''[[Hum Dono (1995 film)|Hum Dono]]'' opposite [[Rishi Kapoor]], ''[[Angrakshak]]'' opposite [[Sunny Deol]] (1995). Then in 1996 Bhatt, stars in ''[[Chaahat (1996 film)|Chaahat]]'' opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]], the film earned a total of {{INRConvert|6.87|c}} nett, and was declared "Below Average" by ''[[Box Office India]]''.<ref name="Chaahat Box office">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/chaahat#.VbG3scFVikr|title=Chaahat Box office|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=22 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707015449/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/chaahat#.VbG3scFVikr|archivedate=7 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> It was the 15th-highest-grossing film of the year in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_gross_boxoffice/1996|title=Top India Total Nett Gross 1996|publisher=Box Office India|date=22 July 2015|accessdate=22 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805004507/http://boxofficeindia.com/Years/year_gross_boxoffice/1996|archivedate=5 August 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

She next starred as an abandoned girl in the thriller film ''[[Tamanna (1997 film)|Tamanna]]'', which marked her first production venture under her Pooja Bhatt Productions. It also won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]]. Bhatt began 1997 with a role in [[J. P. Dutta|Jyoti Prakash Dutta]]’s ensemble drama ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]'', the film was released worldwide on 13 June 1997 with positive reviews from critics and garnered critical acclaim for its story, execution, scale, showing off the battle, direction, screenplay, performances and soundtrack.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19970623-movie-review-border-starring-sunny-deol-sunil-shetty-jackie-shroff-831643-1997-06-23 |title=Border: An ambitious '71 war story is a mission unaccomplished |website=India Today |date=23 June 1997 |access-date=5 July 2021}}</ref> It opened to strong box office results, had a final domestic net total of {{INRConvert|394|m}} and was declared an all-time blockbuster by [[Box Office India]]. It also became the highest-grossing Hindi film of 1997 in India, but if according to worldwide, it was the second highest-grossing film of the year behind ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''. ''Border'' grossed a worldwide total of {{INR|655.7 million}} and it was the fourth biggest blockbuster film of the 90s decade.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down.php?txtYearlyData=1990-1999 | title=Top Hits 1990-1999 - - Box Office India }}</ref>

Bhatt gained further success in 1998 with the film ''[[Zakhm]]'', opposite [[Ajay Devgan]], which won the [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]]. Zakhm was based on the life of [[Mahesh Bhatt]]'s mother Shirin Mohammad Ali, while she essayed her character in this film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khanabar |first1=Ankita |title=Pooja Bhatt recalls wearing her grandmother's saree and mangalsutra in 'Zakhm' as the film was based on Mahesh Bhatt's mother's life - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/pooja-bhatt-recalls-wearing-her-grandmothers-saree-and-mangalsutra-in-zakhm-as-the-film-was-based-on-mahesh-bhatts-mothers-life-exclusive/articleshow/98659899.cms |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=15 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pooja Bhatt recalls being terrified of playing her grandmom in Zakhm |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/pooja-bhatt-recalls-being-terrified-of-playing-her-grandmom-in-zakhm-wearing-her-saree-and-mangalsutra-101678887305872.html |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=When Mahesh Bhatt's father put sindoor on his mother's remains: 'It was too little too late, that broke me down' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-bhatt-father-sindoor-on-his-mother-remains-broke-him-down-8490672/ |access-date=28 October 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 March 2023}}</ref> The performance of Bhatt was well received, for which she received a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics)]] nomination. Bhatt was also part of a film ''[[Angaaray (1998 film)|Angaaray]]'', opposite [[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Nagarjuna]].<ref name=BBFC>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/angaaray-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmzcwnta|title=Angaaray|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226143815/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/angaaray-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0zmzcwnta|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie was inspired by the American film ''[[State of Grace (1990 film)|State of Grace]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/jul/22ang.htm|title=It's cool in the underworld|last=Verma|first=Suparn|date=22 July 1998|website=Rediff.com|access-date=4 June 2022|archive-date=3 March 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030303105714/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1998/jul/22ang.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The movie turned out to be a commercially successful.<ref name="Angaaray">{{Cite web |title=Angaaray - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2547 |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com |archive-date=25 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240125111716/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2547 |url-status=live }}</ref> All these achievements established Bhatt as one of the most successful actresses of the year, according to Box Office India. In 2001 Bhatt starred in an English-language [[drama]] film ''[[Everybody Says I'm Fine!]]'', which was written and directed by [[Rahul Bose]]. The film premiered on 12 September at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news |title= At the crossroads |author= Subhash K. Jha |newspaper= [[India Abroad]] |date= 9 May 2003 |quote=Rahul Bose, who won the second prize at the Palm Springs Festival for his directorial debut...}}</ref>

===Career fluctuations and intermittent work (2003-present)===
[[File: Mallika Sherawat Mahesh Bhatt Pooja Bhatt still4.jpg|260px|thumb|upright=2.2|Bhatt (right) with her father [[Mahesh Bhatt]] and actress [[Mallika Sherawat]] in 2004.]]

From 2003 to 2012, she focused on producing and directing. She made her directorial debut with ''[[Paap]]'' in 2004, starring [[John Abraham (actor)|John Abraham]] and [[Udita Goswami]]. Since then, she has made four more directorial ventures: ''[[Holiday (2006 Indian film)|Holiday]]'' (2006), ''[[Dhokha]]'' (2007), ''[[Kajraare]]'' (2010) and ''[[Jism 2]]'' (2012).<ref name="Angaaray" /> Her last film appearance was in the romantic film ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2009 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]'' in 2009, opposite Saif Ali Khan and Atul Agnihotri.<ref>{{cite news|work=The Times of India|title=Sanam Teri Kasam Movie Review|date=22 May 2009|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Sanam-Teri-Kasam/movie-review/4567000.cms|access-date=23 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180219173433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Sanam-Teri-Kasam/movie-review/4567000.cms|archive-date=19 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/movie-review-sanam-teri-kasam/464463/ | title=Movie review: Sanam Teri Kasam - Indian Express }}</ref>

In 2020, Bhatt returned to acting with ''[[Sadak 2]]'', a sequel to the hit [[Sadak|1991 film]]. Her father returned to directing with this film after 20 years, while her half-sister [[Alia Bhatt]] also co-starred alongside her.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-bhatt-sadak-2-alia-bhatt-sanjay-dutt-5365762/ |title=Mahesh Bhatt returns to direction with Sadak 2, daughters Alia and Pooja to star with Sanjay Dutt |date=20 September 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=16 April 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416200706/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/mahesh-bhatt-sadak-2-alia-bhatt-sanjay-dutt-5365762/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was released on 28 August 2020 on the streaming platform [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2020 |title=Alia Bhatt announces Sadak 2 premiere on August 28 on Disney+ Hotstar |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/alia-bhatt-announces-sadak-2-premiere-on-august-28-on-disney-hotstar/ |access-date=14 December 2020 |work=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-date=9 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809234639/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/alia-bhatt-announces-sadak-2-premiere-on-august-28-on-disney-hotstar/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2021, Bhatt made her web series debut in the [[Netflix]] series ''[[Bombay Begums]]''. It also features [[Amruta Subhash]], [[Shahana Goswami]], [[Plabita Borthakur]], Aadhya Anand and [[Rahul Bose]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 July 2020 |first=Shweta |last=Keshri |title=Netflix's Bombay Begums starring Pooja Bhatt deals with desire, ethics and vulnerabilities |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/netflix-s-bahu-begums-starring-pooja-bhatt-deals-with-desire-ethics-and-vulnerabilities-1701235-2020-07-16 |access-date=9 February 2021 |work=India Today |language=en |archive-date=16 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316144133/https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/netflix-s-bahu-begums-starring-pooja-bhatt-deals-with-desire-ethics-and-vulnerabilities-1701235-2020-07-16 |url-status=live }}</ref> It explores the lives of five ambitious women from various walks of life navigating through their dreams, desires and disappointments, from boardrooms to society's margins, in modern-day [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=Bombay+Begums |title=Search results |website=www.google.com |access-date=22 July 2021 |archive-date=19 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119195338/https://www.google.com/search?q=Bombay+Begums#ip=1 |url-status=live }}</ref> The series opened to mixed to positive responses from critics. Sayan Ghosh of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "Director Alankrita Shrivastava’s ability to navigate through various layers of suppressed anger and the emotional volatility of her characters make for a most engaging watch".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ghosh|first=Sayan|date=10 March 2021|title='Bombay Begums' review: A gripping drama about the plight of women in India's urban realm|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bombay-begums-review-a-gripping-drama-about-the-plight-of-women-in-indias-urban-realm/article34036980.ece|access-date=20 March 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318185547/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bombay-begums-review-a-gripping-drama-about-the-plight-of-women-in-indias-urban-realm/article34036980.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated "The most powerful element in Alankrita Srivastava's films is the recognition of women's desire, and how its absence can create permanent hollowness."<ref>{{Cite web|date=8 March 2021|title=Bombay Begums review: Flawed, real and laughing women make this Netflix series come alive|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-review-flawed-real-laughing-women-make-this-netflix-series-come-alive-7219152/|access-date=20 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=11 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311002043/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-review-flawed-real-laughing-women-make-this-netflix-series-come-alive-7219152/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Saibal Chatterjee]] of [[NDTV]] gave three-and-a-half out of five to the series and reviewed "''Bombay Begums'', created by Alankrita Shrivastava (''Lipstick Under My Burkha''), who shares screenwriting and directorial responsibilities with Bornila Chatterjee (''The Hungry''), strikes an instant chord because it strings together relatable, rooted stories."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bombay Begums Review: Netflix Series Rides On Top-Notch Performances, Not Least by Pooja Bhatt|work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bombay-begums-review-netflix-series-rides-on-top-notch-performances-not-least-by-pooja-bhatt-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2385958|access-date=20 March 2021|publisher=[[NDTV]] |archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314204919/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/bombay-begums-review-netflix-series-rides-on-top-notch-performances-not-least-by-pooja-bhatt-3-5-stars-out-of-5-2385958|url-status=live}}</ref> Saraswati Datar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave a review "''Bombay Begums'' is an entertaining watch, but don't expect to feel moved or empowered after watching it."<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 March 2021|title='Bombay Begums' review: Netflix series is interesting but pontificates too much|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bombay-begums-review-netflix-series-interesting-pontificates-too-much-144950|access-date=20 March 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en|archive-date=1 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401033925/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bombay-begums-review-netflix-series-interesting-pontificates-too-much-144950|url-status=live}}</ref> Rohan Naahar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' stated "Terrific performances by Pooja Bhatt, Amruta Subhash, Plabita Borthakur, Shahana Goswami and Manish Chaudhary smooth out the creases.<ref name="IndianExpress-Survival-2021">{{Cite web |last=Shekhar|first=Mimansa|date=18 February 2021|title=Bombay Begums trailer: Pooja Bhatt and Co. are in a battle for survival in Netflix series|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-trailer-pooja-bhatt-and-co-are-in-a-battle-for-survival-in-netflix-series-7189229/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228000318/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/bombay-begums-trailer-pooja-bhatt-and-co-are-in-a-battle-for-survival-in-netflix-series-7189229/|archive-date=28 February 2021|access-date=3 March 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Bhatt married restaurateur [[Manish Makhija]] in 2003. The couple got divorced in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Dishya |title=When Pooja Bhatt Revealed Reason Behind Separating from Manish Makhija: 'I Was Tired of Being...' |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/pooja-bhatt-divorce-manish-makhija-reason-bigg-boss-ott-2-8479279.html |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=News18 |date=1 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bigg Boss OTT 2: Pooja Bhatt Says Divorce Was The "Lowest Phase" Of Her Life - "It Felt Like Death" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/pooja-bhatt-opens-up-about-her-divorce-calls-it-lowest-phase-of-her-life-4261116 |access-date=14 August 2023 |work=NDTV |date=2 August 2023}}</ref>

==Media image and other works==
In the '90s, Bhatt was often regarded as one of the most stylish and bold actresses in Bollywood.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/lifestyle/style/pooja-bhatt-fashion-sense-628279.html|title=Pooja Bhatt Bold Fashion Sense|newspaper=India Times |date=24 February 2024 |access-date=21 August 2024}}</ref> She appeared boldly in many magazine covers including [[Stardust (magazine)|''Stardust'']], ''[[Cine Blitz]]'', and ''[[Filmfare]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/pictures-of-celebrities-on-magazine-covers/omg-magazine-covers/articleshow/35632210.cms |title=Pictures of celebrities' on magazine covers |date=8 June 2017 |work=The Times of India |access-date=19 December 2019 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219175715/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/celeb-themes/pictures-of-celebrities-on-magazine-covers/omg-magazine-covers/articleshow/35632210.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> In [[Rediff.com]]'s "The Best Actresses" list of 2021, she ranked 10th.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The BEST ACTRESSES of 2021 |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/the-best-actresses-of-2021/20211231.htm |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=Rediff |archive-date=24 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724110217/https://m.rediff.com/amp/movies/report/the-best-actresses-of-2021/20211231.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, [[PETA India]] named her as the Hero for Animals for her support for never using animals in films.<ref>{{cite magazine |url= https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/pooja-bhatt-honoured-by-peta-for-pledging-not-to-use-animals-in-films-53921.amp |title=Pooja Bhatt honored by PETA |magazine=Filmfare |date=5 November 2020 |access-date=4 August 2024}}</ref> In 2022, Bhatt joined Congress leader [[Rahul Gandhi]]'s ''[[Bharat Jodo Yatra]]'', which resumed in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite magazine |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] |date=2 November 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/pooja-bhatt-joins-bharat-jodo-yatra-in-hyderabad-news-234113 |title=Pooja Bhatt Joins Bharat Jodo Yatra In Hyderabad |magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |access-date=30 August 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Filmmaker===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Producer
! Director
! Production Designer
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Tamanna (1997 film)|Tamanna]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Dushman (1998 film)|Dushman]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 1998
| ''[[Zakhm]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2002
| ''[[Sur: The Melody of Life]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Jism (2003 film)|Jism]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2003
| ''[[Paap]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Rog]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Holiday (2006 Indian film)|Holiday]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2007
| ''[[Dhokha]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Kajraare]]''
| {{no}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Jism 2]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Cabaret (2019 film)|Cabaret]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{no}}
| {{no}}
|-
|}

===Acting roles===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Note
|-
| 1989
| ''[[Daddy (1989 film)|Daddy]]''
| Pooja Sarin
| Debut film; Won Best Female Debut
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1991
| ''[[Dil Hai Ki Manta Nahin]]''
| Pooja Dharamchand
|
|-
| ''[[Sadak]]''
| Pooja
|
|-
|rowspan="4"| 1992
| ''[[Prem Deewane]]''
| Radha
|
|-
| ''[[Jaanam]]''
| Anjali
|
|-
| ''Saatwan Aasman''
| Pooja Malhotra
|
|-
| ''[[Junoon (1992 film)|Junoon]]''
| Dr. Nita V. Chauhan
|
|-
|rowspan="5"| 1993
| ''[[Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee]]''
| Pooja
|
|-
| ''[[Sir (1993 film)|Sir]]''
| Pooja Patekar
|
|-
| ''[[Chor Aur Chaand]]''
| Reema D. Seth
|
|-
| ''[[Pehla Nasha]]''
| Monica
|
|-
| ''[[Tadipaar]]''
| Mohinidevi/Namkeen
|
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1994
| ''[[Kranti Kshetra]]''
| Pooja
|
|-
| ''[[Naaraaz (1994 film)|Naaraaz]]''
| Sonia
|
|-
| ''Boyfriend''
|
| [[Telugu (language)|Telugu]] film
|-
|rowspan="3"| 1995
| ''[[Gunehgar (1995 film)|Gunehgar]]''
| Pooja Thakur
|
|-
| ''[[Hum Dono (1995 film)|Hum Dono]]''
| Priyanka Surendra Gupta
|
|-
| ''[[Angrakshak]]''
| Priyanka Choudhary/Priya
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1996
| ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]''
| Pooja
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| ''[[Chaahat (1996 film)|Chaahat]]''
| Pooja Singh Rathod
|
|-
|rowspan="2"| 1997
| ''[[Tamanna (1997 film)|Tamanna]]''
| Tamanna Ali Sayed
|
|-
| ''[[Border (1997 film)|Border]]''
| Kammo
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|1998
| ''Yeh Aashiqui Meri''
| Anju
|
|-
| ''[[Kabhi Na Kabhi]]''
| Tina
|
|-
| ''[[Angaaray (1998 film)|Angaaray]]''
| Pooja
|
|-
| ''[[Zakhm]]''
| Mrs. Desai
|
|-
| 2001
| ''[[Everybody Says I'm Fine!]]''
| Tanya
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Sanam Teri Kasam (2009 film)|Sanam Teri Kasam]]''
| Seema Khanna
| Delayed release
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Sadak 2]]''
| Pooja Verma
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Chup: Revenge of The Artist]]''
| Zenobia Shroff
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Bombay Begums]]''
| Rani Irani
|
|-
|2023
| ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss OTT 2]]''
| Contestant
| 4th runner-up
|-
|2024
|''[[Big Girls Don't Cry (TV series)|Big Girls Don't Cry]]''
|Anita Verma
|
|}

==Awards and recognitions==
{{BLP unreferenced section|date=October 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award(s)
! Category
! Film(s)
! Result
|-
| 1990
| [[36th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
| ''[[Daddy (1989 film)|Daddy]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|rowspan=2|1992
| [[Smita Patil Memorial Award for Best Actress|Smita Patil Memorial Award]]
|Best Actress
|{{N/A}}
|{{Won}}
|-
| [[Stardust Awards]]
|Performer of the Year
|{{N/A}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|rowspan=7|1999
|rowspan=2|[[Bollywood Movie Awards]]
|Best Actress (Critics)
|''[[Zakhm]]''
|{{won}}
|-
|Most Sensational Actress
|{{n/a}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Sansui Viewers' Choice Movie Awards]]
|Best Actress Critics
|rowspan=5|''[[Zakhm]]''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Awards]]
|Best Actress (Jury)
|{{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress Critics]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Face of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| 1999
| [[44th National Film Awards]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]
| ''[[Tamanna (1997 film)|Tamanna]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999
| [[46th National Film Awards]]
| [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Zakhm]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| Best Actress (Hindi)
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2004
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
| Best Debut Director
| rowspan=2|''[[Paap]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Producers Guild Film Awards|Star Guild Awards]]
| [[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Debut Director|Best Debut Director]]
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Bollywood Hungama person}}
* {{IMDb name|0080324}}
* {{Twitter|PoojaB1972}}

{{Pooja Bhatt}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Bollywood|Film|India}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatt, Pooja}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Indian women film producers]]
[[Category:Bhatt family|Pooja]]
[[Category:Gujarati actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian people of Armenian descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Burmese descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of English descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of Scottish descent]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

A. N. Jani

2025-12-31T07:57:42Z

BenjaminWoodard: adjust layout based on references

{{Short description|Indian scholar and indologist (1921–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = A. N. Jani
| image = A. N. Jani.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Arunoday Natvarlal Jani
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1921|11|20}}
| birth_place = [[Baroda]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2003|5|16|1921|11|20}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Scholar and Indologist
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], English
| nationality = Indian
| education =
| alma_mater =
| notable_works = ''A Critical Study of Sriharsha's Naishadhiyacharitam'' (1957)
| spouse =
| awards = [[Mahamahopadhyaya]] (1982)
| signature =
}}
'''Arunoday Natvarlal Jani''' (20 November 1921 – 16 May 2003), known as '''A. N. Jani''', was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Sanskrit]] scholar, and [[Indologist]] from India.

==Biography==
A. N. Jani was born on 20 November 1921 in [[Baroda]], [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name="JOOI">{{cite journal|title=Mm. Pro. Dr. Arunoday Natvarlal Jani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mJjAAAAMAAJ&q=arunodaya+natvarlal+jani|journal=Journal of the Oriental Institute|year=2001|volume=50|publisher=Oriental Institute|location=Baroda|page=367|oclc=1774243}}</ref><ref name="Dutt1999">{{cite book|editor-last=Dutt|editor-first=Kartik Chandra|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA495|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|page=495}}</ref> He completed his MA in 1946, and received PhD in 1954 from the [[Bombay University]]. He wrote his doctoral dissertation on the ''[[Naishadha Charita|Naiṣadhīyacaritam]]'', an epic poem written by 12th century Sanskrit poet [[Shriharsha]]. In 1962, he studied Diploma in German from the [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|M. S. University]], and received Certificate in French in 1964 from the same university. He worked as a professor and later head of the department of Sanskrit at M. S. University during 1967–1980. He was appointed a director of Oriental Institute, Baroda during 1975–1981.<ref name="Dutt1999"/><ref name="Datta1983">{{cite book|last1=Datta|first1=B.|last2=Sharma|first2=U. C.|last3=Vyas|first3=Nitin J.|title=Aruṇa-bhāratī: Professor A.N. Jani Felicitation Volume : Essays in Contemporary Indological Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K5UtAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|publisher=Professor A.N. Jani Felicitation Volume Committee, Oriental Institute|location=Baroda|page=xvii–xxviii|oclc=13369078}}</ref>

He cultivated interest in the different school of [[Indian philosophy]] from his professor G. H. Bhatt. Among Jani's notable students include [[Shripad Narayan Pendse|S. N. Pendse]], who studied his BA under Jani.<ref name="Datta1983"/>

Jani died on 16 May 2003.<ref name="JOOI"/> His son Jaydev Jani, known as Rasaraja, was a poet.<ref name="Panda2000">{{cite book|last=Panda|first=Ravindra Kumar|title=Studies in Sanskrit Śāstras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eKbWAAAAMAAJ&q=arunodaya+natvarlal+jani |year=2000|publisher=Paramamitra Prakashan|location=Delhi|page=177|isbn=978-81-85970-23-3}}</ref>

==Works==
List of selected publications by A. N. Jani:<ref name="Dutt1999"/><ref name="Datta1983"/>
* ''A Critical Study of Sriharsha's Naishadhiyacharitam'' (1957)
* ''Kalikapurana'' (1972) (edited with [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] translation)
* ''Sriharsha'' (1996) (on the life and works of Sanskrit poet [[Shriharsha]])
* ''Saptasati'' (edited with Gujarati translation)

==Awards==
In 1982, he was awarded the title of [[Mahamahopadhyaya]] by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="Dutt1999"/>

==See also==
* [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jani, A. N.}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Indologists]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:People from Vadodara]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]]

Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation

2025-12-28T12:23:43Z

BenjaminWoodard:

{{Short description|Former special purpose vehicle}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation
| logo = Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Headquarters
| type = [[Special purpose vehicle]]
| industry = [[Rail transport|Railway infrastructure]]
| founded = {{Start date|df=yes|2012|04|12}}<ref name="AboutUs">{{cite web |title=About the Company/Organisation |url=http://irsdc.in/about-companyorganisation |website=Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>
| defunct = {{End date|df=yes|2021|10|18}}
| fate = Dissolved
| hq_location = Konnectus Building, Bhavbhuti Marg
| hq_location_city = [[New Delhi]]
| hq_location_country = India<ref>{{cite web |title=Contact Us |url=http://irsdc.in/contact-us |website=Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>
| area_served = India
| key_people = {{ubl|Sanjeev Mittal (Chairman)|S. K. Lohia (MD & CEO)<ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=http://irsdc.in/board-directors |website=Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>}}
| services = Railway Stations and Infrastructure Development
| revenue = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|4929.29|l}}<ref name="AnnualReport"/>
| revenue_year = FY2020
| operating_income = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|428.66|l}}<ref name="AnnualReport"/>
| income_year = FY2020
| profit = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|307.73|l}}<ref name="AnnualReport"/>
| profit_year = FY2020
| assets = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|21673.35|l}}<ref name="AnnualReport">{{cite web |title=Annual Report 2019-20 |url=http://irsdc.in/sites/default/files/Final%20English%20AR%202019-20%20%20%2017.03.2021.pdf |website=ISRDC |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>
| assets_year = FY2020
| equity = {{Increase}}{{INRConvert|15453.95|l}}<ref name="AnnualReport"/>
| equity_year = FY2020
| owners = Govt. Of India- 100%<ref name="AboutUs"/>
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| subsid = {{ubl|Gandhi Nagar Railway and Urban Development Corporation|Surat Integrated Transportation Development Corporation Limited<ref>{{cite web |title=Subsidiaries and Group Companies |url=http://irsdc.in/subsidiaries-and-group-companies |website=Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>}}
| website = {{URL|http://irsdc.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited''' ('''IRSDC''') was a [[special purpose vehicle]] owned by the [[Rail Land Development Authority]] (RLDA), [[Ircon International]] and [[RITES]]. All three companies are owned by the Indian [[Ministry of Railways]]. IRSDC was incorporated on 12 April 2012.<ref name="AboutUs">{{cite web |title=About the Company/Organisation |url=http://irsdc.in/about-companyorganisation |website=Indian Railway Stations Development Corporation Limited |access-date=19 October 2021}}</ref>

On 18 October 2021, as part of a measure to [[Rationalization (economics)|rationalise]] railway bodies, the Railway Board announced that it would shut down IRSDC, and transfer the stations under its management to the respective [[Indian Railways Zones and Divisions|zonal railways]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Indian Railways to Shut Stations Development Corporation |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/indian-railways-to-shut-stations-development-corporation-4338950.html |website=News18 |access-date=19 October 2021 |language=en |date=19 October 2021}}</ref>

== 'Special Power' ==
According to Section 11, Chapter 4, [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/Railway_Act.PDF The Railways Act, 1989], IRSDC has the authority to develop stations for the designated mandated purposes under its purview without requiring to seek approvals from local authorities. The aforementioned section has a non-obstante clause, a legislative device that precludes all extant laws and supersedes them. Therefore, by virtue of this Act, the provisions of all other Acts except the 'land acquisition' Act stand muted, in so far as the intent and purpose of the said clause is concerned. This legal position has been established has stood the "pith and substance" test of Constitutional scrutiny and validity in multiple cases ([http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1933878/ Subhash Dutta vs. Union of India and Ors. 2001], [http://indiankanoon.org/doc/955325/ Goa Foundation and another vs. Konkan Railway Corporation 1992], [http://indiankanoon.org/doc/692246/ R. E. Marriott vs Municipality of Howrah, 1940], The [http://indiankanoon.org/doc/1014549/ Municipal Corporation of Bombay vs the Great Indian Peninsular Railways], [http://indiankanoon.org/doc/139443647/ UOI Vs. UPSEB, 2001] etc.).

According to the [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/codesmanual/IRWM/worksmanualCh2_data.htm Original Indian Railways Permanent Way Manual (IRPWM)] -<blockquote>"Section 11 of the Indian Railways Act No.24 of 1989 and the Government Buildings Act No. IV of 1899 read in conjunction with Sec.291 of the Cantonments Act No. II of 1924 provide for the right to erect buildings on their own land by Railways '''without having to obtain sanction of the Municipal or Cantonment authorities in whose area the site is situated'''."</blockquote>This facility in law available to IRSDC is of great essence, as the lack of it assails the capability of the private developers to secure approvals and execute the redevelopment efforts within strict timelines in order to maintain project IRRs.

Nevertheless, in fairness of things, the IRPWM also states that -<blockquote>"In urban areas, the Urban Development Authority must be consulted and rules framed by them followed. Municipal or Local authorities may, however, be consulted, where appropriate, regarding water connections, sewer lines and sewage disposal and similar matters."</blockquote>

== Projects ==

=== [[Anand Vihar railway station]] ===
As a part of the mandate, IRSDC seeks the participation of a private entity for the Redevelopment of Anand Vihar Railway Station including ''interalia'' all works related to, or incidental to, or required to be undertaken upon the project site in accordance with the provisions of the Development Agreement, and Applicable Laws, including the commercial development, redevelopment and station development, as required to be undertaken (the "'''Project'''") on Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (the "'''DBFOT'''") basis, and has decided to carry out the bidding process for selection of a private entity as the bidder to whom the Project may be awarded. Brief particulars of the Project are as follows:
{| class="wikitable"
! Name of the Project
! Indicative Project Cost

(INR. bn.)

(Cost excluding commercial development)
|-
|Redevelopment of Anand Vihar Railway Station
|2 bn.
|}

==== Anand Vihar RFQ ====
On 22 February 2016, the official [https://twitter.com/irsdcinfo Twitter page], [https://www.linkedin.com/groups/8479988 LinkedIn page] and the [https://www.facebook.com/IRSDC/ Facebook page] of IRSDC reported, vide an official press release, that the RFQ applications for Anand Vihar had been received. The response, that included 13 applications as against 3 applications for Habibganj, was claimed to be "excellent". It was further reported that the interested parties included corporations such as Shapoorji Pallonji, L&T, Tata group, GMR, IL&FS, Mcnally Bharat, Bharti Realty, Essel group, Ahluwalia, IRB Infra, Supreme Infrastructure, Oriental Structure, Bhartiya group, MBL Infrastructure, ASF Infrastructure, Bansal Constructions etc. Additionally, it was intimated through the tweets and the Facebook post that the RFQ submission date for Bijwasan had been postponed to 1 March 2016 upon the request of bidders. the response for this station was described as "huge".

=== Bijwasan railway station ===
Bijwasan is an existing station on Delhi–Rewari line of Indian Railways network, proposed to be redeveloped as a world-class station in the National Capital Region of Delhi near Dwarka. The Request-for-Qualification document for the selection of the implementation agency has been issued by IRSDC for development of Bijwasan Station on DBFOT basis in accordance with the provisions of the development agreement, and local applicable Laws for commercial development, redevelopment and station development. Feasibility study and Master planning exercise has been carried out for development of Bijwasan railway station along with associated facilities and commercial development. Various approvals obtained during the master planning exercise shall be shared by IRSDC with the shortlisted bidders at the second stage i.e., RFP stage.

The developer shall develop the entire project including the station redevelopment and commercial development on preferably DBFOT format. The developer shall be responsible for station facility operations during development/redevelopment and for a fixed period post construction. After this the station operations shall revert to Indian Railways. The commercial area is envisaged to be operated by the developer for a concession period of 45 years (including construction period).

Other stations that would come online in short order are as follows:

=== [[Rani Kamalapati railway station]] ===

=== [[Chandigarh railway station]] ===

===[[Gwalior railway station]] ===

=== [[Shivaji Nagar railway station]] ===

=== [[Surat railway station|Surat railway station / Surat Multi Modal Transportation Hub (MMTH)]] ===
On 16 November 2018, Press Information Bureau, Government of India reported<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184791|title=Indian Railways Station Development Corporation (IRSDC) makes a swift progress in developing Surat Railway Station as Multi Model Transport Hub|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref> the following in a press release about the decisions made on the planning of the redevelopment of the Surat MMTH:

A truly seamless multi model transport hub integrating all modes of transport is to be developed at Surat Railway station wherein all the three levels of Government, namely Central Government (Railways), State Government (Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation) and local government (Surat Municipal Corporation) have come together to pool their lands and also form a SPV named SITCO. This unique initiative is being spearheaded by Indian Railways Station Development Corporation which has been entrusted to implement the task of Railway Station development/redevelopment projects of the Ministry of Railways. This project once completed, will transform the face of Surat. Request for Qualification cum Request for Proposal (RFQ cum RFP) for appointment of Developer to take up the development of Multi-Modal Transportation Hub (MMTH) along with Commercial Development on DBFOT-PPP mode was invited on 17 April 2018 so that in addition to the originally qualified developers, new Developers can also participate along with the already qualified Developers. After interaction with the probable bidders at GOG level, number of steps has been taken to make this unique project more attractive and risk free to the developers. The various steps already taken and incorporated in the bidding document as corrigendum are as under:

# '''Increasing project viability:'''
## '''Increased Built-up Area (BUA) -''' Proposed Commercial Development BUA increased from 5.07 lakh sq.m. to 8.40 lakh sq.m.
## '''BUA definition modified''' to exclude basement(s) or any upper floor(s) for satisfying the parking/ fire requirements as per local byelaws.
## '''Reduced Mandatory Cost -''' Estimated Cost of Mandatory project has been reduced from INR 1,008 Cr. to INR 895 Cr.
## '''Increased Commercial Retail Area on Ground Level -''' Commercial Area at Ground level increased from 3,54,864 sq.m. to 7,84,596 sq.m. considering the local demand at Surat.
## '''Increased Commercial Development on West Side along Ring Road -''' Commercial Area increased on West side by shifting the proposed Railway Quarters to Udhna.
## '''Flexibility for Planning Explicitly''' – Flexibility has been given to the developer to '''modify the Commercial Development Plan without disturbing the arearequirements and intent of Mandatory Project.'''Master Plan has been revised to provide more commercial area on ground.
## '''IRSDC being declared the nodal agency by Union Cabinet''' for Railway Station Redevelopment and given '''full powers for plan approvals over railway land and no change in land use required'''.
## '''MoU between Railways, Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC)&Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC)'''for joint development signed on 17.08.2016
# '''Regulatory Issues Resolved:'''
## '''Special Development Control Regulations -''' Govt. of Gujarat issued notification regarding relaxation in Comprehensive General Development Control Regulations (CGDCR) – 2017 considering MMTH Surat as a Special Project.
## '''FSI of 4''' is available as per Transit Oriented Zone (TOZ)'''without any charges'''.
## '''Master Plan Approval from Stakeholders'''had been done.
### Master Plan signed by DRM Office, WR on 12.09.2018
### Master Plan signed by GSRTC on 20.09.2018
### Master Plan signed by SMC on 26.09.2018
### Same Plan has been issued through Corrigendum-7 to RFQ cum RFP
## '''Land Entrustment from Stakeholders''' is in place.
### Railway Land Entrustment confirmed from DRM Office.Expected to be approved soon from Western Railway Headquarters
### In principle approval for Land Entrustment given by SMC & GSRTC for their respective lands.
## '''Airport Authority of India (AAI) approval has been obtained''' – maximum permissible height has been relaxed up to 121 mt. AMSL as per NOC
## '''Environmental Clearance is under process -''' Application filed on 07.09.2018 and first meeting for TOR of EIA held with State Environment Appraisal Committee (SEAC) on 14.11.2018.
# '''Other Important Relaxations:'''
## '''Flexibility in Commercial Development -''' Only 40% of the Commercial Development Project to be completed in 8 Years from Effective Date. Balance 60% can be completed in 15 years from the Effective Date (extendable by another 5 years without levy of liquidated damages).
## '''Performance guarantee''' for Commercial Development Project has been reduced from 100% to 40% of Commercial Development Cost.
## '''Milestones of Project Development Fee''' Instalments payable by the Developer has been realigned to reduce upfront expenditure of Developer.
## '''Interest rate on balance lease premium''' payable by the Developer has been reduced from 15% p.a. to 12% p.a.
## '''Station Revenue Share''' payable by the Developer to SITCO has been reduced from 50% to 35%.
## '''Maximum tenure of Sub-License''' at a time has been increased from 3 years to 9 years.

=== [[Mohali railway station]] ===

=== [[Gandhinagar Capital railway station|Gandhinagar railway station]] ===

== Important Events in News ==

=== Excerpts from news reports ===
<blockquote>"Starting with five station, including two in Delhi, re-development and upgradation of railway stations across the country will be taken up under an agreement between Railway Land Development Authority (RLDA) with Indian Railway Station Development Corporation (IRSDC)."<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/five-stations-to-be-developed-by-irsdc-114071801098_1.html|title = Five stations to be developed by IRSDC, Business Standard, July 18, 2014}}</ref></blockquote><blockquote>"The Chandigarh Administration on Thursday gave green signal to development plans of the Indian Railway Station Development Corporation (IRSDC) to convert Chandigarh railway station into world-class facility."<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/railway-station-development-gets-green-signal/|title = Railway station development gets green signal, Indian Express, Jul 10, 2015}}</ref></blockquote><blockquote>"A senior Railway Ministry official said that the ₹8.5-lakh-crore railway infrastructure modernisation plan has been attracting a number of private companies. IRSDC has roped in one of the top global consulting firms to prepare a business plan for station modernisation."<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/rinfra-wants-to-spruce-up-railway-stations/article7966742.ece|title = RInfra wants to spruce up railway stations, Hindu BusinessLine, December 9, 2015}}</ref></blockquote><blockquote>"The railways has chalked out the parameters based on which it would select developers, and also explained the duties and responsibilities of developers. The developers have now been asked to send their suggestion by 15th January 2016 after which the railways would come out with a final document."<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.railnews.co.in/railways-ready-with-draft-framework-for-developers-to-redevelop-400-stations/|title = Railways ready with draft Framework for Developers to Redevelop 400 Stations, Rail News, 7 Jan, 2016}}</ref></blockquote>

== References ==
<references />
{{Indian Railways}}

[[Category:Formerly government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Defunct railway companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2012]]
[[Category:Companies disestablished in 2021]]
[[Category:2021 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]
[[Category:Railway stations in India]]

Bashabi Fraser

2025-12-24T17:12:42Z

BenjaminWoodard: created a data...

{{Short description|Indian-Scottish poet, writer, editor, translator and academic (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bashabi Fraser
| honorific_suffix = CBE
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Purulia]], [[West Bengal]], India
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1954}}
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Poet, children's writer, editor, translator, academic
| notable_works =
| awards =
| website = {{URL|bashabifraser.co.uk/}}
}}

'''Bashabi Fraser''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CBE}} (born 1954) is an Indian-born Scottish academic, editor, translator, and writer. She is a Professor Emerita of English and Creative Writing at [[Edinburgh Napier University]] and an Honorary Fellow at the Centre for South Asian Studies at the University of Edinburgh and an Honorary Fellow of the Association of Literary Studies (ALS), Scotland, and a former [[Royal Literary Fund]] Fellow.<ref name="ScoTs profile" /> She has authored and edited 23 books, published several articles and chapters, both academic and creative and as a poet.

== Early life and education ==
Born in [[Purulia]], [[West Bengal]], India,<ref name="Statesman">{{cite news |title=Bengal-born poet bags top UK honour |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/bengal-born-poet-bags-top-uk-honour-1502948612.html |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=25 January 2021}}</ref> Bashabi Fraser moved to the United Kingdom when she was young. Her mother Anima was awarded a scholarship to the [[London School of Economics]] and her father Bimalendu Bhattacharya became the first [[Commonwealth Scholar]] from India hosted in the UK. A friend of Fraser's parents in the UK, Julian Dakin, would bring books for her and read them with her. Fraser would write poetry for him and he would later enter the poems for the Commonwealth Scholar Award, without her parents' knowledge, which resulted in Fraser winning its first prize.<ref name="Telegraph India">{{cite news |last1=Chakrabarti |first1=Debanjan |title=Rewriting colonial past through culture |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/rewriting-colonial-past-through-culture/cid/1807353 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=21 February 2021 |access-date=17 November 2022}}</ref>

Fraser returned to India where her parents worked at the newly opened [[North Bengal University]].<ref name="Telegraph India" /> She attended St. Helen's Convent, [[Kurseong]] in [[Darjeeling]] and later earned a BA in English from [[Lady Brabourne College]], [[University of Calcutta]] and an MA in English from [[Jadavpur University]], both in [[Kolkata]]. She pursued a PhD in English from the University of Calcutta and [[University of Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]] as a [[Commonwealth Fellow]].<ref name="Statesman" /><ref name="ScoTs profile">{{Cite web |title=Professor Bashabi Fraser: Director of The Scottish Centre of Tagore Studies. |url=https://scotstagore.org/professor-bashabi-fraser-director-of-the-scottish-centre-of-tagore-studies/ |access-date=12 November 2022 |publisher=Scottish Centre of Tagore Studies}}</ref> She was introduced to her future husband, Neil, while completing her PhD at the University of Edinburgh. She moved to [[Edinburgh]] following their wedding.<ref name="Telegraph India" />

== Career ==
Fraser was Professor of English and Creative Writing at [[Edinburgh Napier University]] and became Professor Emerita at the institution after retirement. She is co-founder and director of the Scottish Centre of Tagore Studies (ScoTs). She is an Honorary Fellow at the Centre for South Asian Studies at the University of Edinburgh and an Honorary Fellow of the Association of Literary Studies (ALS), Scotland, and a former [[Royal Literary Fund]] Fellow.<ref name="ScoTs profile" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bashabi Fraser, CBE |url=https://www.rlf.org.uk/fellowships/bashabi-fraser/ |access-date=3 September 2022 |publisher=[[Royal Literary Fund]]}}</ref>

Fraser specialises in [[postcolonial literature]] and [[postcolonial theory|theory]]. Her profile on the ScoTs website states that "Her research and writing reflect her interest in [[diasporic]] themes: the intermeshings of culture and identity, of dislocation and relocation, of belonging and otherness, of memory and nostalgia, of third space and hybridity and of conflicts and freedoms."<ref name="ScoTs profile" /> She is chief editor of ''Gitanjali and Beyond'', an academic and creative peer-reviewed online journal associated with ScoTs,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Editorial Board |url=https://gitanjaliandbeyond.co.uk/editorial-team/ |access-date=3 September 2022 |website=Gitanjali and Beyond}}</ref> and is on the editorial board of WritersMosaic, a platform for writers of colour which is an initiative of the Royal Literary Fund.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team members |url=https://writersmosaic.org.uk/people-categories/team-member/ |access-date=3 September 2022 |publisher=Writers Mosaic}}</ref>

Fraser has been described as "chief ideator" of the Intercultural Poetry and Performance Library, an organisation made up of various creative individuals and formed in 2017 under the Kolkata [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chatterji |first1=Shoma A |title=Unbridled expression of inner-self |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/8thday/unbridled-expression-inner-self-1502661295.html |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

== Honors and awards ==
Fraser was appointed a [[Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] in the [[2021 New Year Honours]] for services to education, culture and cultural integration in Scotland, in particular her projects linking Scotland and India.<ref name="Statesman" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff recognised in New Year Honours |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2020/staff-recognised-in-new-year-s-honours |access-date=3 September 2022 |publisher=[[University of Edinburgh]]}}</ref> The [[Saltire Society]] named her an Outstanding Woman of Scotland in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sturgeon makes saltire society list |url=https://www.glasgowtimes.co.uk/news/13303782.sturgeon-makes-saltire-society-list/ |access-date=6 November 2022 |work=[[Glasgow Times]] |date=9 March 2015}}</ref>

== Works ==
=== As author ===
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Bashabi |title=Life |date=1997 |publisher=Diehard |location=London |isbn=9780946230440 |ref=no |author-mask=1}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |author-mask1=1 |first1=Bashabi |title=With Best Wishes from Edinburgh |date=2001 |publisher=Writers Workshop |location=Calcutta |isbn=9788175958517 |ref=no}}<ref name="With Best Wishes from Edinburgh review" />
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |author-mask1=1 |first1=Bashabi |title=Just One Diwali Night: A Children's Story |date=2004 |publisher=Das Gupta & Co |location=Kolkata |isbn=9788182110045 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |author-mask1=1 |first1=Bashabi |title=Tartan & Turban |date=2004 |publisher=Luath |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781842820445 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |author-mask1=1 |first1=Bashabi |title=Topsy Turvy |date=2004 |publisher=Das Gupta & Co |location=Kolkata |isbn=9788182110052 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |author-mask1=1 |first1=Bashabi |title=From the Ganga to the Tay: a poetic conversation between the Ganges and the Tay |date=2009 |publisher=Luath |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781906307950 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Bashabi |author-mask1=1 |title=Scots Beneath the Banyan Tree: Stories from Bengal |date=2011 |publisher=Owl and Lion |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9780956808103 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |author-mask1=1 |first1=Bashabi |title=Ragas and Reels: Visual and Poetic Stories of Migration and Diaspora |date=2012 |publisher=Luath |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781908373342 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |author-mask1=1 |first1=Bashabi |title=Letters to My Mother and Other Mothers |date=2015 |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781910745144 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |author-mask1=1 |first1=Bashabi |title=The Homing Bird |date=2017 |publisher=Indigo Scotland |location=Halwill, Beaworthy |isbn=9781910834343 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |author-mask1=1 |first1=Bashabi |title=My Mum's Sari |series=Word Waves |date=2019 |publisher=Bright Button Productions |url=https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zm22jsg/pdf |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |author-mask1=1 |first1=Bashabi |title=The Ramayana: A Stage Play and A Screen Play |date=2019 |publisher=Aadi Publications |location=Jaipur, India |isbn=978-93-87799-28-8 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Bashabi |title=Rabindranath Tagore |date=2019 |publisher=[[Reaktion Books]] |location=London |isbn=9781789141498 |series=Critical Lives |ref=no |author-mask=1}}<ref name="Reviews of Rabindranath Tagore, 2019" />
* {{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Bashabi |title=Patient Dignity |date=2021 |publisher=Scotland Street Press |location=Edinburgh |isbn=9781910895542 |ref=no |author-mask=1}}<ref name="Patient Dignity, National 2022" /><ref name="Patient Dignity, Herald 2022" />

=== As editor ===
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor1-first=Bashabi |editor-mask1=1 |editor2-last=Clark |editor2-first=Helen |editor3-last=Dick |editor3-first=Lorraine |title=Peoples of Edinburgh: Our Multicultural City, personal narratives, experiences, and photographs |date=1996 |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |url=http://bashabifraser.co.uk/index.php/books/27-peoples-of-edinburgh-our-multicultural-city-personal-narratives-experiences-and-photographs |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor1-first=Bashabi |editor-mask1=1 |editor2-last=Clark |editor2-first=Helen |editor3-last=Connan |editor3-first=Joyce |title=Peoples of Edinburgh: Methodology and Evaluation |date=1999 |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council and Workers Educational Association |url=http://bashabifraser.co.uk/index.php/books/28-peoples-of-edinburgh-methodology-and-evaluation |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor1-first=Bashabi |editor-mask=1 |editor2-last=Grieg |editor2-first=Elaine |title= Edinburgh: an Intimate City, an illustrated anthology of contemporary poetry on Edinburgh |date=2000 |publisher=Dept. of Recreation, City of Edinburgh Council |isbn=978-0905072937 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor1-first=Bashabi |editor-mask1=1 |editor2-last=Chatterjee |editor2-first=Debjani |editor2-link=Debjani Chatterjee |title=Rainbow World: Poems from Many Cultures |date=2003 |publisher=Hodder Wayland |location=London |isbn=978-0750242806 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor-mask1=1 |editor1-first=Bashabi |title=The Tagore-Geddes Correspondence |date=2004 |publisher=Visva-Bharati |location=Kolkata |isbn=9788175223738 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor1-first=Bashabi |title=Bengal Partition Stories: An Unclosed Chapter |date=2006 |publisher=Anthem Press |location=London |isbn=978-1843312994 |ref=no |editor-mask=1}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor-mask1=1 |editor1-first=Bashabi |editor2-last=Mukherjee |editor2-first=Tapati |editor3-last=Sen |editor3-first=Amrit |title=Scottish Orientalism and the Bengal Renaissance: The Continuum of Ideas |date=2017 |publisher=Visva-Bharati |location=Santiniketan |isbn=9788175226517 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor-mask1=1 |editor1-first=Bashabi |editor2-last=Mukherjee |editor2-first=Tapati |editor3-last=Sen |editor3-first=Amrit |title=A Confluence of Minds: The Rabindranath Tagore and Patrick Geddes Reader on Education and Environment |date=2017 |ref=no}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Fraser |editor1-first=Bashabi |editor2-last=Riach |editor2-first=Alan |editor2-link=Alan Riach |title=Thali Katori, An Anthology of Scottish and South Asian Poetry |date=2017 |location=Edinburgh |isbn=978-1912147090 |ref=no |editor-mask=1}}<ref name="2017 anthology" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="With Best Wishes from Edinburgh review">{{cite journal |last1=Upadhyay |first1=Anjla |title=Review of With Best Wishes From Edinburgh Poetry collection |journal=[[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]] |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=2003 |volume=47 |issue=2 (214) |pages=222–224 |issn=0019-5804 |jstor=23341409}}</ref>

<ref name="Reviews of Rabindranath Tagore, 2019">Reviews of ''Rabindranath Tagore'':
* {{cite journal |ref=no |last1=Chatterji |first1=Aditi |title=Traversing space with Rabindranath Tagore: Rabindranath Tagore, by Bashabi Fraser, London, Reaktion Books Ltd, 2019, 248 pp., £11.99 (paperback), ISBN 9781789141498 |journal=[[Postcolonial Studies]] |date=8 March 2021 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1080/13688790.2021.1894675|s2cid=233773530 }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kämpchen |first1=Martin |title=Critical lives: Rabindranath Tagore: by Bashabi Fraser, London, Reaktion Books, 2019, 248 pp., £11.99 (paperback), ISBN 9781789141498 |journal=[[Journal of Postcolonial Writing]] |date=4 March 2022 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=284–285 |doi=10.1080/17449855.2021.1997227 |s2cid=244905196 |ref=no}}
* {{cite news |last1=Sen |first1=Sudeep |author1-link=Sudeep Sen |title='The spoils of separation, the price of disentangling' |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/020819/the-spoils-of-separation-the-price-of-disentangling.html |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=[[The Asian Age]] |date=2 August 2019 |ref=no}}
* {{cite news |ref=no |last1=Mandal |first1=Somdatta |title=Bashabi Fraser's Critical Lives: Rabindranath Tagore |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/literature/news/bashabi-frasers-critical-lives-rabindranath-tagore-2071249 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]] |date=3 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="2017 anthology">{{cite news |title=Poets launch anthology of Scottish and South Asian Poetry |url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/poets-launch-anthology-of-scottish-and-south-asian-poetry-1441520 |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=[[The Scotsman]] |date=24 August 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Patient Dignity, National 2022">{{cite news |last1=Riach |first1=Alan |author-link1=Alan Riach |title=Alan Riach: Poetry books to bring pleasure amid self-serving politics |url=https://www.thenational.scot/culture/19903885.alan-riach-poetry-books-bring-pleasure-amid-self-serving-politics/ |access-date=9 September 2022 |work=[[The National (Scotland)|The National]] |date=7 February 2022}}</ref>

<ref name="Patient Dignity, Herald 2022">{{cite news |last1=Duncan |first1=Lesley |title=Lesley Duncan - Poem of the week: We will meet again |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/19927438.lesley-duncan---poem-week-will-meet/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |work=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] |date=21 February 2022}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://bashabifraser.co.uk/}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fraser, Bashabi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Scottish women poets]]
[[Category:Scottish women academics]]
[[Category:Academics of Edinburgh Napier University]]
[[Category:Lady Brabourne College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:People from Purulia district]]

Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy

2025-12-22T16:45:55Z

BenjaminWoodard: New the stub more to come...

{{short description|Indian music composing duo}}
{{redirect|Viswanathan Ramamoorthy|the film|Viswanathan Ramamoorthy (film)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
'''Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy''' were an Indian music composing duo composed of [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and [[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]. They worked together on over 100 films, from 1952's ''[[Panam (film)|Panam]]'' to 1965's ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]''. After their split, Ramamoorthy worked on 16 films between 1966 and 1986. He and Viswanathan reunited in 1995 for ''[[Engirundho Vandhan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangaraj |first=R. |date=11 February 2022 |title=King of melody who went on to rule Tamil films with MSV |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/king-of-melody-who-went-on-to-rule-tamil-films-with-msv/articleshow/89492649.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026084658/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/king-of-melody-who-went-on-to-rule-tamil-films-with-msv/articleshow/89492649.cms |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== {{anchor|Early life}}Early lives ==
=== Ramamoorthy ===
Ramamoorthy, born into a well-known musical family in [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichy]], was a capable violinist at an early age. His father (Krishnasamy Pillai) and grandfather, Malaikottai Govindasamy Pillai, were noted violinists in Trichy.<ref name="sp" /> As a child, Ramamoorthy performed several times with his father. During the early 1940s he worked for Saraswathi Stores (in which [[AVM Productions]] owner [[Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar]] was a partner), and played violin for AVM composer R. Sudharsanam in several films. Ramamoorthy became friendly with P. S. Diwakar, the pianist-composer of [[Malayalam cinema]], and roomed with P. S. Diwakar. [[C. R. Subburaman]] hired him as a violinist for [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. By the late 1940s, Ramamoorthy joined [[C. R. Subburaman]]'s South Indian film-music ensemble and met fellow violinist [[T. G. Lingappa]].

=== Viswanathan ===
Viswanathan, who had acting and singing ambitions, had a few minor stage roles during the 1940s. The famous music composer in the 1950s [[T. R. Pappa]] who was a violinist for the doyen of the Tamil film music [[S. V. Venkatraman]], met him and obtained him a job as an errand boy. Viswanathan developed an interest in composition, and joined [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]].<ref name="sp" /> He played [[harmonium]] for C. R. Subburaman and met Ramamoorthy and T. G. Lingappa, another leading violinist. In addition to the harmonium, Viswanathan began playing piano at an early age.

==Career==
=== {{anchor|With C. R. Subburaman}}With Subburaman ===
With [[C. R. Subburaman]], Viswanathan played the harmonium and Ramamoorthy the violin. Although both considered Subburaman their mentor, Viswanathan was also inspired by the music of [[S. V. Venkatraman]] and [[T. R. Pappa]].

In 1952 Subburaman died unexpectedly, leaving the music for several films unfinished. Ramamoorthy and Viswanathan completed the background music for ''[[Devdas (1953 Telugu film)|Devadas]]'', ''[[Chandirani]]'', ''[[Marumagal (1953 film)|Marumagal]]'' and ''[[Kaadhal (1952 film)|Kaadhal]]''. Viswanathan then suggested a south-Indian partnership to Ramamoorthy, similar to [[Shankar Jaikishan]] in the north. Initially reluctant, Ramamoorthy agreed.<ref name="sp">{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=17 August 1963 |title=Kings of Light Melody |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015/page/n383/mode/2up |url-status=live |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |volume=17 |page=43 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230202061945/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015/page/n383/mode/2up |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref>

=== First film ===
Their first film was ''[[Panam (film)|Panam]]'', written by A. L. Seenivasan and directed by [[N. S. Krishnan]] (who supported their partnership).<ref name="sp" /> Their musical training and personalities differed; the shy Ramamoorthy had a [[Carnatic music]]al background and Viswanathan, lacking Carnatic training, was a dynamic individual.

''Panam'' was [[Sivaji Ganesan]]'s second film and his first appearance with [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]. Although the duo were initially supposed to be billed as Ramamoorthy-Viswanathan, N. S. Krishnan felt having Viswanathan's name first sounded better and told Ramamoorthy, "You are senior to him so you can be behind him, supporting him" and Ramamoorthy assented.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=November 8, 2012 |title=Ninety, and bowing away! |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ninety-and-bowing-away/article4077596.ece |access-date=26 July 2018 |archive-date=3 April 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200403164629/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ninety-and-bowing-away/article4077596.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

Composer and singer [[C. S. Jayaraman]] commissioned Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy for ''[[Ratha Kanneer]]''{{'s}} background music, writing the songs himself.

=== {{anchor|Rising}}Success ===
Success was slow in coming during a period which featured composers such as [[G. Ramanathan]], [[S. V. Venkatraman]], [[K. V. Mahadevan]], [[S. Rajeswara Rao]], [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|S. Dakshinamurthi]] and [[Pendyala Nageswara Rao]]. In the wake of ''Panam''{{'s}} success, however, Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy wrote music for over 100 films from 1952 to 1965 and were the most successful composers from 1957 to 1965.

They had a flair for light, sweet melodies, and 1950s films such as ''[[Porter Kandan]]'', ''[[Paasavalai]]'', ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Thenali Raman]]'', ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]'', ''[[Sugam Enge]]'' and ''[[Sorgavasal]]'' attracted attention. In 1956 Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy composed music for ''[[Santosham (1955 film)|Santosham]]'', the Telugu adaptation of the Tamil film ''[[Velaikaari]]'' with [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Anjali Devi]], which was a musical hit. It was reprised in Hindi as ''Naya Aadmi'' with music by [[Madan Mohan (music director)|Madan Mohan]], who wanted to keep some of the original songs in the Hindi version. The Hindi song ''"Laut gaya gam ka zamana"'', sung by [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Hemanta Kumar Mukhopadhyay]], copies the duo's Telugu song ''Teeyani Eenati Reyi'' (sung by [[P. Susheela]] and [[G. K. Venkatesh]]) and was a hit in the north.

During the late 1950s, Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy composed for musical hits such as ''[[Pudhaiyal]]'', ''[[Nichaya Thaamboolam]]'', ''[[Padhi Bhakti]]'' and ''[[Bhaaga Pirivinai]]''. They enjoyed continued success into the early 1960s with directors [[T. R. Ramanna]] and [[A. Bhimsingh]]. After a 1961 disagreement with his composer, [[A. M. Rajah]], [[C. V. Sridhar]] commissioned Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy for his films and [[Gemini Studios]] and [[AVM Productions]] later engaged the duo. At this time, they were assisted by [[R. Govardhanam]], [[G. K. Venkatesh]], [[Shankar–Ganesh]] and Henry Daniel and used [[Pattom Sadan]] for vocal and sound effects.

=== Other collaborations ===
Viswanathan and Ramamoorthy, particularly Viswanathan, are credited with moulding the careers of their regular singers [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]] and [[L. R. Eswari]]. [[A. L. Raghavan]] and [[S. Janaki]] sang less often for them.

[[K. J. Yesudas]] had his only collaboration with the duo in two songs from ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'' (1964): ''"Nenjathai Alli Alli"'' with L. R. Eswari and [[P. Susheela]] and ''"Enna Paarvai Undhan Paarvai"'' with P. Susheela. After the partnership dissolved, he sang with Viswanathan and Ramamoorthy separately.

During their early years, they worked with established male singers such as [[Thiruchi Loganathan]], [[C. S. Jayaraman]], [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and [[V. N. Sundaram]]. The female singers were [[P. A. Periyanayaki]], [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]], [[R. Balasaraswathi Devi]], [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]], [[T. V. Rathnam]], [[T. S. Bagavathi]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], [[A. P. Komala]] and [[A. G. Rathnamala]].

The singing actors [[N. S. Krishnan]], [[T. A. Madhuram]], [[V. Nagayya]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]], [[J. P. Chandrababu]], [[P. Bhanumathi]] and [[S. Varalakshmi]] also sang for the duo. [[G. K. Venkatesh]], M. S. Viswanathan's friend and assistant, sang a few songs as well.

T. M. Soundararajan was Viswanathan's favourite singer and [[Jikki]], followed by P. Susheela, were the duo's primary female singers. They were divided on [[A. M. Rajah]]; although Ramamoorthy favoured him, Viswanathan had a personality conflict dating back to ''[[Genova (1953 film)|Genova]]''. Rajah sang only five Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy songs, at the height of his career during the 1950s. He voiced [[Gemini Ganesan]], the actor for whom he was the primary voice, only in ''[[Padhi Bhakti]]''.

[[P. Leela]], [[Seerkazhi Govindarajan]], Udutha Sarojini, [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[M. S. Rajeswari]] and [[A. L. Raghavan]] owe their 1950s and 1960s vocal success primarily to the duo, particularly to Viswanathan. Directors such as [[B. R. Panthulu]], [[B. S. Ranga]], [[Krishnan–Panju]], [[A. Bhimsingh]], P. Madhavan, [[C. V. Sridhar]], [[T. R. Ramanna]] and [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] worked with Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy frequently until 1965. [[K. Balachander]] never worked with the duo, preferring to work with Viswanathan alone even before the split.

=== ''Mellisai Mannargal'' ===
On 16 June 1963, Viswanathan and Ramamoorthy were given the title of ''Mellisai Mannargal'' ({{langx|ta|மெல்லிசை மன்னர்கள்}}, Kings of Light Music) by [[Sivaji Ganesan]] at a Madras Triplicane Cultural Academy ceremony sponsored by T. M. Ramachandran, director [[C. V. Sridhar]] and Chitralaya Gobu of the Hindu Group of Publications.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=6 July 1963 |title=Music Maestros Honoured |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015/page/n45/mode/2up |url-status=live |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |volume=17 |page=42 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230202053705/https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12015/page/n45/mode/2up |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 February 2023}}</ref>

=== {{anchor|The Split}}Split ===
Viswanathan and Ramamoorthy split up after the release of ''Aayirathil Oruvan'' on 9 July 1965. They composed for films separately, with the assistants remaining with Viswanathan. Although producer-directors [[T. R. Ramanna]] and [[A. Bhimsingh]] were saddened by the development, they worked with both men individually.

The split was the result of interpersonal issues. In 1964, [[C. V. Sridhar]] directed ''[[Kalai Kovil]]'', starring [[S. V. Subbaiah]], [[R. Muthuraman]], [[Chandrakantha]], [[Nagesh]], [[V. Gopalakrishnan (actor)|V. Gopalakrishnan]] and [[V. S. Raghavan]]; Viswanathan and Ramamoorthy produced the film and composed its music. The film and its songs were unsuccessful, and a ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' article was critical. Disagreement between the composers worsened by ''[[Server Sundaram]]'', starring [[Nagesh]], [[R. Muthuraman]] and [[K. R. Vijaya]], which was released at the end of 1964. Viswanathan and Ramamoorthy were scheduled to shoot a scene suggested by Bollywood music director [[Naushad Ali]] to producer [[Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar|A. V. Meiyappa Chettiar]]; Ramamoorthy could not appear, and after completing ''Aayirathil Oruvan'' the duo announced their split.

In his solo career, Viswanathan composed music for over 700 films from 1965 to 2015. Ramamoorthy was less successful, composing for 19 films from 1966 to 1986. Viswanathan, the highest-paid music director from 1965 to 1985 but faced competition from next generation music composers like Ilayaraja in 1980s and AR Rahman in 1990s but {{citation needed|date=November 2016}} continued to compose until 1998 in Tamil, Malayalam, Telugu films. After a period he started composing devotional songs. He continued doing live orchestras from 1960s to 2015. He restarted composing songs for albums and films from 2000 until 2015.

=== {{anchor|The Rejoice}}Reunion ===
Viswanathan and Ramamoorthy briefly reunited in 1995 for the unsuccessful Tamil film ''[[Engirundho Vandhan]]'', starring [[Sathyaraj]] and [[Roja (film)|Roja]]. It was the remake of the megahit Malayalam film ''[[Chithram]]''. The film was a box office disaster and the songs went unnoticed. It was also their last film together. They received [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorates]] from [[Sathyabama University]] in September 2006.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 September 2006 |title=Honorary doctorates for seven eminent personalities |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/04/stories/2006090414590500.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=6 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203104123/http://www.hindu.com/2006/09/04/stories/2006090414590500.htm |archive-date=3 December 2007}}</ref>

=== Thirai Isai Chakravarthy ===
In August 2012, the then [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[J.Jayalalithaa]] gave Viswanathan and Ramamoorthy the title of ''Thirai Isai Chakravarthy'' ({{langx|ta|திரை இசை சக்ரவர்த்தி}}, Emperors of Cine Music).<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2012 |title=Amma confers title of Thiraiyisai Chakravarthy on legendary MSV |url=http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20124830094809/Amma-confers-title-of-Thiraiyisai-Chakravarthy-on-legendary-MSV.col |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927230705/http://chennaionline.com/movies/cine-buzz/20124830094809/Amma-confers-title-of-Thiraiyisai-Chakravarthy-on-legendary-MSV.col |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=12 June 2013 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2012 |title=CM confers Thirai Isai Chakravarthy on MSV |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article597851.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806232815/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article597851.ece |archive-date=6 August 2013 |access-date=12 June 2013 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2012 |title=After Padma snub, Jaya says one day Centre will listen |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/after-padma-snub-jaya-says-one-day-centre-will-listen/995707/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210528105426/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/after-padma-snub-jaya-says-one-day-centre-will-listen/ |archive-date=28 May 2021 |access-date=12 June 2013 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Deaths ==
Ramamoorthy died in a [[Chennai]] hospital after a brief illness on 17 April 2013 at age 91.<ref name="death">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-17 |title=TK Ramamurthy, noted music composer, passes away |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/chennai/38615223_1_j-jayalalithaa-jaya-tv-composer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426125705/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-17/chennai/38615223_1_j-jayalalithaa-jaya-tv-composer |archive-date=26 April 2013 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 27 June 2015, Viswanathan was admitted to Fortis Malar Hospital in Chennai with respiratory difficulty<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2015 |title=M S Viswanathan Death |url=http://www.telangananewspaper.com/m-s-viswanathan-death/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714173546/http://www.telangananewspaper.com/m-s-viswanathan-death/ |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=31 July 2015 |website=Telangana News Paper}}</ref> and died there at 4:15 a.m. on 14 July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2015 |title=King of Film Music MS Viswanathan Passes Away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/King-of-Light-Music-MS-Viswanathan-Passes-Away/2015/07/14/article2919555.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719063616/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/jul/14/King-of-Film-Music-MS-Viswanathan-Passes-Away-783821.html |archive-date=19 July 2022 |access-date=31 July 2015 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!S. No
!Count By Year
! Year !! Film !! Language !! Director !! Banner !! Note
|-
|1
|1
| 1952 || ''[[Panam (1952 film)|Panam]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[N. S. Krishnan]] || Madras Pictures ||
|-
|2
| rowspan="4" |4
| rowspan="4" | 1953 || ''[[Ammalakkalu]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[D. Yoganand]] || [[Lena Chettiar|Krishna Pictures]] || Along with [[C. R. Subbaraman]]
|-
|3|| ''[[Marumagal (1953 film)|Marumagal]]'' || Tamil || [[D. Yoganand]] || [[Lena Chettiar|Krishna Pictures]] || Along with [[C. R. Subbaraman]]
|-
|4|| ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadasu]]'' || Telugu || [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] || Vinodha Pictures || Background Score
|-
|5|| ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadas]]'' || Tamil || [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] || Vinodha Pictures || Background Score
|-
|6
| rowspan="6" |6
| rowspan="6" | 1954 || ''[[Sorgavasal]]'' || Tamil || A. Kasilingam || Parimalam Pictures ||
|-
|7|| ''[[Sorgavasal|Praja Rajyam]]'' || Telugu || A. Kasilingam || Parimalam Pictures ||
|-
|8|| ''[[Sugam Enge]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Ramnoth]] || [[Modern Theatres]] ||
|-
|9|| ''[[Maa Gopi]]'' || Telugu || [[B. S. Ranga]] || [[B. S. Ranga|Vikram Productions]] ||
|-
|10|| ''[[Vaira Maalai]]'' || Tamil || N. Jagannath || Vaidhya Films ||
|-
|11|| ''[[Ratha Kanneer]]'' || Tamil || [[Krishnan–Panju]] || National Pictures || Background Score
|-
|12
| rowspan="7" |7
| rowspan="7" | 1955 || ''[[Kaveri (1955 film)|Kaveri]]'' || Tamil || [[D. Yoganand]] || [[Lena Chettiar|Krishna Pictures]] || Co-music director [[G. Ramanathan]]
|-
|13|| ''[[Maa Gopi|Jaya Gopi]]'' || Tamil || [[B. S. Ranga]] || [[B. S. Ranga|Vikram Productions]] ||
|-
|14|| ''[[Porter Kandan]]'' || Tamil || K. Vembu || Narasu Studios ||
|-
|15|| ''[[Vijaya Gauri]]'' || Telugu || [[D. Yoganand]] || [[Lena Chettiar|Krishna Pictures]] || Co-music director [[G. Ramanathan]]
|-
|16|| ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || [[T. R. Ramanna|R. R. Pictures]] ||
|-
|17|| ''[[Needhipathi]]'' || Tamil || [[A. S. A. Sami]] || Vijaya Films ||
|-
|18|| ''[[Santosham (1955 film)|Santhosham]]'' || Telugu || C. P. Dixit || [[Jupiter Pictures]] ||
|-
|19
| rowspan="3" |3
| rowspan="3" | 1956 || ''[[Paasavalai]]'' || Tamil || A. S. Nagarajan || [[Modern Theatres]] ||
|-
|20|| ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Ramakrishna]]'' || Telugu || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|21|| ''[[Tenali Ramakrishna (film)|Tenali Raman]]'' || Tamil || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|22
| rowspan="8" |8
| rowspan="8" | 1957 || ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || Tamil || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|23|| ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || Telugu || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|24|| ''[[Bhaktha Markandeya]]'' || [[Kannada]] || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|25|| ''[[Mahadhevi]]'' || Tamil || [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]] || Sri Ganesh Movietone ||
|-
|26|| ''[[Pathini Deivam]]'' || Tamil || [[Chitrapu Narayana Rao|Ch. Narayana Murthy]] || VRV Productions ||
|-
|27|| ''[[Pudhaiyal]]'' || Tamil || [[Krishnan–Panju]] || Kamal Brothers ||
|-
|28|| ''[[Kudumba Gouravam]]'' || Tamil || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|29|| ''[[Kutumba Gowravam]]'' || Telugu || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|30
| rowspan="6" |6
| rowspan="6" | 1958 || ''[[Maalaiyitta Mangai]]'' || Tamil || G. R. Nathan || Kannadasan Films ||
|-
|31|| ''[[Mahadhevi]]'' || Telugu || [[Sundar Rao Nadkarni]] || Sri Ganesh Movietone || co-music director [[A. M. Rajah]]
|-
|32|| ''[[Padhi Bhakti]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Buddha Pictures ||
|-
|33|| ''[[Padhi Bhakti]]'' || Telugu || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Buddha Pictures || co-music director [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
|-
|34|| ''[[Petra Maganai Vitra Annai]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Sundaram]] || [[Modern Theatres]] ||
|-
|35|| ''[[Lilly (1958 film)|Lilly]]'' || [[Malayalam]] || F. Nagoor || HT Pictures ||
|-
|36
| rowspan="7" |7
| rowspan="7" | 1959 || ''[[Amudhavalli]]'' || Tamil || A. K. Sekhar || [[Jupiter Pictures]] ||
|-
|37|| ''[[Bhaaga Pirivinai]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Saravana Films ||
|-
|38|| ''[[Raja Malaya Simha|Raja Malaiya Simman]]'' || Tamil || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|39|| ''[[Raja Malaya Simha]]'' || Telugu || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|40|| ''[[Sivagangai Seemai]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || Kannadasan Films ||
|-
|41|| ''[[Thalai Koduthaan Thambi]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Sundaram]] || [[Modern Theatres]] ||
|-
|42|| ''[[Thanga Padhumai]]'' || Tamil || A. S. A. Samy || [[Jupiter Pictures]] ||
|-
|43
| rowspan="5" |5
| rowspan="5" | 1960 || ''[[Aalukkoru Veedu]]'' || Tamil || M. Krishnan || Subash Movies||
|-
|44|| ''[[Kavalai Illaadha Manithan]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || Kannadasan Productions ||
|-
|45|| ''[[Mannathi Mannan]]'' || Tamil || [[M. Natesan]]|| Natesh Art Pictures ||
|-
|46|| ''[[Ondrupattal Undu Vazhvu]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || Ranga Pictures ||
|-
|47|| ''[[Rathinapuri Ilavarasi]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || Sri Vinayaga Pictures ||
|-
|48
| rowspan="7" |7
| rowspan="7" | 1961 || ''[[Bhagyalakshmi (1961 film)|Bhagyalakshmi]]'' || Tamil || K. V. Sreenivasan || Kanaka Films ||
|-
|49|| ''[[Manapanthal]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || RR Pictures ||
|-
|50|| ''[[Palum Pazhamum]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Saravana Films ||
|-
|51|| ''[[Pasamalar]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Rajamani Films ||
|-
|52|| ''[[Intiki Deepam Illale]]'' || Telugu || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || RR Pictures ||
|-
|53|| ''[[Pava Mannippu]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Buddha Pictures ||
|-
|54|| ''[[Vijayanagarada Veeraputra]]'' || Kannada || [[R. Nagendra Rao]] || RNR Pictures ||
|-
|55
| rowspan="20" |20
| rowspan="20" | 1962 || ''[[Alayamani]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || PSV Pictures ||
|-
|56|| ''[[Bale Pandiya (1962 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' || Tamil || [[B. R. Panthulu]] || Padmini Pictures ||
|-
|57|| ''[[Bandha Pasam]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Santhi Films ||
|-
|58|| ''[[Kaathiruntha Kangal]]'' || Tamil || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Vasumathi Pictures||
|-
|59|| ''[[Aasha Jeevulu]]'' || Telugu || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|60|| ''[[Thendral Veesum]]'' || Tamil || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|61|| ''[[Nenjil Or Aalayam]]'' || Tamil || [[C. V. Sridhar]] || Chithralaya ||
|-
|62|| ''[[Nichaya Thaamboolam]]'' || Tamil || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|63|| ''Pelli Thambulam'' || Telugu || [[B. S. Ranga]] || Vikram Productions ||
|-
|64|| ''[[Paadha Kannikkai]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || Saravana Films ||
|-
|65|| ''[[Padithaal Mattum Podhuma]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Ranganathan Pictures ||
|-
|66|| ''[[Paarthaal Pasi Theerum]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || [[AVM Productions]] ||
|-
|67|| ''[[Paarthaal Pasi Theerum|Pavitra Prema]]'' || Telugu || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || [[AVM Productions]] || co-music director [[R. Sudarsanam]]
|-
|68|| ''[[Paasam]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || RR Pictures ||
|-
|69|| ''[[Policekaran Magal]]'' || Tamil || [[C. V. Sridhar]] || Chithrakala Pictures ||
|-
|70|| ''[[Palum Pazhamum|Prayaschittam]]'' || Telugu || [[A. Bhimsingh]] || Saravana Films || co-music director [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|-
|71|| ''[[Senthamarai (film)|Senthamarai]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || ALS Productions ||
|-
|72|| ''[[Sumaithaangi]]'' || Tamil || [[C. V. Sridhar]] || Visalakshi Productions ||
|-
|73|| ''[[Veerathirumagan]]'' || Tamil || [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] || Murugan Brothers ||
|-
|74|| ''[[Veerathirumagan|Prajasakthi]]'' || Telugu || [[A. C. Tirulokchandar]] || Murugan Brothers ||
|-
|75
| rowspan="11" |11
| rowspan="11" | 1963 || ''[[Anandha Jodhi]]'' || Tamil || [[V. N. Reddy]] & A. S. A. Samy || Hariharan Films ||
|-
|76|| ''[[Idhayathil Nee]]'' || Tamil || [[Mukta V. Srinivasan]] || Muktha Films ||
|-
|77|| ''[[Idhu Sathiyam]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || Saravana Films ||
|-
|78|| ''[[Karpagam]]'' || Tamil || [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] || Amarjothi Movies ||
|-
|79|| ''[[Mani Osai]]'' || Tamil || [[P. Madhavan]] || ALS Productions||
|-
|80|| ''[[Nenjam Marappathillai (1963 film)|Nenjam Marappathillai]]'' || Tamil || [[C. V. Sridhar]] || Manohar Pictures ||
|-
|81|| ''[[Paar Magale Paar]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Kasthuri Films ||
|-
|82|| ''[[Panathottam]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || Saravana Films ||
|-
|83|| ''[[Periya Idathu Penn]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || RR Pictures ||
|-
|84|| ''[[Manchi Chedu]]'' || Telugu || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || RR Pictures ||
|-
|85|| ''[[Vijayanagarada Veeraputra|Vijayanagara Veeraputhruni Katha]]'' || Telugu || [[R. Nagendra Rao]] || RNR Pictures || co-music director [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|-
|86
| rowspan="15" |15
| rowspan="15" | 1964 || ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Andavan Kattalai]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || PSV Pictures ||
|-
|87|| ''[[Dheiva Thaai]]'' || Tamil || [[P. Madhavan]] || Sathya Movies ||
|-
|88|| ''[[En Kadamai]]'' || Tamil || M. Natesan || Natesh Art Pictures ||
|-
|89|| ''[[Kai Koduttha Dheivam]]'' || Tamil || [[K. S. Gopalakrishnan]] || Sri Ponni Productions ||
|-
|90|| ''[[Kalai Kovil]]'' || Tamil || [[C. V. Sridhar]] || Bhagyalakshmi Pictures ||
|-
|91|| ''[[Karnan (1964 film)|Karnan]]'' || Tamil || [[B. R. Panthulu]] || Padmini Pictures ||
|-
|92|| ''[[Karuppu Panam]]'' || Tamil || G. R. Nathan || Visalakshi Films||
|-
|93|| ''[[Paar Magale Paar|Kavala Pillalu]]'' || Telugu || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Kasthuri Films ||
|-
|94|| ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'' || Tamil || [[C. V. Sridhar]] || Chithralaya ||
|-
|95|| ''[[Pachai Vilakku (1964 film)|Pachai Vilakku]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Vel Pictures ||
|-
|96|| ''[[Padagotti]]'' || Tamil || [[T. Prakash Rao]] || Saravana Films ||
|-
|97|| ''[[Panakkara Kudumbam]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || RR Pictures ||
|-
|98|| ''[[Puthiya Paravai]]'' || Tamil || Dada Mirasi || [[Sivaji Productions]] ||
|-
|99|| ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' || Tamil || [[Krishnan–Panju]] || [[AVM Productions]] ||
|-
|100|| ''[[Vazhkai Vazhvatharke]]'' || Tamil || [[Krishnan–Panju]] || Kamal Brothers ||
|-
|101
| rowspan="13" |13
| rowspan="13" | 1965 || ''[[Aada Brathuku]]'' || Telugu || [[Vedantam Raghavayya]] || [[Gemini Studios]] ||
|-
|102|| ''[[Panchavarna Kili]]'' || Tamil || [[K. Shankar]] || Saravana Films ||
|-
|103|| ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]'' || Tamil || Chanakya || Vijaya Productions||
|-
|104|| ''[[Hello Mister Zamindar]]'' || Tamil || K. J. Mahadevan || Sudharsanam Pictures ||
|-
|105|| ''[[Panam Padaithavan]]'' || Tamil || [[T. R. Ramanna]] || RR Pictures ||
|-
|106|| ''[[Pazhani (1965 film)|Pazhani]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || Bharatha Matha Pictures ||
|-
|107|| ''[[Poojaikku Vandha Malar]]'' || Tamil || [[Mukta V. Srinivasan]] || Muktha Films ||
|-
|108|| ''[[Santhi (1965 film)|Santhi]]'' || Tamil || [[A. Bhim Singh]] || ALS Productions ||
|-
|109|| ''[[Vaazhkai Padagu]]'' || Tamil || [[S. S. Vasan]] || [[Gemini Studios]] ||
|-
|110|| ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'' || Tamil || [[C. V. Sridhar]] || Chithralaya ||
|-
|111|| ''[[Maganey Kel]]'' || Tamil || [[Mukta V. Srinivasan]] || Naaval Films ||
|-
|112|| ''[[Puthiya Paravai|Singapore CID]]'' || Telugu || Dada Mirasi || [[Sivaji Films]] || co-music director Pamarthi
|-
|113|| ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' || Tamil || [[B. R. Panthulu]] || Padmini Pictures ||
|-
|114
| rowspan="2"|2
| rowspan="2"| 1966 || ''[[Server Sundaram]]'' || Telugu || [[Krishnan–Panju]] || [[AVM Productions]] || co-music director Pamarthi
|-
|115
|''[[Madras to Pondicherry]]'' || Tamil || [[Thirumalai–Mahalingam]] || Sri Venkateswara Cinetone || solo composition
|-
|116
|1
| 1995 || ''[[Engirundho Vandhan]]'' || Tamil || [[Santhana Bharathi]] || VSR Pictures ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0530818|M. S. Viswanathan}}
* {{IMDb name|1823672|T. K. Ramamoorthy}}
* [http://mellisai.tripod.com.htm/ List of movies composed music by Viswanathan Ramamoorthy]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viswanathan-Ramamoorthy}}
[[Category:Indian musical duos]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]

Harishchandra (Gahadavala dynasty)

2025-12-19T01:33:20Z

BenjaminWoodard: starting a entry basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Harishchandra
| title = Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara
| succession = King of [[Ganga-Yamuna Doab|Antaravedi]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1175|08|10|df=yes}}<ref name="x755">{{cite web | title=History of the Rāshṭrakūṭas | last=Reu | first=Bisheshwar Nath | url=https://ia802908.us.archive.org/31/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.215812/2015.215812.History-Of_text.pdf | access-date=19 December 2025}}</ref>
| reign = c. 1194– ?
| predecessor = [[Jayachandra]]
| house-type = Dynasty
| house = [[Gahadavala]]
| father = Jayachandra
}}

'''Harishchandra''' ({{IAST3|Harīścandra}}; 10 August 1175 – ?) was an Indian king from the [[Gahadavala]] dynasty. The last known king from the family's imperial branch, he probably ruled a part of his ancestral kingdom in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]].

== Early life ==
Harishchandra was a son of the Gahadavala king [[Jayachandra]]. He has been mentioned in two of his father's inscriptions, which suggest that he was born in about 1175 CE. An inscription dated 10 August 1175 CE (1232 [[Vikrama Samvat|VS]]) records a grant made on the occasion of the [[jatakarma]]n (childbirth) ceremony of Harishchandra. Another inscription dated 10 August 1175 CE records a second grant made to celebrate the [[namakarana]] (naming) ceremony of Harishchandra.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=113}}

== Reign ==
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After Jayachandra was defeated and killed in action against the [[Ghurids]], Harishchandra succeeded him on the Gahadavala throne. He was around 19 years old at the time.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=113}} According to one theory, he was a Ghurid vassal. However, in an inscription found at Kotwa (near [[Machhali Shahar]]), he assumes the traditional sovereign titles: ''Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara'', ''Ashva-pati Nara-pati Gaja-pati Rajatrayadhipati'', and ''Vividha-vidya-vichara-vachaspati''.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=113-114}} This inscription is dated 6 January 1197, and records the grant of a village by Harishchandra. It was issued from Chyavaneshvara-[[Ghat]]ta on [[Ganga]], at Dhanamvakra.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=258}}

It is possible that Harishchandra continued to rule Kanyakubja (Kannauj) after Jayachandra's death. No contemporary Muslim historians mention that the Ghurids captured the city in 1193 CE. The ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' states that the Ghurid army marched towards Kannauj, but does not state whether it reached the city or not. According to it, Kannauj was captured only years later by [[Iltutmish]] (r. 1211-1236), who issued coins to celebrate this conquest. Other contemporary accounts, such as ''Taj-ul-Maasir'' and ''Kamil-ut-Tawarikh'' do not mention Kannauj among the places visited and sacked by the Ghurid army either. [[Firishta]] was the earliest writer to claim that the Muslims captured Kannauj in the 1190s, but his account can be ignored as inaccurate because he flourished several decades later, in the 16th century.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=115}}

These evidences suggest that Harishchandra may have been able to retain a part of his ancestral kingdom, possibly including [[Varanasi]].{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|p=116}}

An inscription dated 29 April 1197 CE, found at Belkhara in [[Mirzapur district]], mentions that it was issued under the rule of a feudatory (''ranaka'') named Vijayakarna. It records the erection of a [[Ganesha]] pillar. The inscription does not mention Harishchandra, but states that it was issued in the "victorious kingdom of Kanyakubja", and mentions the usual titles of the Gahadavala kings. It is possible that a struggle was going on between Harishchandra and the Muslim generals at that time. In these uncertain times, Vijayakarna may have avoided explicitly naming a particular overlord in the inscription so as not to displease the rival of that overlord.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=114-115}}

The ultimate fate of Harishchandra is not known, but he was probably defeated by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] under Iltutmish. A 1237 inscription issued during the reign of one Adakkamalla of Gahadavala family was found in [[Nagod State]] (present-day [[Satna district]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]). It is possible that Adakkamalla was the successor of Harishchandra.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=272}} Another possibility is that Adakkamalla was from a different branch of the dynasty. One of his ancestors might have been granted a small [[fief]] by his relative [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]] in the newly annexed [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] territory. Nothing is known about Adakkamalla's predecessors or successors.{{sfn|Roma Niyogi|1959|pp=115-117}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |author=Roma Niyogi |title=The History of the Gāhaḍavāla Dynasty |publisher=Oriental |year=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EJQBAAAAMAAJ |oclc=5386449 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 }}

{{Gahadavala dynasty}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gahadavala kings]]
[[Category:12th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:1175 births]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

Queen of Angels Church, Kadagathur

2025-12-12T23:01:38Z

BenjaminWoodard: New First Post Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Roman Catholic Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}

{{Infobox church
| name = Queen of Angels Church
| other name = St. Mary's Church
| coordinates = {{coord|12.1730001|78.1383023|display=inline,title}}
| fullname = Our Lady of Queen of Angels Church
| native_name = சம்மனசுகளின் இராக்கினி ஆலயம்
| native_name_lang = ta
| image = St. Mary's Church - Kadagathur.jpg
| caption = Side View of this church

| location = [[Kadagathur, Dharamapuri|Kadagathur]], [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri Dt]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]

| denomination = [[Catholic Church|Catholic]]
| religious institute = [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]]
| cult = [[Catholic devotions]]
| founded date = 1873
| founder = Fr. Loius Auguste Chevalier
| membership = 105 families

| status = [[Parish church]]
| functional status = Active
| former name = St. Sebastian Church
| dedication = St. Mary
| architectural type = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| style = [[Medieval architecture|Medieval]]
| groundbreaking =
| completed date = 1932

| parish = [[Kadagathur, Dharamapuri|Kadagathur]]
| deanery = [[Dharmapuri]]
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondicherry and Cuddalore]]
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri]]
| episcopalarea = [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of India|TNBC]]

| archbishop = [[Francis Kalist]]
| bishop = Lawrence Pius Dorairaj
| priest = Fr. Savariappan
}}

'''Queen of Angels Church''' or '''St. Mary's Church''' is located in [[Kadagathur, Dharamapuri|Kadagathur]] village, Dharamapuri District, [[Tamil Nadu]], India. Due to Catholic settlements in 19th century this is second oldest church in its [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri|Dharmapuri Diocese]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dharmapuridiocese.com/cms/public_view/list-parishes.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825175657/http://www.dharmapuridiocese.com/cms/public_view/list-parishes.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=August 25, 2013|title=Dharmapuri Diocese}}</ref>

== History ==
After the riots against [[Catholicity|Catholics]] in [[Pennagaram]], many Catholics were forced to scatter to different locations. A significant number of them found settlement in [[Tirupattur]], while others sought refuge in [[Kadagathur, Dharamapuri|Kadagathur]] with the assistance of local leader '''Chinnappa Nayakar'''. He graciously offered shelter to the Catholics within his fort and even allocated a section of it as a prayer hall for their use. Interestingly, there is an oral tradition that suggests the present-day abandoned St. Antony's Church in Kolathur was originally Chinnappa Nayakar's stable, and his cemetery can still be found in the village. It is worth noting that Kolathur is now part of Gollapatti village, and the name Kolathur is no longer in use. The church in Gollapatty is known as St. Mary Magdalene Church, while the church in Pennagaram was also named St. Mary Magdalene Church. There is a local account that suggests the statue in the present Gollapatty church was relocated from the Pennagaram Church.<ref>History of Dharamapuri Diocese - Fr A. Susairaj</ref>

As part of their missionary work, the [[Paris Foreign Missions Society|Paris MEP Fathers]] took responsibility for the village of Kadagathur following the footsteps of the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits Fathers]]. Fr. MS. Joseph reported that Mass and prayers were conducted within Chinnappa Nayakar's fort. Later, Kadagathur came under the jurisdiction of the Kovilur parish. Later additional priest from Kovilur stayed in Kadagathur for a few months to preach. In the 1830s, people from Kolagathur, Selliampatti, Savaloor, Kotavoor, Savadiyur, and [[Kethanahalli, Dharmapuri|Kethampatty]] attended the Kadagathur church. Presently, Kotavoor is part of Savadiyur.

As early as 1872, Fr. Athanase Pneau MEP and Fr. Dupas MEP stayed in Kadagathur. During the investigation conducted by Pondicherry Bishop [[François-Jean-Marie Laouënan| Laouënan MEP]] in 1873, it was reported that there were 400 Catholics in and around Kadagathur, along with 300 Catholics around Savadiyur (present Palacode).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pondicherryarchdiocese.org/history.php|title=Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddlaore|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2022-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108225205/http://www.pondicherryarchdiocese.org/history.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1895, [[Elathagiri]] was separated from the [[Kovlivoor, Thirupattur|Thirupattur - Koviloor Parish]] and established as a new parish church, leading to Kadagathur Parish being annexed under the [[Our Lady Of Refuge Church, Elathagiri | Elathagiri Deanery]].

In 1900, Kadagathur became a parish as part of the [[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kovilur|Kovilur Parish Deanery]]. The first parish priest of Kadagathur was Father Istanish-Laus, serving between 1910 and 1919. Subsequently, Kadagathur once again became a sub-station of the [[Kovilur, Dharamapuri|Kovilur Parish]] from 1919 to 1930. In 1930, [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Salem|Salem]] became a diocese separate from the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Pondicherry and Cuddalore|Pondichery diocese]],<ref>Sarithira Surukkam - Salem Diocese</ref> and Father Loius Auguste Chevalier from the Pondicherry diocese became the parish priest of Kadagathur. In the 1930s, the Franciscan Sisters of Mount Poinsur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://saintclaremsa.com/ministries/|title=MINISTRIES – Saint Claremsa|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-date=2022-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107203338/https://saintclaremsa.com/ministries/|url-status=dead}}</ref> began their service in Pennagaram and subsequently continued their work in Kadagathur after leaving Pennagaram in 1939. At that time, the Kadagathur Parish extended from [[Rayakottai]] to [[Biligundlu]], making it the largest parish in terms of area.<ref>Catholic Record of Salem Diocese Fr. Abbe Dubois</ref> The parish church of Kadagathur was originally named St. Sebastian Church until 1932 when Father Chevallier constructed the current '''Queen of Angels Church'''.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of events take place in this parish
|-
! Date / Year !! Events
|-
| 1932 || Primary School in Selliyampatti
|-
| 1938 || Building for Selliyampatty Primary school
|-
| 1938 || Built Church in Kethampatty
|-
| 19-Jan-1952 || A grotto was built for Our Lady of Fatima.
|-
| 3-Aug-1952 || Church Bell gifted by Dharamapuri KRMS Appavu Pilli
|-
| 15-Aug-1953 || Started celebrating Parish Festival
|-
| 3-Mar-1954 || Indian Ambasoitor of Pope Fr. Lucas SVD came to Kadagathur and lead groundbreaking for sister's convent.
|-
| 17-Jul-1954|| Fatima Middle school has started.
|-
| 7-Jul-1955 || SMMI Sister<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.smmisisters.org/ |title=Home |website=smmisisters.org}}</ref> convent has started.
|-
| 1980 || New Parish Priest House
|-
| 1988 || Started Sacred Heart Hr. Sec. School
|-
| 2004 || St. Theresa Convent
|-
| 2004 || St. Cluny Convent
|}

==See also==
*[[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kovilur]]
*[[St. Francis Xavier Church, Kethanahalli]]
*[[Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Roman Catholic Diocese of Dharmapuri}}

[[Category:Churches completed in 1932]]
[[Category:Churches in Dharmapuri district]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic church buildings in the Diocese of Dharmapuri]]

Kuran (Sangamner)

2025-11-28T01:16:49Z

BenjaminWoodard: starting some stub added tags

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kuran
| area_footnotes =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.61489|N|74.237558|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmadnagar district|Ahmadnagar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Sangamner Taluka|Sangamner]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village Panchayat
| unit_pref = Metric
| nickname =
| other_name =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Shirdi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Shirdi]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Sangamner (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangamner]]
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website =
| elevation_footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kuran''' village is located in [[Sangamner]] Tehsil of [[Ahmednagar|Ahmadnagar]] district in [[Maharashtra]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Google Maps|url=https://www.google.com/maps?ll=19.607277,74.239716&z=18&t=h&hl=en-US&gl=US&mapclient=embed&q=Kuran+Maharashtra+422605|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Google Maps|language=en}}</ref> The postal code of this place is 422605.<ref>{{Cite web|title=KURAN Pin Code - 422605, Sangamner All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search AHMED NAGAR Post Office Address|url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/maharashtra/ahmed-nagar/kuran-pincode-422605.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuran PIN Code & Post Office in Sangamner, Ahmed Nagar, Maharashtra|url=https://www.icbse.com/pincodes/kuran-office-82573|access-date=2021-06-03|website=iCBSE|language=en-US}}</ref> It is situated 6 km away from sub-district headquarter Sangamner and 105 km away from district headquarter Ahmadnagar. As per 2009 stats, Kuran village is also a [[gram panchayat]]. The total geographical area of the village is 1073 hectares. Kuran has a total population of 4,417 peoples of which 2313 are males while 2104 are females as per Population Census 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuran Population (2020/2021), Village in Sangamner Taluka|url=http://www.indiagrowing.com/Maharashtra/Ahmednagar/Sangamner/Kuran|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603160417/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Maharashtra/Ahmednagar/Sangamner/Kuran|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 June 2021|access-date=2021-05-16|website=www.indiagrowing.com|language=en}}</ref> There are about 670 houses in Kuran village. As per 2019 stats, Kuran villages come under the Sangamner assembly & Shirdi parliamentary constituency. Sangamner is the nearest town to Kuran which is approximately 6 km away.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Map of Kuran Village in Sangamner Tehsil, Ahmadnagar, Maharashtra|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/maharashtra/ahmadnagar/sangamner/kuran.html|access-date=2021-06-03|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district]]

{{Ahmednagar-geo-stub}}

Municipal College, Rourkela

2025-11-19T06:51:41Z

BenjaminWoodard: updated formatting also

{{primary sources|date=February 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Municipal College Rourkela
|motto =
|mottoeng = Knowledge imparts Immortality
|image = [[File:Municipal.coleege.rourkela.jpg|190px|The Crest Logo]]
|established = 1978
|type = Co-Aid
|city = [[Rourkela]]
|state = [[Odisha]]
|country = India
|coor =
|president = Jyotsna Rani Patnaik
|chancellor =
|vice_chancellor=
|principal = P.C.Pradhan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipalcollegerkl.com/principal.html|title=about principal|publisher=municipalcollegerkl.com}}</ref>
|former_names =
|faculty =
|students =
|undergrad =
|postgrad =
|doctoral =
|logo =
|website = [http://www.municipalcollegerkl.com/ municipalcollegerkl.com]
}}

'''Municipal College''' Rourkela is one of the oldest institution imparting +2, undergraduate degree (Arts, Commerce & Science) to students in and around western [[Odisha]]. The college laid its foundation in 1978 under Rourkela Education Development Society (REDS) which was due to patronage of the founding member A.J Alex (I.A.S ex ADM of Rourkela) and NAC(CT) Pitambar Mohanty OAS(I).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipalcollegerkl.com/aboutus.html|title=about college}}</ref>

==History==
The college started its intermediate education in 1978, while that of undergraduate degree of commerce was introduced in 1980 along with BSc in 1981 and BA in 1985.

Municipal College is affiliated to [[Council of Higher Secondary Education, Odisha]] for +2 level and [[Sambalpur University]] for +3 level of undergraduate degrees.

==Courses==
Higher Secondary Education (Class 11 & Class 12/+2 Level):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipalcollegerkl.com/courses.html|title=about +2 courses}}</ref>
*Arts
*Science
*Commerce

Undergraduate degree (+3 Level):<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipalcollegerkl.com/courses_degree.html|title=about +3 courses}}</ref>

*B.A.
**B.A. (Pass & Honours)
**B.A. (Honours)
*B.Sc
**B.Sc (Pass & Honours)
**B.Sc (Honours)
*B.Com
**B.Com (Pass & Honours)
**B.Com (Honours)
* BBA

==Activities==
[[File:Img20big (1).jpg|220px|thumb|Municipal College NCC cadets]]
*'''NCC''' includes training of two separate groups of boys and girls. The NCC (National Cadet Corps) is under 9th Odisha Battalion, which provides qualities of leadership, discipline in the students; they attend camps to improve their skills.
[[File:Img20big.jpg|220px|right|thumb|Youth Red Cross Unit]]
*'''Youth Red Cross Unit''' is a group maintained by college students which maintains well-equipped first aid box and conducts blood donation and health check-up camps.
*'''Cultural Associations''' students participate in debates, quizzes and essay competitions. It includes dramatics, athletics society which conducts programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.municipalcollegerkl.com/activities.html|title=other activities}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.municipalcollegerkl.com/alumni/alumni.asp Website for Municipal College alumni]

{{commons category}}

{{Education in Rourkela}}
{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}
{{Coord|22.223204|84.846575|region:IN-OR_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Rourkela]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Sambalpur University]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Orissa]]

Chousa (community development block)

2025-11-03T03:23:14Z

BenjaminWoodard:

{{Short description|Community development block in Madhepura district, Bihar, India}}
{{nofootnotes|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chousa
| native_name = चौसा सामुदायिक विकास खंड
| native_name_lang = Chousa
| other_name = Chousa
| nickname = Chousa
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25|30|55|N|87|02|08|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Anga (region)|Anga]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Madhepura district|Madhepura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body = POLICE STATION
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 116471
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Angika language|Angika]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =852213
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Madhepura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Madhepura]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Alamnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Alamnagar]]
| website = {{URL|madhepura.bih.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chousa''' is one of the administrative divisions of [[Madhepura district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]]. The block headquarters are located at a distance of 55 km from the district headquarters, namely, [[Madhepura]].

==Geography==
Chousa is located at {{Coord|25.5153200|N|87.0356060|E|format=dms|}}

===Panchayats===
[[Gram panchayat|Panchayats]] in Chousa [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] are
*Rasalpur Dhuriya
*Ghausai
*Chausa east
*Chausa west
*Arajpur east
*Arajpur west
*Lauwalagan east
*Lauwalagan west
*Paina
*Chirouri
*Morsanda
*Phulaut east
*Phulaut west

==Demographics==
In the 2001 census Chousa Block had a population of 116,471.

===Religious Connection===

Baba Bisuraut Mela: The most historic and Culturally celebrated festival every year. Baba Bisuraut Mandir is located at Pasrasi Asthan in the village of Lauwalagan. People of Koshi belt particularly cattlemen possess high regard and value for Baba Bisuraut and Baba is considered God for cattle in the region. Every year, from 13 April, a 3-days fair (Baba Bisuraut Mela) is held which famous across all the district of Bihar and adjoining states. Visiters and Traders from Nepal also take part this fair.

[https://www.google.com/search?q=baba+bisu+raut+mandir+pic&rlz=1C1SQJL_enIN876IN876&sxsrf=ALeKk00_7URa_AIZLzpaX_Zj-zx4l6WFNQ:1596597688591&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=VyX7EMLJ0Oe_GM%252C-g19ZNxmilvQVM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-kQG8sbqXb5TYLiGgvtdkooe-8vFgw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfjs_wjYPrAhUjmuYKHb84AhkQ9QEwAHoECAcQBQ&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=5uEkQJrXxpef4M]

Muharram Mela: The most solemn and colourful Muslim function held in chousa organised by Muslim Community. Various plays and drama are held which is enjoyed all sections of society.

Durga pooja festival is celebrated by the people of Chousa. Previously it was managed by Lakhi Ram (Ex Congress President).

These Days Durga puja is being celebrated by the common people of chousa. There are three places in chousa for celebrate the festivals annually.

One of the most Festival that is 'Chhath' which is being celebrated in all over the Bihar, in the chousa the most popular place for this festival is
a Small pond near Abhiya tola in chousa east as well as near agriculture field (near chousa market & bus stand chock).

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Madhepura district}}
{{Kosi Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Madhepura district]]

Jainapur

2025-10-17T14:54:48Z

BenjaminWoodard: quick expand details for accuracy and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jainapur
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Chikodi]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jainapur''' is a village in [[Belgaum district]] in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180612210946/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/ Village Directory], 2001 Census of India</ref>

==Educational institutions==
*Kannad Primary School Jainapur
*Kannad Primary School JainapurTot

==Temples==
*Basaveshwar Temple
*Hanuman Temple
*Vittal Mandir
*Mahadev Mandir
*Ganesh Temple
*Virabhadreshwar Temple

==Medical facilities==
Govt primary health care Jainapur

==Water resources==
*Jainapur Lake
*Wadral Lake

Ninety percent of farmers and village people are dependent on rain water.

==Occupation of the village people==
Most of the village people are farmers, some people are teachers, engineers, bus drivers/conductors, clerks, Indian army, police some people work in private sectors.

==Industry==
Sugar factory Arihant Sugars Ltd is located in the village.<ref name="News18">{{cite web |title=18 new sugar factories in Belgaum soon|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/18-new-sugar-factories-in-belgaum-soon-443531.html |work=News18 | date=4 February 2012|access-date=2016-12-16}}</ref><ref name="Arihant">{{cite web |format=Company website |url=http://arihantsugars.com/ |title=Arihant Sugars Ltd |access-date=2016-12-16 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==Societies==
*Common Service Center @ Jainapur
*Basaveshwar Consumers Society Jainapur
*KMF Jainapur
*Shri Ashtavinayak co-opp Society, Jainapur
*Library society was started recently.
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Settlements in Belgaum district}}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Villages in Belagavi district]]

{{Chikodi-geo-stub}}

Agha Bismil

2025-10-16T17:08:27Z

BenjaminWoodard: slightly added article based on references further and cleaned formatting as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian Urdu poet|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{notability|Bio|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Agha Bismil

| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Poet]]
| nationality = British [[India]]n
| period =
| genre = [[Ghazal]]
| subject = [[Love]], [[philosophy]]
| movement =
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Agha Bismil''' is an Indian [[Urdu]] [[poet]].

==Career==
Agha Bismil's most popular ''[[ghazal]]'' is ''Mehfil Mein Baar Baar'', which was made popular by [[Ghulam Ali (singer)|Ghulam Ali]].<ref>http://ekfankaar.wordpress.com/category/poet/agha-bismil/<br>- {{cite web | url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=643 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030320123107/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=643 | url-status=usurped | archive-date=20 March 2003 | title=R.K. Vision Brings A Magical Evening Of Ghazals By Ghulam Ali | first=Nirmala | last=Garimella | publisher= |website=Lokvani | date=28 December 2002 | accessdate=27 April 2019 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bismil, Agha}}
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Chandausi Assembly constituency

2025-09-24T17:59:05Z

BenjaminWoodard: updated details

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Chandausi
| constituency_no = 31
| map_image = 31-Chandausi.svg
| mla = [[Gulab Devi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sambhal Lok Sabha constituency|Sambhal]]
| reservation =
| electors = {{formatnum:383406}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2029|5}}
| type= SLA
}}
'''Chandausi''' is one of the 403 [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in [[India]].<ref name=election2017/>

Chandausi is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. It is one of four [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] constituencies in [[Sambhal district|Sambhal]] district (the other three being [[Sambhal Assembly constituency|Sambhal]], [[Asmoli Assembly constituency|Asmoli]] and [[Gunnaur Assembly constituency|Gunnaur]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Constituencies {{!}} District Sambhal, Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://sambhal.nic.in/constituencies-2/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Narendra Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Indra Mohani
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Devi Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Karan Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Jiraj Singh Moria
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (Indira)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Phool Kunwars
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|Karan Singh
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|[[Gulab Devi]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|Karan Singh
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gulab Devi]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|Girish Chandra
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}" |
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Laxmi Gautam]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
|[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Gulab Devi]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Chandausi<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Gulab Devi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:112890}}
|percentage = 49.53
|change = {{increase}}2.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Km Vimlesh Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:77523}}
|percentage = 34.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ranvijay Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:30481}}
|percentage = 13.37
|change = {{decrease}}9.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2059}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change = {{decrease}}0.06
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35367}}
|percentage = 15.52
|change = {{decrease}}4.77
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227934}}
|percentage = 59.45
|change = {{decrease}}2.2
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: Chandausi<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017|access-date= 21 June 2021}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gulab Devi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:104806}}
|percentage = 46.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Km. Vimlesh Kumari
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:59337}}
|percentage = 26.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Virmawati
|votes = {{formatnum:51049}}
|percentage = 22.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Mahan Dal
|candidate = Jyotasna
|votes = {{formatnum:3615}}
|percentage = 1.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2135}}
|percentage = 0.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:45469}}
|percentage = 20.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:224074}}
|percentage = 61.65
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Sambhal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150928065905/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/default.htm Official site of Legislature in Uttar Pradesh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024731/http://upgov.nic.in/upinfo/const_setup.html Uttar Pradesh Government website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051225100003/http://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/UttarPradesh/upassembly-w.htm UP Assembly]
* {{cite web |title=Election results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|28.46|78.77|display=title}}

[[Category:Sambhal district]]
[[Category:Chandausi]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]

Leeli

2025-09-02T14:50:06Z

BenjaminWoodard: created info

{{short description|Village in Alwar district, India}}
{{about|Indian village|Estonian village|Leeli, Estonia}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=October 2023}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}

'''Leeli''' is a village in the [[Alwar district]] of [[Rajasthan]] in India. With 727 families, it is the largest village located in [[Malakhera Tehsil]].

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 census, 16.85% of the population is children between the ages of 1 and 6.<ref>{{cite web |title=The results of Leeli by the Population Census of India |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/72865-leeli-rajasthan.html}}</ref> The average sex ratio is 896, lower than the Rajasthan state average of 928, and the child sex ratio is 875, lower than the Rajasthan average of 888.

Leeli has a higher [[literacy rate]] than average for Rajasthan, with rates of 67.74% compared to the average 66.11%. Male literacy rates are at 84.23% while female literacy rates are at 49.42%.

==History==
Leeli was built in 1710 A.D. by Maharaja Lachhaman. The first [[Thakur (title)|Thakurs]] of Leeli were Somvanshi Kshatriyas, who lived there until the end of the 19th century. The last known [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] was the late Thakur Shri Bhura Singh Ji, who had two sons, Shri Laxman Singh Ji, and Shri Narayan Singh Ji. As per the constitution of India and the Panchayati Raj Act, established in 1959 in Rajasthan,<ref>{{cite web |title=The history of panchayats of Rajasthan |url=https://rajpanchayat.rajasthan.gov.in/sm/jankalyan-category-and-entry-type/48677/107/4/2}}</ref> Leeli is administrated by an elected representative, or a sarpanch ([[village head]]). The current Sarpanch is smt. Alka Devi.

==Geography==
Leeli village is located near Malakhera town, a major town in the Alwar district. Its pin code of locality is 301406. The nearest railway station is Alwar junction, which is around 20 km away. Leeli is also well connected with roadways and is near the Rajasthan State Highway 44.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Alwar district}}

[[Category:Villages in Alwar district]]