Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Manjeri Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T07:37:52Z

BenWunderly: adding new entry - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Manjeri
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 37
| map_image = Manjeri Town Calicut Road View.jpg
| map_caption = [[Manjeri]] town
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,06,960 (2021)<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
| mla = M. Rahmathulla
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
}}
'''Manjeri State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is M. Rahmathulla of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Manjeri Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
|access-date = 21 August 2019
|archive-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Manjeri]]
|Municipality
|[[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]]
|-
|2
|[[Trikkalangode]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]]
|-
|3
|[[Pandikkad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Eranad Taluk|Eranad]]
|-
|4
|[[Keezhattur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|-
|5
|[[Edappatta]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|}
<mapframe text="Manjeri Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q16134188,Q13112582,Q16133807,Q16135657,Q13110667"}</mapframe>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Manjeri Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/manjeri-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Manjeri
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan=2 |Party
! Tenure
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| rowspan="2" | 1st
|[[P. P. Ummer Koya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| rowspan="2" | 1957 – 1960
|-
|Chandayan Muniadan
|{{Full party name with color|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| rowspan="2" | 2nd
|P. P. Ummer Koya
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1960 – 1965
|-
|Chandayan Muniadan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=15|Indian Union Muslim League}}
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| M. Chadayan
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| K. P. Raman
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| M. P. M. Abdulla Kurikkal
| 1977 - 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| rowspan="2" | [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan="2" |7th
| 1982 – 1984
|-
| 1984*
| rowspan="5" |[[Ishaq Kurikkal|M. P. M. Ishaq Kurikkal]]
| 1984 - 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| [[P. K. Abdu Rabb]]
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[M. Ummer]]
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 - 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| [[U. A. Latheef]]
| [[Incumbent]]
|}
<nowiki>*</nowiki>by-election{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Manjeri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = M. Rahmathulla
|votes = 113622
|percentage = 59.8
|change = {{Gain}}9.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = V. M. Musthafa
|votes = 55,735
|percentage = 29.33
|change = {{Loss}}11.6
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Padmasree M.
|votes = 13,423
|percentage = 7.06
|change = {{Loss}}0.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Adv. P. P. A. Sageer
|votes = 2,222
|percentage = 1.17
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bipin Benson Joseph
|votes = 1,698
|percentage = 0.89
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 3,319
|percentage = 1.75
|change = {{Gain}}0.98
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 57,887
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 190,019
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,06,960 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Manjeri]]<ref name="result_2021">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1137.htm?ac=37|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO KERALA NIYAMA SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2021 (37-MANJERI)|access-date=|website=results.eci.gov.in|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[U. A. Latheef]]
|votes = 78,836
|percentage = 50.22%
|change ={{no change}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Nazar Debona
|votes = 64,263
|percentage = 40.93%
|change ={{gain}}4.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = P. R. Rashmilnath
|votes = 11,350
|percentage = 7.23%
|change ={{loss}}0.85
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Palathingal Aboobacker
|votes = 1,341
|percentage = 0.85%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,202
|percentage = 0.77%
|change ={{gain}}0.11
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 14,573
|percentage = 9.29%
|change ={{loss}}4.83
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,56,992<ref name="result_2021"/><ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|percentage = 75.86%<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|change ={{gain}}2.84
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing ={{no change}}
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,90,277 registered voters in Manjeri Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Manjeri]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[M. Ummer]]|votes=69,779|percentage=50.22%|change={{decrease}}7.77%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Adv. K. Mohandas|votes=50,163|percentage=36.10%|change={{increase}}3.05%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Adv. C. Dinesh|votes=11,223|percentage=8.08%|change={{increase}}2.66%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=K. A. Savad|votes=2,503|percentage=1.80%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Dr. C. H. Ashraf|votes=2,357|percentage=1.70%|change={{decrease}}0.79%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Moyin Bappu|votes=1,121|percentage=0.81%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=913|percentage=0.66%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=V. M. Musthafa|votes=887|percentage=0.64%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 19,616
|percentage = 14.12%
|change ={{decrease}}10.82%
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,38,946|percentage=73.02%|change={{increase}}2.01%}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser =
|swing ={{decrease}}7.77%
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,64,144 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Manjeri]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[M. Ummer]]|votes=67,594|percentage=57.99%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=P. Gouri|votes=38,515|percentage=33.05%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. G. Upendran|votes=6,319|percentage=5.42%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Jaleel Neelambra|votes=2,906|percentage=2.49%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Feroz Babu Ishtadanam|votes=653|percentage=0.56%|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Shamsudheen Aslami|votes=566|percentage=0.49|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 29,079
|percentage = 24.94%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,16,553|percentage=71.01%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Manjeri]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Manjeri]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Cashmere wool

2026-05-06T19:42:54Z

BenWunderly: started new data v1...

{{Short description|Fiber obtained from cashmere goats and other types of goat}}
{{Distinguish|Kashmir (disambiguation){{!}}Kashmir}}
[[File:Kaschmirschal 1.jpg|thumb|Cashmere scarves]]
'''Cashmere wool''', usually simply known as '''cashmere''', is a [[fiber]] obtained from [[cashmere goat]]s, [[Changthangi|pashmina goats]], and some other breeds of [[goat]]. It has been used to make [[yarn]], textiles and clothing for hundreds of years. Cashmere is closely associated with the [[Kashmir shawl]], the word "cashmere" deriving from an anglicization of [[Kashmir]], when the Kashmir shawl reached Europe in the 19th century. Both the soft undercoat and the [[guard hair]]s may be used; the softer hair is reserved for textiles, while the coarse guard hair is used for brushes and other non-apparel purposes. Cashmere is a [[hygroscopic]] fiber, absorbing and releasing water from the air based on the surrounding environment. This helps regulate the body in both warm and cool temperatures.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Exothermic Effects of Textile Fibers during Changes in Environmental Humidity: A Comparison between ISO:16533 and Dynamic Hot Plate Test Method |last2=Faisal |first2=Abedin |last1=Emiel |first1=DenHartog |journal=Fibers |date=2023 |volume=11 |issue=5 |page=47 |doi=10.3390/fib11050047|doi-access=free }}</ref>

A number of countries produce cashmere and have improved processing techniques over the years, but China and Mongolia are two of the leading producers as of 2019. Afghanistan is ranked third.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AP |date=2015-05-10 |title=Afghanistan's goat farmers find luxury niche in cashmere |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1181116 |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514142151/http://www.dawn.com/news/1181116 |archive-date=2015-05-14 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Taliban Takeover Puts Afghanistan's Cashmere, Silk Industries at Risk |url=https://newsvot.com/2021/08/25/taliban-takeover-puts-afghanistans-cashmere-silk-industries-at-risk/ |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Newsvot |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827022333/https://newsvot.com/2021/08/25/taliban-takeover-puts-afghanistans-cashmere-silk-industries-at-risk/ |archive-date=2021-08-27}}</ref>

Some yarns and clothing marketed as containing cashmere have been found to contain little to no cashmere fiber, so more stringent testing has been requested to ensure items are fairly represented.<ref name="Lanham">{{cite web |url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/yarn-spun-advertising-not-tailored-to-lanham-act-claim |title=A Yarn Spun, But Advertising Not Tailored to a Lanham Act Claim |publisher=[[The National Law Review]] |last=Browning |first=John |date=October 21, 2015 |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Crackdown">{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB110375854829407721 |title=The Cashmere Police Crack Down |publisher=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |last1=Beatty |last2=Choi |first1=Sally |first2=Hae Won |date=December 23, 2004 |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref>
Poor land management and [[overgrazing]] to increase production of the valuable fiber has resulted in the decimation and transformation of grasslands into deserts in Asia, increasing local temperatures and causing air pollution which has traveled as far as Canada and the United States.<ref name="Chinadesert">{{cite news |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/chi-china-cashmere-htmlstory-htmlstory.html |title=Your cheap sweater's real cost |publisher=[[Chicago Tribune]] |last=Osnos |first=Evan |date=December 16, 2006 |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref><ref name="Grassland">{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/12/09/504118819/how-your-cashmere-sweater-is-decimating-mongolias-grasslands |title=How Your Cashmere Sweater Is Decimating Mongolia's Grasslands |last=Schmitz |first=Rob |work=[[NPR]] |date=December 9, 2016 |access-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref>

== Sources ==
[[File:Pashmina goats.jpg|thumb|[[Pashmina goat]]s, [[Ladakh]], [[India]]]]
Historically, in the Western scientific community, fine-haired Cashmere goats have been called [[Capra hircus]], as if they were a subspecies of the domestic goat ''Capra hircus''. However, they are now more commonly considered part of the domestic goat subspecies ''[[Capra aegagrus hircus]]'' or the alternate version ''Hircus Blythi Goat''. Cashmere goats produce a double [[Wool|fleece]] that consists of a fine, soft undercoat or underdown of hair mingled with a straighter and much coarser outer coating of hair called [[guard hair]]. This undercoat is grown in the winter as a way to keep the goat warm in colder months. For the fine underdown to be sold and processed further, it must be de-haired. De-hairing is a mechanical process that separates the coarse hairs from the fine hair. After de-hairing, the resulting cashmere is ready to be dyed and converted into textile yarn, fabrics and garments.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} De-hairing is made slightly easier by removing the undercoat by hand, rather than shaving the entire coat. This process takes much longer to remove the cashmere, but produces a much finer, higher quality fiber.

== Gathering ==
[[File:cashmeregoat shearing.png|thumb|right|Cashmere shearing. [[Corindhap, Victoria|Corindhap]], Australia.]]
Cashmere wool is collected during the spring [[moulting]] season when the goats naturally shed their winter coat. In the [[Northern Hemisphere]], the goats moult as early as March and as late as May.

In some regions, the mixed mass of down and coarse hair is removed by hand with a coarse comb that pulls tufts of fiber from the animal as the comb is raked through the fleece. Fiber collected by this method has a higher yield of pure cashmere, after it has been washed and dehaired, than does fiber produced by shearing. The long, coarse guard hair is then typically clipped from the animal and is often used for brushes, [[interfacing]]s and other non-apparel uses. Animals in [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]], [[New Zealand]], and [[Australian Cashmere goat|Australia]] are typically [[shorn]] of their fleece, resulting in a higher coarse hair content and lower pure cashmere yield. In the United States, the most popular method is combing. The process takes up to two weeks, but with a trained eye for when the fiber is releasing, it is possible to comb the fibers out in about a week. The term "baby cashmere" is used for fibers harvested from younger goats, and is reputed to be softer.

== Production ==
[[File:Shawl makers in Kashmir (1867).jpg|thumb|right|An 1867 [[William Simpson (Scottish artist)|William Simpson]] painting depicting men manufacturing [[shawl]]s using pashm wool]]
[[File:Cashmere Factory Gobi 26.JPG|thumb|Cashmere factory in [[Ulaanbaatar]]]]
[[China]] is the largest producer of raw cashmere, with production estimated to be 19,200 metric tons (in hair) per year in 2016. [[Mongolia]] is second with 8,900 tons (in hair) as of 2016,<ref>[http://nso.mn National Statistical Office of Mongolia], 2015.</ref> while [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]], [[Turkey]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Toigonbaev |first1=Sabyr |title=The finer, the better |url=https://www.dandc.eu/en/article/cashmere-kyrgyzstan-distributed-global-scale-primary-producers-however-do-not-get-fair-price |work=D+C Development and Cooperation |volume=42 |issue=4 |date=18 March 2015 |access-date=9 June 2015}}</ref> and other Central Asian republics produce lesser amounts. The annual world raw production is estimated to be between 15,000 and 20,000 tons (13,605 and 18,140 tonnes) (in hair). Pure cashmere, after removing animal grease, dirt and coarse hairs from the fleece, is estimated at 6,500 tons (5,895 tonnes). Ultra-fine Cashmere or [[Pashmina]] is still produced by communities in [[Kashmir]] but its rarity and high price, along with political instability in the region, make it very hard to source and to regulate quality. It is estimated that the average yearly production per goat is {{convert|150|g|lb}}.

Pure cashmere can be dyed and spun into yarns and [[knitted]] into [[Sweater|jumpers]] (sweaters), [[hat]]s, [[glove]]s, [[sock]]s and other clothing, or woven into [[fabric]]s and then cut and assembled into garments such as outer [[coat (clothing)|coats]], [[jacket]]s, [[trousers]] (pants), [[pajamas]], [[scarf|scarves]], [[blanket]]s, and other items. Fabric and garment producers in [[Scotland]], [[Italy]], and [[Japan]] have long been known as market leaders. Cashmere may also be blended with other fibers to bring the garment cost down, or to gain their properties, such as elasticity from wool, or sheen from silk.

The town of [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts]], in the [[United States]] was an incubator for the cashmere wool industry. It had the first power looms for woolens and the first manufacture of "[[satinet]]s". Capron Mill had the first power looms, in 1820. It burned on July 21, 2007, in the [[Bernat Mill]] fire.

In the United States, under the U.S. [[Wool Products Labeling Act]] of 1939, as amended, (15 U. S. Code Section 68b(a)(6)), a wool or textile product may be labelled as containing cashmere only if the following criteria are met:
* such wool product is the fine (dehaired) [[down hair|undercoat]] fibers produced by a cashmere goat (''Capra hircus laniger'');
* the average [[diameter]] of the fiber of such wool product does not exceed 19 [[micron]]s; and
* such wool product does not contain more than 3 percent (by weight) of cashmere fibers with average diameters that exceed 30 microns.
* the average fiber diameter may be subject to a [[coefficient of variation]] around the [[mean (average)|mean]] that shall not exceed 24 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 (15 U.S.C. § 68) |url=https://www.ftc.gov/node/119457 |website=Federal Trade Commission |access-date=13 January 2009}}</ref>

== Types of fiber ==
* Raw – fiber that has not been processed and is essentially straight from the animal
* Processed – fiber that has been through the processes of de-hairing, washing, carding, and is ready either to spin or to knit/crochet/weave
* Virgin – new fiber made into yarns, fabrics or garments for the first time
* Recycled – fibers reclaimed from scraps or fabrics that were previously woven or felted and may or may not have been previously used by the consumer from various parts of the world.

== The world cashmere industry ==
{{unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
Mongolia supplies 9,600 tons of raw cashmere per year to the world. 15% of the total raw cashmere supplied by Mongolia is being used to manufacture finished goods whereas the remaining 85% is being exported in semi processed form. 70% of the total raw material used to produce finished garments in Mongolia is being procured by Gobi Corporation with the remaining 30% being used by other producers in Mongolia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolian Cashmere - Amicus Travel Mongolia |url=https://www.amicusmongolia.com/mongolian-cashmere.html |access-date=July 9, 2025 |website=Amicus Mongolia |language=en}}</ref>

The global fashion luxury cashmere clothing market is expected to reach US$4.2 billion in 2025, growing at an annual rate of 3.86% per year between 2018 and 2025.

== History ==
[[File:Boy's Frock LACMA M.2007.211.88 (1 of 10).jpg|thumb|right|A boy's [[frock]] produced {{circa|1855}} in [[Kashmir]]; cashmere wool [[twill]] with silk embroidery and silk tassels.]]

Cashmere has been manufactured in [[Mongolia]], [[Nepal]] and [[Kashmir]] for thousands of years. The fiber is also known as ''pashm'' ([[Persian language|Persian]] for ''wool'') or ''[[pashmina]]'' (Persian/Urdu word derived from Pashm) for its use in the handmade shawls of Kashmir.<ref>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''cashmere''.</ref> References to woolen shawls appear in texts surviving from between the 3rd century BC and the 11th century AD.<ref name=ebpasm>Encyclopædia Britannica (2008). ''kashmir shawl''.</ref> However, a popular notion in Kashmir is that it was the 15th-century ruler of Kashmir, [[Zayn al-Abidin (sultan of Kashmir)|Zain-ul-Abidin]], who founded the local wool industry by bringing weavers from [[Turkestan]].<ref name=ebpasm /> Another local tradition sees the founder of all Kashmiri crafts in the famous 14th century saint [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]] who, tradition goes, brought 700 craftsmen from Persia to Kashmir.<ref>Sheraza Number (2004). Kashmir Academy Arts and Culture.(ed.), Jeelani Allaie</ref> When Ali Hamadani visited [[Ladakh]] he discovered for the first time in history the warmth and fineness of Ladakh goat wool.<ref name="Zutshi">{{cite book |last1=Zutshi |first1=Chitralekha |title=Kashmir's Contested Pasts: Narratives, Geographies, and the Historical Imagination |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199089369}}</ref> He combed some goat wool and made a pair of socks with his own hands. Afterwards he gave those socks to the king of Kashmir, Sultan Qutubdin (1374-89 AD).<ref>Rafiabadi, Hamid Naseem (2005). ''Saints and Saviours of Islam''. Sarup & Sons. {{ISBN|8176255556}}.</ref> Sultan was amazed by their durability and fineness.<ref name="Zutshi"/> Ali Hamadani brought some raw goat wool from Ladakh and suggested the king to start [[shawl]] weaving in Kashmir. That was the starting point of the usage of the cashmere wool.

Trading in commercial quantities of raw cashmere between Asia and Europe began with Valerie Audresset SA, Louviers, France, claiming to be the first European company to commercially spin cashmere.<ref name="Mcgregor">{{cite report |author=McGregor, Bruce Allan |title=Australian Cashmere Attributes and Processing |date=August 2002 |publisher=Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation |page=10 |url=https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/02-112.pdf |access-date=2008-07-21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926170119/https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/02-112.pdf |archive-date=2009-09-26}}</ref> The down was imported from Tibet through [[Kazan]], the capital of the Russian province of [[Volga]], and was used in France to create imitation woven shawls. Unlike the Kashmir shawls, the French shawls had a different pattern on each side.<ref name="NAC">{{cite encyclopedia |editor=[[George Ripley (transcendentalist)|George Ripley]] and [[Charles Anderson Dana|Charles A. Dana]] |encyclopedia=[[The New American Cyclopedia]] |title=Cashmere |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i4oT9yX-KeMC&q=cashmere+weaving&pg=PA514 |access-date=August 17, 2010 |year=1861 |publisher=[[D. Appleton & Company]] |volume=IV |location=New York |pages=514}}</ref> The imported cashmere was spread out on large sieves and beaten with sticks to open the fibers and clear away the dirt. After opening, the cashmere was washed and children removed the coarse hair. The down was then carded and combed using the same methods used for [[worsted]] spinning.<ref>Newton, W. (1836). ''The London Journal of Arts and Sciences and Repertory of Arts And Sciences and Repertory of Patent Inventions''. p.423.</ref><ref>Gilroy, Clinton G. (1844). ''The Art of Weaving, by Hand and by Power, With an Introductory Account of Its Rise and Progress in Ancient and Modern Times''. New York: George D. Baldwin. pp. 270–71.</ref>

In the 18th and early 19th centuries, Kashmir (then called cashmere by the British) had a thriving industry producing shawls from goat down imported from Tibet and Tartary through Ladakh. The down trade was controlled by treaties signed as a result of previous wars<ref>Bell, James (1829). ''A System of Geography Popular and Scientific or a Physical, Political and Statistical Account of the World and Its Various Divisions''. London.</ref> The Shawls were introduced into western Europe when General Napoleon Bonaparte sent one to Paris from his campaign in Ottoman Egypt. The shawl's arrival is said to have created an immediate sensation and plans were put in place to start manufacturing the product in France.<ref>"Cashmere", ''The New American Cyclopedia'', IV (1861), p.514.</ref>

In 1799 at his factory in Reims, [[William-Louis Ternaux]], the leading woolens manufacturer in France under Napoleon, began to produce imitation India shawls (''cachemires'') using the wool of Spanish merino sheep. By 1811, with government assistance, Ternaux also began experimenting with the production of real India shawls using what he called ''laine de Perse'', i.e., the down (''duvet'') of Tibetan-cashmere goats.<ref>Ternaux, William (1819). "Notice sur l'importation en France des chèvres à laine de cachemire, originaires du Thibet", ''Bulletin de la société pour l'industrie,'' XVIII.</ref> In 1818, Ternaux resolved to help establish herds of cashmere goats in France. A famous expedition to Persia was organized, led by the orientalist and diplomat [[Pierre Amédée Jaubert]], to be financed in part by the French government. Of the acquired herd of 1,500 animals, only 256 arrived safely in the spring of 1819 at Marseilles and Toulon via the Crimea. About 100 of the cashmere goats were then purchased by the French government (at 2,000 francs each) and sent to the royal sheep farm at Perpignan. The remainder, about 180 including new-borns, went to Ternaux's property at [[Saint-Ouen-sur-Seine|Saint-Ouen]] outside Paris.<ref>Ternaux, William (1822). ''Recueil des pièces sur l'importation et naturalisation en France par MM. Ternaux et Jaubert des chèvres de race thibetaine, ou chèvres à duvet de Cachemire''. Paris.</ref> Although Ternaux had little success getting small farmers to add cashmeres to their sheep herds, a few wealthy landowners were willing to experiment with the goats. For example, Ternaux's herd was seen in 1823 by C.T.Tower of Weald Hall, Essex, England. Tower purchased two female and two male goats and took them back to England, wherein 1828 he was awarded a gold medal by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce for rearing a herd of cashmeres. Also, a few of Ternaux's goats were purchased for a model farm at Grignon, near [[Versailles]], run by M. Polonceau. Polonceau crossbred the cashmeres with Angora goats to improve the down for spinning and weaving. This Cashmere-Angora herd was seen by William Riley of New South Wales in 1828, and again in 1831 when Riley purchased thirteen of the goats for trans-shipment to Australia. At the time, the average production of the Polonceau herd was 16 ounces (500 grams) of down. Ternaux's herd at St. Ouen still numbered 150 when the famous industrialist died in 1833. The herd at Perpignan died out by 1829.<ref>Southey, Thomas (1851). ''The Rise, Progress and Present State of Colonial Sheep & Wools''. London: Effingham Wilson.</ref><ref>"On the Cashmere-Angora Shawl Goat", in ''American Journal of Science and Art'', vol 25 (January 1834)</ref><ref>"Cashmere Shawls, Part II", ''Saturday Magazine'', Vol 19 (London 1841), 13–14.</ref>

By 1830, weaving cashmere shawls with French-produced yarn had become an important Scottish industry. The Scottish Board of Trustees for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures offered a 300 [[pound sterling]] reward to the first person who could spin cashmere in Scotland based on the French system. [[Charles_Stuart_Cochrane |Captain Charles Stuart Cochrane]] collected the required information while in Paris and received a Scottish patent for the process in 1831. In the autumn of 1831, he sold the patent to Henry Houldsworth and sons of Glasgow. In 1832 Henry Houldsworth and sons commenced the manufacture of yarn, and in 1833 received the reward.<ref name="Scotland">{{cite book |author=The Ministers of the respective parishes |title=The New Statistical Account of Scotland, Volume VI |publisher=William Blackwood & sons |location=Edinburgh and London |year=1854 |page=168 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RaICAAAAMAAJ&q=Cochrane+cashmere&pg=PA168}}</ref>

[[Dawson International]] claim to have invented the first commercial dehairing machine in 1890, and from 1906 they purchased cashmere from China, but were restricted to purchasing fiber from Beijing and Tianjin until 1978. In 1978 trade was liberalised and Dawson International began buying cashmere from many provinces.<ref name="Mcgregor" />

Many early textile centers developed as part of the American Industrial Revolution. Among them, the [[Blackstone Valley]] became a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution. The town of [[Uxbridge, Massachusetts]], became an early textile center in the Blackstone Valley which was known for the manufacture of cashmere wool and satinets.

Austrian Textile Manufacturer [[Bernhard Altmann]] is credited with bringing cashmere to the United States of America on a mass scale beginning in 1947.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vintage Fashion Guild : Label Resource : Altmann, Bernhard |url=https://vintagefashionguild.org/resources/item/label/altmann-bernhard/ |work=vintagefashionguild.org}}</ref>

Attempts to improve Afghanistan's cashmere industry by importing Italian goats in the 2010s have been criticized as wasteful.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Walker |first=Tim |date=2016-01-21 |title=Men who spent $6m on goats: US's failed cashmere plot in Afghanistan revealed |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-cashmere-plot-pentagon-s-6m-project-to-introduce-rare-goats-to-afghanistan-failed-to-stimulate-economy-a6826251.html |url-status=live |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610085829/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-cashmere-plot-pentagon-s-6m-project-to-introduce-rare-goats-to-afghanistan-failed-to-stimulate-economy-a6826251.html |archive-date=2021-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gault |first=Matthew |date=2016-04-20 |title=Afghanistan's Failed Goat Farm Is the Perfect American Disaster |url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/afghanistan-s-failed-goat-farm-is-the-perfect-american-disaster-ed2114523b44 |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Toosi |first=Nahal |title='The Donald Trump of inspectors general' |url=http://politi.co/2isbCvY |access-date=2021-08-27 |website=[[Politico]] |date=May 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==Criticism of industry==
{{Clothing and the environment}}
The production of cashmere wool has been criticized for the detrimental [[Environmental impact of fashion|environmental effects]] directly resulting from raising the herds. The high demand for cashmere is causing [[grasslands]] in China and Mongolia to disappear, [[air pollution]] to increase and the herds to starve.<ref name="Chinadesert" /><ref name="Grassland" /> Factories in Alashan are forced to close several days a week due to water rationing as the deserts there expand by 400 square miles per year.<ref name="Chinadesert" /> As of 2016, the degradation of 65% of the grasslands in the area has been linked to a four-degree Fahrenheit increase in the temperature of Mongolia, three degrees higher than temperatures in other areas of the world. With proper management, the grasslands could recover in the space of ten years. Mitigation efforts include changing trades, grazing bans, hand-feeding the goats, and attempting to convince Mongolian herders to raise [[yaks]] or [[camels]] instead of or in addition to fewer goats, as the hair from these animals is also valuable and their impact on grasslands is less.<ref name="Chinadesert" /><ref name="Grassland" />

Air pollution, caused by the combination of industrial heavy burning of coal creating atmospheric particulates, and the desert dust storms resulting from disappearing grasslands in China and Mongolia, crosses the Pacific Ocean to the Americas. Health officials in Canada, China, Mongolia and the US have had to issue air quality warnings to the public.<ref name="Chinadesert" />

The demand for the fiber has caused some vendors, both knowingly and not, to sell yarns or textiles containing little to no cashmere<ref name="Lanham" /> representing themselves as being composed of cashmere. Wool and other fibers have been mixed in by unscrupulous manufacturers, deliberately selling mislabeled items to well-known department stores. Complaints of mislabeling after testing for cashmere content were reported by the Cashmere and Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute to the [[Federal Trade Commission]], leading to more stringent examination of cashmere products.<ref name="Crackdown" />

As part of achieving [[Cradle to Cradle]] "gold" certification for its clothing, in January 2023, fashion brand [[Ralph Lauren Corporation|Ralph Lauren]] announced it would provide shipping labels to return cashmere clothes of any brand to be recycled by [[Re-Verso]] in [[Tuscany]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Paton |first=Elizabeth |date=2023-01-24 |title=Who Will Take Your Old Cashmere? |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/24/fashion/ralph-lauren-cashmere-recycling-program.html |access-date=2023-07-20 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Pashmina]]
* [[Shahtoosh]]
* [[International Year of Natural Fibres]]
* [[Environmental impact of fashion]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=0578 Cashmere is Scottish (1973)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713000255/http://ssa.nls.uk/film.cfm?fid=0578 |date=2012-07-13 }}, an archive film featuring [[Joanna Lumley]]. From the [[Scottish Screen#The Archive|Scottish Screen Archive]] at [[National Library of Scotland]]

{{fibers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cashmere wool| ]]
[[Category:Economy of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Economy of Mongolia]]

Aamis

2026-05-06T14:48:31Z

BenWunderly: stub

{{Short description|2019 Indian romantic horror film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aamis
| image = Aamis official poster.jpg
| alt = Official film poster
| caption = Official film poster
| director = [[Bhaskar Hazarika]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
* Shyam Bora
* Poonam Deol
}}
| writer = Bhaskar Hazarika
| based_on =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Lima Das
* Arghadeep Baruah
}}
| narrator =
| music = Quan Bay
| cinematography = Riju Das
| editing = Shweta Rai Chamling
| studio = {{plainlist|
* Signum Productions
* Metanormal Motion Pictures
* Wishberry Films
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2019|4|28|[[Tribeca Film Festival|TFF]]|2019|11|22|India|df=y}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aamis''''' ({{langx|en|'''Ravening'''}}) is a 2019 Indian [[Assamese language|Assamese]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[horror film]] written and directed by [[Bhaskar Hazarika]]. It explores [[taboo]] themes through an unconventional love story centered around food, obsession, and the [[macabre]].

The film was produced by Signum Productions and Metanormal Motion Pictures,<ref name="1.6crore">{{cite web |title=Busan: Helmer Hazarika Looks to Complete Funding for 'Voracious' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/asia/busan-helmer-hazarika-looks-to-complete-funding-for-voracious-1202590251/ |date=15 October 2017}}</ref> with Shyam Bora and Poonam Deol producing. It stars Lima Das and Arghadeep Baruah in the lead roles.

==Background==
The development process was marked by meticulous research into [[Assamese cuisine]], which plays a pivotal role in the narrative, due to the story's setting. ''Aamis'' had its world premiere at the [[Tribeca Film Festival]], where it was nominated in five categories in the festival's "International Narrative" section.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/assamese-film-aamis-to-compete-at-tribeca-film-fest/1491622 | title=Assamese film Aamis to compete at Tribeca film fest | work=outlookindia.com}}</ref> It was released in India on 22 November 2019.<ref name="fp">{{cite news |title=Anurag Kashyap to present Bhaskar Hazarika's Aamis, set in Assam; film to release in India on 22 November |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/anurag-kashyap-to-present-bhaskar-hazarikas-aamis-set-in-assam-film-to-release-in-india-on-22-november-7501091.html | work=firstpost.com | date=15 October 2019 |access-date=15 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Assamese film ''Aamis'' gets a novel release plan |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/assamese-film-aamis-gets-a-novel-release-plan/1665962 |date=19 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019 | url-status=live | website=outlookindia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111150919/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/assamese-film-aamis-gets-a-novel-release-plan/1665962 |archive-date=11 January 2020 }}</ref>

==Plot==
Sumon is a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] student who researches meat-eating habits of the people of [[Northeast India]] and cooks various meat dishes for his friends as a hobby. Nirmali is a doctor who feels unsatisfied with her marriage, and she constantly covers up for her friend Jumi, who is having an extramarital affair. Sumon and Nirmali meet when she has to treat his friend for indigestion, and they form a friendship over an interest in food. Sumon cooks meat dishes for Nirmali and takes her to various eateries as their friendship progresses. Soon, he starts obsessing over her, to the detriment of his studies. Nirmali's marriage worsens, and she begins spending more time with Sumon, though she does not reciprocate his feelings.

As his obsession gets out of hand, Sumon approaches his friend Elias, a vet, to cut off a part of his flesh, ostensibly for research. In truth, he plans to cook and serve it to Nirmali, as a way to make their bond stronger. Nirmali eats the dish, assuming it to be something else, and enjoys it more than anything she has ever tasted. When Sumon reveals its actual ingredients, Nirmali is disgusted at first, but she soon starts craving human flesh.

The relationship gradually becomes twisted, as they begin feeding each other their flesh in turn. Nirmali's addiction intensifies, and she ends up craving a large portion of human flesh to satiate her hunger. To help her, Sumon kills a rickshaw driver but is caught in the act. The police discover his connection to Nirmali through their texts and apprehend her as well, and their arrest and exposure as [[Cannibalism|cannibals]] causes a local scandal. At the police station, Sumon and Nirmali hold hands as they are presented in front of the media, with their faces covered.

==Cast==
* Lima Das as Nirmali Saikia
* Arghadeep Baruah as Sumon
* Neetali Das as Jumi
* Sagar Saurabh as Elias Ahmad
* Manash K Das as Dilip
* Utkal Hazowari as Inspector
* Chandan Bhuyan as Bora
* Samarjyoti Sarkar as Rickshaw driver
* Siddharth Boro as Eddie
* Momee Borah as Mina
* Jishnu Kashyap as Pikoo
* Uddipta K Bhattacharya as Sumon's friend

==Production==
Fresh off of his success from his 2015 directorial debut, ''[[Kothanodi]]'', Bhaskar Hazarika knew his next project would be tough to pitch.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |title=I Have an Extremely Bleak View of Humanity: National Award Winner Bhaskar Hazarika |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/i-have-an-extremely-bleak-view-of-humanity-national-award-winner-bhaskar-hazarika |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Outlook India}}</ref> Due to the taboo nature of the subject material, Hazarika sought out a tactful approach to address the topic without infringing on censorship protocol. In April 2024, he addressed this directly, saying, "Now, the Censor Board can cut scenes, but not ideas".<ref name=":0" />

When asked how the concept for the film developed, Hazarika mentioned watching a video of people eating a non-vegetarian meal. This sparked the idea for a concept he referred to as "not a dark love story but a sad one... a Romeo and Juliet kind of love story", covering themes of "repression, addiction, and the consequences of committing crimes".<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Assam |first=Diversity |date=16 July 2024 |title=Aamis: An Assamese Psychological Masterpiece (2019) |url=https://diversityassam.com/entertainment/aamis-ravening-assamese-movie/ |access-date=5 December 2024}}</ref>

In many ways, Hazarika has attempted to shift away from [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] tradition, relishing in the flexibility of independent film.<ref name=":0" /> He opted to cast unknown actors due to the film's limited budget. The film was the acting debut for Lima Das, who is a doctor and dancer in real life.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lima Das, the doctor who dances |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/Lima-Das-the-doctor-who-dances/article13999436.ece#:~:text=Guwahati-based%20Sattriya%20dancer%20and%20doctor%20Lima%20Das%20is%20one,in%20academics%20and%20the%20arts. |date=14 January 2016 |access-date=5 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

There are distinct similarities between ''Kothanodi'' and ''Aamis'', stemming largely from the strange and gritty horror elements, but the director himself notes a stark difference: whereas ''Kothanodi'' was a "sledgehammer – elemental and raw, ''Aamis'' is all about feel".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=3 April 2019 |title=In Assamese film 'Aamis', an insatiable appetite for love and meat has strange consequences |url=https://scroll.in/reel/918741/in-assamese-film-aamis-an-insatiable-appetite-for-love-and-meat-has-strange-consequences |access-date=5 December 2024 |website=Scroll.in}}</ref>

==Reception==
Deborah Young for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrote, "One would have liked the story to end on some unexpected note of unfettered imagination in keeping with the defiant spirit of what has gone before. The moralistic ending really takes it down a notch."<ref>{{cite news |last=Young |first=Deborah |title='Ravening' ('Aamis'): Film Review {{!}} Tribeca 2019 |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-reviews/ravening-aamis-1209113/ |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=9 May 2019}}</ref> Anannya Baruah for ''[[HuffPost]]'' wrote, "Meat isn't just Nirmali and Sumon's means of sublimating their desire and feeling better about not committing adultery; it has always been the object of caste, religious and regional discrimination—a rationalisation for the violent dehumanisation of certain bodies."<ref>{{cite news |last=Baruah |first=Anannya |title='Aamis' Is About the Rotting of Unexpressed Desire. Or Is It? |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/aamis-movie-assam-meat-bhaskar-hazarika-lima-das_in_5d88b159e4b0957256ba484f |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[HuffPost]] |date=24 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230506094730/https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/aamis-movie-assam-meat-bhaskar-hazarika-lima-das_in_5d88b159e4b0957256ba484f |archive-date=6 May 2023}}</ref> Allan Hunter for ''[[Screen International|Screen Daily]]'', invoking echoes of ''[[The Lunchbox]]'', wrote, "The delicate, decorous nature of the relationship is sweetly captured. Hazarika encourages our investment in the couple and how they might engineer a future together. Affection is expressed in shy smiles and lingering glances. Arghadeep is particularly good at conveying the doe-eyed devotion of Sumon. There is an echo of 'The Lunchbox' in a film that might, initially at least, beguile food lovers and incurable romantics alike."<ref>{{cite news |last=Hunter |first=Allan |title='Aamis' ('Ravening'): Tribeca Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/aamis-ravening-tribeca-review/5138814.article |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[Screen International|Screen Daily]] |date=27 April 2019}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "A Serbian Film, Aamis is exactly what you get when you suffocate unsuspecting people under systems of oppression."<ref>{{cite news |last=Naahar |first=Rohan |title=Aamis movie review: A maniacal feast for hungry masses; irresistibly insane |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/aamis-movie-review-anurag-kashyap-presents-a-maniacal-feast-for-hungry-masses-an-irresistibly-insane-romance-101633333028391.html |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=4 October 2021}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote, "The film devotes a lot of time to cooking, eating, chatting, texting, and the screenplay, full of dialogue and detailed cooking and eating scenes, delivers it all with a beaming smile and a powerful comment on the politics of food."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Suparna |title=Aamis (The Ravening) movie review: A plateful of succulent taboos |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/241119/aamis-the-ravening-movie-review-a-plateful-of-succulent-taboos-1.html |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=24 November 2019}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' praised Hazarika and wrote, "Not for the faint-hearted or squeamish, Aamis is an unusual, brilliant film, and Hazarika one of India's most gifted filmmakers."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Aamis movie review: An unusual, brilliant film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/aamis-movie-review-6130038/ |url-access=limited |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 November 2019}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' wrote, "There is a lot of meat eating; the food shots are lovingly composed. The film suggests that just like we all have different tastes and appetites when it comes to food, we also have varied moral palates and desires."<ref>{{cite news |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=Aamis Movie Review: Its an Incomparably Satiating Experience |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/aamis-movie-review-its-an-incomparably-satiating-experience-2397429.html |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=23 November 2019}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref>

''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' wrote, "The assertions that 'love by itself is enough' or 'love solves everything' seem disconnected from the larger truth: that love can also be evil, that love – or say, obsession – can cross a line, too."<ref>{{cite news |last=Thakur |first=Tanul |title=Movie Review: Without Trying to, 'Aamis' Tells Us Love by Itself Is Not Enough |url=https://thewire.in/film/aamis-movie-review |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=24 November 2019}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Quint]]'' wrote, "In a film where every frame is so thoughtfully done, the climax was a dampener. But there's redemption in the final shot where both Sumon and Nirmali touch each other for the first time."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bagchi |first=Tanisha |title='Aamis' Questions the Normal Through an Unusual Love Story |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/aamis-bhaskar-hazarika-movie-review |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=21 November 2019}}{{rating|4|5}}</ref> Ishrat Jahan Holy for ''[[The Business Standard]]'' wrote, "Aamis is a bold genius of Bhaskar Hazarika and it relies on its slow revelations. As the film progresses, it gently comes out from its 'The Lunchbox'-esque atmosphere and takes the darkest possible turn."<ref>{{cite news |last=Holy |first=Ishrat Jahan |title=Aamis: A hauntingly beautiful love story |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/glitz/aamis-hauntingly-beautiful-love-story-319666 |access-date=6 May 2023 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=23 October 2021}}</ref>

==Awards==
Source:<ref name=":1" />
* Singapore South Asian International Film Festival: Best Director (Bhaskar Hazarika) and Best Female Actor (Lima Das)
* [[Sailadhar Baruah]] Memorial Film Awards: Best Actor—female (Lima Das), Best Music (Quan Bay), Best Sound Design (Gautam Nair)
* Assam State Film Awards 2019: Best Direction, Best Music, Best [[Audiography]], Best Screenplay, Best Actress
* Imagine India: Best Actress (Lima Das)—nominated

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt9010522}}
* [https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/aamis/SONYLIV_VOD_MOVIE_1000137795 Aamis] at [https://www.airtelxstream.in/ Airtel Xstream Play]
* [https://www.watchmyfilm.com/movie/aamis Aamis] at [https://www.moviesaints.com/home Movie Saints]

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Assam]]
[[Category:2010s Assamese-language films]]

Al-Ameen Memorial Minority College

2026-05-05T15:27:10Z

BenWunderly: new

{{Proposed deletion/dated
|concern = Fails [[WP:GNG]] and [[WP:NSCHOOL]]
|timestamp = 20260505152710
|nom = Filmssssssssssss
|help = off
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Al-Ameen Memorial Minority College
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = AMMC
| former_name = 
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = [[Public]]
| established = {{start date and age|2004}}
| closed = 
| founder = Al-haj Md. Roushan Ali
| parent =
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] (B Grade)
| affiliation = [[University of Calcutta]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal = Dr. Nurul Haque
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff = 46
| administrative_staff =
| students = 2,468 +
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = Jogibattala, [[Baruipur]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| postcode = 700144
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.3775743|N|88.4222012|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| sports =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{URL|https://www.alameenmemorial.org/}}
| logo =
| logo_size = 100px
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Al-Ameen Memorial Minority College''', established in 2004, is an undergraduate co-educational college at Jogibattala, [[Baruipur]], [[South 24 Parganas district]] . This is the first Muslim Minority General Degree College in West Bengal. This college is affiliated to the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated College of University of Calcutta | url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/student/college.html#}}</ref>

==Departments==

===Arts===
*[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
*[[English language|English]]
*[[History]]
*[[Islamic History]] & [[Culture]]
*[[Arabic]]
*[[Philosophy]]
*[[Education]]
*[[Urdu]]
*[[Political Science]]

==Additionally, the college offers the following courses==

*[[Spoken English]]
*Spoken [[Arabic]]
*[[Translation]]
*Computer Skills

These courses are designed to improve students' language proficiency and technical skills, ensuring a strong foundation for professional growth.

The National Council For Promotion of Urdu Language ([[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]]), under the Ministry of Education, Government of India ([[Ministry of Education (India)]]

Offers the following courses at a nominal cost:

1. Certificate in Arabic Language

Duration: 1 Year

A foundational course designed to develop basic proficiency in the Arabic language.

2. Diploma in Functional Arabic

Duration: 2 Years

Aimed at providing practical skills in Arabic, focusing on its functional use in professional and everyday settings.

3. Diploma in Urdu Language

Duration: 1 Year

A comprehensive course to enhance fluency and understanding of the Urdu language.

All these courses are not mandatory for those who are interested.

==Accreditation==

Al-Ameen Memorial Minority College, affiliated with the [[University of Calcutta]], has been accredited by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC) an autonomous body under the [[University Grants Commission (India)]] (UGC) of India. The college was awarded a '''B''' grade with a Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) of 2.10 on a four-point scale. This accreditation was granted on January 30, 2025, and is valid until January 29, 2030.

== See also ==
*[[List of colleges affiliated to the University of Calcutta]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.alameenmemorial.org http://www.ammcollege.org]

{{University of Calcutta}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2004]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta affiliates]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in South 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Islam in West Bengal]]

{{Kolkata-university-stub}}

Shornur Assembly constituency

2026-05-04T09:38:02Z

BenWunderly: new - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shornur
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 51
| map_image = IndianRailway StationSignBoard.jpg
| map_caption = [[Shoranur Junction railway station]], the largest railway station in the state in terms of area.
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,51,911 (2021)
| mla = [[P. Mammikutty]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]
}}
'''Shornur State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Palakkad Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Palakkad district, Kerala.
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[P. Mammikutty]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Shornur Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/palakkad.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Palakkad District
}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Shoranur]]
|Municipality
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|2
|[[Cherpulassery]]
|Municipality
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|3
|[[Ananganadi]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|4
|[[Chalavara]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|5
|[[Nellaya Gramapanchayath|Nellaya]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|6
|[[Thrikkadeeri-I|Thrikkadeeri]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|7
|[[Vaniyamkulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|-
|8
|[[Vellinezhi]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Ottapalam]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Shornur Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/shornur-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Shornur
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| [[K. S. Saleekha]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-

| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| [[P. K. Sasi]]
| 2016 – 2021
|-

| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| rowspan=2| [[P. Mammikutty]]
| rowspan=2| [[Incumbent]]
|-

| [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 16th
|}
{{notelist}}

== Election results ==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Shornur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = [[P. Mammikutty]]
|votes = 70583
|percentage = 44.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = P. Harigovindhan
|votes = 54,066
|percentage = 33.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Sanku T. Das
|votes = 33,264
|percentage = 20.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 947
|percentage = 0.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 160,123
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,93,992 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2021, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2021}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Shornur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=P. Mammikutty|votes=74,400|percentage=48.98|change={{increase}}2.27|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=T. H. Firoz Babu|votes=37,726|percentage=24.83|change={{decrease}}4.55|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sandeep Varier|votes=36,973|percentage=24.34|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Muhammad Musthafa|votes=1,251|percentage=0.82|change={{decrease}}0.06|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=T. C. Ayyappankutty|votes=883|percentage=0.58|change={{increase}}0.04|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=678|percentage=0.45|change=-|}}
{{Election box margin of victory||votes=36,674|percentage=24.15|change={{increase}}6.82}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,51,911|percentage=78.31|change={{increase}}1.68}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{increase}}2.27|}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,84,867 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Shornur}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=P. K. Sasi|votes=66,165|percentage=46.71|change={{decrease}}2.86|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=C. Sangeetha|votes=41,618|percentage=29.38|change={{decrease}}8.97|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharath Dharma Jana Sena|candidate=V. P. Chandran|votes=28,836|percentage=20.36|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=M. Saidalavi|votes=1,246|percentage=0.88|change={{decrease}}1.67|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Harish Muhammed|votes=882|percentage=0.62|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=800|percentage=0.56|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Anandan K. K.|votes=764|percentage=0.54|change={{decrease}}0.20|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=A. Radhakrishnan|votes=697|percentage=0.49|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Shiv Sena|candidate=P. K. Anumon|votes=407|percentage=0.29|change=-|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent politician|candidate=Moindeesa Moloor|votes=247|percentage=0.17|change=-}}{{Election box margin of victory||votes=24,547|percentage=17.33|change={{increase}}6.11}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,41,662|percentage=76.63|change={{increase}}3.25}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|swing={{decrease}}2.86}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,63,885 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|accessdate=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Shornur}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=K. S. Saleekha|votes=59,616|percentage=49.57|change=-|}}{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Santha Jayaram|votes=46,123|percentage=38.35|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=V. B. Muralidharan|votes=10,562|percentage=8.78|change=|}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Khalid A.|votes=3,065|percentage=2.55|change=|}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=M. C. Velayudhan|votes=894|percentage=0.74|change=-|}}

{{Election box margin of victory||votes=13,493|percentage=11.22|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,20,260|percentage=73.38|change={{increase}}1.25}}

{{Election box new seat win|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Shornur]]
* [[Palakkad district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Palakkad district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

John Cook (Scottish soldier)

2026-05-04T04:34:39Z

BenWunderly: Made biography...

{{short description|Recipient of the Victoria Cross}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox military person
|name=John Cook
|honorific_suffix=
|image=Major John Cook VC.png
|image_size= 220
|caption=Major Cook, depicted in the ''Illustrated London News''
|birth_date={{birth date|df=y|1843|8|28}}
|death_date={{death date and age|df=y|1879|12|19|1843|8|28}}
|birth_place=[[Edinburgh]], Scotland
|death_place=[[Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment|Sherpur]], Afghanistan
|burial_place=[[Sherpur Cantonment]] Cemetery, [[Kabul]]
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{army|British India}}
|service_years=
|rank=
|unit=[[Bengal Staff Corps]] / [[5 Gorkha Rifles|5th Gurkha Rifles]]
|commands=
|battles=
{{plainlist|
*[[Ambela campaign|Umbeyla Frontier Campaign]]
*[[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] {{KIA}}
}}
|awards=[[Victoria Cross]]
|relations=
|other_work=
}}
[[Major (rank)|Major]] '''John Cook''' [[Victoria Cross|VC]] (28 August 1843 – 19 December 1879) was a [[Scotland|Scottish]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. An officer of the [[Bengal Staff Corps]] who transferred to the [[5 Gorkha Rifles|5th Gurkha Rifles]], Cook was a veteran of the [[Ambela campaign|Umbeyla Campaign]] who received the VC posthumously for his actions during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]].

==Early life==
Born in [[Edinburgh]], Cook was educated at [[Edinburgh Academy]] before attending the [[Scottish Naval and Military Academy]] in [[Edinburgh]] from 1856 to 1858, Dr Greig's School in [[London]] from 1858 to 1859, and finally the [[Addiscombe Military Seminary|Royal India Military College]] at [[Addiscombe]] from 1859 to 1860.<ref>India Office, L/MIL/9/250 ff.218</ref>

==Military career==
Cook sailed to India in late 1861 at the age of eighteen, joining the [[British Indian Army]], [[Bengal Staff Corps]] as an [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] before being promoted [[lieutenant]] on 29 March 1862,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=22639|page=3323|date=1 July 1862}}</ref> and soon after his arrival was posted to the [[3rd Sikh Infantry]].<ref>[http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/portal/files/2425201/Cook_mphil_2013.pdf Discovery Dundee – Cook family papers]</ref>
[[File:3rd Sikhs (5 FF), Kabul 1879.jpg|thumb|3rd Sikh Infantry at Kabul, 1879.|350px]]
He was [[mentioned in despatches]] for his services in the [[Umbeyla Campaign]] in 1863,<ref>[https://collection.nam.ac.uk/detail.php?q=1&acc=1975-04-73-1-04-73-1 National Army Museum – Major John Cook VC]</ref> and also distinguished himself while serving as [[adjutant]] of his regiment in the Black Mountain campaign, [[Hazara Expedition]] of 1868 on the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North West Frontier]].<ref>Weekes (2009), p.61</ref><ref name="Hensman 2009, p.242">Hensman (2009), p.242</ref>

After being promoted [[captain]] on 19 December 1872,<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=23962|page=1714|date=28 March 1873}}</ref> Cook transferred to the [[5 Gorkha Rifles|5th Gurkha Rifles]] as wing commander in 1873.<ref name=stewart/>

On 24 September 1878 at the beginning of the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], the 5th Gurkha Rifles were warned for active service, and in October proceeded from [[Abbottabad]] to Thal. Here it joined Sir [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Frederick Robert]]'s [[Kurram Valley Field Force]]. Cook crossed the frontier with his regiment as part of Brigadier-General Thelwall's 2nd Brigade and following the reconnaissance of [[Peiwar Kotal Pass]], won his Victoria Cross on the slopes of the Spingawai Kotal, or White Cow Pass. Captain Cook led repeated charges against enemy barricades with a joint force of 5th Gurkhas and 72nd Highlanders. At dawn, as the Afghans fled their positions, Cook collected a few men and charged and killed a large number of enemy who were trying to rescue one of their guns before going to the aide of Major Galbraith. Cook's helmet was pierced by an enemy bullet.<ref>[http://www.britishempire.co.uk/forces/armyunits/gurkha/5thgurkhas.htm British Empire Website – 5th Gurkha Rifles]</ref><ref>National Archives, London, document WO 32/7381</ref>

===Gallantry recognized===
Just days after the action, Major Galbraith wrote to General Roberts a report dated 'Camp near Zabbardast Kila, 5 December 1878:<ref name=stewart/><ref>[http://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/portal/files/2425201/Cook_mphil_2013.pdf Discovery Dundee – Cook Family papers]</ref>

{{quote|I have the honour to submit the following statement in the hope that should you see fit you will bring the name of Captain Cook, 5th Goorkha Regiment, to the favourable notice of His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief. "On the morning of the 2nd December 1878, after our troops had stormed the second entrenchment above the "Spin Gawai", the enemy attempted to rally in the woods at our right flank, and at the same moment about 150 to 200 men were observed moving down from a height on the left. The latter were at first supposed to be our own sepoys, and were thus enabled to approach unmolested within 50 yards of the entrenchment, when, their identity being established, Captain Cook opened fire with about 15 to 20 of his men. A very heavy fire was interchanged for two or three minutes, during which time he was reinforced by about 12 men of his own regiment and the [[72nd Highlanders]]. Seeing that the enemy had a mountain gun with them, he charged out of the entrenchment with such impetuosity that the enemy broke and fled, leaving many of their men and three battery mules on the ground. At the close of the mêlée I was on the left flank of the Goorkhas when a man rushed towards me from behind. I had seen him advancing but thought him a friendly sepoy, until he raised his rifle at about three yards from me, fortunately an intervening tree sheltered me for the moment, and gave me time to turn and discharge my pistol at him without effect. Captain Cook seeing my danger, with a shout distracted his attention to himself, and aiming a sword cut which the Duranee avoided, sprang upon him, and grasping his throat, grappled with him. They both fell upon the ground, the Duranee, a most powerful man, still endeavouring to use his rifle and seizing Captain Cook's arm in his teeth, until I was able to end the struggle by shooting him through the head. The whole affair was the work of [a moment] but I feel convinced that but for Captain Cook's prompt endeavour to draw the man's fire upon himself, I should, in all probability, have been shot before I could have again discharged my pistol, several others of the enemy were at the time within a few yards of us."<ref name=stewart/>}}

==Victoria Cross==
He was 35 years old, and a [[Captain (land and air)|captain]] in the [[Bengal Staff Corps]], [[British Indian Army]], and [[5 Gorkha Rifles|5th Gurkha Rifles]] during the [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:
{{quote|For a signal act of valour at the action of the [[Battle of Peiwar Kotal|Peiwar Kotal]] on the 2nd December, 1878, in having, during a very heavy, fire, charged out of the entrenchments with such impetuosity that the enemy broke and fled, when, perceiving, at the close of the melee, the danger of Major Galbraith, Assistant Adjutant-General, Kurum Column Field Force, who was in personal conflict with an Afghan soldier, Captain Cook distracted his attention to himself, and aiming a sword cut which the Douranee avoided, sprang upon him, and, grasping his throat, grappled with him.
They both fell to the ground. The Douranee, a most powerful man, still endeavouring to use his rifle, seized Captain Cook's arm in his teeth until the struggle was ended by the man being shot through the head.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24697|page=2241|date=18 March 1879}}</ref>}}

He was promoted to the [[Brevet (military)#United Kingdom|brevet]] rank of [[Major (rank)|major]] on 22 November 1879 in recognition of his services during the Afghan Campaign.<ref name="Weekes 2009, pp.61–62">Weekes (2009), pp.61–62</ref><ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24785|page=6587|date=21 November 1879}}</ref>

==Death in action==
Cook was attached to [[Herbert Macpherson|Macpherson]]'s Brigade during the December 1879 [[Siege of the Sherpur Cantonment]] at Kabul. On 11 December, Cook participated in the attempt to attack the Afghans in the rear at Argundeh but – faced by overwhelming numbers – they were forced to fall back towards Sherpur. Late in the day, Cook distinguished himself in the rearguard action which saved the brigade's baggage. He fought a determined throng of Afghans, and resorted to a bayonet charge which he led with his brother, Lieutenant Walter Cook, 3rd Sikhs, which forced the Afghans to withdraw. Unfortunately Walter Cook was shot in the chest and was carried wounded to the Sherpur Cantonment and John Cook received a head wound.<ref name="Hensman 2009, p.242"/><ref name=stewart/>

The next day, 12 December, John Cook was still able to take part in the attack on the That-i-Shah peak, which dominated the high ground around Kabul. During this action Major Cook received a fatal wound, being struck by a bullet that passed through the bone of his left leg below the knee. After spending the night on the hill in the open he was taken to the hospital at the besieged Sherpur, but died of wounds on 19 December 1879.<ref name="Hensman 2009, p.242"/><ref name=stewart/><ref>{{cite book|author=Colonel H. E. Weekes|title=History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles: 1858 to 1928|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gha-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|year=2011|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=978-1-78149-333-5|page=61}}</ref>

On 21 December 1879, Major John Cook was buried in the [[Sherpur Cantonment]] British Cemetery, locally known as the 'Gora Kabar' which literally means 'White Graveyard'.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2010-jan-06-la-fg-afghan-cemetery6-2010jan06-story.html |title=Afghanistan cemetery holds memories of foreigners |newspaper=Los Angeles Times|author=Perry, Tony |date=6 January 2010 |access-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> He was [[mentioned in despatches]] by Frederick Roberts on 23 January 1880.<ref name="Weekes 2009, pp.61–62"/>

==Medals and awards==
* [[Victoria Cross]] on 21 March 1879.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=8984|page=274|date=21 March 1879|city=e}}</ref>
* [[Mentioned in Despatches]] in May 1880.<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=24841|page=2848|date=4 May 1880}}</ref>
* [[India General Service Medal (1854)|India General Service Medal]] (1854–1895) with clasps "North West Frontier" and "Umbeyla"
* [[Afghanistan Medal (United Kingdom)|Afghanistan Medal]] (1878–1880) with clasps "Peiwar Kotal", "Charisia" and "Kabul"

The [[Victoria Cross]] and campaign medals awarded to Cook were sold on 17 September 2004 by the London auctioneers [[Dix Noonan Webb]] for £82,000. They were purchased for the [[Michael Ashcroft]] Trust, the holding institution for Lord Ashcroft's VC collection,<ref name=stewart>{{cite web |url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bbcookj.htm |author=Stewart, Iain |date=18 September 2004 |title=John Cook (VC) |accessdate=31 December 2015}}</ref> which is displayed at the [[Imperial War Museum]] in London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lordashcroftmedals.com/collection/john-cook-vc/ |title=John Cook (VC) |work=Lord Ashcroft Medal Collection |accessdate=31 December 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Brigade of Gurkhas recipients of the Victoria Cross]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|author=Hensman, Howard|title=The Afghan War 1879–1880|publisher=Lancer |year=2009|isbn=978-0981537863}}
* {{cite book|author=Weekes, Colonel H.E. |title=History of the 5th Royal Gurkha Rifles|publisher=Naval & Military Press |year=2009|isbn=978-1843427728}}

==Further reading==
*[[Monuments to Courage]] (David Harvey, 1999)
*[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]] (This England, 1997)
*Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995)

==External links==
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggafghan.htm Burial location of John Cook] "Afghanistan"
*[http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/bbcookj.htm News Item] "John Cook's Victoria Cross sold at auction"
* [http://www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/44480 Memorial to Major J Cook VC]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cook, John}}
[[Category:1843 births]]
[[Category:1879 deaths]]
[[Category:People educated at Edinburgh Academy]]
[[Category:People educated at the Scottish Naval and Military Academy]]
[[Category:British recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British Indian Army personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Second Anglo-Afghan War recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Umbeyla Campaign]]
[[Category:Bengal Staff Corps officers]]
[[Category:British military personnel of the Second Anglo-Afghan War]]

Aparna (television presenter)

2026-05-01T22:19:44Z

BenWunderly: new

{{Short description|Indian anchor and actress (1966–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aparna
| image = Aparna Vastarey.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1965|10|17 |noage=yes|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chikmagalur]], [[Mysore State]], India
| death_date = {{death date and given age|2024|07|11|57|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Banashankari]], [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], India<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bose |first1=Sharath |date=12 July 2024 |title=Kannada Actress and Anchor Aparna Vastarey Passes Away at 57 Due to Cancer |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2024/kannada-actress-and-anchor-aparna-vastarey-passes-away-at-57-due-to-cancer-406195.html |website=Filmibeat |access-date=11 July 2024}}</ref>
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Television presenter|actress|radio jockey}}
| years_active = 1984–2024
| known_for = The voice behind Namma Metro-Bangalore, KSRTC announcement
| notable_works =
}}

'''Aparna Vastarey''' (17 October 1965 – 11 July 2024) was an Indian actress, television presenter, and [[radio jockey]]. A popular face in Kannada television, she was known for her work as a presenter of various shows that aired on [[DD Chandana]] in the 1990s. She made her cinematic debut in 1984 with [[Puttanna Kanagal]]'s last film, ''[[Masanada Hoovu]]''. Between 2015 and 2021, she played Varalakshmi on the sketch comedy show, ''[[Majaa Talkies]]''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Swetha Changappa, Aparna, Kuri Prathap, and Other Cast Members of Majaa Talkies Enjoy a Reunion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/swetha-changappa-aparna-kuri-prathap-and-other-cast-members-of-majaa-talkies-enjoy-a-reunion/articleshow/87666411.cms |website=The Times of India |date=12 November 2021 |archive-date=14 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514140639/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/swetha-changappa-aparna-kuri-prathap-and-other-cast-members-of-majaa-talkies-enjoy-a-reunion/articleshow/87666411.cms |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2024}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Aparna was born on 17 October 1965 in the [[Chikmagalur district]] of the erstwhile [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]], India).<ref name=starofmysore>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2024 |title=Renowned Kannada anchor Aparna Vastarey no more |url=https://starofmysore.com/renowned-kannada-anchor-aparna-vastarey-no-more/ |website=Star of Mysore |access-date=18 July 2024 |language=en-US}}</ref> She made her feature film debut in [[Puttanna Kanagal]]'s 1984 film, ''[[Masanada Hoovu]]'', starring alongside stalwarts [[Ambareesh]] and [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]. She began working as a [[radio jockey]] (RJ) with [[All India Radio]] in 1993, and went on to work with [[AIR FM Rainbow]] as its first presenter. Her career in Kannada television as a presenter began in 1990 with [[DD Chandana]]; she was part of a majority of its productions until 2000.<ref name="dh1">{{cite web |last1=Srinath |first1=Shruthi |title=The one & only... |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/547887/one-amp-only.html |newspaper=Deccan Herald |accessdate=28 January 2017 |date=22 May 2016 |archive-date=30 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530034851/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/547887/one-amp-only.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> As part of [[Deepawali]] celebrations in 1998, she presented shows for a record eight hours.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aparna, RJ, TV anchor and actress |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-meet-the-contestants-of-bigg-boss-kannada/20130325.htm#9 |work=Rediff.com |date=25 March 2013 |accessdate=23 April 2015 |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129044606/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-pix-meet-the-contestants-of-bigg-boss-kannada/20130325.htm#9 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Aparna worked as an actress in [[Soap opera|television shows]] such as ''[[Moodala Mane]]'' and ''Mukta''. In 2013, she appeared as a contestant in the first season of the Kannada reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada|Bigg Boss]],'' which aired on [[ETV Kannada]].<ref name="ks">{{cite web |date=19 August 2014 |title=Details about People of Bigg Boss Kannada |url=http://karnatakakaravali.blogspot.in/2013/05/detail-about-people-of-bigg-boss-kannada.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527234051/http://karnatakakaravali.blogspot.in/2013/05/detail-about-people-of-bigg-boss-kannada.html |archivedate=27 May 2013 |accessdate=22 August 2014 |work=karnatakakaravali}}</ref> Since 2015, she appeared in the sketch comedy television show, ''[[Majaa Talkies]]'', as Varalakshmi, the vain and boastful sister-in-law of the character of [[Srujan Lokesh]] who claimed to be friends of popular personalities such as [[Barack Obama]] and [[Salman Khan]].<ref name="dh1"/>

In 2011, Aparna lent her voice for the recorded announcements of passenger boarding and deboarding for the [[Namma Metro|Bangalore Metro]].<ref name="dh1"/> In 2024, after more than 20 years away from acting, she returned with Gangadhar Salimath's cybercrime film ''[[Grey Games]]'', in which she played the mother of a boy addicted to [[Online game|online gaming]].<ref name="CE">{{cite web |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |date=8 May 2024 |title=A closer look at strong female characters in Grey Games |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/May/08/a-closer-look-at-strong-female-characters-in-grey-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240514135847/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/May/08/a-closer-look-at-strong-female-characters-in-grey-games |archive-date=14 May 2024 |access-date=14 May 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> Of the gap, she stated, "It is not that I did not want to work; I did receive offers. But the role's significance mattered to me. Often, I was not fully briefed on what exactly I was supposed to do. I prioritised the importance of my role rather than its duration. Many times, the roles I was offered did not satisfy me, so I was not eager to accept them." A review in the ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' stated that she took on "a powerful role and is absolutely convincing."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Angadi |first1=Jagadish |title='Grey Games' movie review: Despite flaws, this psychological thriller manages to entertain |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/grey-games-movie-review-despite-flaws-this-psychological-thriller-manages-to-entertain-3017983 |website=Deccan Herald |access-date=14 May 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Death ==
On 11 July 2024, Aparna died at the age of 57 due to complications from lung cancer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Chethan |title=ಕನ್ನಡಿಗರಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತೊಂದು ಆಘಾತ, ಅಚ್ಚ ಕನ್ನಡದ ಖ್ಯಾತ ನಿರೂಪಕಿ ಅಪರ್ಣ ಇನ್ನಿಲ್ಲ! |url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/karnataka-well-known-television-presenter-aparna-vastarey-dies-at-51-in-bengaluru-ckm-sggy0s |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |access-date=11 July 2024 |language=kn |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711195240/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/tv-talk/karnataka-well-known-television-presenter-aparna-vastarey-dies-at-51-in-bengaluru-ckm-sggy0s |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Renowned Kannada anchor-actress Aparna Vastarey passes away due to Cancer at 51 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/renowned-kannada-anchor-actress-aparna-vastarey-passes-away-due-to-cancer-at-51/articleshow/111668945.cms |website=The Times of India |access-date=11 July 2024 |date=11 July 2024 |archive-date=11 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240711195225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/renowned-kannada-anchor-actress-aparna-vastarey-passes-away-due-to-cancer-at-51/articleshow/111668945.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Masanada Hoovu]]'' || Parvati || ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Sangrama (film)|Sangrama]]'' || || ||
|-
| 1988 || ''Mathru Vathsalya'' || Rohini ||
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1989 || ''[[Ondagi Balu]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Nammoora Raja]]'' || || ||
|-
| ''[[Inspector Vikram (1989 film)|Inspector Vikram]]'' || Vijaya || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Grey Games]]'' || Tara || || <ref name="CE"/>
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes !! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2003–2004
| ''Moodala Mane''
| Sukanya ||
| <ref name="dh1"/>
|-
| 2005
| ''Ee Family''
| Host ||
| <ref>{{cite web |title=The many talents of 'RJ' Aparna |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/Deccanherald/oct232005/enter1415720051021.asp |work=Deccan Herald |accessdate=28 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229074033/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct232005/enter1415720051021.asp |archive-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| 2008
| ''Sahagamana'' ||
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Sahagamana Kannada Serial – Episode |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7XHfMhRFPo |website=YouTube |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2008–2010
| ''Mukta''
| ||
| <ref name="dh1"/>
|-
| 2010
| ''Shubhamangala''
| ||
|
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada 1]]''
| Herself ||
| <ref name="ks"/>
|-
| 2015–2017
| ''[[Majaa Talkies]]''
| rowspan="2" | Varalakshmi ||
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Aparna turns Nagavalli on Maja Talkies |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/Aparna-turns-Nagavalli-on-Maja-Talkies/articleshow/46409643.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 February 2015 |accessdate=28 January 2017 |archive-date=9 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909025901/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/TV/News/Kannada/Aparna-turns-Nagavalli-on-Maja-Talkies/articleshow/46409643.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2018–2021
| ''[[Majaa Talkies|Majaa Talkies Super Season]]'' ||
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Sharan to be first guest of Majaa Talkies Super Season |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sharan-to-be-first-guest-of-majaa-talkies-super-season/articleshow/62721033.cms |accessdate=3 February 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=31 January 2018 |archive-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602131952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sharan-to-be-first-guest-of-majaa-talkies-super-season/articleshow/62721033.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2020
| ''[[Ivalu Sujatha]]''
| Durga ||
| <ref>{{cite news |title=Ivalu Sujatha to premiere today; Actress Meghashri to play the lead role |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ivalu-sujatha-to-premiere-today-actress-meghashri-to-play-the-lead-role/articleshow/70843070.cms |accessdate=11 October 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=26 August 2019 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915081205/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ivalu-sujatha-to-premiere-today-actress-meghashri-to-play-the-lead-role/articleshow/70843070.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Nannarasi Radhe]]''
| Janaki || Cameo appearance
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=31 August 2021 |title=Aparna Vastrey plays a cameo in the TV show Nannarasi Radhe |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/aparna-vastrey-plays-a-cameo-in-the-tv-show-nannarasi-radhe/articleshow/85790434.cms |access-date=20 July 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230720121855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/aparna-vastrey-plays-a-cameo-in-the-tv-show-nannarasi-radhe/articleshow/85790434.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|5705316}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada television]]
[[Category:Indian women television presenters]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:Actresses from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Deaths from lung cancer in India]]

Love in Vietnam

2026-04-28T16:39:15Z

BenWunderly: adding a info - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian-Vietnamese film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Love in Vietnam
| image = Love in Vietnam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Rahat Shah Kazmi
| screenplay = {{ubl|Rahat Shah Kazmi|Kritika Rampal}}
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Madonna in a Fur Coat]]''|[[Sabahattin Ali]]}}
| producer = Captain Rahul Bali [[Omung Kumar]] Rahhat Shah Kazmi Sarvesh Goel Pankaj Chauhan Muhammad Antulay Saahil Sheikh Abhishek Ankur [[Tariq Khan (producer)|Tariq Khan]] Zeba Sajid
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Shantanu Maheshwari]]
* [[Avneet Kaur]]
* {{ill|Khả Ngân|vi|Khả Ngân}}
}}
| cinematography = Dudley
| editing = Sanjay Sankla
| music = '''Score:''' Tuhin K. Biswas '''Songs:''' [[Meet Bros]] [[Amaal Malik]] [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]] Aamir Ali
| studio = [[Zee Studios]] Innovations India Blue Lotus Pictures Rahhat Shah Kazmi Films Zebaish Entertainment Tariq Khan Production Mango Tree Entertainmen AND Productions
| distributor = Zee Studios (India) Reliance Entertainment (Worldwide) Shanghai YC Media and Film (China)
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2025|07|1|DANAFF|2025|09|12|India|2026|01|09|Vietnam}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Công chiếu lần đầu bộ phim "Love in Vietnam" tại Liên hoan phim châu Á Đà Nẵng |url=https://vov.vn/giai-tri/cong-chieu-lan-dau-bo-phim-love-in-vietnam-tai-lien-hoan-phim-chau-a-da-nang-post1211666.vov |website=VOV (Voices of Vietnam) |language=vi |date=1 July 2025}}</ref>
| runtime = 132 minutes<ref>{{cite web |title=Love in Vietnam |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/love-in-vietnam-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdmynze1 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Love In Vietnam (2025) |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNTEyMDgyMDI1MDAwMjU= |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India Vietnam
| language = Hindi Vietnamese
| budget = {{US$|4 million}}{{Efn|[[Thanh Niên]] reported that the film was made on an estimated budget of 4 million USD.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mang câu chuyện Việt Nam ra toàn cầu với Love in Vietnam |url=https://thanhnien.vn/mang-cau-chuyen-viet-nam-ra-toan-cau-voi-love-in-vietnam-185240714211235865.htm |website=Thanh Niên |language=vi |date=15 July 2024}}</ref>}}
| gross =
}}'''''Love in Vietnam''''' ([[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]: '''''Vạn dặm yêu em''''', old title: '''''Yêu từ cái nhìn đầu tiên''''')<ref>{{cite web |title='Love in Vietnam': Dấu ấn hợp tác Việt – Ấn tại DANAFF 2025 |url=https://congly.vn/love-in-vietnam-dau-an-hop-tac-viet-an-tai-danaff-2025-484432.html |website=Báo điện tử Công lý |language=vi |date=1 July 2025}}</ref> is a 2025 [[India]]n-[[Vietnam]]ese [[Romance film|romantic drama]] film written and directed by Rahat Shah Kazmi.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kashmiri filmmaker Rahat Shah Kazmi picks up a Turkish story and plants it on the Punjabi-Vietnamese soil, but he says his film Love in Vietnam is Punjabi in its flavour |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/kashmiri-filmmaker-rahat-shah-kazmi-picks-up-a-turkish-story-and-plants-it-on-the-punjabi-vietnamese-soil-but-he-says-his-film-love-in-vietnam-is-punjabi-in-its-flavour-631027/ |website=The Tribune |date=15 June 2024}}</ref> The film is produced by Captain Rahul Bali, [[Omung Kumar]] and Rahat Shah Kazmi. It is based on the novel ''[[Madonna in a Fur Coat]]'', and features [[Shantanu Maheshwari]], [[Avneet Kaur]] and {{ill|Khả Ngân|vi|Khả Ngân}} with legendary actors [[Raj Babbar]], [[Farida Jalal]] and [[Gulshan Grover]] in supporting roles. <ref name=":0" />

[[Principal photography]] commenced in September 2024 at [[Vietnam]] and took two months to complete.<ref>{{cite web |title='Love in Vietnam': Cinematic bridge between Viet Nam and India |url=https://en.baodanang.vn/love-in-vietnam-cinematic-bridge-between-viet-nam-and-india-3298890.html |website=en.baodanang.vn |language=vi |date=8 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=फिल्म 'Love In Vietnam' में Avneet Kaur, Shantanu Maheshwari, Kha Ngan के साथ नज़र आंएगी Farida Jalal |url=https://mayapuri.com/photos/entertainment/farida-jalal-will-be-seen-with-avneet-kaur-shantanu-maheshwari-kha-ngan-in-the-film-love-in-vietnam-9755380 |website=Mayapuri |language=hi |date=26 August 2025}}</ref> The film was released in [[India]] on 12 September 2025 and in [[Vietnam|Việtnam]] on 9 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title='Love in Vietnam' starring Shantanu Maheshwari, Avneet Kaur to hit theatres in September |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/love-in-vietnam-starring-shantanu-maheshwari-avneet-kaur-to-hit-theatres-in-september/cid/2117342 |website=Telegraph India |date=10 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Văn Tuấn |first= |date=2026-01-06 |title=Ra mắt phim hợp tác Việt - Ấn "Vạn dặm yêu em" |url=https://www.sggp.org.vn/share832160.html |access-date=2026-01-10 |website=BÁO SÀI GÒN GIẢI PHÓNG |language=vi}}</ref>

== Plot ==

== Cast ==
* [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] as Manav
* [[Avneet Kaur]] as Simmi
* {{ill|Khả Ngân|vi|Khả Ngân}} as Linh
* [[Farida Jalal]] as Bebbe
* [[Raj Babbar]] as Soorma Singh
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Pankaj
* [[Mir Sarwar]] as Simmi's father
* Saquib Ayub as Harbinder Singh
* John Nhia as Tung
* Krishika Patel as Dolly
* Kusum Tickoo as Simmi's mother
* Monica Aggarwal as Ms. Monica
* Tahir Ashraf as HE Dr Sethi - Consul General and later Ambassador of India to Vietnam

== Production ==
[[File:Avneet Kaur and Shantanu Maheshwari spotted at Lala Lajpat Rai College promoting their film Love In Vietnam.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Avneet Kaur and Shantanu Maheshwari promoting their film Love In Vietnam|Kaur and Maheshwari spotted at Lala Lajpat Rai College]]
The film was announced at the [[2024 Cannes Film Festival]].<ref name=":0" >{{cite web |title=Cannes 2024: First look poster of Shantanu Maheshwari, Avneet Kaur's 'Love in Vietnam' unveiled |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cannes-2024-first-look-poster-of-shantanu-maheshwari-avneet-kaurs-love-in-vietnam-unveiled/article68206639.ece |website=The Hindu |date=23 May 2024 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It is based on the novel ''[[Madonna in a Fur Coat]]'' (1943), written by [[Sabahattin Ali]].<ref name=":0" /> [[Shantanu Maheshwari]], [[Avneet Kaur]] and [[:vi:Khả Ngân|Khả Ngân]] was cast to appear in the film.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shantanu Maheshwari says he wanted to attend Cannes for his work, and that's how it happened |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2024/May/23/shantanu-maheshwari-says-he-wanted-to-attend-cannes-for-his-work-and-thats-how-it-happened |website=Indulgexpress |date=23 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Avneet Kaur opens up on making her international debut with Love in Vietnam: I mainfested it |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/avneet-kaur-opens-up-on-making-her-international-debut-with-love-in-vietnam-i-mainfested-it-101717692155926.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Luôn biết điểm mạnh, điểm yếu của mình |url=https://vtv.vn/van-hoa-giai-tri/kha-ngan-luon-biet-diem-manh-diem-yeu-cua-minh-20240618154357239.htm |website=VTV Cần Thơ |language=vi |date=19 June 2024}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the film commenced in September 2024, and filming ended in December 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Samten Hills Dalat, phim trường chính của 'Love in Vietnam' |url=https://thanhnien.vn/samten-hills-dalat-phim-truong-chinh-cua-love-in-vietnam-185240924174503035.htm |website=Thanh Niên |language=vi |date=24 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Avneet Kaur Begins Shooting For Her Maiden International Project Love In Vietnam, Drops Pics Online |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/avneet-kaur-begins-shooting-for-her-maiden-international-project-love-in-vietnam-drops-pics-online-2799335.html |website=Zee News |date=27 September 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Avneet Kaur wraps up the first schedule of her international film 'Love In Vietnam' |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/avneet-kaur-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-of-her-international-film-love-in-vietnam-23403216 |website=Mid-day |date=1 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Beautiful actress Kha Ngan films for Love In Viet Nam in Da Nang |url=https://danviet.vn/dien-vien-kha-ngan-xinh-dep-ghi-hinh-cho-love-in-viet-nam-tai-da-nang-20241224112557076-d1202040.html |website=Dan Viet Newspaper |language=vi |date=24 December 2024}}</ref> The filming took place in [[Vietnam]] and [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Love in Vietnam: Connecting Vietnamese and Indian Cinema |url=https://www.vietnam.vn/en/phim-love-in-vietnam-ket-noi-dien-anh-viet-nam-an-do |website=vietnam.vn |date=10 October 2024}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Love In Vietnam
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Amaal Mallik]], [[Meet Bros]], Rashid Khan and Aamir Ali
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2025||}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=30|s=13}}
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = DRJ Records
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The first single titled "Bade Din Huye" was released on 22 July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title='Bade Din Huye': Romantic song from Shantanu Maheshwari and Avneet Kaur's Love in Vietnam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/hindi/news/2025/Jul/22/bade-din-huye-romantic-song-from-shantanu-maheshwari-and-avneet-kaurs-love-in-vietnam-out |website=Cinema Express |date=22 July 2025}}</ref> The second single titled "Fakira" was released on 18 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title="Fakira": Love in Vietnam's heartbreak ballad by Shantanu Maheshwari and Avneet Kaur |url=https://assamtribune.com/entertainment/fakira-love-in-vietnams-heartbreak-ballad-by-shantanu-maheshwari-and-avneet-kaur-1588571 |website=The Assam Tribune |date=18 August 2025}}</ref> The third single title "Burrah Burrah" was released on 1 September 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Bros, Malkit Singh, Ninja, Harshdeep Kaur, Shantanu Maheshwari, Avneet Kaur, Kha Ngan |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/movie-songs/burrah-burrah-video-2/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 September 2025}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 30:13
| title1 = Bade Din Huye
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| music1 = [[Amaal Mallik]]
| lyrics1 = [[Rashmi Virag]]
| length1 = 5:53
| title2 = Fakira
| extra2 = Varun Jain
| music2 = Aamir Ali
| lyrics2 = Rahhat Shah Kazmi
| length2 = 5:12
| title3 = Burrah Burrah
| extra3 = [[Meet Bros]], [[Malkit Singh]], [[Ninja (singer)|Ninja]], [[Harshdeep Kaur]]
| music3 = Meet Bros
| lyrics3 = [[Kumaar]]
| length3 = 3:13
| title4 = Jeena Nahi
| extra4 = Armaan Malik
| music4 = Amaal Mallik
| lyrics4 = Rashmi Virag
| length4 = 4:45
| title5 = Chahe Jo Ho
| extra5 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]
| lyrics5 = Rahhat Shah Kazmi
| music5 = Aamir Ali
| length5 = 3:53
| title6 = Teri Pehli Nazar
| extra6 = [[Raghav Chaitanya]]
| music6 = Devv Sadaana
| lyrics6 = [[Kunaal Vermaa]]
| length6 = 3:35
| title7 = No Matter What<ref>{{cite web |title=Song "No Matter What" of Film "Love in Vietnam" |url=https://www.cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNTE2MDcyMDI1MDAwNjU= |website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| extra7 =
| music7 =
| lyrics7 =
| length7 = 3:42
}}

== Direction Team ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Director
!Rahat Shah Kazmi
|-
|1st Assistant Director
|Sathish Bhat
|-
|2nd Assistant Director
|Ariba Sajid
|-
|3rd Assistant Director
|Kirti Singh
|-
|4th Assistant Director
|Angad Bali
|-
|5th Assistant Director
|John Nhia
|}

== Release ==
The official Poster of the film was released at the [[77th Cannes Film Festival]] in May 2024 at the Bharat Pavilion. The film's poster was unveiled by the [[Ambassador of India to France]], [[Jawed Ashraf|Mr. Jawed Ashraf]], in the presence of producer Captain Rahul Bali, director Rahat Kazmi, and lead actors [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] and [[Avneet Kaur]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-23 |title=Love in Vietnam: Avneet Kaur announces her first international film at Cannes 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/avneet-kaurs-international-film-love-in-vietnam-premieres-at-cannes-2024/articleshow/110362810.cms |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The trailer of the film was released on 25 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Love in Vietnam Trailer Out: Shantanu, Avneet, Kha Ngan in Cross-Border Love Story |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/love-in-vietnam-trailer-out-shantanu-avneet-kha-ngan-in-cross-border-love-story-1899571 |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=25 August 2025}}</ref> The film was cleared with a U/A certificate from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Imtiaz Ali Has Only Good Things To Say About Love In Vietnam |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/imtiaz-ali-is-happy-for-love-in-vietnam-as-censor-board-gives-it-u-a-certificate-aa-9560238.html |website=News18 |date=9 September 2025}}</ref>

The film was premiered at the Da Nang Asian Film Festival, Vietnam on 1 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-11 |title=Love in Vietnam Red Carpet World Premiere at DANAFF 2025 |url=https://www.peepingmoon.com/entertainment-news/news/80707/Love-in-Vietnam-Red-Carpet-World-Premiere-at-DANAFF.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=www.peepingmoon.com/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam, India debut first joint film project at Da Nang festival |url=https://news.tuoitre.vn/vietnam-india-debut-first-joint-film-project-at-da-nang-festival-10325070211581484.htm |website=Tuổi Trẻ |language=vi |date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film garnered widespread acclaim from renowned filmmakers, esteemed critics and leading media houses in India and around the world.

[[Hollywood (industry)|Hollywood's]] leading publication [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] praised the film and lauded its groundbreaking distribution deal in China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2025-09-01 |title=Bollywood Film ‘Love in Vietnam’ Lands China Distribution Deal (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/love-in-vietnam-china-distribution-deal-1236503649/ |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

Vietnam's longest-running newspaper, [[Communist Party of Vietnam|Lao Động]], stated that the film lays the foundation for a promising cinematic collaboration between India and [[Vietnam]].<ref>https://news.laodong.vn/lao-dong-cuoi-tuan/nha-san-xuat-bollywood-rahul-bali-dien-anh-an-do-mo-loi-cho-du-lich-viet-nam-thang-hoa-1576933.ldo</ref>

Acclaimed filmmaker [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] praised the film for its freshness and making history by securing 10,000 screens in [[China]] even before releasing in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imtiaz Ali Has Only Good Things To Say About Love In Vietnam |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/imtiaz-ali-is-happy-for-love-in-vietnam-as-censor-board-gives-it-u-a-certificate-aa-9560238.html |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Varun Dhawan]] called it a "very sweet and endearing" film praising the lead actors [[Avneet Kaur]] and [[Shantanu Maheshwari]] and the beautiful locations showcased in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-12 |title=Love in Vietnam: Why Varun Dhawan’s shout-out matters for Avneet Kaur and Shantanu Maheshwari |url=https://www.hungamaexpress.com/news/33694-love-in-vietnam-why-varun-dhawans-shout-out-matters-for-avneet-kaur-and-shantanu-maheshwari |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Hungama Express |language=en}}</ref>

[[Murtaza Ali Khan (film critic)|Murtaza Ali Khan]] from [[The Sunday Guardian]] praised the film saying it "bridges cultures through cinematic romance and diplomacy".<ref>https://sundayguardianlive.com/feature/love-in-vietnam-bridges-cultures-through-cinematic-romance-diplomacy-138131/</ref>

[[The Times of India]] deemed Love in Vietnam a stand out for its soulful music, striking visuals, and a refreshing cast despite release clashes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-16 |title=Despite release clashes, 'Love In Vietnam' stands out for Its music, visuals, and fresh cast |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/despite-release-clashes-love-in-vietnam-stands-out-for-its-music-visuals-and-fresh-cast/articleshow/123923531.cms |access-date=2025-09-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

[[Businessworld|Business World]] in its review hailed Love In Vietnam as a tender, soulful film that dares to be quiet in the noisy world of Bollywood giving it a solid rating of 4.5/5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Love In Vietnam Review: A Breath Of Fresh Air In The Middle Of Bollywood’s Noise |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/love-in-vietnam-review-a-breath-of-fresh-air-in-the-middle-of-bollywoods-noise-571495 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=BW Businessworld |language=en}}</ref>

Priyanka Gupta of [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] praised the film as a poignant and sincere romance, lauding its emotional depth and honest storytelling. She awarded it a 4 out of 5 rating.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Priyanka |title=Love in Vietnam - When Love Becomes Memory and Memory Becomes Love |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/insights/report-love-in-vietnam-when-love-becomes-memory-and-memory-becomes-love-3180295 |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and Nominations ==
The film won 02 awards at the [[Seoul Global Movie Awards|Seoul Global Movie Awards 2025]] in [[South Korea]] winning [[Best Film]] of [[Asia]] and [[Best Director]] of Asia making it the first Indian film to win these top awards in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-13 |title=Shantanu Maheshwari, Avneet Kaur’s ‘Love in Vietnam’ wins best Asian film trophy at Seoul event. |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/shantanu-maheshwari-avneet-kaurs-love-in-vietnam-wins-best-asian-film-trophy-at-seoul-event/cid/2137724#goog_rewarded |work=The Telegraph Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-11 |title=2025 Seoul Global Movie Awards winners: Indian film makes history; Twice’s Dahyun, Cha Woo Min and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/life/entertainment-2025-seoul-global-movie-awards-winners-indian-film-makes-history-twices-dahyun-cha-woo-min-and-more-4072637/ |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref>

The lead actress of the film [[Avneet Kaur]] won the award for most Promising Performer (Female) at the [[Iconic Gold Awards]] 2026 for her role in [[Love in Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Syndication |first=NewsX |title=The Afterglow: Inside the 7th Iconic Gold Awards 2026 |url=https://www.newsx.com/press-release/the-afterglow-inside-the-7th-iconic-gold-awards-2026-2-174138/ |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=NewsX |language=en}}</ref>

The producer of the film Captain Rahul Bali was honoured with the prestigious [[Vietnam Airlines]] Excellence Award for his efforts in promoting [[Vietnam]] as a global destination through [[Love in Vietnam]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkaritel |date=2025-11-04 |title=A Flight of Friendship: Vietnam Airlines and Innovations India Unite for Namaste Vietnam Festival 2025 - Sarkaritel.com Government News & Policy Updates |url=https://www.sarkaritel.com/a-flight-of-friendship-vietnam-airlines-and-innovations-india-unite-for-namaste-vietnam-festival-2025/ |access-date=2026-03-30 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Love in Vietnam}}
* {{IMDb title|32447822}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|love-in-vietnam}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}

[[Category:2025 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2025 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Vietnamese multilingual films]]
[[Category:2020s Vietnamese-language films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Turkish novels]]
[[Category:2025 Vietnamese films]]

Buddhism in Kerala

2026-04-27T13:36:19Z

BenWunderly: started first entry from scratch...

{{Short description|Buddhism in Kerala, southern India}}
{{Buddhism}}
[[File:Budha_mavelikara_kerala.jpg | thumb | right]]
Although '''Buddhism in Kerala''' has almost disappeared, historians believe it was influential in pre-modern times, and its cultural impact is still visible in [[Kerala]]'s culture.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/A_Survey_of_Kerala_History/N7WaZe2PBy8C?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=A%20Survey%20of%20Kerala%20History|title=A Survey of Kerala History|publisher=DC Books|year=2022|location=Kottayam|pages=87-88|orig-year=1967}}</ref>

Direct evidence for a Buddhist presence in ancient Kerala during the Iron Age or early historic period is lacking; however, it is plausible that Buddhist ideas reached parts of Kerala connected by trade routes as early as the 3rd century BCE.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Gurukkal|first=Rajan|url=https://www.orientblackswan.com/details?obsin=1487|title=History of Kerala: Prehistoric to the Present|last2=Varier|first2=Raghava|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=2020|location=Hyderabad|pages=58 and 6-7|orig-year=2018}}</ref> Notably, a potsherd inscribed with the [[Brahmi script|Brahmi]] graffiti '[[Śramaṇa|sramana]]', dating to approximately the 2nd century CE, was discovered at the ancient port of Pattanam ([[North Paravur]]) in central Kerala.<ref name=":02" /> The medieval Tamil epic poem [[Manimekalai]], associated with the Malabar Coast, contains detailed references to Buddhist philosophy and practices.<ref name=":1" /> Local traditions and relics further suggest a Buddhist presence, such as the Legend of Pallibana Perumal, who is believed to have converted to Buddhism and is associated with temples in the [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]] and [[Alappuzha]] regions.<ref name=":1" />

Several prominent Hindu temples in present-day Kerala are thought to have originally been Buddhist shrines.<ref name=":1" /> In addition, a considerable number of Buddha images — mostly from the [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]] and [[Kollam district|Kollam]] regions — have been discovered across the state.<ref name=":1" /> A well-known Buddhist vihara, called [[Sri Mulavasam|Sri Mulavasa]], is believed to have been located somewhere along the Alappuzha coast.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Veluthat|first=Kesavan|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/the-early-medieval-in-south-india-9780198069140|title=The Early Medieval in South India|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198069140|series=Oxford India Paperbacks|location=Delhi|pages=180}}</ref> Epigraphic and literary evidence indicates that this temple was patronised by local Kerala rulers, such as the Ay family and the Ezhimala rulers, during the early medieval period.'''<ref name=":S">{{Cite book |last=Narayanan|first=M. G. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vp0SW6Gj3IC|title=Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala|publisher=Kerala Historical Society|year=1972|location=Trivandrum|pages=9-16 and 44-45|chapter=Vikramaditya Varaguna and Srimulavasa Vihara}}</ref>''' In Kerala, Buddhism was largely absorbed into Hinduism, with many cultural practices — such as the Kuthirakettu and the Kettukazhcha — believed to be influenced by Buddhist traditions.<ref name=":1" /> Buddhism perhaps played a major role in promoting education and literacy in Kerala, with viharas serving as centres of learning. The widespread popularity of the traditional [[Ayurveda]] in Kerala is often regarded as a legacy of Buddhism.<ref name=":1" /> The celebrated Kerala poet [[Kumaran Asan]] (1871 – 1924) was strongly shaped by Buddhist philosophy, which is evident in his works Karuna, Chandala Bhikshuki, and Sri Buddha Charitham.<ref name=":1" />

==History==
[[Image:Nava Jetavana Temple - Shravasti - 014 King Asoka at the Third Council (9241725897).jpg|thumb|250px|Ashoka and Monk [[Moggaliputta-Tissa]] at the [[Third Buddhist Council]]. Nava Jetavana, [[Shravasti]].]]
The Cheras are referred to as ''Keralaputras'' in the inscriptions of Ashoka. This may have been the sons of Chera or the King of Chera who was considered a saint and described as Buddha.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} In any case, the early kings of Kerala were converts to Buddhism and Jainism.<ref>Mavelikarayude Samaskarika Charithram,, unpublished work, Mavelikkara Muncipility, 2007 P, 76</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2023}}

The oldest and most reliable document linking Kerala to Buddhism is the Dharma inscriptions carved by Emperor Ashoka on the Girnar rock in Gujarat. It says:

{{Cquote|In all the lands conquered by the Devapriyan and Priyadarshi kings, two types of treatment were practiced in the neighboring Cholas, Pandyas, Satyaputras, Keralaputras, Tamraparniyars, the Greek king Antiochian, and in the kingdoms of Antioch, and their kingdoms. For humans and animals.|||<ref name="KeralaHistory">{{cite book |last=എ. |first=ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ |author-link=എ. ശ്രീധരമേനോൻ |title=കേരള ചരിത്രം |year=1997|publisher=എസ്. വിശ്വനാഥൻ പ്രിൻറേർസ് ആൻഡ് പബ്ലീഷേർസ് |location= ചെന്നൈ|isbn= }}</ref>}}
BCE Ashoka's inscriptions show that Buddhism existed in Kerala and other parts of South India as early as the 2nd century.<ref>Raghava variyar 1979: pages 35,37</ref> Theravada Buddhism reached Kerala in the 3rd century.
The discovery of Buddha statues at [[Kozhikode]], [[Mavelikkara]], [[Karumady|Karumadi]], [[Karunagappalli|Karunagapally]], [[Maruthurkulangara]], [[Bharanikkavu]], [[Pallikkal, Adoor|Pallikkal]] and [[Kottappuram, Thrissur|Kottapuram]] is a case in point.

Emperor Ashoka sought to spread the message of Buddhism throughout India even before preaching in countries overseas. This is stated in the Muski inscriptions. The name of Kerala is not mentioned but Kerala will be included in it as it is spread all over India.{{Ambiguous|date=May 2023}} There are records of hospitals being set up, wells being dug and medicinal and chola trees being planted.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The [[Mahāvaṃsa|Mahavamsa]], a Buddhist chronicle, records that the Buddha himself visited South India and Ceylon more than once.<ref>{{cite book |last=വാരിയർ |first=രാഘവ |author-link=രാഘവ വാരിയർ |author2= രാജൻ ഗുരുക്കൾ|title=കേരള ചരിത്രം |year=1992 |publisher=വള്ളത്തോൾ വിദ്യാപീഠം|location= ശുകപുരം |isbn= }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=May 2023}}
The monks who came to Kerala to spread Buddhism did not come only from Sri Lanka but on the contrary, Buddhists came to Kerala through the disciples of [[Mahasangharakshithan]], a prominent Buddhist teacher sent by Ashoka to propagate his religion in [[Gujarat]] and [[Maharashtra]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Be3PCvzf-BYC&q=chera+and+buddhism&pg=PA109|title=A Social History of India|access-date=|last=S. N.|first=Sadasivan|year=2000|publisher=APH|isbn=9788176481700}}</ref>

Not only the Hinayana people but also the [[Mahayana]] and [[Vajrayana]] theorists grew up in Kerala. AD Meghavarnan, who ruled Sri Lanka from 240 to 253, and Makala, who ruled from 253 to 275, were the ones who gave the opportunity to the Mahayana monks. However, during the reign of King [[Godakadayan]] from 305 to 316, 60 Mahayana Buddhist monks were deported on charges of heresy. All of them came and settled in Kerala. All these 60 sages worked tirelessly for the rise of Mahayana Buddhism in Kerala.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Works of Sangha period refer to the efforts made by monks to spread the Buddhist message. The [[Manimekalai|Manimekhalai]] is a Buddhist work.According to a 1927 thesis of Rao Bahadur Krishnaswāmi Aiyangar, the Manimekalai contains "nothing that may be regarded as referring to any form of Mahayana Buddhism, particularly the Sunyavada as formulated by [[Nagarjuna]]".<ref>Rao Bahadur Krishnaswāmi Aiyangar (1927), [https://archive.org/details/manimekhalaiinit031176mbp/page/n31 Maṇimekhalai in its Historical Setting], p. xxvii, p. 85, 104, 188</ref> In contrast, in 1978, C.N. Kandaswami stated there is a lot of internal evidence that "Manimekalai explains Mahayana Buddhism, and champions its cause".<ref>{{cite book|author=Cō. Na Kantacāmi|title=Buddhism as Expounded in Manimekalai|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=U2cOAAAAYAAJ|year=1978|publisher=Annamalai University|page=394}}</ref> The most famous Buddhist temple in South India was in Vanchi. Arguments are still being made as to whether this Vanchi is in [[Thiruvanchikulam Temple|Thiruvanchikulam]] or in [[Kodungallur]].<ref name="KeralaHistory" /> Legend has it that a Pallibanaperumal from Kerala left the country as a Buddhist monk. Related to this legend are the Kilirur Temple in Kottayam Taluk and the Nilamperur Temple in Alappuzha Taluk. There are monuments of Pallibanaperumal in both the temples.<ref>{{cite book |last=പി.ഒ. |first=പുരുഷോത്തമൻ |author-link=പി.ഒ. പുരുഷോത്തമൻ |title=ബുദ്ധന്റെ കാല്പാടുകൾ-പഠനം |year=2006 |publisher=പ്രൊഫ. വി. ലൈല |location= കേരളം |isbn= 81-240-1640-2 }}</ref>

Many temples such as [[Kiliroor|Kilirur]], [[Kuttemperoor|Kuttamperur]], [[Kodungallur]] and [[Arthunkal]] are believed to have been Buddhist temples at one time. A meditation statue of Buddha has been found at the [[Paruvassery]] Durga Temple in [[Thrissur]]. Similarly, many Buddhist statues found in [[Kunnathoor Padi|Kunnathoor]], [[Karunagappalli|Karunagappilly]] taluks, [[Mavelikkara]] and [[Ambalappuzha|Ambalapuzha]] taluks show the spread of Buddhism in Kerala.

The decline of Buddhism began in the early 8th century. It can be seen from the descriptions of the Chinese travelers that it began to weaken by the seventh century.<ref>Alexander 1949: page:173</ref> However, the poems in Tirunizhal mala show which was written in the 12th century, show that Kerala was still not delineated under the chathurvarnya system. With the introduction of Brahmanism, the kings turned against Buddhism. As a result, the influence of Buddhism gradually waned. During the reign of Vaishnava Kulasekara, Buddhism almost completely disappeared in the 11th century.

Sree Moolavasam ([[Thrikkunnapuzha|near Thrikkunnapuzha]]) was a famous Buddhist center in Kerala.<ref name=mathrubhoomi>{{cite news|title=വാഗ്‌ഭടനെത്തേടി ശ്രീലങ്കയിൽ|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/php/newsFrm.php?news_id=1240439&n_type=NE&category_id=11&Farc=|first=സി.കെ.|last=രാമചന്ദ്രൻ|publisher=മാതൃഭൂമി വാരാന്തപ്പതിപ്പ്|date=2008-07-27|access-date=2008-07-28|archive-date=2008-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729170315/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/php/newsFrm.php?news_id=1240439&n_type=NE&category_id=11&Farc=|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is said that the Ay king Vikramaditya Varaguna protected the famous [[Sreemoolavasam]] Buddhist pilgrimage center. He donated a large piece of land to the temple. The Mangalacharana in the Sasana, which glorifies the Buddha and Dharma, is remarkable. However, by the 10th century, the center had lost its name.

==Buddha Statues in Kerala==
[[File:Buddha statue in Kerala.jpg|thumb|Statue of [[Karumadikkuttan]] from Alappuzha]]
Buddhist statues are believed to have been destroyed or Hinduized under later Hindu rulers. But rare Buddha statues have been found intact. They are mainly found at [[Mavelikkara]], [[Maruthur]], [[Kulangara]], [[Karumady|Karumadi]], [[Bharanikkavu]], [[Kunnathoor Padi|Kunnathoor]] and [[Pallikkal, Adoor|Pallikkal]] in [[Kollam]] district.
<ref>{{cite book |last=രാമനാഥ ഐയ്യർ |first=എ.എസ്. |title=Travancore archeological series, Volume V Part I, II & III|year=1908 |publisher= കേരള സാംസ്കാരിക പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണ വകുപ്പ്|location=തിരിവനന്തപുരം |isbn= }}</ref> The statue in the Pallikkal Temple was headless. Today it is preserved in a museum in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The head is made of a similar stone and assembled.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ajaysekher.net/2010/01/03/buddhism-kerala/|title=Buddhism in Kerala|access-date=|last=Sekher|first=Dr Ajay S|date=January 3, 2010|website=|publisher=}}</ref> The statue of Mavelikkara was found in a field near the Kandiyur Shiva Temple. According to the historian [[S. N. Sadasivan]],<ref>''A Social History of India'', A.P.H. Publishing: New Delhi (2000)</ref> Until A.D. 450, it was the main deity in the Kandiyur Shiva Temple. All the statues are carved in stone. They are all in the form of yogasana, is 2–3 feet long from the feet to the turban. Most of the statues are said to be seated in a lotus position in meditation. Anthropology records that the statue at Maruthur Kulangara is the oldest of its kind.<ref>{{cite book |last=ഗോപിനാഥ റാവു |first= ടി.എ.|author-link=ടി.എ. ഗോപിനാഥ റാവു |title= Travancore archeological series, Volume I|year=1908 |publisher= കേരള സാംസ്കാരിക പ്രസിദ്ധീകരണ വകുപ്പ്|location=തിരിവനന്തപുരം |isbn= }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/2538492|title=The Broken Buddha of Pattanam, Boddhisatvas in Disguise and the Silent Siddha of Kayikara: Iconology, Histories and Textuality of Buddha Idols in Kerala|first=Ajay|last=Sekher|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref> It was built in the 7th century. It was found in a pond near the temple. The black meditative statue found near [[Thottappally|Thottappilly]] in [[Ambalappuzha|Ambalapuzha]] is called [[Karumadikuttan]]. The Buddha statue found near the guest house at Mavelikkara is placed on the public road near the Sri Krishnaswamy Temple.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2016/01/violent-brahmanization-of-mahabalis-own-country/|title=Humanist spirit of Mahabali/Maveli|access-date=|last=അജയ്|first=ശേഖർ|date=11 January 2016|website=|publisher=}}</ref> The Buddha statue received from Bharanikawa dates back to AD. 9 century.<ref>K. R. C. Menon, Buddhamatham Keralithil, Aasriya Mathirnadu: 2011April, p5</ref> P. C. Alexander and S. N.Sathasivan are the two historians who have written extensively about Buddhism in Kerala. According to them, these Buddha statues were made in the Anuradhapura style.
<ref>P. C. Alexander, ''Buddhism in Kerala'', Annamalai University, 1984;</ref><ref>S.N. Sadasivan, ''A Social History of India'', APH, 2007).</ref>

==Cultural significance==
The influence of Buddhism in Kerala culture is significant. [[Ezhuthu Kalari|Ezhuthu Palli]] and [[Pallikoodam]] schools were historically under the influence of Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite book
| title = Keralathinte Samskarika Charithram
| last = Gopalakrishnan
| first = P.K.
| publisher = Kerala Basha Institute
| year = 1991
| isbn =
| location = Tvm.
| pages = 256
}}</ref> Until the end of the 18th century, the word 'Namostu Jinatam' (Namotu Chinatam) was used in the beginning of education training in Kerala in praise of the Buddha. Meaning a prayer to Jinan or Buddha. At that time, the entire text of Kerala was called Nanam Manam. It is an abbreviation of the Pali verse Naanam, Monam, Ettanam, Thuvanam, Jeenam, Ennanam, Thanam and Ummanam. These are the eight noble ways: the right perspective, the right goal, the right speech, the right action, the right way of life, the right focus, the right concentration, and the right effort.<ref>Panikassery, Velayudhan. ''Kerala Charitratinte Ullarakalileku''. Thrissur, Current, 2012.</ref>

===Ayurveda===
[[File:Choavlloor Temple.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Chovallur Temple architecture]]
One of the cornerstones of the Buddhist movement was their push of medicinal practices within the region. They reached out to many parts of the society through hospitals, Buddhist monasteries and chaityas.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} Ashoka himself established medicinal plants in many places.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The famous Buddhist monk and physician Bedanta Nagarjuna came to Thiruvizha in [[Cherthala]] after studying at the center for 18 years and there he is reported to have taught medicine and cared for the sick.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The most valuable contribution of Bhadanta Nagarjuna is in the field of [[Ayurveda]], through his work Rasa Vaiseshika Sutra.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/RasavaisheshikSutraWithNarasimhaBhashya/mode/2up | title=Rasavaisheshik Sutra with Narasimha Bhashya | date=1976 }}</ref>

In the research paper published in the journal Global Histories, entitled 'Plants, Power and Knowledge: An Exploration of the Imperial Networks and the Circuits of Botanical Knowledge and Medical Systems on the Western Coast of India Against the Backdrop of European Expansionism', Malavika Binny states that Kerala had medical traditions that existed even prior to it being known as Ayurvedic tradition. As per the author, Tradition of Healing Practices or 'Vaidyam', as it is called, was prominent among other medical traditions that existed in Kerala which involved a considerable contribution from Buddhism which was a major force from the sixth century to about the eleventh century. The Buddhist contribution of medicinal remedies for diseases and the knowledge of the indigenous plants preserved by the natives was exploited by the European endeavour as suggested by the inclusion of Itty Achudan in the compilation of Hortus Malabaricus which is basically an ethno-botanical treatise on the flora of Malabar.<ref>[http://www.globalhistories.com/index.php/GHSJ/article/view/33/paper/Plants, Power and Knowledge:/]{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Plants, Power and Knowledge: An Exploration of the Imperial Networks and the Circuits of Botanical Knowledge and Medical Systems on the Western Coast of India Against the Backdrop of European Expansionism (2015) - Malavika Binny, Global Histories, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Dec. 2015), pp. 3–20 at Retrieved on 9 June 2021.</ref>

===Architecture===
Cave temples of Kerala, that once upon a time were used by Jain and Buddhist monks to meditate, such as the [[Trikkur Mahadeva Temple]], demonstrate the presence of rock-cut architecture. With the decline of Buddhism in the region, they got adopted as Hindu temples.
While some Buddhist Stupas were also present in Kerala during the ancient period, the traditional architecture of Kerala, particularly in the context of Hindu temples, does not show significant influences of Buddhist design.

===Rituals of temples===
[[File:Kettukazhcha at Chettikulangara Devi temple.jpg|thumb|right|250px| Kettukazhcha in [[Chettikulangara Devi Temple|Chettikulangara Temple]]]]

Temple rituals such as Vedikettu, Katina, Parayeduppu, Padayani, Pooram, Kettukazhcha and Rathotsavam are Buddhist offerings. Along with the Buddhist monasteries, they ran schools and health care centers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanku Iyer |first=S. |title=Keralavum Buddhamathavum |publisher=N.B.S. |year= |isbn= |location=Kottayam |pages=218}}</ref>

=== [[Shramanic|Shramanic influences]] in [[Srauta|Hindu traditions and practices]]===
* [[Theyyam]], a popular ritual form of worship of North Malabar in Kerala (predominantly in the [[Kolathunadu]] area) as well as in Southern Karnataka (such as [[Coorg]] or [[South Canara]]). The word is probably a variant of ''Dheivam'' or ''Theivam'' that means God in Malayalam and Tamil.<ref name="diplomat_2015_theyyam">{{cite web|last1=Diplomat|first1=Sugato Mukherjee, The|title=The Oracles of Malabar|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/the-oracles-of-malabar/|website=The Diplomat|access-date=20 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220105222/https://thediplomat.com/2015/08/the-oracles-of-malabar/|archive-date=20 December 2017|date=14 August 2015}}</ref>
* [[Pallipana]], a ritual performed by ''velans'' (sorcerers) every 12 years during the Arattu festival at [[Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple]]{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Padayanimain.jpg|thumb|250px|right| [[Neelamperoor Padayani]] ]]
* [[Pooram Padayani]], a festival at [[Neelamperoor Palli Bhagavathi Temple]] in praise of [[Goddess Vanadurga]], which is considered similar to the Buddhist festival seen by [[Fahian]] at Patna, Bihar.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} The main feature is the display of exquisitely decorated effigies named ''Kettukazhcha''. Padayani is a symbolic victory march of Goddess Kali after vanquishing [[Darika]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* ''Kettukazhcha'' at [[Chettikulangara Devi Temple]], where the main deity is Goddess [[Bhadrakali]].{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* [[Kodungallur Bharani festival]] in honour of the deity Kodungallur Bhagavathy (Bhadrakali) who is considered the legendary [[Tamil mythology#Kannagi|Kannagi]] of Tamil mythology and who is also revered as Goddess [[Pattini]] by Sri Lankan Sinhalese Buddhists.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* Valiyakulangara Kettukazhcha at [[Valiyakulangara Devi Temple]]{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}
* Thalappoli festival at [[Kodungallur Bhagavathy Temple]]{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

==Famous Buddhists from Kerala==

===Amarasimhan===
Author of Amarakosa. He lived in [[Thakazhi Grama Panchayat|Thakazhi]] near Mavelikkara. Amarakosham was written by him after living in Thakazhi for 20 years. He then went to Sri Lanka, where he received the title of Simhan and later to Vikramaditya's country. Amarasinghe was one of the 'Navaratnas' who lived during the reign of King Vikramaditya.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/june2016/prasanthmalayalamwords.pdf|title=Lost Word is Lost World - A Study of Malayalam |last=Prasanth |first=R. I. |date=6 June 2016 |volume=16 |issue=6 |journal=Language in India|access-date=2001-03-03 |issn=1930-2940}}</ref>

===Chithala Chathanar===
{{Main|Chithalai Chathanar}}
'''Chathanar''' or '''Chithala Chathanar''', ''cītala cāttanār'') was the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] poet who composed the epic [[Manimekalai]]. A total of 11 verses of the [[Sangam literature]] have been attributed to Satthanar, including verse 10 of the [[Tiruvalluva Maalai]]. The famous kings of the Sangam period were Buddhists.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} Chilapathikaram, a famous group work, is one that reveals the Buddhist influence of the time. Chithalai Chathanar was the Buddhist monk who wrote Manimekhala, the successor to Silapathikaram. The theme of Manimekhala is about converting from Jainism to Buddhism. He was a contemporary of [[Cheran Senguttuvan]] and was believed to have practiced [[Buddhism]]. He has sung in praise of the [[Pandyan dynasty|Pandyan king]] Chittira Maadatthu Thunjiya Nanmaran in the Sangam work of [[Purananuru]].

===Aryadevan===
Aryadevan was a Buddhist scholar who lived in the 5th-6th centuries. He was a follower of Nagarjuna and wrote Chathusika. He lived at Sembapuram (present day Srangapuram) in Kodungallur. Huang Sang, a Chinese traveler, describes Aryan.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}}

===Pallivana perumal===
Palli Vanapperumal or Pallibana Perumal was a famous king of the Cheravamsa dynasty based in Mahodayapuram (present day Kodungallur). Researchers have established that he lived in the 15th-16th centuries. He was the last propagandist of Buddhism in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ajay|first=Author|date=2013-03-11|title=Pally Vana Perumal and Pally Temples in Kerala|url=https://ajaysekher.net/2013/03/11/pallybana-perumal-pallyil-temple-perinjanam/|access-date=2021-07-17|website=Ajaysekher.net|language=en-GB}}</ref>{{verify source|date=May 2023}} His first temple was the Palli Bhagavathi Temple near Kodungallur. However, he left Kodungallur for Kuttanad and built many Buddhist temples and chaityas there.{{citation needed|date=May 2023}} According to historical records, Palli Banapperumal was a favorite of the locals. His influence can be seen in Neelamperur and Kilirur Padayanis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dinamani |first1=Pindiyath |title=What is PADAYANI?? |url=http://www.neelamperoorpadayani.org/2010/06/what-is-padayani.html |website=നീലംപേരൂര്‍ പടയണി |access-date=23 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908154411/http://www.neelamperoorpadayani.org/2010/06/what-is-padayani.html |archive-date=8 September 2011 |date=22 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{verify source|date=May 2023}}

===Balachandran Chullikkadu===
[[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] (born 1957) is a Malayali poet, orator and actor, who embraced Buddhism in 2000, becoming an ardent critic of Hinduism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/news/2000/jan/24hindu.htm|title = Rediff on the NeT: Malayalam poet embraces Buddhism}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Lists of Buddhist sites and traditions in Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Religion in Kerala]]

2006 borewell rescue of Prince Kumar

2026-04-21T17:14:05Z

BenWunderly: done

{{Short description|2006 Indian rescue of child from borewell}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox event
| title = 2006 borewell rescue of Prince
| image =
| caption =
| date = {{start and end dates|2006|7|21|2006|7|23}}
| type =
| coord = {{coord|30.2205865|76.8387818|display=title}}
| cause = Prince Kumar falling into uncovered borewell
| outcome = 50-hour operation by [[Indian Army]], resulting in Prince Kumar's safe rescue
| location = Haldaheri, [[Kurukshetra district]], [[Haryana]], India
}}
In July 2006, '''Prince Kumar''', a five-year-old boy, fell into a {{convert|60|ft|m}} deep, narrow borewell in the village of Haldaheri, [[Kurukshetra district]], [[Haryana]].<ref name="BBCRescue">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5207290.stm |title=Child rescued from well in India |date=2006-07-23 |website=BBC News |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref> The rescue effort, which lasted nearly 50 hours, garnered massive national media attention and involved the [[Indian Army]].<ref name="OutlookForgotten">{{Cite web |first=Durga |last=Prasad Panda |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/india-news-forgotten-newsmakers-rescued-from-60-feet-borewell-by-armymen-prince-kumar-wants-to-be-a-soldier-news-301925 |title=Forgotten Newsmakers: Rescued From 60-feet Borewell By Armymen, Prince Kumar Wants To Be A Soldier |date=17 July 2019 |website=Outlook India |access-date=2026-04-21}}</ref>

==Incident==
On 21 July 2006, Prince Kumar fell into an abandoned, uncovered borewell while playing.<ref name="TOIEndCharmed">{{Cite news |first=Avijit |last=Ghosh |date=2013-11-27 |title=For Prince, the end of a charmed life |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/for-prince-the-end-of-a-charmed-life/articleshow/26442574.cms |access-date=2026-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Villagers soon heard his cries from inside the well and discovered that he had fallen inside.<ref name="BBCRescue" />

==Rescue operation==
The shaft was approximately {{convert|1|ft|m}} wide, making it impossible for an adult to descend and retrieve him.<ref name="BBCRescue" />

Firefighters from Mumbai had been called to help with the rescue.<ref name="BBCRescue" /> After initial rescue attempts failed, the [[Indian Army]] was called to lead the rescue mission. As the boy tried to wriggle out by himself, he would slide down further by 10 feet, ultimately reaching the bottom of the borewell. There was also a concern that the borewell would collapse onto the boy. A closed-circuit camera was also lowered into the shaft to monitor his condition and well-being.<ref name="TOIVidyarthi">{{Cite news |first=Shishir |last=Arya |date=2025-10-02 |title=Maj Gen Vidyarthi recalls Prince borewell rescue, other career highlights on retirement |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/maj-gen-vidyarthi-recalls-prince-borewell-rescue-other-career-highlights-on-retirement/articleshow/124264942.cms |access-date=2026-04-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> During the operation, oxygen was pumped into the well, and food, milk and chocolates were lowered to the boy using a rope.<ref name="BBCRescue" />

Engineers and soldiers used heavy machinery to dig a parallel pit adjacent to the borewell.<ref name="BBCRescue" /> They were helped by a dry well which was parallel to the borewell, which they then dug deeper.<ref name="TOIVidyarthi" /> Once the parallel shaft reached the necessary depth, rescuers hand-dug a horizontal tunnel to connect the two pits.<ref name="OutlookForgotten" />

Prince was successfully pulled out of the well on 23 July 2006 to widespread celebration across India.<ref name="BBCRescue" /> While the Army claims that a young officer named Captain Pankaj Upadhyay finally pulled Prince out,<ref name="TOIVidyarthi" /> some reports suggest that he refused to come out until his uncle was sent down to retrieve him.<ref name="OutlookForgotten" />

==Aftermath and legacy==
The event was one of the first of its kind to be broadcast live on 24-hour news channels in India, leading to a "media circus" and nationwide prayers. Thousands sent in their wishes and prayers to the news channels. Following his rescue, the state government of Haryana announced that it would cover the costs of Prince's education and well-being.<ref name="TOIEndCharmed" />

Inspired by the soldiers who saved him, Prince Kumar expressed a desire in later years to join the Indian Army.<ref name="OutlookForgotten" /> The incident also prompted discussions regarding the safety of abandoned borewells in rural India.<ref name="BBCRescue" />

==See also==
* [[Child borewell deaths in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:July 2006 in India]]
[[Category:Well-related accidents and incidents]]
[[Category:Indian children]]

Hello Yama

2026-04-08T04:49:07Z

BenWunderly:

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{short description|Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hello...Yama
| image = Hello Yama.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| native_name = 
| director = A R Babu
| writer = Mohammed Ghouse (dialogue)
| screenplay = Mohammed Ghouse
| story = M S Ramesh
| based_on = 
| producer = D Raghu Balraj Anekal
| starring = [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] [[Doddanna]] [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Anaji Nagaraj
| editing = K M Shankar
| music = Sadhu Kokila
| studio = R And R Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1998|7|27}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Hello...Yama''''' is a 1998 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama film]] directed by A R Babu and starring [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] and [[Doddanna]] in the titular role and [[Sadhu Kokila]], who also composed the music. The film was remade in Telugu under [[Hello...Yama!|the same name]] in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007199&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Hello Yama|work=[[Sify]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050108012601/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=6007199&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=8 January 2005|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]] as Suri
*[[Doddanna]] as [[Yama]]
*[[Sadhu Kokila]] as [[Chitragupta]]
*Harish Roy
*[[Tennis Krishna]]
*[[Pramod Chakravarthy (actor)|Pramod Chakravarthy]]
*Rinky
*Monisha
*[[Lavanya (actress)|Lavanya]]
*Ramya
*Pushpa Swamy
*Bhavyashree Rai
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*M D Kaushik
*[[Vaijanath Biradar]]
*Yamuna
*[[Prem (director)|Prem]] (uncredited)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/shankar-nag-to-kashinath-five-hit-directors-turned-actors-of-kannada-film-industry/photostory/76198568.cms?picid=76198573|title=Shankar Nag to Kashinath: FIVE hit directors-turned-actors of Kannada film industry|first=Farhan|last=Syed|date=4 June 2020|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
Film publicist K. G. Nagendra clapped the ''[[muhurat shot]]'' by chance.<ref name="B"/>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Sadhu Kokila]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hello-yama-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1343331106|title=Hello Yama (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP|date=2014|work=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Damal Dumil
| extra1 = Sadhu Kokila, Sujatha Dutt
| length1 = 4:13
| title2 = Dingu Dongu Disco Dance
| extra2 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], Mangala, Suma, Kusuma
| length2 = 4:38
| title3 = Ee Rambhe Andha
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, Mangala, Suma, Kusuma
| length3 = 4:55
| title4 = Rambha Beda Jamba
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan, Sadhu Kokila, [[Doddanna]], Sujatha Dutt, Mangala
| length4 = 3:27
| title5 = Sooji Maalige Mele
| extra5 = Doddanna, Sadhu Kokila, Sujatha Dutt, Mangala
| length5 = 4:40
| total_length = 21:53
}}

== Box office ==
The film was a success and inspired similar films such as ''[[Yamalokadalli Veerappan]]'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/B1B03240AE8F5FF6652569400062A3E6?OpenDocumentn|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312215349/http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/B1B03240AE8F5FF6652569400062A3E6?OpenDocument|title=Yamatokadalli Veerappan (Kannada)|archive-date=12 March 2008|date=20 December 1998|last=Srinivasa|first=Srikanth|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref> After the film's success, Nagendra went on to clap for the muhurat shot of other films.<ref name="B">{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/a-lucky-priest-is-the-ideal-mantra-for-a-hit-film/articleshow/21448353.cms|title=A '˜lucky priest' is the ideal mantra for a hit film|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=23 December 2011|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref> A sequel titled ''Yama in Bangkok'' was planned in 2011 with [[Namitha]], [[Jaggesh]] reprising the role of [[Yama]] and [[Sadhu Kokila]] reprising his role as [[Chitragupta]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/namitha-bags-lead-role-in-yama-in-bangkok-40968/|title=Namitha bags lead role in 'Yama in Bangkok'|date=26 September 2011|work=[[Bollywood Life]]|access-date=6 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1998 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

68th Filmfare Awards South

2026-04-01T23:21:14Z

BenWunderly: page

{{Short description|2024 online film awards event}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 68
| award = Filmfare Awards South
| award_link = Filmfare Awards South
| image =
| caption =
| announced_date = 11 July 2024
| presented_date =
| date =
| site =
| host =
| preshow =
| producer =
| channel =
| network =
| director =
| organizer = [[The Times Group]]
| magazine_issue = [[Filmfare]]
| website = [https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/ Official website]
| lifetime_achievement =
| best_film = ''[[RRR]]'' (Telugu) ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' (Tamil) ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'' (Kannada) ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' (Malayalam)
| most_wins = ''[[RRR]]'' (9)
| most_nominations = ''[[RRR]]'' and ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' (13)
| last = 67th
| next = 69th
}}

The '''68th Filmfare Awards South''' is an awards event that recognised and honoured the best films and performances from the [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Kannada cinema|Kannada]] and [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films and music released in 2022 along with special honours for lifetime contributions and few special awards.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-12 |title=68th Filmfare Awards South 2023: Ram Charan, JR NTR Bag Best Actors. Kantara, Ponniyin Selvan -1 Win Big |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/telugu/68th-filmfare-awards-south-2023-ram-charan-jr-ntr-bag-best-actors-kantara-ponniyin-selvan-1-win-big-article-111677802 |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Since the ceremony was not held in person in 2023, the nominations and winners were announced digitally on 11 July 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Telugu) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2023_-67194.html |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South ( Tamil ) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-tamil-2023_-67193.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Malayalam) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-malayalam-2023_-67192.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South ( Kannada ) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-kannada-2023_-67191.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Winners and nominees==
Winners are listed first, highlighted in '''boldface'''.

===Main awards===

====Kannada cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Kantara (film)|'''''Kantara''''']] '''– [[Vijay Kiragandur]], producer'''
**''[[777 Charlie]]'' – G. S. Gupta and [[Rakshit Shetty]], producers
**[[Dollu (film)|''Dollu'']] – Apeksha Purohit and [[Pavan Wadeyar]], producers
**''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'' – Vijay Kiragandur, producer
**[[Taledanda (film)|''Taledanda'']] – Hema Malini Krupakar, producer
**[[Vedha (2022 film)|''Vedha'']] – Geeta Shivarajkumar, producer
**''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' – Jack Manjunath, producer

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Kiranraj K.]] – [[777 Charlie]]'''
**[[Harsha (director)|A. Harsha]] – [[Vedha (2022 film)|''Vedha'']]
**[[Prashanth Neel]] – ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
**Praveen Krupakar – [[Taledanda (film)|''Taledanda'']]
** [[Rishab Shetty]] – [[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]
**[[Sagar Puranik]] – [[Dollu (film)|''Dollu'']]
**[[Yogaraj Bhat]] – ''[[Gaalipata 2]]''
|-

! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Best Actress]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Rishab Shetty]]''' '''– [[Kantara (film)|Kantara]] as Shiva'''
**[[Dhananjaya (actor)|Dhananjaya]] – ''[[Monsoon Raaga]]'' as Katte
**[[Rakshit Shetty]] – ''[[777 Charlie]]'' as Dharmaraj Dattana
**[[Shiva Rajkumar]] – [[Vedha (2022 film)|''Vedha'']] as Vedha
**[[Sudeepa]] – ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' as Vikrant Rona
**[[Yash Gowda|Yash]] – ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'' as Rocky

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Chaithra J. Achar]] – [[Taledanda (film)|''Taledanda'']] as Saaki'''
**[[Aishani Shetty]] – [[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage (2022 film)|''Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage'']] as Shreya
**[[Ganavi Laxman]] – [[Vedha (2022 film)|''Vedha'']] as Pushpa
**[[Meghana Gaonkar]] – ''Shubhamangala'' as Anu
**[[Rachita Ram]] – ''[[Monsoon Raaga]]'' as Asma Begum
**[[Sapthami Gowda]] – [[Kantara (film)|''Kantara'']] as Leela

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Kannada|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Kannada|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Achyuth Kumar]] – [[Kantara (film)|''Kantara'']] as Devendra Suttooru'''
**[[Anant Nag]] – ''[[Gaalipata 2]]'' as Kishore / Meshtru
**[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] – ''Kantara'' as Murali
**[[Nirup Bhandari]] – ''[[Vikrant Rona]]'' as Sanjeev Gambhira / Raghava
**[[Prakash Raj]] – ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'' as Vijayendra Ingalagi

|valign="top" |
* '''Mangala N – [[Taledanda (film)|''Taledanda'']] as Kethamma'''
**[[Aditi Sagar]] – [[Vedha (2022 film)|''Vedha'']] as Kanaka
**[[Archana Jois]] – ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'' as Shanthamma
**Manasi Sudhir– [[Kantara (film)|''Kantara'']] as Kamala
**[[Umashree]] – ''Vedha'' as Shankri

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Kannada|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Kannada|Best Lyricist]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] – [[Kantara (soundtrack)|''Kantara'']]'''
**[[Arjun Janya]] – [[Vedha (2022 film)|''Vedha'']]
**[[J. Anoop Seelin]] – ''[[Monsoon Raaga]]''
**Nobin Paul – [[777 Charlie (soundtrack)|''777 Charlie'']]
**[[Ravi Basrur]] – ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''

| valign="top" |
* '''[[V. Nagendra Prasad]] – "Belakina Kavithe" from [[Banaras (2022 film)|''Banaras'']]'''
**[[Jayanth Kaikini]] – "Neenu Bagehariyada Haadu" from ''[[Gaalipata 2]]''
**[[K. Kalyan]] – "Megharajana Raaga" from ''[[Monsoon Raaga]]''
**Raghavendra Kamath – "Ninadene Januma" from ''[[Love Mocktail 2]]''
**Trilok Trivikrama – "Karma Song" from [[Kantara (soundtrack)|''Kantara'']]

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Kannada|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Sai Vignesh]] – "Varaha Roopam" from [[Kantara (soundtrack)|''Kantara'']]'''
**[[Haricharan]] – "Aa Kanasu" from ''[[Sakutumba Sametha]]''
**[[Sanjith Hegde]] – "Belakina Kavithe" from [[Banaras (2022 film)|''Banaras'']]
**[[Sid Sriram]] – "Jagave Neenu Gelathiye" from ''[[Love 360]]''
**[[Vijay Prakash]] – "Singara Siriye" from ''Kantara''

|valign="top" |
* '''[[Sunidhi Chauhan]] – "Ra Ra Rakkamma" from [[Vikrant Rona (soundtrack)|''Vikrant Rona'']]'''
**Aarna Shetty – "Sahapaati" from [[777 Charlie (soundtrack)|''777 Charlie'']]
**Harshika Devanath – "Aane Maadi Heluteeni" from [[Guru Shishyaru (2022 film)|''Guru Shishyaru'']]
**[[Indu Nagaraj]] – "Aralada Mallige" from [[Vedha (2022 film)|''Vedha'']]
**[[Siri Ravikumar]] – "Sangaathi" from ''[[Sakutumba Sametha]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Kannada|Critics Best Actress]]
|-
|
* '''[[Naveen Shankar]] – [[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage (2022 film)|''Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage'']] as Aadi'''
|
* '''[[Sapthami Gowda]]''' '''– [[Kantara (film)|''Kantara'']] as Leela'''
|}

====Malayalam cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''''' '''– [[Kunchacko Boban]], [[Santhosh T. Kuruvilla]] and Sheril Rachel Santhosh, producers'''
**''[[Ariyippu]]'' – Kunchako Boban, [[Mahesh Narayanan]] and Shebin Backer, producers
**''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' – [[Visakh Subramaniam]], producer
**''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'' – Ganesh Menon, Lakshmi Warrier, producers
**''[[Jo and Jo]]'' – Adarsh Narayan, Anumod Bose, Harris Desom and P. B. Anish, producers
**''[[Puzhu]]'' – S. George, producer
**''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' – Sandip Senan, producer
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Ratheesh Balakrishnan Poduval]] – ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'''''
**[[Amal Neerad]] – ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]''
**[[Khalid Rahman]] – ''[[Thallumaala]]''
**[[Mahesh Narayanan]] – ''[[Ariyippu]]''
**[[Rahul Sadasivan]] – ''[[Bhoothakaalam]]''
**[[Tharun Moorthy]] – ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]''
**[[Vipin Das]] – ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Kunchacko Boban]] – ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' as Kozhummal Rajeevan'''
**[[Basil Joseph]] – ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'' as Rajesh
**Kunchako Boban – ''[[Ariyippu]]'' as Hareesh P. V.
**[[Mammootty]] – ''[[Puzhu]]'' as Kuttan
**[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] – [[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|''Jana Gana Mana'']] as Aravind Swaminathan
**[[Tovino Thomas]] – ''[[Thallumaala]]'' as Wazim
**[[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] – ''[[Mukundan Unni Associates]]'' as Mukundan Unni
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Darshana Rajendran]] – ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]'' as Jayabharathi'''
**[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] – [[Kumari (2022 film)|''Kumari'']] as Kumari
**Devi Varma – ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]'' as Ayisha Rowther
**[[Navya Nair]] – ''[[Oruthee]]'' as C. K. Radhamani
**[[Nithya Menen]] – ''[[19(1)(a)]]''
**[[Revathi]] – ''[[Bhoothakaalam]]'' as Asha
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Indrans]] – [[Udal (film)|''Udal'']] as Kuttichayan'''
**[[Alencier Ley Lopez]] – [[Appan (film)|''Appan'']]
**P. P. Kunhikrishnan – ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]'' as Magistrate
**[[Sharafudheen]] – [[Rorschach (film)|''Rorschach'']] as Satheeshan Madathil
**[[Shine Tom Chacko]] – ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]'' as Anjootti Peter
**[[Suraj Venjaramoodu]] – [[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|''Jana Gana Mana'']] as Sajjan Kumar
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] – ''[[Puzhu]]'' as Bharathi'''
**[[Darshana Rajendran]] – ''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]'' as Darshana
**[[Grace Antony]] – [[Rorschach (film)|''Rorschach'']] as Sujatha
**[[Mamta Mohandas]] – [[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|''Jana Gana Mana'']] as Saba Mariyam
**Radhika Radhakrishnan – [[Appan (film)|''Appan'']] as Sheela
**[[Sshivada]] – ''[[Meri Awas Suno]]'' as Meryl
**[[Surabhi Lakshmi]] – [[Kumari (2022 film)|''Kumari'']] as Muthamma
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Malayalam|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Kailas Menon]] – [[Vaashi (2022 film)|''Vaashi'']]'''
**[[A. R. Rahman]] – ''[[Malayankunju]]''
**[[M. Jayachandran]] – ''[[Meri Awas Suno]]''
**M. Jayachandran – ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]''
**[[Rahul Raj]] – [[Aaraattu (2022 film)|''Aaraattu'']]
**[[Ranjin Raj]] – ''[[Malikappuram]]''
**Sumesh Parameswar – ''Signature''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Arun Alat]] – "Darshana" from [[Hridayam (soundtrack)|''Hridayam'']]'''
**B. K. Harinarayanan – "Kaattathoru Mankoodu" from ''[[Meri Awas Suno]]''
**B. K. Harinarayanan – "Nangeli Poove" from ''[[Malikappuram]]''
**Nikesh Chembilode – "Thaaruzhiyum" from [[Aaraattu (2022 film)|''Aaraattu'']]
**[[Rafeeq Ahamed]] – "Mayilpeeli Ilakunnu" from ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]''
**Santosh Varma – "Elelamma" from ''Signature''
**[[Vinayak Sasikumar]] – "Enthanithu Engottithu" from ''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Malayalam|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Unni Menon]] – "Rathipushpam" from [[Bheeshma Parvam (soundtrack)|''Bheeshma Parvam'']]'''
**[[Ranjin Raj]] – "Nangeli Poove" from ''[[Malikappuram]]''
**Jithin Raj – "Kaattathoru Mankoodu" from ''[[Meri Awas Suno]]''
**[[Job Kurian]] – "Pakalo Kaanaathe" from ''[[Saudi Vellakka]]''
**[[K. S. Harisankar]] – "Thaaruzhiyum" from [[Aaraattu (2022 film)|''Aaraattu'']]
**[[Shahabaz Aman]] – "Aadalodakam" from ''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''
**[[Vijay Yesudas]] – "Cholappenne" from ''[[Malayankunju]]''
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Mridula Warrier]] – "Mayilpeeli Ilakunnu" from ''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]'''''
**Aavani Malhar – "Mandarappoove" from [[Kumari (2022 film)|''Kumari'']]
**[[Anne Amie]] – "Pranayamennoru Vakku" from ''[[Meri Awas Suno]]''
**[[Shweta Mohan]] – "Mannum Niranje" from ''[[Malayankunju]]''
**[[Sithara (singer)|Sithara Krishnakumar]] – "Angane" from ''[[Jack N' Jill]]''
**Vrinda Menon – "Elelamma" from ''Signature''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Critics Best Actress]]
|-
|
* '''[[Alencier Ley Lopez]]''' '''– [[Appan (film)|''Appan'']] as Ittychan'''
|
* '''[[Revathi]] – ''[[Bhoothakaalam]]'' as Asha'''
|}

====Tamil cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''''' '''– [[Mani Ratnam]] and [[Subaskaran Allirajah]], producers'''
**[[Gargi (film)|''Gargi'']] – [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]], [[Gautham Ramachandran]], Thomas George and Ravichandran Ramachandran, producers
**''[[Iravin Nizhal]]'' – Anshu Prabhakar, Bala Swaminathan, Caldwell Velnambi, Pinchi Srinivasan, Ranjith Dhandapani and [[R. Parthiban]], producers
**''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]'' – [[M. Manikandan]], producer
**''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'' – [[R. Madhavan]], Sarita Madhavan, Varghese Moolan and [[Vijay V. Moolan]], producers
**''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]'' – [[Ishari K. Ganesh]], producer
**[[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']] – [[Kamal Haasan]] and R. Mahendran, producers
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Mani Ratnam]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'''''
**[[Gautham Ramachandran]] – [[Gargi (film)|''Gargi'']]
**[[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] – ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''
**[[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] – [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']]
**[[M. Manikandan]] – ''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]''
**[[R. Madhavan]] – ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
**[[R. Parthiban|Radhakrishnan Parthiban]] – ''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]]
|-
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Kamal Haasan]] – [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']] as Agent Arun Kumar Vikram'''
**[[Dhanush]] – ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' as Thiruchitrambalam Jr.
**[[Karthi]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' as [[Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan]]
**[[R. Madhavan]] – ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'' as [[Nambi Narayanan]]
**[[R. Parthiban|Radhakrishnan Parthiban]] – ''[[Iravin Nizhal]]'' as Nandu
**[[Silambarasan]] – ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]'' as Muthuveeran
**[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] – ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' as [[Aditha Karikalan]]
|valign="top" |
* '''[[Sai Pallavi]] – [[Gargi (film)|''Gargi'']] as Gargi'''
**[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] – ''[[Gatta Kusthi]]'' as Keerthi
**[[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' as Nandini
**[[Keerthy Suresh]] – ''[[Saani Kaayidham]]'' as Ponni
**[[Kovai Sarala]] – ''[[Sembi]]'' as Veerathayi
**[[Nithya Menen]] – ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' as Shobana
**[[Trisha Krishnan]] – ''Ponniyin Selvan: I'' as [[Kundavai Pirāttiyār|Kundavai]]
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Kaali Venkat]] – [[Gargi (film)|''Gargi'']] as Indrans Kaliyaperumal'''
**[[Arav]] – ''[[Kalaga Thalaivan]]'' as Arjun
**[[S. J. Suryah]] – [[Don (2022 film)|''Don'']] as Bhoominathan
**[[Selvaraghavan]] – ''[[Saani Kaayidham]]'' as Sangayya
**[[Vijay Sethupathi]] – [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']] as Sandhanam
**[[Yogi Babu]] – [[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']] as Venu Shastri Iyengar
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] – ''[[Veetla Vishesham]]'' as Krishnaveni Unnikrishnan'''
**[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'' as [[Poonguzhali]]
**[[Radhika Sarathkumar]] – [[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']] as Saraswathi
**[[Raichal Rabecca]] – ''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]'' as Mangaiyarkarasi
**[[Raiza Wilson]] – [[FIR (2022 film)|''FIR'']] as Anisha Qureshi
**[[Simran (actress)|Simran]] – ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'' as Meena Narayanan
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[A. R. Rahman]] – [[Ponniyin Selvan: I (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: I'']]'''
**[[Anirudh Ravichander]] – [[Beast (soundtrack)|''Beast'']]
**Anirudh Ravichander – [[Thiruchitrambalam (soundtrack)|''Thiruchitrambalam'']]
**Anirudh Ravichander – [[Vikram (soundtrack)|''Vikram'']]
**A. R. Rahman – [[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu (soundtrack)|''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu'']]
**[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] – [[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Thamarai]] – "Marakuma Nenjam" from [[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu (soundtrack)|''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu'']]'''
**[[Dhanush]] – "Megham Karukkatha" from [[Thiruchitrambalam (soundtrack)|''Thiruchitrambalam'']]
**Ilango Krishnan – "Devaralan Attam" from [[Ponniyin Selvan: I (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: I'']]
**Ilango Krishnan – "Ponni Nadhi" from ''Ponniyin Selvan: I''
**[[Madhan Karky]] – "Maayava Thooyava" from ''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''
**Vishnu Edavan – "Porkanda Singam" from [[Vikram (soundtrack)|''Vikram'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Santhosh Narayanan]] – "Thenmozhi" from [[Thiruchitrambalam (soundtrack)|''Thiruchitrambalam'']]'''
**[[A. R. Rahman]] – "Marakuma Nenjam" from [[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu (soundtrack)|''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu'']]
**[[Dhanush]] – "Megham Karukkatha" from [[Thiruchitrambalam (soundtrack)|''Thiruchitrambalam'']]
**[[Anirudh Ravichander]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] – "[[Pathala Pathala]]" from [[Vikram (soundtrack)|''Vikram'']]
**[[Sid Sriram]] – "Mother Song" from [[Valimai (soundtrack)|''Valimai'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''Antara Nandy – "Alaikadal" from [[Ponniyin Selvan: I (soundtrack)|''Ponniyin Selvan: I'']]'''
**[[Chinmayi Sripaada]] – "Panithuli" from ''[[Raangi]]''
**[[Jonita Gandhi]] – "[[Arabic Kuthu]]" from [[Beast (soundtrack)|''Beast'']]
**[[Madhushree]] – "Mallipoo" from [[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu (soundtrack)|''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu'']]
**[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – "Maayava Thooyava" from ''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''
**Shreya Ghoshal – "Unna Nenachadhum" from ''Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Critics Best Actress]]
|-
|
* '''[[R. Madhavan]]''' '''– ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]'' as [[Nambi Narayanan]]'''
* '''[[Dhanush]] – ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' as Thiruchitrambalam Jr.'''
|
* '''[[Nithya Menen]]''' '''– ''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]'' as Shobana'''
|}

====Telugu cinema====
{| class="wikitable" width=100% |
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center; width:50%;"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''''[[RRR]]''''' '''– [[D. V. V. Danayya]], producer'''
**[[Bimbisara (film)|''Bimbisara'']] – [[N. T. R. Arts|Kosaraju Harikrishna]], producer
**''[[DJ Tillu]]'' – [[S. Radha Krishna|Suryadevara Naga Vamsi]], producer
**''[[Karthikeya 2]]'' – Abhishek Agarwal and T. G. Viswa Prasad, producers
**[[Major (film)|''Major'']] – Anurag Reddy, [[Mahesh Babu]], [[Namrata Shirodkar]] and Sharath Chandra, producers
**''[[Sita Ramam]]'' – [[C. Aswani Dutt]], producer
| valign="top" |
* '''[[S. S. Rajamouli]] – ''[[RRR]]'''''
**[[Chandoo Mondeti]] – ''[[Karthikeya 2]]''
**[[Hanu Raghavapudi]] – ''[[Sita Ramam]]''
**Sai Kiran – ''[[Masooda]]''
**Sashi Kiran Tikka – [[Major (film)|''Major'']]
**Vimal Krishna – ''[[DJ Tillu]]''
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Best Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]] – ''[[RRR]]'' as [[Komaram Bheem]]'''
* '''[[Ram Charan]] – ''RRR'' as [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]]'''
**[[Adivi Sesh]] – [[Major (film)|''Major'']] as [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]]
**[[Chiranjeevi]] – [[Godfather (2022 film)|''Godfather'']] as Brahma Teja
**[[Dulquer Salmaan]] – ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' as Ram
**[[Pawan Kalyan]] – ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' as Sarhad Bheemla Nayak
**[[Siddhu Jonnalagadda]] – ''[[DJ Tillu]]'' as Bala Gangadhar Tilak

| valign="top" |
* '''[[Mrunal Thakur]] – ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' as Princess Noor Jahan / Sita Mahalakshmi'''
**[[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] – [[Ammu (2022 film)|''Ammu'']] as Amudha Ravindranath
**[[Nazriya Nazim]] – ''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]'' as Leela Thomas
**[[Neha Shetty]] – ''[[DJ Tillu]]'' as Radhika
**[[Nithya Menen]] – ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' as Suguna
**[[Sai Pallavi]] – ''[[Virata Parvam]]'' as Vennela
**[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu|Samantha]] – [[Yashoda (film)|''Yashoda'']] as Yashoda

|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Telugu|Best Supporting Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Rana Daggubati]] – ''[[Bheemla Nayak]]'' as Danny Shekhar'''
**[[Ajay Devgn]] – ''[[RRR]]'' as Alluri Venkatarama Raju
**Muralidhar Goud – ''[[DJ Tillu]]''
**[[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] – ''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]'' as Kasthuri Suryanarayana Sastry
**[[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] – [[Godfather (2022 film)|''Godfather'']] as Jaidev Das
**[[Sumanth]] – ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' as Vishnu Sharma
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Nandita Das]] – ''[[Virata Parvam]]'' as Shakuntala'''
**[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] – ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]''
**''[[Priyamani]]'' – ''[[Virata Parvam]]'' as Bharathakka
**[[Rashmika Mandanna]] – ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' as Afreen / Waheeda
**[[Sangeetha Krish|Sangeetha]] – ''[[Masooda]]'' as Neelam
**[[Sobhita Dhulipala]] – [[Major (film)|''Major'']] as Pramoda Reddy
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu|Best Music Director]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[M. M. Keeravani]] – [[RRR (soundtrack)|''RRR'']]'''
**[[Bheems Ceciroleo]] – [[Dhamaka (2022 film)|''Dhamaka'']]
**[[Sricharan Pakala]] – ''[[DJ Tillu]]''
**Sricharan Pakala – [[Major (film)|''Major'']]
**[[Thaman S]] – [[Bheemla Nayak (soundtrack)|''Bheemla Nayak'']]
**[[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] – [[Sita Ramam (soundtrack)|''Sita Ramam'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]'''''{{Efn|Awarded posthumously}}'' '''– "Kaanunna Kalyanam" from [[Sita Ramam (soundtrack)|''Sita Ramam'']]'''
**[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]] – "Kolu Kolu" from ''[[Virata Parvam]]''
**Krishnakanth – "Inthandham" from ''Sita Ramam''
**[[Ramajogayya Sastry]] – "Entha Chithram" from ''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''
**Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry – "Amma Song" from ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]''
**[[Suddala Ashok Teja]] – "Komuram Bheemudo" from [[RRR (soundtrack)|''RRR'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Playback Singer – Male]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"| [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Playback Singer – Female]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Kaala Bhairava]] – "Komuram Bheemudo" from [[RRR (soundtrack)|''RRR'']]'''
**[[Rahul Sipligunj]] and Kaala Bhairava – "[[Naatu Naatu]]" from ''RRR''
**[[Ram Miriyala]] – "Tillu Anna DJ Pedithe" from ''[[DJ Tillu]]''
**[[Sid Sriram]] – "Kalaavathi" from ''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]''
**[[S. P. Charan]] – "Inthandham" from [[Sita Ramam (soundtrack)|''Sita Ramam'']]
| valign="top" |
* '''[[Chinmayi Sripaada]] – "Oh Prema" from [[Sita Ramam (soundtrack)|''Sita Ramam'']]'''
**Divya Malika – "Kolu Kolu" from ''[[Virata Parvam]]''
**Haripriya – "Ee Veduka" from ''[[Ashoka Vanamlo Arjuna Kalyanam]]''
**[[Jonita Gandhi]] – "Ento Enteynto" from [[Thank You (2022 film)|''Thank You'']]
**[[K. S. Chithra]] – "Antha Ishtam" from [[Bheemla Nayak (soundtrack)|''Bheemla Nayak'']]
**Prakruthi Reddy – "Komma Uyyala" from [[RRR (soundtrack)|''RRR'']]
|-
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Telugu|Critics Best Actor]]
! ! style="background:#eedd82; text-align:center;"|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Telugu|Critics Best Actress]]
|-
|
* '''[[Dulquer Salmaan]]''' '''– ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' as Ram'''
|
* '''[[Sai Pallavi]]''' '''– ''[[Virata Parvam]]'' as Vennela'''
|}

===Technical awards===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematographer – South|Best Cinematographer]]
|-
|
* '''[[K. K. Senthil Kumar]] (Telugu) – ''[[RRR]]'''''
|-
|
* '''[[Ravi Varman]] (Tamil) – ''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]'''''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South|Best Choreography]]
|-
|
* '''[[Prem Rakshith]]''' '''(Telugu) – "[[Naatu Naatu]]" from ''[[RRR]]'''''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Director - South|Best Production Design]]
|-
|
* '''[[Sabu Cyril]] (Telugu) – ''[[RRR]]'''''
|}

===Special awards===
{| class="wikitable"
! Critics Best Film (Director)
|-
|
* '''''[[Sita Ramam]]''''' '''([[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Telugu|Telugu]]) – [[Hanu Raghavapudi]]'''
|-
|
* '''''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]''''' '''([[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Tamil|Tamil]]) – [[M. Manikandan]]'''
|-
|
* '''''[[Ariyippu]]'' ([[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Malayalam]]) – [[Mahesh Narayanan]]'''
|-
|
* [[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage (2022 film)|'''''Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage''''']] '''([[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film – Kannada|Kannada]]) – Sridhar Shikaripura'''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut – South|Best Male Debut]]
|-
|
* '''[[Pradeep Ranganathan]]''' '''(Tamil) – [[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']] as Uthaman Pradeep'''
|-
! [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut – South|Best Female Debut]]
|-
|
* '''[[Aditi Shankar]]''' '''(Tamil) – ''[[Viruman]]'' as Thenmozhi'''
|}

==Superlatives==
{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Films with multiple nominations
! Nominations !! Film
|-
! rowspan="2" |13
|''[[RRR]]''
|-
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |12
|[[Kantara (film)|''Kantara'']]
|-
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |7
|''[[DJ Tillu]]''
|-
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
|-
|''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu]]''
|-
! rowspan="3" |6
|''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
|-
|[[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']]
|-
|[[Vedha (2022 film)|''Vedha'']]
|-
! rowspan="9" |5
|''[[777 Charlie]]''
|-
|''[[Bheemla Nayak]]''
|-
|''[[Iravin Nizhal]]''
|-
|''[[Jaya Jaya Jaya Jaya Hey]]''
|-
|[[Major (film)|''Major'']]
|-
|''[[Meri Awas Suno]]''
|-
|''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''
|-
|''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''
|-
|''[[Virata Parvam]]''
|-
! rowspan="8" |4
|''[[Ariyippu]]''
|-
|[[Gargi (film)|''Gargi'']]
|-
|''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]''
|-
|[[Love Today (2022 film)|''Love Today'']]
|-
|''[[Monsoon Raaga]]''
|-
|''[[Saudi Vellakka]]''
|-
|[[Taledanda (film)|''Taledanda'']]
|-
|''[[Vikrant Rona]]''
|-
! rowspan="16" |3
|[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|''Aaraattu'']]
|-
|''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''
|-
|[[Appan (film)|''Appan'']]
|-
|''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]''
|-
|''[[Bhoothakaalam]]''
|-
|[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage (2022 film)|''Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage'']]
|-
|''[[Gaalipata 2]]''
|-
|''[[Hridayam (film)|Hridayam]]''
|-
|[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|''Jana Gana Mana'']]
|-
|''[[Jo and Jo]]''
|-
|[[Kumari (2022 film)|''Kumari'']]
|-
|''[[Malayankunju]]''
|-
|''[[Malikappuram]]''
|-
|''[[Pathonpatham Noottandu]]''
|-
|''[[Puzhu]]''
|-
|''Signature''
|-
! rowspan="11" |2
|[[Banaras (2022 film)|''Banaras'']]
|-
|[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|''Beast'']]
|-
|[[Dollu (film)|''Dollu'']]
|-
|[[Godfather (2022 film)|''Godfather'']]
|-
|''[[Karthikeya 2]]''
|-
|''[[Masooda]]''
|-
|[[Rorschach (film)|''Rorschach'']]
|-
|''[[Saani Kaayidham]]''
|-
|''[[Sakutumba Sametha]]''
|-
|''[[Thallumaala]]''
|-
|''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]''
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="display:inline-table;"
|+Films with multiple awards (including non-competitive)
! Awards !! Film
|-
!9
|''[[RRR]]''
|-
!6
|[[Kantara (film)|''Kantara'']]
|-
! rowspan="2" |5
|''[[Ponniyin Selvan: I]]''
|-
|''[[Sita Ramam]]''
|-
! rowspan="2" |3
|''[[Nna Thaan Case Kodu]]''
|-
|''[[Thiruchitrambalam]]''
|-
! rowspan="5" |2
|''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]''
|-
|[[Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage (2022 film)|''Dharani Mandala Madhyadolage'']]
|-
|[[Gargi (film)|''Gargi'']]
|-
|[[Taledanda (film)|''Taledanda'']]
|-
|''[[Virata Parvam]]''
|}

==Notes==
<references group="lower-alpha" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.filmfare.com/ Filmfare Official Website]
* [https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2023/ 68th Filmfare Awards South 2023]
{{Filmfare Awards South}}

[[Category:Filmfare Awards South by year]]
[[Category:2024 Indian film awards]]

Boxanagar Ruins

2026-03-31T20:43:14Z

BenWunderly: started the entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Boxanagar, Tripura}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Boxanagar Ruins
| image = 6)The ruins of Buddhist Temple at Boxanagar,near Sonamura, 40 kms west to the capital city Agartala,Tripura.jpg
| caption = Ruins at Boxanagar
| map_type = India#India Tripura#South Asia
| map_caption = Boxanagar Ruins
| relief = yes
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|36|58.9|N|91|09|56.3|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = Boxanagar, [[Sonamura subdivision]], [[Sipahijala district]], [[Tripura]], [[India]]
| type = Stupa, chaityagṛha, monastery
| material = Burnt bricks, mud mortar, terracotta
| built = Between 6th and 9th centuries CE
| condition = Preserved
| management = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| architectural_styles = [[Buddhist architecture|Buddhist]]
| designation1 = Monument of National Importance
| designation1_free1name = Official name
| designation1_free1value = Ancient Remains, Boxanagar
| designation1_free2name = Reference no.
| designation1_free2value = N-TR-2
| designation1_free3name = State
| designation1_free3value = [[Tripura]]
}}

The '''Boxanagar Ruins''' are a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[archaeological site]] in [[Boxanagar]], [[Tripura]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India(ASI), Guwahati Circle, Assam |url=https://www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/Ancient%20remains%20boxanagar.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in}}</ref> It is designated a [[Monuments of National Importance|Monument of National Importance]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India(ASI), Guwahati Circle, Assam |url=https://www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/tripura.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in}}</ref>

== Location ==
The Boxanagar archaeological site is located at Boxanagar, a village<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boxanagar Village Population - Boxanagar - West Tripura, Tripura |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/272086-boxanagar-tripura.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref> in northwest [[Sonamura subdivision]], [[Sipahijala district]] in western Tripura. Boxanagar has an average elevation of 21 m (69 ft).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boxanagar topographic map, elevation, terrain |url=https://en-sg.topographic-map.com/map-fd6kzs/Boxanagar/?center=21.7182,93.0954&zoom=7 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Topographic maps |language=en}}</ref> The ruins are situated on the fringes of the [[Bangladesh–India border|Indo-Bangladesh border]], and sit at a distance of approximately 40 km (25 mi) from [[Agartala]], the state's [[Capital city|capital]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-12-09 |title=When an 8th century stupa was found under a Tripura Eidgah |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/tripura/when-an-8th-century-stupa-was-found-under-a-tripura-eidgah-5485543/ |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Tripura Tourism |url=https://tripuratourism.gov.in/single-tour.php?id=16 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=tripuratourism.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Dey |first=Subrata |title=Boxanagar: An Ancient Buddhist Archaeological Site of Tripura |url=https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume11.1/38.pdf |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=729-737}}</ref> The nearest airport is [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport]] and the nearest railway station is [[Agartala railway station]] in Agartala.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The Boxanagar Ruins, a largely Buddhist complex, are believed by archaeologists to be Tripura's most ancient Buddhist archaeological site.<ref name=":2" /> According to them, the Buddhist civilization of Boxanagar first emerged during the [[Khadga dynasty]], a Buddhist dynasty which ruled the areas of [[Vanga kingdom|Vanga]] and [[Samatata]] in ancient Bengal from 625 CE to 716 CE. Historians believe that Buddhist culture and influence flourished in Boxanagar between the 6th (7th according to some accounts<ref name=":2" />) and 12th centuries CE, a period marked by rich history, learning, and the arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-23 |title=Tripura's hidden treasure: Reawakening a lost Buddhist legacy |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/tripuras-hidden-treasure-reawakening-a-lost-buddhist-legacy-101682235663696.html |access-date=2026-01-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Dasgupta |first=Mandira |last2=Bhowmik |first2=Rajesh |title=The Archaeological Sites of Tripura: A Study of the Excavated Sites of Pilak, Boxanagar, Unakoti, Devtamura and the Temples of Udaipur |url=https://www.heritageuniversityofkerala.com/JournalPDF/Volume8.2/43.pdf |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=712-729}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Boxanagar Buddhist Ruins — Maps, Directions & History |url=https://www.anvayamaps.com/places/boxanagar-buddhist-ruins |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.anvayamaps.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Boxanagar archaeological site is believed by archaeologists to have been erected sometime between the 6th and 9th centuries CE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Boxanagar Archaeological Site Poised for Tourist Boom with Govt. Investments |url=https://tripuratimes.com/ttimes/boxanagar-archaeological-site-poised-for-tourist-boom-with-govt-investments-16625.html |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=Boxanagar Archaeological Site Poised for Tourist Boom with Govt. Investments |language=English}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India(ASI), Guwahati Circle, Assam |url=https://www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/treadmore1.html |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":5" /> Some historians consider the discoveries in Boxanagar to be an indication of the peaceful coexistence of Hindu-Buddhist culture.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-13 |title=Tripura: ASI Selects 4 New Excavation Sites, Chabimura to be Included in ASI Protected Zones |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/tripura-asi-selects-4-new-excavation-sites-chabimura-be-included-asi-protected-zones-406821-2020-03-13 |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":3" />

The excavation history of the Boxanagar Ruins dates back to 2002 when a local landowner, in the process of digging a section of his ancestral plot, encountered a cluster of burnt bricks.<ref name=":1" /> Following up on the discovery, the [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)]] officially commenced excavation about a year later, in 2003.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Datta |first=Sekhar |title=Tripura relics spark rethink on history |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/tripura-relics-spark-rethink-on-history/cid/522807 |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tripura relics spark rethink on history|url=https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/tripura-relics-spark-rethink-on-history|website=HNN|date=2010-05-30|access-date=2026-01-25|language=en}}</ref>{{Efn|The exact year or date official archaeological excavation commenced at Boxanagar is uncertain; different sources give varying possible years, with some suggesting start dates as early as the 1990s.}} The excavation was conducted in a number of phases;<ref name=":3" /> as of January 2026, it remains partially incomplete.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Waiting to be explored|url=https://www.nezine.com/info/MXlTL201OG1BS2dxU1BmdW1kVEJadz09/waiting-to-be-explored.html|website=nezine.com|access-date=2026-01-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Description ==
The excavation in Boxanagar unearthed a large brick [[stupa]], a [[Chaitya|chaityagṛha]] (prayer hall), a [[monastery]], votive stupas, and other burnt-brick structures and substructures.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> Upon discovery, locals initially ascribed the findings to an ancient temple dedicated to [[Manasa|Manasa Devi]], the Hindu goddess of snakes.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manasa Devi, Manasā Devī, Manasadevi, Mānasādevī: 7 definitions|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/manasa-devi|website=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2012-06-29|access-date=2026-01-23|language=en|last=www.wisdomlib.org}}</ref> However, the Buddhist buildings and the eventual discovery of three sculptures of [[the Buddha]] indicate the ruins had been a Buddhist religious site.<ref name=":2" />

The Boxanagar Ruins span an area of approximately 3 acres (1.21 ha), and are situated on a raised portion of land. The brick stupa, the fundamental element of the site, is square-shaped and measures 237.16 m2 (2,553 sq ft). During the excavation, the [[:de:Harmika|harmika]], a fence-like [[Buddhist architecture|Buddhist architectural]] structure<ref>{{Cite web |title=harmika {{!}} Art History Glossary |url=https://arthistoryglossary.org/?glossary=harmika |access-date=2026-01-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> believed to have been set atop the stupa, was discovered collapsed. Within the stupa were found a number of smaller clay votive stupas and sealings with inscriptions in the [[Kutila script|Kutlia script]]. At the basement of the stupa lie eight mouldings, arranged in descending order.

To the east of the stupa lies the chaityagṛha, a traditional Buddhist prayer hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=chaitya hall {{!}} Art History Glossary |url=https://arthistoryglossary.org/?glossary=chaitya-hall |access-date=2026-01-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> It is rectangular in shape and measures 18.50 m × 11.90 m. The chaityagṛha is almost completely damaged; only the side walls remain. To the right of the chaityagṛha lies the monastery, which is also rectangular-shaped, and measures 31.80 × 17.80 m. It comprises a central corridor and ten [[Monastic cell|cells]]. Archaeological analysis reveals that the monastery was constructed in three stages. A number of seals dating to {{circa}} 6th century CE were found in the monastery, the inscriptions on which remain undeciphered.<ref name=":5" />

Each of the stupa, the chaityagṛha, and the monastery is oriented east–west. In 2009-10, another mound was excavated in the area, revealing a burnt-brick structure with [[Ratha (architecture)|''triratha'']] projections and a square-shaped chamber. Apart from these, three [[bronze]] images of the Buddha, moulded bricks, and [[Silver coin|silver coins]] were unearthed during excavation.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India(ASI), Guwahati Circle, Assam |url=https://www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in/excavation4.html |access-date=2026-01-25 |website=www.asiguwahaticircle.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" />

== Gallery ==
{{Gallery
| title =
| align =
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height =
| width =
| perrow =
| mode =
| whitebg =
| noborder =
| captionstyle =
| File:4)The ruins of Buddhist Temple at Boxanagar,near Sonamura, 40 kms west to the capital city Agartala,Tripura.jpg
|The brick stupa at Boxanagar (?)
| File:3)The ruins of Buddhist Temple at Boxanagar,near Sonamura, 40 kms west to the capital city Agartala,Tripura-2.jpg
|The monastery
| File:The Ruins of excavation site of Bqxanagar Archaeological site lying 40 kms west to the capital city of agartala,Tripura state,India.jpg
|The chaityagṛha
| File:6)The ruins of Buddhist Temple at Boxanagar,near Sonamura, 40 kms west to the capital city Agartala,Tripura.jpg
|Boxanagar ruins
| File:1)The ruins of Buddhist Temple at Boxanagar,near Sonamura, 40 kms west to the capital city Agartala,Tripura.jpg
|Boxanagar ruins
| File:2)The ruins of Buddhist Temple at Boxanagar,near Sonamura, 40 kms west to the capital city Agartala,Tripura-1.jpg
|Boxanagar ruins
}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Stupas in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tripura]]
[[Category:Buddhist buildings and structures in India]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in India]]

Divisions of Kolkata Police

2026-03-15T10:19:30Z

BenWunderly:

{{short description|Administrative division of Kolkata Police}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
[[File:Senior_Superintendent_of_Police.png|thumb|Insignia of Deputy Commissioner of Police]]
[[Kolkata Police]] is divided into nine administrative divisions. Each division is under a [[Deputy commissioner of police (India)|Deputy Commissioner of Police]].

==North and North Suburban Division==
With its divisional head office at 113, Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700009, the North and North Suburban Division has the following police stations:<ref name="police1">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=3&Division=X|title = North and North Suburban Division | publisher= Kolkata Police| access-date = 31 March 2018}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station<ref name="police1"/>
!Established
! Area covered km2
![[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards covered<ref name="map">Kolkata: Detail Maps of 141 Wards with Street Directory, Fourth Impression 2003, D.P. Publication and Sales Concern, 66 College Street, Kolkata-700 073.</ref><ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title= Table 3 District Wise List of Statutory Towns (Municipal Corporation, Municipality, Notified Area and Cantonment Board), Census Towns and Outgrowths, West Bengal, 2001 |access-date= 3 April 2018 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110721163402/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/01/Table-3.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 }}</ref>
! Neighbourhoods covered<ref name="police1"/><ref name="map"/>
|-
|[[Cossipore#Police district|Cossipore]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 1, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|1]]||[[Cossipore]]
|-
|[[Sinthee#Police district|Sinthee]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 2, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|2]]||[[Sinthee]]
|-
|[[Tala, Kolkata#Police district|Tala]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 3, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|3]], [[Ward No. 4, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|4]], [[Ward No. 5, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|5]]||[[Tala, Kolkata|Tala]], [[Belgachia]], Paikpara
|-
|[[Chitpur#Police district|Chitpur]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 6, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|6]]||[[Chitpur]]
|-
|[[Shyampukur#Police district|Shyampukur]]||1785 or earlier<ref name="nair">Nair, P. Thankappan in ''The Growth and Development of Old Calcutta'', in ''Calcutta, the Living City'', Vol. I, edited by [[Sukanta Chaudhuri]], pp. 15-16, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-563696-3}}</ref> || n/a ||[[Ward No. 7, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|7]], [[Ward No. 8, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|8]], [[Ward No. 9, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|9]], [[Ward No. 10, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|10]]||[[Bagbazar]], [[Shyambazar]], [[Shyampukur]], [[Shobhabazar]], [[Kumortuli]]
|-
|[[Burtolla#Police district|Burtolla]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/> || n/a ||[[Ward No. 11, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|11]], [[Ward No. 15, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|15]], [[Ward No. 16, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|16]], [[Ward No. 17, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|17]], [[Ward No. 18, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|18]], [[Ward No. 26, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|26]], [[Ward No. 27, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|27]]||[[Burtolla]], [[Shyambazar]], Hatibagan, [[Maniktala]], Goabagan, [[Shobhabazar]], Darjipara, Ram Dulal Sarkar Street
|-
|[[Jorabagan#Police district|Jorabagan]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/> || n/a ||[[Ward No. 19, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|19]], [[Ward No. 20, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|20]], [[Ward No. 21, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|21]], [[Ward No. 24, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|24]]||[[Jorabagan]], [[Shobhabazar]], Ahiritola, [[Pathuriaghata]],
|-
|[[Amherst Street (Kolkata)#Police district|Amherst Street]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 27, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|27]], [[Ward No. 37, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|37]], [[Ward No. 38, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|38]], [[Ward No. 40, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|40]]||[[Amherst Street (Kolkata)|Amherst Street]], [[Maniktala]], [[Sealdah]], Naren Sen Square
|-
|[[Amherst Street (Kolkata)#Police district|Amherst Street Women]] ||n/a || n/a ||Entire North and North Suburban Division||
|-
|}

==Eastern Suburban Division==
With its divisional head office at 105, Hem Chandra Naskar Road, Kolkata-700010, the Eastern Suburban Division has the following police stations:<ref name="police2">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=2&Division=E|title = Eastern Suburban Division | publisher= Kolkata Police| access-date = 31 March 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station<ref name="police2"/> ||Established||Area covered km2||[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards covered<ref name="map"/><ref name="census"/>||Neighbourhoods covered<ref name="police2"/><ref name="map"/>
|-
|[[Ultadanga#Police district|Ultadanga]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 12, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|12]], [[Ward No. 13, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|13]]||[[Ultadanga]]
|-
|[[Maniktala#Police district|Maniktala]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 13, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|13]], [[Ward No. 14, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|14]], [[Ward No. 15, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|15]], [[Ward No. 32, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|32]]||[[Maniktala]], [[Ultadanga]], Bagmari, [[Kankurgachi]]
|-
|[[Narkeldanga#Police district|Narkeldanga]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 28, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|28]], [[Ward No. 29, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|29]], [[Ward No. 30, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|30]], [[Ward No. 35, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|35]], [[Ward No. 36, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|36]]||[[Narkeldanga]], [[Maniktala]], [[Rajabazar, Kolkata|Rajabazar]], Garpar, [[Kankurgachi]], [[Beliaghata]], [[Sealdah]]
|-
|[[Phoolbagan#Police district|Phoolbagan]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 30, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|30]], [[Ward No. 31, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|31]], [[Ward No. 33, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|33]]||[[Phoolbagan]], [[Kankurgachi]], Bagmari
|-
|[[Beliaghata#Police district|Beliaghata]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 33, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|33]], [[Ward No. 34, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|34]], [[Ward No. 35, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|35]]||[[Beliaghata]], [[Phoolbagan]]
|-
|[[Entally#Police district|Entally]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 54, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|54]], [[Ward No. 55, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|55]]||[[Entally]]
|-
|[[Tangra, Kolkata#Police district|Tangra]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 57, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|57]], [[Ward No. 58, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|58]]||[[Tangra, Kolkata|Tangra]], [[Dhapa, India|Dhapa]]
|-
|[[Ultadanga#Police district|Ultadanga Women]]|| n/a || n/a ||Entire Eastern Suburban Division||
|-
|}

==Central Division==
With its divisional head office at 138, Surendranath Banerjee Road, Kolkata-700013, the Central Division has the following police stations:<ref name="police3">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=1&Division=C|title = Central Division | publisher= Kolkata Police| access-date = 31 March 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station<ref name="police3"/> ||Established||Area covered km2||[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards covered<ref name="map"/><ref name="census"/>||Neighbourhoods covered<ref name="police3"/><ref name="map"/>
|-
|[[Posta, Burrabazar#Police district|Posta]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 22, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|22]], [[Ward No. 23, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|23]]||[[Posta, Burrabazar|Posta]], [[Jorasanko]],
|-
|[[Girish Park#Police district|Girish Park]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 25, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|25]], [[Ward No. 26, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|26]]||[[Girish Park]], Rambagan
|-
|[[Jorasanko#Police district|Jorasanko]]|| 1785 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 25, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|25]], [[Ward No. 26, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|26]], [[Ward No. 39, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|39]], [[Ward No. 41, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|41]], [[Ward No. 43, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|43]], [[Ward No. 44, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|44]]||[[Jorasanko]], Marcus Square, [[College Street (Kolkata)|College Street]], [[Burrabazar]]
|-
|[[Sealdah#Police district|Muchipara]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 20, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|20]], [[Ward No. 48, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|48]], [[Ward No. 49, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|49]], [[Ward No. 50, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|50]], [[Ward No. 51, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|51]]||[[Sealdah]], [[Bowbazar]], College Square, Moulali
|-
|[[Burrabazar#Police district|Burrabazar]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 42, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|42]]||[[Burrabazar]]
|-
|[[Bowbazar#Police district|Bowbazar]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 44, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|44]], [[Ward No. 46, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|46]], [[Ward No. 47, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|47]]||[[Bowbazar]], Kolutola, [[Dharmatala]]
|-
|[[Hare Street#Police district|Hare Street]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 45, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|45]], [[Ward No. 46, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|46]]|| [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]], [[B.B.D. Bagh]], [[Chowringhee]]
|-
|[[Taltala#Police district|Taltala]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 46, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|46]], [[Ward No. 51, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|51]], [[Ward No. 52, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|52]], [[Ward No. 53, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|53]], [[Ward No. 62, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|62]], [[Ward No. 63, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|63]]||[[Taltala]], [[Dharmatala]], [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]]
|-
|[[Janbazar#Police district|New Market]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 52, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|52]]||[[Janbazar]]
|-
||[[Taltala#Police district|Taltala Women]]|| n/a || n/a ||Entire Central Division||
|-
|}

==South Division==
With its divisional head office at 34, Park Street, Kolkata-700016, the South Division has the following police stations:<ref name="police6">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=5&Division=S|title = South Division | publisher= Kolkata Police| access-date = 31 March 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station<ref name="police6"/>||Established||Area covered km2||[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards covered<ref name="map"/><ref name="census"/>||Neighbourhoods covered<ref name="police6"/><ref name="map"/>
|-
|[[Park Street, Kolkata#Police district|Park Street]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 61, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|61]], [[Ward No. 62, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|62]], [[Ward No. 63, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|63]]||[[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]], Eliot Road, Ripon Street
|-
|[[Shakespeare Sarani#Police district|Shakespeare Sarani]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 63, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|63]]||[[Shakespeare Sarani]]
|-
|[[Maidan (Kolkata)#Police district|Maidan]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 46, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|46]], [[Ward No. 63, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|63]]||[[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]]
|-
|[[Bhowanipore#Police district|Bhowanipore]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 70, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|70]], [[Ward No. 71, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|71]], [[Ward No. 72, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|72]], [[Ward No. 73, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|73]]||[[Bhowanipore]]
|-
|[[Kalighat#Police district|Kalighat]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 71, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|71]], [[Ward No. 73, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|73]], [[Ward No. 83, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|83]]||[[Kalighat]], [[Bhowanipore]]
|-
|[[Alipore#Police district|Alipore]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 74, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|74]]||[[Alipore]]
|-
|[[Hastings, Kolkata#Police district|Hastings]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 75, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|75]]||[[Hastings, Kolkata|Hastings]]
|-
|[[Tollygunge#Police district|Tollygunge]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/> Common with Ballygunge when established|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 84, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|84]], [[Ward No. 87, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|87]], [[Ward No. 88, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|88]]||[[Tollygunge]], [[Kalighat]], [[Ballygunge]], Lake Market, Mudiali
|-
|[[New Alipore#Police district|New Alipore]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 81, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|81]]||[[New Alipore]]
|-
|[[Charu Market#Police district|Charu Market]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 81, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|81]], [[Ward No. 89, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|89]]||[[Tollygunge]], Tollygunge Circular Road
|-
|[[Chetla#Police district|Chetla]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 82, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|82]]||[[Chetla]]
|-
|[[Tollygunge#Police district|Tollygunge Women's police station]]|| n/a || n/a ||Entire South Division||
|-
|}

==South East Division==
With its divisional head office at Park Court, 2, Syed Amir Ali Avenue, Kolkata-700017, the South East Division has the following police stations:<ref name="police5">{{cite web| url = http://kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=6&Division=N|title = South East Division | publisher= Kolkata Police| access-date = 31 March 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station<ref name="police5"/>||Established||Area covered km2||[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards covered<ref name="map"/><ref name="census"/>||Neighbourhoods covered<ref name="police5"/><ref name="map"/>
|-
|[[Beniapukur#Police district|Beniapukur]]|| 1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 54, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|54]], [[Ward No. 55, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|55]], [[Ward No. 56, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|56]], [[Ward No. 57, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|57]], [[Ward No. 59, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|59]], [[Ward No. 60, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|60]], [[Ward No. 61, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|61]], [[Ward No. 64, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|64]]||[[Beniapukur]], [[Entally]], [[Beliaghata]], [[Park Circus]], Nonapukur
|-
|[[Tiljala#Police district|Tiljala]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 57, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|57]], [[Ward No. 58, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|58]], [[Ward No. 65, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|65]], [[Ward No. 66, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|66]], [[Ward No. 67, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|67]], [[Ward No. 107, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|107]], [[Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|108]]||[[Tiljala]], [[Picnic Garden]], [[Tangra, Kolkata|Tangra]], [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]]
|-
|[[Topsia#Police district|Topsia]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 59, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|59]], [[Ward No. 66, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|66]]||[[Topsia]], [[Park Circus]]
|-
|[[Park Circus#Police district|Kareya]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 64, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|64]], [[Ward No. 65, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|65]]||[[Park Circus]], Bondel Road
|-
|[[Ballygunge#Police districts|Gariahat]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 68, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|68]], [[Ward No. 85, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|85]], [[Ward No. 86, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|86]]|| [[Gariahat]], [[Ballygunge]]
|-
|[[Ballygunge#Police districts|Ballygunge]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/> Common with Tollygunge when established|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 69, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|69]]||[[Ballygunge]]
|-
|[[Ballygunge#Police districts|Lake]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 85, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|85]], [[Ward No. 86, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|86]], [[Ward No. 93, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|93]]||[[Ballygunge]], [[Jodhpur Park]], Lake Gardens
|-
|[[Ballygunge#Police districts|Rabindra Sarobar]]||2018<ref>{{cite web| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-likely-to-get-nine-new-police-stations-soon/articleshow/61718148.cms |title = Kolkata likely to get nine new police stations soon | publisher= The Times of India, 20 November 2017| access-date = 5 March 2018}}</ref>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 90, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|90]]|| Golpark, [[Ballygunge]]
|-
|[[Park Circus#Police district|Karaya Women]]|| n/a || n/a ||Entire South East Division||
|-
|}

==South Suburban Division==
With its divisional head office at 5, Moore Avenue, Manik Bandyopadhyay Sarani Rd, Regent Park, Kolkata, West Bengal 700040, the South Suburban Division has the following police stations:<ref name="police6"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station<ref name="police6"/>||Established||Area covered km2||[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards covered<ref name="map"/><ref name="census"/>||Neighbourhoods covered<ref name="police6"/><ref name="map"/>
|-
|[[Kasba, Kolkata#Police district|Kasba]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 67, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|67]], [[Ward No. 91, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|91]], [[Ward No. 92, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|92]] [[Ward No. 107, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|107]]||[[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]], Selimpur
|-
|[[Jadavpur#Police district|Jadavpur]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 92, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|92]], [[Ward No. 93, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|93]], [[Ward No. 96, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|96]], [[Ward No. 102, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|102]]||[[Jadavpur]], [[Baghajatin]]
|-
|[[Netaji Nagar, Kolkata#Police district|Netaji Nagar]]||2014<ref name="new2">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=8&Division=J |title = Kolkata Police, South Suburban Division | publisher= KP | access-date = 13 March 2018}}</ref>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 98, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|98]], [[Ward No. 99, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|99]], [[Ward No. 100, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|100]]||[[Netaji Nagar, Kolkata|Netaji Nagar]], [[Naktala]], [[Garia]]
|-
|[[Golf Green]]
|2021
|
|[[Ward No. 94, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|94]], [[Ward No. 95, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|95]]
|[[Tollygunge]], [[Golf Green]]
|-
|[[Regent Park, Kolkata#Police district|Regent Park]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 97, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|97]], [[Ward No. 114, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|114]]||[[Tollygunge]], Moore Avenue, [[Regent Park, Kolkata|Regent Park]], [[Ward No. 114, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Purba Putiary]]
|-
|[[Baishnabghata Patuli Township#Police district|Patuli]]||2011<ref name="new1">{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181555/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110901/jsp/calcutta/story_14449897.jsp| url-status = dead| archive-date = 2 November 2012|title = Midnight change of guard – 17 more police stations come under Lalbazar | publisher= The Telegraph, 1 September 2011| access-date = 2 April 2018}}</ref>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 101, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|101]], [[Ward No. 110, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|110]]||[[Baishnabghata Patuli Township]], [[Baghajatin]], [[Garia]]
|-
|[[Garfa#Police district|Garfa]]|| 2011<ref name="new1"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 104, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|104]], [[Ward No. 105, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|105]], [[Ward No. 106, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|106]]||[[Garfa]], [[Haltu]]
|-
|[[Bansdroni#Police district|Bansdroni]]||2011<ref name="new1"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 111, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|111]], [[Ward No. 112, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|112]], [[Ward No. 113, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|113]],||[[Bansdroni]], [[Garia]], [[Brahmapur, West Bengal|Brahmapur]], Kamdahari, Boral
|-
|[[Baishnabghata Patuli Township#Police district|Patuli Women]]|| n/a || n/a ||Entire South Suburban Division||
|-
|}

==East Division==
With its divisional head office at 50/2, East Rajapur, Kolkata-700075, the East Division has the following police stations:<ref name="police7">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=11&Division=F |title = East Division | publisher= Kolkata Police| access-date = 31 March 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station<ref name="police7"/>||Established||Area covered km2||[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards covered<ref name="map"/><ref name="census"/>||Neighbourhoods covered<ref name="police7"/><ref name="map"/>
|-
|[[Bantala#Police district|Kolkata Leather Complex]]|| 2017<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.asianage.com/metros/kolkata/210217/three-new-police-districts-to-be-set-up.html|title = Three new police districts to be set up | publisher= The Asian Age, 21 February 2017| access-date = 4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/leather-complex-police-station-to-come-under-kolkata-police-4554924/|title = Leather Complex Police Station to come under Kolkata Police | publisher= The Indian Express, 5 March 2017| access-date = 4 April 2018}}</ref>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|108]]||[[Bantala]]
|-
|[[Dhapa, India#Police district|Pragati Maidan]]||2011<ref name="new1"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|108]]||[[Dhapa, India|Dhapa]]
|-
|[[Anandapur, Kolkata#Police district|Anandapur]]||2014<ref name="new2"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 108, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|108]]||[[Anandapur, Kolkata|Anandapur]]
|-
|[[Survey Park#Police district|Survey Park]]||2011<ref name="new1"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 103, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|103]], [[Ward No. 104, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|104]], [[Ward No. 109, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|109]]||[[Survey Park]], [[Santoshpur, Kolkata|Santoshpur]], Kalikapur
|-
|[[Mukundapur, Kolkata#Police district|Purba Jadabpur]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 109, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|109]] ||[[Mukundapur, Kolkata|Mukundapur]]
|-
|[[Panchasayar#Police district|Panchasayar]]||2014<ref name="new2"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 109, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|109]]||[[Panchasayar]], Nayabad
|-
|}

==South West Division==
With its divisional head office at Tollygunge EF Lines, 555/557, D P S Road, Kolkata-700033, the South West Division has the following police stations:<ref name="police8">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=9&Division=B|title = South West Division | publisher= Kolkata Police| access-date = 31 March 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station<ref name="police8"/>||Established||Area covered km2||[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards covered<ref name="map"/><ref name="census"/>||Neighbourhoods covered<ref name="police8"/><ref name="map"/>
|-
|[[Taratala#Police district|Taratala]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 79, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|79]], [[Ward No. 80, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|80]]||[[Taratala]], Majherhat
|-
|[[Haridevpur#Police district|Haridevpur]]||2011<ref name="new1"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 115, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|115]], [[Ward No. 122, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|122]], ||[[Haridevpur]], [[Behala]], Pachim Putiary, Karunamoyee, [[Kudghat]]
|-
|[[Behala#Police district|Behala]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 116, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|116]], [[Ward No. 117, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|117]], [[Ward No. 118, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|118]], [[Ward No. 119, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|119]], [[Ward No. 120, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|120]], [[Ward No. 121, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|121]], [[Ward No. 130, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|130]]||[[Behala]], Tollygunge Circular Road, Sirity
|-
|[[Thakurpukur#Police district|Thakurpukur]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 123, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|123]], [[Ward No. 124, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|124]], [[Ward No. 125, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|125]], [[Ward No. 126, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|126]]||[[Thakurpukur]], [[Barisha, India|Barisha]], [[Sarsuna]]
|-
|[[Sarsuna#Police district|Sarsuna]]||2014<ref name="new2"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 127, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|127]]||[[Sarsuna]], [[Sarsuna Satellite Township]], [[Shakuntala Park]], Oxytown
|-
|[[Parnasree Pally#Police district|Parnashree]]||2011<ref name="new1"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 128, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|128]], [[Ward No. 129, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|129]], [[Ward No. 131, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|131]], [[Ward No. 132, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|132]] ||[[Parnasree Pally]], [[Behala]]
|-
|[[Behala#Police district|Behala Women]]|| n/a || n/a ||Entire South West Division||
|-
|}

==Port Division==
With its divisional head office at 1, Dumayune Avenue, Kolkata-700043, the South Division has the following police stations:<ref name="police9">{{cite web| url = http://www.kolkatapolice.gov.in/division.asp?ID=4&Division=P|title = Port Division | publisher= Kolkata Police| access-date = 31 March 2018}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Police station<ref name="police9"/>||Established||Area covered km2||[[Kolkata Municipal Corporation|KMC]] wards covered<ref name="map"/><ref name="census"/>||Neighbourhoods covered<ref name="police9"/><ref name="map"/>
|-
|[[Strand Road, Kolkata#Police district|North Port]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 21, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|21]]||[[Jorabagan]]
|-
|[[Watgunge#Police district|Watgunge]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 74, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|74]], [[Ward No. 75, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|75]], [[Ward No. 76, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|76]], [[Ward No. 77, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|77]]||[[Watgunge]], [[Alipore]], [[Kidderpore]]
|-
|[[Kidderpore#Police district|South Port]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 75, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|75]], [[Ward No. 79, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|79]], [[Ward No. 80, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|80]]||[[Kidderpore]], [[Watgunge]]
|-
|[[Ekbalpur#Police district|Ekbalpur]]||1888 or earlier<ref name="nair"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 77, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|77]], [[Ward No. 78, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|78]], [[Ward No. 79, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|79]]||[[Ekbalpur]], Mominpur, [[Kidderpore]]
|-
|[[Garden Reach#Police districts|Garden Reach]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 80, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|80]], [[Ward No. 133, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|133]], [[Ward No. 134, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|134]], [[Ward No. 135, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|135]]||[[Garden Reach]], [[Kidderpore]]
|-
|[[Garden Reach#Police districts|West Port]]|| n/a || n/a||[[Ward No. 80, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|80]], [[Ward No. 134, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|134]]||[[Garden Reach]], [[Kidderpore]]
|-
|[[Garden Reach#Police districts|Metiaburuz]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 133, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|133]], [[Ward No. 135, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|135]], [[Ward No. 136, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|136]], [[Ward No. 137, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|137]], [[Ward No. 138, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|138]], [[Ward No. 139, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|139]], [[Ward No. 140, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|140]]||[[Garden Reach]]
|-
|[[Rajabagan#Police district|Rajabagan]]||2011<ref name="new1"/>|| n/a ||[[Ward No. 139, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|139]], [[Ward No. 141, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|141]]||[[Rajabagan]]
|-
|[[Badartala#Police district|Nadial]]|| n/a || n/a ||[[Ward No. 141, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|141]]||[[Badartala]]
|-
|[[Watgunge#Police district|Watgunge Women]]|| n/a || n/a ||Entire Port Division||
|-
|}

==Bhangar Division==
In July 2023 [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|CM]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] ordered [[Police Commissioner of Kolkata]] to include Bhangar under his jurisdiction and also suggested making the area a separate division of Kolkata Police.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Dwaipayan |date=27 Jul 2023 |title=CM asks police brass to bring Bhangar under KP |work=[[The Times of India]] Jul 27, 2023, 05:48 IST |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cm-asks-police-brass-to-bring-bhangar-under-kp/articleshow/102152801.cms?from=mdr }}</ref>
From 7 January 2024 [[Kolkata Police]] started to operate Bhangar as 10th Division.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ghosh |first=Dwaipayan |date=9 Jan 2024 |title=Kolkata Police takes charge of Bhangar, city's 10th police division |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-police-takes-charge-of-bhangar-citys-10th-police-division/articleshow/106650362.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110012037/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-police-takes-charge-of-bhangar-citys-10th-police-division/articleshow/106650362.cms |archive-date=10 Jan 2024 |access-date=9 Jan 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]] Jan 9, 2024, 07:26 IST}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Divisions Of Kolkata Police}}
[[Category:Kolkata Police Force]]

Rahija Khanam Jhunu

2026-03-13T10:44:38Z

BenWunderly: brief adjust formatting for consistency additionally and updated info for consistency

{{Short description|Bangladeshi dancer}}
{{infobox person
|name=Rahija Khanam Jhunu
|occupation=Dancer
|birth_date={{birth date|1943|06|21|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Manikganj]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
|death_date={{death date and age|2017|11|26|1943|06|21|df=y}}
|death_place=[[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
}}

'''Rahija Khanam Jhunu''' (21 June 1943 – 26 November 2017) was a Bangladeshi dancer.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://en.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/news/102983/Dance-festival-at-Shilpakala-Academy |title=Dance festival at Shilpakala Academy |work=Prothom Alo |access-date=2017-11-27 |date=2016-04-28}}</ref><ref name=pass>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/eminent-dancer-rahija-khanam-jhunu-passes-away-1497271 |title=Eminent dancer Rahija Khanam Jhunu passes away |date=2017-11-28 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=2017-11-27 |language=en}}</ref> She was awarded the [[Ekushey Padak]] in 1990 by the [[government of Bangladesh]].<ref name=ekushey>{{cite news |url=http://www.moca.gov.bd/site/page/c706da0c-29ee-4f0f-95d9-fa6705e19001/ |script-title=bn:একুশে পদকপ্রাপ্ত সুধীবৃন্দ |publisher=Government of Bangladesh |language=bn |trans-title=Ekushey Padak winners list |access-date=23 August 2017}}</ref>

==Education and career==

Jhunu got admitted at the [[Bulbul Academy of Fine Arts]] (BAFA) in 1956.<ref name=pass/> She performed in dance-drama ''"Chirokaler Bondhutto"'' at a program in honor of the then Chinese Premier [[Zhou Enlai]] who was visiting. She joined BAFA as an instructor in 1960 and became its principal in 1998.<ref name=pass/>

Jhunu's notable students include Lubna Marium, Zinat Barkatullah, [[Shamim Ara Nipa]], Sohel Rahman, Shaju Ahmed and [[Sadia Islam Mou]].<ref name=pass/>

==Works==

;Dance drama
* ''[[Nakshi Kanthar Math]]''
* ''Chirokaler Bondhutto''
* ''Surjomukhi Nodi''
* ''Uttoroner Deshe''
* ''Hajar Tarer Beena''
* ''The Malady''
;Books
* ''Nrityoshilpo''
* ''Nrityer Ruprekha''<ref name=pass/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhunu, Rahija Khanam}}
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Manikganj District]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi female dancers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekushey Padak]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi choreographers]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi women choreographers]]

Diamonds Are Forever, So Are Morals

2026-03-13T06:22:21Z

BenWunderly: started a stub v1...

{{Short description|Autobiography of Govind Dholakia}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Diamonds Are Forever, So Are Morals
| language = English
| country = India
| genre = Biography
| publisher = [[Penguin Random House]]
| media_type = Print (hardcover)
| cover_artist =
| isbn = 978-0670095728
| image = Diamonds_Are_Forever,_So_Are_Morals.png
| caption =
| series =
| pub_date = 24 March 2022
| pages =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| awards =
| website =
| authors = [[Arun Tiwari]] Kamlesh Yagnik
}}
'''''Diamonds Are Forever, So Are Morals''''' is a biography of [[Govind Dholakia]], an Indian diamond merchant, written by [[Arun Tiwari]] and Kamlesh Yagnik.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-09 |title=New book tells rags to riches story of diamond tycoon Govind Dholakia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/new-book-tells-rags-to-riches-story-of-diamond-tycoon-govind-dholakia-7861610/ |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Banerjie |first=Indranil |date=2022-05-29 |title=Book review {{!}} Diamantaire's fragmentary memoir tells of his resolve & humanity |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/290522/book-review-diamantaires-fragmentary-memoir-tells-of-his-resolve.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== Publication ==
The book was published in 2022 by [[Penguin Enterprise]], an imprint of [[Penguin Random House]].<ref name=":0" /> In 2023, the book was translated into [[Gujarati language]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2023-10-10 |title=Gujarati addition of Diamond Tycoon Govind Dholakia's autobiography book launched |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/10/10/gujarati-addition-of-diamond-tycoon-govind-dholakias-autobiography-book-launched/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Reception==
In the foreword, Professor Bhikhu Parekh of the House of Lords praised the autobiography's exceptional qualities, noting: "Not surprisingly, few autobiographies succeed in avoiding them. Mahatma Gandhi, one of the first Indians to attempt an autobiography, was acutely aware of this and expressed his dilemma in the foreword to his autobiography...In the light of what I have said so far, Govind Dholakia's autobiography is a remarkable piece of writing."<ref>Tiwari, Arun; Yagnik, Kamlesh (2022). ''Diamonds Are Forever, So Are Morals''. Penguin Random House. p. xiv. ISBN 978-0670095728.</ref> Parekh further elaborated on the book's portrait of its subject: "An autobiography is meant to reveal the innermost springs of action and self-conception of the author. In this autobiography, we meet a fine human being, one who is warm-hearted, independently minded, thoughtful, decisive, concerned with those who are weak and vulnerable, proud of his workers whom he associates with the conduct of his business, committed to his extended family, and surprising in a businessperson, a lover of Sanskrit. It is common to think that a successful businessperson is rarely a morally decent human being. This autobiography shows the opposite and affirms the old maxim Yogah Karmasu Kaushalam (Yoga is being successful at managing one's life)."<ref>Tiwari, Arun; Yagnik, Kamlesh (2022). ''Diamonds Are Forever, So Are Morals''. Penguin Random House. pp. xv-xvi. ISBN 978-0670095728.</ref>

The ''[[Hindu Business Line]]'' wrote in a review "The life story of diamond baron, Govindbhai Dholakia, 73, gives an inspiring insight about a common man’s triumph in realising the dreams."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vora |first=Rutam V. |date=2022-09-16 |title=Book review: Diamonds Are Forever, So Are Morals |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/books/reviews/diamonds-are-forever-so-are-morals/article65898673.ece |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=www.thehindubusinessline.com |language=en}}</ref> ''[[The Asian Age]]'' said that "After reading the biography, one is left marvelling at the obvious wisdom of this singularly successful individual, who spawned a sprawling enterprise and an equally large extended family comprising about 1,500 members."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjie |first=Indranil |date=2022-05-29 |title=Book review {{!}} Diamantaire's fragmentary memoir tells of his resolve & humanity |url=https://www.asianage.com/books/290522/book-review-diamantaires-fragmentary-memoir-tells-of-his-resolve-humanity.html |access-date=2023-03-02 |website=The Asian Age}}</ref> The ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted the narrative as "disjointed, like a series of recordings stitched together to somehow make a whole." They however said it had merit despite these issues.<ref name=":1" />

''[[Outlook India]]'' wrote in a review "The autobiography treads a fine balance between Dholakia’s spiritual self and his work karma and will certainly intrigue some young get rich quick entrepreneurs to flip through it."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Review: Leading by Example |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/culture-society/book-review-leading-by-example-news-197793 |website=[[Outlook India]]|date=21 May 2022 }}</ref> The book was also endorsed by Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]], who praised its "nuggets of inspiring information" in the text, saying that he felt it would be a "source of inspiration" for future generations.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2022 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Indian biographies]]
[[Category:Books about businesspeople]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Gujarati-language books]]
[[Category:Diamond industry in India]]

{{business-bio-book-stub}}

Sujatha Mohan

2026-03-09T17:59:53Z

BenWunderly: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian playback singer (born 1963)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Sujatha Mohan
| image = Sujatha mohan on stage (cropped).jpg
| caption = Sujatha at an event
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|03|31|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 March 2020 |title=Happy Birthday Sujatha Mohan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/happy-birthday-sujatha-mohan-heres-how-team-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-keralam-wishes-the-celebrated-singer/articleshow/74916403.cms |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Lekshmi |date=1 April 2020 |title=അവൾ സന്തോഷിച്ചിരിക്കുകയാണ്! ചെറുമകളെ വീഡിയോയിൽ കാട്ടി സുജാത! |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/reality-shows/singer-sujatha-mohan-celebrating-birthday-with-her-family/articleshow/74923737.cms |access-date=8 November 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]] - Samayam}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| background = solo_singer
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback]]
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 1975–1981 1988–present
| label = {{flat list|
* [[Tharangini Records|Tharangini]]
* [[Satyam Audios|Satyam]]
* [[Magnasound Records|Magnasound]]
* East Coast
* Souparnika}}
| module = {{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| spouse = {{marriage|V. Krishna Mohan|1981}}
| relatives = [[Paravoor T. K. Narayana Pillai]] (grandfather) [[G. Venugopal]] (cousin) [[Radhika Thilak]] (cousin)
| children = [[Shweta Mohan]]
| website = {{URL|sujathamohan.com}}
}}
}}

'''Sujatha Mohan''' (born 31 March 1963) is a renowned Indian [[playback singer]] known for her contributions to a wide range of Indian film industries, particularly in [[Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] cinema. Over her decades-long career, she has also recorded songs in other languages including [[Kannada]], [[Badaga language|Badaga]], [[Hindi]], and [[Marathi language|Marathi]], among others. {{As of|2025}}, she had sung more than 18,000 songs.<ref name="toi1">{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Sujatha Mohan: Five melodious songs of the expert singer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/happy-birthday-sujatha-mohan-five-melodious-songs-of-the-expert-singer/photostory/81776899.cms |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=31 March 2021}}</ref> Sujatha is affectionately called ''Bhava Gayika'' in Kerala for her emotive singing, and ''Innisai Kuyil'' (Nightingale of Music) in Tamil Nadu, reflecting her sweet and expressive vocal style.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sujatha Mohan: Biography |url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/sujatha-mohan |access-date=8 November 2024 |work=Filmy Focus |date=17 January 2024}}</ref> She has worked with a wide array of prominent music composers such as [[A. R. Rahman]], [[Ilaiyaraaja]], [[M. M. Keeravani]], [[Koti (composer)|Koti]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[S. A. Rajkumar]], and [[Mani Sharma]], and has frequently performed duets with legendary playback singers including [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], and [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]].<ref name="toi1" /> Her voice often described as husky yet melodious along with her ability to adapt to musical styles, has earned her a following.

==Personal life==

Sujatha Mohan is the granddaughter of [[Paravoor T. K. Narayana Pillai]], the first [[Chief Minister]] of the erstwhile [[Travancore–Cochin|State of Travancore–Cochin]] after India gained [[Independence of India|Independence]]. Her father, the late Dr. Vijayendran died when she was two years old. She completed her graduation in Economics from the [[St. Teresa's College]], [[Ernakulam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ten Interesting Facts About Sujatha Mohan, Judge Of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam |url=https://zeekeralam.zee5.com/ten-interesting-details-of-sujatha-mohan-judge-of-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-keralam/ |website=Zee Keralam |language=en |date=8 November 2019}}</ref> She married Dr. V. Krishna Mohan on 9 May 1981.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article529063.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122115347/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article529063.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2012 |title=Married to a singer |date=28 May 2012 |website=The New Indian Express |access-date=17 January 2020}}</ref> Her only daughter, [[Shweta Mohan]], is also a singer. [[Radhika Thilak]] and [[G. Venugopal]] are her cousins.

=== Vocal struggles ===
Sujatha Mohan experienced severe vocal issues for three years in the late 2010s. She struggled even to speak, making it impossible for her to take up singing assignments.

Though she was unable to perform, she worked extensively to regain her voice and eventually resumed singing, including recording songs again.<ref>{{cite news |title=It was difficult to even speak for three years – Sujatha Mohan |url=https://en.thekarmanews.com/it-was-difficult-to-even-speak-for-three-years-sujatha-mohan/ |access-date=19 February 2025 |work=Karma News |date=25 January 2025}}</ref>

==Career==

Mohan shot to fame in the seventies as ''Baby Sujatha'', the schoolgirl who regularly used to sing with [[K. J. Yesudas]] in his stage shows all over the world. She recorded her first song, "Kannezhuthy Pottuthottu" when she was in the sixth standard. The song was composed by [[M. K. Arjunan]] for the 1975 Malayalam movie ''Tourist Bungalow''. She recorded songs for [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] in ''Kamam Krodham Moham'' and [[Salil Chowdhury]] in ''Aparadhi''. Around this time, composer [[M. G. Radhakrishnan]] got her to record many non-film songs; the biggest hit among them was "Odakkuzhal Vili".

She debuted in Tamil through the song "Kaadhal Oviyam Kandein" from ''[[Kavikuyil]]'' (1977), tuned in ''Hameer Kalyani'' raga by [[Illayaraja]], but it was not included in the film. Her first released song in Tamil was "Kalai Paniyil" from the Tamil film ''[[Gaayathri]]'' (1977), starring [[Sridevi]] and [[Rajinikanth]] with music by [[Ilaiyaraja]]. She sang for Ilaiyaraaja in ''[[Johnny (1980 film)|Johnny]]'', ''Kavikuyil'' and ''Ilamai Kolangal''. After her marriage in 1981, she took a sabbatical from playback singing. She made a successful comeback in 1988 through ''Kadathanadan Ambadi'', followed by the hit ''[[Chithram]]''.

She used to sing ad jingles in the late 1980s for [[A. R. Rahman]] (such as the Premiere Cooker ad and the Tilda Rice ad). Then Rahman got her to sing "[[Roja (soundtrack)|Pudhu Vellai Mazhai]]" from [[Mani Ratnam]]'s 1992 film ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'', which became one of the biggest hit songs in India. The backing vocals for the song "[[Roja (soundtrack)|Kadhal Roja]]" were also performed by Sujatha. She has had other hit songs, most of them with Rahman from films including ''[[Pudhiya Mugam]]'' (1992), ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993), ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' and ''[[Minsaara Kanavu]]'' (1997). She has also recorded some songs in [[Hindi]], including "Dil Hai Sanam" (the Hindi version of "Thee Thee") from ''[[Thiruda Thiruda|Chor Chor]]'' (''Thiruda Thiruda''), "Ishq Bina" from ''[[Taal (film)|Taal]]'', "Hai Jaana" from ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'' and "Ishwar Allah" from ''[[Earth (1998 film)|Earth]]'', and provided backing vocals for the song "Tum Ho Meri Nigahom" from ''[[Kabhi Na Kabhi]]'', all of them composed by [[A. R. Rahman]]. She has had many of her notable and successful songs under the musical direction of Rahman.

She made a strong comeback in the Malayalam film industry in the mid-1990s and most of her notable Malayalam songs were composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. Most of her hit songs from Telugu are composed by [[Mani Sharma]].

==Discography==
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Sujatha Mohan}}

==Awards==
{{BLP sources section|date=March 2023}}
Mohan has received several awards and recognitions for her work in the South Indian film musical world. In 2021, she was awarded the [[Kalaimamani]] award by the Government of Indian state Tamil Nadu for the year 2019. She has also received Kerala and Tamil Nadu state awards.

===[[Kerala State Film Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Song
|-
|1996
|rowspan=3|[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''[[Azhakiya Ravanan]]''
|"Pranayamani Thooval"
|-
|1998
|''[[Pranayavarnangal]]''
|"Varamanjaladiya"
|-
|2006
|''[[Rathri Mazha]]''
|"Baasuri"
|}

===[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Film(s)
!Song(s)
|-
|1993
|rowspan=3|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Pudhiya Mugam]], [[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]
|"Netru Illatha Mathram" "En Veetil Thottathil"
|-
|1996
|''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'', ''[[Avvai Shanmugi]]''
|"Poo Pookum Osai" "Rukku Rukku"
|-
|2001
|''[[Dhill]]''
|"Un Samayil Arayil"
|}

===[[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Category
!Film
!Song
! {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
|1988
|rowspan=15|Best Female Playback Singer
|[[Chithram]]
|''Doore Kizhakkudikkum'', ''Paadam Koyyum Munpe'', ''Kaadumi Naadumellam''|| rowspan=15 | {{center|<ref name="Awards List">[https://www.keralafilmcritics.com/2020/10/film-critics-awards-complete-list-from.html "കേരള ഫിലിം ക്രിട്ടിക്‌സ് അവാര്‍ഡ് 1977 - 2012"]. Kerala Film Critics Association. Retrieved 25 January 2023.</ref>}}
|-
|1989
|[[Vandanam]]
|''Meghangale'', ''Anthiponvettam''
|-
|1990
|[[Malootty]]
|''Mounathin Idanaazhiyil'', ''Swargangal Swapnam Kaanum''
|-
|1991<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vm80upPK61w&t=29s |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011150426/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vm80upPK61w&t=29s |archive-date=11 October 2020 |url-status=dead |title=Film Critics Award 1991 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|[[Kizhakkunarum Pakshi]], [[Kankettu]]
|''Kizhakunarumpakshi'', ''Gopeehridayam Nirayunnu''
|-
|1992
|[[Ulsavamelam]]
|''Ammakkoru Ponnumkudam''
|-
|1993
|[[Meleparambil Anveedu]], [[Dhruvam]], [[Chenkol]]
|''Madhura Swapnangal'', ''Thumbippenne'', ''Pathira Paalkadavil''
|-
|1995
|[[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary]]
|''Kanikkonnakal''
|-
|1996
|[[Azhakiya Ravanan]], [[Desadanam]], [[Ee Puzhayum Kadannu]]
|''Pranayamanithooval'', ''Engane Njan'', ''Kaakka Karumban''
|-
|1997
|[[Rishyasringan]], [[Superman (1997 film)|Superman]], [[Shibiram]]
|''Guru Brahma'', ''Onathumbi paadu'', ''Paadum Vaanampaadi''
|-
|1998
|[[Pranayavarnangal]], [[Janani (1999 film)|Janani]]
|''Varamanjalaadiya'', ''Manjadi Manikkutta''
|-
|1999
|[[Chandranudikkunna Dikkil]], [[Saaphalyam]]
|''Manju Peyyana'', ''Ambadi Payyukal'', ''Ponnolappanthalil''
|-
|2001
|[[Soothradharan]], [[Pularvettam]]
|''Perariyam'', ''Raavil Aaro'', ''Ithile ithile''
|-
|2003
|[[Vellithira (2003 film)|Vellithira]], [[Kasthooriman]]
|''Kudamulla Kadavil'', ''Azhage'', ''Karkuzhali''
|-
|2004
|[[Thudakkam]]
|''Amme Ennoru''
|-
| 2005
| ''[[Paranju Theeratha Visheshangal]]''
| ''Paadaanum''
|}

===[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Category
! Film
! Song
|-
| [[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|2022]]
| Best Female Playback Singer
| ''[[The Priest (2021 film)|The Priest]]''
| "Neelambale"
|}

===Other prominent awards and nominations===
* 1997 - Dinakaran Cinema Awards for Best Female Playback Singer - [[Surya Vamsam (1997 film)|''Surya Vamsam'']]
* 1997 - [[Cinema Express Awards]] for Best Female Playback Singer - [[Surya Vamsam (1997 film)|''Surya Vamsam'']]
* 1998 - Dinakaran Cinema Awards for Best Female Playback Singer - ''[[Unnidathil Ennai Koduthen]]''
* 2015 – [[Asiavision Awards]] for Best Female Playback Singer – ''Ottamandaram''
* 2014 – Thikkurishi Award (shared with Shewta) for movie ''Ottamandaram''
* 2013 – JFW magazine Women Achievers Award
* 2009 – [[Swaralaya Yesudas Award]]
* 2008 – Best female singer award in GMMA (Gulf Malayalam Music Awards)
* The Film Critics award 11 times
* Raju Pilakkad Film Award
* [[South Indian Bank]] women's achiever's award 2017
* [[Mirchi Music Awards]] 2018: Lifetime achievement
* [[Kamukara Purushothaman]] Kamukara Award 2019: Lifetime achievement (award from [[P. Susheela]])
* Kalaimamani 2019

==Malayalam album songs==
* "Maathey" - (2025)
* "Ilamyel Kondu Njaan" – ''Ithal'' (2016)
* "Maayumee thaazvarayooram" – ''Album'' (2015)
* "Vaadyaghosham" – ''Kerala Piravi Day'' (2014)
* "Kanna Neeyengupoi" – ''Nandagopalam'' (2013)
* "Kayalthirakalil Kanneeralakalil" – ''Kulirmazhayai'' (2011)
* "Athramel Athramel" – ''Danaha'' (2011)
* "Ravereyayittum" – ''Pranayamarmaram'' (2009)
* "Ee Manjil" – ''Spandanam'' (2010)
* "Ennennum" – (2010)
* "Manju Peyyume" – ''Purple'' (2009)

==TV shows==
Mohan has judged popular reality shows over South Indian television across Malayalam and Tamil languages.

;As judge
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Channel !! Language !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2008-2009||''[[Airtel Super Singer 2]]''||[[Star Vijay]]||Tamil||
|-
|''[[Star Singer|Munch star Singer Junior]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2010–2011||''[[Airtel Super Singer 3]]''||[[Star Vijay]]||Tamil||
|-
|[[Star Singer|''Munch star Singer Junior'' season 2]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]|| rowspan="2" |Malayalam||
|-
|2013||''Indian Voice''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2013–2014||''[[Airtel Super Singer 4]]''||[[Star Vijay]]||Tamil||
|-
|''Indian Voice'' season 2||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]|| rowspan="3" |Malayalam||
|-
|2014||''Surya Singer''||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2016||''Super Star Junior 5''||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|2016-2017||''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs]]''||[[Zee Tamil]]|| rowspan="2" |Tamil||
|-
|2017-2018||''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors]]''||[[Zee Tamil]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018 ||''[[Super 4 (Indian TV series)|Super 4]]''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]|| Malayalam||
|-
| [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs|''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs'' season 2]]||[[Zee Tamil]]|| rowspan=2|Tamil||
|-
|2019||''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Seniors season 2]]''||[[Zee Tamil]]||
|-
|2019–2020||''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam]]''||Zee Keralam||rowspan="6" | Malayalam||
|-
|2021–2022||''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Lil Champs''||[[Zee Keralam]]||
|-
|2022||''[[Star Singer|Star Singer Junior 3]]''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||launch episode
|-
| 2023||''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top singer 3]]''|| flowers TV||
|-
|2023-2024||''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam season 2]]''||Zee Keralam||
|-
|2023||''Shyamambaram''||Zee Keralam||TV serial (cameo appearance)
|-
|2023-2024
|[[Super Singer 10|''Super Singer'' season 10]]
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Tamil
|
|-
|2024||[[Top Singer (TV series)|''Top Singer'' season 4]]||[[Flowers TV]]||Rowspan=2|Malayalam ||
|-
|2025||''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam season 3]]''||Zee Keralam||<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam Li'l Champs: From Anagha Ajay to Avani, all you need to know about the finalists|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-keralam-lil-champs-from-anagha-ajay-to-avani-all-you-need-to-know-about-the-finalists/photostory/90373572.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 March 2022}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sujatha Mohan}}
*{{IMDb name|0837673}}
*[http://www.sujathamohan.com Mohan's official website]
* {{Instagram|sujathamohanofficial}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mohan, Sujatha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Singers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:St. Teresa's College alumni]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]

Sheik Mahaboob Subhani

2026-03-07T16:05:14Z

BenWunderly:

{{Short description|Indian musician (1954/1955–2026)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sheik Mahaboob Subhani
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1954 or 1955
| birth_place = [[Prakasam district]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2026|3|4|71|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Srirangam]], Tamil Nadu, India
| image_size =
| origin =
| instrument = [[Nadaswaram]]
| genre = Carnatic music
| occupation = Musician
| years_active =
| label =
| spouse = Kaleeshabi Mahaboob Subhani
| website =
}}

'''Sheik Mahaboob Subhani''' (1954 or 1955 – 4 March 2026) was an Indian [[Indian classical music|classical]] [[nadaswaram]] artist.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/Notes-of-erudition-on-the-nagaswaram/article16215541.ece | title=Notes of erudition on the nagaswaram | author=Sivaprasad | date=30 July 2010 | newspaper=The Hindu | accessdate=15 February 2020 }}</ref> He performed with his wife Kaleeshabi Mahaboob, also a nadaswaram artist.

==Early life==
Subhani was born in [[Prakasam district]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article528437.ece |title=The Hindu : Arts / Music : Breathing music |website=www.thehindu.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020042359/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/music/article528437.ece |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> His father Kothapalli Sheikh Meera Sahib, and his maternal grandfather, Nadhabrahma Nadaswara Ganakala Prapoorna Janab Sheikh Chinna Peer Sahib, were also nadhaswaram artists.

He received training at Sarada Sangeetha Kalasala, Kurnool and later under legendary instrumentalist, [[Sheikh Chinna Moulana Sahib]].

==Career==
Subhani started his performing when he was seven, but due to family circumstances he had to work as a clerk in a tobacco company.

He rendered popular [[carnatic music|carnatic]] [[raga]]s and [[kriti (music)|kriti]]s on the nadaswaram. Subhani and his wife, Kaleeshabi Mahaboob, were appointed Asthana vidwans of Sringeri Sharada peetham in 2001.<ref name=Nainar>{{Cite news |last=Nainar |first=Nahla |date=2020-01-31 |title=Padma Shri winners’ Sheik Mahaboob Subhani and Kaleeshabi Mahaboob’s tryst with the nadaswaram; Padma Bhushan awardee Krishnammal Jagannathan’s efforts to promote social equality through land reforms |url=https://www-thehindu-com.translate.goog/society/padma-shri-winners-sheik-mahaboob-subhani-and-kaleeshabi-mahaboobs-tryst-with-the-nadaswaram-padma-bhushan-awardee-krishnammal-jagannathans-efforts-to-promote-social-equality-through-land-reforms/article30703019.ece?_x_tr_sl=en&_x_tr_tl=te&_x_tr_hl=te&_x_tr_pto=tc |access-date=2025-04-20 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Subhani and Mahaboob were awarded the [[Padma Shri]] award by honourable president of India, Shri Ramnath Kovind in 2020.<ref name=Nainar/>

==Death==
Subhani died on 4 March 2026, at the age of 71.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/nadaswaram-exponent-sheik-mahaboob-subhani-passes-away/article70703312.ece Nadaswaram exponent Sheik Mahaboob Subhani passes away]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subhani, Sheik Mahaboob}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:2026 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Prakasam district]]
[[Category:Musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Nadaswaram players]]

Heikham Dingo Singh

2026-03-07T14:43:16Z

BenWunderly:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician|office=Member of the [[ Manipur Legislative Assembly]]}}
'''Heikham Dingo Singh''' (born 1978)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He is an MLA from [[Sekmai Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]], in [[Imphal West district|Imphal West District]]. He won the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Sekmai, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates: BJP's Heikham Dingo Singh defeats NPEP's Ayangbam Oken Singh with 3333 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sekmai-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923448-2022-03-09 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sekmai Election 2022: Sekmai Assembly Seat LIVE Results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/manipur/sekmai-election-result-s14a016 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh is from Khurkhul Awang Mamang Leikei, Sekmai tehsil, Imphal West District, Manipur. He is the son of late Heikham Borajao Singh and Sharta Devi. He has two brothers, Linon Singla and Jhaljit Singla. He married Nandeibam Sita Devi and they have a son, Saneesh Heikham.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Affidavit to be filed by the candidate along with nomination paper before the Returning Officer for election to 12th 12th-MANIPUR LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (Name Of The House) FROM 16-SEKMAI(SC) ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCY (Name Of The Constituency) | url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/16/Heikham%20Dingo%20Singh.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217110952/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Affidavits/AssemblyElection/2022/16/Heikham%20Dingo%20Singh.pdf | archive-date=2022-02-17}}</ref> He completed his bachelor's degree in Arts in 2014 at Presidency College, which is affiliated with [[Manipur University]]. His wife is a government employee with the Rural Development and Panchayat Raj department, [[Government of Manipur]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Heikham Dingo Singh (Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)):Constituency- Semmai (SC) (Imphal West) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=62 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Singh won from Sekmai Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election. He polled 10,010 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ayangbam Oken Singh of the [[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]], by a margin of 3,333 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Sekmai(sc) (Manipur) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/sekmaisc-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7809978/ |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-03-10 |title=Sekmai Manipur Election 2022 Final Results LIVE: BJP Candidate HEIKHAM DINGO SINGH wins from Sekmai , Details Inside |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/sekmai-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-bjp-congress-sp-bsp-aap-manipur-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-1518569 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathi |first=TV9 |title=Sekmai Assembly Election Result 2022 Live, Manipur Sekmai Assembly Election Result in Marathi |url=https://www.tv9marathi.com/elections/manipur-assembly-election-2022/constituencies/sekmai-election-result-14016 |access-date=2024-11-03 |website=TV9 Marathi |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Heikham Dingo}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Imphal West district]]

Thalaivan

2026-03-03T03:30:03Z

BenWunderly: new

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Ramesh Selvan}}
{{For|similar film titles|Thalaivan (1970 film)|Thalavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Thalaivan
| image = Thalaivan.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Ramesh Selvan]]
| producer = Chithirai Selvan
| writer = Mohammed Jaffer
| starring = Bas [[Nikesha Patel]] [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cinematography = S. K. Boopathy
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| studio = Blue Ocean Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2014|4|18}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Thalaivan''''' ({{Translation|Leader}}) is a 2014 Indian Tamil film directed by [[Ramesh Selvan]] and produced by Chithirai Selvan. The film features Baskaran, the younger brother of politician [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] and [[Nikesha Patel]] in the lead roles, while the ensemble cast features [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] and [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] amongst others. The film was released on 18 April 2014.<ref name="nowrunning">{{Cite web |title=Sasikala's nephew Bhaskaran debuts with Nikesha Patel |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/sasikalas-nephew-bhaskaran-debuts-with-nikesha-patel/54532/story.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106214222/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/kannada/sasikalas-nephew-bhaskaran-debuts-with-nikesha-patel/54532/story.htm |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=nowrunning.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
As the state police are busy eliminating the criminal gang of Daniel, a notorious terrorist, Thalaivan crops up as a bigger threat to the police department.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*Baskaran as Bas
*[[Nikesha Patel]] as Anusha
*[[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Kannan
*[[Monica (actress)|Monica]]
*[[Suman (actor)|Suman]] as DGP Sundarapandian
*[[Vincent Asokan]]
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Doctor
*[[Subbaraju]] as ACP
*[[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]]
*[[Suman Setty]]
*[[Manobala]]
*[[Kovai Sarala]]
*[[VTV Ganesh]]
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]
*[[Ilavarasu]]
*[[Santhana Bharathi]]
*[[Yuvarani]]
*[[Meera Krishnan]]
*[[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as Anusha's friend
*[[Vasu Vikram]]
*[[T. P. Gajendran]]
*[[Swaminathan]] as Professor
*[[O. A. K. Sundar]] as Muthukumar
*[[Jeeva Ravi|Ravi]] as Sivakumar
*[[Muthukaalai]]
*[[Munnar Ramesh]]
*[[Cool Suresh]]
*Abhishek
*[[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] (cameo appearance)
*[[Srinivasan (actor)|Powerstar Srinivasan]] (cameo appearance)
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film is the home production of the newcomer lead comedian, V. Bhaskaran alias Bas, brother to politician [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] and a nephew of [[V. K. Sasikala|VK Sasikala]]. The actor is in his 40s and had previously been the managing director of J.Jayalalitha TV (JJTV) during J.Jayalalithaa's first term as chief minister between 1991 and 1996. He revealed his experience at JJTV created an ambition of him working as an actor and thus approached the producers of the [[M. G. Ramachandran|MGR]]-starrer ''Thalaivan'' and sought permission to use their title in his new venture.<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=Sasikalaa nephew makes his debut in masala flick |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-25/chennai/32847218_1_j-jayalalithaa-dravidian-politics-sasikalaa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106222839/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-25/chennai/32847218_1_j-jayalalithaa-dravidian-politics-sasikalaa |archive-date=2014-01-06 |access-date=2014-07-20 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Production began in July 2012 with Bas signing up a host of established cast and crew to join the team, including actors [[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]], [[Suman (actor)|Suman]] and [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] while actresses [[Nikesha Patel]] and [[Sana Khan]] were signed on to play heroines. Sana Khan was later replaced by [[Monica (actress)|Monica]] in the cast, after she became busy with other projects. A technical team involving [[Ramesh Selvan]] of ''[[Ulavuthurai]]'' (1998) and ''[[Jananam]]'' (2004) as director, [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] as editor and [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] as composer was announced, although the composer later opted out and he was replaced by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]].<ref name="indiatimes2">{{Cite web |title=Thalaivan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/previews/Thalaivan/articleshow/15471619.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103154837/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-13/previews/33181806_1_nikesha-patel-movie-thalaivan |archive-date=2013-01-03 |access-date=2014-07-20 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The film was briefly delayed when Bas was arrested in June 2013 in a case of cheating a woman.<ref name="bollywoodlife">{{Cite web |title=Thalaivan actor TTV Bhaskaran arrested for cheating woman of Rs 3 lakh |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/thalaivan-actor-ttv-bhaskaran-arrested-for-cheating-woman-of-rs-3-lakh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107014843/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/south-gossip/thalaivan-actor-ttv-bhaskaran-arrested-for-cheating-woman-of-rs-3-lakh/ |archive-date=7 January 2014 |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=bollywoodlife.com}}</ref> In June 2013, the director Ramesh Selvan issued a press release distancing himself from the project, indicating that he had suffered health problems as a result of his strenuous work on the project and that he had to complete his other venture, ''[[Kalavaram]]'' (2014).<ref name="tamilwire">{{Cite web |title=Director Ramesh Selvan opts out of Thalaivan - Tamil Movies Portal (TamilWire.net) |url=http://tamilwire.net/34580-director-ramesh-selvan-opts-out-of-thalaivan.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106233702/http://tamilwire.net/34580-director-ramesh-selvan-opts-out-of-thalaivan.html |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=tamilwire.net}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Thalaivan
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2013|07|06}}
| recorded = [[Varsha Vallaki Studios]]
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature Film Soundtrack]]
| length = 19:32
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = Vidyasagar
| prev_title = [[3 Dots]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Puthiya Thiruppangal]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The film's soundtrack was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]. The audio launch was held in May 2013, with director [[Ameer Sultan|Ameer]] felicitating the event.<ref name="deccanchronicle">{{Cite web |title=Ameer's praise for debutant hero Bas |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130530/entertainment-kollywood/article/ameer%E2%80%99s-praise-debutant-hero-bas |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106214548/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/130530/entertainment-kollywood/article/ameer%E2%80%99s-praise-debutant-hero-bas |archive-date=6 January 2014 |access-date=2014-07-20 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

*"Adaivaana" - [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Sricharan
*"Naan Manmathar" - [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Priyasri
*"Oru Kodi" - [[K. J. Yesudas]]
*"Siru Paarvai" - [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
*"Yaarai Kettu" - Sathyaprakash, Vandana Srinivasan

==Release==
The film was released on 18 April 2014 alongside ''[[Tenaliraman (2014 film)|Thenaliraman]]'' and ''[[Damaal Dumeel]]'' to negative reviews. Times of india gave a review citing "If you can force yourself to ignore its leads, the film turns from being borderline terrible to a borderline watchable fare. This is a fairly interesting storyline for commercial film. [sic] But the plot points are telegraphed to us a mile earlier so there is no tension in the scenes.<ref name="indiatimes3">{{Cite news |title=Bas in Thalaivan movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bas-in-thalaivan/movie-review/34032322.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424083359/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bas-in-thalaivan/movie-review/34032322.cms |archive-date=24 April 2014 |access-date=2014-07-20 |work=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt8076976}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ramesh Selvan]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-23T04:59:54Z

BenWunderly: adding new details

{{Short description|Protected wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary
| alt_name = M.M. wildlife sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = A view of M M Hills Wildlife Sanctuary.jpg
| image_caption = A view of Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary
| map = Karnataka#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| mapframe-zoom = 9
| location = Chamarajanagar district, Karnataka, India
| nearest_city =
| coordinates = {{Coord|11.962|N|77.442|E|region:IN_dim:50000|display=inline,title}}
| area = {{Convert|906.187|km2|abbr=on}}
| established = 2013
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Kollegal Wildlife Division, Karnataka Forest Department
}}
'''Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[wildlife sanctuary]] in the [[Eastern Ghats]] and is located in the state of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]]. It is named after the presiding deity "Lord Male Mahadeshwara" of the famed [[Male Mahadeshwara Hills]] located within the sanctuary. The sanctuary lies in the [[Chamarajanagar district]] of Karnataka. It is at a distance of {{Cvt|140|km}} from [[Mysore]] and {{Cvt|210|km}} from [[Bangalore]].

Male Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 2013 with an area of {{Cvt|906.187|km2}} out of the total area of {{Cvt|1224|km2}}.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.aranya.gov.in/Static%20Pages/Sanctuary.aspx |title=Karnataka Forest Department}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gubbi |first1=S. |last2=Mukherjee |first2=K. |last3=Swaminath |first3=M.H. |last4=Poornesha |first4=H.C. |title=Providing more protected space for tigers ''Panthera tigris'': a landscape conservation approach in the Western Ghats, southern India |journal=Oryx |date=2015 |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=336–343 |doi=10.1017/S0030605314000751|doi-access=free}}</ref> The sanctuary is pending notification as a tiger reserve.

The sanctuary is part of a contiguous tiger habitat, located very close to the tri-junction of the states of Karnataka, [[Kerala]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. The sanctuary has [[Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary]] (Karnataka) to its North and East, [[Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve]] (Tamil Nadu) to its South, and [[Biligiriranga Hills|Biligirirangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve]] (Karnataka) to its West.

==Flora==
The predominant forest type of the sanctuary is dry and moist [[deciduous forests]]. As per research reports published, [[Lantana]] has invaded substantial areas around Malai Mahadeshwara Hills.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atree.org/resources/ccc/ccc_mm_hills |title=ATREE at Male Mahadeshwara Hills {{!}} Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment |website=www.atree.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203033136/http://www.atree.org/resources/ccc/ccc_mm_hills |archive-date=2015-12-03}} </ref>

==Fauna==
The [[Indian Elephant]] ''(Elephas maximus)'' inhabits the sanctuary. After the creation of the sanctuary in 2013, the [[Bengal tiger]] ''(Panthera tigris tigris)'' population has been steadily increasing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gubbi |first1=S. |last2=Harish |first2=N.S. |last3=Kolekar |first3=A. |last4=Poornesha |first4=H.C. |last5=Reddy |first5=V. |last6=Mumtaz |first6=J. |last7=Madhusudan |first7=M.D. |title=From intent to action: A case study for the expansion of tiger conservation from southern India |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |date=2017 |volume=9 |page=11|doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2016.11.001 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

[[Cyrtodactylus collegalensis|Kollegal ground gecko]] (''Cyrtodactylus collegalensis'') was discovered in this region in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Agarwal |first1=I. |title=Kollegal Ground Gecko – A Rediscovery {{!}} JLR Explore |url=https://jlrexplore.com/explore/on-assignment/kollegal-ground-gecko-a-rediscovery |website=jlrexplore.com}}</ref>

The sanctuary also hosts [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[wild boar]] (''Sus scrofa''), [[Indian leopard]] (''Panthera pardus''), [[dhole]], [[spotted deer]] (''Axis axis''), [[barking deer]] (''Muntiacus muntjak''), [[Sambar (deer)|sambar]] (''Cervus unicolor''), [[four-horned antelope]] (''Tetracerus quadricornis''), [[black-naped hare]] (''Lepus nigricollis''), [[chevrotain]], [[common langur]], [[bonnet macaque]] and [[honey badger]].{{cn|date=June 2025}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Eastern Ghats}}

[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chamarajanagar district]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2013]]

Purva Bhadrapada

2026-02-15T04:57:10Z

BenWunderly:

{{Short description|25th lunar mansion in Hindu astronomy}}
[[File:Pegasus constellation map.png|right|200px|thumb|[[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasus]] map showing Pūrva Bhādrapadā]]
{{Nakshatras}}

'''Pūrva Bhādrapadā''' (lit. "the early blessed one", "highly intuitive"), also known as ''Pūrațțāti'' (பூரட்டாதி) in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and ''Pūrūruțțāti'' (പൂരൂരുട്ടാതി) in [[Malayalam]], is the twenty-fifth of the 27 [[Nakshatra]] (constellations) in [[Indian astronomy]] and [[Hindu astrology]], corresponding to [[Alpha Pegasi|α]] and [[Beta Pegasi|β]] [[Pegasus (constellation)|Pegasi]].
It is placed under the domain of [[Bṛhaspati]], the deity represented by the planet [[Jupiter]].<ref>C. J. Krisnhnasamy. "Indian astrology: (Bjaratiya jyotisha shastra)." University of Michigan Library: 1956. pg. 33</ref>
Practitioners of [[electional astrology]] see Pūrva Bhādrapadā as a Cruel sign, meaning that activities related to deception, craftiness or wickedness are best begin while this sign is in prominence.<ref>Hart De Fouw, Robert Svoboda. "Light on Life: An Introduction to the Astrology of India." Lotus Press: 2003. {{ISBN|0-940985-69-1}} pg. 206</ref>

Like its twin, [[Uttara Bhādrapadā]], Pūrva Bhādrapadā is often represented by dualistic imagery, such as a two-headed man, or two legs of a bed. Crossed swords can also be used to symbolize this nakshatra.<ref name="Dennis M. Harness 1999. pg. 99">Dennis M. Harness. "The Nakshatras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology." Lotus Press: 1999. {{ISBN|0-914955-83-7}} pg. 99</ref> Its patron deity is the [[Ekapada|Ajaiekapada]], one-footed aspect of [[Shiva]]. The animal associated with this nakshatra in terms of yoni is a male lion.

The Ascendant/Lagna in Pūrva Bhādrapadā indicates a person who is passionate and transformational, but a little extreme and indulgent. They are idealists and non-conformists and are good influencers of others and speakers and orators, but they can also be fearful, nervous, cynical and eccentric.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

It is thought that people born under this nakshatra make others obsessed over them and wanted to be like them.{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

It is believed that the person with this star rising on ascendant has remarkable personality. It is the birth star of famous personalities like [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King]], [[Ramakrishna|Shri Ramakrishna Paramhamsa]], and [[Michael Jackson]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Astrological significance ==
In Hindu astrology, Purva Bhadrapada is ruled by '''Jupiter''' (Guru) or [[Brihaspati]] and symbolized by a '''sword''' or a [[two-faced man]], representing transformation, intensity, and duality. Its presiding deity is '''Aja Ekapada''', a mystical one-footed serpent or goat-headed deity linked with storms and spiritual purification. This nakshatra is associated with idealism, eccentricity, and the ability to inspire profound change.<ref>Frawley, David (1994). ''Nakshatras: The Lunar Mansions of Vedic Astrology''. Lotus Press. ISBN 978-0914955977.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hindu astrology}}
{{HinduMythology}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Purva Bhadrapada}}
[[Category:Nakshatra]]

Subir Kumar Ghosh

2026-02-12T02:55:02Z

BenWunderly: stub

{{Short description|Bengali Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Subir Kumar Ghosh
| image = Subir Kumar Ghosh.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1932|3|1}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2008|10|30|1932|3|1}}
| death_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Structural geology]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Calcutta University]] | [[Jadavpur University]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Calcutta University]] | [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] | [[Uppsala University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| Santosh Kumar Roy }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on theoretical and experimental structural geology
| awards = {{ublist | 1977 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1998 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] K. Naha Memorial Medal }}
}}
'''Subir Kumar Ghosh''' (1 March 1932 – 30 October 2008) was an Indian structural geologist and an emeritus professor at [[Jadavpur University]].<ref name="Subir Kumar Ghosh (1932-2008)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/download/58933/46121 |title=Subir Kumar Ghosh (1932-2008) |date=2016 |publisher=Geological Survey of India |work=Obituary}}</ref> He was known for his studies on theoretical and experimental structural geology<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=462 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]],<ref name="Deceased fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N79-0277 |title=Deceased fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy}}</ref> and the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Ghosh,_Prof._Subir_Kumar |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean, and Planetary Sciences in 1977.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Jadavpur University Collage.jpg|thumb|235px|left|Jadavpur University]]
Born on 1 March 1932 in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]], S. K. Ghosh graduated in science (BSc) from [[University of Kolkata]] and after completing a master's degree from the same institution, he joined his alma mater as a member of the faculty of geology in 1958.<ref name="Deceased fellow" /> Simultaneously, enrolled at [[Presidency College, Kolkata]] for his doctoral studies under the guidance of Santosh Kumar Ray and secured a PhD working on the time-correlation of the structural and metamorphic histories of the terrain in Kuilapal village in [[Purulia District]].<ref name="Subir Kumar Ghosh (1932-2008)" /> Subsequently, he moved to [[Uppsala University]] where he worked under [[Hans Ramberg]], a renowned geologist who would later lend his name to [[Rambergite]] mineral.<ref name="R Mineral Index">{{Cite web |url=http://webmineral.com/AtoZ/index.php?st=1&init=R#.WE0Uzfl97IU |title=R Mineral Index |date=2016 |publisher=Mineral News}}</ref> He stayed with Ramberg for two years at the end of which period he received the degree of Filosofisk doktorgrad from Uppsala University in 1967 and returned to join [[Jadavpur University]] where he set up an experimental laboratory to continue his researches. He served the university till his superannuation in 1997 but continued his association post-retirement as an emeritus professor, an INSA senior scientist, and as an INSA honorary scientist. During this period, he also had a short stint in Sweden as a research associate for the Swedish National Programme for the Geodynamics Project.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

Dr. Ghosh was married to Sheila Ghosh née Sen and the couple's son [[Abhik Ghosh]] is a noted chemist.<ref name="Subir Kumar Ghosh (1932-2008)" /> He died on 30 October 2008, at the age of 76.<ref name="Fellow profile" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:Boudinage.jpg|thumb|Boudinage]]
Focusing his attention on the theoretical and experimental aspects of structural geology, Ghosh studied the ''geometrical relationships of the axial surfaces of folds with the principal planes of deformation''<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> and his researches assisted in the wider understanding of the geological phenomena such as [[Fold (geology)#Buckling|superposed buckle folding]], buckling due to constructional deformation, rotation of spherical and ellipsoidal inclusions in shear zones, deformation of early lineations, [[Boudinage|chocolate tablet boudinage]] and evolution of shear zone structures.<ref name="Subir Kumar Ghosh (1932-2008)" /> A theory on conglomerate deformation and an analysis of the mechanism of distortion of planar structure around rigid bodies have been credited to him. His researches have been documented as a book, ''Structural Geology: Fundamentals and Modern Developments,''<ref name="Ghosh2013">{{cite book|author=S.K. Ghosh|title=Structural Geology: Fundamentals and Modern Developments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWtFVD8EnRcC|date=24 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-098399-8}}</ref> as chapters in books edited by others<ref name="RambergKoyi2001">{{cite book|author1=Hans Ramberg|author2=Hemin A. Koyi|author3=Neil S. Mancktelow|title=Tectonic Modeling: A Volume in Honor of Hans Ramberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxlHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=2001|publisher=Geological Society of America|isbn=978-0-8137-1193-5|pages=1–}}</ref><ref name="Sengupta2012">{{cite book|author=S. Sengupta|title=Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sl9CAAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-5870-1}}</ref> and as over 50 peer-reviewed articles,{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} the article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed a number of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Ghosh=3AProf=2E_Subir_Kumar=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He also published a field guide for field research in [[Ghatsila]].<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Subir Kumar Ghosh |author2=Sanjib Chandra Sarkar |author3=Sudipta Sengupta |title=A field guide for Ghatsila and neighbouring mineral-belt |publisher=Jadavpur University |publication-date=1987 |issue=a |page=87}}</ref> He served as a National professor of the [[University Grants Commission of India]] during 1979–80 and sat in the editorial boards of the [[Journal of Structural Geology]] of [[Oxford University Press]] and [[Tectonophysics]] of [[Elsevier]], besides mentoring thirteen doctoral scholars in their studies.<ref name="Deceased fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Ghosh the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1977.<ref name="Earth Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |title=Earth Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200915/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Earth_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> The Indian National Science Academy elected him as their fellow in 1979, INSA would honor him again in 1998 with K. Naha Memorial Medal.<ref name="Professor K. Naha Memorial Medal">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#pkn | title=Professor K. Naha Memorial Medal | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 }}</ref> The same year, the Indian Academy of Sciences also elected him as a fellow.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> ''Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales'',<ref name="Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sl9CAAAQBAJ |title=Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales |last=S. Sengupta |date=6 December 2012 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-94-011-5870-1}}</ref> edited by [[Sudipta Sengupta]] and published by [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] in 1997 is a [[festschrift]] on Ghosh and [[Kshitindramohan Naha]], another noted geologist.<ref name="Sengupta2012-2">{{cite book|author=S. Sengupta|title=Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sl9CAAAQBAJ&pg=PT18|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-5870-1|pages=18–}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author=S.K. Ghosh|title=Structural Geology: Fundamentals and Modern Developments|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWtFVD8EnRcC|date=24 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-098399-8}}
* {{Cite book |author1=Subir Kumar Ghosh |author2=Sanjib Chandra Sarkar |author3=Sudipta Sengupta |title=A field guide for Ghatsila and neighbouring mineral-belt |publisher=Jadavpur University |publication-date=1987 |issue=a |page=87}}

=== Chapters ===
* {{cite book|author1=Hans Ramberg|author2=Hemin A. Koyi|author3=Neil S. Mancktelow|title=Tectonic Modeling: A Volume in Honor of Hans Ramberg|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kxlHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1|year=2001|publisher=Geological Society of America|isbn=978-0-8137-1193-5|pages=1–}}
* {{cite book|author=S. Sengupta|title=Evolution of Geological Structures in Micro- to Macro-scales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sl9CAAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-5870-1}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |last=Kshitindramohan Naha, Subir Kumar Ghosh |title=Archaean Palaeogeography of Eastern and Northern Singhbhum, Eastern India |journal=Geological Magazine |year=1960 |publication-date=October 1960 |volume=97 |issue=5 |pages=436–439 |doi=10.1017/S0016756800061781|bibcode=1960GeoM...97..436N |s2cid=140183934 }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Subir Kumar Ghosh |title=A theoretical study of intersecting fold patterns |journal= Tectonophysics|year=1970 |publication-date=June 1970 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=559–569 |doi=10.1016/0040-1951(70)90006-5|bibcode=1970Tectp...9..559G }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Subir Kumar Ghosh |title=Types of transpressional and transtensional deformation |journal=GSA Memoirs |year=2001 |publication-date=April 2000 |volume=193 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.1130/0-8137-1193-2.1|isbn=9780813711935 }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Kshitindramohan Naha]]
* [[Abhik Ghosh]]
* [[Hans Ramberg]]
* [[Sudipta Sengupta]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite journal |last=Dhruba Mukhopadhyay |title=Mihir Kumar Bose (1933-2009) |journal=Journal of Geological Survey of India |publication-date=July 2010 |volume=76 |issue=1 |page=95- |url=http://www.geosocindia.org/index.php/jgsi/article/view/58496}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Subir Kumar}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali scientists]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jadavpur University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Structural geologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]

Kollakkayil Devaki Amma

2026-02-07T23:39:12Z

BenWunderly: Made a page

{{short description|Indian forester}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Devaki Amma
| image = Devaki Amma Nari Shakti Puraskar (cropped).jpg
| alt = Woman holding framed certificate
| caption = Amma receives the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
| birth_name = Kollakkayil Devaki Amma
| birth_date = {{circa|1934}}
| birth_place = [[Muthukulam]]
| occupation = Forester
| known_for = [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]
}}

'''Kollakkayil Devaki Amma''' (born {{circa|1934}}) is an Indian woman who began to grow a forest after a car crash prevented her from farming. The forest now covers 4.5 acres and has over 3,000 trees. She has received several awards for her work, including the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]].

== Early life ==
Devaki Amma was born {{circa|1934}} in [[Muthukulam]] in [[Alappuzha district]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="Hindu" /><ref name="ToI">{{cite news |last1=Kesharwani |first1=Sakshi |title=Devaki Amma – An unsung hero |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/sakshikesharwani/devaki-amma-an-unsung-hero-25630/ |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=Times of India |date=5 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref> A love of horticulture was inspired by her grandfather.<ref name="FII" /> She married Gopalakrishna Pillai, who was a in teacher, and worked in the [[paddy field]]s growing rice.<ref name="FII" /><ref name="KT">{{cite web |title=The woman who gave birth to a forest|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2012/kollakkayil-devaki-amma-forest/194 |website=Kerala Tourism |access-date=9 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> In 1980, Devaki Amma was involved in a serious car crash, which left her bed-ridden for three years.<ref name="FII" /><ref name="Hindu">{{cite news |last1=A |first1=Sam Paul |title=In 4.5 acres, she nurtures a dense forest |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/in-45-acres-she-nurtures-a-dense-forest/article27036160.ece |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=4 May 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Forest ==
After she recovered from the crash, Devaki Amma was unable to work in the paddy fields so she began to plant trees in her back garden. Over time this project developed into a 4.5 acre forest.<ref name="Hindu" /> It contains over 3,000 trees, including krishnanal, [[mahogany]], [[mango]], musk, [[pine]], star and [[tamarind]].<ref name="FII" /><ref name="Hindu" /> There are also rare plants and the wood attracts birds such as [[Amur falcon]]s, [[bluethroat]]s, [[black-winged stilt]]s, [[paradise flycatcher]]s and [[emerald dove]]s.<ref name="FII" /><ref name="Hindu" /><ref name="TBI">{{cite news|last1=Karelia|first1=Gopi |title=Working for 40 Years, Kerala's 85-YO Devaki Amma Grew a Forest All By Herself! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/175425/kerala-devaki-amma-forest-nari-shakti-puraskar-inspiring-woman/ |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=The Better India |date=19 March 2019}}</ref> Devaki Amma worked for over thirty five years on the forest mostly on her own, using cows, buffalo and oxen, and harvesting rainwater.<ref name="TBI" />

== Awards ==
Devaki Amma was given the Social Forestry Award by the [[Alappuzha district]] and the Bhumitra Puruskar by Vijnana Bharati. The state of Kerala bestowed upon her the Hari Vyakti Puruskar.<ref name="FII">{{cite news |last1=Adil |first1=Yashfeen |title=Kollakkayil Devaki Amma: The Woman Who Built A Forest |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/09/25/kollakkayil-devaki-amma-the-woman-who-built-a-forest/ |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=Feminism In India |date=24 September 2019}}</ref> On the national level she has received the [[Indira Priyadarshini Vrikshamitra]] award<ref>{{Cite web|title=The woman who gave birth to a forest, Kollakkayil Devaki Amma, Alappuzha, Personal Forest, Attraction, Kerala Tourism|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2012/kollakkayil-devaki-amma-forest/194|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Kerala Tourism|language=en}}</ref> and the [[Nari Shakti Puraskar]]. The latter was given to her by the [[President of India]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]].<ref name="FII" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Social Work}}
{{Nari Shakti Puraskar}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amma, Kollakkayil Devaki}}
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian horticulturists]]
[[Category:Indian foresters]]
[[Category:Nari Shakti Puraskar 2018 winners]]
[[Category:People from Alappuzha district]]
[[Category:Women from Kerala]]
[[Category:Women in forestry]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

Ekam (TV series)

2026-01-22T18:51:12Z

BenWunderly: started initial data from scratch...

{{Short description|2024 Indian anthology TV series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Ekam (TV series).jpg
| caption = Official poster
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Anthology]]
| creator = {{Ubl| Sandeep PS<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakshit Shetty's maiden web series 'Ekam' gets a premiere date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rakshit-shettys-maiden-web-series-ekam-gets-a-premiere-date/article68302941.ece/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=18 June 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718084540/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rakshit-shettys-maiden-web-series-ekam-gets-a-premiere-date/article68302941.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Sumanth Bhat }}
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
* Sumanth Bhat
* Swaroop Elamon
* Sankar Gangadharan
* G S Bhaskar
}}
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Satheesan Puthumana
* Satyajit Rout
* Sumanth Bhat
* Shashikanth Shetty
}}
| director = {{plainlist|
* Sumanth Bhat
* Swaroop Elamon
* Sanal Aman
* Sankar Gangadharan
* Vivek Vinod
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Prakash Raj]]
* [[Raj B. Shetty]]
* [[Shine Shetty]]
* Pallavi Kodagu
* Basuma Kodagu
* Arunima Minj
* [[Babu Annur]]
* Ujwal U V
}}
| open_theme =
| composer = {{Ubl|[[Midhun Mukundan]]
|Rahul Jigyasu}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer = Aaron Mac Ajith
| producer =
| location =
| cinematography = G S Bhaskar ISC Udit Khurana Ankur C U Ashwin
| editor = Bhuvanesh Manivannan
| runtime =
| company = {{Ubl| Journeyman Films
| [[Paramvah Studios]] }}
| network =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2024|7|13}}
| last_aired = present
}}
'''''Ekam''''' ({{translation|One}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Anthology series|anthology]] television series directed by Sumanth Bhat, Swaroop Elamon, Sanal Aman, Sankar Gangadharan, and Vivek Vinod. It was produced by Journeyman Films and presented by [[Paramvah Studios]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Features |first1=C. E. |title=Paramvah Studios to announce release date of web series Ekam on June 17 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Jun/06/paramvah-studios-to-announce-release-date-of-web-series-ekam-on-june-17 |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |date=6 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> It has an [[ensemble cast]] including [[Prakash Raj]], [[Raj B. Shetty]], [[Shine Shetty]], Pallavi Kodagu, Basuma Kodagu, Arunima Minj, [[Babu Annur]], and Ujwal U V.

== Cast ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" | ''Haaraata''
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" |''Shoonya''
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Shine Shetty]] as Thomas
* Pallavi Kodagu as Manjula
* [[Prakash Thuminad]] as Mr. Kirikiri

| valign="top" |
* Basuma Kodagu as Guruva
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" |''Dombaraata''
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" |''Bhranti''
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Raj B. Shetty]] as Dhanaraja
| valign="top" |
* Arunima Minj as Khushi
|-
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" |''Swattu''
! style="background:#EEDD82; width:10%" |''Poorvachara''
|-
| valign="top" |
* Suhan Shetty
* Manasi Sudhir
| valign="top" |
* [[Prakash Raj]]
* Ujwal UV
|-
! colspan="2" style="background:#EEDD82 |''Asmite''
|-
| colspan="2" valign="top" |
* [[Babu Annur]]
|}

== Episodes ==
The first season of the series has seven episodes. The first season of this series is titled ''Karavali'' after [[Karavali|the coastal areas of Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ekam: A Triumph Of Short Literature On Film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/features/ekam-a-triumph-of-short-literature-on-film/176c9e2f3f429 |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=www.ottplay.com |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802222744/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/features/ekam-a-triumph-of-short-literature-on-film/176c9e2f3f429 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Series overview
| color1 = #005477
| link1 = #Season 1 (2024)
| episodes1 = 7
| released1 = {{Start date|2024|7|13|df=yes}}
}}

===Season 1 (2024)===
{{Episode table |background=#005477 |overall= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate=|episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Haaraata ({{translation|Flight}})
|DirectedBy = Sankar Gangadharan, and Vivek Vinod
|WrittenBy = Satheesan Puthumana
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|7|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005477
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Shoonya ({{translation|Void}})
|DirectedBy = Sumanth Bhat
|WrittenBy = Sumanth Bhat & Shashikanth Shetty
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|7|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005477
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title =Dombaraata ({{translation|Masquerad}})
|DirectedBy = Sumanth Bhat
|WrittenBy = Sumanth Bhat
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|7|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005477
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Bhranti ({{translation|Delusion}})
|DirectedBy = Sumanth Bhat
|WrittenBy = Sumanth Bhat
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|7|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005477
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Swattu ({{translation|Legacy}})
|DirectedBy = Sumanth Bhat
|WrittenBy = Sumanth Bhat & Satyajit Rout
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|7|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005477
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Poorvachara ({{translation|Tradition}})
|DirectedBy = Sanal Aman and Swaroop Elamon
|WrittenBy = Satheesan Puthumana
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|7|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005477
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Asmite ({{translation|Identity}})
|DirectedBy = Swaroop Elamon and Sanal Aman
|WrittenBy = Satheesan Puthumana
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|7|13|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = #005477
}}
}}

== Production ==
The project began around January 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakshit Shetty's Ekam finds no takers on OTT, furious Kannada filmmakers call underrepresentation 'heartbreaking' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rakshit-shettys-ekam-finds-no-takers-on-ott-furious-kannada-filmmakers-call-underrepresentation-heartbreaking-101718705815824-amp.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=3 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703053358/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rakshit-shettys-ekam-finds-no-takers-on-ott-furious-kannada-filmmakers-call-underrepresentation-heartbreaking-101718705815824-amp.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The series was shot in the coastal area of [[Udupi]]. The final cut of the series was completed in October 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ekam OTT release date: When and where to watch Rakshit Shetty's Kannada web series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/ekam-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-rakshit-shettys-kannada-web-series/2aaa423c39625 |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=www.ottplay.com |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802221241/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/ekam-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-rakshit-shettys-kannada-web-series/2aaa423c39625 |url-status=live }}</ref> The makers approached major streaming platforms to release the series, but they rejected the series.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ekam Kannada web series: Showrunner Sandeep PS says most OTT platforms rejected the show without watching it - 'That was completely...' |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/ekam-web-series-most-ott-platforms-rejected-the-show-without-watching-it-says-showrunner-sandeep-ps/170ecab929151 |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=www.ottplay.com}}</ref> Later, the production companies decided to release the series on their own website.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Web Series Ekam To Release On Its Own Platform On July 13! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/kannada-web-series-ekam-to-release-on-its-own-platform-on-july-13-article-111065521/amp |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Times Now |date=17 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series was completed in 2021 but didn't get a chance to be released through major streaming platforms, so the production company Journeyman Films, along with [[Rakshit Shetty|Rakshith Shetty]]'s Paramvah Studios, announced that they will release the series on its own exclusive website called www.ekamtheseries.com. The series premiered on 13 July 2024, on the website.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Rakshit Shetty backed web series Ekam to stream on an exclusive platform |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Jun/19/rakshit-shetty-backed-web-series-ekam-to-stream-on-an-exclusive-platform |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Cinema Express |date=19 June 2024 |language=en |archive-date=19 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619115744/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Jun/19/rakshit-shetty-backed-web-series-ekam-to-stream-on-an-exclusive-platform |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada shows unwanted on OTT? 'Ekam' producers to come up with own platform after series fails to find distributor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kannada-shows-unwanted-on-ott-ekam-producers-to-come-up-with-own-platform-after-series-fails-to-find-distributor-3081324 |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=28 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240628010609/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/kannada-shows-unwanted-on-ott-ekam-producers-to-come-up-with-own-platform-after-series-fails-to-find-distributor-3081324 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Ekam'' is unhurried — each of the seven stories takes us to a very specific time and place in Udupi, with not more than a character or two in focus."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kodur |first1=Swaroop |title=Ekam web series review: A layered and deeply immersive journey through Karavali |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ekam-review-a-layered-and-deeply-immersive-journey-through-karavali |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=The News Minute |date=13 July 2024 |language=en |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802010015/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/ekam-review-a-layered-and-deeply-immersive-journey-through-karavali |url-status=live }}</ref> A Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "Its leisurely pacing, with 25-minute-long episodes, mirrors the slowness of coastal life and yet it still offers in-depth storytelling."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title='Ekam' S1 review: A serene anthology paints vivid emotions, unveils the unique charm of Karavali |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jul/15/ekam-season-1-a-serene-anthology-paints-vivid-emotions-unveils-the-unique-charm-of-karavali |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=15 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

Pranati A S of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "The series features distinct flavours of Dakshina Kannada — bhootaradhane, fishmongers shouting bangude, bhootai, meen curry, the dialect and the landscapes."<ref>{{cite news |last1=S |first1=Pranati A. |title='Ekam' web-series review: Diverse stories from the Karavali region |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/ekam-web-series-review-diverse-stories-from-the-karavali-region-3113424 |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "A bouquet of unrelated stories also offers the audience a chance to skip, swap the episodes depending on their preferences. Some hits and some misses, but definitely unmissable, ''Ekam'', meaning One, is a breath of fresh air in the webseries market."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ekam Season 1 Review : A bouquet of colourful stories from Coastal belt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/ekam/season-1/seasonreview/111865260.cms |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=2 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802223049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/kannada/ekam/season-1/seasonreview/111865260.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the series a positive review and wrote, "The seven episodes cover all genres from drama to comic satire, but Ekam definitely needed more diversity in terms of its directors and writers."<ref>{{cite news |title=Ekam review: Rakshit Shetty, Prakash Raj's rooted Kannada anthology series is a mixed bag |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/ekam-review-rakshit-shetty-prakash-raj-rooted-kannada-anthology-series-mixed-bag-101720940736032.html |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Nalme Nachiyar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Ekam'' attempts to bring seven disjointed stories to life by experimenting with genre and language."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nachiyar |first1=Nalme |title='Ekam' web series review: Prakash Raj, Raj Shetty's anthology is a languid, lilting tribute to the idyllic Karavali region |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ekam-web-series-review-prakash-raj-raj-b-shettys-anthology-is-a-languid-lilting-tribute-to-the-idyllic-karavali-region/article68399872.ece/ |access-date=2 August 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=13 July 2024 |language=en-IN |archive-date=18 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240718165049/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ekam-web-series-review-prakash-raj-raj-b-shettys-anthology-is-a-languid-lilting-tribute-to-the-idyllic-karavali-region/article68399872.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt29715884}}

[[Category:Indian anthology television series]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:2020s anthology television series]]
[[Category:Anthology web series]]

Deola, Dewas

2026-01-05T04:47:36Z

BenWunderly: started a post with sources

{{distinguish|text=[[Deola]], a taluka in Maharashtra}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =Deola
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.6645076281948|N|77.02108036107172|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party = BJP
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Ashish Sharma
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 455336
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07274
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41
| blank_name_sec1 =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Deola''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Deola Village is a major agricultural production area in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. In the [[2011 Census of India]] its population was reported as 585.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deola(474266) |website=2011 Census Data |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=531611|accessdate=17 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]

{{Dewas-geo-stub}}

National Pictures

2025-12-29T11:21:49Z

BenWunderly:

{{Short description|Parasurama softball}}
{{for|the earlier Australian company of the same name|National Pictures (Australia)}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
'''National Pictures''' is a former Indian film production and distribution company active from the 1950s to 1970s.

The company was founded by P. A. Perumal Mudaliar, and distributed more than 200 films. [[Shivaji Ganesan]] and [[M. R. Radha]] were introduced to [[Tamil cinema]] by this company.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dinamani.com/weekly-supplements/ilaignarmani/2017/oct/04/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D---16-2784352.html |title=கண்டதும் கேட்டதும் | publisher= [[Dinamani]] |date=2017 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M9AREAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&pg=RA1-PA1939 |title= தமிழ் நாடக வரலாறு |date= 17 December 2020 | publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OAEEAAAQBAJ&q=%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D+%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D&pg=RA1-PT13 |title= திரைப்படங்கள் |date= 21 October 2020 | publisher=Pustaka Digital Media |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=whtmAAAAMAAJ&q=National+Pictures+Mudaliar|title = Great Masters of Indian Cinema: The Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners|isbn = 9788123013619|last1 = Mishra|first1 = D. P.|year = 2006}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2mclDwAAQBAJ&q=National+Pictures+perumal&pg=PT76|title=MGR: A Life|isbn=9789386495884|last1=Kannan|first1=R.|date=28 June 2017}}</ref> As of 2025, the company had not been producing films for a long time but was planning on releasing a remastered version of ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952) in theatres in 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=1 February 2025 |title=Title woes continue for Sivakarathikeyan's film; producers of the original Parasakthi claim they still hold the title rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/title-woes-continue-for-sivakarathikeyans-film-producers-of-the-original-parasakthi-claim-they-still-hold-the-title-rights/articleshow/117819758.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250201101731/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/title-woes-continue-for-sivakarathikeyans-film-producers-of-the-original-parasakthi-claim-they-still-hold-the-title-rights/articleshow/117819758.cms |archive-date=1 February 2025 |access-date=29 December 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Notable films==
* ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952) - The first film starring Shivaji Ganesan
* ''[[Ratha Kanneer]]'' (1954) - The first film starring MR Radha
* ''[[Petra Manam]]'' (1960)
* ''Thangathurai'' (1972)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:Film distributors of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Companies with year of establishment missing]]

Ramyug

2025-12-21T14:47:04Z

BenWunderly: Adding Basic Entry More To Come!

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre =
| writer =
| director = [[Kunal Kohli]]
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Diganth Manchale]] [[Akshay Dogra]] Aishwarya Ojha [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] [[Vivan Bhatena]] [[Navdeep]]
| theme_music_composer =
| music = [[Sajid–Wajid]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Ravina Kohli Niharika Kotwal
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor = Saurabh Gaur
| runtime =
| company =
| budget =
| network = [[MX Player]]
| released =
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=y|2021|5|7}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}
'''''Ramyug''''' is a 2021 Indian Hindi mythological series directed by [[Kunal Kohli]] starring [[Diganth Manchale]], [[Akshay Dogra]], Aishwarya Ojha, [[Kabir Duhan Singh]], [[Vivan Bhatena]], and [[Navdeep]].

==Plot==
It highlights the journey of Lord Rama from being a young prince of Ayodhya to the righteous ruler establishing Ram Raj, the golden era of mankind.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/kunal-kohlis-web-directorial-debut-ramyug-gets-a-big-thumbs-up/articleshow/82522361.cms|title=Kunal Kohli's web directorial debut 'Ramyug' gets a big thumbs up|work=The Times of India |date=May 10, 2021|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Diganth Manchale]] as [[Rama]]
*[[Akshay Dogra]] as [[Lakshmana]]
*Aishwarya Ojha as [[Sita]]
*[[Kabir Duhan Singh]] as [[Ravana]]
*[[Vivan Bhatena]] as [[Hanuman]]
*[[Navdeep]] as [[Vibhishana]]
*John Kokken as Meghnath

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[News18]]'' wrote, "Projects such as Ramyug will always be open to unfair comparisons but this is as bad as it can get. Let alone trying to bank on it’s mass appeal, director Kunal Kohli should hope that not many come across his uninteresting take on Ramayan".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/ramyug-review-glossy-contemporary-touch-to-ramayan-without-the-right-feel-3714434.html|title=Ramyug Review: Glossy, Contemporary Touch to Ramayan Without the Right Feel|website=News18}}</ref> A critic from ''[[film Companion]]'' wrote, "To breathe an ancient text, like the Ramayana, with life, you must have conviction, something new to add, something new to say. Otherwise, it festers like this 8 episode saga".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/streaming-reviews/ramyug-web-series-mx-player-review-is-a-pointless-retelling-of-a-timeless-tale-ramayana|title=Ramyug On MX Player Is A Pointless Retelling Of A Timeless Tale|first=Prathyush|last=Parasuraman|date=May 6, 2021|website=www.filmcompanion.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ramyug first impression: Kunal Kohli's retelling of Lord Ram's story misses the mark |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/ramyug-first-impression-kunal-kohli-mx-player-7303122 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=en |date=6 May 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/ramyug-another-disappointing-entry-in-bollywoods-mythological-genre/article56833129.ece|title=Ramyug — another disappointing entry in Bollywood's mythological genre|first=Aditya Mani|last=Jha|work=The Hindu |date=May 14, 2021|via=www.thehindu.com|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|9052958}}
[[Category:Indian drama web series]]
[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]

Namadhu Amma

2025-10-12T22:55:51Z

BenWunderly: adding a info - done

{{Short description|Indian Tamil-language newspaper}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Namadhu Puratchi Thalaivi Amma
| logo = Namadhu_Amma_Logo.gif
| image = Namadhu Amma NewsPaper.jpg
| caption = Front page of ''Namadhu Amma'' for 3 April 2023
| type = Daily newspaper
| format = [[Broadsheet]] [[E-paper]]
| owners = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| founder = [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
| publisher = R. Chandrasekhar
| editor = S. Kalyana Sundaram
| founded = {{start date and age|2018|02|24|df=yes}}
| political_position = [[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|20px]] [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| headquarters = 4, Ananda Road, [[Alwarpet]], [[Chennai]] - 600018, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| publishing_country = [[India]]
| circulation = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.namadhuamma.net/}}
}}

'''''Namadhu Amma''''' ({{Translation|Our Mother}}) is an Indian [[Tamil language]] newspaper started by [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]].<ref name="NamadhuAmma">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-mouthpiece-to-be-launched-on-february-24/article22819954.ece|title=AIADMK mouthpiece to be launched on February 24|date=2018-02-22|website=thehindu|access-date=2018-02-23|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710032113/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/aiadmk-mouthpiece-to-be-launched-on-february-24/article22819954.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/ElectionNews/2018/01/18122808/1140819/namadhu-puratchi-thalaivi-amma-daily-launched-on-Feb.vpf|title=அ.தி.மு.க.வுக்கு புதிய நாளேடு: ஜெயலலிதா பிறந்த நாளில் தொடக்கம்|date=2018-01-18|website=maalaimalar|language=ta|access-date=2018-01-18|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710032113/https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/ElectionNews/2018/01/18122808/1140819/namadhu-puratchi-thalaivi-amma-daily-launched-on-Feb.vpf|url-status=live}}</ref>

The 'Namadhu Amma' daily newspaper was launched in Chennai on 24 February 2018 marking the 70th birthday of former [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] General Secretary and former [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. Our Amma Daily, which serves as the official news paper of the AIADMK, will have a minimum of 12 pages. S. Kalyanasundaram is The Current Chief editor of Namadhu Amma daily.<ref>[http://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/newsview/22942/admk-newspaper-name-is-Namadhu-amma அதிமுக நாளிதழின் பெயர் ‘நமது அம்மா’]</ref>

==Background==
J. Jayalalithaa launched the '''Namadhu MGR''' Newspaper as the official mouthpiece of the AIADMK in 1988 and [[Jaya TV]] as its visual media in 1999. After the demise of Jayalalithaa, [[T. T. V. Dhinakaran]] took control of the Namadhu MGR and Jaya TV which were held by [[V. K. Sasikala]]'s family. So the news related to then ruling AIADMK government were blacked out in their newspaper and Channel.<ref>{{cite news | url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aiadmk-kicks-off-achievement-rallies-across-tamil-nadu/articleshow/50469613.cms| title= AIADMK kicks off 'achievement rallies' across Tamil Nadu| publisher= PTI| work= [[The Economic Times]] | date= 6 January 2016 | access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.puthiyathalaimurai.com/features/how-namathu-mgr-daily-changed-as-namathu-amma | title= "நமது எம்.ஜி.ஆர்" - "நமது அம்மா"வாக மாறிய கதை ! | publisher= [[Puthiyathalaimurai]] | work=Jagathesh | date= 24 February 2018 | accessdate=}}</ref>

Therefore, a new daily newspaper named ''Namadhu Amma'' was launched on 24 February 2018 to publish the news of the AIADMK government and the party.<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/aiadmk-to-launch-namadhu-amma-daily/article22815282.ece AIADMK to launch 'Namadhu Amma' daily]</ref> R. Chandrasekhar became the publisher of the Newspaper.<ref name="NamadhuAmmaPublisher">{{Cite news |date=28 February 2018 |title=Contractor's elevation as editor of AIADMK paper surprises many |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/contractors-elevation-as-editor-of-aiadmk-paper-surprises-many/articleshow/63104728.cms |access-date=28 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 July 2022 |title=I-T officials search AIADMK mouthpiece Namathu Amma publisher's properties in Coimbatore |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/jul/07/i-t-officials-search-aiadmkmouthpiece-namathu-amma-publishers-properties-in-coimbatore-2473805.html |access-date=7 July 2022}}</ref>

Since its inception, Marudu Alaguraj was the editor-in-chief of the magazine from 2018 to 2022. He resigned as the editor-in-chief of the newspaper on 29 June 2022 in protest against the single leadership in the party.<ref name="marudhu">{{Cite news |date=29 June 2022 |title=அ.தி.மு.க நாளிதழ் பொறுப்பில் இருந்து மருது அழகுராஜ் விலகல்: நம்பிக்கை தகர்ந்து விட்டதாக பதிவு |language=ta |work=Indian Express tamil |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/maruthu-alaguraj-resigns-as-editor-on-admk-daily-namathu-amma-472470/ |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 June 2022 |title=Reporter's diary: 'Namadu Amma' editor resigns |work=DT Next |url=https://www.dtnext.in/tamilnadu/2022/06/30/reporters-diary-namadu-amma-editor-resigns |access-date=30 June 2022}}</ref> On 6 August 2022, S. Kalyanasundaram became the editor-in-chief of Namadhu Amma newspaper.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 August 2022 |title=அதிமுகவின் அதிகாரபூர்வ நாளேடான நமது அம்மாவின் புதிய ஆசிரியராக வேலுமணியின் தீவிர ஆதரவாளர் நியமனம்..! |language=ta |work=Asianet News tamil |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/politics/namadhu-amma-new-editor-kalyanasundaram-appointment-rg68kx |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of newspapers in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tamil-language media}}
{{Newspapers in India}}

[[Category:Tamil-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Chennai]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 2018]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 2018]]
[[Category:Establishments in India]]

Brahmapur, Kolkata

2025-09-21T18:12:14Z

BenWunderly: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[Bansdroni]]

Bedia (caste)

2025-09-12T22:44:42Z

BenWunderly: page updated

{{Short description|Indian Hindu caste}}
{{distinguish|text=the Muslim tribe of Eastern India, [[Bedia (tribe)]]}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
The '''Bedia''' is a caste in India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Dipankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bgpEIb4tNjgC&q=Bedia+&pg=PA2062 |title=Caste in Question: Identity Or Hierarchy? |date=2004-12-08 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-3324-3 |pages=221–46 |language=en}}</ref> They believe that they originally lived at Mohdipahar in [[Hazaribagh district]] and have descended from the union of a [[Vedbansi]] prince with a [[Munda people|Munda]] girl. A legend has heard that they had their own 'Vedas' and hence it is called Bediya. Their Veda was different from the Vedas of Aryans.

== Present circumstances ==
[[File:Distribution of Bedia.svg|thumb|Distribution of Bedia community in India]]

The Bedia who have settled down in West Bengal are also known as the Bede or Bedia. They speak in [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]], an Indo-Aryan language, at home, and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] for inter-group communication. The Bengali and [[Devanagari]] scripts are used.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://jharkhandculture.com/node/72 | publisher =Government of Jharkhand - Directorate of Arts and Culture |title=Bedia}}</ref>

The [[2011 Census of India]] for Uttar Pradesh, where they were classified as a [[Scheduled Caste]] under the name ''Beriya'', showed their population as 46,775.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx |title= A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2017-02-04}}</ref> In [[Jharkhand]], they are listed as a Scheduled Tribe.<ref name="researchgate">{{Cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334748764| title=A Study on the Bedia Community of the Village Nagrabera, Jharkhand |author=Saswatik Tripathy, Aditi Khan |page=1 |year=2018 |access-date=29 October 2022}}</ref>

==Clans==
They have numbers of exogamous clans such as Pecha (owl), Mahua (Madhuca India), Suia (parrot), [[Kachhua]] (tortoise), Chidra (squirrel) etc.<ref name="researchgate"/> Their deities are Bad Pahari and Palcharu. They celebrate festivals such as [[Jitiya]], [[Sohrai]], [[Holi|Fagun]], and [[Sarhul]].<ref name="researchgate"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |title=Caste in Question: Identity Or Hierarchy? |volume=12 |series=Contributions to Indian Sociology |editor1-first=Dipankar |editor1-last=Gupta |publisher=SAGE |year=2004 |isbn=9780761933243 |chapter='The Bedias are Rajputs': Caste consciousness of a marginal community |author1-first=Anuja |author1-last=Agrawal}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Denotified tribes of India]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]

Koipuram

2025-09-12T17:40:41Z

BenWunderly: expanded content

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koipuram
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Census village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|20|40|N|76|39|05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Pathanamthitta]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Tiruvalla]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 26425
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 6XXXXX
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL—Kerala|KL]]-27
| website = http://rto.inmap.in/Thiruvalla/Kerala
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
}}

''' Koipuram''' is a large census village in [[Thiruvalla|Tiruvalla]], [[Pathanamthitta district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], [[India]].<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-08 }}</ref> [[Kumbanad]], Muttumon, [[Pullad]], Poovathoor, are the nodal points.

== Demographics ==
Koipuram is a large census village located in Tiruvalla, with 7319 families residing. The population of Koipuram area is 26425, of which 12231 are males while 14194 are females as per the Population Census of 2011. Average Sex Ratio of Koipuram village is 1160 which is higher than the Kerala state average of 1084. Child Sex Ratio for the Koipuram as per census is 989, higher than the Kerala average of 964. Koipuram village has higher literacy rate compared to Kerala. In 2011, the literacy rate of Koipuram village was 97.31% compared to 94.00% of Kerala. In Koipuram male literacy was at 97.57% while female literacy rate was 97.09%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/628300-koipuram-kerala.html|title=Koipuram Village Population – Thiruvalla – Pathanamthitta, Kerala|website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2016-03-13}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Pathanamthitta district}}

[[Category:Villages in Pathanamthitta district]]
[[Category:Villages in Thiruvalla taluk]]

Civil Service in early India

2025-09-02T19:51:26Z

BenWunderly: further expanded content for clarity additionally and fixed typos

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
During 313 BC, in the [[Mauryan]] period [[Kautilya]] created the [[treatise]] called [[Arthashastra|Kautilya Arthashastra]]. He laid down the qualifications for appointments of civil servants.

During 1000–1600 AD, in the [[medieval period]], [[Akbar|Akbar the Great]] nurtured the civil service. It was during his period there was initiation of land reforms and established the land revenue system which later formed to become the [[Electoral district|constituent]] of the [[India]]n [[taxation system]].<ref>{{cite book | title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century | author=Singh, Upinder | year=2008 | publisher=Pearson Education India | isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 | pages=322–324}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title=Civil service systems in Asia | author=Burns, John | year=2001 | publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing | isbn=1-84064-617-9 | pages=119–121}}</ref>

== Notes ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Civil service in India]]
[[Category:Maurya Empire]]
[[Category:Akbar]]

{{India-hist-stub}}

No. 131 Helicopter Flight, IAF

2025-08-27T21:56:18Z

BenWunderly: fixed issues

{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = No. 131 Helicopter Flight
| image =
| caption =
| dates = 2 August 1974 - Present
| country = {{flag|India}}
| allegiance =
| branch = {{air force|India}}
| type =
| role = [[Search and Rescue]] Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) [[Casualty evacuation]]
| size =
| command_structure =
| garrison = [[Thanjavur Air Force Station|Thanjavur AFS]]
| garrison_label =
| nickname = "Eagle Eyes"
| patron =
| motto = Savage and Powerful
| colors =
| colors_label =
| march =
| mascot =
| equipment =
| equipment_label =
| battles =
| anniversaries =
| decorations =
| battle_honours =
| disbanded = 
| commander1 =
| commander1_label =
| commander2 =
| commander2_label =
| commander3 =
| commander3_label =
| notable_commanders = 
| identification_symbol =
| identification_symbol_label =
| identification_symbol_2 =
| identification_symbol_2_label = 
| aircraft_bomber =
| aircraft_electronic =
| aircraft_fighter =
| aircraft_recon =
| aircraft_trainer =
| aircraft_transport = [[HAL Cheetah]]
}}
'''No. 131 Helicopter Flight (Eagle Eyes)''' is a helicopter unit and is equipped with [[HAL Cheetah]] and [[HAL Chetak]]. The unit is currently operating from [[Thanjavur Air Force Station]] (47 Wing) under the aegis of the [[Southern Air Command (India)|Southern Air Command]] since 20 March 2024. It serves the purpose of [[Search and rescue|Search and Rescue]], Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR) and [[Casualty evacuation]] roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDUCTION OF HELICOPTER UNIT AT AIR FORCE STATION THANJAVUR |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2015832 |access-date=2024-03-31 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref name="Orb">{{Cite web |title=Indian Air Force |url=https://www.scramble.nl/planning/orbats/india/india-air-force |access-date=1 December 2023 |publisher=Orbats}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1770683622334321124 |user=NewsIADN |title=No 131 Helicopter Unit moved from Hindon AFS to AFS Thanjavur of Southern Air Command (SAC) |date=2024-03-21 |access-date=2024-10-18}}</ref>

The unit, nicknamed ''Airborne Pointers'', was originally established on 2 August 1974 at [[Pathankot Air Force Station]] for [[Forward air control|Forward Air Control]] or Light Observation missions. Eventually the unit was shifted to [[Udhampur Air Force Station|Udhampur AFS]] in 1975 to [[Halwara Air Force Station|Halwara AFS]] in 1987. From late 1990s to December 2021 the unit was based at [[Hindon Air Force Station]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=No.131 FAC Flight, Indian Air Force - Database |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/indianairforce/database/units/131+FAC+Flt |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Bharat Rakshak |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==History==

===Assignments===

===Aircraft===
*[[HAL Cheetah]]
*[[HAL Chetak]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Indian Air Force}}

[[Category:Indian Air Force aircraft squadrons|131]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1974]]

Indian states ranking by safety of women

2025-07-04T12:22:57Z

BenWunderly: enhanced structure further as per guidelines

{{Short description|none}}
{{India divisions by}}

This is a list of [[States and territories of India|states and union territories]] of [[India]] ranked according to crime against women and rate of crime against women. The list is compiled from the ''2016 and 2018 Crime in India Report'' published by [[National Crime Records Bureau]] (NCRB), [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crime in India 2016. Statistics.|url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/Crime%20in%20India%20-%202016%20Complete%20PDF%20291117.pdf|access-date=12 September 2021|website=National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Crime in India 2018. Statistics Volume 1.|url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/Crime%20in%20India%202018%20-%20Volume%201.pdf|access-date=12 September 2021|website=National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|page=195}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Crime in India 2019. Statistics Volume 1.|url=https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/CII%202019%20Volume%201.pdf|access-date=12 September 2021|website=National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

As of 2016, [[Delhi]] is the least safe State/UT with the highest cognizable crime rate of 160.4 (per 100,000 persons). [[Nagaland]] has the lowest incidence of crime based on the percentage of share.

India ranks 128 out of 177 countries in the '[[Women Peace and Security Index|Women, Peace And Security Index]] 2023'.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Women, Peace, and Security Index|url=https://giwps.georgetown.edu/the-index/}}</ref>

== List ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"
! rowspan="2" |S.No
! rowspan="2" |State/UT
! colspan="3" |Crime against Women (IPC + SLL)
! rowspan="2" |Percentage Share of State/UT (2016)
! rowspan="2" |Rank Based on Incidence / % share (2016)
! rowspan="2" |Rate of Cognizable Crimes (2016)
! rowspan="2" |Rank Based on Crime Rate (2016)
! rowspan="2" |Rate of Total Crime against Women (2018){{Efn|Crime rate is calculated as crime per one lakh of population.}}
|-
! 2014 || 2016
!2018
|-
| 1
! [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| 16526 || 16362
|16438
| 4.8 || 8 || 63.5 || 9
|63.2
|-
| 2
! [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| 351 || 367
|368
| 0.1 || 27 || 58.7 || 10
|51.1
|-
| 3
! [[Assam]]
| 19169 || 20869
|27728
| 6.2 || 6 || 131.3 || 2
|166.0
|-
| 4
! [[Bihar]]
| 15393 || 13400
|16920
| 4.0 || 12 ||26.6
| 29
|29.8
|-
| 5
! [[Chhattisgarh]]
| 6301 || 5947
|8587
| 1.8 || 16 || 45.9 || 18
|60.5
|-
| 6
! [[Goa]]
| 508 || 371
|362
| 0.1 || 26 || 40.5 || 20
|47.6
|-
| 7
! [[Gujarat]]
| 10854 || 8532
|8329
| 2.5 || 15 || 28.7 || 27
|26.0
|-
| 8
! [[Haryana]]
| 9010 || 9839
|14326
| 2.9 || 14 || 77.8 || 6
|107.5
|-
| 9
! [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| 1529 || 1222
|1633
| 0.4 || 22 || 35.2 || 24
|45.6
|-
| 10
! [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 3327 || 2850
|3437
| 0.8 || 20 || 47.8 || 16
|54.0
|-
| 11
! [[Jharkhand]]
| 6086 || 5453
|7083
| 1.6 || 17 || 33.2 || 25
|39.2
|-
| 12
! [[Karnataka]]
| 14004 || 14131
|13514
| 4.2 || 11 || 45.8 || 19
|41.9
|-
| 13
! [[Kerala]]
| 11451 || 10034
|10461
| 3.0 || 13 || 54.9 || 12
|57.5
|-
| 14
! [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| 28756 || 26604
|28942
| 7.8 || 5 || 71.1 || 8
|73.5
|-
| 15
! [[Maharashtra]]
| 26818 || 31388
|35497
| 9.3 || 3 ||54.6
| 13
|60.9
|-
| 16
! [[Manipur]]
| 337 || 253
|271
| 0.1 || 28 || 19.6 || 32
|17.7
|-
| 17
! [[Meghalaya]]
| 390 || 372
|571
| 0.1 || 25 || 27.0 || 28
|35.7
|-
| 18
! [[Mizoram]]
| 258 || 120
|249
| 0.0 || 30 || 23.2 || 30
|42.2
|-
| 19
! [[Nagaland]]
| 68 || 105
|75
| 0.0 || 32 || 9.2 || 36
|7.3
|-
| 20
! [[Odisha]]
| 14651 || 17837
|20274
| 5.3 || 7 || 84.5 || 3
|91.3
|-
| 21
! [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
| 5481 || 5105
|5302
| 1.5 || 18 || 38.0 || 22
|37.7
|-
| 22
! [[Rajasthan]]
| 31216 || 27422
|27866
| 8.1 || 4 || 78.3 || 5
|75.1
|-
| 23
! [[Sikkim]]
| 111 || 153
|172
| 0.0 || 29 || 50.3 || 15
|55.5
|-
| 24
! [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 6354 || 4463
|5822
| 1.3 || 19 || 12.9 || 34
|15.4
|-
| 25
! [[Telangana]]
| 14147 || 15374
|16027
| 4.5 || 9 || 83.7 || 4
|87.1
|-
| 26
! [[Tripura]]
| 1618 || 1013
|907
| 0.3 || 23 || 53.9 || 14
|46.5
|-
| 27
! [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| 38918 || 49262
|59691
| 14.5 || 1 || 47.5 || 17
|55.7
|-
| 28
! [[Uttrakhand]]
| 1413 || 1588
|2817
| 0.5 || 21 || 30.4 || 26
|52.2
|-
| 29
! [[West Bengal]]
| 38 || 12
|30
| 9.6 || 2 || 71.2 || 7
|64.4
|-
| 30
! [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| 117 || 108
|147
| 0.0 || 31 || 40.1 || 21
|77.4
|-
| 31
! [[Chandigarh]]
| 434 || 414
|442
| 0.1 || 24 || 56.7 || 11
|83.4
|-
| 32
! [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| 21 || 28
|38
| 0.0 || 35 || 14.4 || 33
|17.3
|-
| 33
! [[Daman and Diu]]
| 16 || 41
|16
| 0.0 || 34 || 37.3 || 23
|12.3
|-
| 34
! [[Delhi]]
| 15319 || 15310
|13640
| 4.5 || 10 || 160.4 || 1
|149.6
|-
| 35
! [[Lakshwadeep]]
| 4 || 9
|11|| 0.0 || 36 || 21.4 || 31
|36.7
|-
| 36
! [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]]
| 77 || 95
|166
| 0.0 || 33 || 12.8 || 35
|21.6
|}
Notes:
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:States and union territories of India-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of subdivisions of India]]

Altamount Road

2025-03-18T18:12:19Z

BenWunderly: small changes

{{Short description|Neighbourhood in Mumbai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Altamount Road
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name = Billionaires’ Row
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai#India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9681|N|72.8095|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =
| demographics1_title1 =
| demographics1_info1 =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400026<ref name="pcode">{{cite web|url=https://indiapincodes.net/Maharashtra/Mumbai/Cumballa-hill/|title=Pin code : Altamount Road, Mumbai
|access-date=5 February 2015|publisher=indiapincodes.net}}</ref>
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Altamount Road''', also known as India's '''Billionaires’ Row''', is an affluent residential street in the southern region of [[Mumbai]], India.

The area is notable for housing some of the highest real estate prices in the country. The locality consists of glamorous bungalows of old money business families, low rise Art Deco apartment buildings and modern high rises, alongside some of the city's most notable skyscrapers, including the most expensive private residence in the world; the [[Antilia (building)|Antilia]], valued in 2023 at roughly US$4.6 billion.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Eshita |first=Bhargava |date=April 19, 2023 |title=Mukesh Ambani and Anant Ambani's $4.6 billion 27-storey skyscraper home has a snow room, spa, ice-cream parlor, and more |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/mukesh-ambanis-4-6-billion-27-story-skyscraper-home-has-a-snow-room-spa-ice-cream-parlor-and-more/2891686/ |url-status=live |work=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]] |access-date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=1 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301193941/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/mukesh-ambanis-4-6-billion-27-story-skyscraper-home-has-a-snow-room-spa-ice-cream-parlor-and-more/2891686/ }}</ref> The street was also listed as the 10th most expensive street in the world.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-08-04 |title=Mumbai's Altamount Road among world's most costliest |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/mumbais-altamount-road-among-worlds-most-costliest/articleshow/3325455.cms |access-date=2024-06-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The most prominent buildings on the street are [[Lodha Altamount]], [[Antilia (building)|Antilia]], One Altamount, Prithvi Apartments, Mafatlal Bungalow, Bombarci and Pemino.

==The street==
On Altamount Road are the consulates of Indonesia (Plot no. 19) and of South Africa (Plot no. 20); on the connecting [[Carmichael Road]] are the Belgian, Chinese, and Japanese consulates. In 2008, it was rated as the 10th most affluent street in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wealth-bulletin.com/home/content/2451423982 |title=Wealth Holding Page |publisher=Wealth-bulletin.com |access-date=14 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420053915/http://www.wealth-bulletin.com/home/content/2451423982 |archive-date=20 April 2010 }}</ref>
Altamount Road is a very wealthy area, and also home to several industrialists. The Mafatlal complex is also located here.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?Page=article&sectid=15&contentid=20070530022210718d7460de5 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601153102/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/net/mmpaper.aspx?page=article&sectid=15&contentid=20070530022210718d7460de5 |archive-date=1 June 2007 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Randeep Ramesh New Delhi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/india/story/0%2C%2C2092811%2C00.html |title=Indian tycoon builds tower block home | Business |work=[[The Guardian]] |date= 2007-06-01|access-date=14 August 2010 | location=London}}</ref> Also, it is home to [[Lodha Altamount]] which created history in November 2015 by selling the most expensive apartment in the country.<ref>{{cite news|title=At Rs 160 crore, flat in Altamount Rd bldg sets national record|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/At-Rs-160-crore-flat-in-Altamount-Rd-bldg-sets-national-record/articleshow/49928641.cms|access-date=4 December 2015|date=26 November 2015}}</ref>

The road was officially renamed "S. K. Barodawalla Marg" in the 1990s, but residents, the city's taxi-drivers, and others continue to refer to it by its former name. It has a large number of trees and heritage buildings, such as the official residence of the Chairman of the [[Bombay Port Trust]], the residence of the [[Municipal Commissioner of Mumbai]], the consulate residence of Japan, Belgium and formerly the United States, and the official residence of the General Manager of Western Railways. The residential bungalow of the Bombay Port Trust was originally made by [[George Wittet]], who also designed the [[Gateway of India]] and The Grand Hotel at [[Ballard Estate]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A tycoon for the new India, loyal to the old|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/15/business/worldbusiness/15iht-ambani.1.13711456.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|access-date=16 December 2015|work=The New York Times| date=15 June 2008 | last1=Giridharadas | first1=Anand }}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ambani House July 2010.jpg|[[Mukesh Ambani|Mukesh]] and [[Nita Ambani]]'s private [[skyscraper]] [[Antilia (building)|Antilia]] as seen from Altamount Road

File:Altamount.png|[[Lodha Altamount]], a luxury residential [[skyscraper]] as seen from Billionaires' Row
</gallery>
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}
{{Mumbai topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Streets in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]

{{Mumbai-geo-stub}}
{{India-road-stub}}

Sivagami Ammayar

2025-01-29T18:59:11Z

BenWunderly: article - done

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=June 2024}}
{{POV|date=June 2024}}
{{One source|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Sivagami Ammayar''' was an [[List of Indian independence activists|Indian freedom fighter]] and member of the [[Indian National Army]]. Born in [[Tamil Nadu]] and later migrating to [[Malaysia]], she was inspired by [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subash Chandra Bose]] to join the freedom struggle at a young age.

== Early life ==
Sivagami Ammayar was born in 1933 to Marimuthu Mudaliyar and Chinnathai in Annasagaram village, located in the [[Dharmapuri district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Sivagami Ammayar |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?24380 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref> Early in her life, she migrated to [[Malaysia]] with her family, where her father worked on a [[Tea processing|tea estate]].{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Education ==
In Malaysia, Sivagami Ammayar pursued her education at the Jai Hind Hindu Padasalai in [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name=":0" />

== Role in the Indian National Army ==
At the age of 11, Sivagami Ammayar was deeply inspired by a speech given by Netaji [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Subash Chandra Bose]]. Motivated by his call for India's independence, she joined the [[Indian National Army]] (INA) and became a member of the 'Balak Sena' group, which was dedicated to young boys and girls.<ref name=":0" />

Between 1942 and 1945, Sivagami Ammayar served as a caretaker and head of the Social Welfare Hostel.<ref name=":0" /> During this period, she and her brother Paranthaman performed a street play titled "Veera Vanitha." This play aimed to instill a desire for freedom among the people and raise funds for the INA. Their performances took them from street to street, engaging the public and garnering support for the freedom movement.

== Contribution during World War II ==
During [[World War II]], Sivagami Ammayar, along with her brother Paranthaman, actively participated in rescuing people injured by bombings at the Sarkar Camp.<ref name=":0" />

== Recognition and honors ==
In 1973, the government of Tamil Nadu honoured her with the "Tyaga Chemmal" Award. Later, in 1993, she was further honored by [[Dr. J. Jayalalithaa]], the then Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ammayar, Sivagami}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Army personnel]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Female revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian women in World War II]]

Mukkolakkal Bhagawathi Temple

2024-11-09T22:20:29Z

BenWunderly: fix information per standard format

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2017}}

{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Mukkolakkal Bhagavathi Temple
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Kerala
| map_caption = Location in Kerala
| coordinates = {{coord|8.47|76.96|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| location = [[Sreevaraham]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Mukkolakkal [[Bhagavathi]]
| festivals=
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

The '''Mukkolakkal Bhagawathi''' '''Temple''' ({{langx|ml|മുക്കോലക്കല്‍ ഭഗവതി ക്ഷേത്രം}}) is a famous temple of the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] mother goddess [[Durga|Bhagawati]]. One of the renowned Goddess Temples in Kerala, Sree Varaham Mukkolackal Bhagavathi Temple is situated at [[Sreevaraham]], on the south-east of [[Padmanabhaswamy Temple|Sree Padmanabha Swamy Temple]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The temple is situated on the south of the famous Sreevaraham Lakshmi Varaha Temple.
'Ooruttu Mahotsavam', the annual religious festival of the temple, is conducted in March - April every year.

==Legend==
{{Hinduism}}
The legend says that, when a few children were playing, one of them fell down hitting on a sedimentary rock. Soon after that, the rock started bleeding. Astrological observations confirmed the presence of divinity in the stone and the people around the area started worshipping the rock which eventually turned out to a famous temple in southern [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.templeadvisor.com/temples/info/10307|website=Temple Advisor|accessdate=1 June 2015|title=Mukkolakkal Bhagawathi Temple}}</ref>

==Deities and sub-deities==
Mukkolakkal Bhagavathy Temple enshrines a Swayambhu (self originated) Panchaloha idol of Goddess Parvati – a manifestation of Goddess Shakti.

The main upadevathas on the premises are
# [[Lord Ganesh]]
# [[Nagaraja]]
# Brahmarakshassu
# Maadan Thampuran
# Yakshi Amma
# Navagraha

== Important Months ==
* Kanni - Navarathri aghosham is a famous festival, which attracts large number of devotees. On Vijayadasami day of the Navarathri utsavam, Vidyarambham is conducted.
* Vrishchikam - The Vrishchicka Mandala mahotsavam (festival) is celebrated during the entire period of mandalam season.
* Meenam - The annual festival of the temple comes in Meenam. It begins with inviting and placing Bhagawathy in pacha panthal(Hut made of green palm leaves). Ooroottu is the major festival celebrated at Mukkolakkal Bhagavathy Temple annually. Also known as Ooroottu Maholtsavam, the festival starts on the Thiruonam nakshatra in the Malayalam month of Meenam. Parakkezhunnallippu (Ezhunallippu or Royal Procession of the deity atop an elephant), Pongala, Kuthiyottam, traditional music and dance programs, and colourful fireworks held at the temple premises are major attractions of the Mukkolackal Temple festival.
* Medam - Vishu festival.
* Karkitakam - Aadi chovva festival.

== Temple timings ==
Sreevaraham Mukkolakkal Bhagavathy Temple opens daily at 4:45 AM for Palliyunarthal ceremony and closes at 8:00 PM after Athazha Pooja and Deeparadhana. The worship timings are from 4:45 AM to 10:35 AM and 5:00 PM to 8:00 PM. On Tuesdays and Fridays, the temple closes at 8:30 PM after special Pooja offerings.

== Distance to Mukkolakkal Temple ==
From
# Thiruvananthapuram Airport - 5 km.
# [[Thiruvananthapuram Central Railway Station]] - 3 km.
# Thiruvananthapuram K.S.R.T.C. central Bus Stand - 3 km.
# Thiruvananthapuram City Bus Stand - 2 km.

== See also ==
* [[Temples of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Bhagavathi temples in Kerala]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Thiruvananthapuram district]]

Thuvakudi

2024-10-24T04:13:24Z

BenWunderly:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thuvakudi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Second Grade Municipality]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Thuvakudi, [[Tiruchirapalli district|Tiruchirapalli]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10|45|09.4|N|78|49|47.3|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Second Grade Municipality
| governing_body = Thuvakudi Municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 14.371
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 120
| population_total = 38,887
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]s
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 620015
| registration_plate = '''TN-81'''
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thuvakudi''' {{IPAc-en|θ|ʊ|v|ɑː|k|ʊ|d}} is a [[Municipality]] in [[Tiruchirapalli district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is an industrial town housing more than 250 industries and is located in the National Highway [[NH 65]] between [[Tiruchirapalli]] and [[Thanjavur]]. The town has a dry weather, making it suitable for dry crops like cotton, chillies and millets..

Thuvakudi comes under the [[Thiruverumbur (State Assembly Constituency)]] which elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years and it is a part of the [[Tiruchirappalli (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency]] which elects its Member of Parliament (MP) once in five years. The town is administered by the Thuvakudi municipality, which covers an area of {{convert|14.37|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}. In 2001, the town had a population of 38,887. The town is a part of the fertile [[Cauvery Delta|Cauvery delta region]], but manufacturing industries and stone quarrying are the major occupations. Roadways are the major mode of transportation to Thuvakudi and the nearest Airport is [[Tiruchirapalli Airport]], located {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} away from the town.

==Geography and climate==
Thuvakudi is located at {{Coord|10.756389|N|78.801111|E|}}.<ref name="fallinggrain">{{cite web|title=Thuvakudi|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/25/Tiruchchirappalli.html|publisher=Falling Grain genomics Inc.|access-date=2011-05-12}}</ref> The average elevation is {{convert|88|m|ft}}.<ref name="weatherbase">{{cite web|title=Weather data for Tiruchchirappalli, India|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=44334&refer=|publisher=Canty and Associates LLC|access-date=2011-05-12}}</ref> The topology of Thuvakudi is almost flat with a few isolated hillocks rising above the surface. The city spread over an area of {{Convert|14.371|km2}} is situated between [[Tiruchirapalli]] and [[Thanjavur]]. Red soil is the most common type of soil, which is conducive for dry crops like chillies, cotton and groundnut. Thuvakudi is hot and dry for at least eight months of the year. The hottest months are from March to July during which the city experiences frequent dust storms. During this period, the days are extremely warm and dry while evenings are rendered cooler due to the cold winds that blow from the south-east. Thuvakudi experiences a moderate climate from August to October, tempered by heavy rain and thundershowers, and cool and balmy climate from November to February. Fog and dew are rare and occur only during the winter season. It receives an average annual rainfall of around {{convert|850|mm|in|abbr=on}}<ref name="salient"/><ref name="about"/>

{{Weather box|width=auto
|location = Thuvakudi
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 30.1
|Feb high C = 32.6
|Mar high C = 35.1
|Apr high C = 36.9
|May high C = 37.4
|Jun high C = 36.7
|Jul high C = 35.7
|Aug high C = 35.4
|Sep high C = 24.5
|Oct high C = 32.2
|Nov high C = 30.1
|Dec high C = 29.2
|year high C = 33.8
|Jan low C = 20.3
|Feb low C = 20.9
|Mar low C = 23.0
|Apr low C = 25.8
|May low C = 26.4
|Jun low C = 26.5
|Jul low C = 25.9
|Aug low C = 25.5
|Sep low C = 24.7
|Oct low C = 23.9
|Nov low C = 22.7
|Dec low C = 21.2
|year low C = 23.9
|Jan precipitation mm = 14.3
|Feb precipitation mm = 5.4
|Mar precipitation mm = 9.5
|Apr precipitation mm = 50.5
|May precipitation mm = 65.2
|Jun precipitation mm = 34.9
|Jul precipitation mm = 60.6
|Aug precipitation mm = 85.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 146.6
|Oct precipitation mm = 191.5
|Nov precipitation mm = 131.8
|Dec precipitation mm = 84.4
|year precipitation mm = 880.2
|source = [http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/Tiruchirappalli2.htm IMD]
|date=May 2012}}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=right|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|83.68}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|5.05}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|10.8}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.05}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.03}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.04}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.33}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.03}}}}

{{Historical populations
|align = left
|state=collapsed
|2001|35428
|2004|37210
|2008|38970
|2011|38887
|footnote=Sources: 
* 2001 – 2008<ref name="salient">{{cite web|title=Salient features|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/salient_general.html|publisher=Thuvakudi municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref><ref name="urbaninfra62">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2009, p. 62</ref>
* 2011<ref name=2011census/>
}}

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Thuvakudi had a population of 38,887 with a sex-ratio of 842 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 3,261 were under the age of six, constituting 1,667 males and 1,594 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 17.58% and .99% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the town was 81.56%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The town had a total of : 9402 households. There were a total of 13,911 workers, comprising 150 cultivators, 137 main agricultural labourers, 89 in house hold industries, 11,396 other workers, 2,139 marginal workers, 21 marginal cultivators, 108 marginal agricultural labourers, 52 marginal workers in household industries and 1,958 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals - Thuvakudi|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=691173|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Thuvakudi (M) had 83.68% [[Hindus]], 5.05% [[Muslims]], 10.8% [[Christians]], 0.05% [[Sikhs]], 0.03% [[Buddhists]], 0.04% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.33% following other religions and 0.03% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community - Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

In 2009, 45% population resided in slums, which is much higher than the normative standard of 10%.<ref name="urbaninfra13">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 13</ref> The sex ratio of the town is 914 and the literacy rate is 78%.<ref name="urbaninfra5">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 5</ref> In 2001, the population density of the town was 2465 persons/km2 and most of the residential area was concentrated around the Thuvakudi Malai area. The centre of the town and Thuvakudi Malai are the major residential centres. The workforce is 31% of the total population and 90% of the working population is engaged in tertiary sector activities. The town has a total area of {{convert|1437|ha|acre}}, and in 2001 65% of the land was used by industries like SIDCO, BHEL, industrial corridors and educational institutes like NIT and Government polytechnic.
<ref name="urbaninfra8">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 8</ref>

==Municipal administration and politics==
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Municipality officials'''
|-
|align="center"| Chairman||E. Kayambu<ref>{{cite web|title=Chairman of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Thuvakudi/who_Chairperson.htm|publisher=Thuvakudi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|Vice-Chairman||A. Rajalingam<ref>{{cite web|title=Vice Chairman of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/who_vice.html|publisher=Thuvakudi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|Commissioner||K.N. Sudha<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissioner of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/who_executive1.html|publisher=Thuvakudi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref>
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|'''Elected members'''
|-
|align="center"|Member of Legislative Assembly||P.Anbil Mahesh Poiyamozhil
<ref name="MLA of Thuvakudi">{{cite web|title=MLA of Thiruverumbur|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/142.htm|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|year=2011|access-date =2012-12-29}}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|Member of Parliament||S Tirunavukarasu<ref>{{cite web|title=General Elections to Lok Sabha, 2019, name and address of the elected members of parliamentary constituencies in Tamil Nadu|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/tnmp/mptn-ls.htm|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220706/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/tnmp/mptn-ls.htm|archive-date=2016-03-03|access-date =2012-12-29 }}</ref>
|}
Thuvakudi was constituted as a [[Town Panchayat]] and promoted to a third-grade municipality in 2004. It was promoted to a second-grade municipality in 2010. The Thuvakudi municipality has 21 wards covering an area of {{convert|14.7|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}} and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/about_municipality.html|publisher=Thuvakudi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm|publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration|access-date =2012-12-29|year=2006}}</ref> The legislative powers are vested in a body of 21 members, one each from the 21 wards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Councillors of municipality|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/who_councilors.html|publisher=Thuvakudi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> The legislative body is headed by an elected Chairperson assisted by a Deputy Chairperson.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Economic and political weekly, Volume 30|pages=2396|publisher=Sameeksha Trust|year=1995}}</ref>

Thuvakudi comes under the [[Thiruverumbur (State Assembly Constituency)|Thiruverumbur assembly]] constituency and it elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm
| title = List of Assembly Constituencies
| year=2010
| access-date =2012-12-28
| work = Tamil Nadu
| publisher = Tamil Nadu state government}}</ref> From the 1977 elections, [[ADMK|All India Anna Dravid Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) won the assembly seat four times (in 1980, 1984, 1991 and 2011 elections); [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] three times (DMK, 1977, 1996, 2001 and 2006 elections) and [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI(M) 1989).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp168.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> The current MLA of the constituency is Anbil Mahesh Poyyamozhi from DMK.<ref name="MLA of Thuvakudi"/>

Law and order in the town in maintained by the Tiruchirapalli division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] headed by a Deputy Superintendent. There is one police stations in the town. There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police.<ref>{{cite web|title=Thuvakudi Police|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/Thuvakudi/ser_Police%20stations.htm|publisher=Thuvakudi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref>

==Economy and transportation==
Thuvakudi is an industrial town. The SIDCO industrial estate encompasses more than 250 industrial units which are located in and around the town. [[Bharat Heavy Electricals]] (BHEL) has a boiler plant and seamless steel tube processing centre, both of which are located within Thuvakudi municipal limits.<ref name="urbaninfra3132">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, pp. 31-32</ref><ref name="How to reach">{{cite web|title=How to reach |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/how_to_reach.html|publisher=Thuvakudi municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> Thuvakudi, historically had a lot of stone quarries.<ref name="urbaninfra9">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 9</ref>

The Thuvakudi municipality maintains {{convert|29.56|km|mi|abbr=on}} of road. The town has {{convert|7.65|km|mi|abbr=on}} concrete road, {{convert|10.4|km|mi|abbr=on}} bituminous road, {{convert|5.95|km|mi|abbr=on}} of WBM roads and {{convert|5.56|km|mi|abbr=on}} of gravel roads.<ref name="salient"/> The town is located in the National Highway [[NH 65]], at a distance of {{convert|25|km|mi}} from Tiruchirapalli and {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} from Thanjavur.<ref name="about">{{cite web|title=About the town |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/about_city.html|publisher=Thuvakudi municipality|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> There are three major roads from Thuvakudi: Trichy-Thanjavur National Highways NH 65, Thuvakudi Malai-Ayyampatti State Highways and Thuvakudi-Kiranur state Highways. The Thuvakudi bus stand is located on NH 65 and has 12 bus shelters.<ref name="urbaninfra3132"/> Thuvakudi is served by town bus service, which provides connectivity within the town and the suburbs. The nearest railway station is [[Thiruverumbur Junction railway station|Thiruverumbur]]. The nearest local and international airport is the [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]]<ref name="How to reach"/>

==Education and utility services==
[[File:National Institute of Technology, Trichy.jpg|200px|right|thumb|The National Institute of Technology, one of the premier engineering institutes in the country]]
In 2011, there were two primary schools, two middle schools and one higher secondary school. The Government Arts College in Thuvakudi Malai, Government Polytechnic, Trec-step, State Institute of Hotel Management & Catering Technology (SIHMCT), formerly known as Food Craft Institute (FCI) and [[National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli]] (NITT) are the colleges & institutes present in the town.<ref name="salient"/><ref name="urbaninfra9"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Institutions|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/city_education.html|publisher=Thuvakudi municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref>

Electricity supply to Thuvakudi is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB). The town along with its suburbs is a part of Tiruchirapalli Electricity Distribution Circle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Address|url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Indian Wind Power Association|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf|archive-date=2012-10-16}}</ref> Water supply is provided by the Thuvakudi Municipality from the [[Kollidam river]] through two overhead tanks. In the period 2000–2001, a total of 2.2 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Supply Details|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/salient_watersupply.html|publisher=Thuvakudi Municipality |year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> As per the municipal data for 2011, about 8.85 metric tonnes of solid waste were collected from Thuvakudi every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping was carried out by the sanitary department of the Thuvakudi municipality.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waste management programme|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/salient_solidwaste.html|publisher=Thuvakudi Municipality|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> There is no underground drainage system in the town and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.<ref name="urbaninfra25">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2009, p. 25</ref> In 2011, the municipality maintained a total of 1,126 street lamps: 184 sodium lamps, four mercury vapour lamps and 990 tube lights. The municipality operates one market and a bus stand.<ref name="salient"/>

==Notes==

=== Footnotes ===
* {{Note|a}} The municipalities in Tamil Nadu are graded special, selection, grade I and grade II based on income and population.

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite report |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/Thuvakudicdp.pdf|format=PDF |title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan into Business Plan |last=Urban Infrastructure report |publisher=Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited |year=2009 |access-date=2012-12-29|ref=urban}}

== External links ==
*[http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thuvakudi/index.htm Thuvakudi MUNICIPALITY]
*[http://www.nitt.edu/ Official homepage]
*[http://www.nitt.edu/tour/ Virtual Campus Tour]
*[http://www.trecstep.com TREC-STEP]

{{Tiruchirappalli}}
{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruchirappalli district]]

Dzüleke

2024-10-20T06:48:37Z

BenWunderly: started basic post added tags...

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dzüleke
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Nagaland#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Dzüleke
| coordinates = {{coord|25.621|93.956|display=title,inline}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Administrative divisions of India#Regions|Region]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Northeast India]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nagaland]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kohima District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 156
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#NL.E2.80.94Nagaland|NL]]-01
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 902 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Dzüleke''' is a village in [[Kohima district|Kohima District]] of the Indian state of [[Nagaland]]. The total population of the village is about 156 with 35 households.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/268289-dzuleke-nagaland.html|title=Census 2011, Dzuleke village Data}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
In 1999, the village council banned trapping and hunting of wild animals of the village forest. This decision has helped increase the fauna population, especially birds, bears, deer, monkey, and [[Gayal|mithun]]. The village streams also have a significant population of [[common snowtrout]]. The village council thereafter, also set up the Dzüleke Eco-Tourism Board (DETB). North East Initiative Development Agency (NEIDA), part of the [[Tata Trusts]], has invested in training the village community in organising tourism-related activities and setting up homestays. NEIDA also set up the Dzüleke Development Fund, where the community contributes a tenth of their income from tourism-related activities towards community development. Between 2016 and 2019, over 800 tourists visited the village utilising the homestays and participating in trekking and camping activities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2019 |title=Value in the wild |url=https://horizons.tatatrusts.org/2019/march/nagaland-dzuleke-eco-tourism.html |access-date=20 October 2024 |website=Tata Trusts Horizons}}</ref>[[File:Chestnut Bunting Dzuleke Nagaland India 05.11.2019.jpg|thumb|285x285px|Chestnut bunting spotted in the village. ]]

==References==
<references/>

[[Category:Villages in Kohima district]]

== External links ==

# https://www.instagram.com/explore/locations/1937969336447574/dzuleke/
# https://unconventionalandvivid.com/dzuleke-eco-tourism-offbeat-and-rural-nagaland/
# https://roundglasssustain.com/wild-vault/dzuleke-nagaland
# https://www.tripadvisor.in/Attraction_Review-g668044-d4132673-Reviews-Dzuleke_Village-Kohima_Kohima_District_Nagaland.html

{{Nagaland-geo-stub}}

Poladpur taluka

2024-06-14T16:49:08Z

BenWunderly: Adding New Info Initial Version!

{{Short description|Taluka in Maharashtra India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}

'''Poladpur taluka''' is a [[taluka]] in [[Raigad district]] of Maharashtra an Indian state.<ref name="Prahar-20141127">{{cite news|url=http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|title=महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व तालुके - महाराष्ट्रातील सर्व जिल्ह्यांतील तालुके महसुली विभागांनिहाय जाणून घ्या.|date=2014-11-27|work=Prahar|access-date=2015-08-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032645/http://prahaar.in/prahaarhelpline/269444|archive-date=22 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815">{{cite web|url=http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|title=Details of Sub-Divisions, Tahasils, Villages, Circles and Sazzas in Raigad district|publisher=Raigad District Collectorate|access-date=15 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614080045/http://raigad.nic.in/htmldocs/sub_division1.htm|archive-date=14 June 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Raigad district==
As of August 2015, there were 8 sub-divisions, 15 talukas, 1970 villages, 60 revenue circles and 350 sazzas in Raigad district. The talukas being [[Alibag taluka|Alibag]], [[Karjat taluka, Raigad|Karjat]], [[Khalapur taluka|Khalapur]], [[Mahad taluka|Mahad]], [[Mangaon taluka|Mangaon]], [[Mhasala taluka|Mhasala]], [[Murud taluka|Murud]], [[Panvel taluka|Panvel]], [[Pen taluka|Pen]], Poladpur, [[Roha taluka|Roha]], [[Shrivardhan taluka|Shrivardhan]], [[Sudhagad - Pali taluka|Sudhagad Pali]], [[Tala taluka|Tala]] and [[Uran taluka|Uran]].<ref name="RaigadDistrictCollectorate-20150815" />

== Demographics ==

{{bar box
|title=Religions in Poladpur taluk (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11382/download/14495/DDW27C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Maharashtra|Hinduism]]|darkorange|88.80}}
{{bar percent|[[Marathi Buddhists|Buddhism]]|mediumblue|6.30}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Maharashtra|Islam]]|green|4.76}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.14}}
}}

Poladpur taluka has a population of 45,464 according to the 2011 census. Poladpur had a literacy rate of 76.41% and a sex ratio of 1103 females per 1000 males. 4,773 (10.50%) are under 7 years of age. 5,944 (13.07%) lived in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 6.64% and 5.42% of the population respectively.<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=District Census Hand Book – Raigad |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/822/download/36165/DH_2011_2724_PART_A_DCHB_RAIGARH.pdf |website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Poladpur taluk (2011)<ref name="langs" />
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 94.97 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 2.72 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 1.08 |color3 = orange
|label4 = Others |value4 = 1.23 |color4 = grey
}}

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 94.97% of the population in the taluka spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 2.72% [[Urdu]] and 1.08% [[Hindi]] as their first language.<ref name="langs">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Maharashtra |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10212/download/13324/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2700.XLSX |website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Raigad district topics}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Talukas in Raigad district]]

{{Raigad-geo-stub}}

Bhoom taluka

2024-05-10T09:06:10Z

BenWunderly: put up

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhum Tahsil
| other_name = Bhoom Tahsil
| nickname =
| settlement_type = tehsil
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18|29|N|075|36|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 137217
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Osmanabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Osmanabad]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Paranda (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Paranda]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assembly Constituencies-Post delimitation: Maharashtra: Osmanabad District|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India|url=http://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Mah_Maps/Osmanabad.pdf|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505190604/http://gisserver1.nic.in/ecimaps/ECIPDF/Mah_Maps/Osmanabad.pdf|archivedate=5 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 413504
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| registration_plate = MH25
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Bhoom Tahsil''' is a [[tehsil]] in [[Osmanabad district]], [[Maharashtra]] on the Deccan Plateau of [[India]]. The town of [[Bhoom]] is the administrative headquarters of the tahsil. There are seventy-four panchayat villages in Bhoom Tahsil. In 19th century Bhoom was under Nizam territory during the British raj in India. However it was independently ruled by the '''Thorat''' royal family. Shrimant Vijaysinh Amarsinh Thorat is the present head of Bhoom. He was the President of Bhoom Municipal Council from 1991 -2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reports of National Panchayat Directory: Village Panchayat Names of Bhoom, Osmanabad, Maharashtra|publisher=Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India|url=http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=4494&parenttype=B&ptype=V|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503155511/http://panchayatdirectory.gov.in/adminreps/viewpansumSQL.asp?selstate=4494&parenttype=B&ptype=V|archivedate=3 May 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==History==
At the starting of 17th century Bhoom was under [[Adilshah]]'s territory. After 17th century it was under the [[Maratha Empire]].
In 1717 [[Sambhaji II]] of [[Kolhapur]] gave the Bhoom as Jagir to [[Senakhaskhel]] [[Yashwantrao Thorat]] (a Chief and Military leader) for his bravery. He ruled Bhum till 1719. In 1719 he had died in a battle with [[Balaji Vishwanath]] near [[Panhala fort]]. After his death his ancestors ruled Bhoom till 15 August 1947.

==Rulers of Bhoom==
[[File:Shrimant_Senakhaskhel_Vijaysinh_Thorat_-_Fourth_ruler_of_the_Bhoom.jpg|alt=Shrimant Senakhaskhel Vijaysinh Thorat fourth ruler of the Bhoom|thumb|Shrimant Senakhaskhel Vijaysinh Thorat fourth ruler of the Bhoom]]
* Shrimant Senakhaskhel Yashwantrao Thorat (1717-1719) was the founder of this jagir.
* Shrimant Senakhaskhel Narayanrao Thorat - Second ruler of Bhoom.
* Shrimant Senakhaskhel Dattajirao Thorat - Third ruler of Bhoom.
* Shrimant Senakhaskhel Vijaysinh Thorat - Fourth ruler of Bhoom.
* Shrimant Senakhaskhel Amarsinh Thorat - Fifth and last ruler of Bhoom.

==Demographics==
In the 2001 Indian census, Bhum Tehsil had a population of 116,894, with 60,620 (51.9%) males and 56,274 (48.1%) females, for a gender ratio of 928 females per thousand males.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census 2001 Population Finder: Maharashtra: Osmanabad: Bhum|publisher=Office of The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/Sub_Districts_Master.aspx?state_code=27&district_code=29}}</ref>

In the 2011 census, Bhum Tahsil had 137,217 inhabitants<ref name="PR-2">{{Cite web|title=Population, Child Population in the age-group 0-6 and Literates by residence and sex, State, Districts, Tahsils 2011: Maharashtra|page=40|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2012_PR3297.PDF}}</ref> and a gender ratio of 905 females per thousand males.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of Population and Child Population in the age-group 0-6, State, Districts, Tahsils 2011: Maharashtra|page=8|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2012_PR3298.PDF}}</ref> The tehsil was 86.4% rural.<ref name="PR-2" /> The literacy rate in 2011 was 73.08% overall in Bhum Tehsil, with a rate of 82.86% for males and 62.45% for females.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Literacy rates by residence and sex, State, Districts, Tahsils 2011: Maharashtra|page=17|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Mumbai|url=http://pibmumbai.gov.in/English/PDF/E2012_PR3299.PDF}}</ref> In 2011 in Bhum Tahsil, 11.5% of the population was 0 to 6 years of age.<ref name="PR-2" />

==Monuments and attractions==
* In the village of [[Kunthalgiri]], near to the town of Bhum, there is an ancient [[Jain]] temple.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shri Digamber Jain Siddha Kshetra Kunthalgiri|publisher=Jain Teerth|url=http://www.jainteerth.com/teerth/kunthalGiri.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050215052234/http://jainteerth.com/teerth/kunthalGiri.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=2005-02-15}}</ref> Kunthalgiri is also famous for "pedha" a sweet.
* In the Bhum, there is an ancient temple called "Alam-prabhu". It is the Patron Deity of the Bhum. "Alam-prabhu" as its name indicates is the symbol of unity between Hindu and Muslim. In the month of December there's a huge fair in the name of lord "Datta" is held, which lasts for 4–5 days.{{citation needed |date= November 2021}}
*In the village of Jyotibachiwadi, there is temple of god "Jotiba". Lot of people come there in 'Chaitra Paurnima'.{{citation needed |date= November 2021}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{-}}

{{Osmanabad district topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhum Tahsil}}
[[Category:Osmanabad district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Indian bureaucracy

2023-07-26T11:16:41Z

BenWunderly: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Civil Services of India]]

[[Category:Civil Services of India]]

Viraata Parvam

2023-07-08T22:08:40Z

BenWunderly: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Virata Parvam]]

{{R from alt spelling}}

Nasim Ur Rehman

2023-06-02T23:11:28Z

BenWunderly: adding data - done

{{BLP sources|date=February 2018}}'''Haji Nasim Ur Rehman''' is an industrialist and politician from [[Mardan District|Mardan district]], [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]]. He is a member of the [[Awami National Party]]. In the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 general election]] for the National Assembly, he was elected as Member of Parliament (MP) for NA-6 Mardan-I constituency.<ref>Pakistani 11th national assembly from 1997 to 1999: [http://www.na.gov.pk/uploads/former-members/11th%20National%20Assembly.pdf List of members & addresses] (accessed 2018-02-03).</ref> He is the director of the Saleem Group of Industries and holds a membership in the [[Federation of Pakistan Chambers of Commerce & Industry]].

Rehman ran in the February 18, [[2008 Pakistani general election|2008 general election]] for the seat from NA-11 Mardan 3 constituency, his first attempt to be elected from a constituency outside his home constituency of NA-6 Mardan 1. He lost to [[Abdul Akbar Khan]] of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan People's Party]].

==See also==
*[[Awami National Party]]
*[[Mardan]]

==Notes and references==
* http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/feb2005-daily/11-02-2005/metro/i2.htm
* http://www.fpcci.com.pk/life.asp
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rehman, Nasim Ur}}
[[Category:People from Mardan District]]
[[Category:Awami National Party politicians]]
[[Category:Pashtun people]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Navtej Singh Johar and others v. Union of India

2022-10-08T12:24:13Z

BenWunderly: started new biography

#REDIRECT [[Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India]]

{{R from move}}