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List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) characters

2026-05-18T21:48:04Z

BellEggers2: Starting A Stub

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{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of ''Littlest Pet Shop'' (2012 TV series) characters}}
[[File:Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) characters.png|thumb|upright=1.25|right|Promotional image showing some of the main characters; from left to right: [[#Russell Ferguson|Russell]], [[#Blythe Baxter|Blythe]], [[#Sunil Nevla|Sunil]], [[#Pepper Clark|Pepper]], [[#Zoe Trent|Zoe]], [[#Penny Ling|Penny Ling]], [[#Minka Mark|Minka]] and [[#Vinnie Terrio|Vinnie]].]]
'''''[[Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series)|Littlest Pet Shop]]''''' is a children's [[List of animated television series|animated television series]] developed by [[Tim Cahill (producer)|Tim]] and [[Julie McNally-Cahill]]. The series is based on [[Hasbro]]'s ''[[Littlest Pet Shop]]'' toy line, and features Blythe Baxter (voiced by [[Ashleigh Ball (voice actress)|Ashleigh Ball]], with the character based on the [[Blythe (doll)|doll of the same name]]) as the main protagonist, as well as other characters who reside in Downtown City (a city modeled after [[New York City]]). Along with Blythe is her father, Roger Baxter (voiced by [[Michael Kopsa]]), and her employer Mrs. Anna Twombly (voiced by [[Kathleen Barr]]) at the nearby [[pet store]], Littlest Pet Shop. Away from home, she maintains several friends at her local high school. As well as the human cast are her seven animal companions, who reside within Littlest Pet Shop during the day, that whom Blythe unexpectedly gains the ability to communicate.
{{TOC limit|2}}

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
! scope="col" rowspan="1" | Character
! scope="col" rowspan="1" | Voiced by

|-
| scope="row" | [[#Blythe Baxter|Blythe Baxter]]
| [[Ashleigh Ball (voice actress)|Ashleigh Ball]]
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Russell Ferguson|Russell Ferguson]]
| [[Sam Vincent]]
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Sunil Nevla|Sunil Nevla]]
| [[Peter New]]
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Vinnie Terrio|Vinnie Terrio]]
| [[Kyle Rideout]]
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Pepper Clark|Pepper Clark]]
| [[Tabitha St. Germain]]
|-
| scope="row" | [[#Minka Mark|Minka Mark]]
| [[Kira Tozer]]
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[#Zoe Trent|Zoe Trent]]
| [[Nicole Oliver]]
|-
| Kylee Epp (singing voice)
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" | [[#Penny Ling|Penny Ling]]
| [[Jocelyne Loewen]]
|-
| Laura Hastings (singing voice)
|}

==Protagonists==
*Blythe Baxter (voiced by [[Ashleigh Ball (voice actress)|Ashleigh Ball]]) is the main character of the series, an aspiring fashion artist and designer. She is very kind and compassionate and always assists others in need, including the pets, Mrs. Twombly, her new friends, Youngmee, Sue and Jasper, and even Whittany and Brittany Biskit. She has dark brown hair and light blue eyes, but she also wears "fashionable and unique" outfits. Blythe, along with her father, Roger Baxter, moved to an apartment in Downtown City above a pet store called the Littlest Pet Shop. Soon after moving into the building, Blythe hits her head and discovers that she can now be able to talk and understand animals. She comes to enjoy working at the Littlest Pet Shop not long after she saves the store from going out of business. Though she has wanted to be on TV all her life, she is also extremely camera-shy. Blythe is also a little closer to Russell, her best friend. Blythe's mother was Lauren Smith (nicknamed "Betty") before adopting the surname Baxter upon marrying Roger, and Lauren's former pet tortoise Speedy Shellberg claims that Betty also may have talked to animals,<ref>{{cite episode |series=LPS |title=The Tortoise and the Heir |season=4 |minutes=13 |date=2015}}</ref> a fact that was confirmed by her father in the series finale. Throughout the series, several jokes were made about the expanse of the size of Blythe's head.
*Russell Ferguson (voiced by [[Sam Vincent]]) is a male orange [[European hedgehog]] with yellow-green eyes. He is the organizer of the group with a love of food. Though uptight, he maintains everyone in the shop, making sure everything's orderly. Though Russell heavily wishes to fit in more with his friends, unfortunately, his love for safety and maintenance and his friendship with six friends often spoils the other pets' enjoyment, which causes them to poke fun at him. In the episode "Penny for Your Laughs," it's revealed that he has an abnormal fear of marshmallows. He also has a fear of ghosts. He is considered Blythe's best friend; the show's running gag is that he is often mistaken for a [[porcupine]].
*Sunil Nevla (voiced by Peter New) is a male blue [[banded mongoose]] with golden eyes and an [[Indian people|Indian]] accent, who is Vinnie's best friend. He is very timid and fearful, but when faced with adventure, he will (though reluctantly) gather courage and bravery for his friends. He is a magician who enjoys performing various magic tricks on his friends at the shop, but they mostly fail or rarely work when he needs to. Despite his timid appearance and personality, Sunil becomes aggressive at the thought of [[cobra]]s (an [[mongoose#Diet|allusion to mongooses]]' [[Predation|natural prey]]).Sunil is known to have [[entomophobia]], causing him to panic every time he sees bugs, arachnids, and centipedes.<ref name="Middle Names" group="nb" />
*Vincent Alfonso "Vinnie" Terrio (voiced by [[Kyle Rideout]]) is a male green [[gecko]] with purple eyes who is Sunil's best friend. Though slow at times, he is a talented dancer but is unfortunately prone to wreaking havoc for others in the pet shop because of his natural clumsiness. In "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) episodes#ep24|Frenemies]]", he finds out he is a better dancer without his tail. His favorite series is ''Shake a Leg'', a [[Competitive dance|dance competition]] show.<ref name="Amazon.com, Inc. Season 2, Episode 18">{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00G3OJZS0 |title=''Littlest Pet Shop'': 'Sunil's Sick Day' |publisher=[[Amazon.com, Inc.]] |work=Amazon.com |access-date=25 October 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131026021904/http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00G3OJZS0 |archive-date=26 October 2013 |url-status=live |df= }}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Usually addressed by their names or with their surnames, their middle names were revealed in "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) episodes#ep24|Frenemies]]".<ref name="Frenemies 2013-04-13">{{cite episode | title=[[List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) episodes#ep24|Frenemies]] | date=13 April 2013 | publisher=Hub Network | series=Littlest Pet Shop | credits=Dallas Parker (director); Julie McNally-Cahill & Tim Cahill and Guy Toubes (story); Guy Toubes (teleplay) | season=1 | number=24}}</ref><ref name="Baloney Brony 2013-04-15">{{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/BaloneyBrony/status/323967062592602113 | title=@Snips_BR I believe so, yes. | publisher=[[Twitter]] | date=15 April 2013 | access-date=20 June 2013 | author=Baloney Brony}}</ref>||name="Middle Names"|group="nb"}}
*Pepper Mildred Clark (voiced by [[Tabitha St. Germain]]) is a female gray and white [[striped skunk]] with light pink eyes and a thick Boston accent. As a self-proclaimed comedian, she loves amusing her friends, usually through the use of [[pun]]s and comical props. At times, however, she can be brash and inconsiderate towards others. Unlike natural skunks in the real world, Pepper's [[odor|smell]] changes depending on her mood, fragrant when pleasant, and foul when terrible.
*Minka Mark (voiced by [[Kira Tozer]]) is a female pink [[spider monkey]] with light blue eyes, who is an artist. Energetic, flexible, and hyper, she is an expert in abstract art. However, she is constantly distracted by shiny objects, hanging out on the tire swing, or looking for something to eat. In the episode "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) episodes#ep9|Dumb Dumbwaiter]]" it is revealed that she is heavily [[claustrophobia|claustrophobic]]. She often sits and rocks herself back and forth quietly saying to herself: "space monkey, I'm a space monkey...", when in a small space and unable to escape.
*Zoe Trent (speaking voice by [[Nicole Oliver]] and singing voice by Kylee Epp) is a female purple [[Cavalier King Charles Spaniel]] with light blue eyes, who is a singer. A born diva, she strives to achieve her goal of being the greatest entertainer, though she can sometimes be quite dramatic and snobbish, and a little rude towards others, but she cares for everyone very much and is very willing to go out of her comfort zone to be there for them. Her owners are the couple John (voiced by Peter New) and Clarissa Trent (voiced by [[Tabitha St. Germain]]). Zoe is the younger sister of Eli Trent and the older cousin of Gail Trent. In "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) episodes#ep14|Trading Places]]", it is revealed she has a crush on a dog named [[Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series)#Digby|Digby]] and once fell in love with a street mime in Paris named Philippe.
*Penny Ling (speaking voice by [[Jocelyne Loewen]] and singing voice Laura Hastings) is a female white and indigo [[giant panda]] with greyish purple eyes, who is a rhythmic gymnast with a talent for [[twirling|twirling ribbons]]. Despite being the [[smoker|smoker]] [[chicken]] [[eagle]] of the group, her feelings are the least sensitive and she is prone to not get hurt by others, though when the job comes down to it, Penny Ling can be straightforward, and there are some times that she can be grumpy.
*Roger Baxter (voiced by [[Michael Kopsa]]) is Blythe's fun-loving, slightly clumsy father whose promotion to the rank of Captain in his airline takes them from their quiet hometown to Downtown City where countless adventures await. He has dark brown with some gray hair and blue eyes. Roger loves spending time with Blythe, listening to heavy metal, and supporting any of Blythe's talents and endeavors.{{#tag:ref|Usually referred to as Mrs. Twombly, her first name was revealed to be 'Anna' in "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) episodes#ep22|Lotsa Luck]]".<ref name="Lotsa Luck 2013-03-30">{{cite episode | title=[[List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) episodes#ep22|Lotsa Luck]] | date=30 March 2013 | publisher=Hub Network | series=Littlest Pet Shop | credits=Joel Dickie (director); Julie McNally-Cahill & Tim Cahill and Corey Powell (story); Corey Powell (teleplay) | season=1 | number=22}}</ref>|group="nb"}}
*Mrs. Twombly (voiced by [[Kathleen Barr]]) is the kind, off-beat owner of the Littlest Pet Shop pet store and day camp for pets. She has silver hair and turquoise eyes. Mrs. Twombly befriends Blythe and helps her to display and sell her first pet fashion collection. She has a love for animals and making them feel at home in Littlest Pet Shop. She also has a bizarre obsession for collecting doorknobs, occasionally compulsive cleaning, and some unique talents from her past, including inventing the [[martial art]] of kung-fu quilting.

==Animals==
*Buttercream Sundae (voiced by [[Cathy Weseluck]])<ref name="Hasbro 2013-09-05">{{cite web | url=http://www.hasbro.com/littlestpetshop/en_US/shop/details.cfm?R=74ABFBC8-5056-9047-F5FC-24B3CBD66C73:en_US | title=''Littlest Pet Shop'' Sweet Delights Sweet Shoppe Playset | publisher=Hasbro | date=5 September 2013 | access-date=21 July 2013 | quote=[Spelling used at Hasbro's toyline]: Meet Buttercream ''Sunday''}}</ref> is a female yellow and brown [[Netherland Dwarf rabbit]] with dark green eyes, who is a dancer. A later addition to the group, Buttercream's owner is Youngmee Song's Aunt Christie, who owns the candy shop named Sweet Delights. She is very active and hyper, but also very mischievous: the other [[running gag]] is that she has a habit of saying overly sweet, hyper, and nonsensical statements (possibly from constant sugar hypes) and whenever she does, one of the pets will say [[catchphrase]] "What?" to her. Buttercream calmly responds with another "What?", twirls her ears with a twanging sound, and then relaxes before saying "Anywho." She shows up occasionally throughout the series.
*Cairo Autumn (voiced by [[Tabitha St. Germain]]) is a [[sphynx cat]] with blue eyes, owned by Mona Autumn. She gives Blythe advice on how to deal with Mona and helps her gain Mona's approval.
*Cashmere and Velvet (both voiced by [[Nicole Oliver]]) are two [[chinchilla]]s who almost resemble the Biskit Twins. The Biskits planned to keep them only for one day for the school's Pet Appreciation day and then ditch them at an animal shelter, but Blythe, Penny Ling, and Vinnie are determined to get the Biskits to keep them as real pets. They make a cameo appearance in "Fish Out of Water". Cashmere has a black hair and tail and Velvet has her hair and tail white.
*Delilah Barnsley (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) is a [[cat]] from England with a [[British English|British accent]]. She speaks in riddles that can be difficult to understand. Sunil falls in love with her (she seems to be aware of this and humors him by flirting occasionally). Her associates are Milah, Shilah, and Twylah. Delilah reappears in the season four episode "Pitch Purrfect".
*Digby (voiced by Peter New) is a light brown dog with light blue eyes that first appears in the episode "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop episodes#ep14|Trading Places]]", in which, it's revealed Zoe has a crush on him, has difficulty speaking to him directly and, fortunately, returns her affections. He is also friendly with Penny Ling.
*Doctor Handsomeface (voiced by [[Terry Klassen]]) is a German Shepherd who appears in "Un-vetted".
*Felina Meow (voiced by [[Casey Wilson]]) is a cat who is a viral video star.
*Fuzzy Gumbopaws (voiced by Brian Drummond) is a cat that makes his first appearance in "Steamed".
*Madame Pom (voiced by Kathleen Barr) is a female [[Pomeranian (dog)|Pomeranian]] with blue eyes. Snobby and narcissistic, she won a dog modeling show against Zoe, starting a rivalry between the two. When she and Zoe confront each other again in the episode "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) episodes#ep10|Eve of Destruction]]", their rivalry sparks up again and they try to use their fashion to determine who is the better model. However, they end up becoming friends in the process. She reappears in the season two episode, "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop (2012 TV series) episodes#ep40|To Paris With Zoe]]", trying to help Zoe focus on the competition.
*Parker Waddleton (voiced by [[Tabitha St. Germain]]) is an [[emperor penguin]] who's black with a white face, a white belly, an orange beak, and orange feet.
*Sunshine Sweetness (voiced by [[Kathleen Barr]]) is a [[western lowland gorilla]] who knows Tess McSavage. Tess has a misunderstanding of her squeaky panda which explains why Tess has a phobia of pandas and gorillas. In the end, Tess finds Sunshine's squeaky and faces her fears of pandas and gorillas.
===Nevla family===
They appear first in imagination in the episode "Frenemies". They later appeared in the episode "Bake Boss". They want their son to be a doctor, but on their final appearance, they want him to be a filmmaker.
*Sunil's Dad (voiced by Sam Vincent) is a teal [[mongoose]] with emerald green eyes, a turquoise face, and a turquoise belly, the tip of his tail is of the same color. In addition to the back stripes he shares with his son, he has stripes on his tail.
*Sunil's Mom (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) is a blue mongoose with light blue hair and brown eyes. Unlike her son, she does not have stripes on her back. She wears earrings, a bracelet, and a red [[Bindi (decoration)|bindi]] on her forehead.
*Nutmeg Dash (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) is an [[English Cocker Spaniel]] that first appeared in "Petnapped!" She belonged to a billionaire named William Stacie, who died; later on, he left on his last will that Nutmeg would decide who her next owner will be: she is now Youngmee's pet. Her full name is Nutasha Margareta Dashiniola.
*Old Bananas (also known as O.B.) (voiced by Sam Vincent) is a famous [[orangutan]] who is a comedian. Pepper is a big fan of his, but despite being a comedian, he originally is a grumpy ape and doesn't seem to be impressed due to Pepper's lack of comedian skills.
*Peachy Fluffton (voiced by Brooke Goldner) is an optimistic [[quokka]] who sends Sunil on a quest to find happiness in Downtown City.
*Shivers (voiced by Brian Drummond) is a [[red squirrel]] with blue-green eyes who appears in "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop episodes#ep25|Blythe's Pet Project]]". He has a problem with stealing, or rather [[compulsive hoarding|hoarding]], things that aren't his. But in the end, he became a good guy and has Pepper as one of his best friends. Shivers reappears in the season four episode "Game of Groans".
*Speedy Shellberg (voiced by Sam Vincent) is a tortoise who is 150 years old and at one time, was owned by Blythe's mother.
*Sugar Sprinkles (voiced by Kelly Metzger) is a female tan-colored [[snowshoe cat]] with blue eyes. She tends to burst out into singing while playing with her [[ukulele]]. In the episode "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop episodes#ep16|Sweet (Truck) Ride]]", she sang "Sprinkles on my Head". She is calm and kind with an apologetic demeanor (she likes [[ribbon]]s). In her first appearance in "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop episodes#ep16|Sweet (Truck) Ride]]", she appears as part of a fantasy sequence paying [[Homage (arts)|homage]] to ''[[Star Trek]]'' is a [[Star Trek uniforms|green uniform]].<ref name="Nguyen 2013-02-15">{{cite news | url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Exclusive-Video-Littlest-Pet-Shop-Star-Trek-1061046.aspx | title=''Littlest Pet Shop'' Pays Homage to Star Trek | work=TV Guide | date=15 February 2013 | access-date=2 August 2013 | last=Nguyen | first=Hanh}}</ref> She is the only non-main character (apart from Blythe and her pets) to appear as both TV and game counterparts; she shows up occasionally throughout the series.
*Wiggles McSunbask (voiced by Colin Murdock) is an [[American alligator]] with green eyes. He bullied the Littlest Pet Shop pets, driving them to take a stand without Blythe's help. He later reveals that he only did it because of his appearance, saying that: "he might have acted mean to those who get in his way".
*Pancakes Watkins (voiced by [[Shannon Chan-Kent]])
*Gail Trent (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) is a female pink [[Cavalier King Charles Spaniel]] and the younger paternal cousin of Zoe and Eli Trent who only appeared in near the end of Gailbreak! She is a light pink version of her older cousins but without the black hat.
* Eli Trent ( voiced by ??? ) is the older brother of Zoe who does not appear in the show. He is a male [[Cavalier King Charles Spaniel]] and an older cousin of Gail Trent.

==Humans==
*Alice (voiced by [[Ashleigh Ball (voice actress)|Ashleigh Ball]]) is a little girl and a minor antagonist who lives with her mother across the Littlest Pet Shop.
*Christie (voiced by [[Kira Tozer]]) is Youngmee's workaholic aunt with a caring disposition and a talent for making [[confectionery|confectioneries]]. She is of [[Korean diaspora|Korean descent]] and has jet black hair and dark violet eyes like her niece. Christie owns a bakery and sweets shop, Sweet Delights, and the pet's new rabbit friend, Buttercream.
*Eliza Biskit (voiced by [[Shannon Chan-Kent]]) is the Biskit twins' mother. She is extremely cheerful and bubbly, but rather inept at raising her daughters, diverting most of her attention to her pet dog, Poppy Pawsley. She is shown to have a habit of breaking into songs at random moments.
*Emma Hart (voiced by Brooke Goldner) is the teenage daughter of Roger's co-pilot Steph for the pet jet. She is an aspiring tour guide and often takes Blythe sightseeing when they land in various countries they visit (usually against Blythe's will) as an opportunity to follow her career. Her voice actress, Brooke Goldner, voiced Rebound from the Hub's series, ''[[Pound Puppies (2010 TV series)|Pound Puppies]]''. She appears throughout season 2 when Blythe goes to other countries.
*Fisher Biskit (voiced by Samuel Vincent) is the Biskit twins' wealthy, business-minded father. Though Mr. Biskit has spoiled his daughters, Whittany and Brittany, he has no qualms about putting his foot down when he expects them to carry out a task that he has given them. He has white hair and light gray-blue eyes.
*Francois LeGrande (voiced by Peter New) is the butler of the Biskits who often talks. He helps the Biskit twins with some of their devious plots. In the episode "The Pet Fest, Part 2", he is fired by the Biskit twins but is later re-hired by their father and so it's revealed he has a family that farms chinchillas.
*Jasper Jones (voiced by Kathleen Barr) is Blythe's helpful, supportive, and sometimes sarcastic friend. He is of [[Afro-American peoples of the Americas|African descent]] and has hazel eyes. Jasper has many hobbies and talents, such as photography, movie editing, and being able to paint detailed world landmarks like the [[Taj Mahal]] on grains of rice.
*Josh Sharp (voiced by Samuel Vincent) first appears in "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop episodes#ep8|Blythe's Crush]]", and is secretly Blythe's boyfriend. Josh makes a second appearance in "[[List of Littlest Pet Shop episodes#ep17|Helicopter Dad]]" and has made various other appearances since.
*Lauren Smith is the birth name of Blythe's absent mother, seen in flashbacks. She is the former owner of Speedy Shellberg and acquired the nickname "Betty" through unknown means. "Betty" Smith met and married Roger Baxter, and also gave birth to Blythe, in an unknown order. Although Blythe inquires about "Betty" Baxter, it is unclear if Lauren Baxter was still known by her childhood nickname after marriage. Until her father's clarification in the season 4 premiere, Blythe's questions indicate she did not know her mother's forename or surname.
*Madison (voiced by Shannon Chan-Kent) is a girl in braces, who has a "not-too-bright" expression. She subbed in for Blythe at the pet shop when Blythe was not there. She now works at the Pawza Hotel. She wears a face mask when near pets.
*McKenna Nicole (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) is a girl who loves fashion. She attended Fashion University North during the summer, staying in the "Sew-What" student dorm with Blythe.
*Mona Autumn (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) is the owner of the famous fashion bag magazine Tres Blasé. She is known to crush inspired fashionistas from even starting in fashion or give them a bright future. She is very nice and acts tough so she will rule out any copycats, suck-ups and so on.
*Ramon (voiced by Colin Murdock) is a devious Spanish costume designer who becomes an adversary for Blythe since he plundered her designs for a parade, but was caught. He appears in 'Plane it on Rio', where he repeats his crime to cheat in the Rio carnival show to cheat, but was again defeated.
*The Soul Patches is Youngmee's favorite band, which has five members:
**In his debut episode, Dustin and the rest of the Soul Patches performs at the Biskit's party.
**In his debut episode, Hayden and the rest of the Soul Patches, perform at the Biskit's party.
**Jason 1 (speaking voice by Peter New and singing voiced by Dan Sioui) is the lead singer for the Soul Patches who first appeared in "If the Shoe Fits".
**Jason 2 is a guitar player for the Soul Patches. He owns a pet named Pick Shellville. Jason 2 first appeared in "If the Shoe Fits".
**Ted is a guitar player for the Soul Patches. He owns a pet named Strum Basso. Ted first appeared in "If the Shoe Fits".
*Sue Patterson (voiced by Kira Tozer) has orange hair and light blue eyes. She enjoys athletics and tries to get Blythe to expand her athletic abilities by pushing her to try harder to do things, such as (what turns into a failed attempt at) [[roller skating]]. Though she is confident in her abilities in sports, Sue is sometimes insecure about her fashion and creativity in comparison to Blythe.
*Stephanie Hart (voiced by Tabitha St. Germain) is Roger Baxter's co-pilot and Emma's mother:<ref>{{cite episode |series=LPS |title=Littlest Pet Shop of Horrors |minutes=5 |first=Roger |last=Baxter |quote=Oh, thanks for taking the landing Steph.}}</ref> the nickname, Steph, is short for Stephanie.<ref>{{cite episode |series=LPS |title=Littlest Pet Shop of Horrors |minutes=6 |first=Roger |last=Baxter |quote=Know what I mean, Stephanie? Stephanie?}}</ref>
*The Biskit Twins, Brittney and Whittney Biskit (both voiced by Shannon Chan-Kent) are the main antagonists of the show. They are bullies and all-around rich mean girls who seem to envy Blythe. Although they aren't the smartest, this duo is not opposed to using whatever evil scheme they can come up with (and "Daddy's" money) to sabotage Blythe and her friends' endeavors. Brittney and Whittney Biskit's father is the owner of Largest Ever Pet Shop, the unfriendly competitor of Littlest Pet Shop. The twins have red eyes: Brittney Biskit is bleached white and Whittney Biskit has black hair. They don't have pets at all due to the stuff they did in 2 pets for 2 pests in the beginning.
*Youngmee Song (voiced by Shannon Chan-Kent) is Blythe's kind, empathetic (sometimes spacey), new other best friend, whose Aunt Christie owns a neighboring sweets shop and, Buttercream, the rabbit. She is of [[Korean diaspora|Korean descent]] and has jet black hair and dark violet eyes. She is well known for being intelligent. Youngmee soon becomes the only one of Blythe's friends who learn Blythe's secret. As of season 4, Youngmee gains a pet in Nutasha Margareta "Nutmeg Dash" Dashiniola (voiced by [[Tabitha St. Germain]]), an [[English Cocker Spaniel]] who previously belonged to a billionaire named William Stacie (who died recently and later on).

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}

==References==
'''Cast information'''
* {{cite web | url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Littlest-Pet-Shop-2012/ | title=''Littlest Pet Shop'' | publisher=Behind the Voice Actors | work=TV Shows | access-date=3 October 2013}}
'''Other references'''
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Animation|Canada}}
* [http://hasbrostudios.com/shows/page/title/littlest-pet-shop''Littlest Pet Shop''] at [[Hasbro Studios]]
* {{URL|http://littlestpetshop.hasbro.com/en-us|Series website}} at [[Hasbro]]
{{clear}}

{{Littlest Pet Shop}}

[[Category:Littlest Pet Shop]]
[[Category:Lists of characters in American television animation|Littlest Pet Shop]]
[[Category:Lists of characters in Canadian television animation|Littlest Pet Shop]]

Ranvijay Sahu

2026-05-01T13:33:05Z

BellEggers2: New a entry!

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Ranvijay Sahu''' (born 1979) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He is an MLA from [[Morwa Assembly constituency]] in [[Samastipur district]]. He won the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Morwa Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Ranvijay Sahu of RJD Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/morwa-election-result-2020-live-updates-morwa-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3060944.html |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He is from [[Ujiarpur Assembly constituency|Ujiyarpur]], Samastipur district, Bihar. He is the son of Magan Lal Sah. He completed his graduation in Commerce in 1998 at a college affiliated with [[Magadh University]]. He runs his own business.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranvijay Sahu(RJD):Constituency- MORWA(SAMASTIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=13476 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sahu won from Morwa Assembly constituency representing RJD in the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election. He polled 59,554 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Vidyasagar Singh Nishad of [[Janata Dal (United)]], by a margin of 10,671 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Morwa Bihar Election 2020 Final Results LIVE:RJD Candidate RANVIJAY SAHU wins from Morwa, Bihar |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/morwa-bihar-election-2020-results-live-vote-counting-begins-at-8-am-stay-tuned-for-updates-1385811 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Bihar election result 2020: Seat wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/bihar-assembly-polls-2020/story/bihar-election-result-full-list-of-winners-1739762-2020-11-10 |access-date=2024-10-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranvijay, Sahu}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]

{{Bihar-RJD-politician-stub}}

Chakradharpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:17:01Z

BellEggers2: Creating new info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Jharkhand legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = SLA
| reservation = ST
| name = Chakradharpur
| map_image = Chakradharpur constituency map.svg
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]]
| established = 2000
| district = [[West Singhbhum district|West Singhbhum]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| mla = [[Sukhram Oraon]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Mahagathbandhan (Jharkhand)}}
| electors = {{formatnum:181771}}
| constituency_no = 56
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
'''Chakradharpur Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=jhceo>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |title=AC & PC List- Jharkhand |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218152343/http://164.100.150.3/ceoweb_bk/ACPCList.htm |archive-date=18 December 2019}}</ref><ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}</ref>
{{Pie chart|caption=Most successful parties after separate [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand state]].|label1=[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]|value1=80|color1={{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}|label2=[[Bharatiya Janta Party|BJP]]|value2=20|color2={{party color|Bharatiya Janta Party}}}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
! colspan=4|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] ||Sukhdeo Manjhi || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]] ||Shyamal Kumar Pasari
|-
|Haricharan Soy
|-
| [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]] ||Rudra Sarangi || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]] ||M. Majhi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]] ||Maricharan Soy || {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]] ||Theodore Bodra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]] ||Jagarnath Bakira || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]] ||Devendra Manjhi || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]] ||Jagarnath Bakira || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]] ||Bahadur Oraon || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]] ||[[Laxman Giluwa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]] ||Chumnu Oraon
|-
! colspan=4|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]
|-
| [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || [[Sukhram Oraon]] || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
| [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Laxman Giluwa]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Shashibhushan Samad || {{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2019]] ||rowspan=2|[[Sukhram Oraon]]
|-
|[[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakradharpur<ref>{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Jharkhand Assembly Election Results 2024 - Seats won by JMM |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |access-date=24 November 2024 |date=24 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241124045445/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2024/partywisewinresult-852S27.htm |archive-date=24 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhram Oraon]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=58,639 |percentage=40.64% |change={{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashibhushan Samad |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=49,329 |percentage=34.19% |change={{increase}}7.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh Gagrai |party=Independent politician |votes=20,148 |percentage=13.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basanti Purty |party=Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha |votes=7,933 |percentage=5.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Damayanti Nag |party=Independent politician |votes=1,594 |percentage=1.10% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laxmi Hasda |party=Independent politician |votes=970 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=3,444 |percentage=2.39% |change={{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,310 |percentage=6.45% |change= {{decrease}}3.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,44,290 |percentage=69.18% |change= {{increase}}3.60 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,08,581 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.75 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{increase}}3.87 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakradharpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/11813-jharkhand-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Jharkhand Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=9 February 2022 |date=6 February 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhram Oraon]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=43,832 |percentage=36.77% |change={{decrease}}15.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laxman Giluwa]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,598 |percentage=26.51% |change={{decrease}}4.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashibhusan Samad |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=17,487 |percentage=14.67% |change={{increase}}12.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramlal Munda |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=17,232 |percentage=14.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Champai Boipai |party=Ambedkarite Party of India |votes=1,412 |percentage=1.18% |change={{decrease}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Marshal Soy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,111 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdeo Hembrom |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=813 |percentage=0.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,264 |percentage=1.90% |change={{decrease}}0.45 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,234 |percentage=10.26% |change= {{decrease}}11.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,19,203 |percentage=65.58% |change= {{decrease}}5.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,81,771 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}15.60 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakradharpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3787-jharkhand-2014/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashibhusan Samad |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=64,396 |percentage=52.37% |change={{increase}}24.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navami Oraon |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=37,948 |percentage=30.86% |change={{increase}}2.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Singh Samad |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,441 |percentage=5.24% |change={{decrease}}7.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Alok Mundu |party=Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik) |votes=2,376 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhan Ram Hasda |party=Ambedkarite Party of India |votes=2,056 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bagun Soy |party=Rashtriya Deshaj Party |votes=1,976 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramlal Munda |party=Independent politician |votes=1,942 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,890 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,448 |percentage=21.51% |change= {{increase}}21.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,22,953 |percentage=71.54% |change= {{increase}}5.85 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,71,874 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}24.24 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakradharpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3786-jharkhand-2009/ |title=Jharkhand 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=20 August 2018 |access-date= 23 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laxman Giluwa]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=26,984 |percentage=28.14% |change={{increase}}1.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhram Oraon]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=26,694 |percentage=27.83% |change={{decrease}}22.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdeo Hembrom |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,202 |percentage=12.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dashrath Gagrai |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=12,189 |percentage=12.71% |change={{increase}}7.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avinash Purty |party=Jai Bharat Samanta Party |votes=5,827 |percentage=6.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raja Hembrom |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,022 |percentage=2.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indra Nath Ho |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,504 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=290 |percentage=0.30% |change= {{decrease}}23.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=95,908 |percentage=65.69% |change= {{increase}}8.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,46,002 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |swing= {{decrease}}21.94 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2005===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakradharpur<ref>{{cite web |url=https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3785-jharkhand-2005/ |title=Jharkhand General Legislative Election 2005 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sukhram Oraon]] |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=41,807 |percentage=50.07% |change={{increase}}27.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laxman Giluwa]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=21,835 |percentage=26.15% |change={{decrease}}4.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dashrath Gagrai |party=All Jharkhand Students Union |votes=4,156 |percentage=4.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budhram Oraon |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=3,843 |percentage=4.60% |change={{decrease}}10.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ladu Jonko |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,284 |percentage=2.74% |change={{increase}}1.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shashibhusan Samad |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=1,963 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jidan Soy |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=1,956 |percentage=2.34% |change={{decrease}}1.22 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,972 |percentage=23.92% |change= {{increase}}16.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=83,494 |percentage=57.49% |change= {{decrease}}2.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,45,234 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}19.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2000===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Chakradharpur<ref>{{cite web|url = https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |title = Statistical Report on General Election, 2000 to the Legislative Assembly of Bihar |access-date = 16 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005142035/https://ceobihar.nic.in/BiharElection/Statistical%20Report/2000.pdf |archive-date= 5 October 2023 |website=ceobihar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Bihar}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chumnu Oraon |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,243 |percentage=30.19% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdeo Hembrom |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=18,030 |percentage=22.45% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Somay Gagrai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,838 |percentage=22.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhlal Soy |party=United Goans Democratic Party |votes=12,224 |percentage=15.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thomas Purty |party=Jharkhand Party |votes=2,861 |percentage=3.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Oraon |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,661 |percentage=3.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandu Kui |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,124 |percentage=1.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,213 |percentage=7.74% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=80,298 |percentage=61.28% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,33,746 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[List of constituencies of the Jharkhand Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{coord|22.678|85.627|display=title}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Politics of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:West Singhbhum district]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2000]]

Kalka Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:46:58Z

BellEggers2: made new stub w/ sources!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kalka
| type = SLA
| map_image = Kalka Assembly constituency map.svg

| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Panchkula district|Panchkula]]
| division = [[Ambala division|Ambala]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]]
| constituency_no = 1
| established =
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Shakti Rani Sharma]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,00,639}}

'''Kalka Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|90 assembly seats]] of [[Haryana]], [[India]]. Kalka is a part of [[Panchkula district]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/kalka.html Haryana elections]</ref><ref>[http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/haryana/constituency-results/kalka.php travelindia-guide]</ref><ref>[http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/haryana/kalka.html mapsofindia]</ref>

Shakti Rani Sharma is the current MLA from Kalka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=Election commission of |date=2024 |title=2024 Haryana Assembly elections |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S071.htm}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalka Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/kalka.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
! colspan="2"| Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Lachhman Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
| rowspan=2| Kishori Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2| [[Lachhman Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| Kanti Parkash Bhalla
| {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Purush Bhan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
| 1993^
| rowspan=4| [[Chander Mohan]]
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Pardeep Chaudhary]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Latika Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Pardeep Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Shakti Rani Sharma]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
^By Poll

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka<ref name="Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalka">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Kalka |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S071.htm |access-date=12 November 2024 |date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112060257/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S071.htm |archive-date=12 November 2024}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Shakti Rani Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=60,612 |percentage=41.53 |change={{increase}}0.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pardeep Chaudhary]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,729 |percentage=34.07 |change={{decrease}}11.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Sukhomajri |party=Independent politician |votes=31,688 |percentage=21.71 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Charan Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,374 |percentage=0.94 |change={{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash Gujjar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=858 |percentage=0.59 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=740 |percentage=0.51 |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,883 |percentage=7.46 |change= {{increase}}2.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,45,960 |percentage=72.24 |change= {{decrease}}0.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,00,639 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.35 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}3.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pardeep Chaudhary]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=57,948 |percentage=45.26 |change=+29.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Latika Sharma]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=52,017|percentage=40.63|change=0.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kiran Chaudhary|party=Jannayak Janta Party|votes=7,739|percentage=6.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Satinder Singh|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=4,963|percentage=3.88|change=-21.27}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ashwani Nagra|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=2,573|percentage=2.01|change=-5.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=737|percentage=0.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Umesh Kumar|party=Independent politician|votes=684|percentage=0.53|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,931 |percentage=4.63 |change=-10.64 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,28,031|percentage=72.46|change=-6.85}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,76,698 |change =12.50 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 4.84 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Latika Sharma]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=50,347 |percentage=40.42 |change=38.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pardeep Chaudhary]]|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=31,320|percentage=25.14|change=-18.84}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Manvir Kaur|party=Indian National Congress|votes=19,139|percentage=15.36|change=-6.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Satvinder Singh Rana|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=9,817|percentage=7.88|change=2.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shakti Rani Sharma|party=Haryana Jan Chetna Party (V)|votes=7,661|percentage=6.15|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sudesh Sharma|party=Independent politician|votes=2,435|percentage=1.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ajaib Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=1,301|percentage=1.04|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=888|percentage=0.71|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vijay Bansal|party=Independent politician|votes=807|percentage=0.65|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,027 |percentage=15.27 |change=-7.11 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,24,570|percentage=79.31|change=2.10}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,57,064 |change =28.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= -3.56 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pardeep Chaudhary]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=41,625 |percentage=43.98 |change=20.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Satvinder Singh Rana|party=Indian National Congress|votes=20,438|percentage=21.60|change=-41.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bhagat Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=16,771|percentage=17.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Vijay Bansal|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=4,975|percentage=5.26|change=3.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Gopal Mehta|party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)|votes=4,854|percentage=5.13|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Virander Singh|party=Independent politician|votes=2,762|percentage=2.92|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Virender Singh (Bhau)|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,958|percentage=2.07|change=-7.37}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,187 |percentage=22.39 |change=-16.89 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=94,642|percentage=77.21|change=13.18}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,579 |change =-49.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -19.11 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chander Mohan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=98,765 |percentage=63.09 |change={{increase}}11.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Pardeep Chaudhary]]|party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=37,289|percentage=23.82|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sham Lal|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=14,769|percentage=9.43|change={{decrease}}29.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pawan Kumar|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=3,267|percentage=2.09|change={{decrease}}2.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sanjeev Katoch|party=Independent politician|votes=1,073|percentage=0.69|change=''---''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=61,476 |percentage=39.27 |change={{increase}}26.82 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,56,537|percentage=64.03|change={{increase}}4.81}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,44,462 |change ={{increase}}21.50}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}11.41}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chander Mohan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=61,581 |percentage=51.68 |change={{increase}}10.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=46,738 |percentage=39.22 |change={{increase}}13.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Urf Jagdip Chaudhri |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=5,034 |percentage=4.22 |change={{increase}}0.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Pal |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=1,441 |percentage=1.21 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harminder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,137 |percentage=0.95 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balkishan |party=BSP(A) |votes=1,116 |percentage=0.94 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=858 |percentage=0.72 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prithvi Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=555 |percentage=0.47 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=14,843 |percentage=12.46 |change={{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,19,159 |percentage=59.22 |change= {{decrease}}10.75 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,01,203 |change ={{increase}}2.59 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chander Mohan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,929 |percentage=40.97 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sham Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,300 |percentage=25.58 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Kumar |party=Samata Party |votes=33,714 |percentage=25.14 |change= ''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kaur Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,901 |percentage=3.66 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh |party=Arya Samaj |votes=1,739 |percentage=1.30 |change= ''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kurria |party=Independent politician |votes=1,339 |percentage=1.00 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bharat Raj Singh |party=Janata Dal |votes=629 |percentage=0.47 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dara Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=533 |percentage=0.40 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,629 |percentage=15.38 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,34,086 |percentage=69.97 |change= ''N/A'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,96,114 |change = ''N/A''}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= ''N/A''}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= 1993 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandermohan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=82,918 |percentage=''N/A'' |change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pradeep Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=21,118 |percentage=''N/A'' |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=61,800 |percentage=''N/A'' |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= ''N/A'' }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Purush Bhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,025 |percentage=32.30 |change={{decrease}}8.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lachhman Singh]] |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=24,034 |percentage=26.74 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nardev |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,040 |percentage=24.52 |change={{increase}}21.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanti Parkash Bhalla |party=Janata Party |votes=5,169 |percentage=5.75 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,779 |percentage=5.32 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Amar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,516 |percentage=1.69 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=731 |percentage=0.81 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=583 |percentage=0.65 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,991 |percentage=5.55 |change={{decrease}}4.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=89,873 |percentage=65.71 |change= {{decrease}}2.82 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,41,447 |change =24.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}18.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanti Parkash Bhalla |party=Lokdal |votes=38,473 |percentage=50.33 |change={{increase}}46.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brij Bhushan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,001 |percentage=40.55 |change={{increase}}14.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pooran Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,935 |percentage=2.53 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,289 |percentage=1.69 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jaswant Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=1,020 |percentage=1.33 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Amin Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=466 |percentage=0.61 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=427 |percentage=0.56 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Parkash S/O Nana Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=425 |percentage=0.56 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kesa Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=348 |percentage=0.46 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,472 |percentage=9.77 |change={{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=76,446 |percentage=68.53 |change= {{decrease}}3.11}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,13,251 |change ={{increase}}40.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}10.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lachhman Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=22,544 |percentage=39.68|change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukhdev Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,006 |percentage=26.41 |change={{increase}}23.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anokh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,460 |percentage=13.13 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Lal |party=Janata Party |votes=4,617 |percentage=8.13 |change={{decrease}}62.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Gopal |party=Lokdal |votes=2,093 |percentage=3.68 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abhey Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,652 |percentage=2.91 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sohan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,384 |percentage=2.44 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarwan Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=848 |percentage=1.49 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=418 |percentage=0.74 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Paras Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=351 |percentage=0.62 |change=''N/A'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,538 |percentage=13.27 |change={{decrease}}29.84 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=56,810 |percentage=71.64 |change= {{increase}}2.45 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,671 |change ={{increase}}21.51 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}30.60}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lachhman Singh]] |party=Janata Party |votes=31,915 |percentage=70.28 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=12,338|percentage=27.17|change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sardari Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,155|percentage=2.54 |change={{decrease}}47.40}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,577 |percentage=43.11 |change={{increase}}39.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,408 |percentage=69.19|change= {{decrease}}3.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,393 |change ={{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party|loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,173 |percentage=49.95 |change={{decrease}}8.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lachhman Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=20,565 |percentage=46.33 |change={{increase}}11.78}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jumma Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=968 |percentage=2.18 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakti Prasad |party=Independent politician |votes=686 |percentage=1.55 |change={{increase}}1.13}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,608 |percentage=3.62 |change= {{decrease}}20.16 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=44,392 |percentage=73.12 |change= {{increase}}4.26 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,359 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.41 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1967|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228150129/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kishori Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,880 |percentage=58.34 |change={{increase}}27.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lachhman Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=13,552 |percentage=34.55 |change= {{increase}}2.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishna Ram |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=1,522 |percentage=3.88 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Parkash |party=Republican Party of India |votes=806 |percentage=2.06 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jhandoo Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=297 |percentage=0.76 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shakti Parshad |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=0.42 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,328 |percentage=23.78 |change= {{increase}}22.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,221 |percentage=68.53 |change= {{decrease}}5.22 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,604 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.11 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Kalka}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Lachhman Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=12,787 |percentage=32.39 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,086 |percentage=30.62|change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,508 |percentage=21.55 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Kumar |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,974 |percentage=15.13 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=122 |percentage=0.31 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=701 |percentage=1.78 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,477 |percentage=75.32 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,716 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical%20Report%20Haryana%201987.pdf Kalka]

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Haryana}}

{{Coord|13.3221|S|71.9542|W|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Panchkula district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Jevargi Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:26:47Z

BellEggers2: made initial article w/ refs!

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jewargi
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 35
| map_image = 35-Jevargi constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ajay Singh (Karnataka politician)|Ajay Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Doddappagouda S. Patil Naribol
| district = [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gulbarga (Lok Sabha constituency)|Gulbarga]]
| established = 1951
| electors = {{formatnum:239914}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Ajay Singh (Karnataka politician).jpg
}}
'''Jevargi Assembly constituency''' is one of 224 assembly constituencies in [[Karnataka]] in India. It is part of [[Gulbarga Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date=9 October 2017}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#BB8ED0" | [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || rowspan="2" | Sharangouda Sidramayya || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Nilkanthappa Sharnappa || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || S. Siddramgouda || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || O. S. Narayan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="7" | [[Dharam Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Doddappagouda Shivalingappagoud Patil Naribol || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || rowspan="3" | [[Ajay Singh (Karnataka politician)|Ajay Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref name=election2023/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ajay Singh (Karnataka politician)|Ajay Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 70,810 |percentage = 42.30% |change = {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddappagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 60,532 |percentage = 36.16% |change = {{increase}}14.09 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaraj |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 29,564 |percentage = 17.66% |change = {{decrease}}14.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vishwanath Reddy |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 1,167 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,146 |percentage = 0.68% |change = {{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijaykumar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,124 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,278 |percentage = 6.14% |change = {{decrease}}3.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,212 |percentage = 70.11% |change = {{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,404}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 239,914 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.35 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=7 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ajay Singh (Karnataka politician)|Ajay Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 68,508 |percentage = 42.36% |change = {{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddappagowda. S. Patil Naribol |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 52,452 |percentage = 32.43% |change = {{increase}}11.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kedarlingayya Hiremath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 35,691 |percentage = 22.07% |change = {{increase}}5.03 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,310 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,056 |percentage = 9.93% |change = {{decrease}}15.17 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 161,810 |percentage = 69.03% |change = {{decrease}}4.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 161,746}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 234,403 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Ajay Singh (Karnataka politician)|Ajay Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 67,038 |percentage = 45.85% |change = {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Doddappagowda. S. Patil Naribol |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 30,338 |percentage = 20.75% |change = {{decrease}}19.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kedarlingayya Hiremath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,920 |percentage = 17.04% |change = {{increase}}15.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallikarjun Dundappa Gouda |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 11,865 |percentage = 8.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baillappa. M. Nelogi |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 3,066 |percentage = 2.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxmikant Ramarao Kulkarni |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,956 |percentage = 1.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maheshkumar Rathod |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 1,638 |percentage = 1.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemayya Somayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 938 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hussain Patel Ijeri |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 907 |percentage = 0.62% |change = {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,700 |percentage = 25.10% |change = {{increase}}25.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 144,565 |percentage = 73.29% |change = {{increase}}12.50 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,207}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,259 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.75 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.57 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Doddappagouda Shivalingappagoud Patil Naribol |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 46,531 |percentage = 40.28% |change = {{decrease}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dharam Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,461 |percentage = 40.22% |change = {{decrease}}3.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kedarlingayya Hiremath |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,856 |percentage = 6.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appoji Basanna |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,266 |percentage = 1.96% |change = {{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavaraj H. Budihal |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,205 |percentage = 1.91% |change = {{decrease}}8.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivanand |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,883 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahanthayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,690 |percentage = 1.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. M. Subhan Hussain |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,327 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Babasaheb Bheemarao Seri |party = Independent politician |votes = 941 |percentage = 0.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 70 |percentage = 0.06% |change = {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 115,581 |percentage = 60.79% |change = {{increase}}2.72 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,509}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,121 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.20 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.24 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dharam Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,235 |percentage = 43.52% |change = {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalingappa Patil Naribol |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 42,504 |percentage = 40.90% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mukudappa. K |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 10,382 |percentage = 9.99% |change = {{increase}}1.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalingappa Kinnur Harwal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,837 |percentage = 1.77% |change = {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharanna Itaga |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,703 |percentage = 1.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khaja Patel |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 731 |percentage = 0.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanta Arunkumar Patil |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 665 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,731 |percentage = 2.63% |change = {{increase}}0.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 103,961 |percentage = 58.07% |change = {{decrease}}0.04 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 103,929}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 179,026 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.66 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}0.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dharam Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,510 |percentage = 43.17% |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalingappa Patil Naribol |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,549 |percentage = 40.91% |change = {{increase}}30.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kedarlingayya Hiremath |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,715 |percentage = 8.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalingappa Kinnur Harwal |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 4,577 |percentage = 5.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balappa Dundappa Irawwagol |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,541 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,961 |percentage = 2.26% |change = {{decrease}}3.12 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 90,724 |percentage = 58.11% |change = {{increase}}1.60 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,892}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,697 |percentage = 4.07% |change = {{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 156,132 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.37 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dharam Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,840 |percentage = 40.91% |change = {{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalingappa Patil Naribol |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 26,785 |percentage = 35.53% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharmanna Doddamani |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 7,790 |percentage = 10.33% |change = {{increase}}9.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Hameed |party = Janata Dal |votes = 7,307 |percentage = 9.69% |change = {{decrease}}6.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivaji Saibannappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,432 |percentage = 1.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivalingappa Fouda Kondguli |party = Independent politician |votes = 672 |percentage = 0.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madivalappa. B. Mudda |party = Independent politician |votes = 556 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,055 |percentage = 5.38% |change = {{decrease}}12.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 77,820 |percentage = 56.51% |change = {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 75,382}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,438 |percentage = 3.13% |change = {{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,719 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.22 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dharam Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,751 |percentage = 47.13% |change = {{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appasaheb Baswantrao Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,087 |percentage = 29.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channbasappa Dandappa Kulger |party = Janata Dal |votes = 10,705 |percentage = 16.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pradhani Shankrappa |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 1,494 |percentage = 2.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivalingappa |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 823 |percentage = 1.26% |change = {{decrease}}0.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivasharnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 793 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramlingappa |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 619 |percentage = 0.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjit Singh Awatarsingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 501 |percentage = 0.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maheboob Ali Khajasab |party = Independent politician |votes = 473 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,664 |percentage = 17.88% |change = {{increase}}9.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,307 |percentage = 56.25% |change = {{decrease}}3.55 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,246}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,061 |percentage = 5.86% |change = {{increase}}2.78 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,223 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dharam Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,548 |percentage = 48.15% |change = {{decrease}}6.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channabassappa Kulageri |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,957 |percentage = 40.12% |change = {{increase}}5.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khajapatel Afkhanpatel |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,179 |percentage = 3.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadevappa. T. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,671 |percentage = 2.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharamaveer Raghuvansi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,156 |percentage = 2.02% |change = {{decrease}}2.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Maheboobbi Ali |party = Independent politician |votes = 774 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. S. Nelogi |party = Independent politician |votes = 445 |percentage = 0.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,591 |percentage = 8.02% |change = {{decrease}}12.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,038 |percentage = 59.80% |change = {{increase}}1.21 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,217}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,821 |percentage = 3.08% |change = {{increase}}0.30 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,734 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dharam Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,643 |percentage = 54.34% |change = {{increase}}41.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hanumantharaya Revansiddappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 16,781 |percentage = 34.23% |change = {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivasharnappa Mantappa Jamberal |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,339 |percentage = 6.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Abdul Wahed Jahangirdar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 2,265 |percentage = 4.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,862 |percentage = 20.12% |change = {{decrease}}3.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 50,430 |percentage = 58.59% |change = {{decrease}}4.73 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,028}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,402 |percentage = 2.78% |change = {{decrease}}1.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,071 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.69 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{increase}}0.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Dharam Singh]] |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 26,584 |percentage = 54.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallappa Malkappa Sahu Alur |party = Janata Party |votes = 14,989 |percentage = 30.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annarya Gouda Shivasharanappa Gouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 6,266 |percentage = 12.76% |change = {{decrease}}45.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivasharanappa Mahantappagouda Jemnberat |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,273 |percentage = 2.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 11,595 |percentage = 23.61% |change = {{increase}}4.93 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,085 |percentage = 63.32% |change = {{increase}}12.36 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,112}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,973 |percentage = 3.86% |change = {{increase}}3.86 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,673 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.75 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = O. S. Narayan Singh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,500 |percentage = 57.99% |change = {{increase}}21.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahadevappa Yeshwantrao |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 13,896 |percentage = 39.31% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. R. Kulkarni Baba Rao |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 953 |percentage = 2.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,604 |percentage = 18.68% |change = {{increase}}0.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 36,785 |percentage = 50.96% |change = {{decrease}}1.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 35,349}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 72,191 |ref = |change = {{increase}}18.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Swatantra Party |swing = {{increase}}3.26 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. Siddramgouda |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 16,340 |percentage = 54.73% |change = {{increase}}6.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Sharnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,881 |percentage = 36.45% |change = {{decrease}}14.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Anantrao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 2,633 |percentage = 8.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,459 |percentage = 18.29% |change = {{increase}}15.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,204 |percentage = 52.83% |change = {{increase}}3.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 29,854}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 60,962 |ref = |change = {{increase}}19.34 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Swatantra Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Nilkanthappa Sharnappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,251 |percentage = 51.38% |change = {{increase}}10.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Channabasappa Dandappa |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 11,595 |percentage = 48.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 656 |percentage = 2.75% |change = {{increase}}2.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 25,263 |percentage = 49.45% |change = {{increase}}12.38 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,846}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,084 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.83 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}9.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jevargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sharangouda Sidramayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,326 |percentage = 41.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rudrappa Nagappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 7,226 |percentage = 41.14% |change = {{increase}}15.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Srinivas Rao |party = Communist Party of India |votes = 3,011 |percentage = 17.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 100 |percentage = 0.57% |change = {{decrease}}48.60 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 17,563 |percentage = 37.07% |change = {{increase}}15.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 17,563}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,373 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}18.57 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}32.87 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Hyderabad State Legislative Assembly election]] : Andole Jewargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Hyderabad |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606161433/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_HBD.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2016|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sharangouda Sidramayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,370 |percentage = 74.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dattatrya Rao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 3,193 |percentage = 25.42% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,177 |percentage = 49.17% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 12,563 |percentage = 21.60% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 12,563}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 58,175 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Independent politician |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coord|17.01|76.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Sandip Sanjay Sargar

2026-04-10T17:14:54Z

BellEggers2: added

{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| sport = [[Para-athletics]]
| disability_class = F44
| event = [[Javelin throw]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|2|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[para-athletics]]}} [[File:Athletics pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]]
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's javelin throw#F44|Javelin throw F44]]}}
}}

'''Sandip Sanjay Sargar''' (born 13 February 1993) is an Indian [[Para-athletics|para-athlete]] who competes in [[javelin throw]]. He represented [[India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics|India at the 2024 Paris Paralympics]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Paris 2024: Full list of Indian athletes at the Paralympic Games |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/olympics/paris-paralympics-2024/news/paris-2024-india-paralympics-contingent-full-list-of-84-indian-athletes-qualified-sports-ministry-paralympic-games-news/article68512627.ece/ |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> He is currently supported by [[Olympic Gold Quest]].

== Career ==
In June 2022, Sargar won a gold for India at the 2022 World Para Athletics Grand Prix in [[Tunis]] after missing out to the Tokyo Paralympics where he was named as a reserve in the Indian team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-30 |title=India takes its medal tally to 27 at World Para-Athletics Grand Prix |url=https://thebridge.in/para-sports/india-medal-tally-27-world-para-athletics-grand-prix-32844 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-03 |title=PCI picks 24 para athletes for Tokyo Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/pci-picks-24-para-athletes-for-tokyo-paralympics/articleshow/84095042.cms |access-date=2024-08-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Later, he represented India 2023 FAZZA World Para Athletics Grand Prix in Dubai with a fourth place and went on to win a gold at the 2023 World Para Athletics Grand Prix, Dubai. In 2024, he took a 5th place at the [[2024 World Para Athletics Championships]], Kobe to book an Olympic Quota place.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-21 |title=World Para Athletics C'ships: Ekta, Kashish clinch a gold-silver double for India |url=https://thebridge.in/para-sports/ekta-kashish-gold-silver-para-athletics-world-championships-47406 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> He also won a gold at the 2024 World Para Athletics Grand Prix at Sharjah.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sargar, Sandip Sanjay}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Athletes from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Indian men javelin throwers]]
[[Category:Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships]]
[[Category:World Para Athletics Championships winners]]

Hot Spot 2 Much

2026-04-10T14:44:57Z

BellEggers2:

{{Short description|2026 Indian film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Hot Spot 2 Much.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vignesh Karthick]]
| writer = Vignesh Karthick
| producer = {{ubl
|K. J. Balamanimarbhan
|Aneel K. Reddy
}}
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Priya Bhavani Shankar]]
*[[M. S. Bhaskar]]
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
*[[Rakshan]]
*[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan|Ashwin Kumar]]
*[[Bhavani Sre]]
}}
| cinematography = {{ubl
|Jagadeesh Ravi
|Joseph Paul
}}
| editing = Muthayan U
| music = Satish Raghunathan
| studio = {{ubl
|KJB Talkies
|Ants to Elephants
}}
| distributor = [[Vishnu Vishal|Vishnu Vishal Studioz]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2026|1|23}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Hot Spot''' '''2 Much''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[anthology film]] directed by [[Vignesh Karthick]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=21 December 2025 |title=Hotspot sequel will be quirky but won’t have adult content: Vignesh Karthick |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hotspot-sequel-will-be-quirky-but-wont-have-adult-content-vignesh-karthick/articleshow/126102066.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101153124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/hotspot-sequel-will-be-quirky-but-wont-have-adult-content-vignesh-karthick/articleshow/126102066.cms |archive-date=1 January 2026 |access-date=19 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> starring [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]], [[M. S. Bhaskar]], [[Thambi Ramaiah]], [[Rakshan]], [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan|Ashwin Kumar]], Aadhitya Baaskar, [[Bhavani Sre]], [[Brigida Saga]], and Sanjana Tiwari.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 December 2025 |title=The star cast of Vignesh Karthick's Hot Spot 2 Much unveiled |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Dec/16/tamilnews2025dec15the-star-cast-of-vignesh-karthicks-hot-spot-2-much-unveiled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104175246/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2025/Dec/16/tamilnews2025dec15the-star-cast-of-vignesh-karthicks-hot-spot-2-much-unveiled |archive-date=4 January 2026 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> It is a spiritual successor to the 2024 film [[Hot Spot (2024 film)|''Hot Spot'']]. The film is jointly produced by K. J. Balamanimarbhan and Aneel K. Reddy under their KJB Talkies and Ants to Elephants banner<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2026 |title=Hotspot 2 Much teaser hints at stirring debates on taboo |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/hotspot-2-much-teaser-hints-at-stirring-debates-on-taboo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260122001247/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/hotspot-2-much-teaser-hints-at-stirring-debates-on-taboo |archive-date=22 January 2026 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref> and presented by [[Vishnu Vishal]] under his Vishnu Vishal Studioz banner.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Hot Spot 2 Much teaser to drop on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/31/hot-spot-2-much-teaser-to-drop-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114235829/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Dec/31/hot-spot-2-much-teaser-to-drop-on-this-date |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

The technical team consists of cinematography by Jagadeesh Ravi and Joseph Paul, editing by Muthayan U, and music by Satish Raghunathan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=6 January 2026 |title=Hot Spot 2 Much trailer: ‘Too much’ taboos expected to be discussed in this spiritual sequel |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Jan/06/hot-spot-2-much-trailer-too-much-taboos-expected-to-be-discussed-in-this-spiritual-sequel |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260122001247/https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/hotspot-2-much-teaser-hints-at-stirring-debates-on-taboo |archive-date=22 January 2026 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Hot Spot 2 Much'' was released in theatres on 23 January 2026 to mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==

Priya Bhavani Shankar tells three stories to a producer. She employs the franchise's characteristic sarcasm, which sometimes veers into condescension. The storytelling is simplistic and reductive. But this simplicity works wonderfully in the first story, which tackles the toxic culture of fans.

In the second story, Thambi Ramaiah plays a loving father who struggles to accept his daughter's modern values. The director argues that while the daughter (Sanjana Tiwari) is right to choose to wear modern clothes as a form of self-expression, it is equally legitimate for the father to wear dirty and torn clothes to her birthday party to highlight the irony of the situation.

The third short story presents the current state of relationships as a dystopian nightmare, its protagonist projecting himself into a distant and idyllic future (thanks to a time machine) to meet a young girl from a generation that has "fortunately" rediscovered contact with "true love".

== Cast ==
{| class=wikitable
|-
! style=width:25%" | ''Dear Fan''
! style=width:25%" | ''Black & White''
! style=width:25%" | ''Yours Lovingly, Love''
! style=width:25%" | ''The Narration''
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[M. S. Bhaskar]] as Monologue
* [[Rakshan]] as James
* Aadhitya Baaskar as Sathya
*Kavitha Bharathi
*Adithya Kathir as himself

| valign="top" |
* [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Sharmitha's father
* Sanjana Tiwari as Sharmitha
| valign="top" |

* [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan|Ashwin Kumar]] as Yugan
* [[Bhavani Sre]] as Nithya

| valign="top" |
* [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] as Shilpa
* [[Brigida Saga]] as Madhumitha
* [[Vignesh Karthick]] as Mohammad Sherief
* K. J. Balamanimarbhan as himself
|}

== Release ==

=== Theatrical ===
''Hot Spot 2 Much'' was released in theatres on 23 January 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2026 |title=Hot Spot 2 Much to release on this date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Jan/14/tamilnews2026jan13hot-spot-2-much-to-release-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260122001653/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2026/Jan/14/tamilnews2026jan13hot-spot-2-much-to-release-on-this-date |archive-date=22 January 2026 |access-date=19 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
''Hot Spot 2 Much'' was premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[Aha (streaming service)|Aha]], Simply South, Shortflix, AP International South Cinema and [[Lionsgate Play]] on 20 February 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2026-02-15 |title=Hot Spot 2 Much gets an OTT release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2026/Feb/15/hot-spot-2-much-gets-an-ott-release-date |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hot Spot 2 Much OTT release date: Where and when to watch Vignesh Karthick’s hyperlink film in Hindi|url=https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/hot-spot-2-much-ott-release-date-where-and-when-to-watch-vignesh-karthicks-hyperlink-film-in-hindi/efcc9f660d383|work=OTTplay|accessdate=19 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hot Spot 2 Much OTT Release: When & Where to Watch Vignesh Karthick’s Tamil Hyperlink Drama Online|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/top-listing/hot-spot-2-much-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-vignesh-karthicks-tamil-hyperlink-drama-online-5-7046.html|work=Filmibeat|accessdate=20 February 2026}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "The film does feel like it's lecturing you at times. Monologues explaining each story's thesis feel like the director doesn't trust us to connect the dots ourselves. The first two segments rely on mirror-image reversals that grow formulaic."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Abhinav |date=22 January 2026 |title=Hotspot 2 Much Movie Review: A film that skewers everyone, including itself |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/hotspot-2-much/movie-review/127120308.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260123002206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/hotspot-2-much/movie-review/127120308.cms |archive-date=23 January 2026 |access-date=22 January 2026 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Prashanth Vallavan of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Essentially a collection of director Vignesh Karthick's opinions on several issues, ranging from fan wars, to dress politics, and contemporary relationships, the film might leave you disapproving of its wild takes but it never leaves you indifferent."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vallavan |first=Prashanth |date=23 January 2026 |title=Hot Spot 2 Much Movie Review: Wild mix of hot and sour takes |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2026/Jan/23/hot-spot-2-much-movie-review-wild-mix-of-hot-and-sour-takes |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTT Play]]'' gave 2 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Hot Spot 2'' is an attempt into telling stories about socially constructed values. But it only settles for shock values, and surface level understanding. Although progressiveness peeks in here and there, Hot Spot 2 doesn’t have enough to substantiate its gimmicked making."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=23 January 2026 |title=Hot Spot 2 Much movie review: Vignesh Karthick’s wacky ideas leave waning impact |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/hot-spot-2-much-movie-review-vignesh-karthicks-wacky-ideas-leave-waning-impact/9d0656fb44609 |access-date=23 January 2026 |website=[[OTTPlay]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|33088887}}

{{Vignesh Karthick}}

[[Category:2026 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Vignesh Karthick]]
[[Category:Indian anthology films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Khvandamir

2026-03-26T08:33:59Z

BellEggers2: made basic article from scratch!

{{Short description|16th-century Persian historian}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Khvandamir
| image = Ghiyath al-Din ibn Humam al-Din, known as Khvandamir (d. AH 927, i.e. 1521)- Habib al-Siyar Part III.jpg
| caption = Manuscript of Khvandamir's ''[[Habib al-siyar]]''. Copy made in [[Safavid Iran]], dated 17th-century
| birth_date = 1475/6
| birth_place = [[Herat]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khurasan]], [[Timurid Empire]]
| death_date = 1535/6 (aged 59–60)
| death_place = [[Delhi]], [[Mughal India]]
| occupation = Historian
| notable_works = ''[[Habib al-siyar]]'' ''Qanun-i Humayuni''
| relatives = [[Mirkhvand]] (grandfather) Humam al-Din Muhammad (father) Amir Mahmud (son) Abdallah Khan (son)
}}
'''Ghiyath al-Din Muhammad''', commonly known as '''Khvandamir''' ({{langx|fa|غیاث‌الدین خواندمیر}}, also spelled '''Khwandamir'''; 1475/76–1535/36) was a [[Persian people|Persian]]<ref name="Donzel1994">{{cite book|last1=Donzel|first1=E. J. van|title=Islamic Desk Reference|date=1 January 1994|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-09738-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0/page/212 212]|quote=Khwandamir: surname of the Persian historian Ghiyath al-Din; ca. 1475ca. 1535. His most valuable work is a general history from the earliest times down to the end of the reign of Shah Ismail.|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/islamicdeskrefer00donz_0/page/212}}</ref> historian who was active in the [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]], [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires. He is principally known for his Persian [[Universal history (genre)|universal history]], the ''[[Habib al-siyar]]'' (The beloved of careers), which was regarded by both the Safavids and Mughals as their first official court account.

Another notable work by Khvandamir is the ''Qanun-i Humayuni'' (The regulations of Humayun), a biography of the Mughal [[Mughal emperors|emperor]] [[Humayun]] ({{reign|1530|1540|1555|1556}}), which contains important information regarding the early Mughal symbolism of rulership.

Khvandamir is buried near the [[Nizamuddin Dargah|shrine]] of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] (died 1325) in [[Delhi]], India.

==Background==
Khvandamir was the son of Humam al-Din Muhammad, who was the [[vizier]] of [[Sultan Mahmud Mirza]] ({{reign|1494|1495}}), the ruler of the northern [[Timurid Empire|Timurid]] branch in [[Transoxiana]]. However, Khvandamir's family lived in [[Herat]], the capital of the southern Timurids.{{sfn|Bockholt|2020a}} Khvandamir was tutored by his maternal grandfather [[Mirkhvand]] (died 1498), which played a major role in his career as a historian. Furthermore, Khvandamir also inherited the patronage networks of his grandfather. Mirkhvand was one of the most prominent historians during the reign of [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]] ({{reign|1469|1506}}), well known for his [[Universal history (genre)|universal history]], the ''[[Rawżat aṣ-ṣafāʾ|Rawzat as-safa'<nowiki/>]]'' (The garden of purity), which he wrote under the patronage of the high-ranking functionary [[Ali-Shir Nava'i]] (died 1501).{{sfn|Bockholt|2020a}}{{sfn|Bockholt|2020b}}

Khvandamir likewise wrote under the patronage of Nava'i, dedicating his first works to him, the first one being the ''Ma'athir al-muluk'' (Memorials of the kings), a compilation of sayings ascribed to pre-Islamic and Islamic [[Sage (philosophy)|sages]] and rulers; and the second being the ''Khulasat al-akhbar fi bayan ahval al-akhyar'' (Summary reports on the affairs of those gone by), a concise version of the ''Rawzat as-safa'<nowiki/>''. After Nava'i's death in 1501, Khvandamir wrote a praiseful biography of the latter, the ''Makarim al-akhlaq'' (Laudable virtues). Khvandamir also completed volume seven and epilogue of the ''Rawzat as-safa''', which had been left incomplete after Mirkhvand's death in 1498.{{sfn|Bockholt|2020a}}{{sfn|Bockholt|2020b}}

== Career ==
===Under the Timurids===
In the subsequent years, Khvandamir worked as a ''[[munshi]]'' (secretary) and diplomat under Sultan Husayn Bayqara's oldest son and heir [[Badi' al-Zaman Mirza]] (died 1514), under whom he composed the ''Dastur al-vuzara''' (Exemplary viziers), a biography list of pre-Islamic and Islamic viziers. Following the co-succession of Badi al-Zaman and his brother [[Muzaffar Husayn Mirza|Muzaffar Husayn]] to the throne in 1506, Khvandamir was installed as one of the two ''sadrs'' (head of religious fundings) of the entire kingdom. Khvandamir retained his position following conquest of Herat by the [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]] leader [[Muhammad Shaybani]] (died 1510), which led to the fall of the Timurids.{{sfn|Bockholt|2020a}} Regardless, Khvandamir seems to have been dissatisfied with the new government, as indicated in his later universal history ''[[Habib al-siyar]]''.{{sfn|Bashir|2015|p=213}} He soon found himself unemployed following the conquest of Herat by the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] [[shah]] (king) [[Ismail I]] ({{reign|1501|1524}}) in 1510. This was most likely due to religio-political reasons, as Khvandamir was a [[Sunni Muslim]], whereas the Safavids were zealous [[Shia Muslims]].{{sfn|Bockholt|2020a}}{{sfn|Newman|2008|p=12}} Khvandamir soon left for the neighbouring region of [[Gharjistan]], where he briefly served Badi al-Zaman's son [[Muhammad Zaman Mirza]] (died 1540), who unsuccessfully attempted to establish his rule in the area.{{sfn|Bockholt|2020a}}

===Under the Safavids===
In 1521, Khvandamir started writing his universal history ''Habib al-siyar'' for the Safavid ''sadr'' Amir Ghiyas al-Din Mohammad ibn Amir Yusuf Hosseini, seemingly in order to revitalize his career in Herat. The latter, however, was executed the same year by the governor of the city, Amir Khan Mawsillu (died 1522). [[Durmish Khan Shamlu]] (died 1526) was soon made the new governor of Herat, whose vizier Karim al-Din Khvaja Habiballah Savaji became the new patron of Khvandamir. While it is generally agreed that the name of Khvandamir's ''Habib al-siyar'' referred to his new patron Habiballah Savaji, it may have in fact referred to Shah Ismail, as the latter is often called ''habib-i ilahi'' (friend of God) in the work. In 1524, Khvandamir finished his first version (called A) of the book, and the following year a second version (B), which was an extension of the previous version.{{sfn|Bockholt|2020a}}

===Under the Mughals===
The murder of Habiballah Savaji in 1526 seemingly made Khvandamir reassess his situation in Herat. He accepted the invitation of the Timurid prince and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Mughal emperors|emperor]] [[Babur]] ({{reign|1526|1530}}), who had in the same year established his authority over [[North India]], including the cities of [[Delhi]] and [[Agra]]. Khvandamir reached India 1528, where wrote a third version (C) of the ''Habib al-siyar'' at Babur's court. Khvandamir later wrote the ''Qanun-i Humayuni'' ("The regulations of Humayun"), a biography of Babur's son and successor [[Humayun]] ({{reign|1530|1540|1555|1556}}), which has important information regarding the early Mughal symbolism of rulership.{{sfn|Bockholt|2020a}}

== Death, burial and issue ==
Khvandamir died in 1535 or 1536, and was buried near the [[Nizamuddin Dargah|shrine]] of [[Nizamuddin Auliya]] (died 1325) in Delhi. He was survived by two sons; Amir Mahmud (died after 1550), who stayed in Iran and wrote a history book about the first fifty years of Ṣafavid rule, the ''Tarikh-i Shah Isma'il va Shah Tahmasb-i Safavi''; and Abdallah Khan (died 1589), who served as a government official under the Mughal emperor [[Akbar]] ({{reign|1556|1605}}).{{sfn|Bockholt|2020a}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book |last1=Bashir|first1=Shahzad|title=History and Religion: Narrating a Religious Past| chapter=A Perso-Islamic universal chronicle in its historical context: Ghiyās al-Dīn Khwāndamīr's Ḥabīb al-siyar |location=Berlin |publisher = De Gruyter | date=2015 |series=Religionsgeschichtliche Versuche und Vorarbeiten 68|editor-first=Bernd-Christian|editor-last=Otto|editor-first2=Susanne |editor-last2=Rau |editor-first3=Jörg |editor-last3=Rüpke|pages=207–223|chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/16033519|chapter-url-access=registration}}
* {{EI3|last=Bockholt|first=Philip|year=2020a|title=Khvāndamīr|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/khvandamir-COM_35589}}
* {{EI3|last=Bockholt|first=Philip|year=2020b|title=Mīrkhvānd|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/mirkhvand-COM_40284}}
* {{cite book|last=Manz|first=Beatrice Forbes|author-link=Beatrice Forbes Manz|title=Power, Politics and Religion in Timurid Iran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BfkpHz9q_RMC|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-139-46284-6}}
* {{EI3|last=Manz|first=Beatrice Forbes|year=2014|title=ʿAbd al-Razzāq Samarqandī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/abd-al-razzaq-samarqandi-COM_23906}}
* {{Cite book|last=Melville|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czDaDwAAQBAJ|title=The Timurid Century: The Idea of Iran Vol.9|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2020|isbn=978-1838606886}}
* {{cite book | title = Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire | year = 2008 | publisher = I.B.Tauris | location = | editor-last = | editor-first = | last = Newman | first = Andrew J. | authorlink = | chapter = | pages = 1–296 | isbn = 978-0857716613 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KPgBAwAAQBAJ&q=false}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pollock|first=Sheldon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC|title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia|publisher=University of California Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0520228214}}
* {{Cite book|last=Quinn|first=Sholeh A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t80HEAAAQBAJ|title=Persian Historiography Across Empires: The Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1108842211}}
* {{Cambridge History of Iran|volume=6|last=Roemer|first=H. R.|chapter=The successors of Tīmūr}}
* {{Cite book|last=Spuler|first=Bertold|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rD1vvympVtsC|title=Persian Historiography and Geography: Bertold Spuler on Major Works Produced in Iran, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and Early Ottoman Turkey|publisher=Pustaka Nasional Pte Ltd|year=2003|isbn=978-9971774882}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khvandamir}}
[[Category:People from Herat]]
[[Category:16th-century Iranian historians]]
[[Category:1470s births]]
[[Category:1530s deaths]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:15th-century Iranian historians]]
[[Category:Iranian emigrants to the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Historians from the Timurid Empire]]
[[Category:Safavid historians]]
[[Category:Historians from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Subba Rao Jasti

2026-03-25T12:15:15Z

BellEggers2: done

{{Short description|Indian businessman}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_name = Subba Rao Jasti
| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |95|2022|8|22}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| spouse =
| known_for =
| occupation = Investor
| children =
| parents =
| family =
}}

'''Subba Rao Jasti''' (born 1926/1927) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] businessman and billionaire who was an early investor in pharmaceutical manufacturer Suven founded by his son Venkateswarlu Jasti in 1989.<ref name=Forbes2022/> Suven went public in 1995.<ref name=Forbes2022/> In 2020, Suven was demerged into Suven Pharmaceuticals, which focuses on contract research, and Suven Life Sciences, which focuses on neuroscience therapies.<ref name=Forbes2022/>

He is married and lives in [[Hyderabad, India]].<ref name=Forbes2022/>

[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]] lists his net worth as of April 2022 at US$1.1 billion.<ref name=Forbes2022>{{Cite web|first= |last= |authorlink= |title=Subba Rao Jasti|website=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]] - [[The World's Billionaires]]|date= |url= https://www.forbes.com/profile/subba-rao-jasti/?list=billionaires&sh=5adcce851bec|accessdate=August 19, 2022|archive-url=| archive-date=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jasti, Subba Rao}}
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian company founders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1920s births]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

HMIS Malwa

2026-03-25T02:37:34Z

BellEggers2: made the article first draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval 1947}}
|name=''Malwa''
|ordered=12 February 1942
|awarded=
|builder=[[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]]
|laid_down=3 May 1943
|launched=21 June 1944
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=1945
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=1948
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Transferred to Pakistan
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=Pakistan
|flag={{shipboxflag|Pakistan|naval}}
|name=PNS ''Peshawar''
|christened=
|acquired=1948
|commissioned=
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|in_service=
|out_of_service=22 January 1959
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Sold
|homeport=
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}
|displacement=*{{convert|673|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|860|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full
|length={{convert|189|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|power=*{{convert|2400|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
*2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
|propulsion=*2 shafts
*2 [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]]
|speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range={{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|complement=60
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × single QF 12-pounder (7.62 cm) [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*1 × single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun or
*1 × quadruple [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]
}}
}}
'''HMIS ''Malwa'' (J55)''' was a {{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}s built for the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during the Second World War.

==Design and description==
The ''Bangor'' class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as [[steam turbine]]s were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. ''Malwa'' displaced {{convert|673|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)|standard]] load and {{convert|860|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|189|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|1}}.<ref>Lenton, pp. 253–54</ref> The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=c1>Chesneau, p. 64</ref>

She was powered by two [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]] (VTE), each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two [[Admiralty three-drum boiler]]s. The engines produced a total of {{convert|2400|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. The ship carried a maximum of {{convert|160|LT|t|0}} of [[fuel oil]] that gave her a range of {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=l3>Lenton, p. 254</ref>

The VTE-powered ''Bangor''s were armed with a QF 12-pounder (7.62 cm) [[anti-aircraft gun]] and a single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun or a quadruple mount for the [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war.<ref name=l3/> For escort work, their minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=c1/>

==Construction and career==
HMIS ''Malwa'' was ordered in 1942, and built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] in [[India]] for the [[Royal Navy]]. She was commissioned in 1945, just months before the end of World War II. ''Malwa'' was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]], and escorted a few convoys before the end of the war.<ref name=nh-1945>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1945.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1945 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> After the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, she was among the vessels transferred to Pakistan and renamed ''PNS Peshawar''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
* {{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}
* {{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}

{{Bangor class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malwa (J55)}}
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Pakistan Navy|Peshawar]]
[[Category:1944 ships]]
[[Category:British ships built in India]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]

Krushna Chandra Gajapati

2026-03-23T17:12:32Z

BellEggers2: Improved wording and formatting

{{Short description|Key figure in the formation of Odisha state in India}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Captain]] [[Maharaja]]
| name = Krushna Chandra Gajapati
| honorific-suffix = Narayana Deva [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image = Painting of Gajapati Maharaja Krushna Chandra Dev, Bhubaneswar - Oct 2010.jpg
| caption = Painting of Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Dev
| image_size = 200px
| office = [[Prime Minister]] of [[Odisha]]
| term_start = 29 November 1941
| term_end = 29 June 1944
| predecessor = [[Bishwanath Das]]
| successor = [[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| term_start1 = 1 April 1937
| term_end1 = 19 July 1937
| predecessor1 = Post created
| successor1 = [[Bishwanath Das]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1892|4|26}}
| birth_place = [[Paralakhemundi]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1974|5|25|1892|4|26}}
| death_place = [[Paralakhemundi]], [[Orissa]], [[India]]
| birthname =
| nationality = Indian
| party =
| otherparty = 
| parents = Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Dev Radhamani Devi
| spouse = Maharani Naleeni Pattamahadevi, princess of [[Kharsawan State]]
| children = 3
| residence = Paralakhemundi
| alma_mater = Newington College, [[Madras]]
| module2 = {{Infobox royalty|embed=yes
|reign=1913 CE – 1947 CE 1947 CE – 1974 CE (titular)
|predecessor=Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo II
|successor=[[Gopinath Gajapati|Ramachandra Gajapati Narayan Deo]]
|house=[[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] (Paralakhemundi branch)
}}
}}

'''Krushna Chandra Gajapati''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (26 April 1892 – 25 May 1974), also known as [[Captain]] [[Maharaja]] Sri Sri Sri '''Krushna Chandra Gajapati Narayana Deva''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], was one of the key figures in the creation of the Indian state of [[Odisha]]. He was a scion of [[Paralakhemundi Estate]] (then [[Ganjam district]] of [[Odisha]] and [[Srikakulam]] taluk of [[Andhrapradesh]]) and the owner of Delanga estate of [[Puri district]] of Odisha. His family belonged to the great [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty]]. He was the first [[Prime Minister]] of Odisha. The present-day [[Gajapati District]] of Odisha was named after him.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://gajapati.nic.in/|title=District Portal of Gajapati }}</ref>

==Early life and education==
[[File:Caricature of Krushna Chandra Gajapati.png|thumb|Caricature of Krushna Chandra Gajapati by [[Emery Kelen]]]]
Krushna Chandra was born on 26 April 1892 to the [[Zamindar]] of [[Paralakhemundi]], Goura Chandra Gajapati and his wife Radhamani Devi.

He received his elementary education at the local Maharaja High School of [[Paralakhemundi]] and then went to [[Newington College]] in Madras for higher studies. During his studies in [[Madras]], he lost his father.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.talentodisha.com/odisha-orissa-information-directory/great-odiya/shri-krushna-chandra-gajapati/print.html?tmpl=component |title= Shri Krushna Chandra Gajapati |work= talentodisha.com |year= 2012 |quote= At the age of 12, his father, Goura Chandra Gajapati Narayan Deo, died and ... Krushna Chandra Gajapati was still a minor |accessdate= 3 July 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
After the completion of his education he returned to Paralakhemundi and in the year 1913 married the princess of [[Kharsawan State]]. In the same year he succeeded as the next zamindar of his estate on 26 April 1913.

==Role in the formation of Independent Odisha State==
Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati, Utkal Gourav [[Madhusudan Das]], Utkalamani [[Gopabandhu Das]], [[Fakir Mohan Senapati]] and other eminent members of [[Utkal Sammilani]] demanded a separate Odisha state with an amalgamation of [[Odia language|Odia]] speaking areas in the then Odisha-Bihar-Bengal province.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.india9.com/i9show/Gajapati-Maharaja-Krushna-Chandra-Dev-16198.htm |title=Gajapati Maharaja |accessdate=3 July 2012}}</ref>

Finally, with the efforts of this [[Utkal Sammilani]], the separate state of Odisha was formed on 1 April 1936.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infocera.com/Utkal_Divas_also_called_Orissa_day_is_being_celebrated_on_April_1st_today_8600.htm |title=Utkal Divas also called Orissa day is being celebrated on April 1st today |work=infocera.com |year=2012 |quote=Utkal Sammilani lead[sic] by Utkal Gourab Madhusudan Das, Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati, Pandit Nilakantha Das, Bhubanananda Das and many others played a key role in the formation of Odhisa state |accessdate=3 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505195146/http://www.infocera.com/Utkal_Divas_also_called_Orissa_day_is_being_celebrated_on_April_1st_today_8600.htm |archive-date=5 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> From that day, 1 April is celebrated by the [[Oriya language|Odia]] people as [[Odisha Day|Utkal Divas]]. His estate in Vizagapatam district was partitioned into two – with the capital and major parts coming under Odisha whereas the remaining Telugu-majority areas remained in the Madras Presidency. In 1937, the first Governor of Odisha, Sir John Austin Hubback invited Krushna Chandra to form the cabinet. He became the first Prime Minister of Odisha from 1 April 1937 to 18 July 1937, elected again for the second time from 24 November 1941 to 30 June 1944.

==Social and philanthropic services==
He was instrumental in the establishment of the [[Utkal University]], the [[SCB Medical College]], the famous Central Rice Research Institute in Bidyadharpur, Cuttack and later MKCG Medical College & Hospital in Berhampur. He set up many hospitals, schools, colleges, industrial institutions, modern agricultural farms and provided a record number of 1281 irrigation sagars or water-tanks in his agriculturally dominant native taluk. For this reason, the undivided Ganjam District was given the title 'the rice-bowl of Odisha'. Under Gajapati, scholarships were awarded to thousands of poor and meritorious students in humanities, science, agriculture, medicine, and engineering, among others.

Apart from these, Maharaja was a well-known patron of the arts and research scholars in various fields. He supported the historical research of Padmasri Dr. [[Satyanarayana Rajguru]] and the production of gramophone records of the renowned Odishi musician ''Gayaka Siromani'' [[Apanna Panigrahi]], who was his court musician (rajasangitagya) as well as a friend. He was devoted towards ancient poets, especially Kabi Kalahansa [[Gopalakrusna Pattanayaka|Gopalakrusna]] of Paralakhemundi. Maharaja was himself an expert in ancient [[Odishi music]] and literature and has a number of original compositions to his credit, such as ''<nowiki/>'Manu Jau Nahi Ma', 'Radhadhara Sumadhura''<nowiki/>' and others.

==Political services and honours==
Krushna Chandra served as a Captain in the [[First World War]]. He received a rare Sanad in 1920 from the then Viceroy and Governor General of India, in recognition of his services rendered to the Indian Army during the Great War and as a mark of commendation. He was a Member of the Royal Commission on Agriculture, under the Chairmanship of Lord Linlithgow. He was also a Member of the Madras Legislative Council.

He was awarded honorary Doctorates by the Utkal University and the Berhampur University, and was appointed a Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in the [[1946 New Year Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=37407|supp=y|page=10|date=28 December 1945}}</ref>

Krushna Chandra died on 25 May 1974 at the age of 82. He was accorded a state funeral by the Government of Odisha and was cremated with full honours at [[Paralakhemundi]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* http://gajapati.nic.in/sonsofsoil/eminent%5Cemiperson.htm
* http://orissa.gov.in/portal/LIWPL/event_archive/Events_Archives/69Maharaja_Krushna_Chandra_Gajapati.pdf
* http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/April/engpdf/56-57.pdf
* Orissa Review, January-2009 issue. Published by the Govt. of Orissa.

{{s-start}}
{{Succession box
|before= Post created [[Bishwanath Das]] (2nd term)
|title= [[List of Chief Ministers of Odisha|Prime Minister of Odisha]]
|years= 1 April 1937 to 19 July 1937 (1st term) 29 November 1941 to 29 June 1944 (2nd term)
|after= [[Bishwanath Das]] (1st term) [[Harekrushna Mahatab]] (2nd term)
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gajapati, Krushna Chandra}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Scholars from Odisha]]
[[Category:Members of the Constituent Assembly of India]]
[[Category:People from Paralakhemundi]]
[[Category:Politicians from Odisha]]

Vineeth Kumar

2026-03-22T12:09:53Z

BellEggers2: refine layout for accuracy based on references

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam actor, director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vineeth Kumar
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1977|11|11|df=yes}}
| image = VINEETH KUMAR.jpg
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calicut]]
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actor | director}}
| birth_place = [[Pazhayangadi]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], Kerala, India
| years_active = 1988–present
| spouse = {{marriage|Sandhya|2010}}
| children = 2
| awards = [[Kerala State Film Awards]]
}}

'''Vineeth Kumar''' (born on 11 November 1977) is an Indian actor, director and screenwriter known for his work in the [[Malayalam film industry]]. He has had a career spanning decades, transitioning from a child artist to an accomplished director.

He made his acting debut in 1988 as a child artist in the movie ''Padippura''. The same year, he earned critical acclaim and the [[Kerala State Film Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-03 |title=Official website of the Information and Public Relations Department of Kerala |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |access-date=2024-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234213/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards2.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 }}</ref> for his performance in the epic historical drama ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vineeth Kumar Vadakkan Veeragatha |url=https://in.video.search.yahoo.com/search/video?fr=mcafee&p=vineeth+kumar+vadakkan+veeragatha&type=E210IN885G91561#id=1&vid=6d4d464d828a18fabf2fe49dddb30313&action=click |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=in.video.search.yahoo.com}}</ref> Directed by [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]] and written by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair|M.T. Vasudevan Nair]], this film featured him as the younger version of [[Mammootty]]'s iconic character [[Chandu Chekavar]].

He made his directorial debut with ''[[Ayal Njanalla]]'' (2015),<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayal Njanalla Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/ayal-njanalla/movie-review/48316084.cms |access-date=2024-11-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> a romantic comedy entertainer, starring [[Fahadh Faasil|Fahad Faasil]].<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Vineeth was born on 11 November 1977<ref>{{Cite web |last=Santhosh |first=Vivek |date=2024-11-11 |title=Vineeth Kumar is Shajahan in Aashiq Abu's Rifle Club |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/11/vineeth-kumar-is-shajahan-in-aashiq-abus-rifle-club |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> to Karunan and Yamuna in [[Pazhayangadi]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]]. He had his primary education from [[Koodali Higher Secondary School]]. After pre-degree from [[Government Brennen College]], [[Thalassery]], he pursued a BSc degree in Mathematics.

He started learning [[Bharatanatyam]] at the age of six and quickly became known for his talent. As a student, he won several dance prizes, including the top "Kalaprathibha" title at the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam]] in 1988.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What's with Vineeth and school arts festivals? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/in-depth/kalolsavam-school-youth-fest-kannur/whats-with-vineeth-and-school-arts-festivals.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=OnManorama}}</ref>

He married Sandhya on 19 August 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-01 |title=Wedlock for Vineeth Kumar |url=https://www.mollywoodframes.com/2010/09/wedlock-for-vineeth-kumar.html |access-date=2025-07-19 |website=Mollywood Frames}}</ref> They have two daughters, Maitreyi and Mathangi.

==Film career==
=== As a child actor ===
During his early years, Kumar played significant roles in several notable films, including ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' (1989), ''[[Bharatham]]'' (1991), ''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]'' (1992), ''[[Mithunam (1993 film)|Midhunam]]'' (1992), and ''[[Adhwaytham|Adwaitham]]'' (1993). These performances established him as a versatile child actor in Malayalam cinema.

After he transitioned into adult roles, Kumar gained recognition for his performances in films such as ''[[Devadoothan]]'' (2000), ''Kanmashi'' (2002), ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]'' (2004), ''[[Aparichithan]]'' (2004), ''[[The Tiger (2005 film)|The Tiger]]'' (2005), ''[[Vegam (2014 film)|Vegam]]'' (2014), and ''Simon Daniel'' (2022){{cn|date=December 2025}}

=== As director ===
Vineeth Kumar ventured into direction with his debut film ''[[Ayal Njanalla]]'' (2015),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ayaal Njanalla: A Fahadh phase |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/ayaal-njanalla-movie-review-fahadh-faasil-vineeth-kumar.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> starring [[Fahadh Faasil]]. He also wrote the screenplay for this film which explored themes of self-discovery and relationships.

His second directorial venture, ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'' (2022),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-09 |title=Tovino Thomas, Basil Joseph, and Darshana Rajendran to team up for Vineeth Kumar's directorial - Exclusive! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-basil-joseph-and-darshana-rajendran-to-team-up-for-vineeth-kumars-directorial-exclusive/articleshow/90744738.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> starring [[Tovino Thomas]] in the lead, premiered in theaters on 10 June 2022. The film received widespread acclaim and was subsequently released on the [[Netflix]] OTT platform<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-06 |title=Tovino Thomas starrer 'Dear Friend' to stream on OTT this weekend |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/tovino-thomas-starrer-dear-friend-to-stream-on-ott-this-weekend/articleshow/92696597.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in July 2022, where it continued to garner positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-07 |title=Tovino, Darshana join director Vineeth Kumar's new film |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Sep/07/tovino-darshana-join-director-vineeth-kumars-new-film-2355150.html |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The movie delved into the lives of a group of friends searching for their missing companion, who is later revealed to be a con artist.<ref name=":2" /> The film received praise for its engaging narrative and character development.

His latest movie was ''[[Pavi Caretaker]]'' (2024)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-19 |title='Pavi Caretaker' trailer: Dileep starrer promises a lighthearted journey |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/pavi-caretaker-trailer-dileep-starrer-promises-a-lighthearted-journey/articleshow/109422948.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> starring [[Dileep]].

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film credits as an actor
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
!Role
!Notes
!
|-
| rowspan="5" |1989
| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''
|Young Chandu
|rowspan="11"|Child actor
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| ''[[Mudra (1989 film)|Mudra]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Padippura''
|
|
|-
| ''Anagha''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Dasharatham]]''
|Joseph
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
| ''[[Bharatham]]''
|Appu
|
|-
| ''[[Inspector Balram]]''
|Jithu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1992
| ''[[Sargam (1992 film)|Sargam]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Adhwaytham]]''
|
|
|-
|1993
| ''[[Mithunam (1993 film)|Mithunam]]''
|Young Sethu
|
|-
|1994
| ''Vishnu''
|
|
|-
|1996
| ''[[Azhakiya Ravanan]]''
|Santhosh
|
|
|-
|1997
| ''[[Krishnagudiyil Oru Pranayakalathu]]''
|Balan
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
| ''[[Devadoothan]]''
|Nikhil Maheshwar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-26 |title=Devadoothan movie review: Mohanlal's timeless musical horror should have come with the tagline 'masters at work' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/devadoothan-movie-review-mohanlals-timeless-musical-horror-should-have-come-with-the-tagline-masters-at-work-9475914/ |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''Thottam''
|
|
|
|-
|2001
| ''[[Sharja To Sharja|Sharja to Sharja]]''
|Kannan
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2002
| ''[[Pranayamanithooval]]''
|Balagopal
|
|
|-
| ''Kanmashi''
|Vishnu
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2003
| ''Melvilasom Seriyanu''
|Nandu
|
|
|-
| ''[[Mazhanoolkkanavu]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2004
| ''[[Aparichithan]]''
|Chacko
|
|
|-
| ''[[Sethurama Iyer CBI]]''
|Ganesh
|
|<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0393724/fullcredits |title=Sethurama Iyer CBI (2004) - IMDb |access-date=2024-11-27 |via=www.imdb.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Kottaaram Vaidyan''
|
|
|
|-
|2005
| ''[[The Tiger (2005 film)|The Tiger]]''
|Kishore
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
| ''[[Pulijanmam]]''
|
|
|
|-
| ''[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]''
|Santhosh
|
|
|-
|2007
| ''[[Flash (2007 film)|Flash]]''
|Arunkumar
|
|
|-
| rowspan="1" |2008
| ''[[Thirakkatha]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2010
| ''[[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|Sufi Paranja Katha]]''
|Writer
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2011
| ''[[Sevenes]]''
|Aravindan
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]''
|Mahesh
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
| ''[[Chapters (film)|Chapters]]''
|Arun
|
|
|-
| ''[[Face to Face (2012 Malayalam film)|Face2Face]]''
|Anwar
|
|
|-
|2013
| ''[[Oru Yathrayil]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oru Yathrayil (2013) - Movie {{!}} Reviews, Cast & Release Date in kochi |url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/kochi/movies/oru-yathrayil-/ET00013066 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=BookMyShow |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
|2014
| ''[[Vegam (2014 film)|Vegam]]''
|Sidharth
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-11 |title=Vineeth Kumar in a youth film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/vineeth-kumar-in-a-youth-film/articleshow/27180023.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2015
| ''[[Oru Vadakkan Selfie]]''
|himself
|Cameo
|
|-
|2016
| ''Sahapadi 1975''
|
|
|
|-
|2017
| ''[[Careful (2017 film)|Careful]]''
|Bijoy
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-27 |title=Jomol, Vineeth Kumar to team up after 27 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jomol-vineeth-kumar-to-team-up-after-27-years/articleshow/56184088.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2018
| ''[[Oru Kuttanadan Blog]]''
|
|Cameo
|
|-
|2019
| ''[[Krishnam]]''
|
|
|
|-
|2022
| ''Simon Daniel''
|Simon Daniel
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-18 |title='Simon Daniel' teaser: Vineeth Kumar and Divya Pillai are on a treasure hunt |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/simon-daniel-teaser-vineeth-kumar-and-divya-pillai-are-on-a-treasure-hunt/articleshow/93639850.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Higuita (film)|Higuita]]''
|Goon
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan-Suraj Venjaramoodu's Higuita Gets An OTT Release Date! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/dhyan-sreenivasan-and-suraj-venjaramoodu-film-higuita-gets-an-ott-release-date-article-111263334 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2024 || ''[[Pavi Caretaker]]'' || Abhishek Krishna || Also Director ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pavi Caretaker - Official Trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/malayalam/pavi-caretaker-official-trailer/videoshow/109410326.cms |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rifle Club (film)|Rifle Club]]''
| Shahjahan
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Vineeth Kumar Is Playing Shajahan In Aashiq Abu's Rifle Club, Character Poster Released |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/vineeth-kumar-is-playing-shajahan-in-aashiq-abus-rifle-club-character-poster-released-article-115187605 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2026 || {{Pending film| Sambhavam Adhyayam Onnu}} || {{TableTBA}} || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-15 |title=Askar Ali-Vineeth Kumar starrer Sambhavam Adhyayam Onnu gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2026/Feb/15/askar-ali-vineeth-kumar-starrer-sambhavam-adhyayam-onnu-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Short Films
!Year
!Title
|-
|2012
|''The Spark''
|-
|2020
|''Oru Nurungu Samsayam (The Little Riddle)''
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Film credits as director
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Ayal Njanalla]]'' || ||<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=V.P |first=Nicy |date=2014-09-13 |title=Fahadh Faasil to Act in Vineeth Kumar Directorial, Scripted by Ranjith |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/fahadh-act-vineeth-kumar-directorial-scripted-by-ranjith-609035 |access-date=2024-11-27 |website=www.ibtimes.co.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Dear Friend (2022 film)|Dear Friend]]'' || ||<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=2022-06-07 |title='Dear Friend' has a different take on friendship, says director Vineeth Kumar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/actor-and-filmmaker-vineeth-kumar-on-his-second-film-dear-friend/article65502876.ece |access-date=2024-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Pavi Caretaker]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=Dileep-starrer Pavi Care Taker to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Mar/15/dileep-starrer-pavi-care-taker-to-release-on-this-date |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0474910}}

{{Commons}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Vineeth}}
[[Category:Male actors from Kannur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kannur district]]
[[Category:University of Calicut alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Deputy Chairman of the Rajya Sabha

2026-03-19T15:54:19Z

BellEggers2:

{{Short description|Second-highest authority of the Upper House of the Parliament of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Deputy Chairperson
| body = Rajya Sabha
| native_name = {{lang|hi-Latn|Rājya Sabhā Ke Upasabhāpati}}
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| insignia = Rajyasabha.svg
| insigniasize = 180px
| insigniacaption = Logo of the Rajya Sabha
| image = Harivansh Narayan Singh.jpg
| imagesize = 220px
| incumbent = [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| incumbentsince = 9 August 2018
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| termlength = Six years or till the retirement of the incumbent (renewable)
| inaugural = [[S. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao]] {{small|(1952–1962)}}
| formation = 31 May 1952
| salary =
| member_of = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| type = [[Chair (officer)|Deputy Chairperson]]
| status = Deputy presiding officer and second-highest authority of the Rajya Sabha
| reports_to = [[Parliament of India]]
| nominator = Members of the Council of States
| appointer = [[Vice President of India|Chairman of the Rajya Sabha]]
| residence = 14, [[Akbar Road]], [[New Delhi]]<ref>http://rsintranet.nic.in/intrars/staff_benifit/tel_directory.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
| seat = [[Parliament House, New Delhi|Sansad Bhavan, New Delhi]]<ref>http://rsintranet.nic.in/intrars/staff_benifit/tel_directory.pdf{{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
| website = {{Official website}}
}} {{Politics of India}}

The '''Deputy Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{lang|hi-Latn|Rājya Sabhā Ke Upasabhāpati}}) presides over the proceedings of the [[Rajya Sabha]] in the absence of the [[chairperson of the Rajya Sabha]] ([[vice president of India]]). The deputy chairperson is elected internally by the Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.htm|title=Introduction to the Parliament of India|publisher=[[Parliament of India]]|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517025653/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/intro/p1.html|archive-date=17 May 2011|url-status=dead
}}</ref><ref name="Role of the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha">{{cite news|title=Role of the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha and Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha|url=https://www.iasexpress.net/role-of-the-deputy-chairman-of-rajya-sabha-and-deputy-speaker-of-the-lok-sabha/|access-date=25 October 2022|date=23 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025080812/https://www.iasexpress.net/role-of-the-deputy-chairman-of-rajya-sabha-and-deputy-speaker-of-the-lok-sabha/|archive-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>

==List==

{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1"
|-
!rowspan=2| {{Abbr|No.|Number}}
!rowspan=2| Deputy Chairman<ref name="listonrs">{{cite web |title= Former Deputy Chairmen of the Rajya Sabha |publisher=Rajya Sabha |url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/deputy_chairman/former_deputy_chairmen.asp}}</ref>
!rowspan=2| Portrait
!colspan=2| Term
!rowspan=2| Duration
!rowspan=2 colspan=2| Party
|-
! From
! To
|-
|rowspan=2 | 1
|rowspan=2 | [[S. V. Krishnamoorthy Rao]]
|rowspan=2 |[[File:Blank.svg|100px]]
| 31 May 1952
| 2 April 1956
|'''{{ayd|1952|5|31|1956|4|2}}'''
|rowspan=4 | [[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=4|
|-
| 25 April 1956
| 1 March 1962
|'''{{ayd|1956|4|26|1962|3|1}}'''
|-
|rowspan=2 | 2
|rowspan=2 | [[Violet Alva]]
|rowspan=2 | [[File:Violet Alva stamp (cropped).jpg|90px]]
| 19 April 1962
| 2 April 1966
||'''{{ayd|1962|4|19|1966|4|2}}'''
|-
| 7 April 1966
| 16 November 1969
|'''{{ayd|1966|4|7|1969|11|16}}'''
|-
| 3
| [[B. D. Khobragade]]
| [[File:Rajabhau Khobragade stamp (cropped).jpg|90px]]
| 17 December 1969
| 2 April 1972
|'''{{ayd|1969|12|17|1972|4|2}}'''
| [[Republican Party of India]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Republican Party of India}}" rowspan=1|
|-
|rowspan=2 | 4
|rowspan=2 | [[Godey Murahari]]
|rowspan=2 | [[File:Godey Murahari.jpg|90px]]
| 13 April 1972
| 2 April 1974
|'''{{ayd|1972|4|13|1974|4|2}}'''
|rowspan=2 | [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Samyukta Socialist Party}}" rowspan=2|
|-
| 26 April 1974
| 20 March 1977
|'''{{ayd|1974|4|26|1977|3|20}}'''
|-
| 5
| [[Ram Niwas Mirdha]]
| [[File:Shri Ram Niwas Mirdha (cropped).jpeg|90px]]
| 30 March 1977
| 2 April 1980
|'''{{ayd|1977|3|30|1980|4|2}}'''
|rowspan=12 | [[Indian National Congress]]
|width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" rowspan=12|
|-
|rowspan=2 | 6
|rowspan=2 | [[Shyamlal Yadav]]
|rowspan=2 |
| 30 July 1980
| 4 April 1982
| '''{{ayd|1980|7|30|1982|4|4}}'''
|-
| 28 April 1982
| 29 December 1984
|'''{{ayd|1982|4|28|1984|12|29}}'''
|-
| 7
| [[Najma Heptullah]]
| [[File:Najma Heptulla.jpg|90px]]
| 25 January 1985
| 20 January 1986
|'''{{ayd|1985|1|25|1986|1|20}}'''
|-
| 8
| [[M. M. Jacob]]
| [[File:M.M. Jacob photo.jpg|90px]]
| 26 February 1986
| 22 October 1986
|'''{{ayd|1986|2|26|1986|10|22}}'''
|-
| 9
| [[Pratibha Patil]]
| [[File:Pratibha Patil 2012-02-27.jpg|90px]]
| 18 November 1986
| 5 November 1988
|'''{{ayd|1986|11|18|1988|11|5}}'''
|-
|rowspan=3 | 10
|rowspan=3 | [[Najma Heptullah]]
|rowspan=3 | [[File:Najma A. Heptulla presenting the Badalte Qadam Award to the Cinematographer, Doordarshan, Ms. Jayshree Puri, at the Best Achievers Award Ceremony, organised by the Child Care & Welfare Foundation, in New Delhi (cropped).jpg|90px]]
| 18 November 1988
| 4 July 1992
|'''{{ayd|1988|11|18|1992|7|4}}'''
|-
| 10 July 1992
| 4 July 1998
|'''{{ayd|1992|7|10|1998|7|4}}'''
|-
| 9 July 1998
| 10 June 2004
|'''{{ayd|1998|7|9|2004|6|10}}'''
|-
|rowspan=2 | 11
|rowspan=2 | [[K. Rahman Khan]]
|rowspan=2 | [[File:K Rahman Khan (cropped).jpg|90px]]
| 22 July 2004
| 2 April 2006
|'''{{ayd|2004|7|22|2006|4|2}}'''
|-
| 12 May 2006
| 2 April 2012
|'''{{ayd|2006|5|12|2012|4|2}}'''
|-
| 12
| [[P. J. Kurien]]
| [[File:P._J._Kurien.jpg|90px]]
| 21 August 2012
| 1 July 2018
|'''{{ayd|2012|8|21|2018|7|1}}'''
|-
| rowspan="2" | 13
| rowspan="2" | [[Harivansh Narayan Singh]]
| rowspan="2" | [[File:Harivansh Narayan Singh.jpg|90px]]
| 9 August 2018
| 9 April 2020
|'''{{ayd|2018|8|9|2020|4|9}}'''
| rowspan="2" | [[Janata Dal (United)]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|-
|14 September 2020
|9 April 2026
|'''{{age in years and days|2020|9|14}}'''
|}

==See also==
*[[Vice President of India]] (Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha)
*[[Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
*[[Deputy Speaker of the Lok Sabha]]
*[[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]]
*[[Leader of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha]]
*[[Leader of the House in Lok Sabha]]
*[[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha]]
*[[Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha]]
== Statistics ==
{{empty section|date=December 2025}}
==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/deputy_chairman/former_deputy_chairmen.asp|title=Former Deputy Chairmen of the Rajya Sabha|website=[[Rajya Sabha]]}}

{{Deputy Chairpersons of the Rajya Sabha}}
{{Parliament of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Deputy ubs}}
[[Category:Deputy chairmen of the Rajya Sabha| ]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Chairs of upper houses|India]]
[[Category:Members of the Rajya Sabha|*]]
[[Category:Lists of political office-holders in India]]
[[Category:Lists of members of the Rajya Sabha| ]]
[[Category:Lists of legislative deputy speakers in India|*]]

{{India-gov-stub}}

Sam Bahadur (film)

2026-03-16T21:52:02Z

BellEggers2: slightly added formatting per sources further and corrected details

{{EngvarB|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sam Bahadur
| image = Sam Bahadur film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Meghna Gulzar]]
| producer = [[Ronnie Screwvala]]
| writer = [[Bhavani Iyer]] Shantanu Shrivastava [[Meghna Gulzar]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vicky Kaushal]]|[[Fatima Sana Shaikh]]|[[Sanya Malhotra]]}}
| narrator =
| music = '''Score:''' Ketan Sodha '''Songs:''' [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cinematography = Jay I. Patel
| editing = Nitin Baid
| studio = [[RSVP Movies]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|1|ref1=<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Lata |title=Vicky Kaushal's 'Animal' to release on 1 December 2023 |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/vicky-kaushal-s-sam-bahadur-to-release-on-1-december-2023-11670646072477.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |date=10 December 2022 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162833/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/vicky-kaushal-s-sam-bahadur-to-release-on-1-december-2023-11670646072477.html |url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 148 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/sam-bahadur-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3ndk5 |title=''Sam Bahadur'' (12A) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=30 November 2023 |access-date=30 November 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202102541/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/sam-bahadur-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde3ndk5 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|55 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Bahadur Box Office Collection Day 5: Movie continues to struggle |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/sam-bahadur-box-office-collection-day-5-movie-continues-to-struggle-123120500734_1.html |access-date=5 December 2023 |website=Business Standard |language=hi |archive-date=11 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211221502/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/sam-bahadur-box-office-collection-day-5-movie-continues-to-struggle-123120500734_1.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|128.17 crore}}<ref name="bo">{{Cite web |date=1 December 2023 |title=Sam Bahadur Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sam-bahadur/box-office/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202073752/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sam-bahadur/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Sam Bahadur''''' (stylised as '''''SAMबहादुर''''' ; {{translation|literal=yes|Sam the Brave}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[war drama film]] based on the life of India's first [[field marshal]], [[Sam Manekshaw]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal completes filming for Sam Bahadur: So much I got to live, so much I got to learn |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-completes-filming-for-sam-bahadur-so-much-i-got-to-live-so-much-i-got-to-learn-57401.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=15 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162838/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-completes-filming-for-sam-bahadur-so-much-i-got-to-live-so-much-i-got-to-learn-57401.html |url-status=live}}</ref> It is directed by [[Meghna Gulzar]] who co-wrote with [[Bhavani Iyer]] and Shantanu Srivastava. Produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]], under the banner of [[RSVP Movies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sam Bahadur Movie (2023) {{!}} Release Date, Review, Cast, Trailer |url=https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-movie-90714 |website=[[NDTV|Gadgets 360]] |access-date=7 July 2023 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162906/https://www.gadgets360.com/entertainment/field-marshal-sam-manekshaw-movie-90714 |url-status=live}}</ref> It stars [[Vicky Kaushal]] in the title role, alongside [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]], [[Sanya Malhotra]], [[Neeraj Kabi]], [[Edward Sonnenblick]] and [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal's 'Sam Bahadur' to hit screens next December |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vicky-kaushals-sam-bahadur-to-hit-screens-next-december/article66209120.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=1 December 2022 |language=en-IN |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707163118/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vicky-kaushals-sam-bahadur-to-hit-screens-next-december/article66209120.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Sam Bahadur'' was released on 1 December 2023 and received mixed reviews from critics. It was a commercial success, earning {{INRConvert|128.17|c}} worldwide. At the [[69th Filmfare Awards]], the film received eight nominations, including [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] (both for Kaushal). At the [[71st National Film Awards]], the film won 3 awards: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values|Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values]], [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]], and [[National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist|Best Make-up Artist]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards 2025 Full List of Winners: Shah Rukh, Rani Mukerji, Vikrant Massey get Best Actor nods; 12th Fail is Best Film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/71st-national-film-awards-2025-full-list-of-winners-shah-rukh-rani-mukerji-vikrant-massey-get-best-actor-nods-12th-fail-is-best-film-10163993/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bharat |first1=Monali |title=71st National Film Awards 2025 — Complete Winners List |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-winners |work=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=71st National Film Awards: Vicky Kaushal Celebrates Sam Bahadur Bagging Three Prestigious Wins |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/71st-national-film-awards-vicky-kaushal-celebrates-sam-bahadur-bagging-three-prestigious-wins-article-152884482 |website=Times Now |language=en |date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In 1934, cadet Sam Manekshaw is amongst the first batch of gentleman cadets to be trained at the [[Indian Military Academy]], Dehradun; amongst his batchmates is his junior-rival, [[Tikka Khan]]. Graduating from the academy that year, he is posted as a second lieutenant to the [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]], [[Ferozpur]]. Soon after his appointment, he meets Siloo Bode, whom he later marries. In 1942, during the [[Second World War]], Manekshaw, promoted to the acting rank of major, is sent with the regiment to participate in the [[Burma campaign]]. During the [[Battle of Sittang Bridge]], he is wounded in action but survives and is awarded the [[Military Cross]] for gallantry.

In 1947, amidst the partition of the [[British Indian Army]], Manekshaw is approached to join the [[Pakistan Army]] by his colleague, [[Yahya Khan]]; he chooses the [[Indian Army]] instead. Upon independence, discord emanates between the two countries over the sovereignty of Kashmir. In October 1947, Pakistan launches its [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948|military campaign]] to capture the region. In response, Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and home minister [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] dispatch Manekshaw and [[V. P. Menon]] to Kashmir; they succeed in securing the accession of Kashmir to India. India counter-attacks, but the war concludes in a stalemate.

In 1959, Manekshaw, now a [[Major general (India)|major general]] and [[Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College]], [[Wellington, Tamil Nadu|Wellington]], is approached by defence minister [[V. K. Krishna Menon]] and [[Chief of the General Staff|Chief of General Staff]] Lt. Gen. [[Brij Mohan Kaul]] of his opinion on the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]] (COAS) Gen. [[K. S. Thimayya]]. Manekshaw, interpreting their actions as political interference, rebuffs them. However, Kaul conspires to stop Manekshaw's upcoming promotion by orchestrating a court-martial on the basis of impropriety; nevertheless, but Manekshaw is exonerated by his superiors.

In 1962, the [[Sino-Indian War]] erupts, leading to the army being trounced by the Chinese; Kaul resigns while Nehru dismisses Menon. On the advice of [[Indira Gandhi]], Nehru has Manekshaw promoted to lieutenant-general and assigns him as commanding officer of the [[IV Corps (India)|IV Corps]], [[Tezpur]]. He proposes an advance, but Nehru, forlorn from defeat, refuses; Indira intercedes in Manekshaw's favour. By 1963, Manekshaw manages to re-rally his troops in the [[North-East Frontier Agency]]. In 1964, Nehru dies, and Manekshaw is promoted as [[general officer commanding]] of the [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Command]]; two years later, Indira is appointed prime minister. Between 1965 and 1967, Manekshaw involves himself in the anti-insurgency operations against the [[Mizo National Front]], for which he earns the [[Padma Bhushan]].

In 1969, with discord amongst the Bengalis in [[East Pakistan]] rising, Yahya, now a general, is made Pakistan's president; elsewhere, Manekshaw is appointed as the Indian Army's next COAS and promoted to general as well. In 1970, the East Pakistan-based [[Awami League]] sweep Pakistan's general elections, however Yahya refuses to cede power to them, resulting in [[Non-cooperation movement (1971)|anti-government protests across Pakistan]]. In response, Yahya authorises Tikka, now a lieutenant-general, to initiate [[Operation Searchlight]] – a massive anti-Bengali pogrom, which he executes with ruthless efficiency. Considering the situation, Indira favours war, but Manekshaw opposes it, highlighting the army's hindrances; she agrees to wait. The U.S. warns Indira against war, but she rebuffs them. The army is mobilized and begins training the [[Mukti Bahini]].

On 3 December 1971, Pakistan strikes first, launching pre-emptive attacks on Indian territory. India immediately responds with counter-attacks in Pakistan's western and eastern sectors. The opposing armies witness profound clashes, with Pakistan bearing numerous casualties on land, sea and air in both sectors. By 16 December, the Pakistani troops in the east, overwhelmed, surrender to the Eastern Command – ending the war. The conclusion cedes a political triumph to Indira while Yahya resigns from the humiliation of defeat. With Manekshaw's retirement approaching, Indira has him promoted to the rank of field-marshal in recognition of his wartime leadership, which he proudly accepts in January 1973, just a fortnight from his retirement.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Naahar |first1=Rohan |title=Sam Bahadur: Meghna Gulzar's crash course on how not to make a biopic, a dramatic reenactment of a Vicky-pedia page |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-how-not-to-make-a-biopic-vicky-kaushal-9137642/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=2 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
* [[Vicky Kaushal]] as [[Field marshal (India)|Field Marshal]] [[Sam Manekshaw| Sam HFJ Manekshaw]], the 7th [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]], Indian Army.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal thought he was 'not handsome enough' to play Sam Manekshaw in Sam Bahadur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-thought-he-was-not-handsome-enough-to-play-sam-manekshaw-in-sam-bahadur-101699412652293.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=8 November 2023}}</ref>
** Jiyana Kapadia as Baby Sam
* [[Sanya Malhotra]] as Silloo Manekshaw, Manekshaw's wife.<ref>{{cite news |last=Deb Roy |first=Lachmi |title=Vicky Kaushal's Sam Bahadur movie: All you need to know about Silloo Manekshaw, Sam's wife |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushals-sam-bahadur-movie-all-you-need-to-know-about-silloo-manekshaw-sams-wife-13478332.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=7 December 2023 |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Fatima Sana Shaikh]] as [[Indira Gandhi]], the 3rd Prime Minister of India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Talwar |first1=Puja |title=On a role: Fatima Sana Sheikh gears up to play Indira Gandhi in 'Sam Bahadur' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Oct/28/on-a-rolefatima-sana-sheikh-gears-up-to-play-indira-gandhi-in-sam-bahadur-2627261.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=29 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Fatima Sana Shaikh says 'wasn't sure' about playing Indira Gandhi in 'Sam Bahadur' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/fatima-sana-shaikh-says-how-she-was-unsure-about-playing-indira-gandhi-in-sam-bahadur-vicky-kaushal-sanya-malhotra-2447397-2023-10-11 |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[India Today]] |date=11 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Govind Namdev]] as [[Vallabhbhai Patel]], the 1st [[Deputy Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Shah Rukh Khan would smoke constantly, slept for just four hours; Salman Khan didn't interact much on Wanted set: Govind Namdev |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-would-smoke-constantly-slept-for-just-four-hours-salman-khan-didnt-interact-much-on-wanted-set-govind-namdev-9421025/ |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=28 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Neeraj Kabi]] as [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the 1st [[Prime Minister of India]].
* [[Mohammed Zeeshan Ayyub]] as [[General (Pakistan)|Gen.]] [[Yahya Khan]], the 3rd [[President of Pakistan]] and the 5th [[Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army]].
* Darius Chinoy as [[Air Chief Marshal]] [[Pratap Chandra Lal]].
* [[Ravindra Vijay]] as Swami
* Bobby Arora as [[Major (rank)|Major]] [[Onkar Singh Kalkat|O. S. Kalkat]], Indian Army.
* [[Aanjjan Srivastav]] as [[Yashwantrao Chavan]], the 8th [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]].
* [[Atul Kale]] as [[K. B. Lall]], [[Defence Secretary (India)|Defence Secretary]].
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as [[V. K. Krishna Menon]], the 7th Minister of Defence.
* Vivek Bahl as [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], the 2nd [[President of India]]
* Sanjay Roy as [[Zakir Husain]], the 3rd President of India
* Varun Narang as [[Sheikh Abdullah]]
* Manish Bomba as Gen. [[Abdul Hamid Khan (general)|Abdul Hamid Khan]], Chief of Staff, Pakistan Army.
* Upen Chauhan as [[Lieutenant general (Pakistan)|Lt. Gen.]] [[Tikka Khan]], [[East Pakistan|Governor of East Pakistan]].
* Rohan Verma as Capt. (later Lt. Gen.) [[Attiqur Rahman]], Manekshaw's friend and later [[West Pakistan|Governor of West Pakistan]].
* [[Edward Sonnenblick]] as [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Lord Louis Mountbatten]], [[Governor-General of India]].
* Paul O'Neill as [[Major-general|Maj. Gen.]] [[David Tennant Cowan|David Cowan]], Commander [[17th Infantry Division (India)|17th Infantry Division]]. [[British Indian Army]].
* Richard Maddison as [[Lieutenant colonel|Lt. Col.]] Donnie Edward, British Indian Army.
* Sammy Jonas Heaney as [[Captain|Capt.]] McLaren, British Indian Army.
* Ed Robinson as [[Lieutenant|Lt.]] D.A.D. Eykyn, British Indian Army.
* Jeffrey Goldberg as [[Henry Kissinger]], [[United States Secretary of State]].
* Richard Bhakti Klein as [[Kenneth Keating]], [[List of ambassadors of the United States to India|United States Ambassador to India]]
*Krishna Kant Singh Bundela as Subedar Gurbaksh Singh, Indian Army
*[[Kalki Koechlin]] in a special appearance in the song "Dum Hai Toh Aaja."
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In 2017, Meghna Gulzar narrated the story of the biopic on Sam Manekshaw to Kaushal at the sets of ''[[Raazi]]'' which she planned to make her next film. Kaushal impressed by the idea decided that he would play the character.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2023 |title=Alia Bhatt reacts to Sam Bahadur teaser, reveals she remembers when Meghna Gulzar first told Vicky Kaushal about film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-reacts-to-sam-bahadur-teaser-meghna-gulzar-vicky-kaushal-raazi-101697193070163.html |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018141349/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/alia-bhatt-reacts-to-sam-bahadur-teaser-meghna-gulzar-vicky-kaushal-raazi-101697193070163.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She then went for years of extensive research and writing collaborating with Bhavani Iyer and Shantanu Srivastava, also meeting with family members of Sam Manekshaw.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal wraps up the shoot for 'Sam Bahadur' |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/tag/meghna-gulzar |website=The Statesman |access-date=24 October 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029162139/https://www.thestatesman.com/tag/meghna-gulzar |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=8 November 2023 |title='Sam Bahadur' trailer: Vicky Kaushal set to inspire as Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sam-bahadur-trailer-vicky-kaushal-set-to-inspire-as-field-marshal-sam-manekshaw/article67512062.ece |access-date=17 November 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=17 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117120706/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sam-bahadur-trailer-vicky-kaushal-set-to-inspire-as-field-marshal-sam-manekshaw/article67512062.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> The film marks the second collaboration between Gulzar and Kaushal. In 2021, the film was announced by [[RSVP Movies]] on the 107th birth anniversary of late Sam Manekshaw.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal-starrer Sam Manekshaw biopic gets title |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sam-manekshaw-biopic-gets-title-7257080/ |access-date=1 September 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |date=3 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=30 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830135023/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sam-manekshaw-biopic-gets-title-7257080/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Soumyabrata |title=Vicky Kaushal-starrer Sam Manekshaw biopic finally gets a title! |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/article/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sam-manekshaw-biopic-finally-gets-a-title/740556 |access-date=2 September 2023 |publisher=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]] |date=3 April 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902004417/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/article/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sam-manekshaw-biopic-finally-gets-a-title/740556 |url-status=live}}</ref>

''Sam Bahadur'' was filmed with real Indian army soldiers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sam Bahadur: Vicky Kaushal Shot With Real Army Personnel For Meghna Gulzar's Directorial |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/sam-bahadur-vicky-kaushal-shot-with-real-army-personnel-for-meghna-gulzars-directorial |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[The Free Press Journal]] |date=20 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510162134/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/sam-bahadur-vicky-kaushal-shot-with-real-army-personnel-for-meghna-gulzars-directorial |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Lubna |title=Sam Bahadur EXCLUSIVE: Did you know Vicky Kaushal shot with real army personnel in Meghna Gulzar's directorial? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/sam-bahadur-exclusive-did-you-know-vicky-kaushal-shot-with-real-army-personnel-in-meghna-gulzars-directorial-1252582 |access-date=10 May 2024 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=20 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029145451/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/sam-bahadur-exclusive-did-you-know-vicky-kaushal-shot-with-real-army-personnel-in-meghna-gulzars-directorial-1252582 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
In December 2021, Shaikh and Malhotra joined the cast, marking their third collaboration together after ''[[Dangal (2016 film)|Dangal]]'' and ''[[Ludo (film)|Ludo]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal welcomes Dangal girls Fatima Sana Shaikh, Sanya Malhotra onboard Sam Manekshaw biopic |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanya-malhotra-fatima-sana-shaikh-join-vicky-kaushal-sam-manekshaw-biopic-sambahadur-7669977/ |access-date=2 September 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=13 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019232232/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sanya-malhotra-fatima-sana-shaikh-join-vicky-kaushal-sam-manekshaw-biopic-sambahadur-7669977/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dangal girls Sanya, Fatima come together for Vicky Kaushal-starrer Sam Bahadur |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dangal-girls-sanya-malhotra-fatima-sana-shaikh-come-together-for-vicky-kaushal-starrer-sam-bahadur-101639377527187.html |access-date=2 September 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=13 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=2 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902004134/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dangal-girls-sanya-malhotra-fatima-sana-shaikh-come-together-for-vicky-kaushal-starrer-sam-bahadur-101639377527187.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Kabi joined in September 2022 to portray the role of [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] marking his second collaboration with Gulzar after ''[[Talvar (film)|Talvar]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Dogra |first=Kanishka |title=Vicky Kaushal shoots for Sam Bahadur in Kashmir; actor Neeraj Kabi joins the cast as Jawaharlal Nehru |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vicky-kaushal-shoots-for-sam-bahadur-in-kashmir-actor-neeraj-kabi-joins-the-cast-as-jawaharlal-nehru/20d0021e1b135 |access-date=3 September 2023 |work=[[HT Media|OTTPlay]] |date=12 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903111310/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vicky-kaushal-shoots-for-sam-bahadur-in-kashmir-actor-neeraj-kabi-joins-the-cast-as-jawaharlal-nehru/20d0021e1b135 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kaushal has gone through extensive training in the army under the guidance of the Indian Army's 6 Sikh Regiment in preparing for his role.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal shares BTS moments from his Army training for Sam Bahadur; see here |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-shares-bts-moments-from-his-army-training-for-sam-bahadur-see-here/cid/1979095 |access-date=11 November 2023 |website=The Telegraph (India) |language=en |archive-date=11 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111085409/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-shares-bts-moments-from-his-army-training-for-sam-bahadur-see-here/cid/1979095 |url-status=live}}</ref> Kaushal in an interview with ''Film Companion'' revealed that the character would be his toughest onscreen role to date.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Team |date=26 July 2023 |title=Sam Bahadur is the toughest role I have gotten to do, says Vicky Kaushal |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/sam-bahadur-is-the-toughest-role-i-have-gotten-to-do-says-vicky-kaushal |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=filmcompanion.in |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231013110712/https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/sam-bahadur-is-the-toughest-role-i-have-gotten-to-do-says-vicky-kaushal |url-status=live}}</ref> The film will not have junior artists and instead real-life army personnel and people from the Defence Force have been cast.<ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=Lubna |title=Sam Bahadur EXCLUSIVE: Did you know Vicky Kaushal shot with real army personnel in Meghna Gulzar's directorial? |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/sam-bahadur-exclusive-did-you-know-vicky-kaushal-shot-with-real-army-personnel-in-meghna-gulzars-directorial-1252582 |access-date=29 October 2023 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=20 October 2023 |language=en |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029145451/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/sam-bahadur-exclusive-did-you-know-vicky-kaushal-shot-with-real-army-personnel-in-meghna-gulzars-directorial-1252582 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 8 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-sam-bahadur-meghna-gulzar-begins-filming-bts-8077597/ |title=Vicky Kaushal's film on Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw, Sam Bahadur, begins filming, see a riveting BTS look |date=8 August 2022 |access-date=7 September 2023 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907035523/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-sam-bahadur-meghna-gulzar-begins-filming-bts-8077597/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chowdhury |first=Titas |title=Vicky Kaushal, Meghna Gulzar Shoot for Sam Bahadur in Same Spot as Raazi, Actor Calls it 'Most Magical Journey' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vicky-kaushal-meghna-gulzar-shoot-for-sam-bahadur-in-same-spot-as-raazi-actor-calls-it-most-magical-journey-6880939.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=20 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162744/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vicky-kaushal-meghna-gulzar-shoot-for-sam-bahadur-in-same-spot-as-raazi-actor-calls-it-most-magical-journey-6880939.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The film was shot over two years in 13 locations in India covering four decades of the life of Sam Manekshaw.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal starrer Sam Bahadur was extensively shot across 13 Indian locations for THIS reason |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sam-bahadur-was-extensively-shot-across-13-indian-locations-for-this-reason-1253168 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |date=23 October 2023 |archive-date=24 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024023640/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/vicky-kaushal-starrer-sam-bahadur-was-extensively-shot-across-13-indian-locations-for-this-reason-1253168 |url-status=live}}</ref> Filming took place in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Jodhpur]], [[Pataudi]], [[Chandigarh]], [[Ooty]], [[Dehradun]], [[Kolkata]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Sen |first=Srijita |title=Vicky Kaushal Asks 'Kemon Achen' as He Lands in Kolkata For Sam Bahadur's Shoot, See Pic |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vicky-kaushal-asks-kemon-achen-as-he-lands-in-kolkata-for-sam-bahadurs-shoot-see-pic-6443173.html |access-date=3 September 2023 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=22 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903110459/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vicky-kaushal-asks-kemon-achen-as-he-lands-in-kolkata-for-sam-bahadurs-shoot-see-pic-6443173.html |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Patiala]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Arya |first=Prachi |title=Vicky Kaushal shoots for Sam Bahadur in Punjab, reveals how he manifested Meghna Gulzar's directorial |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vicky-kaushal-shoots-for-sam-bahadur-in-punjab-reveals-how-he-manifested-meghna-gulzars-directorial-2324258-2023-01-20 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 September 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120132221/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/vicky-kaushal-shoots-for-sam-bahadur-in-punjab-reveals-how-he-manifested-meghna-gulzars-directorial-2324258-2023-01-20 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Srinagar]], [[Pahalgam]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Khan |first=M Aamir |title='Lights, Camera, Action': Emraan Hashmi, Vicky Kaushal start shooting for 'Ground Zero', 'Sam Bahadur' in Kashmir - The Kashmir Monitor |url=https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/ground-zero-sam-bahadur-after-emraan-hashmi-vicky-kaushal-starts-shooting-in-kashmir/ |access-date=3 September 2023 |work=Kashmir Monitor |date=7 September 2022 |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903110500/https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/ground-zero-sam-bahadur-after-emraan-hashmi-vicky-kaushal-starts-shooting-in-kashmir/ |url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Lohana |first=Avinash |title=EXCLUSIVE: Vicky Kaushal shoots Sam Bahadur in Kashmir, Neeraj Kabi plays Jawaharlal Nehru; Next stop Delhi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-vicky-kaushal-shoots-sam-bahadur-in-kashmir-neeraj-kabi-plays-jawaharlal-nehru-next-stop-delhi-1189735 |access-date=3 September 2023 |work=[[Pinkvilla]] |date=12 September 2022 |language=en |archive-date=3 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903110502/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/exclusives/exclusive-vicky-kaushal-shoots-sam-bahadur-in-kashmir-neeraj-kabi-plays-jawaharlal-nehru-next-stop-delhi-1189735 |url-status=live}}</ref> Filming wrapped on 14 March 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal is filled with gratitude after completing Sam Bahadur: 'So much I got to live' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-is-filled-with-gratitude-after-completing-sam-bahadur-101678801225019.html |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=14 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162800/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-is-filled-with-gratitude-after-completing-sam-bahadur-101678801225019.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal announces wrap of 'Sam Bahadur' shoot; Meghna Gulzar directorial to be released on December 1 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/vicky-kaushal-announces-wrap-of-sam-bahadur-shoot-meghna-gulzar-directorial-to-be-released-on-december-1-23275282 |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=14 March 2023 |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162942/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/vicky-kaushal-announces-wrap-of-sam-bahadur-shoot-meghna-gulzar-directorial-to-be-released-on-december-1-23275282 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sam Bahadur
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 27 November 2023<ref name="jiosaavn">{{cite web |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sam-bahadur/N1IIWQhnhR4_ |title=Sam Bahadur – Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |date=27 November 2023 |publisher=Jiosaavn |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130090148/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/sam-bahadur/N1IIWQhnhR4_ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio = Purple Haze Studios YRF Studios
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:08
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Dono (film)|Dono]]
| prev_year = 2023
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[The Archies (film)|The Archies]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|pCamg5AuDIo|Sam Bahadur - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The music of the film was composed by [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] while the lyrics are written by [[Gulzar]]. Background score is composed by Ketan Sodha.<ref>{{cite news |last=Sanjeeiv |first=Niharika |title=On Army Day, Vicky Kaushal Is Shooting For Sam Bahadur With Indian Army. See Post |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/another-day-another-update-from-vicky-kaushal-s-sam-bahadur-diaries-3694016 |access-date=7 July 2023 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162837/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/another-day-another-update-from-vicky-kaushal-s-sam-bahadur-diaries-3694016 |url-status=live}}</ref> The first single titled "Badhte Chalo" was released on 13 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vicky Kaushal rallies troops for battle in Sam Bahadur's first song Badhte Chalo |url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-rallies-troops-for-battle-in-sam-bahadurs-first-song-badhte-chalo-watch-9024547/ |work=The Indian Express |date=13 November 2023 |access-date=13 November 2023 |archive-date=13 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113111029/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vicky-kaushal-rallies-troops-for-battle-in-sam-bahadurs-first-song-badhte-chalo-watch-9024547/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The second single titled "Banda" released on 22 November 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sam Bahadur song Banda: 'Unstoppable' Vicky Kaushal is all action and no talk in latest number. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-song-banda-unstoppable-vicky-kaushal-is-all-action-and-no-talk-in-latest-number-9037404/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218135940/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-song-banda-unstoppable-vicky-kaushal-is-all-action-and-no-talk-in-latest-number-9037404/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sam Bahadur song Banda: Shankar Mahadevan croons a rousing, inspirational track |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/sam-bahadur-song-banda-shankar-mahadevan-croons-a-rousing-inspirational-track-62692.html |access-date=18 December 2023 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=22 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=18 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218135942/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/sam-bahadur-song-banda-shankar-mahadevan-croons-a-rousing-inspirational-track-62692.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 15:08
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Badhte Chalo
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]
| length1 = 4:03
| title2 = Banda
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 3:59
| title3 = Itni Si Baat
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length3 = 4:15
| title4 = Dum Hai Toh Aaja
| extra4 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length4 = 2:51
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was theatrically released on 1 December 2023, clashing with Ranbir Kapoor's ''[[Animal (2023 Indian film)|Animal.]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Bahadur: Vicky Kaushal's Film To Release On This Date |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-s-sam-bahadur-gets-a-release-date-details-inside-3568628 |access-date=6 January 2024 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708082515/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/vicky-kaushal-s-sam-bahadur-gets-a-release-date-details-inside-3568628 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film premiered on [[ZEE5]] on 26 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vicky Kaushal's Blockbuster |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/vicky-kaushals-blockbuster-sam-bahadur-to-premiere-on-zee-5-on-republic-day |website=Bru Times News |language=en |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128084757/https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/vicky-kaushals-blockbuster-sam-bahadur-to-premiere-on-zee-5-on-republic-day |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sam Bahadur OTT release: X users hail Vicky Kaushal's 'pitch-perfect' performance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-ott-release-zee5-x-users-hail-vicky-kaushal-pitch-perfect-performance-101706284919171.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=26 January 2024 |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128084756/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-ott-release-zee5-x-users-hail-vicky-kaushal-pitch-perfect-performance-101706284919171.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''Sam Bahadur'' received mixed reviews from critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sam Bahadur Twitter reviews hail Vicky Kaushal as Sam Manekshaw in Meghna Gulzar's film |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-twitter-reviews-meghna-gulzar-vicky-kaushal-sam-manekshaw-101701407859529.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225165341/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-twitter-reviews-meghna-gulzar-vicky-kaushal-sam-manekshaw-101701407859529.html |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |quote=While the film received mixed reviews from critics, Vicky Kaushal has clearly won the hearts of the audience with the biopic.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Naaz |first=Fareha |date=30 November 2023 |title='Sam Bahadur' audience review: Vicky Kaushal starrer film receives positive response, 'perfect emulation' say netizens |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/sam-bahadur-audience-review-vicky-kaushal-starrer-film-receives-positive-response-perfect-emulation-say-netizens-11701326883938.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250225165634/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/sam-bahadur-audience-review-vicky-kaushal-starrer-film-receives-positive-response-perfect-emulation-say-netizens-11701326883938.html |archive-date=25 February 2025 |access-date=25 February 2025 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=38|count=16|average=5.9|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=8 December 2023}}

Catherine Bray of ''[[The Guardian]]'' rated the film 3 stars and stated "It's a perennial problem for biopics; how to give events the momentum of fiction when the underlying narrative is fact."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bray |first=Catherine |title=Sam Bahadur review – Indian war hero Sam Manekshaw is the guy who can do no wrong |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/dec/01/sam-bahadur-review-meghna-gulzar-brave-manekshaw-indian-war-hero |access-date=2 December 2023 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202150455/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/dec/01/sam-bahadur-review-meghna-gulzar-brave-manekshaw-indian-war-hero |archive-date=2 December 2023}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref>

Subhash K. Jha of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated 3.5 stars out of 5, critisied "I am afraid Vicky Kaushal, a reasonably talented actor, is not equal to the task. ... But mimicking the original doesn’t quite amount to a comprehensive character creation."<ref>{{cite news |last=K Jha |first=Subhash |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |title=Sam Bahadur Movie Review: Vicky Kaushal, Meghna Gulzar's Film Picks Up Where The Actors Lack Depth |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/sam-bahadur-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-meghna-gulzar-film-picks-up-where-the-actors-lack-depth-review-105601571 |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=29 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407154827/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/sam-bahadur-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-meghna-gulzar-film-picks-up-where-the-actors-lack-depth-review-105601571 |url-status=live}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave a rating 2.5/5 and wrote "It's hard to play a character so closely without becoming a caricature, but Kaushal becomes ''Sam Bahadur''."<ref>{{cite news |last=Gupta |first=Shubhra |author-link=Shubhra Gupta |title=Sam Bahadur review: Vicky Kaushal is spot on in an excessively declamatory film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sam-bahadur-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-film-suffers-from-being-excessively-declamatory-9049060/ |access-date=2 December 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=30 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202050633/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/sam-bahadur-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-film-suffers-from-being-excessively-declamatory-9049060/ |url-status=live}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote, "Nothing that the movie tells isn't already available in the public domain."<ref>{{cite news |last=Verma |first=Sukanya |author-link=Sukanya Verma |title=Review: Sam Bahadur: The Amar Chitra Katha Version |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sam-bahadur-review/20231201.htm |access-date=2 December 2023 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=1 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202152400/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/sam-bahadur-review/20231201.htm |url-status=live}}{{rating|2.5|5}}</ref> [[Mayank Shekhar]] of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' expressed "Vicky Kaushal is the last person I’d imagine as playing Manekshaw." Shekhar gave 3 stars to the movie and wrote "The trivia that follows is the film. Messing with no known facts, one bit. Only detailing them as they’re widely known."<ref>{{cite news |last=Shekhar |first=Mayank |author-link=Mayank Shekhar |title='Sam Bahadur' movie review: Played it too straight, Sam? |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sam-bahadur-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-played-it-too-straight-sam-23322813 |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202033844/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/sam-bahadur-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-played-it-too-straight-sam-23322813 |archive-date=2 December 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "The film critiques the relationship between the politicians and the military."<ref>{{cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |title='Sam Bahadur' movie review: An adulatory tribute to India's most beloved soldier |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sam-bahadur-movie-review-an-adulatory-tribute-to-indias-most-beloved-soldier/article67596021.ece |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201204451/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sam-bahadur-movie-review-an-adulatory-tribute-to-indias-most-beloved-soldier/article67596021.ece |archive-date=1 December 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Reviewing for ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Prannay Pathak spotted the music of the movie is underperforming. Pathak wrote "The film’s music is loud, distracting and unmelodious (the war anthem Badhte Chalo is unbelievably insipid and inelegant), which is surprising considering Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy’s obvious musical prowess and the trio’s last fabulous collaboration with Gulzar, Raazi."<ref>{{cite news |last=Pathak |first=Prannay |title=Sam Bahadur movie review: Facile and forgettable vignette reel powered by Vicky Kaushal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-movie-review-facile-and-forgettable-vignette-reel-powered-by-vicky-kaushal-101701390875987.html |access-date=25 June 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=1 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201020353/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/sam-bahadur-movie-review-facile-and-forgettable-vignette-reel-powered-by-vicky-kaushal-101701390875987.html |archive-date=1 December 2023}}</ref> Anusha Sundar for ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' reviewed and wrote "Sam Bahadur is unfortunately apathetic to both its protagonist and the audience."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |title='Sam Bahadur' movie review; A glorious Vicky Kaushal in a lacklustre retelling |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/Dec/02/sam-bahadur-movie-review-a-glorious-vicky-kaushal-in-a-lacklustre-retelling-2637907.html |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the movie 3.5/5 stars and observed "Vicky Kaushal channels his inner Dev Anand to play the title character."<ref>{{cite news |last=Sharma |first=Devesh |title=Sam Bahadur Movie Review {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/sam-bahadur-movie-review-62850.html |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=[[Filmfare]] |date=30 November 2023 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref>

Nandini Ramnath of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' observed "The greatest hits approach leans on recorded history rather than compelling fiction for dramatic momentum."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |title='Sam Bahadur' review: A little bit of everything and nothing about any one thing in particular |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1059736/sam-bahadur-review-a-little-bit-of-everything-and-nothing-about-any-one-thing-in-particular |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=1 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Pratikshya Mishra of ''[[The Quint]]'' commented "''Sam Bahadur'' is relegated to the ranks of a simple biography."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mishra |first=Pratikshya |title='Sam Bahadur' Review: Vicky Kaushal-Starrer Is Engaging for the Most Part |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/sam-bahadur-full-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-sanya-malhotra-fatima-sana-shaikh-sam-manekshaw-indira-gandhi-war-film |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=30 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Tatsam Mukherjee of ''[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]'' stated "Sam Bahadur is a painfully ‘safe’ film that is in much awe of its protagonist..."<ref>{{cite news |last=Mukherjee |first=Tatsam |title='Sam Bahadur': Yet Another Biopic That Is in Awe of Its Protagonist |url=https://thewire.in/film/sam-bahadur-biopic-review-meghan-gulzar-vicky-kaushal |access-date=7 July 2024 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=1 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Writing a review for ''[[Rediff.com]]'', [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] [[Syed Ata Hasnain]] praised Meghna Gulzar's effort and stated "You have to grant it to Meghna's research team and those sourcing military hardware for the film."<ref>{{cite news |last=Hasnain |first=Syed Ata |author-link=Syed Ata Hasnain |title=Sam Bahadur Is A Delight To Watch |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/a-general-reviews-sam-bahadur/20231203.htm |access-date=7 April 2024 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=3 December 2023 |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407142502/https://www.rediff.com/movies/column/a-general-reviews-sam-bahadur/20231203.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Box office===
On its first day, the film collected {{INR|6.25 crore}}, the second day {{INR|9 crore}} and the third day {{INR|10.30 crore}}. The film has earned {{INRConvert|110.69|c}} in India and {{INRConvert|17.48|c}} in overseas for a worldwide gross collection of {{INRConvert|128.17|c}}.<ref name="bo" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Bahadur Box Office Collection Day 3: "Stands On Its Feet Despite A Hurricane Called Animal" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sam-bahadur-box-office-collection-vicky-kaushal-s-film-collects-10-30-crore-on-day-3-4631557 |access-date=4 December 2023 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=4 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204090914/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sam-bahadur-box-office-collection-vicky-kaushal-s-film-collects-10-30-crore-on-day-3-4631557 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pv">{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Sam Bahadur Box Office Collection |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/movie/sam-bahadur/box-office |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225050025/https://www.pinkvilla.com/movie/sam-bahadur/box-office |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Ceremony date
!Category
!Recipients
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |[[69th Filmfare Awards|28 January 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Best Film (Critics)]]
|[[Meghna Gulzar]]
| {{Nom}}
| rowspan="9" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193555/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-64104.html |magazine=[[Filmfare]] |date=29 January 2024 |access-date=30 January 2024 |archive-date=30 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130011808/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-64104.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vicky Kaushal]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]]
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Gulzar]] for "Itni Si Baat"
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]]
|Subrata Chakraborty and Amit Ray
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Sound Design|Best Sound Design]]
|Kunal Sharma
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|Ketan Sodha
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Sachin Lovelekar, Divvya Gambhir and Nidhhi Gambhir
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Action|Best Action]]
|Parvez Shaikh
|{{Nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[24th IIFA Awards|28 September 2024]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|''Sam Bahadur''
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards Announces {{as written|I|t's [sic]}} Highly Anticipated 2024 Nominations |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa--awards-announces-its-highly-anticipated-2024-nominations- |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA 2024: Shah Rukh Khan Wins Best Actor, Rani Mukerji Bags Best Actress Award. Check Out Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-shah-rukh-khan-wins-best-actor-rani-mukerji-bags-best-actress-award-see-full-list-of-winners-6674464 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Unveils 2024 Technical Awards Winners: Honouring the Trailblazers of Indian Cinema! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa-unveils-2024-technical-awards-winners-honouring-the-trailblazers-of-indian-cinema |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Vicky Kaushal]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Sanya Malhotra]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Gulzar]] – "Itni Si Baat"
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[71st National Film Awards|1 August 2025]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values|Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values]]
|[[Meghna Gulzar]], Unilazer Ventures Private Limited
|{{won}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|Sachin Lovelekar, Divvya Gambhir and Nidhhi Gambhir
|{{won}}
|-
|[[National Film Award for Best Make-up Artist|Best Make-up Artist]]
|Shrikant Desai
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes | sam_bahadur }}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=sam-bahadur}}

{{Meghna Gulzar filmography}}[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language biographical films]]
[[Category:Biographical action films]]
[[Category:Films about India–Pakistan wars and conflicts]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Films based on the Bangladesh Liberation War]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Jawaharlal Nehru]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Henry Kissinger]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Lord Mountbatten]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Pakistani people]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pune]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chandigarh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Dehradun]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Films shot in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Yahya Khan]]
[[Category:Films directed by Meghna Gulzar]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of presidents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films that won the Best Costume Design National Film Award]]
[[Category:Films that won the National Film Award for Best Make-up]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film Promoting National, Social and Environmental Values National Film Award winners]]

Mudhalvan

2026-03-16T14:47:38Z

BellEggers2: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mudhalvan.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]
| screenplay = Shankar
| story = Shankar
{{Infobox
| decat = yes
| child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{ubl | [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]]}}
}}
| producer = S. Shankar [[R. Madhesh]]
| starring = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] [[Manisha Koirala]] [[Raghuvaran]]
| cinematography = [[K. V. Anand]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]] [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| studio = [[S Pictures|S Films]]
| distributor = S Films
| released = {{film date|1999|11|7|df=y}}
| runtime = 171 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mudhalvan''''' ({{Translation|Chief Minister}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[political fiction|political]] [[action film]] co-produced, co-written and directed by [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]. The film stars [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Manisha Koirala]], and [[Raghuvaran]] in lead roles, while [[Vadivelu]] and [[Manivannan]] appear in supporting roles. The film featured an award-winning soundtrack composed by [[A. R. Rahman]], cinematography by [[K. V. Anand]], and dialogue by [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 November 1999 |title=Love makes the filmi world go round |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/04spice.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025192859/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/1999/nov/04spice.htm |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=15 March 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Many members of the DMK government of Tamil Nadu (which was the ruling party at that time) believed that the antagonist was modelled on [[M. Karunanidhi]], the CM & Supreme Leader of the DMK. Subsequently, the film received release issues and oppressive pressure from the DMK.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 November 1999 |title=The war within |url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/15mudal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725072411/https://m.rediff.com/movies/1999/dec/15mudal.htm |archive-date=25 July 2021 |access-date=22 Oct 2025 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

The film revolves around an ambitious TV journalist, Pugazhendi, who gets his first interview with the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]. Pugazh asks controversial questions regarding the Chief Minister's inactions, to which the CM challenges him to face his unresolved issues by becoming his replacement CM for a day. After initially rejecting the offer, Pugazh agrees and manages to implement immense and effective changes to the government, to the point where state voters eventually elect him as their new Chief Minister. The subsequent unpopularity and jealousy that the old Chief Minister goes through results in him taking revenge on Pugazh, and how he is stopped forms the crux of the story.

The film was released on 7 November 1999, as a [[Diwali]] release. Within days of the release of the film, Madurai had a high number of pirated videos and cable operators requested with airing the film multiple times on their channels.<ref name=":0" /> Despite opposition from the DMK government & its associated party, the film received critical acclaim and was a major commercial success, becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|second highest-grossing Tamil film]] of 1999. The film ran for over 100 days in theatres and won awards on a regional scale. The film was later remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Nayak: The Real Hero]]'' (2001) by the same director.

== Plot ==
N. Pugazhendi "Pugazh" is a news reporter in [[Chennai]]. One day, a riot occurs between students and bus drivers in the city. The [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] of the state, Aranganathar, tells the police not to arrest the protesters as they belong to his community and political party, in a conversation recorded on video by Pugazh.

Pugazh also meets Thenmozhi and falls for her honesty and bravery, but her father does not accept his marriage proposal as he disapproves of his daughter marrying someone who is not a government employee.

Some days later, Pugazh interviews Aranganathar on television and confronts him for various actions by his party as well as his choice of inaction at the riot. Aranganathar claims that Pugazh does not understand the pressures a Chief Minister faces and challenges him to act in the post for a day, which Pugazh accepts.

In his allotted 24 hours, Pugazh takes action to reduce corruption and increase welfare in Tamil Nadu, assisted by an honest government secretary called Mayakrishnan. Pugazh's final action of the day is to bring corruption charges against the ruling party; Aranganathar is arrested but is bailed out by the attorney general. Upon his release, Aranganathar sends goons to kill Pugazh, but he escapes with minor injuries.

Pugazh visits Pooncholai and is applauded by the villagers before spending his day with Thenmozhi in peace. Meanwhile, Aranganathar's public image is tarnished, and the coalition parties refuse to support his reinstatement, resulting in the dissolution of the legislature, and precipitating a general election. There is enormous public support for Pugazh to become Chief Minister, but he initially refuses due to his desire to lead a normal life. Mayakrishnan eventually convinces Pugazh sacrifice his comfort and run for election, and he wins a huge majority and all legislature seats.

Pugazh gets to work developing the state and improving welfare standards while Aranganathar and other politicians' anger increases, culminating in them hiring a hitman to kill Pugazh. Pugazh sneaks away to visit Thenmozhi and is almost caught by the hitman. Thenmozhi's father tells Pugazh that he must choose between the Chief Minister job and a relationship with his daughter. Pugazh's parents agree to speak to Thenmozhi's father to attempt to convince him otherwise.

Mayakrishnan phones Pugazh to inform him that a bomb has been planted in his home just as the bomb explodes, killing Pugazh's parents. Pugazh travels to confront Aranganathar and learns of the latter's plan to plant bombs across Chennai. Pugazh and Mayakrishnan send for a bomb squad, who manage to reach and defuse all except one of the bombs.

Aranganathar blames Pugazh for the incident, claiming it to be a ploy to win public support. Pugazh invites Aranganathar to his office. While they talk, Pugazh pulls a gun and shoots himself, but does not sustain any major injuries. He then throws the gun to Aranganathar. Security guards hear the gunfire and enter to see Aranganathar pointing the gun at Pugazh. The security guards shoot and kill Aranganathar, who recalls the initial television interview in his dying moments.

Pugazh is conflicted, glad to continue his mission of improving the state but guilty for his part in Aranganathar's death and feeling forced to play the game of politics. He is comforted by Mayakrishnan, who insists he only played the game for a deserving cause and that Aranganathar deserved his fate. Thenmozhi's father finally appreciates Pugazh's successes and agrees to the marriage. Pugazh's work leads to the people of Tamil Nadu enjoying a high level of development and freedom from violence and corruption.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as N. Pugazhenthi "Pugazh"
* [[Manisha Koirala]] as Thenmozhi
* [[Laila (actress)|Laila]] as Kalakkal Shuba (special appearance)
* [[Raghuvaran]] as Aranganathar
* [[Vadivelu]] as Palavesham
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Thenmozhi's father
* [[Cochin Haneefa|V. M. C. Haneefa]] as Chinnasamy, Aranganathar's right-hand henchman
* [[Sushmita Sen]] in item number "Shakalaka Baby" (special appearance)
* [[S. V. Ramadoss]] as Minister Thirupathisamy, coalition party leader
* Artist Natanam as R. Narayanan, Pugazhenthi's father
* [[Kalairani]] as Pugazhenthi's mother
* [[Fathima Babu]] as Maragadham, Aranganathar's wife
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Manohar, Chief of Security for Pugazhenthi
* [[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] as Palavesham's uncle
* [[Manivannan]] as [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] Maya Krishnan
* [[Scissor Manohar]] as a bus driver in the student riot
* [[Besant Ravi|Ravi]] as slum rogue
* [[Sampath Ram]] as sub-inspector (uncredited)<ref name="K">{{Cite web|url=https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/a-famous-tamil-movie-villain-who-is-going-to-mix-in-hollywood|title=ஹாலிவுட்டில் கலக்க இருக்கும் பிரபல தமிழ்ப்பட வில்லன்!|first=|last=|date=10 February 2023|website=Kalki Online|access-date=4 May 2025|archive-date=27 January 2025|archive-url=https://archive.today/20250127080722/https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/a-famous-tamil-movie-villain-who-is-going-to-mix-in-hollywood|url-status=live}}</ref>

}}

== Production ==

Following the success of ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1998), [[S. Shankar]] chose to make a political action film, which would later become ''Mudhalvan''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 May 2012 |title=Maverick maker |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/maverick-maker/article3460457.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115160136/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/maverick-maker/article3460457.ece |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

The lead role was initially written with [[Rajinikanth]] in mind, but he was unwilling to star in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 September 2013 |title=Rajinikanth was to do Shankar's 'Mudhalvan' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Rajinikanth-was-to-do-Shankars-Mudhalvan/articleshow/22368963.cms |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113044500/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know-/Rajinikanth-was-to-do-Shankars-Mudhalvan/articleshow/22368963.cms |archive-date=13 January 2015}}</ref> [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] was also considered by Shankar for the role, though the actor turned the offer down.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2011 |title=Shankar is the Spielberg of Indian cinema: Vijay |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-is-the-spielberg-of-indian-cinema-vijay-news-tamil-lmzmjUhiafh.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305121203/http://www.sify.com/movies/shankar-is-the-spielberg-of-indian-cinema-vijay-news-tamil-lmzmjUhiafh.html |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=27 December 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aishwarya |first=S. |date=11 February 2010 |title=Shankar connects with fans |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Shankar-connects-with-fans/article15982755.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622072103/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Shankar-connects-with-fans/article15982755.ece |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> Shankar revealed that he even approached [[Kamal Haasan]] for the film, but he was doing ''[[Hey Ram]]'' at that time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=11 October 2014 |title=Shankar and I |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-exclusive-interview-with-director-shankar/article6491753.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115160136/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/an-exclusive-interview-with-director-shankar/article6491753.ece |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=211}} [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], who had previously collaborated with Shankar in ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]'' (1993), was willing to offer bulk schedule dates for the film and was subsequently signed on.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=211}}

Shankar noted that he was interested in casting [[Meena (actress)|Meena]] as the lead actress, but opted against doing so as the actress was working with Arjun in another film in the same period, ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shanker |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6006633&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305121207/http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=6006633&cid=2408 |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=27 December 2013 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Ayyappa |title=A bundle of nerves, again! |url=http://www.screenindia.com/south.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991118124233/http://www.screenindia.com/south.htm |archive-date=18 November 1999 |access-date=5 September 2020 |website=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]}}</ref> Subsequently, [[Manisha Koirala]], who worked with Shankar in ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]'', was selected to play that role. [[Raghuvaran]] was signed to play the chief antagonist in the film, while [[Vadivelu]] and [[Manivannan]] were also chosen to play other characters. Despite reports that [[Shilpa Shetty]] was added to the cast in February 1999, it was later clarified to be untrue.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajitha |date=12 February 1999 |title=Do not disturb |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/feb/12ss.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215092929/http://www.rediff.com/movies/1999/feb/12ss.htm |archive-date=15 February 2009 |access-date=28 September 2008 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> [[Laila Mehdin|Laila]], who had made her acting debut earlier in the year with ''[[Kallazhagar]]'', was signed on to appear in the film. Originally, her role was supposed to feature throughout the film, but Shankar shortened her character, owing to her call sheet problems.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=211}} Renowned [[muralist]] Natanam and [[Kalairani]] were cast as Arjun's parents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2013 |title=Muralist Natanam honoured |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Muralist-Natanam-honoured/2013/05/14/article1588569.ece?service=print |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104140/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Muralist-Natanam-honoured/2013/05/14/article1588569.ece?service=print |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2001 |title=Magic of metal |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/18/stories/13180073.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115160136/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/18/stories/13180073.htm |archive-date=15 January 2016 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2001 |title=Power-packed performer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/11/stories/09110354.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115160136/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/11/stories/09110354.htm |archive-date=15 January 2016 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[S. Sashikanth]], who went on to produce films like ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010) and ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (2014), and K. R. Mathivaanan, who directed ''[[Aridhu Aridhu]]'' (2010), worked as assistant directors.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=2 March 2012 |title=Why Not? |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/why-not/article2952125.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115160136/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/why-not/article2952125.ece |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=26 December 2010 |title=Getting better |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Getting-better/article15608523.ece |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622072752/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/Getting-better/article15608523.ece |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref>

The film was jointly launched by S. Shankar and his co-director [[R. Madhesh]] in October 1998 at an event attended by actors and technicians from the Tamil film industry, with actors Rajinikanth and Kamal Haasan being the special invitees.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandya |title=***Tamil Movie News*** |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/98/Nov/news1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219170120/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/98/Nov/news1.htm |archive-date=19 December 2014 |access-date=15 March 2011 |website=Indolink}}</ref> Production continued for several months, with reports suggesting that the film was delayed due to Manisha Koirala's unavailability though Shankar later stressed the production work demanded such delay. Parts of the film were also shot in [[Bikaner]], [[Rajasthan]] while the team also shot extensively in rural [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=T. Krithika |date=5 November 1999 |title=Film maker with a Midas touch |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/82C77484216203FC65256940004BD6F1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212136/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/82C77484216203FC65256940004BD6F1 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=15 March 2011 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The film's cinematographer Anand later noted that the scenes involving crowds shot on [[Anna Salai]], [[Chennai]] were among the hardest and most satisfying scenes he had worked on.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2013 |title=''Rajini and Vijay couldn't do it for unknown reasons'', K.V.Anand |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/k-v-anand-talks-in-detail-about-his-mudhalvan-experience.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227235602/http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-10/k-v-anand-talks-in-detail-about-his-mudhalvan-experience.html |archive-date=27 December 2013 |access-date=27 December 2013 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> The song "Shakalaka Baby" was the last song to be shot, with [[Sushmita Sen]] selected to feature in a special appearance for the song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 1999 |title=Gentleman are back |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/C6382B502514142865256940004BD6FB |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212153/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/C6382B502514142865256940004BD6FB |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=15 March 2011 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Venkatesh |first=Jyothi |date=28 April 2002 |title=Frank and forthright |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/E26EE954751EF176E5256BB4002A7B71 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212210/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/E26EE954751EF176E5256BB4002A7B71 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=15 March 2011 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2000 |title=Interview: Director Shankar Speaks Out His Mind |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2000/3-1/shankar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001011064646/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2000/3-1/shankar.htm |archive-date=11 October 2000 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> Stunt master [[Peter Hein]] revealed that he worked as a body double for Arjun in the scene where he had to run nude on the streets.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2006 |title=Living on the edge |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/living-on-the-edge/article3190901.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115160136/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/living-on-the-edge/article3190901.ece |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

== Themes and influences ==

The film dealt with the theme of a television cameraman who is forced to take over the duty of Chief Minister for one day. It also dealt with the concept of opportunities for educated people in politics and demonstrated it is possible to bring change in the country. The film's basic idea was inspired from [[Nixon interviews|Nixon-Frost interviews]] which were broadcast in 1977 and also inspired by Indian actor [[Sivaji Ganesan]] being named the honorary mayor of [[Niagara Falls, New York]] for one day during his visit to the United States.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=210}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2022 |title=The Little-Known But Fascinating Connection Between Film Mudhalvan and Shivaji Ganesan |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-little-known-but-fascinating-connection-between-film-mudhalvan-and-shivaji-ganesan-4896890.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711064439/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/the-little-known-but-fascinating-connection-between-film-mudhalvan-and-shivaji-ganesan-4896890.html |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mudhalvan
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 31 October 1999
| recorded = Panchathan Record Inn, Chennai
| venue =
| studio = Panchathan Studios, A.M Studios
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 36:19
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = Five Star audio
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Thakshak]]
| prev_year = 1999
| next_title = [[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]
| next_year = 2000
}}

The soundtrack features six songs composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and lyrics penned by [[Vairamuthu]], except Shakalaka Baby which Shankar wrote.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mudhalvan / Jodi |url=https://avdigital.in/products/mudhalvan-jodi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206214547/https://avdigital.in/products/mudhalvan-jodi |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=AVDigital |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 1999 |title=Mudhalvan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/mudhalvan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/635851508 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622073651/https://music.apple.com/in/album/mudhalvan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/635851508 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref> The song "Shakalaka Baby" was re-edited by A. R. Rahman and featured on the international musical production ''[[Bombay Dreams]]'', which ran in [[Europe]] and [[North America]] from 2002 to 2005. This version was also released as a single. A [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin Chinese]] remix of the track sung by [[Singapore]]an singer [[Kelly Poon]] was featured in her album ''[[In the Heart of the World|In the Heart Of The World]]'' (2007).{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=211}}

The release of the soundtrack was held at [[Sathyam cinemas|Sathyam Cinemas]], [[Chennai]], on 31 October 1999 with two songs from the film being performed on stage. The special guests for the event were actor [[Kamal Haasan]] and actress [[Sushmita Sen]], who performed an [[item number]] in the film. The event was well attended by the cast and the crew of the film, with other guests including cinematographer [[P. C. Sriram]], actress [[Sarika]], and actor [[Suriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=MR |date=31 October 1999 |title=First Shot |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/64C3D6F0142A9044652569400060594C |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212329/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/64C3D6F0142A9044652569400060594C |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=15 March 2011 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The soundtrack was a critical and commercial success; the initial day audio sale alone exceeded three lakh units.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M |date=11 November 2011 |title=Audio CDs stay in tune with digital era |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/audio-cds-stay-in-tune-with-digital-era/articleshow/10685325.cms |url-status=live |access-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230622074018/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/audio-cds-stay-in-tune-with-digital-era/articleshow/10685325.cms |archive-date=22 June 2023}}</ref> The song "Azhagana Rakshasiye" is based on Rithigowla raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=25 November 2011 |title=Riveting Ritigowla |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/riveting-ritigowla/article2659559.ece |url-status=live |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115160136/http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/riveting-ritigowla/article2659559.ece |archive-date=15 January 2016}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Tamil
| all_lyrics = [[Vairamuthu]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kurukku Chiruththavale
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length1 = 6:42
| title2 = Mudhalvanae
| extra2 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[S. Janaki]]
| length2 = 5:29
| title3 = Uppu Karuvadu
| extra3 = Shankar Mahadevan, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length3 = 5:38
| title4 = Azhagana Ratchashiyae
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]], [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| length4 = 6:11
| title5 = Ulundhu Vithakkaiyilae
| extra5 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Swarnalatha]], Hariharan, Mahalakshmi Iyer
| length5 = 6:05
| title6 = Shakalaka Baby
| extra6 = [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Pravin Mani]]
| length6 = 5:23
| total_length = 35:28 
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Telugu
| all_lyrics = [[A. M. Ratnam]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nelluri Nerajana
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| length1 = 6:44
| title2 = Magadheera
| extra2 = [[S. Janaki]], [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length2 = 6:41
| title3 = Utti Meeda Koodu
| extra3 = Shankar Mahadevan, [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length3 = 5:41
| title4 = Andala Rakshasive
| extra4 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
| length4 = 6:13
| title5 = Eruvaka
| extra5 = [[Swarnalatha]], [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| length5 = 6:05
| title6 = Shakalaka Baby
| extra6 = [[Vasundhara Das]], [[Pravin Mani]], [[Devan Ekambaram]]
| length6 = 5:38
}}

== Release ==
The film's release prints were {{Convert|4876|m|ft|abbr=on}} long.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=210}} The film was released on 7 November 1999 while the Telugu dubbed version, ''Oke Okkadu'' ({{translation}}: ''Only One'') released on 9 November 1999 which was also a blockbuster.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jeevi |title=Oke Okkadu – A review |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-oke.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526083039/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-oke.html |archive-date=26 May 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2019 |title=20 Glorious Years for Sri Venkateswara Creations |url=https://www.telugu360.com/20-glorious-years-for-sri-venkateshwara-creations/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710062433/https://www.telugu360.com/20-glorious-years-for-sri-venkateshwara-creations/ |archive-date=10 July 2022 |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=Telugu360}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2021 |title=Shristi becomes one-day CM of Uttarakhand! |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/shristi-becomes-one-day-cm-of-uttarakhand-668477 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501064958/https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/shristi-becomes-one-day-cm-of-uttarakhand-668477 |archive-date=1 May 2022 |access-date=1 May 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Upon release, the film won positive reviews and was successful at the box office. It was later remade in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Nayak (2001 Hindi film)|Nayak]]''.<ref name="celebrates 100 days">{{Cite web |title=Mudhalvan – the mega hit – celebrates 100 days |url=http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/mudhalvan/mudhalvan100day.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719224729/http://www.pvv.ntnu.no/~kailasan/mudhalvan/mudhalvan100day.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 |access-date=15 March 2011 |website=pvv.ntnu.no}}</ref> The film went on to run for over one hundred days in cinemas with an event being held at Kamaraj Hall on 25 February 2000 to mark one hundred days since release. The event, similar to the launch, attracted several people from the film industry with Kamal Haasan, once again, being the chief guest of the event.<ref name="celebrates 100 days" />

== Reception ==
On 21 November 1999, ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' in its review gave 43 marks and appreciated the film stating that: "One can see Shankar's grandeur in the way he presented a social problem magnificently. Shankar has approached a serious social issue with usual entertainment elements".{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2011|page=211}} ''[[The Hindu]]'' said "Shankar scores again". In regard to the lead performances, Arjun is described as having "acquitted himself with aplomb", while Manisha's performance was criticised with claims that she "lacks the freshness that one always associates her with". The critic also referred to Shankar's direction and Sujatha's dialogues as a "positive", while drawing praise to the videos of the songs describing that "every song and dance sequence seems a magnum opus by itself".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 November 1999 |title=Mudhalvan |url=http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/11/12/stories/09120222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010413133853/http://www.indiaserver.com/thehindu/1999/11/12/stories/09120222.htm |archive-date=13 April 2001 |access-date=3 August 2024 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' described the film as "absorbing" and praised certain scenes, although it criticised the videos of the songs as a "fiasco".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ulaganathan |first=G. |date=14 November 1999 |title=Absorbing film |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/1B2DE58D8F77D2F165256941003DC8E8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725212302/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/1B2DE58D8F77D2F165256941003DC8E8 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=15 March 2011 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> Aurangazeb of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised the screenplay and certain scenes which make impact but panned the visual effects and felt the film has a documentary feel which is both positive and negative.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஒளரங்கசீப் |date=28 November 1999 |title=முதல்வன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-11-28/page/32/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230501114251/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-11-28/page/32/mode/2up |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=17 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=32–33 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Award
!Category
!Recipient
!{{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[47th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Filmfare Best Music Director Award]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ashok Kumar |first=S. R. |date=15 April 2000 |title=Star-spangled show on cards |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/04/15/stories/09150651.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715231701/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/04/15/stories/09150651.htm |archive-date=15 July 2006 |access-date=16 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |date=26 April 2000 |title=Southern Filmfare awards presented at glittering ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/southern-filmfare-awards-presented-at-glittering-ceremony/articleshow/883089902.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927130923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/southern-filmfare-awards-presented-at-glittering-ceremony/articleshow/883089902.cms |archive-date=27 September 2024 |access-date=27 September 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|[[Vasundhara Das]] for "Shakalaka Baby"
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography – South]]
|[[Chinni Prakash]]
|-
|[[Cinema Express Awards]]
|Best Villain
|[[Raghuvaran]]
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Recently |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/4Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U4.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324015140/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/4Hot%20News%20Just%20for%20U4.htm |archive-date=24 March 2012 |access-date=27 September 2024 |website=Cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | Dinakaran Film Awards
|Best Director
|S. Shankar
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awards: "Dinakaran Cinema Awards"--1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625100834/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/28-1.htm |archive-date=25 June 2008 |website=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=16 September 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Music Director
|A. R. Rahman
|-
|Best Female Playback Singer
|S. Janaki
|-
|Best Villain Actor
|Raghuvaran
|-
|Best Dialogue Writer
|Sujatha
|-
|Best Stunt Director
|Kanal Kannan
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|Raghuvaran
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2000 |title=Awards: Tamilnadu Government Announces Cinema State Awards -1999 |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm |url-status=dead |website=[[Dinakaran]] |access-date=27 September 2024 |archive-date=10 February 2001 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210034542/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/awards/29-12-00/state.htm }}</ref>
|}

== In popular culture ==
Songs from the film's soundtrack inspired a number of Tamil film titles. [[Rama Narayanan]] directed a film titled ''Shakalaka Baby'' in 2002.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shakalaka Baby |url=http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Shakalaka%20Baby.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220183606/http://cinematoday2.itgo.com/Shakalaka%20Baby.htm |archive-date=20 December 2016 |access-date=9 December 2016 |website=cinematoday2.itgo.com}}</ref> A film titled ''Lukku Vida Thonalaiyaa'', a line from the song "Shakalaka Baby", also began production in 2002 but was not released.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2002 |title="Lukku Vida Thonalaiyaa"! |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2002/01-2-02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041029193710/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/cinenews/2002/01-2-02.html |archive-date=29 October 2004 |access-date=21 November 2020 |website=[[Dinakaran]]}}</ref> A dialogue from Mudhalvan, "Sushma, saamaan nikalo" inspired the title of the song "Saroja Saman Nikalo" from ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-04-01 |title=Venkat Prabhu on Saroja Saman Nikalo song from Chennai 600028 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-on-saroja-saman-nikalo-song-from-chennai-600028/articleshow/74928139.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201230063716/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/venkat-prabhu-on-saroja-saman-nikalo-song-from-chennai-600028/articleshow/74928139.cms |archive-date=30 December 2020 |access-date=2024-10-31 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

The scenes, songs and dialogues from the film have been parodied in ''[[Budget Padmanabhan]]'' (2000),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Budget Padmanabhan |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=KRG Film International |year=2000 |time=1:40:28 to 1:40:43 |time-caption=From}}</ref> ''[[Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela]]'' (2000),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=Sri Thenandal Films |year=2000 |time=45:21 to 45:29 |time-caption=From}}</ref> ''[[Kanna Unnai Thedukiren]]'' (2001),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kanna Unnai Thedukiren |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=Arun Movie Makers and Enterprises |year=2001}}{{time needed|date=March 2024}}</ref> ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' (2002),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Run |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Sri Surya Movies |year=2002 |time=1:28:35 to 1:28:38 |time-caption=From}}</ref> ''[[Dubai Seenu]]'' (2007),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Dubai Seenu |type=motion picture |language=te |publisher=Universal Media |year=2007 |time=2:08:33 to 2:09:00 |time-caption=From}}</ref> ''[[Sivaji: The Boss]]'' (2007),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Sivaji: The Boss |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=[[AVM Productions]] |year=2007 |time=1:12:07 to 1:12:10 |time-caption=From}}</ref> ''[[Singakutty]]'' (2008),<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Singakutty |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Tamil Screens |year=2008}}{{time needed|date=March 2024}}</ref> and ''Kaalaippani'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Kaalai Pani |type=motion picture |language=Ta |publisher=Pasumpon Films |year=2008}}{{time needed|date=March 2024}}</ref> The film has also been spoofed in [[Star Vijay]]'s ''[[Lollu Sabha]]'' with the same title with [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as the main character.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Srivatsan |date=8 April 2020 |title=The rise and fall of 'Lollu Sabha': Director Rambala on the untold story |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-story-behind-lollu-sabha/article31289313.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113060538/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/the-story-behind-lollu-sabha/article31289313.ece |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=15 March 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref> In 2017 film ''[[Kavan (film)|Kavan]]'', the interview scene was inspired from this film. ''Kavan'' was directed by [[K. V. Anand]], who was the cinematographer of ''Mudhalvan''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=1 April 2017 |title=Kavan: reality bites |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/kavan-reality-bites/article17756123.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401072113/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/kavan-reality-bites/article17756123.ece |archive-date=1 April 2017 |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Servant of the People (2015 TV series)|''Servant of the People'' (2015 TV series)]] (2015–2019), Ukrainian comedy television series with similar concept<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 2022 |title=Will a stand-up comedian save Ukraine and the world from World War III? |url=https://nhpnews.com/will-a-stand-up-comedian-save-ukraine-and-the-world-from-world-war-iii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225170246/https://nhpnews.com/will-a-stand-up-comedian-save-ukraine-and-the-world-from-world-war-iii/ |archive-date=25 February 2022 |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=NHP News |location=India}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, 1931 to 2010: 1931–1976 |publisher=Galatta Media |year=2011 |isbn=978-81-921043-0-0 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{S. Shankar}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil}}
{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{Sujatha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s political action films]]
[[Category:1990s political satire films]]
[[Category:1990s political thriller films]]
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about corruption in India]]
[[Category:Films about elections]]
[[Category:Films about journalists]]
[[Category:Films about mass media people]]
[[Category:Films about politicians]]
[[Category:Films about television people]]
[[Category:Films about mass media in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by S. Shankar]]
[[Category:Films scored by A. R. Rahman]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chalakudy]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian political action films]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]] 
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]] 
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Svadeshabhimani (newspaper)

2026-03-15T08:45:31Z

BellEggers2:

{{Redirect|Swadeshabhimani}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Svadeshabhimani
| image = 
| caption = Ramakrishna Pillai in the background of Swadeshabhimani newspaper
| type = Weekly [[newspaper]]
| format = Broadsheet
| founded = {{Start date and age|1905||}}
| ceased_publication = 1910
| price =
| owners = [[Vakkom Moulavi]]
| publisher =
| editor =
| chief_editor = [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai|Ramakrishna Pillai]]
| associate_editor =
| staff_writers =
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| political_position =
| circulation =
| headquarters = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| oclc =
| ISSN =
| website =
}}

[[File:Swadeshabhimani_Ramakrishna_Pillai_003.jpeg|thumb|alt=Front page of an issue.|Front page of an issue.]]
'''''Svadeshabhimani''''' ({{Translation|''The Patriot''|lang=en}}) was a newspaper published in the [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]], which was banned and confiscated by the Government of Travancore in 1910 due to its criticisms against the government and the [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of Travancore, [[Perungavur Rajagopalachari|P. Rajagopalachari]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralawindow.net/imp_v.htm|title=VAKKOM MOULAVI|accessdate=2008-11-20}}</ref><ref name="VyazhavattaSmaranakal">{{cite book|first=B. Kalyani |last=Amma|title=Vyazhavatta Smaranakal|publisher=D C Books/ Current Books, Kottayam|year=1916|edition=14 (2008)|isbn=81-7130-015-4|language=Malayalam}}</ref><ref name="EndeNaadukadathal">{{cite book|first=Ramakrishna |last=Pillai|title=Ende Naadukadathal|publisher=D C Books/ Current Books, Kottayam|year=1911|edition=5 (2007)|isbn=81-264-1222-4}}</ref><ref name="islamicvoice">{{cite web|url=http://www.islamicvoice.com/october.2001/community.htm#vak|title=Vakkom Complex Opened|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralapromoter.com/wikiped/kerala-poets-and-writers.html|title=Kerala poets and writers|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csesindia.org/admin/modules/cms/docs/publication/19.pdf|title=WHEN THE KERALA MODEL OF DEVELOPMENT IS HISTORICISED|first=P.K. MICHAEL |last=THARAKAN|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref><ref name="india9">{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/Vakkom-Abdul-Khader-Moulavi-71720.htm|title=Vakkom Abdul Khader Moulavi|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref>

==History==

Vakkom Muhammed Abdul Khadir Moulavi alias [[Vakkom Moulavi]] founded the weekly newspaper on 19 January 1905, to spearhead the fight against corruption and to struggle for the democratic rights of the people in Travancore. He managed to import, directly from England, an automatic flatbed printing press, the latest type then available. The press operated from ''Anjuthengu (Anglican: Anjengo)'', a British colony at the time directly ruled by [[British East India Company]].

C P Govinda Pillai was the editor of before [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai|Ramakrishna Pillai]] took over as the editor in January 1906.<ref>{{cite book|first=R. Ramakrishnan |last=Nair|title=The Political Ideas of Swadesabhimani K. Ramakrishna Pillai|publisher=Kerala Academy of Political Science|year=1975|pages=33}}</ref> Ramakrishna Pillai and his family had to shift to [[Vakkom]] in [[Chirayinkil (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chirayinkil]] Taluk where the newspaper office and the printing press were located.

In July 1907, both the newspaper office and the family moved to [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="VyazhavattaSmaranakal"/> Though Vakkom Moulavi was still the proprietor, Ramakrishna had been given total freedom in the running of the newspaper by Moulavi. Although there were never any legal or financial contracts between the two, Moulavi provided all the financial aid to set up the press.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vmft.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=49:moulavi-and-swadeshabhimani&catid=31:general&Itemid=46|title= 'Moulavi' and 'Swadeshabhimani'|author=B. Kalyani Amma|accessdate=2008-11-24}}</ref>

On 26 September 1910, the newspaper and the printing press were sealed and confiscated by the [[Indian Imperial Police]]. Ramakrishna Pillai was arrested and banished from Travancore to [[Thirunelveli]] in [[Madras Province]] of [[British Raj]].<ref name="EndeNaadukadathal"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://keralawindow.net/imp_v.htm|title=The criticism against the Diwan of Travancore that appeared in the daily irritated the authorities and eventually resulted in the confiscation of press during 1910|accessdate=2008-11-20}}</ref><ref name="prdkerala">{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/literacycriticmwesternifluence.htm|title=Literary Criticism: Western Influence|publisher=PRD, Kerala Government|accessdate=2008-11-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first= M. J. |last=Koshy|title=Constitutionalism in Travancore and Cochin|publisher=Kerala Historical Society|year=1972|pages=18, 19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=K. Balachandran |last=Nayar|title=In Quest of Kerala|publisher=Accent Publications|year=1974|pages=65,160}}</ref>

::"Many nationalists and Indian newspapers reacted to the arrest and banishment of Ramakrishna Pillai and the banning of the paper. However, countering the king and the British Government that overruled the king, was not easy. Yet, early in the first half of the twenties, the banned newspaper was revived by the mighty will of K. Kumar of Travancore, the veteran Gandhian and Freedom Fighter. He viewed the revival as a befitting tribute to Ramakrishna Pillai. Kumar himself was its manager and chief-editor. He was assisted in his efforts by K. Narayana Kurukkal, a close colleague of Ramakrishna Pillai and the author of the novels: "Parappuram" and "Udayabhanu" besides Barrister A K Pillai. Ramakrishna Pillai's wife, B. Kalyani Amma, Pillai's associates K. Narayana Kurukkal, R. Narayana Panikker and the famous political-journalist Raman Menon and K. Kumar himself were regular contributors to the magazine. The paper was revived under the same name 'Swadeshabhimani' and had its headquarters in the building currently housing the DPI Office at Thycaud, Thiruvananthapuram. In spite of all these, the government wisely chose to remain silent. The new 'Swadeshabhimani' was re-modeled after "Modern Review" of Ramand Chatterjee. It continued its legacy as a significant force transforming the socio-political life of Kerala. K. Kumar had great admiration for Ramakrishna Pillai and he took the lead role in organizing the deportation-day of Pillai as "Ramakrishna Pillai Day" (from M.E: 10-02-1098) and erecting his statue in Trivandrum. Ramakrishna Pillai Day continued to be commemorated in Trivandrum for a long time thereafter.[18] It appears that the editorship of Swadeshabhimani passed on to A.K Pillai (by 1932) who also edited the "Swarat" with the help and support of K. Kumar." (Quoted from Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai, Wikipedia)

In 1957, after the Independence of India, the Government of Kerala returned the press to Moulavi's family and son Abdul Kadar. On 26 January 1968, the then Chief Minister of [[Kerala]], [[E. M. S. Namboodiripad]], presented it to the legal heirs of Maulavi Abdul Qadir at a public meeting, 36 years after his death.

== See also ==
* [[Media in Kerala]]
* [[Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai]]
* [[Vakkom Moulavi]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://svadesabhimani.com/ Svadesabhimani.com]
{{Malayalam journalism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Swadeshabhimani (Newspaper)}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Weekly newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1910]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1905]]
[[Category:1905 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1910 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Banned newspapers]]
[[Category:Defunct Malayalam-language newspapers]]
[[Category:Defunct weekly newspapers]]

2022 Indian presidential election

2026-03-14T10:34:17Z

BellEggers2: page fix

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2022 Indian presidential election
| turnout = 99.12% (1.83%{{gain}})
| country = India
| type = Presidential
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = 2017 Indian presidential election
| previous_year = 2017
| next_election = Next Indian presidential election
| next_year = Next
| election_date = {{Start date|2022|07|18|df=y}}
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Droupadi Murmu official portrait (4x5).jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| nominee1 = '''[[Droupadi Murmu]]'''
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| home_state1 = [[Odisha]]
| states_carried1 = '''21 + [[Puducherry (union territory)|PY]]'''
| electoral_vote1 = '''676,803'''
| percentage1 = '''64.03%'''
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Yashwant Sinha IMF.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| nominee2 = [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| party2 = [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| alliance2 = [[United Opposition (2022)|UO]]
| home_state2 = [[Jharkhand]]
| states_carried2 = 7 + [[Delhi|NCT]]
| electoral_vote2 = 380,177
| percentage2 = 35.97%
| map_image = File:2022 Indian Presidential Election Map Updated.png
| map_size =
| map_caption = 
| title = [[President of India|President]]
| before_election = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| before_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| after_election = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| after_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 1blank = Swing
| 1data1 = 1.62% {{decrease}}
| 1data2 = 1.62% {{increase}}
| posttitle = [[President of India|President]] after election
| image2_size = 180x180px
| image1_size = 180x180px
}}

The '''2022 Indian presidential election''' was the 16th presidential election in India held on 18 July 2022 to elect the [[president of India]]. The incumbent president [[Ram Nath Kovind]] did not run for reelection. The election had a turnout of 99.12%.

[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Droupadi Murmu]] won the election by a margin of 296,626 votes against [[Yashwant Sinha]], the [[United Opposition (2022)|United Opposition]] candidate.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=2022 Indian Presidential Elections: Press note |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14336-press-note/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1550156953850040321|user=ani|title=While President-elect #DroupadiMurmu got a vote in all states, Opposition's Presidential candidate Yashwant Sinha drew a blank in Andhra Pradesh, Nagaland, & Sikkim.|author=ANI|access-date=2022-07-23|language=en|website=Twitter}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2022 |title=Polling for Presidential Elections 2022 held peacefully today |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14333-polling-for-presidential-elections-2022-held-peacefully-today/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mehrotra |first=Vani |date=2022-07-21 |title=President Election 2022 Result LIVE Updates: Droupadi Murmu wins, Yashwant loses, celebrations begins |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/president-election-2022-result-live-updates-presidential-election-vote-counting-india-15th-president-droupadi-murmu-yashwant-sinha-2022-07-21-793681 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Murmu became the first [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|member of a Scheduled Tribe]] and second woman to become president, as well as the first president born after independence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 July 2022 |title=Presidential Election 2022-Declaration of Result |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14358-presidential-election-2022-declaration-of-result/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=Draupadi Murmu is India's first tribal and youngest President ever - Oneindia News |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/draupadi-murmu-crosses-50-mark-of-total-valid-votes-set-to-become-india-s-15th-president-3437096.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cariappa |first=Anuj |date=2022-07-18 |title=Presidential Election Results 2022 updates: Murmu declared winner, secures 64% of votes against Sinha's 36% |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/indian-president-election-2022-results-live-updates-counting-of-votes-draupadi-murmu-vs-yashwant-sin-3435221.html |access-date=2022-07-22 |work=Oneindia |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 22, 2022|first=Swati |last=Mathur |title=President of India 2022: Draupadi Murmu elected first tribal President of India, second woman to assume nation's top office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/droupadi-murmu-elected-first-tribal-president-with-64-of-vote/articleshow/93038427.cms |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Electoral system==
{{further|President of India#Selection process|Electoral College (India)}}
The [[president of India]] is [[Indirect election|indirectly elected]] by an [[Electoral College (India)|electoral college]] consisting of the elected members of the [[Parliament of India|parliament]], the elected members of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|legislative assemblies]] of the [[States and union territories of India|28 states]], and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the [[Union territory|union territories]] of [[Delhi]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. As of 2022, the electoral college comprises 776 members of Parliament ([[Member of Parliament (India)|MP]]s) and 4,036 members of Legislative Assembly ([[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]s) not counting the 90 MLAs of the dissolved [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]].

The [[Election Commission of India]] assigns varying numbers of votes to electoral college members, such that the total weight of MPs and MLAs is roughly equal and that the voting power of a state or territory is proportional to its population. Overall, the members of the electoral college are eligible to cast 1,086,431 votes, yielding a threshold for a majority of 543,216 votes.{{cn|date=July 2022}} through single transferable vote system.

For a candidate to be in the president's office, they must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders.{{cn|date=July 2022}} The election is held by means of a [[secret ballot]] under the [[instant-runoff voting]] system.<ref>The Constitution of 1950 use the term [[Single transferable vote]], which is now used for a system with multiple-member constituencies. When there is only one of the latter, the system is now called [[Instant-runoff voting]]</ref> The manner of election of the president is provided by Article 55 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].

Article 58 of the Indian Constitution provides that the [[President of India|president]] and [[Vice President of India|vice president]] of India must be citizens of India and at least 35 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Constitution of India |url=https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI-updated.pdf |access-date=11 May 2022 |archive-date=26 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526095738/https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/COI-updated.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Candidates for the presidency typically seek the nomination of one of the political parties, in which case each party devises a method (such as a [[Partisan primary|primary election]]) to choose the candidate the party deems best suited to run for the position. Traditionally, the primary elections are [[indirect election]]s where voters cast ballots for a slate of party delegates pledged to a particular candidate. The party's delegates then officially nominate a candidate to run on the party's behalf. The general election in July is an indirect election, where voters cast ballots for a slate of members of the Electoral College; these electors in turn directly elect the president and vice president.{{cn|date=July 2022}}

By convention, the secretary general of the Lok Sabha and the secretary general of the Rajya Sabha are appointed as the [[returning officer]]s by rotation. For the 2017 presidential election, the secretary general of the Lok Sabha was appointed as a returning officer. Therefore, for the 2022 presidential election, the [[Secretary General of the Rajya Sabha|secretary general of the Rajya Sabha]], Shri P.C. Mody, was appointed as the returning officer in notification by ECI on 13 June 2022.<ref>[https://eci.gov.in/files/file/14215-list-of-returning-officer-and-assistant-returning-officers-for-presidential-election-2022/] {{dead link|date=July 2022}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
Under sub-section 1 of Section 4 of the Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act of 1952, the election schedule for the [[president of India]] was announced by the [[Election Commission of India]] on 9 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2022 |title=Election to the Office of President of India, 2022 (16th Presidential Election) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14210-election-to-the-office-of-president-of-india-2022-16th-presidential-election/ |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-09 |title=Presidential elections on July 18, counting, if needed, on July 21: Election Commission |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/election-commission-presidential-elections-schedule-7960672/ |access-date=2022-06-09 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=9 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609124301/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/election-commission-presidential-elections-schedule-7960672/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!S.No.
!'''Event'''
!'''Date'''
!'''Day'''
|-
!1.
|Issue of election commission's notification calling the election
|15 June 2022
| rowspan="2" |Wednesday
|-
!2.
|Last date for making nominations
|29 June 2022
|-
!3.
|Date for the scrutiny of nominations
|30 June 2022
|Thursday
|-
!4.
|Last date for the withdrawal of candidatures
|2 July 2022
|Saturday
|-
!5.
|Date on which a poll shall, if necessary, be taken
|18 July 2022
|Monday
|-
!6.
|Date on which counting, if required, shall be taken
|21 July 2022
|Thursday
|}

==Electoral college==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}

=== Electoral college member strength===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2"| House
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| bgcolor="{{party color|Other}}" |
|-
![[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
![[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
!Others
|-
![[Lok Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|293|543|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|234|543|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|15|543|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
![[Rajya Sabha]]
|{{Composition bar|132|240|
{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|87|240|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|21|240|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
![[State legislative assemblies of India|State legislative assemblies]]
|{{Composition bar|2315|4036|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|1656|4036|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|65|4036|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|-
!Total
|{{Composition bar|2740|4819|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|1977|4819|{{party color|United Progressive Alliance}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Composition bar|102|4819|{{party color|Others}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|}

===Electoral college vote value composition===

* All 4 [[Rajya Sabha]] seats and 90 State Legislative Assembly seats of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] were vacant, as the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] was dissolved.
* The lone Rajya Sabha seat of [[Tripura]] was vacant.
* Seven seats of the [[State legislative assemblies of India|state legislative assemblies]] across various states (4 of [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]], 1 each of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]], [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]] and [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]) are also vacant.

== Party-wise vote (projection) ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! colspan="3" |Alliance
! colspan="2" |Parties
![[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Members of Lok Sabha]]
![[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Members of Rajya Sabha]]
![[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of State Legislative Assemblies]]
! colspan="2" |Total
|-
! rowspan="54" style="background-color:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}" |
! rowspan="54" |BJP Candidate
! rowspan="34" |[[National Democratic Alliance|'''NDA''']]
!1
|'''[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'''
|212,100
|63,700
|185,036
|458,036
|'''42.33%'''
|-
!2
|[[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
|11,200
|3,500
|7,901
|22,601
|'''2.09%'''
|-
!3
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|700
|2,800
|11,440
|14,940
|'''1.38%'''
|-
!4
|[[Apna Dal (Sonelal)|AD(S)]]
|1,400
|0
|2,496
|3,896
|'''0.36%'''
|-
!5
|[[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party|RLJP]]
|3,500
|0
|0
|3,500
|'''0.32%'''
|-
!6
|[[Asom Gana Parishad|AGP]]
|0
|700
|1,044
|1,744
|'''0.16%'''
|-
!7
|[[Mizo National Front|MNF]]
|700
|700
|244
|1,644
|'''0.15%'''
|-
!8
|[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|0
|700
|880
|1,580
|'''0.15%'''
|-
!9
|[[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
|700
|700
|126
|1,526
|'''0.14%'''
|-
!10
|[[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
|0
|700
|812
|1,512
|'''0.14%'''
|-
!11
|[[National People's Party (India)|NPP]]
|700
|0
|549
|1,249
|'''0.12%'''
|-
!12
|[[NISHAD Party|NISHAD]]
|0
|0
|1,248
|1,248
|'''0.12%'''
|-
!13
|[[Jananayak Janata Party|JJP]]
|0
|0
|1,120
|1,120
|'''0.10%'''
|-
!14
|[[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party|NDPP]]
|700
|0
|378
|1,078
|'''0.10%'''
|-
!15
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]]
|700
|0
|352
|1,052
|'''0.10%'''
|-
!16
|[[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
|700
|0
|133
|833
| rowspan="18" |'''0.47%'''
|-
!17
|[[Republican Party of India (Athawale)|RPI(A)]]
|0
|700
|0
|700
|-
!18
|[[Tamil Manila Congress (Moopanar)|TMC(M)]]
|0
|700
|0
|700
|-
!19
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]]
|0
|0
|692
|692
|-
!20
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party|PJP]]
|0
|0
|350
|350
|-
!21
|[[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
|0
|0
|348
|348
|-
!22
|[[Indigenous People's Front of Tripura|IPFT]]
|0
|0
|182
|182
|-
!23
|[[M. Jaganmoorthy|PBK]]
|0
|0
|176
|176
|-
!24
|[[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy|JSS]]
|0
|0
|175
|175
|-
!25
|[[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSP]]
|0
|0
|175
|175
|-
!26
|[[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]
|0
|0
|160
|160
|-
!27
|[[Jana Sena Party|JSP]]
|0
|0
|159
|159
|-
!28
|[[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|UDP]]
|0
|0
|136
|136
|-
!29
|[[Haryana Lokhit Party|HLP]]
|0
|0
|112
|112
|-
!30
|[[People's Democratic Front (Meghalaya)|PDF]]
|0
|0
|68
|68
|-
!31
|[[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party|MGP]]
|0
|0
|40
|40
|-
!32
|[[Kuki People's Alliance|KPA]]
|0
|0
|36
|36
|-
!33
|[[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]]
|0
|0
|34
|34
|-
!34
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|2,100
|700
|4,340
|7,140
|'''0.66%'''
|-
! colspan="6" |Total of NDA
!528,942
!'''48.89%'''
|-
! rowspan="18" |Non-NDA
!35
|[[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Presidential Polls 2022: Jagan Mohan Reddy's YSRCP backs NDA candidate Draupadi Murmu |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidential-polls-2022-jagan-mohan-reddys-ysrcp-backs-nda-candidate-draupadi-murmu/articleshow/92423519.cms |access-date=2022-07-09 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709171124/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidential-polls-2022-jagan-mohan-reddys-ysrcp-backs-nda-candidate-draupadi-murmu/articleshow/92423519.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|15,400
|6,300
|24,009
|45,709
|'''4.22%'''
|-
!36
|[[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Vikash |title=Presidential election: Extend support to daughter of Odisha, CM Naveen appeals to MLAs |url=https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/presidential-election-extend-support-to-daughter-of-odisha-cm-naveen-appeals-to-mlas-179379 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=odishatv.in |language=en |date=June 22, 2022 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709171121/https://odishatv.in/news/miscellaneous/presidential-election-extend-support-to-daughter-of-odisha-cm-naveen-appeals-to-mlas-179379 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|8,400
|6,300
|16,986
|31,686
|'''2.93%'''
|-
!37
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=BSP Chief Mayawati supports Murmu, says wasn't called to opposition meets |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bsp-chief-mayawati-supports-murmu-says-wasnt-called-to-opposition-meets/articleshow/92462333.cms |access-date=2022-07-09 |date=June 26, 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628083400/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/bsp-chief-mayawati-supports-murmu-says-wasnt-called-to-opposition-meets/articleshow/92462333.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|7,000
|700
|710
|8,410
|'''0.78%'''
|-
!38
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]] (Shinde)
|0
|0
|7,000
|7,000
|'''0.65%'''
|-
!39
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential Elections 2022: Hemant Soren-led JMM likely to support NDA candidate Draupadi Murmu, say sources |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/presidential-elections-2022-hemant-soren-led-jmm-likely-to-support-nda-candidate-draupadi-murmu-say-sources-article-92381250 |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=TimesNow |language=en |date=June 22, 2022 |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622070037/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/presidential-elections-2022-hemant-soren-led-jmm-likely-to-support-nda-candidate-draupadi-murmu-say-sources-article-92381250 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|700
|700
|5,280
|6,680
|'''0.62%'''
|-
!40
|[[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Draupadi Murmu is "suitable and competent" candidate for President: Deve Gowda |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/draupadi-murmu-is-suitable-and-competent-candidate-for-president-deve-gowda/articleshow/92394465.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-07-09 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709171358/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/draupadi-murmu-is-suitable-and-competent-candidate-for-president-deve-gowda/articleshow/92394465.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|700
|700
|4,496
|5,896
|'''0.54%'''
|-
!41
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Presidential Election 2022: BJP's former ally SAD to back Draupadi Murmu |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidential-election-2022-bjps-former-ally-sad-to-back-draupadi-murmu/articleshow/92600615.cms |access-date=2022-07-09 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709171126/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidential-election-2022-bjps-former-ally-sad-to-back-draupadi-murmu/articleshow/92600615.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|1,400
|0
|348
|1,748
|'''0.16%'''
|-
!42
|[[Bahujan Vikas Aghadi|BVA]]
|0
|0
|525
|525
|'''0.05'''
|-
!43
|[[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]]
|0
|700
|7
|707
|'''0.07'''
|-
!44
|[[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|LJP(RV)]]
|700
|0
|0
|700
|'''0.06'''
|-
!45
|[[Janta Congress Chhattisgarh|JCC]]<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN |date=Jun 24, 2022 |title=Jcc Backs Murmu For Prez, Says It's A Moment Of Pride For Tribals {{!}} Raipur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/jcc-backs-murmu-for-prez-says-its-a-moment-of-pride-for-tribals/articleshow/92422245.cms |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709171120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/jcc-backs-murmu-for-prez-says-its-a-moment-of-pride-for-tribals/articleshow/92422245.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|0
|0
|387
| rowspan="4" |1153
| rowspan="4" |'''0.11%'''
|-
!46
|[[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena|MNS]]
|0
|0
|175
|-
!47
|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
|0
|0
|175
|-
!48
|[[Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|JD(L)]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential Elections 2022: Raja Bhaiya's party extends its support to Droupadi y |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidential-elections-2022-raja-bhaiyas-party-extends-its-support-to-droupadi-murmu/videoshow/92771182.cms |access-date=2022-07-09 |website=The Economic Times |date=9 July 2022 |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709171125/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/presidential-elections-2022-raja-bhaiyas-party-extends-its-support-to-droupadi-murmu/videoshow/92771182.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|0
|0
|416
|-
!49
|[[Shiv Sena|SS]] (Uddhav)
|13,300
|2,100
|2,800
|18,200
|'''1.68%'''
|-
!50
|[[Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party|SBSP]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Will take call on supporting Draupadi Murmu in four days, says SP ally Om Prakash Rajbhar |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-take-call-on-supporting-draupadi-murmu-in-four-days-says-sp-ally-om-prakash-rajbhar/articleshow/92773500.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-07-09 |archive-date=9 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709171357/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/will-take-call-on-supporting-draupadi-murmu-in-four-days-says-sp-ally-om-prakash-rajbhar/articleshow/92773500.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>
|0
|0
|1,248
|1,248
|'''0.12%'''
|-
!51
|[[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]]
|2,100
|700
|3,657
|6,457
|'''0.60%'''
|-
!52
|[[Rashtriya Loktantrik Party|RLP]]
|700
|0
|387
|1,087
|'''0.10%'''
|-
! colspan="6" |Non-NDA Backing BJP Candidate
!137,206
!12.69%
|-
! colspan="8" style="background-color:{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}"|Total Votes for BJP Candidate
!666,148
! 61.58%
|-
! rowspan="40" style="background-color:{{party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}" |
! rowspan="40" |Opposition candidate ([[All India Trinamool Congress|AITC]])
![[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
!1
|'''[[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]'''
|16,100
|9,100
|33,432
|58,632
|'''5.42%'''
|-
! rowspan="17" |[[United Progressive Alliance|'''UPA''']]
!2
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|37,100
|21,700
|88,578
|147,378
|'''13.62%'''
|-
!3
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|16,800
|7,000
|22,096
|45,896
|'''4.24%'''
|-
!4
|[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]]
|3,500
|2,800
|9,919
|16,219
|'''1.50%'''
|-
!5
|[[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|2,100
|1,400
|2,280
|5,780
|'''0.53%'''
|-
!6
|[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
|2,100
|0
|0
|2,100
|'''0.19%'''
|-
!7
|[[Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi|VCK]]
|700
|0
|704
|1,404
|'''0.13%'''
|-
!8
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
|0
|700
|704
|1,404
|'''0.13%'''
|-
!9
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|700
|0
|0
|700
| rowspan="9" |'''0.20%'''
|-
!10
|[[Manithaneya Makkal Katchi|MMK]]
|0
|0
|352
|352
|-
!11
|[[Kerala Congress|KC]]
|0
|0
|304
|304
|-
!12
|[[Kongu Desa Makkal Katchi|KMDK]]
|0
|0
|176
|176
|-
!13
|TVK
|0
|0
|176
|176
|-
!14
|[[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|KC(J)]]
|0
|0
|152
|152
|-
!15
|NCK
|0
|0
|152
|152
|-
!16
|[[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|RMPI]]
|0
|0
|152
|152
|-
!17
|[[Goa Forward Party|GFP]]
|0
|0
|20
|20
|-
!18
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|0
|700
|2,264
|2,964
|'''0.27%'''
|-
! colspan="6" |Total of UPA + AITC
!283,961
!'''26.23%'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |SP+
!19
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|2,100
|2,100
|23,438
|27,638
|'''2.55%'''
|-
!20
|[[Rashtriya Lok Dal|RLD]]
|0
|700
|1,793
|2,493
|'''0.23%'''
|-
!21
|[[Independent politicians|Independents]]
|0
|700
|0
|700
|'''0.06%'''
|-
! rowspan="10" |Left
!22
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2,100
|3,500
|11,086
|16,686
|'''1.54%'''
|-
!23
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,400
|1,400
|3,457
|6,257
|'''0.58%'''
|-
!24
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
|0
|0
|2,252
|2,252
|'''0.21%'''
|-
!25
|[[Kerala Congress (Mani)|KC(M)]]
|700
|700
|760
|2,160
|'''0.20%'''
|-
!26
|[[Congress (Secular)|C(S)]]
|0
|0
|152
| rowspan="6" |1520
| rowspan="6" |'''0.14%'''
|-
!27
|[[Indian National League|INL]]
|0
|0
|152
|-
!28
|[[Janadhipathya Kerala Congress|JKC]]
|0
|0
|152
|-
!29
|[[Kerala Congress (B)|KC(B)]]
|0
|0
|152
|-
!30
|NSC
|0
|0
|152
|-
!31
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|0
|0
|760
|-
! rowspan="7" |Others
!32
|[[Telangana Rashtra Samithi|TRS]]
|6,300
|4,900
|13,596
|24,796
|'''2.29%'''
|-
!33
|[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
|0
|7,000
|14,308
|21,308
|'''1.97%'''
|-
!34
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|0
|4,200
|13,476
|17,676
|'''1.63%'''
|-
!35
|[[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
|1,400
|0
|2,139
|3,539
|'''0.33%'''
|-
!36
|[[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]]
|700
|0
|1,740
|2,440
|'''0.23%'''
|-
!37
|[[Gorkha Janmukti Morcha|GJM]]
|0
|0
|151
|151
|'''0.01%'''
|-
!38
|[[Indian Secular Front|ISF]]
|0
|0
|151
|151
|'''0.01%'''
|-
! colspan="6" |Non-UPA Backing Opposition candidate
!129,767
!'''11.98%'''
|-
! colspan="8"style="background-color:{{party color|AITC}}" |Total Votes for Opposition candidate
!413,728
! '''38.29%'''
|-
! rowspan="9" style="background-color:{{party color|Other}}" |
! rowspan="9" |Others
! rowspan="9" |Undecided
!1
|[[Bharatiya Tribal Party|BTP]]
|0
|0
|552
|552
|'''0.05%'''
|-
!2
|[[Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar)|SAD(A)]]
|700
|0
|0
|700
| rowspan="7" |'''0.11%'''
|-
!3
|[[Swabhimani Paksha|SWP]]
|0
|0
|175
|175
|-
!4
|[[Raijor Dal|RD]]
|0
|0
|116
|116
|-
!5
|[[Indian National Lok Dal|INLD]]
|0
|0
|112
|112
|-
!6
|[[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]]
|0
|0
|48
|48
|-
!7
|[[Revolutionary Goans Party|RGP]]
|0
|0
|20
|20
|-
!8
|[[Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement|KHNAM]]
|0
|0
|17
|17
|-
!9
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|0
|0
|363
|363
|'''0.03%'''
|-
! colspan="8" style="background-color:{{party color|Other}}" |Total of Undecided
!2,103
! '''0.19%'''
|-
! colspan="5" |Total
! '''380,100'''
!'''159,600''' {{small|(5 Vacant)}}
!'''542,291''' {{small|(7 Vacant)}}
! rowspan="1" |'''1,081,991'''
! rowspan="1" |'''100%'''
|}

== Candidates ==
On 21 June 2022, [[Yashwant Sinha]], a former [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]] leader, was unanimously chosen as the common candidate of [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] and [[United Opposition (India)|other opposition parties]] for the 2022 presidential election.<ref name=":1" /> On the same day, [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] chose [[Droupadi Murmu]] as its presidential candidate.<ref name=":2" />

=== National Democratic Alliance ===
{{main|Bharatiya Janata Party|National Democratic Alliance}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Name
! Born
! Alliance
! Positions held
! Home state
! Date announced
! class="unsortable" |Ref
|-
| data-sort-value="Murmu" |
[[File:Droupadi Murmu official portrait (4x5).jpg|100px]] [[Droupadi Murmu]]
|20 June 1958 (aged 64) [[Mayurbhanj district|Baidaposi]], [[Odisha]]
|[[National Democratic Alliance]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
|
* [[List of governors of Jharkhand|Governor of Jharkhand]] {{small|(2015–2021)}}
* Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Rairangpur Assembly constituency|Rairangpur]] {{small|(2000–2009)}}
* Minister of State in the Odisha Government {{small|(2000–2004)}}
|[[Odisha]]
| rowspan="2" |21 June 2022
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Singhal |first=Ashok |date=21 June 2022 |title=Draupadi Murmu, tribal leader and former governor, is NDA's choice for president |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/draupadi-murmu-nda-presidential-candidate-1965179-2022-06-21 |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621164259/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/draupadi-murmu-nda-presidential-candidate-1965179-2022-06-21 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== United Opposition (India) ===
{{main|All India Trinamool Congress|United Opposition (2022)}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Name
! Born
! Alliance
! Positions held
! Home state
!Date announced
! Ref
|-
| data-sort-value="Sinha" | [[File:Yashwant Sinha IMF.jpg|100px]] [[Yashwant Sinha]]
| 6 November 1937 (aged 84) [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]
| [[United Opposition (2022)|United Opposition]] ([[Trinamool Congress|TMC]])
|
* [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister of India]] {{small|(2002–2004)}}
* [[Leader of the House in Rajya Sabha]] {{small|(1990–1991)}}
* [[Minister of Finance (India)|Finance Minister of India]] {{small|(1990–1991, 1998–2002)}}
* [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]] {{small|(1998–2004, 2009–14)}}
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Jharkhand]] from {{small|(2004–2009)}}
* [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] from [[Bihar]] from {{small|(1988–1994)}}
|[[Bihar]]
|21 June 2022
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2022-06-21 |title=Opposition fields Yashwant Sinha as Presidential candidate |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/opposition-fields-yashwant-sinha-as-president-candidate-11655807632818.html |access-date=2022-06-22 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=22 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622222125/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/opposition-fields-yashwant-sinha-as-president-candidate-11655807632818.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Potential candidates ==

* Vice President –
* Gopalkrishna Gandhi<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-06-20 |title=Presidential election: Gopalkrishna Gandhi declines offer to be opposition candidate |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/presidential-election-gopalkrishna-gandhi-declines-offer-to-be-opposition-candidate/articleshow/92338342.cms |access-date=2023-06-18 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* Sharad Pawar<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tare |first=Kiran |date=June 16, 2022 |title=Why Sharad Pawar turned down offer to be Opposition's presidential candidate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/why-sharad-pawar-turned-down-offer-to-be-opposition-s-presidential-candidate-1963262-2022-06-16 |access-date=2023-06-18 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Campaign ==
During her election campaign, Murmu visited various states seeking support. Several opposition parties, including [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]], [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]], [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]], [[Shiv Sena|SS]], [[YSR Congress Party|YSRCP]], [[Shiromani Akali Dal|SAD]], and [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JDS]], announced support for her candidature prior to polling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-10 |title=Droupadi Murmu to visit Karnataka today, seek support for presidential polls |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/droupadi-murmu-to-visit-karnataka-today-seek-support-for-presidential-polls-101657439666283.html |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-09 |title=Murmu to visit Kolkata today to seek support |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/murmu-to-visit-kolkata-today-to-seek-support-8018201/ |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bandari |first=Pavan Kumar |title=YS Jagan declares YSRCP support to Draupadi Murmu, says social justice be prevailed |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/ys-jagan-declares-ysrcp-support-to-draupadi-murmu-says-social-justice-be-prevailed-753082 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=The Hans India |date=12 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-11 |title=Droupadi Murmu gets warm welcome in Bengaluru by CM, meets Deve Gowda |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/droupadi-murmu-gets-warm-welcome-in-bengaluru-by-cm-meets-deve-gowda-101657511021209.html |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2022 |title=Sad Backs Murmu In Prez Polls|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/sad-backs-murmu-in-prez-polls/articleshow/92607868.cms |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] filed a complaint with the Election Commission against Droupadi Murmu and BJP leaders, alleging poll code violation in Karnataka. The [[Congress party|Indian National Congress]] alleged that the ruling BJP had influenced the MLAs by offering [[Bribery|bribes]] and other inducements in violation of the election code. The MLAs were called for training on voting in the presidential election and allegedly provided luxurious rooms, meals, liquor, drinks and entertainment.<ref>{{cite news |title=Presidential election: Congress files complaint with EC against Droupadi Murmu, BJP leaders, alleging poll code violation - The Real Kashmir News |url=https://therealkashmir.com/presidential-election-congress-files-complaint-with-ec-against-droupadi-murmu-bjp-leaders-alleging-poll-code-violation/ |access-date=22 July 2022 |date=20 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Presidential Polls 2022: Why Congress Has Moved EC Against Droupadi Murmu For Poll Code Violation |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/presidential-polls-2022-why-congress-has-moved-ec-against-droupadi-murmu-for-poll-code-violation-news-210667 |access-date=25 July 2022 |work=outlookindia.com |date=20 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Results ==
 <section begin="Results"/>
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:right
|+ Results of the 2022 Indian presidential election<ref>{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ANI/status/1550156953850040321/photo/1|title=While President-elect #DroupadiMurmu got a vote in all states, Opposition's Presidential candidate Yashwant Sinha drew a blank in Andhra Pradesh, Nagaland, & Sikkim.|website=Twitter.com|access-date=26 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-21 |title=Number Theory: Comparing Droupadi Murmu's win with her predecessors |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/comparing-murmu-s-win-with-her-predecessors-101658426713791.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=2|Candidate
! Coalition
! Individual votes
! Electoral College votes
!%
|-
| bgcolor={{Party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|
| align=left|'''[[Droupadi Murmu]]'''
| align=left|'''[[National Democratic Alliance]]'''
| '''2,824'''
| '''676,803'''
| '''64.03'''
|-
| bgcolor={{Party color|All India Trinamool Congress}}|
| align=left|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
| align=left|[[United Opposition (2022)|United ]]
| 1877
| 380,177
| 35.97
|-
| colspan="6" |
|-
| colspan=3 align=left| Valid votes
| 4,701
| 1,056,980
| 98.89
|-
| colspan=3 align=left| Blank and invalid votes
| 53
| 15,397
| 1.11
|-
| colspan=3 align=left|'''Total'''
| '''4,754'''
| '''1,072,377'''
| '''100'''
|-
| colspan=3 align=left|Registered voters / Turnout
|4,809
|1,086,431
|98.86
|}<section end="Results"/>

===Breakdown===
{{update|date=July 2022}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!State/UT
!Electors
![[Droupadi Murmu]]
![[Yashwant Sinha]]
!Invalid
!Abstain
|-
|[[Member of Parliament (India)|Members of Parliament]]
|771
|'''540'''
|208
|129
|66
|-
|[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
|175
|'''173'''
|0
|0
|2
|-
|[[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Arunachal Pradesh]]
|60
|'''55'''
|4
|0
|1
|-
|[[Assam Legislative Assembly|Assam]]
|126
|'''104'''
|20
|0
|2
|-
|[[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Bihar]]
|243
|'''133'''
|106
|2
|1
|-
|[[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly|Chhattisgarh]]
|90
|21
|'''69'''
|0
|0
|-
|[[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]
|40
|'''28'''
|12
|0
|0
|-
|[[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Gujarat]]
|178
|'''121'''
|57
|0
|0
|-
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Haryana]]
|90
|'''59'''
|30
|0
|1
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]
|68
|'''45'''
|22
|1
|0
|-
|[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]
|81
|'''70'''
|9
|1
|1
|-
|[[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Karnataka]]
|224
|'''150'''
|70
|4
|0
|-
|[[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]
|140
|1
|'''139'''
|0
|0
|-
|[[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Madhya Pradesh]]
|230
|'''146'''
|79
|5
|0
|-
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
|287
|'''181'''
|98
|4
|3
|-
|[[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
|60
|'''54'''
|6
|0
|0
|-
|[[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Meghalaya]]
|60
|'''47'''
|8
|1
|4
|-
|[[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]
|40
|'''29'''
|11
|0
|0
|-
|[[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
|60
|'''59'''
|0
|0
|1
|-
|[[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Odisha]]
|147
|'''137'''
|9
|0
|1
|-
|[[Punjab Legislative Assembly|Punjab]]
|117
|8
|'''101'''
|5
|3
|-
|[[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Rajasthan]]
|200
|75
|'''123'''
|0
|2
|-
|[[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Sikkim]]
|32
|'''32'''
|0
|0
|0
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
|234
|75
|'''158'''
|1
|0
|-
|[[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
|119
|3
|'''113'''
|1
|2
|-
|[[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
|59
|'''41'''
|17
|0
|1
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh]]
|403
|'''287'''
|111
|3
|2
|-
|[[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly|Uttarakhand]]
|70
|'''51'''
|15
|1
|3
|-
|[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|West Bengal]]
|293
|71
|'''216'''
|4
|2
|-
|[[Delhi Legislative Assembly|Delhi]]
|70
|8
|'''56'''
|4
|2
|-
|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|Puducherry]]
|30
|'''20'''
|9
|1
|0
|-
|'''Total'''
|4,796
|2,824
|1,877
|53
|42
|-
| style="text-align:left;" colspan=7 |Source: <ref>{{Cite tweet |date=21 July 2022 |title=Presidential election: State wise results - ANI |number=1550156953850040321 |website=[[Twitter]]|user=ANI|author=ANI}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=July 2022}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential election: Droupadi Murmu vs Yashwant Sinha state wise results |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/presidential-election/bihar/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=News18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-21 |script-title=hi:64 फीसदी वोट के साथ द्रौपदी मुर्मू की शानदार जीत, यशवंत सिन्हा को तीन राज्यों में नहीं मिला वोट |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/presidential-election-result-draupadi-murmu-won-with-64-percent-votes-yashwant-sinha-did-not-get-any-vote-in-three-states-2173418 |access-date=2022-07-22 |work=A. B. P. Live |language=hi}}</ref>
|}

==Reactions==
Right after Murmu was announced as the winner, numerous congratulations and wishes from other world leaders were posted on social media. [[President of Russia|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] extended his greetings to Droupadi Murmu for being elected as the president of India and hoped for further development of the [[India–Russia relations|Russian–Indian political dialogue]] and productive cooperation in different areas under her leadership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congratulations to Draupadi Murmu, President-elect of the Republic of India |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/69052 |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=President of Russia |date=22 July 2022 |language=en}}</ref> [[President of the United States]] [[Joe Biden]] congratulated her and stated her victory was the "strength of Indian democracy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=President Murmu: Joe Biden said - Draupadi Murmu is proof of the strength of Indian democracy, congratulations from all over the world |website=Nsbb.in |url=https://nsbb.in/2022/07/22/president-murmu-joe-biden-said-draupadi-murmu-is-proof-of-the-strength-of-indian-democracy-congratulations-from-all-over-the-world/ |access-date=2022-07-23 |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=President Murmu : जो बाइडन बोले- द्रौपदी मुर्मू भारतीय लोकतंत्र की मजबूती का सुबूत, दुनियाभर से मिली बधाइयां |url=https://www.amarujala.com/world/joe-biden-said-president-droupadi-murmu-is-proof-of-strength-of-indian-democracy-world-wishes-her |access-date=2022-07-23 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> [[President of China|Chinese President]] [[Xi Jinping]] congratulated her and said that he would be willing to work with her to enhance political mutual trust between [[China–India relations|China and India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnan |first=Ananth |date=2022-07-25 |title=Chinese President congratulates Murmu |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/chinese-president-xi-jinping-congratulates-president-droupadi-murmu/article65681036.ece |access-date=2022-07-25 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2022 |title=Xi extends congratulations to new Indian president |url=https://english.news.cn/20220725/85c61ba25c60449d8d573f638a10b75a/c.html |access-date=2022-07-26 |website=[[Xinhua News Agency]]}}</ref> The presidents of [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Maldives]], [[Bangladesh]], and other countries also congratulated her.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Xi Jinping, global leaders congratulate President Droupadi Murmu |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/xi-jinping-hails-president-droupadi-murmu-says-ready-to-work-with-her-to-deepen-cooperation-properly-handle-differences/articleshow/93109322.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-07-25}}</ref>

After the election results came out, tribal communities in several states celebrated her victory.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title=Tribals of Seemanchal celebrate Droupadi Murmu's election win |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/tribals-of-seemanchal-celebrate-droupadi-murmu-s-election-win-101658466678304.html |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-22 |title='Gaddi' tribals of J&K celebrate Droupadi Murmu's victory |url=https://theprint.in/india/gaddi-tribals-of-jk-celebrate-droupadi-murmus-victory/1050713/ |access-date=2022-07-25 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Many minority tribal communities in Bangladesh, including the [[Santal people|Santal]] community, congratulated Murmu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangladesh: Minority ethnic communities celebrate election of Droupadi Murmu as India's President {{!}} DD News |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/international/bangladesh-minority-ethnic-communities-celebrate-election-droupadi-murmu-india%E2%80%99s |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2022 elections in India]]
*[[2027 Indian presidential election]]
*[[2022 Indian vice presidential election]]
* [[List of Indian presidential elections]]
* [[List of presidents of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian presidential elections}}

[[Category:2022 elections in India|Presidential]]
[[Category:July 2022 in India|Presidential election]]
[[Category:Presidential elections in India]]
[[Category:Droupadi Murmu]]

Jayendra Saraswathi

2026-03-13T20:50:00Z

BellEggers2: added info

{{Short description|Sixty ninth head of the Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}
{{Fanpov|date=December 2020}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Jayendra Saraswati Shankararacharya Swamigal
| honors = [[Shankaracharya]]
| image = Sri Jayendra Sarswathi Shankaracharya Swamigal.jpg
| caption = Acharyal listening to a Devotee speech
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_name = Subrahmanyam Iyer
| birth_date = {{birth date |1935|7|18|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Irulneeki]], [[Thiruthuraipoondi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|2|28|1935|7|18|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kanchi-shankaracharya-jayendra-saraswathi-dies-at-82-1817987?amp=1&akamai-rum=off|title=Kanchi Shankaracharya Jayendra Saraswathi Dies At 82|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>
| nationality = [[India]]n
| module = {{infobox officeholder|embed=yes
|title = [[Kanchi Kāmakoti Pīṭādipati]]
|term_start = 1994
|term_end = 28 February 2018
|predecessor = [[Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII]]
|successor = [[Vijayendra Saraswati]]
|residence = [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]]
}}
| honorific prefix = His Holiness Jagadguru Shankaracharya Sri
}}

'''Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Shankaracharya''' '''Swamigal''' (born '''Subrahmanyam S/O Mahadeva Iyer'''; 18 July 1935 – 28 February 2018) was the 69th [[Shankaracharya]] [[Guru]] and head or pithadhipati of the [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=archiveSearch&aid=20041203006300800&ais=24&avol=21|title=Navigation News - Frontline|website=frontline.in|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> Subramanyam Iyer was nominated by his predecessor, [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati]], as his successor and was given the pontifical title Sri Jayendra Saraswathi on 22 March 1954.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/alt_hindu_msg.html|title=Real history of the Kanchi math (Re: Former President Inaugurates...) Celebrations|website=advaita-vedanta.org|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

Sri Jayendra Saraswati Swamigal succeeded Mahaperiyava Chandrashekara Saraswati Swamigal in 1960,{{source?|date=June 2024}}. He conducted all the activities of the mutt with the oversight of his Guru out of reverence. His successor [[Vijayendra Saraswati|Sri Vijayendra Saraswati]] was anointed by the then Senior Pontiff [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Mahaperiyava]] during his lifetime in the early 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-was-sri-jayendra-saraswathi-dead-successor-kanchi-peetam-5081186/|title=Who was Sri Jayendra Saraswathi?|date=28 February 2018|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==
Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal was born as Subrahmanyam to Mahadeva Iyer and Saraswathi Ammal on 18 July 1935. He completed schooling at Irulneeki primary school and at a middle school at nearby [[Adichapuram]] village. Then he shifted to a veda pathasala at [[Thiruvanaikoil]] in [[Trichy]]. He visited the village on holidays and used to play normal games such as marbles and 'killi-thandu' like other children of his age. [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati|Chandrashekarendra Saraswathi]] selected him as his successor, when Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal was only 19 years old.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kanchi-seers-native-village-shuts-down-for-a-day-classmate-recalls-days-when-they-played-marbles-together/articleshow/63114694.cms|title=Kanchi seer's native village shuts down for a day, classmate recalls days when they played marbles together - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

==Contributions==
Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal was head of the mutt established by [[Adi Shankara|Adi Shankaracharya]] in 482 BCE . He had His spiritual tutelage from 'Maha Periyava' and travelled the length and breadth of the country with His guru. He delivered religious discourse besides involving Himself in various spiritual and social activities as well. Under his guidance, the mutt started several schools and hospitals. The mutt runs several schools, eye clinics and hospitals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jayendra-saraswathi-passes-away-pall-of-gloom-descends-on-kanchi-mutt-as-devotees-gather-to-pay-last-respects-4370317.html|title=Jayendra Saraswathi passes away: Pall of gloom descends on Kanchi mutt as devotees gather to pay last respects - Firstpost|website=firstpost.com| date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal renounced the world including His parents at the age of 19 to become spiritual guru. He travelled with his senior initially and then, lead many more [[yatra]]s across India barefoot to spread awareness on [[Sanātana Dharma|Sanatana Dharma]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2020}}<ref>{{cite AV media |date=16 April 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bdFh2-YQxAs |title=Shree Muthuraman's eloquent recollections of yatras with Shree Periava |publisher=Soumya Aravind Sitaraman |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=24 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |date=3 September 2016 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SL8eqRFjXG8 |title=Experience With Maha Periyava By : HH Sri Pudhu Periyava |publisher=Periyava Puranam |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=24 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003135112/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SL8eqRFjXG8 |archive-date=3 October 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Jagadguru Sri Chandrashekarendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal had observed three unique qualities in His shishya (student) Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal : Jan Akarshanam, Dhan Akarshanam and Jal Akarshanam and hence chose Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal as His successor. Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal had the ability to attract people anywhere such that people used to call him to places where there was drought. He had the unique power of attracting rains anywhere. So people used to have great faith in Him. Any public project inaugurated by the Kanchi seer used to taste success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jayendra-saraswathi-dies-at-82-head-of-kanchi-kamakoti-peetham-passed-away-in-chennai-4370245.html|title=Jayendra Saraswathi dies at 82; updates: Final rites of Kanchi seer tomorrow at 8 am; tributes pouring in LIVE News, Latest Updates, Live blog, Highlights and Live coverage - Firstpost|website=firstpost.com| date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal visited [[Lake Manasarovar|Manasarovar]] and [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] in 1998 and became the only Shankaracharya to do so after the Adi Shankara. There he installed the idol of Adi Shankara. One of his important contributions is founding of the Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi Viswa Mahavidyalaya, a deemed university in the name of his guru.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/mar/01/acharya-sri-jayendra-saraswathi-swamigal-who-melded-spiritualism-with-social-outreach-1780386.html|title=Acharya Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal who melded spiritualism with social outreach|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> Under Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal's tenure, Kanchi Math ran the deemed university and dozens of schools and hospitals — territories previously not in the reach of Mutt — besides over 50 traditional Vedic schools and temples. Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal broke the restraining rules of the Math and reached out to the downtrodden. He went to Harijan bastis and attracted thousands of new followers and devotees. He transformed a spiritual and ritualistic Math into a socially vibrant one. This brought Him high popularity and also into interaction with a multitude of social and political leaders in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/columns/s-gurumurthy/2018/mar/01/jayendra-saraswathi-an-acharya-with-a-difference-1780389.html|title=Jayendra Saraswathi: An Acharya with a difference|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

The followers of the mutt call Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal a reformist saint and credit him with ensuring that the preachings of Adi Sankara were spread among people beyond the Brahmin community. This He did by encouraging the spiritual mutt to become more of a social service-oriented one and making it all-inclusive. Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal played a part in trying to resolve the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid dispute during the NDA rule, by engaging with stakeholders from both communities and the government.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/opinion-jayendra-saraswati-the-seer-who-tried-to-resolve-the-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-dispute-1674865.html|title=Jayendra Saraswati, the Seer Who Tried to Resolve the Ram Janmabhoomi-Babri Masjid Dispute| date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

During his time as the head seer, Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal launched several charity initiatives such as the ‘Jana Kalyan, Jana Jagaran,’ a movement to "serve the people and awaken the masses". The charity programme aimed to establish temples in Dalit colonies and engage Dalits in temple rituals to expand the Hindu collective beyond the Dravidian polity's anti-brahmin stance. He also appointed Dalit trustees in temples such as Mylapore Kapaleeshwarar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.justicenews.co.in/jayendra-saraswathi-1935-2018-spiritual-leader-who-expanded-kanchi-mutts-business-services|title=Jayendra Saraswathi|website=justicenews}} {{dead link|date=October 2023}}</ref>

According to people who had been close to him during this period, Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal recognised the faultline in Hinduism that had triggered the conversions and embarked on an attempt to bring in [[Dalit|Dalits]] and other socially oppressed classes into the mainstream Hindu fold. For months, he toured the state extensively, visiting villages, talking to Dalits and other communities. Departing from the usual convention of the mutt, which insisted that the pontiffs travel only by foot, Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal had got some of his devotees to donate a customised van that he used for his travel to these villages.

Under his tenure, The Kanchi Mutt started many schools, eye clinics and hospitals. Child Trust Hospital, Hindu Mission Hospital, Tamil Nadu Hospital and other public welfare institutions which are religious focused were developed by him.

He promulgated concept of Santana Dharma.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/jayendra-saraswathi-and-shankarachrya-tradition-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/63107659.cms|title=Jayendra Saraswathi and Shankaracharya tradition: All you need to know - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

He also conducted ‘Viswaroopa Yatra’ and ‘Sandarsanam’ at the Poranki Veda Pathasala. He played an important role in the establishment of the eye hospital – Sankara Nethrayala – between [[Vijayawada]] and [[Guntur]] in 2004. Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal's primary motto was to promote spirituality among people and also spread the bhakti cult. He renovated or participated in ‘kumbhabhishekam’ of more than 100 temples in the State. The seer took part in the ‘kumbhabhishekam’ at the [[Kanaka Durga Temple]] in Vijayawada in the 90s. He also installed Lord [[Krishna]]'s idol at the Labbipet Venkateswara Swamy temple in 2015. The Kanchi Kamakoti Charitable Trust in Tenali is among the several institutions set up by him.
<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/vijayawada-had-a-special-place-in-jayendras-heart/article22883800.ece| title = Vijayawada had a special place in Jayendra's heart - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 28 February 2018}}
</ref>

==Arrest and acquittal==
{{main|Sankararaman murder case}}
In 2004, Jagadguru Sri Jayendra Saraswathi Mahaswamigal was arrested in connection with the [[Sankararaman murder case]] on [[Diwali]] day by [[Jayalalithaa]] government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kanchi-seer-jayendra-saraswathi-a-spiritual-colossus-till-his-arrest-in-2004/articleshow/63106383.cms|title=Kanchi seer Jayendra Saraswathi, a spiritual colossus till his arrest in 2004, dies - Times of India ►|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> The court said that the complainant failed to support the prosecution and he was given bail. The trial went on till 2013 when he was acquitted by the court.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Kanchi-seer-Sri-Jayendra-Saraswathi-others-acquitted-in-auditor-assault-case/articleshow/52039635.cms|title=Kanchi seer Sri Jayendra Saraswathi, others acquitted in auditor assault case - Times of India ►|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=May 2016 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

== Sexual harassment allegations ==
Tamil writer [[Anuradha Ramanan]] said she was subjected to [[sexual harassment]] by the Mahaswamigal when she met him back in 1992, when she was taken to negotiate the release of the spiritual magazine "Amma" by the monastery. Anuradha Ramanan accused Saraswathi of making sexual advances. She said that during their first meeting, he spoke about the proposed journal and offered to make her its [[editor]], Ramanan agreed to the offer. During their final meeting, she said, he began using [[Derogatory language|indecent language]], and when she looked up from the notebook, the woman who took her to him was in a [[Sexually intimate|sexually intimate position]] with him. She said that the Saraswathi "approached" her, and when she objected, the other woman tried to persuade her of her "good fortune". When she left the place, the Shankaracharya allegedly asserted that she keep her mouth shut.<ref>{{cite web|title=The plot thickens - Nation News - Issue Date: Dec 13, 2004|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/20041213-case-against-shankaracharya-gets-intricate-as-new-characters-enter-the-scene-probe-widens-788922-2004-12-13}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web|date=November 30, 2004|title=Seer threatened to bump me off: Tamil writer - India News|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Seer-threatened-to-bump-me-off-Tamil-writer/articleshow/940899.cms|access-date=July 15, 2020|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Slur of lady & lucre on Kanchi seer | website=Telegraph India | date=November 29, 2004 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/slur-of-lady-lucre-on-kanchi-seer/cid/702439 | access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=How The Gods Fall | website=outlookindia.com/ | date=December 13, 2004 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/how-the-gods-fall/225945 | access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref>

Ramanan said that she went to a woman police officer close to her to lodge a complaint, but did not do so because she feared for the future of her daughters. She reported that she was subjected to [[attempted murder]] when a truck hit her car in which she was traveling and another murder attempt was made on her life when she was admitted to the hospital.<ref name="The Times of India" /> In December 2004, she said she would have met with the same fate as that of Sankararaman if she had made the disclosure 12 years ago when the alleged incident took place.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tamil writer makes in-camera statement in court | website=outlookindia.com/ | date=December 6, 2004 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/tamil-writer-makes-in-camera-statement-in-court/265890 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124062629/https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/tamil-writer-makes-in-camera-statement-in-court/265890|archive-date=2021-11-24|access-date=July 15, 2020}}</ref>

==Death and Samadhi==
On 27 February 2018, for doing the daily routine Pooja, Jayendra Saraswathi Swamigal asked [[Vijayendra Saraswati Swamigal|Vijayendra Saraswathi]] to perform the routine poojas, which acted as a premonition that he wanted to hand over the reins to his successor. Jayendra Swamigal even did [[Sandhyavandhanam]] that same day. The 82-year old seer was admitted to a hospital near [[Kamakshi Amman Temple]] in [[Kanchipuram]] the following morning due to breathing problems. However, Jayendra Swamigal was perfectly in shape and even walked whilst being inside the hospital. A few hours later, hospital and mutt sources announced that he had died<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tamilnewslive.com/tamilnadu/kanchi-sankaracharyar-jayendra-saraswathi-died|title=Kanchi Sankaracharyar Jayendra Saraswathi Died - Tamil News Live|date=28 February 2018|access-date=1 March 2018|archive-date=28 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228173413/https://www.tamilnewslive.com/tamilnadu/kanchi-sankaracharyar-jayendra-saraswathi-died/|url-status=dead}}</ref> and issued statement "The 69th Acharya of Sri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetam Jagadguru Pujyashri Jayendra Saraswathi Shankaracharya Swamigal attained Siddhi at 9.00 am today - Shukla Trayodashi - 28 Feb. 2018 at Sri Kanchi Kamakotii Peetam Sankara Matam, Kanchipuram."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/kanchi-shankaracharya-jayendra-saraswathi-passes-away-2649922.html|title=Kanchi Shankaracharya Jayendra Saraswathi passes away, last rites to be held today| date=28 February 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

As a sanyasi, Jayendra Saraswati was not cremated. He was instead interred in a tomb called a [[Samadhi]], that is referred to as a 'Brindavanam' or 'adhishthanam'. A Tulasi tree was planted and a Shiva lingam was consecrated on top so that it will become a permanent shrine. The process of interment is called 'Brindavana Pravesha Karyakramam', which began on 1 March 2018 at 8am.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/india/kanchi-shankaracharya-jayendra-saraswati-final-rites-president-kovind-pm-modi-other-top-officials-to-attend-2085494.html|title=Shankaracharya Jayendra Saraswati interred at Kanchi math|date=1 March 2018|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

The priests started performing chanting of mantras and his body was kept for devotees to pay respects from 10 am of 28 February 2018 to 8am of 1 March 2018. Jayendra Saraswati's body was placed in the hall of the Kanchi math in a seated position, for devotees to catch a final glimpse. Devotees from various places visited the mutt from the morning of 28 February and throughout the night and paid homage to the late Acharya till 8am of 1 March 2018. Abhishekam of Shiva linga, a ritual was performed with chanting of Rudram and Chamakam on 1 March from 8am. Kanchi Mutt manager said over 5 lakh people came to the shrine to pay respects. It was decided that Jayendra Sarawasthi would be laid to rest beside his guru, Sri Chandrasekharendra Saraswathi and hence the seer's ‘brindavanam’, or final resting place, was constructed right next to the one that serves as the brindavanam for the 68th pontiff Sri Maha Periyava.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/kanchi-seer-jayendra-saraswathis-mortal-remains-laid-to-rest/article22890013.ece|title=Jayendra Saraswathi's mortal remains placed in 'samadhi' on Kanchi mutt premises| newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 March 2018|access-date=1 March 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

Mutt officials stopped the public darshan by 8am on 1 March 2018 and initiated the installation of the brindavanam by reciting slokas. The final rites of Saraswathi began with an 'abhishekam' ( bath) with milk and honey at 10am. A huge crowd had assembled in the small auditorium to watch the proceedings of the installation of the Brindavanam. The body of Saraswathi was later carried to the adjacent ‘Brindavan Annexe,’ for his Samadhi, where the mortal remains of his predecessor Sri Chandrasekerendra Saraswathi were interred in 1994. The rituals for lowering Jayendra Saraswathi's body in the 7 x 7 ft burial pit in the Brindhavanam Annexe started after 11 am on 1 March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/sri-jayendra-sarawathi-last-rites-live-updates-kanchi-sankaracharya-cremation-kanchi-sankara-mutt-5082448/?#liveblogstart|title=Kanchi Sankara Mutt's Sri Jayendra Saraswathi laid to rest next to his guru|date=1 March 2018|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> The Mutt's Pontiff Sri Vijayendra Saraswathi performed the poojas for his guru and predecessor. The 69th pontiff of the Kanchi Sankara Mutt Sri Jayendra Saraswathi was placed in the ‘samadhi’ within the Mutt premises in Kanchipuram.

=== Reactions, tributes and legacy ===
The Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and Vice President [[Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu]] mourned the death of Saraswathi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-vice-president-condole-kanchi-shankaracharya-jayendra-saraswathis-death-1818089|title=PM Modi, Vice President Condole Kanchi Shankaracharya Jayendra Saraswathi's Death|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref>

Notable dignitaries who offered condolences and paid homage following his demise include former Deputy Prime Minister of India [[LK Advani]], former Union Minister and [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] leader [[Anbumani Ramadoss]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] leader [[MK Stalin]], Indian President [[Ram Nath Kovind]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/jayendra-saraswathi-passes-away-kovind-modi-pay-rich-tributes-to-82-year-old-kanchi-kamakoti-peetham-seer-4370747.html|title=Jayendra Saraswathi passes away: Kovind, Modi pay tributes to 82-year-old Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham seer - Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|date=28 February 2018|access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> Tamil Nadu Governor [[Banwarilal Purohit]], Union ministers [[D. V. Sadananda Gowda]] and [[Pon Radhakrishnan]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/kanchi-seer-sri-jayendra-saraswathi-laid-to-rest/articleshow/63122250.cms|title=Kanchi seer Sri Jayendra Saraswathi laid to rest - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=March 2018 |access-date=1 March 2018}}</ref> [[Banwarilal Purohit]], [[O. Panneerselvam]], [[Sengottaiyan]], and [[Ilayaraja]].<ref>[http://www.yarloosai.com/watch/IsXIRB8DL2w/UU-JFyL0zDFOsPMpuWu39rPA/tn-deputy-cm-o-panneerselvam-minister-sengottaiyan-pay-respect-to-kanchi-shankaracharya.html Funeral ceremony]yarloosai.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301225231/http://www.yarloosai.com/watch/IsXIRB8DL2w/UU-JFyL0zDFOsPMpuWu39rPA/tn-deputy-cm-o-panneerselvam-minister-sengottaiyan-pay-respect-to-kanchi-shankaracharya.html |date=1 March 2018 }}</ref>

Muslims from Kanchipuram and nearby places also visited the Kanchi Mutt after his death, to pay their respects to him. They offered prayers (Namaz) as a token of respect for the Swami. The Nawab of Arcot is also known to be very close to the Mutt and its Acharyas.

==External links==
*[http://www.kamakoti.org/ The Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham]
*[http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=archiveSearch&aid=20041203006300800&ais=24&avol=21 India’s National Fortnightly Magazine from The Hindu]
*The Sacred and the Profane [https://web.archive.org/web/20130430205437/http://tehelka.com/the-sacred-and-the-profane-all-rolled-into-one/ The sacred and the profane. All rolled into one]
*[https://api.sci.gov.in/judgment/judis/26701.pdf Complete text of the Order of the Supreme Court of India in dismissing the application of the Government of Tamil Nadu in seeking the stay of the Shankarachaya outside the States of South India]
*[http://judis.nic.in/chennai/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=4711 Complete text of the Order of Writ Mandamus issued by the Madras High Court against the Government of Tamil Nadu holding that the freezing of the bank accounts by the Police is illegal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001050/http://judis.nic.in/chennai/qrydisp.asp?tfnm=4711 |date=4 March 2016 }}
*[http://KanchiForum.org Kanchi Forum] an online forum. ''(a forum for devotees of the acharyas to share their views)''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110902081957/http://www.kanchi-sathya.org/ Consolidated news on Legal proceedings on Sri Jayendra Saraswathi.]
*Ten Minutes in a Life [http://www.countercurrents.org/comm-anand031204.htm]
*[https://www.tamilnewslive.com/tamilnadu/kanchi-sankaracharyar-jayendra-saraswathi-died/ Tamil News Live.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828170010/https://www.tamilnewslive.com/tamilnadu/kanchi-sankaracharyar-jayendra-saraswathi-died/ |date=28 August 2018 }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel}}
{{s-bef|before = [[Chandrashekharendra Saraswati VIII]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham|Kanchi Kāmakoti Pīṭhādhipati]]|years = Elected on: 22 March 1954 Succeeded on: 9 January 1995}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Vijayendra Saraswati]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saraswathi, Jayendra}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Shankaracharyas of Kanchipuram|J]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:21st-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:People from Thanjavur district]]

Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project

2026-03-13T09:49:29Z

BellEggers2:

{{Short description|Initiative to prevent extinction of Asiatic lions}}
[[Image:Map Guj Nat Parks Sanctuary.png|thumb|right|The [[Gir Forest]] in the State of [[Gujarat]], [[India]] is the last natural habitat of more than 674 wild Asiatic lions, though plans are afoot to re-introduce some to [[Kuno National Park]] in the neighboring State of [[Madhya Pradesh]] to ensure their longterm survival against epidemics and natural calamities.]]

The '''Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project''' is an initiative of the Indian Government to provide safeguards to the [[Asiatic lion]] (''[[Panthera leo leo]]''){{efn|In 2017, due to the Asiatic lion's close relationship with the [[Barbary lion]], the Cat Classification Taskforce of the Cat Specialist Group subsumed ''P. l. persica'' to ''P. l. leo''.<ref name="Catsg2017">{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O’Donoghue, P. |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |page=71−73 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y}}</ref>}} from [[extinction]] in the wild by means of reintroduction. The last wild population of the Asiatic lion is found in the [[Kathiawar Peninsula|region]] of [[Gir Forest National Park]], in the state of [[Gujarat]]. The single population faces the threats of [[epidemics]], [[natural disasters]] and other [[Man-made hazards|anthropogenic factors]]. The project aims to establish a second independent population of [[Asiatic lion]]s at the [[Kuno National Park]] in the Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref name="Field Days">{{cite book|last=Johnsingh|first=AJT|title=Field Days: A Naturalist's Journey Through South and Southeast Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EU3inCiGFYYC&pg=PA126|access-date=22 April 2013|date=1 February 2006|publisher=Universities Press|isbn=978-81-7371-552-5|pages=126–138}}</ref> However, the proposed translocation has been resisted by the Gujarat state government.<ref name="IndianExpress2022">{{cite news|newspaper=Indian Express|title=Despite SC order, no shifting of lions outside Gujarat in Centre's 25-year plan|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/despite-sc-order-no-shifting-of-lions-outside-gujarat-centre-25-year-plan-8053551/|date=27 July 2022|access-date=27 July 2022|archive-date=26 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726232142/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/despite-sc-order-no-shifting-of-lions-outside-gujarat-centre-25-year-plan-8053551/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Lion Reintron Sites in India.png|thumbnail|right|Historical and proposed lion reintroduction sites in India]]
The distribution of Asiatic lion, once found widely in West and South Asia, dwindled to a single population in the Gir Forest National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary in India.<ref name="Wild Cats of the World">{{cite book|last1=Sunquist|first1=Mel|last2=Sunquist|first2=Fiona|title=Wild Cats of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq|url-access=registration|access-date=22 April 2013|date=15 August 2002|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-77999-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/wildcatsofworld00sunq/page/297 297]}}</ref> The population at Gir declined to 18 individuals in 1893 but increased due to protection and conservation efforts to 284 in 1994.<ref name="Pride in Place">{{cite journal|last1=Paulson |first1=Mark |year=1999 |title=Pride in Place: Reintroduction of Asiatic Lions in Gir Forest, India |journal=Restoration and Reclamation Review |volume=4 |issue=3 |publisher=Dept of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota |url=http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/59294/1/4.3.Paulson.pdf |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901034324/http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/59294/1/4.3.Paulson.pdf |archive-date=1 September 2012 }}</ref> The Gir Wildlife Sanctuary is now highly overpopulated with lions, the 2015 census showed the strength to be 523 lions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/GUJ-AHD-asiatic-lions-gujarat---s-roar-in-court-lacked-substance-4236798-NOR.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017220634/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/GUJ-AHD-asiatic-lions-gujarat---s-roar-in-court-lacked-substance-4236798-NOR.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 17, 2013 |title=Asiatic lions: Gujarat's roar in court lacked substance |last1=Shah |first1=Jumana |date=16 April 2013 |work=DailyBhaskar.com |publisher=DB Corp Ltd., Noida, UP, India |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref> There are numerous deaths in the population annually because of increasing competition between human and animal overcrowding. Asiatic lion prides require large [[territory (animal)|territories]] but there is limited space at Gir wildlife sanctuary, which is boxed in on all sides by heavy human habitation.<ref name="Field Days"/> Gir lions have started moving outwards from the sanctuary and establishing homes outside the protected areas. The lions are now spread over {{convert|16000|km2|sqmi}} in the vicinity of 1050 villages in four contiguous districts - [[Amreli]], [[Gir Somnath]], [[Bhavnagar]] and [[Junagadh]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-15/flora-fauna/40588939_1_asiatic-lions-gir-forest-sasan-gir |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006225300/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-15/flora-fauna/40588939_1_asiatic-lions-gir-forest-sasan-gir |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 October 2013 |title=Asiatic lions have homes in over 1,000 Saurashtra villages |author=Parmar, Vijaysinh |date=15 July 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 July 2013}}</ref>

===Sheopur Introduction of 1904===
The [[Maharaja of Gwalior]], on being encouraged by [[Lord Curzon]] in 1904, imported cubs of [[African lion]]s and attempted to introduce them into the wild in the forests near Sheopur. The introduced lions took to raiding livestock and some even turned to [[Man-eating animal|man-eating]], subsequent to which they were all eventually tracked down and shot.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130629121726/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-17/ahmedabad/31747947_1_lions-palpur-kuno-three-cubs ''Past efforts to settle lions in Madhya Pradesh had failed''], May 17, 2012, Ahmedabad (Gujarat) Edition, Times of India.</ref>

===The Chandraprabha Relocation of 1957===
The concept of reintroduction for purposes of conservation was accepted in 1956 by the Indian Wildlife Board during a meeting of their executive committee at Sasan Gir and the offer by the state government of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to host a second population in the Chakia forests was accepted. In 1956 one lion and two lionesses were captured from Gir, placed in the Sakkarbuagh Zoo in Junagadh for nine months and then translocated in 1957 to the {{convert|96|km2|sqmi}} [[Chandra Prabha Sanctuary]], near [[Varanasi]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] and newly established for the reintroduction. An enclosure was created with a {{convert|3|m|ft}} high barbed wire fence within the sanctuary in which the lions were temporarily housed before being released in the sanctuary. Initially the lions prospered increasing in number to four in 1958, five in 1960, seven in 1962 and eleven in 1965 after which the population died out inexplicably.

Johnsingh (2006) attributes the failure of the translocation to three causes – inadequate area, lack of systematic monitoring using scientific techniques and unrestricted movement of grazing animals throughout the sanctuary possibly leading to conflict with herders.<ref name="Field Days"/> Small size of area, the long period of captivity in Junagadh zoo, absence of education of the local villagers and lack of conflict resolution mechanisms are also listed as contributory factors in Chellam and Johnsingh (1999).<ref name="Chellam & Johnsingh(1999)">{{cite journal|last1=Chellam |first1=Ravi |last2=Johnsingh |first2=A.J.T. |year=1999 |title=Translocating Asiatic Lions, India |journal=Re-introduction News |issue=18 |pages=11–13 |issn=1560-3709 |url=http://www.iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/rsg/rsgcdrom/PDFs/RNews18.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081003120756/http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/rsg/rsgcdrom/pdfs/rnews18.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 October 2008 |access-date=19 April 2013 }}</ref>

===The Wildlife Institute of India initiative===
The [[Wildlife Institute of India]] (WII) began studying the Asiatic lion in its habitat in from 1986 onwards and collected fundamental data about the lion, its feeding, use of habitat and ranging habits. Key findings of the study were that the lions largely preyed upon wild herbivores such as [[sambar deer|sambar]] (''Rusa unicolor'') and [[chital]] (''Axis axis'') and that the size of [[home range]] was {{convert|70|km2|sqmi}} for females and {{convert|140|km2|sqmi}} for the males.<ref name="Chellam & Johnsingh(1999)"/> In 1990, the WII proposed the creation of a second wild population of Asiatic lions to safeguard the species against potential calamities in Gujarat's Gir National Park.<ref name="Science Trumps Politics">{{cite web |url=http://tehelka.com/science-trumps-politics/ |title=Science Trumps Politics |last1=Mazoomdar |first1=Jay |date=27 April 2013 |work=Tehelka magazine |publisher=Tehelka.com |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422103250/http://tehelka.com/science-trumps-politics/ |archive-date=April 22, 2013 }}</ref>

=== Project Lion ===
Project Lion is an Indian government initiative to conserve the Asiatic lion species that was announced on 15 August 2020 during the [[Independence Day (India)|74th independence day]] celebrations by Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 August 2020 |others=Prime Minister's Office - Government of India |title=The Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi addressed the Nation from the ramparts of the Red Fort on the 74th Independence Day - Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1646044 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=pib.gov.in |quote=12. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change - Saving and Strengthening the Eco System: A holistic Project Lion on the lines of Project Tiger announced.}}</ref> It will be under the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] and is modelled on the lines of [[Project Tiger]].<ref name=":1" /> The project has established three "gene pool" sites at Rampara in Saurashtra, and Sakkarbaug and Satveerada in Junagadh for the purpose of breeding the lions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-08-11 |title=Project Lion: Gujarat govt sought Rs 2,000 crore from Centre |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/project-lion-rs-2k-crore-sought-from-centre/articleshow/85222152.cms |access-date=2023-03-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> One of the aims of the project is to address human-wildlife conflict between local residents and the lions.<ref>{{Cite news |others=Outlook India Webdesk |date=24 May 2022 |title=Project Lion: Union Forest Minister Visits Gir National Park In Gujarat |work=Outlook India |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/project-lion-union-forest-minister-visits-gir-national-park-in-gujarat-news-198361 |quote=Project Lion entails habitat development, modern technologies in lion management and addressing the issue of diseases among lions and its associated species through advanced world-class research and veterinary care, as per the environment ministry. ... The project will address human-wildlife conflict and will involve local communities living in the vicinity and also provide livelihood opportunities.}}</ref> The project has also identified six new potential sites of reintroduction of the species in the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kukreti |first=Ishan |date=23 October 2020 |title=Project Lion: Proposal identifies 6 relocation sites apart from Kuno-Palpur |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/wildlife-biodiversity/project-lion-proposal-identifies-6-relocation-sites-apart-from-kuno-palpur-73922 |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=Down to Earth (www.downtoearth.org.in) |language=en}}</ref>

The six new potential sites are:<ref name=":0" />

* [[Madhav National Park]], Madhya Pradesh
* [[Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary|Sitamata Wildlife Sanctuary]], Rajasthan
* [[Mukundara Hills National Park|Mukundra Hills Tiger Reserve]], Rajasthan
* [[Gandhi Sagar Sanctuary|Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary]], Madhya Pradesh
* [[Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]], Rajasthan
* [[Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary|Jessore-Balaram Ambaji WLS]] and adjoining landscape, Gujarat

==1993 PHVA report==
In 1993, a workshop was held on the Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA) of Asiatic lion and the report was presented to the state forest departments in [[Vadodara]], Gujarat. State forest departments were asked to suggest suitable sites for reintroduction and provide the basic ecological data.<ref name="Chellam & Johnsingh(1999)"/>

During the workshop, a number of teams were formed to focus on varied aspects of the conservation biology of the Asiatic lion such as monitoring, habitat (further subdivided into Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan sub-groups), population modelling, prey-base requirements, lion-human interactions, translocation, captive zoo animals, public education, veterinary, reproductive and genetic aspects etc.<ref name = "PHVA">{{cite web |url=http://www.zooreach.org/downloads/ZOO_CAMP_PHVA_reports/1993_Asiatic_Lion_PHVA_report.pdf |title=Asiatic Lion Report |editor1-last = Ashraf |editor1-first= N.V.K. |editor2-last = Chellam |editor2-first= Ravi |editor3-last = Sharma |editor3-first= D. |editor4-last = Molur |editor4-first= Sanjay |editor5-last = Walker |editor5-first= Sally
|date=May 1995 |work=Population & Habitat Viability Assessment P.H.V.A. and Global Animal Survival Plan Workshops (18–21 October 1993, Baroda, India) |publisher=Zoo Outreach Organisation / CBSG, India |access-date=25 April 2013}}</ref>

The sites were assessed and ranked for suitability as follows:<ref name = "PHVA"/>
* [[Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary]] - found most suitable for reintroduction.<ref name="Field Days"/>
* [[Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary]] - later rejected due to human interference and inadequate prey population.<ref name="Field Days"/>
* [[Darrah National Park|Darrah]] - [[Jawahar Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary]] - later rejected due to degraded habitat and unsuitable geography.<ref name="Field Days"/>
* [[Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary]] - assessed as having limited area, unsuitable terrain, limited water and prey base as well as disturbance.<ref name = "PHVA"/>
* [[Barda Wildlife Sanctuary]] - assessed as having scarcity of water, prey and forage, as well as encroachment and disturbance.<ref name = "PHVA"/>

The PHVA report strongly favoured the scientific management of reintroduction of Asiatic lions to another site:<ref name = "PHVA"/>
{{blockquote|The overwhelming consensus of the Workshop was that an alternative habitat for the Asiatic lion must be established with all possible speed, but without compromise of the accepted strategies and principles governing systematic and scientific reintroduction. This should be done simultaneously with strengthening effective protection and management of the Gir Forest and assuring the viability of the captive population and alternative genetic resources.}}

The PHVA deliberations were followed by visits to the three most promising site, viz Kuno, Darrah-Jawaharsagar and Sitamata WLS by a survey team of WII headed by Dr [[Ravi Chellam]]. The team evaluated sites over various parameters and compared the same with respect to Gir Forest for determining the suitability of sites. They presented their findings in 1995 to the [[Government of India]] and the state forest departments.<ref name="Chellam & Johnsingh(1999)"/><ref name = "PHVA"/> WII researchers confirmed that the Palpur-Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary was the most promising location to re-establish a free ranging population of the Asiatic lions and in 2007 certified it ready to receive its first batch of translocated lions.<ref name="JSSPGQQ2007">{{cite journal |last1=Johnsingh |first1=A.J.T. |last2=Goyal |first2=S.P. |last3=Qureshi|first3=Qamar|year=2007 |title=Preparations for the reintroduction of Asiatic lion Panthera leo persica into Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary, Madhya Pradesh, India |journal=Oryx |volume= 41|issue=41 |pages=93–96 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/S0030605307001512 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Project framework==
The framework of the Lion Introduction Project emerged from the transformation of a Monitoring Committee, set up by the Government of India, which met on 10 March 2004 for effective implementation of the reintroduction at Kuno.<ref name="Supreme Court Verdict">{{cite web |url=http://judis.nic.in/supremecourt/imgs1.aspx?filename=40278 |title=Supreme Court judgement - Centre for Environment Law, WWF-I Versus Union of India & Others : On the issue of a second home for Asiatic Lion|date=16 April 2013 |website=The Judgement Information System |publisher=Government of India |access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref>

At the meeting the WII Site Survey was examined and it was understood that Kuno Palpur Sanctuary was the most suitable site for reintroduction. The Committee formulated a three phase framework for the conservation project to last for two decades as follows :<ref name="Supreme Court Verdict"/>
* During the first phase, slated from 1995 to 2000, the 24 villages would be shifted out of the sanctuary and the habitat would be improved.
* The second phase would last from 2000 to 2005 and would include fencing off of the lion reintroduction site, the actual trans-location, as well as research and monitoring.
* The final phase III would last from 2005 to 2015 and would focus on eco-development of the region.

At that point in time, the project was in Phase II and 18 of the 24 villages had been rehabilitated from Kuno. The refusal of Gujarat state to provide lions was mentioned during this meeting by the Chief Wildlife Warden of Gujarat. A number of steps were approved with consensus which included the engaging of the Gujarat State Government as to the necessity of the project, preparation of a trans-location road map, fresh assessment of prey base of Kuno by WII and continued funding support for welfare measures and habitat improvement for the existing fauna at Kuno.<ref name="Supreme Court Verdict"/>

==Lion reintroduction at Kuno National Park==
[[Image:Panthera leo persica male.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A male Asiatic lion]]
[[Image:Asiatic.lioness.arp.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Asiatic lioness, named MOTI, at Bristol Zoo, England (1996)]]

===Establishing the wildlife sanctuary===
The Madhya Pradesh state forest department notified {{convert|345|sqkm|sqmi}} of the Kuno Palpur area as a Wildlife Sanctuary in 1981.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mpforest.org/kuno.html |title=Kuno Sanctuary |publisher=Madhya Pradesh State Forest Department |access-date=4 May 2013}}</ref> In April 2002, a separate Wildlife Division was established for Kuno, effectively increasing the protected area for wildlife to {{convert|1268.861|sqkm|sqmi}}.<ref name="Supreme Court Verdict"/>

===Rehabilitation of villagers===
Twenty four villages of the [[Sahariya]] tribe, comprising 1545 families, were moved out from the core area and rehabilitated by the state government with assistance from the Central Government. Due to a paucity of suitable revenue lands in the vicinity of Kuno, the state government proposed relocating the villages on degraded protected forests, a move approved by the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] (MOEF) of the Government of India, which granted its approval under Section 2 of the [[Forest (Conservation) Act 1980]] for diversion of {{convert|3395.9|ha|acre}}. By 2002–2003, all 24 villages and the identified families were relocated outside Kuno and the former village area converted into grasslands.<ref name="Supreme Court Verdict"/>

The Madhya Pradesh state government informed the Supreme Court that each family was given {{convert|2|ha|acre}} of cultivable land, in addition to {{convert|500|m2|sqyd}} for housing along with building constructional material costing Rs 1,00,000/- per house. The net outflow to the Central Government was Rs.15 crores.<ref name="Supreme Court Verdict"/>

Major gaps remain in the implementation of the rehabilitation measures, with villagers alleging that they have got little of the rehabilitation package they were promised.<ref name="Bunsha2005">{{cite journal|author=Bunsha, Dionne |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2211/stories/20050603002308300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060908173628/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2211/stories/20050603002308300.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=September 8, 2006 |title= Left high and dry |website= Frontline|volume=22|issue=11|date= 21 May 2003 |access-date= 12 Jun 2013}}</ref><ref name="Arpan">{{cite web|author=Samrakshan Trust |year=2006 |url=http://www.ruffordsmallgrants.org/files/Arpan%20Progress%20Report.pdf |title=The Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary – a new home for Asiatic Lions? |access-date=12 June 2013 }}{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The negative economic impact of the displacement to villagers from Kuno sanctuary has raised a controversy over the merits of species preservation via dislocation of human populations living inside Protected Areas.<ref name = "Kabra 2007">{{cite web|url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2007/577/577_asmita_kabra.htm |author=Kabra, Asmita |title=Preservation via Dislocation |website=Seminar|date= September 2007|access-date= 13 June 2013}}</ref> [[NGO]]s, such as the [[Samrakshan Trust]], have been working for better rehabilitation of villagers who agreed to move out of the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref name="Samrakshan2">{{cite web |url=http://www.samrakshan.org/lc_kuno.htm |title=The Kuno Initiative |website=Samrakshan Trust |access-date=13 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023042606/http://www.samrakshan.org/lc_kuno.htm |archive-date=2013-10-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Opposition by the Gujarat Government==
In 2004, the state government refused to part with the first pride of 19 animals planned for relocation. The state considers the lions as "heritage of the state" and the issue of handing over lions has become a political issue.<ref name="Mitra2005">{{cite book|last=Mitra|first=Sudipta|title=Gir Forest and the saga of the Asiatic lion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J0rME6RjC1sC&pg=PA226|access-date=22 April 2013|year=2005|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-183-2|pages=226–227}}</ref> Mangubhai Patel, then State Forest Minister, went on record to state that:<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-02/ahmedabad/27162985_1_asiatic-lion-gir-forest-gir-national-park |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629122132/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-02/ahmedabad/27162985_1_asiatic-lion-gir-forest-gir-national-park |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Gir will be lions' only home: Gujarat |author=Times News Network |date=2 September 2004 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 April 2013}}</ref>
::{{blockquote|''There is no need to shift lions from Gir. We will ensure their survival here.''}}

As early as 2009, the continued opposition of the Gujarat state government led to the Madhya Pradesh Forest Department's exploration of the possibility of procuring zoo-bred Asiatic lions and shifting them and their descendants to Palpur-Kuno.<ref name="DH-6-10-09">{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/29405/zoo-bred-asiatic-lions-mp.html|title=Zoo-bred Asiatic lions for MP jungles?|author=Kaushik, Himanshu|date=6 October 2009 |website=DeccanHerald.com |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>

The [[Gujarat]] state government has, over time, made various arguments against translocating lions to Madhya Pradesh (MP), such as that the Kuno sanctuary was not suitable lion habitat and that it had inadequate prey base, that MP had been unable to provide adequate protection to tigers in its [[Panna National Park]] and the lions if reintroduced there would be in danger, that the proposed [[Cheetah reintroduction in India|introduction]] of [[Southern African cheetah]]s to Kuno rendered it unsuitable for lion reintroduction.<ref name="BBCNews">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-22154756 |title=Gujarat's Asiatic lions must be shared - Indian court |date=15 April 2013 |work=BBC News Asia |access-date=23 April 2013}}</ref>

The Gujarat State Wildlife Department proposed new homes for lions in the [[Barda Wildlife Sanctuary]]<ref name="Barda">{{cite web|url=http://girasiaticlion.blogspot.in/2012/04/lions-roar-to-echo-in-porbandars-barda.html |title=Lions' roar to echo in Porbandar's Barda Sanctuary|website=DNA| author=Jha, Paras K.| author2=Gagdekar, Roxy| name-list-style=amp |date= 4 April 2012|access-date=13 June 2013}}</ref> and [[Bhavnagar Amreli Forest]] instead.<ref name="Jesar">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-19/ahmedabad/27789455_1_gir-sanctuary-asiatic-lions-mitiala |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102134703/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-03-19/ahmedabad/27789455_1_gir-sanctuary-asiatic-lions-mitiala |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 November 2013 |title=New sanctuary for lions to come up at Jesar|date=19 March 2006 |author=Pathak, Anil |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 June 2013 }}</ref> Gir's lions have spread beyond the protective area and the measures of the state to engage this phenomenon are being portrayed as providing adequate dispersal to the lion population to prevent disease. Gujarat also played an emotional card by declaring before the Supreme Court that the lion was inextricably bound to the culture of Gujarat and that it was a "family member", hence could not be provided for translocation to Kuno.

This stand of Gujarat suffered a setback when on 15 April 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India]] acknowledged translocation to Kuno as being in the best interest of the species and rejected the Gujarat Government's objections, instead ordering the translocation to be carried out within six months. A ''bandh'' was called in the villages adjoining the Sasan Gir region on 18 April 2013 protesting the Supreme Court decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gujarat/Sasan-bandh-against-SC-verdict-on-trans-location-of-lions/Article1-1046408.aspx |title=Sasan bandh against SC verdict on trans-location of lions |author=PTI |date=18 April 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=23 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421090548/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gujarat/Sasan-bandh-against-SC-verdict-on-trans-location-of-lions/Article1-1046408.aspx |archive-date=21 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Supreme Court verdict and aftermath==
In light of the State Government of Gujarat's refusal to permit the reintroduction of Asiatic lions, a writ petition was filed in 1995 by the Centre for Environment Law and WWF-I in the Indian Supreme Court to get the Gujarat State Government to release a few prides of Asiatic lions for the Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary. The Indian Supreme Court fast-tracked the case and delivered a judgement on 16 April 2013 permitting the reintroduction of lions to Kuno, over-ruling the objections of the Gujarat Government.<ref name="Supreme Court Verdict"/>

The Gujarat Government filed on 1 July 2013 for a review in the Supreme Court of its 16 April ruling. In its petition, the Gujarat state government claimed that "top carnivores have never been successfully translocated".
The state has put forward the argument that translocation would break social bonds between members of groups or prides, which are vital for lion survival. The reported presence of tiger cubs in Palpur-Kuno was emphasised, saying that it could result in conflict between these top predators. The state proposed, instead, a second home for lions within Gujarat itself, claiming it would have numerous advantages including being in tune with international guidelines.<ref name="Reluctant">{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-02/india/40328037_1_asiatic-lions-kuno-palpur-kuno-wildlife-sanctuary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130705080445/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-02/india/40328037_1_asiatic-lions-kuno-palpur-kuno-wildlife-sanctuary |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 July 2013 |title=Reluctant to part with lions, Gujarat moves SC |author=Mahapatra, Dhananjay |date=2 July 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref>
The continued reluctance of the state to part with lions for translocation has come under criticism from prominent environmentalists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/environmentalists-slam-gujarat-s-fight-over-gir-lions-387050 |title=Environmentalists slam Gujarat's fight over Gir lions |author=Agence France-Presse |date=2 July 2013 |work=NDTV.com |publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited|access-date=13 July 2013}}</ref>

Post the verdict, fears have been voiced by Gujarati environmentalists over the gun culture of Madhya Pradesh and number of firearms in Sheopur, the region where the Kuno Palpur sanctuary is located and it is suggested that translocation to such an area would be in violation of IUCN norms on the subject.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/flora-fauna/38903035_1_asiatic-lion-gir-kuno-palpur |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123106/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-29/flora-fauna/38903035_1_asiatic-lion-gir-kuno-palpur |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |title=Can't send lions to gun country: International Union for Conservation of Nature norms |last1=Kaushik |first1=Himanshu |date=29 April 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=30 April 2013}}</ref> With the release of [[IUCN]] guidelines on translocation, opponents of the project have cited from the provisions and also claimed that the history of translocations especially in India is dismal and hence translocation is not favoured.<ref name="IUCN Guidelines">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Translocating-animals-outside-home-turf-is-high-risk-International-Union-for-Conservation-of-Nature/articleshow/21154628.cms |title=Translocating animals outside home turf is high risk: International Union for Conservation of Nature |author=Kaushik, Himanshu | date=19 July 2013 |website=Indiatimes.com |publisher=Bennett & Coleman Ltd. |access-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Empower">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-28/ahmedabad/40255333_1_translocation-gir-lions-manas |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130723140153/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-28/ahmedabad/40255333_1_translocation-gir-lions-manas |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2013 |title=10 translocations have failed worldwide |author=Kaushik, Himanshu | date=28 Jun 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref> The natural spread of over-populated lions from an original range of over {{convert|1412|km2|sqmi}} to an area extending over {{convert|10500|km2|sqmi}}, is considered to mitigate against the risk of epidemic disease.<ref name="ModiChouhan">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/narendra-modi-translocation-of-asiatic-lions-asiatic-lion-gir-forests-kuno-palpur-sanctuary-209856-2013-09-03 |title=Modi, Chouhan continue sparring over translocation of lions |author=Chaturvedi, Devika | date=4 September 2013 |website=IndiaToday.in |publisher=Living Media India Limited. |access-date=28 September 2013 }}</ref>

The Gujarat government's curative petition against relocation of the wild Asiatic lions from the Gir Forest to Madhya Pradesh was dismissed by the Supreme Court on 14 August 2014.<ref name="TOI-15-08-14">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/MP-had-plan-to-shift-zoo-bred-lions-looking-at-Modis-objection-on-those-in-wild/articleshow/40306682.cms|title=MP had plan to shift zoo-bred lions, looking at Modi's objection on those in wild|author=Naveen, P.|date=15 August 2014 |website=Indiatimes.com |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref>
In the face of continued opposition, the Madhya Pradesh government is considering an alternate plan to release zoo-bred lions from [[Nehru Zoological Park|Hyderabad]] and [[Sakkarbaug Zoological Garden|Sakkarbaug]], a move which has been criticised in the light of the deaths of two newly translocated zoo-bred lions in the [[Etawah Safari Park|safari park at Etawah]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="TOI-05-12-14">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/No-sign-of-Gir-transfer-MP-seeks-to-shift-zoo-lions-to-Kuno/articleshow/45379624.cms|title=No sign of Gir transfer, MP seeks to shift zoo lions to Kuno|author=Naveen, P.|date=5 December 2014 |website=Indiatimes.com |access-date=20 January 2015}}</ref> After the dismissal of the Gujarat State petition, two NGOs from Gujarat have filed separate petitions against the translocation order, one on the grounds that certain relevant facts have not been brought to the notice of the apex court, the other stating that the importance of Kuno-Palpur as a corridor for migrating tigers between [[Ranthambore National Park]] in Rajasthan and [[Madhav National Park]] in Madhya Pradesh had been downplayed.<ref name="TOI-15-08-14"/>

Despite supreme court's order, the Gujarat Government has resisted lion relocation to Kuno National Park since 2013.<ref name="IndianExpress2022"/> In September 2022, South African cheetah were arrived from Namibia to Kuno National Park for cheetah reintroduction plan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-17 |title=Modi: India PM reintroduces extinct cheetahs on birthday |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62899981 |access-date=2022-09-29 |archive-date=29 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929055028/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62899981 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Translocation plan within Gujarat==
The plan is to [[reintroduction of a species|reintroduce]] a pride or two of wild, free-ranging Asiatic lions from [[Gir Forest]] in the neighboring Indian state of [[Gujarat]] to start with.<ref name="Bunsha2">{{cite journal|author=Bunsha, Dionne |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2210/stories/20050520000106500.htm |title=A kingdom too small |journal=Frontline |volume=22 |issue=10 |date=20 May 2007 |access-date=13 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212165913/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2210/stories/20050520000106500.htm |archive-date=12 February 2012 }}</ref>

In compliance with the Supreme Court order of 15 April 2013, the [[Ministry of Environment and Forests]] has constituted a panel for deciding the best course of action in translocation of animals to Gir. The panel comprises 12 members including member secretary [[National Tiger Conservation Authority]], the Chief Wildlife Wardens of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, member [[Wildlife Institute of India]], and scientists Drs Ravi Chellam, [[Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala|Y.V. Jhala]], NK Ranjeet Singh and PR Sinha. The panel will advise both the states on technical aspect of translocation, decide the composition of animals to be translocated, select the prides and animals, supervise the translocation, monitor it and periodically report to the Ministry.<ref name="GirRoarMP">{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Gir-lions-to-roar-in-MP-soon/articleshow/21263193.cms |title=Gir lions to roar in MP soon |author=Naveen, P. |website=The Times of India |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd. | date=23 July 2013 |access-date=23 July 2013 }}</ref> During the first deliberations on 29 July 2013, the panel acceded the need to follow the recent IUCN translocation guidelines but brushed aside Gujarat's objections against the process. A two-member team comprising Dr Ravi Chellam and Dr [[Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala|Y.V. Jhala]] has been set up to decide the translocation protocol and report within six weeks.<ref name="TOI-15-08-14"/><ref name="TransPanel">{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Translocation-of-Asiatic-lions-Gujarats-objections-brushed-aside/articleshow/21475800.cms | title=Translocation of Asiatic lions: Gujarat's objections brushed aside |author= Kaushik, Himanshu |author2= Naveen, P. |name-list-style= amp| website=The Times of India | date=30 July 2013 |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>

Gujarat objected to meeting of the 12-member panel on 29 July 2013 before its petition had been reviewed and also to the presence of tiger experts on the panel, claiming that lion experts from Gujarat had been ignored, however that petition was rejected by the Supreme Court.<ref name="Object">{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-27/flora-fauna/40832735_1_gir-lions-asiatic-lions-gujarat-government|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130730141919/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-07-27/flora-fauna/40832735_1_gir-lions-asiatic-lions-gujarat-government|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 July 2013|title=Gujarat objects to tiger experts on panel to shift Gir lions|author=Kaushik, Himanshu|date=27 July 2013 |website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>

In a further development, in April 2015, the Union government has admitted that Madhya Pradesh will have to enlarge the wildlife sanctuary's size, from {{convert|349|km2|sqmi}} to {{convert|700|km2|sqmi}} in order to implement the translocation of the Asiatic lions to Kuno-Palpur from Gujarat's Sasan Gir, a suggestion made in the original project report. This is the first time that the Government of India has accepted that the sanctuary needs to be enlarged. However, the expansion would require the relocation of several big villages, a move the Madhya Pradesh government is not keen to undertake. The Madhya Pradesh Forest Department is of the view that the present sanctuary area and its buffer total over 700 km2 and are therefore adequate, but have made no mention of notifying the buffer zone area also as a sanctuary.<ref name="TOI-22-04-15">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Kuno-expansion-must-to-house-lions/articleshow/47007365.cms|title=Kuno expansion must to house lions|author=Himanshu Kaushik|website=Indiatimes.com|date=22 April 2015|access-date=26 April 2015}}</ref>

In a reversal of position, the Ministry of Environment and Forests decided in a meeting in June 2015 against translocation at present on the grounds that it would be detrimental to the breeding and survival of the lions as they lived in social prides. The turn-around of stance has been attributed by environmentalists supporting the translocation to [[Narendra Modi]] who had as Chief Minister of Gujarat stated that the lion was the pride of Gujarat and had publicly declared his opposition to the transfer of lions outside the state.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/niSTqjTWnYXmlhogS55tuM/Gir-Lions-Forest-ministry-cites-challenges-in-Madhya-Prades.html |title=Gir lions' relocation to Madhya Pradesh faces hurdle |website=LiveMint |author=Aggarwal, Mayank |date=18 June 2015 |access-date=19 Jun 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Wildlife conservation]]
* [[Reintroduction]]
* [[in-situ conservation]]
* [[Ex-situ conservation]]
* [[List of Protected areas in India]]
* [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] (IUCN)
* [[Extinction]]
* [[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
* [[Iran's Project Lion]]
* [[Cheetah reintroduction in India]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* Information on Asiatic lion and Gir Forest at the website of [http://asiatic-lion.blogspot.in/ Asiatic Lion Protection Society (ALPS)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZzASSxA6P0 Aaj Tak Video News Report (in Hindi)]. Available on YouTube: Gir lions in Palpur Kuno Sanctuary - Report by Rajesh badal.mp4 by Rajesh Badal. Uploaded on Feb 14, 2011.

[[Category:Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project| ]]
[[Category:Wildlife conservation in India]]
[[Category:Conservation projects]]
[[Category:Animal reintroduction]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Panthera leo leo]]

Sundarkhauli

2026-03-06T18:41:42Z

BellEggers2: done

{{orphan|date=September 2025}}
{{Short description|Village in Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sundarkhauli
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]]
| subdivision_type3 = Block
| subdivision_name3 = [[Aurai block|Aurai]]
| government_type = Gram Panchayat
| governing_body = Mathurapur Buzurg Gram Panchayat
| population_total = 1,791
| population_as_of = 2011
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 843321
| registration_plate = BR-06
| coordinates = {{coord|26.2732555|85.5977152|type:city_region:IN-BR|display=inline,title}}
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Hindi
| demographics_type2 = Literacy
| demographics2_title1 = Literacy
| demographics2_info1 = 58.3%
}}

'''Sundarkhauli''' is a village in the [[Aurai block]] of [[Muzaffarpur district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. It falls under the Mathurapur Buzurg Gram Panchayat.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sundarkhauli Village |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/229087-sundarkhauli-bihar.html |website=Census2011.co.in |access-date=2025-08-19}}</ref>

==Geography==
Sundarkhauli is located at {{coord|26.2732555|85.5977152|type:city_region:IN-BR|display=inline}} in the [[Aurai block]] of [[Muzaffarpur district]], [[Bihar]]. The village is situated approximately 9 kilometers from the sub-district headquarters, [[Aurai block|Aurai]], and about 55 kilometers from the district headquarters, [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sundarkhauli Village Map |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/bihar/muzaffarpur/aurai/sundarkhauli.html |website=Maps of India |access-date=2025-08-19}}</ref>

==Nearby villages==
* [[Mathurapur Buzurg]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mathurapur Buzurg Nearby Villages |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/bihar/muzaffarpur/aurai/mathurapur-buzurg.html |website=Maps of India |access-date=2025-08-19}}</ref>
* [[Basua]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Basua Nearby Villages |url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/villages/bihar/muzaffarpur/aurai/basua.html |website=Maps of India |access-date=2025-08-19}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the 2011 Census of India:<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of India 2011 – Sundarkhauli Village |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/229087-sundarkhauli-bihar.html |website=Census2011.co.in |access-date=2025-08-19}}</ref>
* Total population: 1,791
* Males: 973
* Females: 818
* Sex ratio: 841 females per 1,000 males
* Children aged 0–6: 407 (22.72% of total population)
* Child sex ratio: 939

==Infrastructure==
* '''Education''': Educational facilities in Sundarkhauli are available from 1st to 8th class. For higher education (10th–12th class), students attend schools in [[Mathurapur Buzurg]] or other areas of [[Aurai block]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Schools in Aurai Block |url=https://www.icbse.com/schools/bihar/muzaffarpur/aurai |website=ICBSE |access-date=2025-08-19}}</ref>
* '''Postal code''': 843321<ref>{{cite web|title=Sundarkhauli PIN Code |url=https://www.icbse.com/pincodes/843321 |website=ICBSE |access-date=2025-08-19}}</ref>
* '''Vehicle registration''': BR-06<ref>{{cite web|title=Bihar Vehicle Registration Codes |url=https://www.nic.in/vehicle-registration-codes-bihar |website=Government of India |access-date=2025-08-19}}</ref>
* '''Basic amenities''': Electricity and drinking water are available.

==See also==
* [[List of villages in Bihar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Aurai block]]

Kolkali

2026-03-05T18:28:17Z

BellEggers2: updated page

{{Short description|Folk art performed in Malabar region of Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{one source|date=December 2020}}
[[File:Kolkali of Hindus of Malabar.webm|thumb|360px|Beginning of Kolkali by the [[Hindus]] of [[Malabar District|Malabar]]. This distinct and complex art includes styles like 'Vandhanakali,' 'Vattakol,' 'Thettikol,' 'Thaduthukali,' and 'Irunnukali.' Due to political reasons, it is not included in the [[Kerala School Kalolsavam]].]]
[[File:Kolkkali.jpg|thumb|Performers of kolkali in [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]].]]
'''Kolkali''' is a folk art performed in [[Malabar District|Malabar]] region of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kolkali - a folk art form {{!}} North Malabar region of Kerala |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=www.keralatourism.org |language=en}}</ref> The dance performers move in a circle, striking small sticks and keeping rhythm with special steps.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jha |first1=Makhan |title=The Muslim Tribes of Lakshadweep Islands: An Anthropological Appraisal of Island Ecology and Cultural Perceptions |year=1997 |publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. |isbn=978-81-7533-032-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b_a4G_Tw2ycC&dq=kolkali&pg=PA58 |access-date=28 November 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The circle expands and contracts as the dance progress. The accompanying music gradually rises in pitch and the dance reaches its climax.<ref name=":0" /> Kolkali is now a popular event in Kerala School Kalolsavam, which is considered as the biggest cultural event of Asia. There are two styles of Kolkali: the actual Kolkali and Thekkan Koladi. The actual Kolkali consists of [[Thacholikali]], Rajasooyam etc. The actual kolkali is almost at verge of extinction and Thekkan Koladi is still alive as it is added in state kololsavams.

Many of the traditional performing art forms of Kerala like [[Kathakali]], [[Velakali]], [[Poorakkali]] and [[Thacholikali]]''';''' Kolkali, also have drawn elements from [[Kalarippayatt]] during their stages of evolution. Kolkali has borrowed much from Kalarippayattu in its basic body preparative training of the actor not only in terms of technique in practice but also from the body massage for the trainee. Many of the body postures, choreography and foot work of the Kolkali characters are taken directly from Kalarippayattu.

The origin of the art can be traced back to ancient days when Kalarippayattu, a martial art of Kerala, was in vogue.
[[File:Advika VAST 2020 Kolkali 16.ogv|thumb|Kolkali performed in a college arts fest]]

==See also==
* [[Arts of Kerala]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kolkali}}

{{Culture of Kerala}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Malabar
|list =
{{Malabar}}
}}

[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]
[[Category:Malabar Muslims]]

{{Kerala-stub}}
{{India-dance-stub}}

Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey

2026-03-04T09:36:06Z

BellEggers2: New a details!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey
| image = Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Vihan Suryavanshi
| writer = Vihan Suryavanshi Kartik Krishnan
| screenplay = Vihan Suryavanshi & Kartik Krishnan
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Mannan Shaah]]
| starring = Karan Parab Kunal Shukla Aayushi Bhave Sana Prabhu [[Mugdha Chaphekar]] [[Hemal Ingle]] Ajit Pawar
| narrator =
| cinematography = Santosh Reddy
| editing = Gorakshnath Khande
| music = [[Mujeeb Majeed]]
| studio = ACE Entertainment
| distributor = AA Films
| released = {{film date|df=y|2022|9|16}}
| runtime = 169 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross = {{estimation}}{{INR|3.72 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey Box Office Collection|url=https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2022/10/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-day-4-box-office.html/|website=Box Office Business|access-date=31 October 2022|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031161544/https://www.boxofficebusiness.in/2022/10/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-day-4-box-office.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] [[Marathi cinema|drama film]] directed by Vihan Suryavanshi and produced by [[Mannan Shaah]] under the banner of ACE Entertainment.<ref name=abc/> The film stars Karan Parab, Kunal Shukla, Aayushi Bhave, Sana Prabhu, [[Mugdha Chaphekar]] and [[Hemal Ingle]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Borade |first1=Aarti Vilas |title=Rup Nagar Ke Chite: 'रूप नगर के चीते'मधून उलगडणार मैत्रीचे नवे पैलू (A new aspect of friendship will unfold from Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey) |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rup-nagar-ke-chite-marathi-movie-141659167465477.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=30 July 2022 |language=Marathi |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170842/https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/rup-nagar-ke-chite-marathi-movie-141659167465477.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Venkatesh |first1=Jyothi |title=Watch The glamour of the four In 'Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey' |url=https://bollyy.com/watch-the-glamour-of-the-four-in-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey/ |publisher=Bollyy |date=1 August 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802080707/https://bollyy.com/watch-the-glamour-of-the-four-in-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was released on 16 September 2022.<ref name=release>{{cite news |last1=Jha |first1=Lata |title=New Marathi film 'Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey' to release on 16 September |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/new-marathi-film-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-to-release-on-16-september-11660020479550.html |publisher=[[Livemint]] |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170743/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/new-marathi-film-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-to-release-on-16-september-11660020479550.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
It depicts the journey of two childhood friends and their contrasting lives in two different cities after an incident. It presents some neglected aspects of friendship that have never been explored before.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey : मैत्रीच्या बंधाची अनोखी गोष्ट उलगडणार; बहुचर्चित 'रूप नगर के चीते'चा ट्रेलर रिलीज |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-movie-release-soon-trailer-released-1096252 |publisher=[[ABP Majha]] |date=2 September 2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163511/https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-movie-release-soon-trailer-released-1096252 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Karan Parab as Akhil
* Kunal Shukla as Girish
* [[Hemal Ingle]] as Devika
* Aayushi Bhave as Maya
* [[Mugdha Chaphekar]] as Kshipra
* Sana Prabhu as Rati
* Akshay Kelkar as Sarang
* Saorabh Rajnish Choughule as Jagan
* Onkar Bhojane as Professor
* [[Rajit Kapur]] as Jatin
* Tanvika Parlikar as Smita
* Ajit Pawar

== Production and marketing ==
A news report published by ''[[The Indian Express]]'' in December 2013 suggests that the film was announced back in 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Khanzada |first1=Farida |title=Vipul Shah's next Roop Nagar Ke Cheeteh |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vipul-shah-s-next-roop-nagar-ke-cheeteh/1209561/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |date=20 December 2013 |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715002130/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/vipul-shah-s-next-roop-nagar-ke-cheeteh/1209561/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film's title is derived from a popular dialogue, 'Hum Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey Hain, Shikaar Par Hi Jeete Hain', of a 1990s [[Bollywood]] movie.<ref name=abc>{{cite news |title=Vihan Suryavanshi's 'Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey' to go on floors in February 2021 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/vihan-suryavanshis-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-to-go-on-floors-in-february-2021/articleshow/80326958.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 January 2021 |accessdate=18 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920210557/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/vihan-suryavanshis-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-to-go-on-floors-in-february-2021/articleshow/80326958.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was announced as a [[Marathi film|Marathi-language film]] by its producer [[Mannan Shaah]] by sharing the film's motion poster on [[Instagram]] in January 2021.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}} The shooting of the film was started in February 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey Goes On Floors In Pune |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-goes-on-floors-in-pune-310323.html |publisher=FilmiBeat |date=23 February 2021 |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163554/https://www.filmibeat.com/marathi-movies/news/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-goes-on-floors-in-pune-310323.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was also shot in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Vihan Suryavanshi's 'Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey' final shooting schedule begins in Pune and Bengaluru |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/vihan-suryavanshis-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-final-shooting-schedule-begins-in-pune-and-bengaluru/articleshow/85236509.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=11 August 2021 |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170407/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/vihan-suryavanshis-roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-final-shooting-schedule-begins-in-pune-and-bengaluru/articleshow/85236509.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='रूप नगर के चीते' चित्रपटाचे चित्रीकरण अंतिम टप्प्यात! |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-marathi-movie-update-dcp-98-2560138/ |publisher=[[Loksatta]] |date=11 August 2021 |language=Marathi |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920164821/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-marathi-movie-update-dcp-98-2560138/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first teaser of the film was released on [[YouTube]] in July 2022. The film's trailer was released on 2 September 2022, in [[YouTube]].<ref>{{cite news |title='रुप नगर के चीते' चित्रपटाचा ट्रेलर प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://www.navarashtra.com/entertainment/roopnagar-ke-cheetey-trailer-launch-nrsr-321826/ |publisher=Navarashtra |date=2 September 2022 |language=Marathi |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=15 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915233903/https://www.navarashtra.com/entertainment/roopnagar-ke-cheetey-trailer-launch-nrsr-321826/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is released on 16 September 2022.<ref name=release/>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Mannan Shaah]] [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=yes|2022||}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 22:40
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| producer = [[Mannan Shaah]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film score is composed by [[Mujeeb Majeed]] while the songs featured in the film are composed by [[Mannan Shaah]] and [[Shaan Rahman]], lyrics by Jai Atre and songs sung by [[Adarsh Shinde]], Saurabh Salunke, [[Gowry Lekshmi]], Narayani Gopan, [[Shaan Rahman]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey - Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |url=https://www.hungama.com/album/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/92299653/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2022 |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920165034/https://www.hungama.com/album/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/92299653/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Tracklist
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| lyrics1 = Jai Atre
| extra1 = [[Adarsh Shinde]], Saurabh Salunke
| title1 = Houn Jau De
| length1 = 5:04
| total_length = 22:40
| lyrics2 = Jai Atre
| extra2 = [[Gowry Lekshmi]], Narayani Gopan
| title2 = Mudda Asa
| length2 = 4:20
| lyrics3 = Jai Atre
| extra3 = Narayani Gopan
| title3 = Takladu
| length3 = 4:01
| lyrics4 = Jai Atre
| extra4 = [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title4 = Thambli Kashi Kahani
| length4 = 3:51
| lyrics5 = Jai Atre
| extra5 = [[Adarsh Shinde]]
| title5 = Houn Zaau De (reprise version)
| length5 = 5:08
}}

== Reception ==
===Critical reception===
Sanjay Ghavare of Marathi newspaper ''[[Lokmat]]'' praises the performance of actors, cinematography and eye-catching locations of the film. The film's writing and direction were also praised.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghavare |first1=Sanjay |title=रिलीज झालाय नवा मराठी सिनेमा 'रुपनगर के चीते', वाचा रिव्ह्यू |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-marathi-movie-review-in-marathi-a838-c590/ |publisher=[[Lokmat]] |date=16 September 2022 |language=Marathi |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171712/https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey-marathi-movie-review-in-marathi-a838-c590/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Anub George of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it 3.5 out of 5 stars, calling the film ‘surprises you with its nuanced approach toward storytelling.’<ref>{{cite news |last1=George |first1=Anub |title=Roop Nagar Ke Cheetey Movie Review : The film surprises you with its nuanced approach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey/movie-review/94263346.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=17 September 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=18 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918130514/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey/movie-review/94263346.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was rated 2.5 out of 5 by Jaydeep Pathakji, a film critic who writes for newspaper ''[[Maharashtra Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pathakji |first1=Jaydeep |title=सिनेरिव्ह्यू: रूप नगर के चीते |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey/moviereview/94269095.cms |publisher=[[Maharashtra Times]] |date=16 September 2022 |language=Marathi |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=17 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917141059/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/roop-nagar-ke-cheetey/moviereview/94269095.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13973920}}

[[Category:2022 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]

Aayiram Muthangaludan Thenmozhi

2026-03-03T03:25:52Z

BellEggers2: added initial article from scratch

{{Short description|2012 Indian film by Shanmugarajan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aayiram Muthangaludan Thenmozhi
| image = Aayiram Muthangaludan Thenmozhi.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Shanmugarajan
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Anand
| starring = Venkatesh [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Joshi Saravanan
| editing = Xian
| music = [[Taj Noor]]
| studio = City Lights Entertainment
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|3|23}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Aayiram Muthangaludan Thenmozhi''''' ({{Translation|Thenmozhi with a thousand kisses}}) is a 2012 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film directed by Shanmugarajan and starring Venkatesh and [[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]] (credited as Akshara).

== Cast ==
*Venkatesh as Ramesh
*[[Sharanya Turadi Sundarraj]]<ref>[https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/201119/news-anchors-sprout-in-films.html News anchors sprout in films] Deccan Chronicle</ref> as Thenmozhi

== Production ==
The director Shanmugharajan, an associate of [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]], used seventy one newcomers as actors for the film. A month long training camp was set up before the film began shooting.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=14 January 2012 |title=Itsy bitsy |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Itsy-bitsy/article13366294.ece?homepage=true |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Each of the film's sixty-two scenes were each shot individually in a single shot, which was the trial shot. The shots were then edited and reshot.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 January 2017 |title=Aayiram Muthangaludan Thenmozhi: A powerful 'shot' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aayiram-muthangaludan-thenmozhi-a-powerful-shot/articleshow/12159382.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[Taj Noor]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=18 February 2012 |title=Audio Beat: Ayiram Muthangaludan Thenmozhi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-ayiram-muthangaludan-thenmozhi/article2906973.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Song
! Lyricist
! Singer(s)
|-
|"Satham Sathamindri" || Tharangai Surya || [[Swetha Mohan]]
|-
|"Karaikkal" || Shanmugarajan ||[[Harish Iyer]], Hemambika
|-
|"Palodu Thaen Sera"|| [[Yugabharathi]] ||Raheeb Aalam, Rajalakshmi
|-
|"Dan Dan Dan" || Gnanakaravel|| [[Velmurugan]], Ananthu, [[A. R. Reihana]]
|-
|"Un Peyer Enna"||Uvari Sukumar ||Niwas
|-
|"My Dear Purusha" ||Eknath|| Ananthu, Priyadarshini, Shanmugarajan
|-
|"Theendatha Theeyai" || Gnanakaravel || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Padmalatha
|}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "To be fair to Venkatesh and Akshara, they have ably delivered what was demanded of them. They are unfortunately let down by a poor screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 March 2012 |title=AAYIRAM MUTHANGALUDAN THENMOZHI MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aayiram-muthangaludan-thenmozhi/movie-review/12389265.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''Behindwoods'' wrote that "Director Shanmugaraj has been successful in portraying how small issues turn into bigger ones in a relationship. But, the problem is that film is full of these small issues only".<ref>{{Cite web |title=AAYIRAM MUTHANGALUDAN THENMOZHI MOVIE REVIEW |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-reviews/reviews-2/mar-12-04/aayiram-muthangaludan-thenmozhi-review.html |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2012 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]

Ranga (2022 film)

2026-03-03T02:40:15Z

BellEggers2: New a data

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ranga
| image = Ranga 2022 poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = Vinod DL
| producer = Vijay K Celliah
| story = Vinod DL
| starring = [[Sibiraj]] [[Nikhila Vimal]] [[Sathish]]
| music = Ramjeevan
| cinematography = Arvi
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]]
| studio = Boss Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2022|05|13|df=yes}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Ranga''''' is a 2022 [[Tamil language]] [[survival]] [[thriller film]] directed by Vinod, starring [[Sibi Sathyaraj]], [[Nikhila Vimal]] and [[Sathish]] in the leading roles.

==Plot==
Adithya ([[Sibiraj]]), suffering from a unique syndrome, falls in love with Abhinaya ([[Nikhila Vimal]]) and marries her. While on their honeymoon in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], their lives take a turn. Stuck in the cold place, will they fight to survive?

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sibiraj]] as Adithya
* [[Nikhila Vimal]] as Abinaya
* [[Sathish]] as Adithyaa's friend
* Mohnish Raheja as Gabbar
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Abinaya's father
* [[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] as Adithya's mother
* [[Shah Ra]] as Adithya's friend
* [[Manobala]]
* Aarush as Sandy
* Sujatha Babu
* [[Swaminathan]]
* [[Senthil Ganesh]]
* Rajaletchumy
}}

==Production==
In February 2017, [[Sibiraj]] agreed to work on an action thriller film directed by newcomer Vinod, who had previously made short films and had appeared on the Naalaiya Iyakkunar reality show for budding film directors. Vinod prepared the script for ten months and revealed that the film's shoot would take the film from Chennai to Kashmir and Pollachi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2017 |title=Yet another action thriller for Sibiraj |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100217/yet-another-action-thriller-for-sibiraj.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518221219/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100217/yet-another-action-thriller-for-sibiraj.html |archive-date=18 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |title=Sibiraj to head to Kashmir for his film with Vinod |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sibiraj-to-head-to-kashmir-for-his-film-with-vinod/articleshow/57063806.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213055217/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sibiraj-to-head-to-kashmir-for-his-film-with-vinod/articleshow/57063806.cms |archive-date=13 February 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> [[Ruben (film editor)|Ruben]] was signed as the film's editor, while Arvi and [[Ramjeevan]] were picked as cinematographer and music composer.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} Actress [[Nikhila Vimal]] joined the team in March 2017, stating that she would play a city based girl for the first time, following a series of films featuring her in rural settings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthik |first=Janani |title=Nikhila to play a {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|moden}} girl in her next with Sibiraj |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nikhila-to-play-a-moden-girl-in-her-next-with-sibiraj/articleshow/57617234.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323205205/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nikhila-to-play-a-moden-girl-in-her-next-with-sibiraj/articleshow/57617234.cms |archive-date=23 March 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nikhila, heroine for Sibiraj in an untitled flick directed by Vinod |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/14/nikhila-heroine-for-sibiraj-in-an-untitled-flick-directed-by-vinod-1581004.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518212658/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/14/nikhila-heroine-for-sibiraj-in-an-untitled-flick-directed-by-vinod-1581004.html |archive-date=18 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

The first schedule began in April 2017 in Kashmir and proceeded for twenty one days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=The shooting of Sibiraj – Nikhila Vimal's next untitled project kick started in Kashmir |url=http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/the-shooting-of-sibiraj-nikhila-vimals-next-untitled-project-kick-started-in-kashmir/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518212657/http://www.kollywoodtoday.net/news/the-shooting-of-sibiraj-nikhila-vimals-next-untitled-project-kick-started-in-kashmir/ |archive-date=18 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=kollywoodtoday.net}}</ref> The makers of the film sought permission from the producers of ''[[Ranga (1982 film)|Ranga]]'' (1982) to reuse the title, with the producer stating that they wanted to name the film after the Hindu deity, [[Ranganatha]]. The producer of the film, Vijay K Celliah, revealed that the film would be along the lines of [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Roja (film)|Roja]]'' (1992).<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2017 |title=A Superstar title for Sibiraj |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230417/a-superstar-title-for-sibiraj.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518221120/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/230417/a-superstar-title-for-sibiraj.html |archive-date=18 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

==Release==
''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "A film of this kind deserves a romance that sizzles, but gets one that fizzles out right when it begins".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=Ranga Movie Review: Sibi Sathyaraj's Ranga fizzles out despite its interesting high-concept |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ranga/movie-review/91544656.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531235614/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/ranga/movie-review/91544656.cms |archive-date=31 May 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[Cinema Express]]'' said that "The lack of focus and a few too many missteps pull down this well-performed survival thriller from the heights that it had the potential to reach".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranga Movie Review: Sibi Sathyaraj, Nikhila Vimal shine in a middling survival thriller |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/may/13/ranga-movie-review-sibi-sathyaraj-nikhila-vimal-shine-in-a-middling-survival-thriller-31469.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522122122/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2022/may/13/ranga-movie-review-sibi-sathyaraj-nikhila-vimal-shine-in-a-middling-survival-thriller-31469.html |archive-date=22 May 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranga movie review: Another Superstar Rajinikanth title goes wasted; this Sibiraj-starrer needed better conviction and writing |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ranga-movie-review-another-superstar-rajinikanth-title-goes-wasted-this-sibiraj-starrer-needed-better-conviction-and-writing/c2248da654241 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514070931/https://www.ottplay.com/review/ranga-movie-review-another-superstar-rajinikanth-title-goes-wasted-this-sibiraj-starrer-needed-better-conviction-and-writing/c2248da654241 |archive-date=14 May 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> A critic from [[Dinamalar]] gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ரங்கா - விமர்சனம் {2/5} : ரங்கா - ராங்கா… - Ranga |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/3129/Ranga/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt7822416}}

[[Category:2022 films]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]

{{2020s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Kirin Narayan

2026-02-25T20:18:31Z

BellEggers2: made some post w/ refs!

{{short description|Indian-born US anthropologist & writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
'''Kirin Narayan''' (born November 1959) is an [[India]]n-born American [[anthropologist]], folklorist and writer.

==Early life, education, and career==
Narayan is the daughter of Narayan Ramji Contractor, a civil engineer from [[Nashik]], and [[Didi Contractor|Didi Kinzinger]], a German-American "artist, decorator, and builder of sustainable housing".<ref name=Sharma/>
Narayan was born in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], attended school in [[India]] and came to the United States in 1976.<ref>{{cite web|title=Professor Kirin Narayan|url=https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/narayan-k|website=ANU Researchers - Research Services Division|publisher=Australian National University|access-date=30 August 2017}}</ref>

Narayan received a [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] in creative writing from [[Sarah Lawrence College]] and went on to post-graduate studies in anthropology at the [[University of California, Berkeley]], receiving her [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in 1987. She taught anthropology and South Asian studies at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]].<ref name=Sharma>{{cite book |chapter=Kirin Narayan |title=Asian American Novelists: A Bio-bibliographical Critical Sourcebook |page=[https://archive.org/details/asianamericannov00nels_0/page/257 257] |last=Sharma |first=Maya |editor=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson |year=2000 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=0313309116 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/asianamericannov00nels_0/page/257 }}</ref><ref name=sanga>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlpKOzsOc-IC&pg=PA186 |title=South Asian Novelists in English: An A-to-Z Guide |page=186 |last=Sanga |first=Jaina C |year=2003 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=0313318859}}</ref><ref name=encyclo/> In 1993 she was named a [[Guggenheim Fellowship|Guggenheim Fellow]] in the field of anthropology and cultural studies.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/kirin-narayan/ |title=Kirin Narayan |publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation}}</ref> She is a professor in the College of Asia and the Pacific at the [[Australian National University]].<ref name=anu>{{cite web |url=https://researchers.anu.edu.au/researchers/narayan-k |title=Professor Kirin Narayan |publisher=Australian National University}}</ref>

==Books==
In 1989, Narayan published ''Storytellers, Saints, and Scoundrels: Folk Narrative in Hindu Religious Teaching''.<ref>Reviews of ''Storytellers, Saints, and Scoundrels'':
*{{cite journal|last=Champion|first=Catherine|date=January–March 1991|issue=117|journal=L'Homme|jstor=40589866|pages=163–164|title=none|volume=31}}
*{{cite journal|last=Flueckiger|first=Joyce Burkhalter|date=Spring 1991|doi=10.2307/541251|issue=412|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|jstor=541251|pages=239–241|title=none|volume=104}}
*{{cite journal|last=Zarrilli|first=Phillip B.|date=Spring 1991|doi=10.2307/1124168|issue=1|journal=Asian Theatre Journal|jstor=1124168|pages=91–92|title=none|volume=8}}
*{{cite journal|last=Gold|first=Ann Grodzins |author-link=Ann Grodzins Gold|date=August 1991|issue=3|journal=American Ethnologist|jstor=645615|pages=621–622|title=none|volume=18|doi=10.1525/ae.1991.18.3.02a00290}}
*{{cite journal|last=Pechilis|first=Karen|date=October 1991|issue=4|journal=The Journal of Religion|jstor=1203997|page=616|title=none|volume=71|doi=10.1086/488755}}
*{{cite journal|last=Handelman|first=Don|doi=10.2307/1178211|issue=1|journal=Asian Folklore Studies|jstor=1178211|pages=262–263|title=none|volume=50|year=1991}}</ref> It received the [[Victor Turner#Victor Turner Prize|Victor Turner Prize]] from the Society for Humanistic Anthropology<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sha.americananthro.org/sha-prize-winners/ |title=SHA Prize Winners |publisher=Society for Humanistic Anthropology}}</ref> and was co-winner of the Elsie Clews Prize for Folklore from the [[American Folklore Society]].<ref name=anu/>

In 1994, she published the novel ''Love, Stars and All That''.<ref>Reviews of ''Love, Stars and All That'':
*{{cite journal|date=November 1993|journal=Kirkus Reviews|title=Review|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/kirin-narayan/love-stars-and-all-that/}}
*{{cite journal|date=January 1994|doi=10.17953/amer.20.3.250625417277t57l|issue=3|journal=Amerasia Journal|pages=95–118|title=Book Reviews|volume=20|last1=Grewal|first1=Indepal|last2=Motooka|first2=Wendy|last3=Lee|first3=Jee Yeun|last4=So|first4=Christine|last5=Srikanth|first5=Rajini|last6=Young|first6=Morris|last7=Yoo|first7=David|last8=Ropp|first8=Steven Masami|last9=Fong|first9=Joe}}
*{{cite journal|last=Ruta|first=Suzanne|date=May 1994|doi=10.2307/4021845|issue=8|journal=The Women's Review of Books|jstor=4021845|page=12|title=A Time for Stories|volume=11}}
*{{cite news|last=Moraes|first=Dom|date=31 July 1994|newspaper=[[India Today]]|page=95|title=Coming of Age: A Fine, Funny Debut|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/books/story/19940731-book-review-kirin-narayan-love-stars-and-all-that-809429-1994-07-30|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220093309/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/book-review-kirin-narayan-love-stars-and-all-that/1/293740.html|archive-date=20 February 2014}}
*{{cite journal|last=Muthyala|first=John|date=Summer 1998|doi=10.2307/468021|issue=2|journal=MELUS|jstor=468021|pages=205–206|title=none|volume=23}}</ref> Reviewing the novel, Indian poet and editor [[Dom Moraes]] praised the work, saying:<blockquote>"This is a novel well received and achieved: it is also intelligent, excellently written, and revelatory of what it is like to be an American born in India. It makes one feel Narayan is that very rare bird, a born writer, and that she may fly far."<ref>{{harvtxt|Moraes|1994}}</ref></blockquote>

Narayan published ''Mondays on the Dark Night of the Moon: Himalayan Foothill Folktales'' in 1997.<ref>Reviews of ''Mondays on the Dark Night of the Moon'':
*{{cite journal|last=Blackburn|first=Stuart|date=February 1998|doi=10.2307/2659083|issue=1|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|jstor=2659083|pages=257–259|title=none|volume=57|s2cid=161514624 |doi-access=free}}
*{{cite journal|last=Goldberg|first=Christine|date=May–August 1998|issue=2|journal=Journal of Folklore Research|jstor=3814754|pages=157–160|title=none|volume=35}}
*{{cite journal|last=Chandola|first=Anoop|date=September 1999|issue=3|journal=American Anthropologist|jstor=683895|pages=683–684|title=none|volume=101|doi=10.1525/aa.1999.101.3.683}}
*{{cite journal|last=Bailly|first=Constantina Rhodes|date=April 2000|issue=1|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|jstor=20106693|pages=80–81|title=none|volume=4}}</ref> In 2002 a new edition of the first collection of Indian folk tales in English, [[Mary Frere]]'s ''Old Deccan Days'', was published with an introduction by Narayan.<ref>Review of ''Old Deccan Days'':
*{{cite journal|last=Haring|first=Lee|issue=2|journal=Marvels & Tales|jstor=41388715|pages=301–303|title=none|volume=18|year=2004|doi=10.1353/mat.2004.0036|s2cid=162163807}}</ref> In 2007, she published a memoir ''My Family and Other Saints''.<ref name=sanga/><ref name=encyclo>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5pbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT556 |title=Encyclopedia of Asian-American Literature |pages=556–57 |year=2015 |isbn=978-1438140582|last1=Oh |first1=Seiwoong |publisher=Infobase Learning }}</ref><ref>Reviews of ''My Family and Other Saints'':
*{{cite news|last=Grimes|first=William|date=December 26, 2007|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|title=A Groovy Pad Full of Gods and Gurus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/26/books/26grim.html}}
*{{cite magazine|first=Bhaichand|last=Patel|date=10 November 2008|magazine=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|title=An Old Haunt: A tale of turbulent adolescence and life in a bicultural household, we visit '60s Bombay and a mystic's haven|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/an-old-haunt/238887}}
*{{cite journal|last=Kuortti|first=Joel|date=August 2009|department=Book reviews|doi=10.1080/09584930903109018|issue=3|journal=Contemporary South Asia|pages=347–348|title=none|volume=17|s2cid=218546357}}
*{{cite journal|last=Dhanani|first=Dimple|date=April 2013|issue=1|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|jstor=24713569|pages=110–112|title=none|volume=17}}</ref> An autobiographical work in which "Gods, gurus and eccentric relatives compete for primacy", ''[[The New York Times]]'' described the work as an "enchanting memoir".<ref>{{harvtxt|Grimes|2007}}</ref> Its title is a reference to [[Gerald Durrell]]'s ''[[My Family and Other Animals]]'', a childhood inspiration to Narayan.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Mint (newspaper)|Livemint]]|title=A family 'we-moir'|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/LoaqKJTknAdbGsS48JMaFL/A-family-8216wemoir8217.html|date=19 September 2008|first=Sanjukta|last=Sharma}}</ref>

In her 2012 work ''Alive in the Writing: Crafting Ethnography in the Company of Chekhov'',<ref>Reviews of ''Alive in the Writing'':
*{{cite journal|last=Staples|first=James|date=December 2012|issue=4|journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|jstor=23321472|pages=903–905|title=none|volume=18|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9655.2012.01798_17.x}}
*{{citation|last=Ecke|first=Laurie|issue=42|journal=Qualitative Report|pages=1–3|publisher=Nova Southeastern University|title=Alive in the Reading: Nayaran and Chekhov|url=https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol18/iss42/3|volume=18|year=2013}}
* {{cite journal |last=Fine |first=Elizabeth |title=Book review |journal=Journal of Folklore Research |url=http://www.jfr.indiana.edu/review.php?id=1441 |date=March 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}
*{{citation|last=Behar|first=Ruth|date=April 2013|doi=10.1086/669935|issue=2|journal=Current Anthropology|jstor=10.1086/669935|pages=244–245|title=Forgive Yourself, Dear Writer|volume=54|s2cid=142151214}}
* {{cite journal|last=Herzfeld |first=Michael |title=Book review |journal=American Anthropologist |volume=115 |number=3 |pages=528–529 |doi=10.1111/aman.12038_13|date=August 2013}}
*{{citation|last=Rivera|first=Francisco|doi=10.7202/1038653ar|issue=3|journal=Anthropologie et Sociétés|page=314|title=none|volume=40|year=2016|doi-access=free}}</ref> Narayan used [[Anton Chekhov]]'s ''[[Sakhalin Island (book)|Sakhalin Island]]'' as inspiration for an exploration of ethnographic writing. [[James Wood (critic)|James Wood]], writing of his 'Books of the Year' in ''The New Yorker'', described it as a "brief and brilliant book" that he read "with huge pleasure".<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/books-of-the-year#ixzz2FPktQirJ | last=Wood |first=James | title = Books of the Year | magazine = The New Yorker | date= 17 Dec 2012 }}</ref> In 2016 Narayan published ''Everyday Creativity: Singing Goddesses in the Himalayan Foothills'', about women's traditions of singing in the [[Kangra Valley]].<ref>Reviews of ''Everyday Creativity'':
*{{cite news|title=Goddesses of song: the women singers of the Western Himalayas|newspaper=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)]]|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/goddesses-of-song-the-women-singers-of-the-western-himalayas-1.176733|date=14 December 2016|first=James|last=McNair}}
* {{cite journal|last=Davis |first=Coralynn V. |title=Book review |journal=Asian Ethnology |year=2017 |volume=76 |number=2 |pages=418–421 |url=https://asianethnology.org/downloads/ae/pdf/AsianEthnology-2064.pdf}}
* {{cite journal|last=Krishnan |first=Shweta |title=Book review |journal=Anthropological Quarterly |volume=91 |number=1 |year=2018 |pages=421–425 |doi=10.1353/anq.2018.0016|s2cid=149618364 }}
*{{cite journal|last1=Dellenbaugh|first1=Ginger|last2=Rahaim|first2=Matthew|date=April 2018|doi=10.1386/jivs.3.1.95_5|issue=1|journal=Journal of Interdisciplinary Voice Studies|pages=95–100|title=Reviews|volume=3}}
*{{cite journal|last=Stirr|first=Anna|date=May 2018|doi=10.1111/1467-9655.12845|issue=2|journal=Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute|pages=413–414|title=none|volume=24}}
*{{cite journal|last=Manuel|first=Peter|date=July 2018|doi=10.1080/00856401.2018.1489759|issue=3|journal=South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies|pages=700–701|title=none|volume=41|s2cid=149992303}}
*{{cite journal|last=Dalzell|first=Victoria M.|doi=10.1353/not.2019.0046|issue=4|journal=Notes|pages=677–679|title=none|volume=75|year=2019|s2cid=198046726}}</ref>

In 2024, Narayan published ''Cave of My Ancestors: Vishwakarma and the Artisans of Ellora''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cave of My Ancestors: Vishwakarma and the Artisans of Ellora |publisher=University of Chicago Press|url=https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/C/bo229867048.html}}</ref>
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Google Scholar id|L8fUjGwAAAAJ}}
*[https://pro.magnumphotos.com/image/PAR160497.html Photo of Narayan as an infant with her mother], part of a 1960 photo-essay "East-West wife" by [[Marilyn Silverstone]] in ''Coronet'' magazine

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narayan, Kirin}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Sarah Lawrence College alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Berkeley alumni]]
[[Category:University of Wisconsin–Madison faculty]]
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American women anthropologists]]
[[Category:American novelists of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American women novelists]]
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Novelists from Wisconsin]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Australian National University]]
[[Category:American people of German descent]]
[[Category:Indian people of German descent]]
[[Category:American expatriate academics]]
[[Category:20th-century American anthropologists]]
[[Category:21st-century American anthropologists]]
[[Category:20th-century American women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:American women academics]]
[[Category:Himalayan studies]]

Zircon

2026-02-22T19:23:09Z

BellEggers2:

{{Short description|Zirconium silicate mineral}}
{{About|the mineral and gemstone}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox mineral
|boxbgcolor=#b56042| name = Zircon
| boxtextcolor = #fff
| category = [[Nesosilicate]]s
| image = Zircon-dtn1a.jpg
| imagesize = 260px
| caption = A lustrous crystal of zircon perched on a tan matrix of calcite from the [[Gilgit District]] of [[Pakistan]]
| formula = [[zirconium silicate]] {{chem2|(ZrSiO4)}}
| IMAsymbol = Zrn<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| molweight =
| strunz = 9.AD.30
| system = [[Tetragonal]]
| class = Ditetragonal dipyramidal (4/mmm) [[H-M symbol]]: (4/m 2/m 2/m)
| symmetry = ''I''41/amd (No. 141)
| unit cell = a = 6.607(1), c = 5.982(1) [Å]; Z = 4
| color = Reddish brown, yellow, green, blue, gray, colorless; in thin section, colorless to pale brown
| habit = tabular to prismatic crystals, irregular grains, massive
| twinning = On {101}. Crystals shocked by meteorite impact show polysynthetic twins on {112}
| cleavage = {110} and {111}
| fracture = Conchoidal to uneven
| tenacity = Brittle
| mohs = 7.5
| luster = Vitreous to adamantine; greasy when [[metamict]].
| refractive = nω = 1.925–1.961 nε = 1.980–2.015, 1.75 when metamict
| opticalprop = Uniaxial (+)
| birefringence = δ = 0.047–0.055
| pleochroism = Weak
| streak = White
| gravity = 4.6–4.7
| melt =
| fusibility = close to 2,550 °C depend on Hf,Th,U,H,etc... concentrations.
| diagnostic =
| solubility = Insoluble
| diaphaneity = Transparent to opaque
| other = [[Fluorescence|Fluorescent]] and [[Image:Radioactive.svg|25px]] [[radioactive]], May form [[pleochroic halo]]s, Relief: high
| references = <ref name=HBM>{{cite book |editor1-last=Anthony |editor1-first=John W. |editor2-last=Bideaux |editor2-first=Richard A. |editor3-last=Bladh |editor3-first=Kenneth W. |editor4-last=Nichols |editor4-first=Monte C. |title=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=[[Mineralogical Society of America]] |place=Chantilly, VA, US |chapter-url=https://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/zircon.pdf |chapter=Zircon |isbn=978-0962209710 |volume=II (Silica, Silicates) |year=1995}}</ref><ref name=Mindat>{{cite web |url=https://www.mindat.org/min-4421.html |title=Zircon: Mineral information, data and localities |work=[[Mindat.org]] |access-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://webmineral.com/data/Zircon.shtml |title=Zircon Mineral Data |work=Webmineral|access-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref><ref name="hurlbut-klein">{{cite book|last1=Hurlbut|first1=Cornelius S. |last2=Klein |first2=Cornelis |year=1985 |title=Manual of Mineralogy |publisher=Wiley |edition=20th |isbn=0-471-80580-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/TOC/Abstracts/2013_Abstracts/Jan13_Abstracts/Erickson_p53_13.pdf |title=Correlating planar microstructures in shocked zircon from the Vredefort Dome at multiple scales: Crystallographic modeling, external and internal imaging, and EBSD structural analysis |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=98 |pages=53–65 |year=2013 |first1=Timmons M. |last1=Erickson |first2=Aaron J. |last2=Cavosie |first3=Desmond E. |last3=Moser |first4=Ivan R. |last4=Barker |first5=Henri A. |last5=Radovan |doi=10.2138/am.2013.4165 |display-authors=3 |others=Abstract |issue=1 |bibcode=2013AmMin..98...53E |s2cid=67779734}}</ref>
}}

'''Zircon''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|z|ɜr|k|ɒ|n|,_|-|k|ən}})<ref>{{cite Collins Dictionary |zircon |access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite American Heritage Dictionary|zircon}}</ref><ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster |zircon |access-date=2018-04-29}}</ref> is a [[mineral]] belonging to the group of [[nesosilicate]]s and is a source of the metal [[zirconium]]. Its chemical name is [[zirconium(IV) silicate]], and its corresponding chemical formula is [[Zirconium|Zr]][[Silicate|SiO4]]. An [[empirical formula]] showing some of the range of substitution in zircon is (Zr1–y, [[rare-earth elements|REE]]y)(SiO4)1–x(OH)4x–y. Zircon precipitates from [[silicate]] [[Melt (geology)|melts]] and has relatively high concentrations of [[Incompatible element|high field strength incompatible elements]]. For example, [[hafnium]] is almost always present in quantities ranging from 1 to 4%. The [[crystal structure]] of zircon is [[tetragonal]] [[crystal system]]. The natural color of zircon varies between colorless, yellow-golden, red, brown, blue, and green.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Materials Explorer |url=https://next-gen.materialsproject.org/materials/mp-4820}}</ref>

The name derives from the [[Persian language|Persian]] ''zargun'', meaning "gold-hued".<ref name="Stwertka">{{cite book |last=Stwertka |first=Albert |title=A Guide to the Elements |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe/page/117 |url-access=registration |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |pages=117–119 |isbn=978-0-19-508083-4}}</ref> This word is changed into "[[jargoon]]", a term applied to light-colored zircons. The English word "zircon" is derived from ''Zirkon'', which is the German adaptation of this word.<ref>{{OEtymD|zircon}}</ref> Yellow, orange, and red zircon is also known as "[[hyacinth (gemstone)|hyacinth]]",<ref name="Hyacinth1">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/hyacinth-gem |title=Hyacinth (gem) |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=7 October 2016}}</ref> from the flower ''[[Hyacinth (plant)|hyacinthus]]'', whose name is of [[Ancient Greek]] origin.

==Properties==
[[Image:zircon microscope.jpg|left|150px|thumb|Optical microscope photograph; the length of the crystal is about 250 [[μm]]]]

Zircon is common in the [[Crust (geology)|crust]] of Earth. It occurs as a common [[accessory mineral]] in [[igneous rock]]s (as primary crystallization products), in [[metamorphic rock]]s and as detrital grains in [[sedimentary rock]]s.<ref name=HBM/> Large zircon crystals are rare. Their average size in [[granitoid|granite]] rocks is about {{cvt|0.1|–|0.3|mm}}, but they can also grow to sizes of several cm, especially in [[mafic]] [[pegmatite]]s and [[carbonatite]]s.<ref name=HBM/> Zircon is fairly hard (with a Mohs hardness of 7.5) and chemically stable, and so is highly resistant to weathering. It also is resistant to heat, so that detrital zircon grains are sometimes preserved in igneous rocks formed from melted sediments.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nesse|first=William D.|title=Introduction to mineralogy|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780195106916|pages=313–314}}</ref> Its resistance to weathering, together with its relatively high specific gravity (4.68), make it an important component of the heavy mineral fraction of sandstones.<ref name="hurlbut-klein"/>

Because of their [[uranium]]<ref name="Jackson-2019">{{Cite journal |last1=Jackson |first1=Robert A. |last2=Montenari |first2=Michael |date=2019 |title=Computer modeling of Zircon (ZrSiO4)—Coffinite (USiO4) solid solutions and lead incorporation: Geological implications |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S246851781930005X |journal=Stratigraphy & Timescales |volume=4 |pages=217–227 |doi=10.1016/bs.sats.2019.08.005 |isbn=9780128175521 |s2cid=210256739 |via=Elsevier Science Direct|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and [[thorium]] content, some zircons undergo [[metamictization]]. Connected to internal radiation damage, these processes partially disrupt the crystal structure and partly explain the highly variable properties of zircon. As zircon becomes more and more modified by internal radiation damage, the density decreases, the crystal structure is compromised, and the color changes.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|pp=93–94}}

Zircon occurs in many colors, including reddish brown, yellow, green, blue, gray, and colorless.<ref name=HBM/> The color of zircons can sometimes be changed by heat treatment. Common brown zircons can be transformed into colorless and blue zircons by heating to {{cvt|800|to|1000|C}}.<ref name=Gemdat>{{cite web|url=https://www.gemdat.org/gem-4421.html|title=Zircon gemstone information|website=www.gemdat.org|access-date=April 29, 2018}}</ref> In geological settings, the development of pink, red, and purple zircon occurs after hundreds of millions of years, if the crystal has sufficient trace elements to produce [[F-Center|color centers]]. Color in this red or pink series is annealed in geological conditions above temperatures of around {{cvt|400|C||}}.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0040-1951(02)00054-9|title=Integration of zircon color and zircon fission-track zonation patterns in orogenic belts: Application to the Southern Alps, New Zealand |journal=Tectonophysics |volume=349 |issue=1–4 |pages=203–219 |year=2002 |last1=Garver |first1=John I. |last2=Kamp |first2=Peter J.J. |bibcode=2002Tectp.349..203G |citeseerx=10.1.1.570.3912}}</ref>

Structurally, zircon consists of parallel chains of alternating silica tetrahedra (silicon ions in fourfold coordination with oxygen ions) and zirconium ions, with the large zirconium ions in eightfold coordination with oxygen ions.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=313}}

==Applications==
[[Image:ZirconUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Sand-sized grains of zircon]]
Zircon is mainly consumed as an [[opacifier]], and has been known to be used in the decorative ceramics industry.<ref name=Ullmann>{{cite book|doi=10.1002/14356007.a28_543|chapter=Zirconium and Zirconium Compounds|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|year=2000|last=Nielsen|first=Ralph|isbn=978-3527306732}}</ref><ref name=drollner/>

It is also the principal precursor not only to metallic [[zirconium]], although this application is small, but also to all compounds of zirconium including [[zirconium dioxide]] ({{chem2|ZrO2}}), an important [[refractory]] oxide with a melting point of {{cvt|2717|C||}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Sergio |last2=Belonoshko |first2=Anatoly |last3=Rosengren |first3=Anders |last4=Duin |first4=Adri |last5=Johansson |first5=Börje |title=Molecular dynamics simulation of zirconia melting |journal=Open Physics |date=1 January 2010 |volume=8 |issue=5 |page=789 |doi=10.2478/s11534-009-0152-3 |bibcode=2010CEJPh...8..789D |s2cid=120967147|doi-access=free }}</ref>

Other applications include use in refractories and foundry casting and a growing array of specialty applications as [[zirconia]] and zirconium chemicals, including in nuclear fuel rods, catalytic fuel converters and in water and air purification systems.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mineralcommodities.com/products/ |title=Products |website=Mineral Commodities Ltd |access-date=2016-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007164341/http://www.mineralcommodities.com/products/ |archive-date=2016-10-07}}</ref>

[[Ford Motor Company]] used a sand casting method known as the ''Cosworth Casting Method'' for the cylinder heads of its [[Ford Duratec V6 engine|Duratec V6 engine]]. The process, developed by noted scientist [[John Campbell (casting scientist)|John Campbell]] used zircon as its casting aggregate to improve material uniformity and create dimensional accuracy, high strength, and a dense, low- or no-porosity structure.<ref name="jag">{{cite web
|title = Jaguar AJ-V6 engine tech guide
|publisher = Prestige and Performance Car
|author = Paul Wager
|date = October 18, 2023
|url = https://prestigeandperformancecar.com/jaguar/jaguar-aj-v6-engine-tech-guide/}}</ref><ref name="casting">{{cite web
|title = Cosworth sand casting process
|publisher = Giesserei Lexikon
|author =
|date =
|url = https://www.giessereilexikon.com/en/foundry-lexicon/Encyclopedia/show/cosworth-sand-casting-process-4469/?cHash=ddde18037a998b40e112375beb5ce6e8}}</ref>

Zircon is one of the key minerals [[Radiometric dating|used]] by geologists for [[geochronology]].{{sfn|Nesse|2000|p=314}}

Zircon is a part of the [[ZTR index]] to classify highly-[[weathering|weathered]] [[sediment]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Blatt|first1=Harvey|last2=Middleton|first2=Gerard|last3=Murray|first3=Raymond|title=Origin of sedimentary rocks|date=1980|publisher=Prentice-Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J.|isbn=0136427103|edition=2d|pages=321–322}}</ref>


==Gemstone==
[[File:ZirkonBlau.jpg|thumb|right|A pale blue zircon gemstone weighing 3.36 carats]]
[[File:Zircon Bracelet.jpg|thumb|This bracelet has zircon gemstones. The metal is zinc alloy base with silver coating.]]
Transparent zircon is a well-known form of semi-precious [[gemstone]], favored for its high [[specific gravity]] (between 4.2 and 4.86) and adamantine [[Lustre (mineralogy)|luster]]. Because of its high [[refractive index]] (1.92) it has sometimes been used as a substitute for [[diamond]], though it does not display quite the same [[Dispersion (optics)|play of color]] as a diamond. Zircon is one of the heaviest types of gemstone.<ref name="Brauns1912">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UVaABo4JFgIC&dq=zircon+heaviest&pg=PA217 | title=The Mineral Kingdom (Volume 1) | publisher=J.F. Schreiber | first=Reinhard | last=Brauns | date=1912 | translator=Leonard James Spencer | page=217}}</ref> Its [[Mohs hardness]] is between that of quartz and topaz, at 7.5 on the 10 point scale, though below that of the similar manmade stone [[cubic zirconia]] (8-8.5). Zircons may sometimes lose their inherent color after long exposure to bright sunlight, which is unusual in a gemstone. It is immune to acid attack except by [[sulfuric acid]] and then only when ground into a fine powder.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gems and Gem Minerals|page=109|author=Oliver Cummings Farrington|date=1903|publisher=A.W. Mumford}}</ref>

Most gem-grade zircons show a high degree of [[birefringence]] which, on stones cut with a table and pavilion cuts (i.e., nearly all cut stones), can be seen as the apparent doubling-up of the latter when viewed through the former, and this characteristic can be used to distinguish them from diamonds and cubic zirconias (CZ) as well as soda-lime glass, none of which show this characteristic. However, some zircons from Sri Lanka display only weak or no birefringence at all, and some other Sri Lanka stones may show clear birefringence in one place and little or none in another part of the same cut stone.<ref>{{cite book|pages=562–563|author=L.J. Spencer|publisher=John Murray|date=1905|title=Report of the Seventy-Fourth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science}}</ref> Other gemstones also display birefringence, so while the presence of this characteristic may help distinguish a given zircon from a diamond or a CZ, it will not help distinguish it from, for example, a [[topaz]] gemstone. The high specific gravity of zircon, however, can usually separate it from any other gem and is simple to test.

Also, birefringence depends on the cut of the stone in relation to its [[optical axis]]. If a zircon is cut with this axis perpendicular to its table, birefringence may be reduced to undetectable levels unless viewed with a jeweler's [[loupe]] or other magnifying optics. The highest grade zircons are cut to minimize birefringence.<ref name=guide>{{cite web |url=https://www.gemstones-guide.com/Zircon.html#Physical_Optical_Properties_of_Zircon|title=Physical & Optical Properties of Zircon |work=Colored Gemstones Guide|access-date=October 19, 2021}}</ref>

The value of a zircon gem depends largely on its color, clarity, and size. Prior to World War II, blue zircons (the most valuable color) were available from many gemstone suppliers in sizes between 15 and 25 carats; since then, stones even as large as 10 carats have become very scarce, especially in the most desirable color varieties.<ref name=guide/>

Synthetic zircons have been created in laboratories.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Van Westrenen|first1=Wim|last2=Frank|first2=Mark R. |last3=Hanchar|first3=John M.|last4=Fei|first4=Yingwei|last5=Finch|first5=Robert J.|last6=Zha|first6=Chang-Sheng|title=In situ determination of the compressibility of synthetic pure zircon (ZrSiO4) and the onset of the zircon-reidite phase transition |journal=American Mineralogist|date=January 2004|volume=89|issue=1|pages=197–203|doi=10.2138/am-2004-0123 |bibcode=2004AmMin..89..197V|s2cid=102001496}}</ref> They are occasionally used in jewellery such as earrings. Zircons are sometimes imitated by [[spinel]] and synthetic [[sapphire]], but are not difficult to distinguish from them with simple tools.

Zircon from [[Ratanakiri province]] in Cambodia is heat treated to produce blue zircon gemstones, sometimes referred to by the trade name ''cambolite''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gemstone.org/blue-zircon-cambolite |title="Blue Zircon Cambolite"}}</ref>

In 2024, the Australian gemstone firm NYBlue announced their plans to establish control over the global blue zircon market by securing a substantial portion of the world's supply. The company reported an inventory exceeding one million carats of raw and faceted stones, citing recent mine closures in Cambodia as a factor in the gemstone's increasing scarcity.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://canadianjeweller.com/nyblue-pty-ltd-spearheads-global-acquisition-of-rare-cambodian-blue-zircon-eyeing-market-leadership/ |title=NYBlue Pty Ltd Spearheads Global Acquisition of Rare Cambodian Blue Zircon |work=Canadian Jeweller Magazine |date=January 19, 2024}}</ref>

==Occurrence==
[[Image:Zirconium mineral concentrates - world production trend.svg|thumb|World production trend of zirconium mineral concentrates]]
Zircon is a common accessory to trace mineral constituent of all kinds of igneous rocks, but particularly [[granite]] and [[felsic]] igneous rocks. Due to its hardness, durability and chemical inertness, zircon persists in sedimentary deposits and is a common constituent of most sands.{{sfn|Nesse|2000|pp=313–314}}{{sfn|Hurlbut|Klein|1985|p=454}} Zircon can occasionally be found as a trace mineral in [[ultrapotassic igneous rocks]] such as [[kimberlite]]s, carbonatites, and lamprophyre, owing to the unusual magma genesis of these rocks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Shumlyanskyy |first1=Leonid V. |last2=Kamenetsky |first2=Vadim S. |last3=Tsymbal |first3=Stepan M. |last4=Wilde |first4=Simon A. |last5=Nemchin |first5=Alexander A. |last6=Ernst |first6=Richard E. |last7=Shumlianska |first7=Liudmyla O. |date=2021-12-15 |title=Zircon megacrysts from Devonian kimberlites of the Azov Domain, Eastern part of the Ukrainian Shield: Implications for the origin and evolution of kimberlite melts |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024493721005715 |journal=Lithos |volume=406-407 |article-number=106528 |doi=10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106528 |bibcode=2021Litho.40606528S |issn=0024-4937|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zaccaria |first1=Daria |last2=Vicentini |first2=Noemi |last3=Perna |first3=Maria Grazia |last4=Rosatelli |first4=Gianluigi |last5=Sharygin |first5=Victor V. |last6=Humphreys-Williams |first6=Emma |last7=Brownscombe |first7=Will |last8=Stoppa |first8=Francesco |date=2021-09-30 |title=Lamprophyre as the Source of Zircon in the Veneto Region, Italy |journal=Minerals |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1081 |doi=10.3390/min11101081 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Mine...11.1081Z |issn=2075-163X }}</ref>

Zircon forms economic concentrations within [[heavy mineral sands ore deposits]], within certain [[pegmatite]]s, and within some rare alkaline volcanic rocks (for example the Toongi Trachyte in [[Dubbo]], Australia)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alkane.com.au/images/pdf/Media/20141023.pdf|title=Dubbo Zirconia Project Fact Sheet June 2014|date=June 2007 |author=Staff|work=Alkane Resources Limited|access-date=2007-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228054038/http://www.alkane.com.au/projects/nsw/dubbo/DZP%20Summary%20June07.pdf|archive-date=2008-02-28}}</ref> in association with the zirconium-hafnium minerals [[eudialyte]] and armstrongite.

Australia leads the world in zircon mining, producing 37% of the world total and accounting for 40% of world EDR ([[economic demonstrated resources]]) for the mineral.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zircon-association.org/Websites/zircon/images/Resources/the-mineral-sands-industry-factbook-(feb-2014).pdf|title=The Mineral Sands Industry Factbook|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818142054/http://www.zircon-association.org/Websites/zircon/images/Resources/the-mineral-sands-industry-factbook-(feb-2014).pdf|archive-date=2016-08-18}}</ref> The largest zircon mine in the world, [[Jacinth-Ambrosia Mine|Jacinth-Ambrosia]], produces around 25 per cent of the global supply of zircon.<ref name=drollner>{{cite web |title='Cosmic clock' of tiny crystals reveals the rise and fall of our ancient landscapes |first1= Maximilian |last1=Dröllner |first2 =Chris |last2=Kirkland |first3 = Milo |last3=Barham|website=[[InDaily]] |date=14 January 2026 |url=https://www.indailysa.com.au/news/in-depth/2026/01/14/cosmic-clock-of-tiny-crystals-reveals-the-rise-and-fall-of-our-ancient-landscapes |access-date=21 January 2026| quote=This article is republished from [[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]] under a Creative Commons license.}}</ref>

South Africa is Africa's main producer, with 30% of world production, second after Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mbendi.com/indy/ming/hvym/af/p0005.htm|title=Heavy Minerals Mining in Africa – Titanium And Zirconium|access-date=2016-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528050951/http://www.mbendi.co.za/indy/ming/hvym/af/p0005.htm |archive-date=2008-05-28}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

==Radiometric dating==
[[File:Zircon grain (CL-SEM imaging).tiff|thumb|SEM-CL image of Zircon grain showing zonations and poly-cycles (core-rim structure)]]
Zircon has played an important role during the evolution of [[radiometric dating]]. Zircons contain trace amounts of [[uranium]] and [[thorium]] (from 10 [[Parts per million|ppm]] up to 1 wt%)<ref name="Jackson-2019" /> and can be dated using several modern analytical techniques. Because zircons can survive geologic processes like [[erosion]], transport, and even high-grade [[metamorphism]], they contain a rich and varied record of geological processes. Currently, zircons are typically dated by [[uranium–lead dating|uranium–lead]] (U–Pb), [[fission track dating|fission-track]], and U+Th/He techniques. Imaging the cathodoluminescence emission from fast electrons can be used as a prescreening tool for high-resolution [[Secondary ion mass spectrometry|secondary-ion mass spectrometry]] (SIMS) to image the zonation pattern and identify regions of interest for isotope analysis. This is done using an integrated cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscope.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://request.delmic.com/zircon-application-note |title=Zircons – Application Note |website=DELMIC |language=en |access-date=2017-02-10}}</ref> [[Detrital zircon geochronology|Zircons in sedimentary rock]] can identify the sediment source.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cawood |first1=P.A. |last2=Hawkesworth |first2=C.J. |last3=Dhuime |first3=B. |title=Detrital zircon record and tectonic setting |journal=Geology |date=October 2012 |volume=40 |issue=10 |pages=875–878 |doi=10.1130/G32945.1 |bibcode=2012Geo....40..875C|doi-access=free|hdl=10023/3575 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

Zircons from [[Jack Hills]] in the [[Narryer Gneiss terrane]], [[Yilgarn craton]], [[Western Australia]], have yielded [[uranium–lead dating|U–Pb]] ages up to 4.404 billion years,<ref name="Wilde">{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/35051550 |pmid=11196637|title=Evidence from detrital zircons for the existence of continental crust and oceans on the Earth 4.4 Gyr ago |journal=Nature |volume=409|issue=6817|pages=175–178|year=2001|last1=Wilde|first1=Simon A.|last2=Valley|first2=John W. |last3=Peck |first3=William H.|last4=Graham|first4=Colin M.|bibcode=2001Natur.409..175W|s2cid=4319774}}</ref> interpreted to be the age of crystallization, making them the [[oldest rock|oldest minerals]] so far dated on Earth. In addition, the [[oxygen]] [[isotope|isotopic]] compositions of some of these zircons have been interpreted to indicate that more than 4.3 billion years ago there was already liquid water on the surface of the Earth.<ref name="Wilde" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/35051557 |pmid=11196638 |title=Oxygen-isotope evidence from ancient zircons for liquid water at the Earth's surface 4,300 Myr ago |journal=Nature |volume=409|issue=6817|pages=178–181|year=2001|last1=Mojzsis|first1=Stephen J. |last2=Harrison |first2=T. Mark |last3=Pidgeon|first3=Robert T.|bibcode=2001Natur.409..178M |s2cid=2819082}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valley |first1=JW |last2=Peck |first2=WH |last3=King |first3=EM |last4=Wilde |first4=SA |date=2002 |title=A cool early Earth |journal=Geology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=351–354|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0351:ACEE>2.0.CO;2 |bibcode=2002Geo....30..351V }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valley |first1=JW |last2=Lackey |first2=JS |last3=Cavosie |first3=AJ |date=2005 |title=4.4 billion years of crustal maturation: Oxygen isotopes in magmatic zircon. |journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology |volume=150 |pages=561–580|doi=10.1007/s00410-005-0025-8 |s2cid=53118854 }}</ref> This interpretation is supported by additional trace element data,<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.032|title=Lithium in Jack Hills zircons: Evidence for extensive weathering of Earth's earliest crust|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=272|issue=3–4|pages=666–676 |year=2008 |last1=Ushikubo|first1=Takayuki|last2=Kita|first2=Noriko T.|last3=Cavosie|first3=Aaron J. |last4=Wilde |first4=Simon A.|last5=Rudnick|first5=Roberta L.|last6=Valley|first6=John W.|bibcode=2008E&PSL.272..666U}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.physorg.com/news132583481.html|title=Ancient mineral shows early Earth climate tough on continents |publisher=Physorg.com |date=June 13, 2008}}</ref> but is also the subject of debate.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.054 |title=Re-evaluation of the origin and evolution of >4.2 Ga zircons from the Jack Hills metasedimentary rocks|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=244|issue=1–2|pages=218–233 |year=2006 |last1=Nemchin |first1=A.|last2=Pidgeon |first2=R.|last3=Whitehouse|first3=M.|bibcode=2006E&PSL.244..218N}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.028 |title=Magmatic δ18O in 4400–3900 Ma detrital zircons: A record of the alteration and recycling of crust in the Early Archean |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|volume=235|issue=3–4|pages=663–681|year=2005|last1=Cavosie|first1=A.J.|last2=Valley|first2=J.W.|last3=Wilde|first3=S.A.|bibcode=2005E&PSL.235..663C}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Valley |first1=JW |last2=Cavosie |first2=AJ |last3=Ushikobo |first3=T |last4=Reinhardt |last5=Lawrence |first5=DF |last6=Larson |first6=DJ |last7=Clifton |first7=PH |last8=Kelly |first8=TF |last9=Wilde |first9=SA |last10=Moser |first10=DE |last11=Spicuzza |first11=MJ |date=2014 |title=Hadean age for a post-magma-ocean zircon confirmed by atom-probe tomography |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=219–223|doi=10.1038/ngeo2075 |bibcode=2014NatGe...7..219V }}</ref> In 2015, "remains of [[Biotic material|biotic life]]" were found in 4.1-billion-year-old rocks in the Jack Hills of Western Australia.<ref name="AP-20151019">{{cite news|last=Borenstein|first=Seth|title=Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth|url=http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html |date=19 October 2015|work=[[Excite (web portal)|Excite]]|location=Yonkers, NY|publisher=[[Mindspark Interactive Network]]|agency=[[Associated Press]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023200248/http://apnews.excite.com/article/20151019/us-sci--earliest_life-a400435d0d.html |archive-date=23 October 2015|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="PNAS-20151014-pdf">{{cite journal |last1=Bell |first1=Elizabeth A. |last2=Boehnke|first2=Patrick|last3=Harrison|first3=T. Mark|last4=Mao|first4=Wendy L.|author-link4=Wendy Mao |year=2015 |title=Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=112|issue=47|pages=14518–14521 |bibcode=2015PNAS..11214518B |doi=10.1073/pnas.1517557112 |pmc=4664351 |pmid=26483481|doi-access=free}}</ref> According to one of the researchers, "If [[life]] arose relatively quickly on [[Earth]] ... then it could be common in the [[universe]]."<ref name="AP-20151019" />

==Similar minerals==
[[Hafnon]] ({{chem2|HfSiO4}}), [[xenotime]] ({{chem2|YPO4}}), [[béhierite]], [[schiavinatoite]] ({{chem2|(Ta,Nb)BO4}}), [[thorite]] ({{chem2|ThSiO4}}), and [[coffinite]] ({{chem2|USiO4}})<ref name="Jackson-2019" /> all share the same crystal structure (IVX IVY O4, IIIX VY O4 in the case of xenotime) as zircon.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="165px" heights="130px" class="center">
Image:Zircon.GIF|Crystal structure of zircon
Image:Zirconcrystal-model.png|Unit cell of zircon
Image:Zirkon 372.jpg|[[Scanning electron microscope]] image of zircon
Image:Zircon-tuc1001a.jpg|Unusual olive-green zircon
Image:Zircon-j08-23a.jpg|Cluster of three compound crystals of zircon
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Baddeleyite]], {{chem2|ZrO2}}
* [[Cathodoluminescence microscope]]
* [[Cool Early Earth]]
* [[Earliest known life forms]]
* [[Hadean zircon]]
* [[Heavy mineral sands ore deposits]]
* [[History of Earth]]
* [[Ilmenite]]
* [[Cerium anomaly]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|40em}}
*{{cite journal|editor1=John M. Hanchar|editor2=Paul W. O. Hoskin|name-list-style=amp|year=2003|url=http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/RIM/Rim53.html|title=Zircon|journal=Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry|volume=53|isbn=0-939950-65-0|type=[[Mineralogical Society of America]] monograph}}
*{{cite journal|author1=D. J. Cherniak|author-link1=Daniele Cherniak|author2=E. B. Watson|name-list-style=amp|year=2000|title=Pb diffusion in zircon|journal=Chemical Geology|volume=172|issue=1–2|pages=5–24|doi=10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00233-3|bibcode=2001ChGeo.172....5C}}
*{{cite journal|author=A. N. Halliday|year=2001|title=In the beginning…|journal=Nature|volume=409|pages=144–145|doi=10.1038/35051685|pmid=11196624|issue=6817|s2cid=4339433}}
*{{cite journal|author=Hermann Köhler|year=1970|title=Die Änderung der Zirkonmorphologie mit dem Differentiationsgrad eines Granits|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte|volume=9|pages=405–420}}
*{{cite journal|author1=K. Mezger|author2=E. J. Krogstad|name-list-style=amp|year=1997|title=Interpretation of discordant U–Pb zircon ages: An evaluation|journal=Journal of Metamorphic Geology|volume=15|issue=1|pages=127–140|doi=10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.00008.x|bibcode=1997JMetG..15..127M|s2cid=129846813 }}
*{{cite journal|author=J. P. Pupin|year=1980|title=Zircon and Granite petrology|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=73|pages=207–220|doi=10.1007/BF00381441|bibcode=1980CoMP...73..207P|issue=3|s2cid=96470918}}
*{{cite journal|author=Gunnar Ries|year=2001|title=Zirkon als akzessorisches Mineral|journal=Aufschluss|volume=52|pages=381–383}}
*{{cite journal|author=G. Vavra|year=1990|title=On the kinematics of zircon growth and its petrogenetic significance: a cathodoluminescence study|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=106|issue=1|pages=90–99|doi=10.1007/BF00306410|bibcode=1990CoMP..106...90V|s2cid=140566387}}
*{{cite journal|author1=John W. Valley|author-link=John W. Valley|author2=William H. Peck|author3=Elizabeth M. King|author4=Simon A. Wilde|title=A Cool Early Earth|journal=Geology|year=2002|volume=30|pages=351–354|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0351:ACEE>2.0.CO;2|url=http://www.geology.wisc.edu/zircon/cool_early/cool_early_home.html|access-date=2005-04-11|bibcode=2002Geo....30..351V|issue=4|archive-date=March 4, 2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050304082845/http://www.geology.wisc.edu/zircon/cool_early/cool_early_home.html|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}
*{{cite journal|author=G. Vavra|year=1994|title=Systematics of internal zircon morphology in major Variscan granitoid types|journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology|volume=117|pages=331–344|doi=10.1007/BF00307269|bibcode=1994CoMP..117..331V|issue=4|s2cid=128459636}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Zircon}}
*[http://www.geology.wisc.edu/zircon/zircon_home.html Geochemistry of old zircons]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070412195510/http://www.geology.wisc.edu/zircon/zircon_home.html |date=April 12, 2007 }}.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050407220144/http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/zircon/zircon.htm Mineral galleries] (archived 7 April 2005)
*[https://www.gia.edu/zircon ''GIA Gem Encyclopedia'' – Zircon] Online articles and information on zircon history, lore, and research
*[http://www.zircon-association.org/ Zircon Industry Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820012944/http://www.zircon-association.org/ |date=August 20, 2016 }}
*All About [https://myratna.com/gemstone/natural-zircon Natural Zircon]

{{Jewellery}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Zircon| ]]
[[Category:Zirconium minerals]]
[[Category:Nesosilicates]]
[[Category:Refractory materials]]
[[Category:Radioactive minerals]]
[[Category:Gemstones]]
[[Category:Tetragonal minerals]]
[[Category:Minerals in space group 141]]
[[Category:Luminescent minerals]]

Anwar Ali (actor)

2026-02-19T02:35:22Z

BellEggers2: slightly improve section per standard format and improved wording per sources

{{short description|Indian film actor and producer|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anwar Ali
| image =
| birth_date = 9 February 1938
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], Bombay Presidency, British India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = [[Actor]] and producer
| spouse = Mona Mathur Ali<ref>{{cite web|title=Bombay to Goa and back again|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/entertainment/bollywood/Bombay-to-Goa-and-back-again/articleshow/32393640.cms|website=mumbaimirror.com|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>
| father = [[Mumtaz Ali]]
| family = [[List of Hindi film clans#Ali-Amrohi family|Ali-Amrohi family]]
| children = 1
| website = www.bombaytogoa.in
}}
'''Anwar Ali''' is an Indian film producer and actor. He is the younger brother of India's ace comedian [[Mehmood Ali]]. Ali started his career as an actor, starred in many movies in the era of 70's before he turned producer.

==Early and personal life==
Anwar Ali was the youngest born in a family of 4 brothers and 4 sisters to [[Mumtaz Ali]], who was famous as a dancer and character-artist in films from the 1940s era with his own dance troupe "Mumtaz Ali Nites". His brother Mehmood was an established comedian, while his sister [[Minoo Mumtaz]] was a dancer and actor in the movies.

Anwar Ali met Esko, his then-girlfriend, and they later married. After their marriage ended in divorce, Anwar Ali married Mona Mathur.

He married Mona Mathur Ali and has a son by the name Akaar Ali. Mona Ali had written a book "Amitabh And I Memoirs: Anwar Ali" in 2004 as a tribute to the friendship between Amitabh and Anwar Ali.<ref>{{cite web|title=To Amitabh with love|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/sep/17amit.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>

==Early career==
He made his debut in the movie ''[[Sadhu Aur Shaitaan]]'' in 1968. His first major role was in the [[K. A. Abbas]]'s film ''[[Saat Hindustani]]'', which was also the debut movie for [[Amitabh Bacchan]]. He then worked in many movies like ''Wafaa'', ''Albela'', ''Caravan'', ''[[Parwana (1971 film)|Parwana]]'', ''[[Bansi Birju]]'', ''Manzil'' and ''[[Sabse Bada Rupaiya (1976 film)|Sabse Bada Rupaiya]]''. He also played the memorable role of the driver "Rajesh" in the iconic movie ''[[Bombay to Goa (1972 film)|Bombay to Goa]]'', where Mehmood played the role of conductor "Khanna". Throughout his acting career, he has played all roles from villain to hero to comedian.<ref>{{cite web|title=bombaytogoa |url=http://www.bombaytogoa.in/about/ |access-date=29 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216093706/http://www.bombaytogoa.in/about/ |archive-date=16 February 2013 }}</ref>

==Later career==
He co-produced the super-hit ''[[Kunwara Baap (1974 film)|Kunwaara Baap]]''; the blockbuster hit ''[[Khud-Daar]]'' starring his best friend [[Amitabh Bachhan]]; and the critically acclaimed ''[[Kaash]]'', directed by [[Mahesh Bhatt]].

In 2014 being his elder brother Mehmood's 10th death anniversary, Anwar Ali and his family, under Bandwagon Entertainment, have flagged off a tribute to him on radio and TV and held a retrospective of his films. A week-long screening of the legendary comedian's popular film, Bombay to Goa in Mumbai city.<ref>{{cite web|title=Remembering Mehmood|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/remembering-mehmood-6155-1.html#descArticle|website=filmfare.com|publisher=Times Internet Limited.|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=To Mehmood, with love: Amitabh Bachchan to pay tribute to comedy legend |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/to-mehmood-with-love-amitabh-bachchan-to-pay-tribute-to-comedy-legend/15174058|website=mid-day.com|access-date=24 August 2014}}</ref>
==See also==
* [[Mehmood Ali Family]]
* [[Mehmood Ali]]
* [[Minoo Mumtaz]]
* [[Lucky Ali]]
* [[List of Hindi film clans]]

==References==
<references />

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ali, Anwar}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:1938 births]]

Robert Barnett (scholar)

2026-02-04T14:10:48Z

BellEggers2: adding the stub w/ infobox...

{{Short description|British-American Tibetologist}}
{{other people|Robert Barnett}}
[[File:Tibet scholar Robbie Barnett.jpg|thumb|Robbie Barnett]]'''Robert Barnett''' (born 1953) is a Professorial Research Associate at SOAS (School of Oriental and African Studies), University of London and Affiliate Lecturer and Research Affiliate at the Lau China Institute, King's College, London. He is the former Director of the Modern Tibetan Studies Program, where he was Adjunct Professor of Contemporary Tibetan Studies and Senior Research Scholar in modern Tibetan history at the [[Weatherhead East Asian Institute]] at [[Columbia University]]. He retired from Columbia as of January 2018. He is also referred to as Robbie Barnett by the media.

== Biography ==

Robert Barnett founded and directed Columbia's Modern Tibetan Studies Program, the first Western teaching program in the field,<ref name="Columbia University WEAI – Modern Tibetan Studies Program">{{cite web | url= http://weai.columbia.edu/modern-tibetan-studies-program/ | title= Modern Tibetan Studies Program | author=  | website= [[Columbia University]] | publisher= | accessdate= 22 July 2016 | archive-date= 8 October 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171008181953/http://weai.columbia.edu/modern-tibetan-studies-program/ | url-status= dead }}</ref> until December 2017. His most recent books are ''Conflicting Memories: Tibetan History under Mao Retold'', co-edited with Benno Weiner and Françoise Robin (Brill Publishers, 2020)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://brill.com/view/title/57758| title= Conflicting Memories: Tibetan History under Mao Retold,}}</ref> ''Tibetan Modernities: Notes from the Field,'' with Ronald Schwartz (Brill Publishers, 2008)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brill.com/proceedings-tenth-seminar-iats-2003-volume-11-tibetan-modernities| title= Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the IATS, 2003. Volume 11: Tibetan Modernities| accessdate= 22 July 2016 }},</ref> and ''Lhasa: Streets with Memories'' (Columbia University Press, 2006).<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/Lhasa-Streets-Memories-Perspectives-History/dp/0231136811| title= Lhasa: Streets with Memories (Asia Perspectives: History, Society, and Culture) | publisher= [[Columbia University Press]]| date= 8 June 2010| isbn= 978-0231136815 }}</ref> Barnett has also written articles about modern Tibetan history, post-1950 leaders in Tibet, Tibetan cinema and television, women and politics in Tibet, and contemporary exorcism rituals. At Columbia, he taught courses on Tibetan film and television, contemporary culture, history, oral history, and other subjects. From 2000 to 2006 he ran the annual summer program for foreign students at [[Tibet University]] in [[Lhasa]] and has taught courses at Princeton and Inalco (Paris). He is a frequent commentator about Tibet and about nationality issues in China for the [[BBC]], [[CNN]], [[NPR]], [[CBS]], [[The New York Times]], the [[Washington Post]], [[The New York Review of Books]], and other media.<ref name="barnett1">New York Review of Books:[http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/aug/22/chinas-liberation-tibet-rules-game/ Robert Barnett in NYRB]</ref><ref name="barnett2">New York Times: [https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/25/opinion/25barnett.html Barnett OpEd]</ref> Barnett directed 15 educational projects in Tibet, including training programs in ecotourism and conservation.<ref name="barnett3">Weatherhead East Asian Institute:[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/weai/faculty/barnett.html Robert Barnett]</ref>
Prior to joining the Columbia faculty in 1998, Barnett worked as a researcher and journalist based in the United Kingdom, specializing in Tibetan issues for the [[BBC]], the [[South China Morning Post]], VOA, and other media outlets.

In 1987, Barnett, with Nicholas Howen, co-founded the Tibet Information Network (TIN), an independent London-based research organization covering events in Tibet, of which he was the director until 1998.<ref>Juned Shaikh [http://mailman2.u.washington.edu/pipermail/nwsanet/2006/000095.html Robert Barnett – Tibet: Between China and India ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091003131737/http://mailman2.u.washington.edu/pipermail/nwsanet/2006/000095.html|date=3 October 2009|title=Copie archivée }}, University of Washington.</ref>

==Selected publications==
*Barnett, Robert, ed. (1994). [https://www.amazon.com/Resistance-Reform-Tibet-Robert-Barnett/dp/0253311314 ''Resistance and Reform in Tibet'']. Bloomington: Indiana University Press
*Barnett, Robert (2006). [https://cup.columbia.edu/book/lhasa/9780231136815/ ''Lhasa: Streets with Memories'']. New York: [[Columbia University Press]].
*Barnett, Robert and Ronald Schwartz, eds. (2008). [https://brill.com/display/title/13247?rskey=jf3UB6&result=2 ''Tibetan Modernities: Notes from the Field'']. Leiden: [[Brill Publishers]].
*Tsering Woeser (2020). [https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/potomac-%ADbooks/9781612349695/ ''Forbidden Memory: Tibet in the Cultural Revolution'']. Edited and introduced by Robert Barnett. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
*Barnett, Robert, Benno Weiner and Françoise Robin, eds. (2020). [https://brill.com/view/title/57758 ''Conflicting Memories: Tibetan History under Mao Retold'']. Leiden: [[Brill Publishers]].

== Affiliations ==
*[http://www.columbia.edu/cu/weai/modern-tibetan-studies.html Modern Tibetan Studies Program at Columbia University]
*[http://www.columbia.edu/weai Weatherhead East Asian Institute at Columbia University]
*[http://www.columbia.edu Columbia University]

== Links ==

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barnett, Robert}}
[[Category:Weatherhead East Asian Institute faculty]]
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Historiography of Tibet]]

Madhuri Dixit filmography

2026-02-04T09:45:13Z

BellEggers2: creating basic details initial version

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
[[File:Madhuri Dixit promoting Total Dhamaal in 2019 (cropped).jpg|upright=1.0|thumb|Dixit in 2019|alt=Madhuri Dixit is smiling at the camera.]]
Indian actress [[Madhuri Dixit]] made her acting debut in 1984 with ''[[Abodh]]'' where she portrayed a young bride.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/people-used-to-say-i-can-t-make-it-big-in-b-town-madhuri-dixit/story-UhLjqqeKwelWVVUAv3RVLP.html |title=People used to say I can't make it big in B-town: Madhuri Dixit |date=5 June 2013 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=8 June 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104126/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/people-used-to-say-i-can-t-make-it-big-in-b-town-madhuri-dixit/story-UhLjqqeKwelWVVUAv3RVLP.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> Dixit went on to appear in several films over the next three years, including the dramas ''[[Awara Baap]]'' (1985) and ''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]'' (1986), though none of them garnered her much recognition.<ref name=":1" /> The role of Mohini in [[N. Chandra]]'s action romance drama ''[[Tezaab]]'' (1988) proved to be a breakthrough for Dixit. The film went on to become the highest-grossing film of that year. For her performance, Dixit received a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination at Filmfare.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 1988 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA== |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130609/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=194&catName=MTk4OA%3D%3D |archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Verma |first1=Sukyana |title=Birthday Special: Madhuri Dixit's Top 25 Dance Numbers |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-madhuri-dixit-s-top-25-dance-numbers/20120515.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=21 May 2015 |date=15 May 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519224416/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-madhuri-dixit-s-top-25-dance-numbers/20120515.htm |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref> She achieved further success by featuring as the female lead in several top-grossing action-dramas, including ''[[Ram Lakhan]]'' (1989) opposite [[Anil Kapoor]], ''[[Tridev (film)|Tridev]]'' (1989) opposite [[Sunny Deol]], and ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' (1990) opposite Anil Kapoor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 1989 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=195&catName=MTk4OQ== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111130558/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=195&catName=MTk4OQ%3D%3D |archive-date=11 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 1990 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112161019/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=196&catName=MTk5MA%3D%3D |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The role of a wealthy brat in the 1990 romantic drama ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]'' earned Dixit her first [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].<ref name="Best Actress">{{cite news|title=25 sizzling pics of Madhuri |url=http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/madhuri-dixit/25-sizzling-pics-of-madhuri/Happy-Birthday-Madhuri/articleshow/20063548.cms |access-date=21 May 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519010710/http://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/bollywood/madhuri-dixit/25-sizzling-pics-of-madhuri/Happy-Birthday-Madhuri/articleshow/20063548.cms |archive-date=19 May 2015 }}</ref> The following year, she starred in another box-office hit ''[[Saajan]]'', and won a second Best Actress award at Filmfare for portraying the role of a strong woman who rebels against her manipulative mother-in-law in the 1992 drama ''[[Beta (1992 film)|Beta]]''.<ref name="Best Actress"/><ref name="GulazāraChatterjee2003">{{cite book|author1=Gulazāra |author2=Chaterjee, Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT573 |year=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |page=394 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117120716/https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC |archive-date=2017-01-17 }}</ref>

She featured alongside [[Jackie Shroff]] and [[Sanjay Dutt]] in the action thriller ''[[Khalnayak]]'' (1993), one of the highest-grossing films of that year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 1993 |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=21 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130224033315/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=199&catName=MTk5Mw%3D%3D |archive-date=24 February 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, she played an avenger in the drama ''[[Anjaam]]'' (1994) to positive reviews.<ref>{{cite news|title=Batch of bolly '94 |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140119/jsp/t2/story_17839011.jsp#.VWctks8irIU |access-date=28 May 2015 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=19 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528181445/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140119/jsp/t2/story_17839011.jsp |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref> Dixit's subsequent release was [[Sooraj Barjatya]]'s ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' (1994), a family drama which emerged as the highest-grossing Bollywood film to that point.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Biggest Blockbusters Ever In Hindi Cinema |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116001556/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=350&catName=QmlnZ2VzdCBCbG9ja2J1c3RlcnMgRXZlcg%3D%3D |archive-date=16 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Prasad |first1=Trinaa |title=Rewind: 10 Things That Salman and Madhuri's Epic Hum Aapke Hain Kaun Taught Us |url=http://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/rewind-10-things-that-salman-and-madhuris-epic-hum-aapke-hain-kaun-taught-us-646956 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=22 May 2015 |date=8 August 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525034327/http://www.ndtv.com/offbeat/rewind-10-things-that-salman-and-madhuris-epic-hum-aapke-hain-kaun-taught-us-646956 |archive-date=25 May 2015 }}</ref> The following year, she featured in ''[[Raja (1995 film)|Raja]]'' (1995) which was a blockbuster film of that year and ''[[Yaraana (1995 film)|Yaraana]] in'' which she played a woman who attempts an escape from her abusive husband.<ref>{{cite news|title=One Theme Too Many |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130725/jsp/t2/story_17153870.jsp#.VWRJgU-qqko |access-date=26 May 2015 |work=The Telegraph |date=25 July 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526133351/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130725/jsp/t2/story_17153870.jsp |archive-date=26 May 2015 }}</ref> Both of her releases in 1996—''[[Rajkumar (1996 film)|Rajkumar]]'' and ''[[Prem Granth]]—''were financial failures.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Jain |first1=Madhu |title=Slipping beauty |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/19960630-bad-films-no-longer-piggyback-on-a-star-like-madhuri-pins-hopes-on-rakesh-roshans-koyla-835033-1996-06-29 |access-date=22 May 2015 |work=[[India Today]] |date=30 June 1996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525035402/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/bad-films-no-longer-piggyback-on-a-star-like-madhuri-pins-hopes-on-rakesh-roshans-koyla/1/283691.html |archive-date=25 May 2015 }}</ref> Dixit's portrayal of a headstrong dancer in [[Yash Chopra]]'s 1997 romance ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]'' was a major success, earning her a fourth Filmfare Award for Best Actress.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tuteja |first1=Joginder |title=20 years — The might of Shah Rukh Khan: Part 2 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3621 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 May 2015 |date=28 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525040004/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3621 |archive-date=25 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Filmfare">{{cite book|last=Rishi|first=Tilak|title=Bless You Bollywood!: A Tribute to Hindi Cinema on Completing 100 Years|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r623sWyGm0sC|year=2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-3963-9|page=33}}</ref> She garnered critical acclaim for her work in the dramas ''[[Mrityudand]]'' (1997), ''[[Wajood (1998 film)|Wajood]]'' (1998) and ''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]'' (2000).<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|last1=Gajjar |first1=Manish |title=Bollywood Buzz |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/05/09/bollywood_buzz_dixit_feature.shtml |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=22 May 2015 |date=9 May 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140311082632/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/content/articles/2008/05/09/bollywood_buzz_dixit_feature.shtml |archive-date=11 March 2014 }}</ref> She portrayed five roles in the [[experimental film]] ''[[Gaja Gamini]]'' (2000).<ref>{{cite web|title=Forgotten Bollywood actresses of the 2000s |url=https://www.msn.com/en-ae/entertainment/gallery/forgotten-bollywood-actresses-of-the-2000s/ss-AAbtQZF |publisher=[[MSN]] |access-date=22 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525034247/http://www.msn.com/en-ae/entertainment/gallery/forgotten-bollywood-actresses-of-the-2000s/ss-AAbtQZF |archive-date=25 May 2015 }}</ref>

Dixit was praised for her supporting role as a woman fighting against gender discrimination in ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]'' (2001), a drama on women's rights, which performed poorly at the box-office.<ref name="acclaim">{{cite web|title=Best of Madhuri Dixit |date=15 May 2012 |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/best-madhuri-dixit_173.html |publisher=[[Zee News]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524214945/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/slideshow/best-madhuri-dixit_173.html |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Box Office 2001 |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ== |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=22 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115223304/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&catName=MjAwMQ%3D%3D |archive-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The year 2002 saw Dixit starring in two romantic dramas, including ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]], in which she played the role of [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]], a courtesan in love with an alcoholic. For the film, she won a Filmfare Award in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] category.<ref name="Filmfare"/><ref>{{cite web|last1=Verma |first1=Sukanya |title=Devdas revisited |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/13devdas.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=22 May 2015 |date=13 July 2002 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629205526/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/jul/13devdas.htm |archive-date=29 June 2015 }}</ref> After a five-year absence from the screen, Dixit played a leading role in [[Anil Mehta]]'s dance film ''[[Aaja Nachle]]'' (2007).<ref name="BBC"/> Despite the film's failure at the box-office, her performance was praised.<ref name="BBC"/> The widely praised role of a con woman Begum Para in [[Abhishek Chaubey]]'s black comedy film ''[[Dedh Ishqiya]]'' (2014) marked her first acting role in seven years;<ref>{{cite web|last1=Chhabra |first1=Aseem |title=Why Dedh Ishqiya is an important film |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/why-dedh-ishqiya-is-an-important-film/20140114.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=22 May 2015 |date=15 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524213658/http://www.rediff.com/movies/column/why-dedh-ishqiya-is-an-important-film/20140114.htm |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Carrnad |first1=Manash |title=Madhuri Dixit gushes over 'Dedh Ishqiya', upbeat on 'Gulaab Gang' |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/madhuri-dixit-gushes-over-dedh-ishqiya-upbeat-on-gulaab-gang-2014-01-17-1.535025 |publisher=[[Emirates 24/7]] |access-date=22 May 2015 |date=17 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524232902/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/madhuri-dixit-gushes-over-dedh-ishqiya-upbeat-on-gulaab-gang-2014-01-17-1.535025 |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-madhuri-dixit-makes-a-scintillating-comeback-with-dedh-ishqiya/story-w58XPv7mTMwVH4789HW3zJ.html |title=Movie review: Madhuri Dixit makes a scintillating comeback with Dedh Ishqiya |last=Uniyal |first=Parmita |date=10 January 2014 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065434/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/movie-review-madhuri-dixit-makes-a-scintillating-comeback-with-dedh-ishqiya/story-w58XPv7mTMwVH4789HW3zJ.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> she received her 14th Best Actress nomination at Filmfare for it.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Khan |first1=Ujala Ali |title=Trophy time at Filmfare Awards |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/trophy-time-at-filmfare-awards-1.116741 |access-date=22 May 2015 |work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] |date=27 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429190243/http://www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/trophy-time-at-filmfare-awards |archive-date=29 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Handoo |first1=Ritika |title=Let's get to know Madhuri Dixit better! |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/lets-get-to-know-madhuri-dixit-better_1595676.html |publisher=Zee News |access-date=23 May 2015 |date=15 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524221639/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity/lets-get-to-know-madhuri-dixit-better_1595676.html |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}</ref> She followed it by playing the leader of a vigilante group in the action crime drama film ''[[Gulaab Gang]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Adarsh |first1=Taran |title=Gulaab Gang |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/551149 |access-date=22 May 2015 |date=7 March 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524215244/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/551149 |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}</ref> Her highest-grossing release came with the adventure comedy ''[[Total Dhamaal]]'' (2019) and the horror comedy movie ''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]'' (2024), the latter of which ranks among the [[List of highest domestic net collection of Hindi films|highest-grossing Indian films of all time]]. On television, Dixit has served as a talent judge for the dance reality shows ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]'' (2010–2014, 2022) and ''[[Dance Deewane]]'' (2018–2021).

==Films==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title{{efn|The films are listed in order of release date.}}
! scope="col" | Role(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 1984
!scope="row"| ''[[Abodh]]''
| Gauri
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=Happy Birthday Madhuri Dixit, celebrating the movies we love |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140515/entertainment-tollywood/gallery/madhuri-dixit |access-date=22 May 2015 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=15 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522235448/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140515/entertainment-tollywood/gallery/madhuri-dixit |archive-date=22 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 1985
!scope="row"| ''[[Awara Baap]]''
| Barkha
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Awara Baap (1985) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535160 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=22 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523000559/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/535160 |archive-date=23 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 1986
!scope="row"| ''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]''
| Anandi
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Swati (1986) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55747 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409143443/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55747 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987
!scope="row"| ''[[Hifazat (1987 film)|Hifazat]]''
| Janki
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Hifazat (1987) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539364 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401064951/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539364 |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Uttar Dakshin]]''
| Chanda
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Uttar Dakshin (1987) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508704 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331124534/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508704 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mohre]]''
| Maya
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohre (1988) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504895 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331080430/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504895 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1988
!scope="row"| ''[[Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988 film)|Khatron Ke Khiladi]]''
| Kavita
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Khatron Ke Khiladi (1988) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539689 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331181430/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539689 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Dayavan]]''
| {{Sort|Velhu|Neelu Shakti}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dayavan (1988) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55860 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401094656/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55860 |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Tezaab]]''
| Mohini
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khurram |first1=Shahjahan |title=Legendary actress Madhuri Dixit turns 48 today |url=http://arynews.tv/en/legendary-actress-madhuri-dixit-turns-48-today |publisher=[[ARY News]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |date=15 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607191148/http://arynews.tv/en/legendary-actress-madhuri-dixit-turns-48-today |archive-date=7 June 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1989
!scope="row"| ''[[Vardi (film)|Vardi]]''
| Jaya
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Vardi (1989) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55855 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331142843/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55855 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Ram Lakhan]]''
| {{Sort|Shastri|Radha Shastri}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Lakhan (1989) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547991 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331133311/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/547991 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Prem Pratigyaa]]''
| {{Sort|Rao|Laxmi Rao}}
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Prem Pratigya (1989) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506988 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408004833/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/506988 |archive-date= 8 April 2015 }}</ref> <ref name="awards">{{cite web|title=Madhuri Dixit: Awards & Nominations|url=http://www.oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/9126/index.html|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=23 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083808/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/9126/index.html|archive-date=20 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Ilaaka]]''
| Vidya
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ilaka (1989) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539446 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331143212/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539446 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mujrim]]''
| Sonia
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mujrim (1989) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539977 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401143928/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539977 |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Tridev]]''
| {{Sort|Mathur|Divya Mathur}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-25|title=Sunny Deol and Madhuri Dixit did just one film together|url=https://www.india.com/entertainment/sunny-deol-and-madhuri-dixit-did-just-one-film-together-went-on-to-become-third-highest-grosser-film-is-tridev-8034284/|work=India.com|language=en-us }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Kanoon Apna Apna]]''
| Bharathi
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kanoon Apna Apna (1989) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57102 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409143823/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/57102 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Parinda]]''
| Paro
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Parinda (1989) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540140 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330141817/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540140 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Paap Ka Ant]]''
|Nisha
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Paap Ka Ant (1989) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505890 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331025852/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505890 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1990
!scope="row"| ''[[Maha-Sangram]]''
| Jhumri
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Maha Sangram (1990) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507934 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409132202/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507934 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]''
| Anju
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Kishen Kanhaiya (1990) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546290 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409142630/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/546290 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Izzatdaar]]''
| Mohini
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Izzatdar (1990) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534941 |access-date=23 May 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528181946/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534941 |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Dil (1990 film)|Dil]]''
| {{Sort|Mehra|Madhu Mehra}}
| Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards"/> <ref>{{cite book|last=Virdi |first=Jyotika |title=The Cinematic ImagiNation [sic]: Indian Popular Films as Social History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8PKObcYMDIC&pg=PA185 |year=2003 |publisher=Rutgers University Press |isbn=978-0-8135-3191-5 |page=185 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140628043427/http://books.google.com/books?id=u8PKObcYMDIC&pg=PA185 |archive-date=2014-06-28 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin]]''
| Anita
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Deewana Mujh Sa Nahin (1990) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534152 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409133704/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534152 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Jeevan Ek Sanghursh]]''
| {{Sort|Sen|Madhu Sen}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeevan Ek Sangharsh (1990) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534858 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402200826/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534858 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Sailaab (1990 film)|Sailaab]]''
| {{Sort|Malhotra|Dr. Sushma Malhotra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sailaab (1990) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508580 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401161440/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508580 |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Jamai Raja (film)|Jamai Raja]]''
| Rekha
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jamai Raja (1990) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55916 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331184128/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55916 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Thanedaar]]''
| Chanda
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Thanedaar (1990) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55891 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409143549/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55891 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1991
!scope="row"| ''[[Pyar Ka Devta]]''
| Radha
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyar Ka Devta (1991) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507315 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330130558/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507315 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-

!scope="row"| ''[[Khilaaf]]''
| Shweta
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Khilaaf (1991) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507315 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330130558/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507315 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[100 Days (1991 film)|100 Days]]''
| Devi
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=100 Days — Hundred Days (1991) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533265 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331210348/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/533265 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Pratikar]]''
| Madhu
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Pratikaar (1991) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508412 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330113901/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508412 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Saajan]]''
| Pooja
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards"/> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Roshmila |title=Saajan songs that drove the country crazy |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Saajan-songs-are-still-evergreen-Nadeem-Shravan-Madhuri-Dixit-Salman-Khan-Sanjay-Dutt/articleshow/35049302.cms? |access-date=23 May 2015 |work=The Times of India |date=13 May 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909122156/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Saajan-songs-are-still-evergreen-Nadeem-Shravan-Madhuri-Dixit-Salman-Khan-Sanjay-Dutt/articleshow/35049302.cms |archive-date= 9 September 2016 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Prahaar: The Final Attack|Prahaar]]''
| Shirley
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Prahaar (1991) |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/parties-and-events/cast-and-crew-at-dvd-launch-of-tamas/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=13 August 2011 |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118170120/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504334/Prahaar |archive-date=18 January 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1992
!scope="row"| ''[[Beta (film)|Beta]]''
| Saraswati
| Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards"/> <ref>{{cite web|title=Beta (1992) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55933 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331211434/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55933 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Zindagi Ek Jua]]''
| Juhi
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Zindagi Ek Juaa (1992) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508508 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409132818/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508508 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Prem Deewane]]''
| {{Sort|Mehra|Shivangi Mehra}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Prem Deewane (1992) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504350 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403202014/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504350 |archive-date= 3 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Khel (1992 film)|Khel]]''
| Seema, Jhari Bhuti
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Khel (1992) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538529 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331150413/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538529 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Sangeet (film)|Sangeet]]''
| Sangeeta, Nirmala
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sangeet (1992) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54581 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408023650/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/54581 |archive-date= 8 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Dharavi (1992 film)|Dharavi]]''
| Dreamgirl
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dharavi (1993) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504910 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409122509/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504910 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1993
!scope="row"| ''[[Sahibaan]]''
| Sahibaan
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Shaibaan (1993) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55927 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409143607/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55927 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Khalnayak]]''
| {{Sort|Devi|Ganga Gangotri Devi}}
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards"/> <ref>{{cite web|title=Khalnayak (1993) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201932 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150222/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201932 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Phool (1993 film)|Phool]]''
| Guddi
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Phool (1993) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540180 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330115353/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540180 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Dil Tera Aashiq]]''
| {{Sort|Devi|Savitri Devi}}, Sonia Khanna
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Dil Tera Ashiq (1993) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534238 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901215247/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534238 |archive-date= 1 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Aasoo Bane Angaarey]]''
| Usha, Madhu
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Aansoo Bane Angaarey (1993) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502927 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330223622/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/502927 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994
!scope="row"| ''[[Anjaam]]''
| {{Sort|Chopra|Shivani Dixit Chopra}}
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards"/> <ref>{{cite web|title=Anjaam (1994) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538810 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331124844/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538810 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]''
| {{Sort|Choudhury|Nisha Choudhury}}
| Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards"/> <ref name="Dwyer2005">{{cite book|last=Dwyer |first=Rachel |title=100 Bollywood Films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4EBNAQAAIAAJ |year=2005 |publisher=Lotus Collection, Roli Books |isbn=978-81-7436-433-3 |page=113 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140626190318/http://books.google.com/books?id=4EBNAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=2014-06-26 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1995
!scope="row"| ''[[Raja (1995 film)|Raja]]''
| {{Sort|Garhwal|Madhu Garhwal}}
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards"/> <ref>{{cite web|title=Raja (1995) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/64890 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409144135/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/64890 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Yaraana (1995 film)|Yaraana]]''
| Lalita/Shikha
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards"/> <ref>{{cite web|title=Yaraana (1995) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538464 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330191747/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538464 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Paappi Devataa]]''
| Reshma
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Paapi Devta (1995) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508197 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401034145/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508197 |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Daughters of This Century]]''
| {{dash}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite book |author=Jane Sloan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G7excPrfowYC&dq=Daughters+of+This+Century+madhuri+dixit+tapan+sinha&pg=PA122 |title=Reel Women: An International Directory of Contemporary Feature Films about Women |date=2007-03-26 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=978-1-4616-7082-7 |language=en| page = 122}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1996
!scope="row"| ''[[Prem Granth]]''
| Kajri
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Prem Granth (1996) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504351 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408005710/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/504351 |archive-date= 8 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Rajkumar (1996 film)|Rajkumar]]''
| {{Sort|Vishaka|Rajkumari Vishaka}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajkumar (1996) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540302 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402225237/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540302 |archive-date= 2 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1997
!scope="row"| ''[[Koyla]]''
| Gauri
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Koyla (1997) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201936 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409115447/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201936 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mahaanta]]''
| Jenny Pinto
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mahaanta (1997) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507939 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331080032/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/507939 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mrityudand]]''
| Ketki
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mirtyudand (1997) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508063 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409132359/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508063 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Mohabbat (1997 film)|Mohabbat]]''
| {{Sort|Sharma|Shweta Sharma}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Mohabbat (1997) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539962 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409141305/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/539962 |archive-date= 9 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Dil To Pagal Hai]]''
| Pooja Nair
| Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chawla |first1=Nimreta |title="It's my duty to present women beautifully...," that's what the late Yash Chopra said when asked about his heroines |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/yash-chopra-and-his-heroines-119494-2012-10-23 |access-date=23 May 2015 |work=India Today |date=24 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528182152/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/yash-chopra-and-his-heroines/1/225988.html |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Madhuri turns 45 today |url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/madhuri-turns-45-today-557.557.html#/0 |access-date=23 May 2015 |publisher=[[India TV]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528200151/http://www.indiatvnews.com/photos/madhuri-turns-45-today-557.557.html |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1998
!scope="row"| ''[[Bade Miyan Chote Miyan (1998 film)|Bade Miyan Chote Miyan]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Bade Miyan Chhote Miyan (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201666 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221004005/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/201666 |archive-date=21 December 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Wajood (1998 film)|Wajood]]''
| {{Sort|Choudhury|Apoorva Choudhury}}
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Wajood (1998) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508662 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401044338/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/508662 |archive-date= 1 April 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 1999
!scope="row"| ''[[Aarzoo]]''
| Pooja
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Aarzoo (1999) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200444 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331145816/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/200444 |archive-date=31 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2000
!scope="row"|''[[Pukar (2000 film)|Pukar]]''
|Anjali
|Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|<ref name="awards" /> <ref>{{cite web |title=Pukar (2000) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540228 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330113459/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/540228 |archive-date=30 March 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Gaja Gamini]]''
|{{Sort|Gamini|Gaja Gamini}}, Sangita, Shakuntala, Monika, Mona Lisa
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Gaja Gamini (2000) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534450 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330152954/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/534450 |archive-date=30 March 2015 |access-date=23 May 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
!scope="row"| ''[[Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke]]''
| Neha
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Yeh Raaste Hai Pyaar Ke (2001) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538458 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150330182922/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/538458 |archive-date=30 March 2015 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Lajja (2001 film)|Lajja]]''
| Janaki
| Nominated—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards"/> <ref>{{cite web|last1=Bora |first1=Anita |title=Not just a slick chick flick |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/31lajja.htm |publisher=Rediff |access-date=23 May 2015 |date=31 August 2001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927040719/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/31lajja.htm |archive-date=27 September 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
!scope="row"| ''[[Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam]]''
| Radha
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam (2002) |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55962 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922061216/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/55962 |archive-date=22 September 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''
| [[Chandramukhi (character)|Chandramukhi]]
| Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress; Also playback singer for song "Kaahe Chhed"
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="acclaim"/> <ref>{{cite news|last1=James |first1=Anu |title=Shruti Haasan Records 'Gabbar Is Back' Song in an Hour; Priyanka Chopra, Alia Bhatt, Shraddha Kapoor and Other Actresses-Turned-Singers [VIDEOS] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shruti-haasan-records-gabbar-back-song-hour-priyanka-chopra-ali-bhatt-shraddha-kapoor-626351 |access-date=28 May 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=16 March 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707162258/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/shruti-haasan-records-gabbar-back-song-hour-priyanka-chopra-ali-bhatt-shraddha-kapoor-626351 |archive-date= 7 July 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2007
!scope="row"| ''[[Aaja Nachle]]''
| Dia
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress; Also playback singer for song "Soniye Mil Ja"
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="awards"/> <ref>{{cite news|last1=Mohamed |first1=Khalid |title=Review: Aaja Nachle |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-aajanachle/story-YT5AjQBKfFkg0fJ2tnbRWO.html |access-date=23 May 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 December 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091230/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-aajanachle/story-YT5AjQBKfFkg0fJ2tnbRWO.html |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=Melody and romance |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071117/saturday/audio.htm |access-date=28 May 2015 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=17 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528140119/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071117/saturday/audio.htm |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
!scope="row"| ''[[Bombay Talkies (film)|Bombay Talkies]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in the song "[[Apna Bombay Talkies]]"
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last=Shome-Ray |first=Aditi |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-and-madhuri-dixit-come-together-for-special-song-in-bombay-talkies-1827229 |title=Aamir Khan, Shah Rukh Khan and Madhuri Dixit come together for special song in 'Bombay Talkies' |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=4 April 2014 |newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407091659/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-khan-shah-rukh-khan-and-madhuri-dixit-come-together-for-special-song-in-bombay-talkies-1827229 |archive-date= 7 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]''
| Mohini
| Special appearance in the song "Ghagra"
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news |title=Madhuri Dixit turns 46, and "Yeh Jawaani Hai Diwani" celebrates with Ghagra |url=http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-turns-46-and-yeh-jawaani-hai-diwani-celebrates-with-ghagra-784273.html |work=[[Firstpost]] |date=15 May 2013 |access-date=23 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025154657/http://www.firstpost.com/bollywood/madhuri-dixit-turns-46-and-yeh-jawaani-hai-diwani-celebrates-with-ghagra-784273.html |archive-date=25 October 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014
!scope="row"| ''[[Dedh Ishqiya]]''
| Begum Para
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chute |first1=David |title=Film Review: 'Dedh Ishqiya' |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/film-review-dedh-ishqiya-1201055750/ |access-date=23 May 2015 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=14 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150426065916/http://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/film-review-dedh-ishqiya-1201055750/ |archive-date=26 April 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|title=60th Britannia Filmfare Awards 2014: Complete nomination list |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-nomination-list/articleshow/45949466.cms |work=The Times of India |date=20 January 2015 |access-date=20 January 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120090738/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/60th-Britannia-Filmfare-Awards-2014-Complete-nomination-list/articleshow/45949466.cms |archive-date=20 January 2016 }}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"| ''[[Gulaab Gang]]''
| Rajjo
| Also playback singer for the song "Rangi Saari Gulaabi"
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Gupta |first1=Shubhra |title=Film review: 'Gulab Gang' is actually the old-style good vs evil story |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/film-review-gulab-gang-is-actually-the-old-style-good-vs-evil-story/ |access-date=23 May 2015 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=8 March 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525204120/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/film-review-gulab-gang-is-actually-the-old-style-good-vs-evil-story/ |archive-date=25 May 2015 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=Madhuri Dixit sings special song with her mom for 'Gulaab Gang' |url=http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/madhuri-dixit-sings-special-song-with-her-mom-for-gulaab-gang-2014-02-09-1.537668 |publisher=Emirates 24/7 |access-date=28 May 2015 |date=9 February 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528115428/http://www.emirates247.com/entertainment/films-music/madhuri-dixit-sings-special-song-with-her-mom-for-gulaab-gang-2014-02-09-1.537668 |archive-date=28 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
!scope="row"| ''[[Bucket List (2018 film)|Bucket List]]''
| Madhura Sane
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title= Madhuri Dixit-Nene gears up for her Marathi film debut 'Bucket List', movie scheduled for summer release |url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/madhuri-dixit-nene-gears-up-for-her-marathi-film-debut-bucket-list-movie-scheduled-for-summer-release/articleshow/63463300.cms |publisher= The Economic Times |access-date= 10 April 2018 |date= 26 March 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180410140313/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/madhuri-dixit-nene-gears-up-for-her-marathi-film-debut-bucket-list-movie-scheduled-for-summer-release/articleshow/63463300.cms |archive-date= 2018-04-10 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |''[[Mowgli: Legend of the Jungle]]''
| Nisha ||[[Voice-over|Voiceover]] in Hindi dubbed version|| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/902814/abhishek-bachchan-kareena-kapoor-and-anil-kapoor-join-hindi-voice-cast-of-andy-serkiss-mowgli|title=Abhishek Bachchan, Kareena Kapoor and Anil Kapoor join Hindi voice cast of Andy Serkis's 'Mowgli'|website=Scroll.in|date=20 November 2018|access-date=5 January 2024|archive-date=24 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124015352/https://scroll.in/reel/902814/abhishek-bachchan-kareena-kapoor-and-anil-kapoor-join-hindi-voice-cast-of-andy-serkiss-mowgli|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
! scope="row"| ''[[Total Dhamaal]]''
| Bindu Patel
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/dhak-dhak-again-anil-kapoor-and-madhuri-dixit-reignite-90s-charm-during-total-dhamaal-shoot/1262212|title=Dhak Dhak Again! Anil Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit reignite 90s charm during 'Total Dhamaal' shoot|work=The Free Press Journal|date=21 April 2018|access-date=18 May 2018|archive-date=3 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203125425/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/dhak-dhak-again-anil-kapoor-and-madhuri-dixit-reignite-90s-charm-during-total-dhamaal-shoot/1262212|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[15 August (2019 film)|15 August]]''
|{{Dash}}
| Producer
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/madhuri-dixit-produced-netflix-marathi-film-15th-august-set-for-march-29-release-119031800236_1.html|title=Madhuri Dixit-produced Netflix Marathi film '15th August' set for March 29 release|work=Business Standard|date=18 March 2019|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-date=27 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027131053/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/madhuri-dixit-produced-netflix-marathi-film-15th-august-set-for-march-29-release-119031800236_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Kalank]]''
| Bahaar Begum
| Nominated—Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/its-a-wrap-alia-bhatt-announces-last-day-of-kalank-shoot-with-director-abhishek-varman-and-aditya-roy-kapur/350617|title=It's a wrap! Alia Bhatt announces last day of Kalank shoot with director Abhishek Varman and Aditya Roy Kapur|website=Times Now|date=20 January 2019|access-date=14 February 2019|archive-date=15 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050338/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/its-a-wrap-alia-bhatt-announces-last-day-of-kalank-shoot-with-director-abhishek-varman-and-aditya-roy-kapur/350617|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2022
! scope="row"| ''[[Maja Ma]]''
| Pallavi Patel
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Maja Ma - Official Trailer {{!}} Madhuri Dixit, Gajraj Rao, Ritwik Bhowmik, Barkha Singh - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/ott/maja-ma-official-trailer-madhuri-dixit-gajraj-rao-ritwik-bhowmik-barkha-singh/ |date=22 September 2022 |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924052047/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/videos/ott/maja-ma-official-trailer-madhuri-dixit-gajraj-rao-ritwik-bhowmik-barkha-singh/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2023
! scope="row"| ''[[Panchak]]''
|{{Dash}}
| Producer
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Seta |first=Keyur |title=Madhuri Dixit Nene on producing Marathi film Panchak, "It's a different take on superstitions, it's just so funny" |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-madhuri-dixit-nene-producing-marathi-film-panchak-different-take-superstitions-just-funny/ |date=3 January 2024 |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |archive-date=5 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105134839/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/exclusive-madhuri-dixit-nene-producing-marathi-film-panchak-different-take-superstitions-just-funny/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2024
! scope="row"|''[[Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3]]''
|Mandira, Anjulika
|
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-07-10 |title='Bhool Bhulaiyaa 3': Kartik Aaryan and Madhuri Dixit shoot some exciting scenes at Ram Raja Mandir in Madhya Pradesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/bhool-bhulaiyaa-3-kartik-aaryan-and-madhuri-dixit-shoot-some-exciting-scenes-at-ram-raja-mandir-in-madhya-pradesh/articleshow/111623596.cms |access-date=2024-08-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| {{Pending film|Ma Behen}}
| {{TableTBA}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2025 |title=Madhuri Dixit and Triptii Dimri celebrate wrap of Ma Behen as film gears up for release| website= Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/madhuri-dixit-triptii-dimri-celebrate-wrap-ma-behen-film-gears-release/ |access-date=20 October 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 3em;" | Year
! scope="col" style="width: 15em;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 15em;"| Role
! scope="col" style="width: 10em;" class="unsortable"| Notes
! scope="col" style="width: 2em;" class="unsortable" | {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1985
! scope="row" |''[[Paying Guest (TV series)|Paying Guest]]''
| Neena
|1 episode
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/paying-guest-to-return-to-the-tube/story-CqUZzlDWK7GxCUL9aYGw6J.html|title=Paying Guest to return to the tube|date=15 March 2012|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 December 2022|archive-date=10 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210173032/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/paying-guest-to-return-to-the-tube/story-CqUZzlDWK7GxCUL9aYGw6J.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
!scope="row"|''Kahin Na Kahin Koi Hai''
| Host
|
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/shes-got-the-moves-2/|title=She's got the moves|last1=Lakhani|first1=Somya|date=16 December 2010|work=The Indian Express|access-date=28 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528115332/http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/shes-got-the-moves-2/|archive-date=28 May 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2010–2022
!scope="row"| ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa]]''
| Judge
|Season 4–7,10
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=Goswami |first1=Parismita |title='Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 8': Madhuri Dixit Nene Not to Judge Reality Show? |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-madhuri-dixit-nene-not-judge-reality-show-630496 |access-date=22 May 2015 |work=International Business Times |date=27 April 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150524220243/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/jhalak-dikhhla-jaa-8-madhuri-dixit-nene-not-judge-reality-show-630496 |archive-date=24 May 2015 }}</ref>
|-
| 2011
!scope="row"|''[[Food Food Maha Challenge]]''
| Host
| Season 1
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/amul-food-food-maha-challenge-india-ka-super-chef/|title=Amul Food Food Maha Challenge – India Ka Super Chef|date=23 September 2011|website=The Indian Express|access-date=20 September 2020|archive-date=13 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713172316/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/amul-food-food-maha-challenge-india-ka-super-chef/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
!scope="row"|''[[So You Think You Can Dance (Indian TV series)|So You Think You Can Dance]]''
| Judge
|Season 1
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/fan-from-thailand-surprises-madhuri-dixit/874274 |title=Fan from Thailand surprises Madhuri Dixit |work=The Free Press Journal |date=19 June 2016 |access-date=22 June 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620185643/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/fan-from-thailand-surprises-madhuri-dixit/874274 |archive-date=20 June 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| 2018–present
!scope="row"|''[[Dance Deewane]]''
| Judge
| Season 1–present
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bharti-singh-to-co-host-madhuri-dixit-s-dance-deewane-1252166-2018-06-06|title=Bharti Singh to co-host Madhuri Dixit's Dance Deewane|work=India Today|date=6 June 2018|access-date=28 June 2018|archive-date=7 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607202328/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bharti-singh-to-co-host-madhuri-dixit-s-dance-deewane-1252166-2018-06-06|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
! scope="row"|''[[The Fame Game (TV series)|The Fame Game]]''
| Anamika Anand
| Main role
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/madhuri-dixits-finding-anamika-renamed-as-the-fame-game-to-premiere-on-february-25-on-netflix/|title=Madhuri Dixit's Finding Anamika renamed as The Fame Game; to premiere on February 25 on Netflix|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=27 January 2022|access-date=27 January 2022|archive-date=27 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127074300/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/madhuri-dixits-finding-anamika-renamed-as-the-fame-game-to-premiere-on-february-25-on-netflix/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2025
! scope="row"|''[[Mrs. Deshpande]]''
| Seema Deshpande/Zeenat Fatima
| Lead Role
| style="text-align:center; |<ref>{{cite web|title=Mrs Deshpande: Madhuri Dixit on saying yes to playing a serial killer in Nagesh Kukunoor's series; 'Assured that I will be presented in a proper way'|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mrs-deshpande-madhuri-dixit-on-saying-yes-to-playing-a-serial-killer-in-nagesh-kukunoors-series-assured-that-i-will-be-presented-in-a-proper-way/2156bd934a141|website=OTT Play|date=3 December 2025}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Madhuri Dixit]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0002043|Madhuri Dixit}}
{{Portal bar|Bollywood|Film|India}}

{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dixit, Madhuri filmography}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

Nadhiya

2026-02-04T08:18:49Z

BellEggers2: quick update

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nadhiya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Zareena Moidu
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|10|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pali Hill]], [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| othername = Nadhiya
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| yearsactive = 1984–1990 1994 2004–present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Shirish Godbole|1988}}
| children = 2
| awards = [[Filmfare Awards South]]
}}

'''Zareena Moidu''', known by her [[stage name]] '''Nadhiya Moidu''' or simply '''Nadhiya''', is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. She made her debut in the 1984 Malayalam film ''[[Nokketha Doorathu Kannum Nattu]]'' for which she won [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]].<ref name="page392">Google Books Search "Collections MALAYALAM 1985 Best Actress Nadiya Nokketha" See page 392</ref>

She made her comeback in 2004 in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films with ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'', and received critical acclaim for her performance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100802130301.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041122114949/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100802130301.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=22 November 2004 |title=Entertainment / Film Review : M. Kumaran Son of |date=8 October 2004 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> In 2013, she received critical acclaim in [[Telugu cinema]] for both the roles she played, as [[Prabhas]]'s mother in the film ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' and for playing a stubborn aunt in ''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]''. For the latter, she received the [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/ |title=Nandi Awards 2012 and 2013: Rajamouli, Ilayaraja, Samantha and Prabhas emerge winners |date=2 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/nandi-awards-2012-and-2013-rajamouli-ilayaraja-samantha-and-prabhas-emerge-winners-4549659/ |title=Nandi Awards 2012 and 2013: Rajamouli, Ilayaraja, Samantha and Prabhas emerge winners |date=1 March 2017}}</ref>

==Early life==
Nadiya was born to [[Malayalis|Malayali Muslim]] parents and spent her childhood in [[Sion, Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/nadiya-moidu-desires-to-work-in-a-marathi-filmnadiya-moidu-salman-khan-bollywood-mollywood-heroine-1.2295260 |title=Nadiya Moidu desires to work in a Marathi film {{!}} English - Movies & Music - Interview |website=english.mathrubhumi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009194021/http://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/interview/nadiya-moidu-desires-to-work-in-a-marathi-filmnadiya-moidu-salman-khan-bollywood-mollywood-heroine-1.2295260 |archive-date=9 October 2017}}</ref> She had her primary education from The J.B Vachha High School for Parsi Girls, Mumbai, and her pre-university degree from [[Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art]]. She couldn't continue her college studies after that as she became busy with movies by then.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kadha Ithu Vare -Nadhiya | date=9 May 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3lD1zpDCD9A |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/3lD1zpDCD9A |archive-date=21 December 2021 |url-status=live |publisher=mazhavilmanorama |access-date=3 September 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She earned her associate degree in Media Management and B.A. in Communication Arts - Radio & Television, while living in the United States.

==Personal life==
Nadiya married Shirish Godbole in 1988. The couple has two daughters Sanam and Jana. After their wedding, she lived in the [[United States]] with her husband and daughters. In the year 2000, she moved to [[London]], [[United Kingdom]] and lived there until 2007.<ref>{{cite web |title=JB Junction with Nadiya Moidu | date=22 June 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kdk4fI8muqc |publisher=kairalionline.com |access-date=31 March 2015}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> She returned to [[India]] in 2008 and currently resides in [[Mumbai]] with her family.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/58391/ |title=ഓ, നദിയാ, Interview - Mathrubhumi Movies |access-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219055657/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/interview/58391/ |archive-date=19 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==
Nadiya made her debut in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] ''[[Nokketha Doorathu Kannum Nattu]]'' (1984), alongside [[Mohanlal]] and [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] for which she won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]].<ref>Google Books Search "Collections MALAYALAM 1984 Best Actress Nadiya Nokketha" See page 392</ref> This movie was remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Poove Poochudava]]'' in 1985 with [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]] and marked her debut in Tamil.

Nadiya claims she was considered for the role of [[Revathi]] in ''[[Mouna Ragam]]'', a 1986 Tamil film, but declined due to prior commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sangita |date=30 January 2008 |title=Nadia spelt fun |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nadia-spelt-fun/article1407126.ece |url-status=live |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141115113135/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nadia-spelt-fun/article1407126.ece |archive-date=15 November 2014}}</ref>

She then ventured into Tamil and Telugu cinema and became a popular actress in both industries during the 1980s and 1990s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filmyfocus.com/celebs/nadhiya|title =
Nadhiya}}</ref> She was a trendsetter even at those times working on her own terms and starred alongside all the big stars of the time such as [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vijayakanth]], [[Sathyaraj]], [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]], [[Suresh (actor, born 1963)|Suresh]] and [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/actress-nadiya-superstar-rajinikanth-rajadhi-raja-32-years-photos-stills-telugu--news-281733|title = Actress Nadiya shares fond memories of Superstar Rajinikanth after 32 years}}</ref>

In the mid-1990s, she made a brief comeback as an actress, before moving to the [[United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2002/8-1-02.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060419173222/http://www.dinakaran.com/cinema/english/interviews/2002/8-1-02.html |archive-date=19 April 2006 |title=08-01-02}}</ref>

After a successful career in the film industry, Nadhiya took a break from acting and focused on her personal life. However, she made a strong comeback to the big screen in the mid 2000s and continued to impress the audience with her acting prowess. Nadhiya made a successful comeback in the year 2004 with the movie ''[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jfwonline.com/article/12-actresses-who-ruled-the-80s-and-90s/|title =
12 Actresses Who Ruled The 80’s And 90’s!}}</ref>

Apart from films, Nadhiya has also appeared in some television serials and shows. She is known for her graceful and elegant screen presence, and her acting skills have earned her a dedicated fan following.

==Filmography==
*''Note: she is credited in Tamil and Telugu as Nadhiya and in Malayalam as Nadhiya Moidu.''
{|class = "wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Nokketha Doorathu Kannum Nattu]]'' || Girly Mathews ||rowspan="5"| [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/33rd-annual-filmfare-awards-south | title=33rd Annual Filmfare Awards South | date=17 November 2023 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |1985 || ''[[Koodum Thedi]]'' || Judy ||
|-
|''[[Vannu Kandu Keezhadakki]] '' || Manju ||
|-
|''[[Onningu Vannengil]]'' || Meera ||
|-
|''[[Kandu Kandarinju]]'' || Aswathy ||
|-
|''[[Poove Poochudava]]'' || Sundari || [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] || | Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1986 || ''[[Panchagni]]'' || Savithri || rowspan="4"|Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Atham Chithira Chothy]]'' || Radha ||
|-
|''[[Shyama (film)|Shyama]]'' || Shyama ||
|-
|''[[Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal]]'' || Neetha ||
|-
|''[[Pookkalai Parikkatheergal]]'' || Radha || rowspan="15"| Tamil ||
|-
|''[[Manthira Punnagai (1986 film)|Manthira Punnagai]]'' || Geetha / Sheela ||
|-
|''[[Uyire Unakkaga]]'' || Uma alias princess Vijayanirmala Devi ||
|-
|''[[Unakkaagave Vaazhgiren]]'' || Chithra ||
|-
|''[[Nilave Malare]]'' || Janaki / Sheela || Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1987 || ''[[Poo Mazhai Pozhiyuthu]]'' || Asha ||
|-
|''[[Chinna Thambi Periya Thambi]]'' || Kavitha ||
|-
|''Pavazha Malligai'' || ||
|-
|''[[Paadu Nilave]]'' || Sangeetha ||
|-
|''[[Mangai Oru Gangai]] '' || Nancy ||
|-
|''[[Iniya Uravu Poothathu]]'' ||Sumathi ||
|-
|''Rekha'' || ||
|-
|''[[Anbulla Appa]]'' || Radha ||Nominated - Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil
|-
|''Poove Ilam Poove'' || Radha ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988 || ''[[Irandil Ondru]]'' || Valli||
|-
|''[[Bazaar Rowdy]]'' || Sireesha / Sarika || rowspan="2"| [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989 || ''Vinta Dongalu'' || Anagha ||
|-
|''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajathi Raja]]'' || Lakshmi || rowspan="3"| Tamil ||
|-
| rowspan="1" | 1990 || ''[[En Veedu En Kanavar]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1994 || ''[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]'' || Vaidehi ||
|-
|''O Thandri O Koduku '' ||Priya || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Chinna Madam]]'' ||Tamilarasi || Tamil ||
|-
|''Vadhu Doctoranu'' || Ammukutty || Malayalam ||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi]]'' || Mahalakshmi || rowspan="4" | Tamil || Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' || Sakunthala Devi ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Sandai]]'' || Thangalakshmi ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Pattalam (2009 film)|Pattalam]]'' || Daisy ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Doubles (2011 film)|Doubles]]'' || Gauri || rowspan="2"| Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[Sevenes]]'' || Amala ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]'' || Latha || Telugu || Extended Cameo Appearance
|-
|''[[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]]'' || Rose Moothedan || rowspan="2"| Malayalam ||
|-
|''[[English (2013 film)|English: An Autumn in London]]'' || Sarasu ||
|-
|''[[Attarintiki Daredi]]'' || Sunanda|| rowspan="4" | Telugu || [[Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress]] [[T. Subbarami Reddy|TSR]] - [[TV9 Telugu|TV9 National Film Award]] for Best Supporting Actress Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]] Nominated - [[SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu]]
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Drushyam]]'' || IGP Geetha Prabhakar IPS || Nominated -Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu Nominated - SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Bruce Lee: The Fighter]]'' || Vasundhara ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[A...Aa]]'' || Mahalakshmi ||Nominated - SIIMA Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu
|-
|''[[Girls (2016 film)|Girls]]'' / ''[[Girls (2016 film)|Thiraikku Varadha Kathai]]'' || Deepika IPS || Malayalam Tamil || Bilingual film
|-
|rowspan=2|2018 || ''[[Naa Peru Surya]]'' || Satya || Telugu ||
|-
|''[[Neerali]]'' || Mollykutty || Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="1" |2020
| ''[[Miss India (film)|Miss India]]'' ||Kamala
| rowspan="3" | Telugu || [[Netflix]] film
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[Varudu Kaavalenu]]''|| Prabhavati ||
|-
| ''[[Drushyam 2]]'' || Geetha Prabhakar || [[Amazon Prime Video]] release
|-
| rowspan="7" |2022
|''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai Vidiyaadhaa]]''
|Yashoda
|Tamil
|Segment: "Mouname Paarvayaai"
|-
| ''[[Bheeshma Parvam]]''|| Fathima ||Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Ghani (2021 film)|Ghani]]'' || Madhuri || rowspan="3"| Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]'' || Rajakumari || Cameo appearance
|-
|''[[Ante Sundaraniki]]''|| Jyothi ||
|-
|''[[The Warriorr]]'' || Satya's mother || Telugu Tamil ||Bilingual film{{efn|Her scenes were shot in Tamil only.}}
|-
|''[[Wonder Women (2022 film)|Wonder Women]]''||Nandita||[[English-language Indian films|English]]||
|-
| 2023|| ''[[LGM (film)|Let's Get Married]]'' || Leela || Tamil
|
|-
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year!! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2021
| ''[[Oru Paathiraa Swapnam Pole]]''|| Sudha || Malayalam ||
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Network !! Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''Jackpot''|| Host ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Jaya TV]] ||
|-
| 2015 || ''Veruthe Alla Bharya''|| Judge||Malayalam||Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
| 2016 ||''[[Badai Bungalow]]''||Guest||Malayalam||Asianet||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 ||''Comedy Stars Season 2''||Judge||Malayalam||Asianet||
|-
| ''[[Roja (2018 TV series)|Roja]]'' || Herself ||Tamil|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || Cameo appearance (Episodes 278 - 286)
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2024
|''Musical Wife''
|Judge
|rowspan="2" | Malayalam
|Flowers TV
|
|-
| ''[[Manorathangal]]''
| Balu's sister
| [[ZEE5]]
|Anthology series Segment: Sherlock
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1122924|Nadia Moidu}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Nadiya%20Moithu&limit=15 Nadiya Moithu at MSI]
{{Nandi Award for Best Supporting Actress}}{{authority control}}

[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Thalassery]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:People from Bandra]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

List of destroyer classes of the Indian Navy

2026-01-31T11:36:02Z

BellEggers2: creating initial details v1 - done

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
[[File:Indian Navy flotilla during Tropex 2023 Exercise.jpg|350px|thumb|alt=Smaller ships escorting two large ones|A flotilla led by destroyers of the Indian Navy during [[Exercise TROPEX#TROPEX 2022-23|Exercise Tropex 2023]]]]
In [[navy|naval]] terminology, a [[destroyer]] is a fast, manoueverable, long-distance [[warship]] intended to escort larger vessels in a [[Naval fleet|fleet]], [[convoy]] or [[Carrier battle group|battle group]] and defend them against smaller, short-range attackers.<ref name="Definition of destoyer - Oxford Dictionary">{{cite web|title=Definition of destroyer|url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/destroyer|website=Oxford University Press|access-date=24 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817094314/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/destroyer|archive-date=17 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Definition of DESTROYER - Merriam Webster">{{cite web|title=Definition of Destroyer|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/destroyer|website=Merriam Webster|access-date=24 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809125135/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/destroyer|archive-date=9 August 2016}}</ref> Seventeen destroyers have served, or currently serve, in the [[Indian Navy]]. The navy operates 13 guided-missile destroyers from four classes: [[Visakhapatnam-class destroyer|Visakhapatnam class]], {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|4}}, {{sclass|Delhi|destroyer|4}}, and {{sclass|Rajput|destroyer|4}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface Ships|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/surface-ships|website=Indian Navy|publisher=Ministry of Defence, Government of India|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724220939/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/surface-ships|archive-date=24 July 2016}}</ref> Six other destroyers (three [[Q and R-class destroyer|R class]] and three {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer|4}}) have been decommissioned and scrapped.<ref name="R-Class"/><ref name="Hunt class Destroyers" />

India did not have any destroyers of its own until 1949.<ref name="R-Class"/> The R-class {{INS|Ranjit|1949|6}}, built in the [[United Kingdom]], was the first destroyer commissioned in the Indian Navy.<ref name="HMS ROTHERHAM (H 09) INS Rajput" /> Two more of the [[Q and R-class destroyer|R-class]] were later commissioned.<ref name="R-Class"/> Three [[Hunt-class destroyer]]s were commissioned in 1953 to succeed the R-class destroyers.<ref name="Hunt class Destroyers">{{cite web |work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2 |first=Geoffrey B |last=Mason |date= 12 August 2011 |title=Hunt class Escort Destroyers - General Information |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-aaHunt-class.htm|publisher=Naval-History.net|access-date=16 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205422/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-aaHunt-class.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref> These ships (all of which were built in the United Kingdom) were decommissioned by 1976, with the Hunt-class {{INS|Godavari|D92|6}} the last.<ref name="ORP Slazak, Polish escort destroyer, ex-HMS Bedale; INS Godavari" /><ref name="HMS Lamerton, escort destroyer; INS Gomati" /><ref name="HMS Chiddingfold, escort destroyer; INS Ganga" />

During the 1980s, India signed an agreement with the [[Soviet Union]] for five guided-missile destroyers, built as the ''Rajput'' class.<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com" /> The first ship -({{INS|Rajput|D51|6}} - was commissioned on 30 September 1980. Four of the five ''Rajput''-class are still in active service, ''Ranjit'' was decommissioned in 2019.<ref name="ranjit-deco"/><ref name="Rajput Class" /> The ''Rajput'' class was succeeded by the [[Delhi-class destroyer|''Delhi'' class]], with {{INS|Delhi|D61|6}}, {{INS|Mysore|D60|2}} and {{INS|Mumbai|D62|2}} commissioned in 1997, 1999 and 2001 respectively.{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}} The ''Delhi''-class destroyers, built in India,{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}} were succeeded by the [[Kolkata-class destroyer|''Kolkata''-class]] in 2014.<ref name="Kolkata Class Guided Missile Destroyers" /> The three ''Kolkata''-class ships were commissioned in 2014–2016, with {{INS|Chennai|D65|6}} being the last.<ref name="Navy gets its largest destroyer INS Kolkata" /> An improvement of the ''Kolkata''-class, {{INS|Visakhapatnam|D66|6}} (part of the {{sclass|Visakhapatnam|destroyer|4}}), was commissioned in 2021. The second ship, {{INS|Mormugao|D67|6}} was commissioned in 2022,<ref name="Project 15B Improved Kolkata Class Destroyer">{{cite web|title=Project 15B Improved Kolkata Class Destroyer|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/d-project-15b.htm|website=GlobalSecurity.org|access-date=16 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161003140926/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/d-project-15b.htm|archive-date=3 October 2016}}</ref> while the third ship [[INS Imphal (D68)]] in 2023 and the fourth ship [[INS Surat (D69)]] is in Sea trial.

==Commissioned ships==
Ten destroyers from three classes are in active service.<ref name="Vikramaditya, Viraat, Delhi Class, Rajput Class, Kolkata Class : Indian Navy Official" /> {{INS|Kolkata|D63|6}}, the lead ship of the {{sclass|Kolkata|destroyer|3}} with about 7,500 tonnes of displacement, is the largest.<ref name="Navy gets its largest destroyer INS Kolkata">{{cite news|title=Navy gets its largest destroyer|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-gets-its-largest-destroyer/article6205050.ece|access-date=11 July 2016|work=The Hindu|date=13 July 2014|language=en-IN|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180303141734/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/navy-gets-its-largest-destroyer/article6205050.ece|archive-date=3 March 2018}}</ref> A total of three ''Kolkata''-class ships are currently in service with the [[Indian Navy]]. The ''Kolkata''-class destroyers were preceded by the {{sclass|Delhi|destroyer|2}} which entered service with the 1997 of its lead ship, {{INS|Delhi|D61|6}}. The ''Delhi'' class were the first destroyers built in India. The {{sclass|Rajput|destroyer|0}} destroyers, which preceded the ''Delhi'' class, consists of five ships built in the [[Soviet Union]] and were commissioned from 1980 to 1990.<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com" />

===''Visakhapatnam''-class===
The ''Visakhapatnam'' class (Project 15B) is a class of stealth [[guided missile destroyer#Indian Navy|guided missile destroyers]] under construction. An improved version of the ''Kolkata'' class and ordered in 2011, the first ''Visakhapatnam''-class ship is expected to be completed in 2018. The first vessel of this class is expected to get commissioned with INS Vikrant and INS Arighat.<ref name="Livefist">{{cite news|title=Navy's Next Destroyer Line Christened Visakhapatnam-class, 1st Launch Next Week|url=http://www.livefistdefence.com/2015/04/navys-next-destroyer-line-christened.html|access-date=16 April 2015|work=LiveFist defence|date=15 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150415082844/http://www.livefistdefence.com/2015/04/navys-next-destroyer-line-christened.html|archive-date=15 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="Gady"/> The class will have enhanced stealth characteristics and state-of-the-art weaponry and sensors, including the long-range [[Barak 8]] [[surface-to-air missile]]. The first ship's [[Keel laying|keel was laid]] in October 2013. The ''Visakhapatnam'' class are armed with a 76 mm main gun and an AK-630 close-in anti-missile gun system.<ref name="ndtv1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-about-the-ins-visakhapatnam-navys-newest-destroyer-755476|title=All About the INS Visakhapatnam, Navy's Most Powerful Destroyer|work=[[NDTV]]|last=Som|first=Vishnu|date=17 April 2015|access-date=16 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416165411/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-about-the-ins-visakhapatnam-navys-newest-destroyer-755476|archive-date=16 April 2015}}</ref><ref name="mzo1315b">{{cite news|title=Keel Laid For Yard 12704 (1st ship of P15 Bravo)|url=http://www.mazagondock.gov.in/newsite2010/pdfs/msg/KEEL%20LAID%20FOR%20YARD%2012704.pdf|access-date=9 June 2014|website=Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders|date=12 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202183511/http://www.mazagondock.gov.in/newsite2010/pdfs/msg/KEEL%20LAID%20FOR%20YARD%2012704.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2014}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Ship
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Picture
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Armament
! rowspan="2" |VLS
! rowspan="2" align="center" scope="col" style="text-align:left; " |Displacement
! align= center scope=col colspan=2 style="text-align:center; "|Service
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Origin
|-
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Laid down
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Commissioned
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Visakhapatnam|D66|2}}
|[[File:Visakhapatnam (D66) - P15B destroyer of Indian Navy during sea trials.jpg|150px]]
|rowspan=4|
* 2 × 16-cell VLS<ref name="Gady">{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/china-beware-here-comes-indias-most-powerful-destroyer/|title=China Beware: Here Comes India's Most Powerful Destroyer|last=Gady|first=Franz-Stefan|website=The Diplomat|access-date=1 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526214851/https://thediplomat.com/2015/04/china-beware-here-comes-indias-most-powerful-destroyer/|archive-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> for [[Barak 8]] missiles (range {{convert|0.5|km|mi|abbr=on}} to {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}})<ref name="The Telegraph">{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151128/jsp/nation/story_55591.jsp#.VoO8K0vraSE |author=Dutta, Sujan |title=Israel ship missile test for India |website=The Telegraph |date=28 November 2015 |access-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104040421/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1151128/jsp/nation/story_55591.jsp#.VoO8K0vraSE |archive-date=4 November 2016 }}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gen-Next-missile-defence-shield-built-by-Israel-and-India-clears-first-hurdle/articleshow/49955127.cms |title=Gen Next missile defence shield built by Israel and India clears first hurdle |author=Pandit, Rajit |website=The Times of India |date=28 November 2015 |access-date=16 October 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201184303/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Gen-Next-missile-defence-shield-built-by-Israel-and-India-clears-first-hurdle/articleshow/49955127.cms |archive-date=1 December 2015 }}</ref>
* 2 × 8-cell UVLM for 16 [[BrahMos]] anti-ship and land-attack cruise missiles<ref name="Gady"/>
* 76 mm Oto Melara SRGM gun
* 4 × AK-630 CIWS
* 4 × 533 mm torpedo tubes
* 2 × [[RBU-6000]] anti-submarine rocket launchers<ref name="INS Visakhapatnam: 11 things you need to know about India's latest destroyer warship">{{cite web|title=INS Visakhapatnam: 11 things you need to know about India's latest destroyer warship|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ins-visakhapatnam-11-things-you-need-to-know-about-india-s-latest-destroyer-warship-2078995|website=Daily News and Analysis|access-date=17 October 2016|date=20 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128100706/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ins-visakhapatnam-11-things-you-need-to-know-about-india-s-latest-destroyer-warship-2078995|archive-date=28 January 2017}}</ref>
|48
| rowspan="4" |7,500 tonnes<ref name="INS Visakhapatnam: 11 things you need to know about India's latest destroyer warship"/>
|12 October 2013<ref>{{cite news|title=Keel Laid for P15 Bravo Ships|url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIM%2F2013%2F10%2F25&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=28&EntityId=Ar02806&AppName=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222192211/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scripting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=pastissues2&BaseHref=TOIM%2F2013%2F10%2F25&ViewMode=HTML&PageLabel=28&EntityId=Ar02806&AppName=2|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2018|work=The Times of India|date=25 October 2013|location=Mumbai}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mazagondock.gov.in/newsite2010/pdfs/msg/KEEL%20LAID%20FOR%20YARD%2012704.pdf|title=Mazagon Dock Keel Laying Ceremony|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202183511/http://www.mazagondock.gov.in/newsite2010/pdfs/msg/KEEL%20LAID%20FOR%20YARD%2012704.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|21 November 2021<ref name="thbl-27dec17">{{cite news|last1=Ghaswalla|first1=Amrita Nair|title=Advanced guided missile destroyers delayed by 3 years|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/advanced-guided-missile-destroyers-delayed-by-3-years/article10003703.ece|work=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]|publisher=The Hindu Group|date=27 December 2017|location=Mumbai|language=en}}</ref><ref name="HTcommission">{{Cite news|last=Gupta|first=Shishir|date=2021-11-01|title=INS Visakhapatnam to be commissioned on Nov 18, followed by INS Vela sub|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ins-visakhapatnam-to-be-commissioned-on-nov-18-followed-by-ins-vela-sub-101635753692980.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|location=New Delhi|access-date=2021-11-02}}</ref>
|rowspan=4|{{flag|India}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Mormugao|D67|2}}
|[[File:Mormugao - Y12705, second ship of Project 15B stealth guided missile destroyer.jpg|150px]]
|48
|4 June 2015
|18 December 2022
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Imphal|D68|2}}
|[[File:INS Imphal (D68) of Indian Navy at sea.jpg|150px]]
|48
|19 May 2017
|26 December 2023<ref>{{cite web |title=New stealth destroyer INS Imphal joins fleet |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-stealth-destroyer-ins-imphal-joins-fleet-101703616115617.html |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=27 December 2023 |language=en |date=27 December 2023}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Surat|D69|2}}
|[[File:INS Surat maiden trial.jpg|150px]]
|48
|19 July 2018
|15 January 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2024-06-17 |title=Surat to be the next major combatant to join Indian Navy's arsenal |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2024/06/17/surat-to-be-the-next-major-combatant-to-join-indian-navys-arsenal/ |access-date=2024-08-21 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref>
|}

===''Kolkata'' class===
The ''Kolkata'' class (Project 15A) is a class of [[guided missile destroyer]]s with [[Stealth ship|stealth technology]].<ref name="Kolkata Class Guided Missile Destroyers" /> By the year 2000, the Indian Navy had redesigned the follow-on ''Kolkata'' class to improve technology (including modern stealth characteristics) and in May of that year, approval for the construction was given. Concept and function for Project 15A was framed by the navy's Directorate of Naval Design, while the detailed design was developed by [[Mazagon Dock Limited]] (MDL).<ref name="World-class warships at Indian prices">{{cite web|author1=Shukla, Ajai|title=World-class warships at Indian prices|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=320123|website=Business Standard|access-date=9 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607145746/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=320123|archive-date=7 June 2011}}</ref> It consists of three ships (''Kolkata'', ''Kochi'' and ''Chennai''), built by Mazagon Dock Limited, which are the navy's largest destroyers. Due to construction delays and a problem discovered during [[sea trial]]s, the first ship's commission was postponed from 2010 to 2014.<ref name=it10j13>{{cite news|title=Navy's ongoing hunt for heavy torpedoes leads to delay in modernisation process|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indian-navy-hits-modernisation-crisis-no-weapons-tarpedoes-166179-2013-06-10|access-date=20 July 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=10 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717085017/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-navy-hits-modernisation-crisis-no-weapons-tarpedoes/1/279309.html|archive-date=17 July 2013}}</ref>

Although the dimensions of ''Kolkata''-class ships are similar to the previous ''Delhi'' class, their weaponry, sensors and helicopter systems have been upgraded.<ref name=ajrn20a12>{{cite news|last1=Shukla|first1=Ajai|title=Dangerous consequences of warships built in India|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/dangerous-consequences-of-warships-built-in-india/20120820.htm|access-date=9 June 2014|website=Rediff News|date=20 August 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714172551/http://www.rediff.com/news/report/dangerous-consequences-of-warships-built-in-india/20120820.htm|archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> With a standard displacement of {{convert|6800|t|abbr=on}} and a full-load displacement of {{convert|7400|t|abbr=on}} (two sources reported a full-load displacement of {{convert|7500|t|abbr=on}}),<ref name="Navy gets its largest destroyer INS Kolkata" /><ref name="defxprss">{{cite news|url=http://www.defenceexpress.com/index.php/navy/item/277-largest-destroyer-project-of-navy-hit-by-delay|title=Largest destroyer project of Navy hit by delay|website=Defence Express|date=6 June 2013|access-date=15 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810205631/http://www.defenceexpress.com/index.php/navy/item/277-largest-destroyer-project-of-navy-hit-by-delay|archive-date=10 August 2014}}</ref> they are the navy's largest destroyers.<ref name="INS Kolkata - IN Official" />

The ships' main air-defence armament is two 4 × 8-cell [[vertical launching system]]s (VLS) allowing up to 32 [[Barak 8 (missile)|Barak 8]] (medium- to long-range) missiles.<ref name="On INS Kolkata, PM is Only Partially Correct">{{cite web|title=On INS Kolkata, PM is Only Partially Correct|url=http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/on-ins-kolkata-pm-is-only-partially-correct-654566|website=NDTV|access-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160608020247/http://www.ndtv.com/opinion/on-ins-kolkata-pm-is-only-partially-correct-654566|archive-date=8 June 2016}}</ref> Four [[AK-630]] [[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]] are fitted for near defence.<ref name="Kolkata Class Guided Missile Destroyers" />

The ''Kolkata''-class ships' primary offensive armament is supersonic [[BrahMos]] anti-ship and land-attack missiles.<ref name=it5m08>{{cite news|title=First test of BrahMos land-attack variant from the sea|url=http://brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=60#|access-date=17 July 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=5 March 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105033616/http://brahmos.com/newscenter.php?newsid=60|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref> The BrahMos missiles are fitted into a 16-cell universal vertical launcher module (UVLM) allowing one missile per launch silo; all 16 missiles can be fired in [[salvo]].<ref>{{cite news|title=BrahMos missile test-fired from warship INS Kolkata|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BrahMos-missile-test-fired-from-warship-INS-Kolkata/articleshow/36295940.cms|access-date=9 June 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=9 June 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609160908/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/BrahMos-missile-test-fired-from-warship-INS-Kolkata/articleshow/36295940.cms|archive-date=9 June 2014}}</ref> A distinctive armament of the ''Kolkata'' class is its {{convert|76|mm|abbr=on}} gun forward of the bridge. The 76 mm gun provides limited anti-shipping and anti-air capability in addition to [[naval gunfire support]] for land-based operations.<ref name="Kolkata Class Guided Missile Destroyers" /> For [[anti-submarine warfare]], the class is equipped with a torpedo-launching system (with four torpedo tubes) and two [[RBU-6000]] anti-submarine rocket launchers.<ref name="Kolkata Class Guided Missile Destroyers" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Project 15-A Improved Delhi / VIshakhapattanam / DDGHM Kolkata|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/d-project-15a.htm|website=GlobalSecurity.org|access-date=16 June 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404170816/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/d-project-15a.htm|archive-date=4 April 2013}}</ref> [[Bharat Electronics Limited]]'s electronic modular command and control applications (EMCCA) Mk4 provides combat management.<ref name="SP's Exclusive - SP's Naval Forces">{{cite web|title=Country's most potent indigenous warship joins service this month|url=http://spsnavalforces.com/exclusive/?id=18&h=Country-s-most-potent-indigenous-warship-joins-service-this-month|website=SP's Naval Forces|access-date=29 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821171744/http://spsnavalforces.com/exclusive/?id=18&h=Country-s-most-potent-indigenous-warship-joins-service-this-month|archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Ship
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Picture
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Armament
! rowspan="2" |VLS
! rowspan="2" align="center" scope="col" style="text-align:left; " |Displacement
! align= center scope=col colspan=2 style="text-align:center; "|Service
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Origin
|-
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Laid down
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Commissioned
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Kolkata|D63|2}}<ref name="INS Kolkata - IN Official">{{cite web|title=INS Kolkata|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1183|website=Indian Navy|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819185937/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1183|archive-date=19 August 2016}}</ref>
| [[File:INS Kolkata steams alongside the guided-missile destroyer USS Sterett (DDG 104) during Malabar 2020 (cropped).jpg|150x150px]]
|rowspan=3|
* 4 × 8-cell [[Vertical launching system|VLS]] for [[Barak 8 (missile)|Barak 8]] LR-SAM missiles
* 2 × 8-cell UVLM for 16 [[BrahMos]] anti-ship and land-attack missiles
* 76 mm Oto Melara SRGM gun
* 4 × [[AK-630]] [[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]]
* 2 × twin tube 533mm torpedo launchers
* 2 × [[RBU-6000]] anti-submarine rockets<ref name="Kolkata Class Guided Missile Destroyers" />
|48
| 7,400 tonnes<ref name="INS Kolkata {{!}} Indian Navy">{{cite web|title=INS Kolkata|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1183|website=Indian Navy|access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819185937/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1183|archive-date=19 August 2016}}</ref>
| 26 September 2003{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=346}}
| 16 August 2014<ref name="INS Kolkata - IN Official" />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|India}}<ref name="Kolkata Class Guided Missile Destroyers">{{cite web|title=Kolkata Class Guided Missile Destroyers|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/projects/kolkata-class-guided-missile-destroyers/|website=Naval Technology|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225205523/https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/kolkata-class-guided-missile-destroyers/|archive-date=25 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Vikramaditya, Viraat, Delhi Class, Rajput Class, Kolkata Class : Indian Navy Official">{{cite web|title=Vikramaditya, Viraat, Delhi Class, Rajput Class, Kolkata Class|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/vikramaditya-viraat-delhi-class-rajput-class-kolkata-class|website=Indian Navy|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630163214/http://indiannavy.nic.in/content/vikramaditya-viraat-delhi-class-rajput-class-kolkata-class|archive-date=30 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Kochi|D64|2}}<ref name="INS Kochi {{!}} Indian Navy" /><ref name="India's deadliest naval warship INS Kochi commissioned in Mumbai">{{cite news|title=India's deadliest naval warship INS Kochi commissioned in Mumbai|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indias-deadliest-naval-warship-ins-kochi-commissioned-today/|access-date=10 July 2016|work=Indian Express|date=30 September 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720172209/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indias-deadliest-naval-warship-ins-kochi-commissioned-today/|archive-date=20 July 2016}}</ref>
|[[File:INS Kochi at Mina Salman, Bahrain.jpg|150x150px]]
|48
| rowspan="2" |7,500 tonnes<ref name="INS Kochi {{!}} Indian Navy">{{cite web|title=INS Kochi|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1187|website=Indian Navy|access-date=2 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719042631/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/node/1187|archive-date=19 July 2016}}</ref>
|25 October 2005<ref name="INS Kochi {{!}} Indian Navy" />
|30 September 2015<ref name="INS Kochi {{!}} Indian Navy" />
|-
!scope="row"| {{INS|Chennai|D65|2}}<ref name="Largest-ever 'Made-in-India' warship INS Chennai commissioned">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Largest-ever-Made-in-India-warship-INS-Chennai-commissioned/articleshow/55537416.cms |title=Largest-ever 'Made-in-India' warship INS Chennai commissioned |work=The Times of India |date=21 November 2016 |access-date=21 November 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121104857/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Largest-ever-Made-in-India-warship-INS-Chennai-commissioned/articleshow/55537416.cms |archive-date=21 November 2016 }}</ref>
|[[File:INS Chennai (D65) fires its weapons during Malabar 2020.jpg|150x150px]]
|48
|21 February 2006{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=346}}
|21 November 2016<ref name="Largest-ever 'Made-in-India' warship INS Chennai commissioned"/><ref name="Guided Missile Destroyer INS Chennai Joins the Indian Navy">{{cite web|title=Guided Missile Destroyer INS Chennai Joins the Indian Navy|url=https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/guided-missile-destroyer-ins-chennai-joins-indian-navy|website=Indian Navy|access-date=21 November 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121234037/https://www.indiannavy.nic.in/content/guided-missile-destroyer-ins-chennai-joins-indian-navy|archive-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>
|}

===''Delhi'' class===
The ''Delhi''-class vessels are the third-largest warships designed and built in India, after the Kolkata-class destroyers and the {{sclass|Shivalik|frigate|1}}s. They were built by Mazagon Dock Limited in [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Vikramaditya, Viraat, Delhi Class, Rajput Class, Kolkata Class : Indian Navy Official" /> ''Delhi''-class design has Soviet and Western influences, incorporating elements of the {{sclass|Sovremenny|destroyer|5}}, ''Rajput'' and [[Kashin-class destroyer|Kashin-II]]-class destroyers and the {{sclass|Godavari|frigate|0}} frigate.<ref name="miltech-nov04">{{cite magazine|last=Annati|first=Massimo|date=November 2004|volume=28|issue=11|title=The Asian DDG Race|magazine=Military Technology|pages=31–39|location=Bonne|publisher=Mönch Publishing Group|issn=0722-3226}}</ref>

''Delhi''-class vessels are fitted with flag facilities, enabling them to act as command unit in task groups.<ref name="miltech-nov04"/> The vessels are equipped to enable operation in a [[nuclear, biological and chemical warfare]] environment.<ref name="jdw-17sep97">{{cite journal|last1=Bedi|first1=Rahul|title=Indian-built destroyer to be commissioned|journal=Jane's Defence Weekly|date=17 September 1997|location=Horley|issn=0265-3818}}</ref> For primary air defence, ''Delhi'' class is fitted with [[Buk missile system#3S90 "Uragan" / M-22, or for export "Shtil"|9K-90 ''Uragan'']] [[Anti-aircraft warfare|air-defence]] system comprising a pair of 3S-90 single-arm launchers and [[Buk missile system#9М38 and 9М38M1 missile|9M38M1 ''Shtil'']] missiles. One launcher is installed forward of the bridge and the other atop the dual helicopter hangar. Each launcher carries a 24 missile magazine for a total of 48 rounds.<ref name="miltech-sep98">{{cite magazine|last=Khan|first=M A|date=September 1998|volume=22|issue=9|title=DELHI and beyond|magazine=Military Technology|pages=68–70|location=Bonne|publisher=Mönch Publishing Group|issn=0722-3226}}</ref> The ''Delhi'' class is being upgraded with the Rafael [[Barak 1]] [[Point-defence|point air defence]] missile system. It has a pair of eight-cell vertical launch systems and missile command-to-line-of-sight (CLOS) radar guidance with a range of {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}}

The ships have a five 533 mm (21 in) torpedo tubes, which can be used to launch SET 65E active/passive homing torpedo and [[Type 53 torpedo|Type 53-65]] wake homing torpedo, and is capable of hitting targets ranging from {{convert|15|km|abbr=on}} to {{convert|19|km|abbr=on}}. They are equipped with two RBU-6000 anti-submarine rocket launchers with 12 tubes. They carry a {{convert|31|kg|abbr=on}} warhead and have a range of {{convert|6|km|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}}

{| class="wikitable"
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Ship
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Picture
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Armament
! rowspan="2" |VLS
! rowspan="2" align="center" scope="col" style="text-align:left; " |Displacement
! align= center scope=col colspan=2 style="text-align:center; "|Service
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Origin
|-valign="center"
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Laid down
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Commissioned
|-valign="center"
!scope="row"|{{INS|Delhi|D61|2}}
|[[File:INS Delhi (D61) at sea.jpg|150x150px]]
|rowspan=3|
* 8 x [[BrahMos|Brahmos]] anti-ship and land-attack cruise missile
* 32 × [[Barak 1]] (2 × 16-cell) [[Vertical launching system|VLS]] missiles
* 2 × [[Buk missile system#3S90 "Uragan" / M-22, or for export "Shtil"|''Uragan'']] SAM systems (48 9M38M1 Shtil missiles)
* 100 mm [[AK-100 Naval gun|AK-100]] gun
* 2 × 30 mm [[AK-630]] [[rotary cannon]]s
* 2 × [[RBU-6000]] 213 mm anti-submarine mortar arrays
* Quintuple {{convert|21|in|mm|adj=on|order=flip|0}} torpedo tubes{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}}<ref name="miltech-nov04"/>
| 32
| rowspan="3" |6,200 tonnes<ref name="in-destroyers">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/delhi-class |title=IN Ships-Destroyers-Delhi Class |publisher=Indian Navy |access-date=2011-12-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127113140/http://indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/delhi-class |archive-date=27 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
| 14 November 1987{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}}
| 15 November 1997{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}}
| rowspan=3|{{flag|India}}<ref name="Vikramaditya, Viraat, Delhi Class, Rajput Class, Kolkata Class : Indian Navy Official"/>
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Mysore|D60|2}}
|[[File:INS Mysore D60 India.jpg|150px]]
| 32
|2 February 1991{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}}
|2 June 1999{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Mumbai|D62|2}}
|[[File:INS Mumbai (D62) at sea.jpg|150x150px]]
| 32
|14 December 1992{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}}
|22 January 2001{{sfn|Saunders|2016|p=344}}
|}

===''Rajput'' class===
The ''Rajput''-class [[guided-missile destroyer]]s built for the Indian Navy (also known as Kashin-II class) are modified versions of Soviet Kashin-class destroyers. The ships were built in the former Soviet Union with Indian modifications to the Kashin design. These included the replacement of the [[helicopter pad]] in the original design with a flight elevator (to transports flights, aircraft, and helicopters, from [[hangar deck]] to [[flight deck]], and changes to the electronics and combat systems. Five units were built for export to India during the 1980s.<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com" />

The ''Rajput'' class inherited its [[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] and anti-submarine warfare roles for [[Aircraft carrier battle group|aircraft carrier task-force]] defence against submarines, low-flying aircraft and cruise missiles from the Kashin class.
They were the first ships in the Indian Navy to deploy the BrahMos supersonic cruise-missile systems, deployed during a mid-life refit of the ships. The missile system has four missiles in inclined, bow-mounted launchers (replacing two [[P-15 Termit|SS-N-2D Styx AShM]] launchers in {{INS|Rajput|D51|6}}) and an eight-cell VLS system replacing {{INS|Ranvir|D54|6}} and {{INS|Ranvijay|D55|6}}'s aft [[S-125 Neva/Pechora#Naval version|S-125M]] (NATO: SA-N-1) [[Surface to air missile|SAM]] launchers. ''Ranvijay'' was deployed with an updated vertical launcher for the BrahMos missile.<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com" /><ref name="Rajput Class" /><ref name="BrahMos sets the 'gold standard' for Russian-Indian defence projects">{{cite web|author1=Makiyenko, Konstantin|title=BrahMos sets the 'gold standard' for Russian-Indian defence projects|url=https://www.rbth.com/articles/2011/08/22/brahmos_sets_the_gold_standard_for_russian-indian_defence_projects_12899|website=Russia & India Report|access-date=1 August 2016|language=en-IN|date=22 August 2011}}</ref> The Indian Navy is planning to upgrade the propulsion of ''Rajput''-class ships with an indigenously developed [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment#Kaveri Marine Gas Turbine (KMGT)|Kaveri marine gas turbine (KMGT)]] engine. The [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] [[Gas Turbine Research Establishment]] is developing this engine, which is currently being tested.<ref name="Modified Kaveri Engine to Propel Indian Navy Ships">{{cite web|author1=Kar, Sitanshu|title=Modified Kaveri Engine to Propel Indian Navy Ships|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=40470|website=Press Information Bureau|access-date=1 August 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815022742/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=40470|archive-date=15 August 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:left; "|Ship
! style="text-align:left; "|Picture
! style="text-align:left; "|Armament
! style="text-align:left; " |Displacement
! style="text-align:left; "|Commissioned
! style="text-align:left; "|Origin
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Rana|D52|2}}
|[[File:INS Rana during a PASSEX 2008.jpg|150px]]
|
* 4 × [[P-15 Termit|SS-N-2D Styx AShM]] missiles
* 2 × [[S-125 Neva/Pechora#Naval version|S-125M]] (NATO: SA-N-1) [[Surface to air missile|SAM]] launchers
* 76.2 mm main gun
* 4 × 30 mm [[AK-230]] CIWS
* 16 × [[VL-SRSAM]]
* 533 mm PTA quintuple torpedo tube launcher
* 2 × [[RBU-6000]] anti-submarine mortars<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com" /><ref name="Rajput Class" />
| rowspan="3" | 4,974 tonnes<ref name="Rajput Class" />
|28 June 1982<ref name="Rajput Class" />
| rowspan=3|{{flag|Soviet Union}}<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com">{{cite web|title=Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer|url=http://www.military-today.com/navy/rajput_class.htm|website=Military Today|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804173904/http://www.military-today.com/navy/rajput_class.htm|archive-date=4 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Vikramaditya, Viraat, Delhi Class, Rajput Class, Kolkata Class : Indian Navy Official"/> <ref name="Rajput Class">{{cite web|author1=Pike, John|title=D 51 Rajput Class|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/d-rajput.htm|website=GlobalSecurity.org|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011085030/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/d-rajput.htm|archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Ranvir|D54|2}}
|[[File:INS Ravir (D54).jpg|150px]]
| rowspan=2|
* 8 × [[BrahMos]] aft VLS and 4 [[P-15 Termit|SS-N-2D Styx AShM]] missiles
* S-125M (NATO: SA-N-1) SAM launcher
* 2 × [[Barak SAM]] 8-cell launchers
* 2 × 30 mm AK-630M CIWS
* 533 mm PTA quintuple torpedo tube launcher
* 2 × RBU-6000 anti-submarine mortars<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com" /><ref name="Rajput Class" />
|28 August 1986<ref name="Rajput Class" />
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Ranvijay|D55|2}}
|[[File:INS Ranvijay at annual bi-lateral naval field training exercise.jpg|150px]]
| 21 December 1987{{Sfn|Shankar|2005|p=236}}
|}

==Decommissioned ships==
All presently decommissioned Indian Navy destroyers were built in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Soviet Union]]. The [[Q and R-class destroyer|R-class]] {{INS|Ranjit|1949|6}} was the first destroyer commissioned by the navy; two more R-class ships were later commissioned.<ref name="R-Class"/> Three {{sclass2|Hunt|destroyer|0}} destroyers were commissioned in 1953 to succeed the R-class destroyers.<ref name="Hunt class Destroyers" /> The R-class {{INS|Rana|D115|6}} was decommissioned on 30 June 1973, the first decommissioned destroyer. It was followed by {{INS|Rajput|D141|6}} in 1973, {{INS|Ranjit|D209|6}}, {{INS|Gomati|D93|6}} and {{INS|Ganga|D94|6}} in 1975 and {{INS|Godavari|D92|6}} in 1976. All the British-built ships were decommissioned by 1976.<ref name="R-Class"/><ref name="Hunt class Destroyers" /> [[INS Ranjit (D53)|INS Ranjit]] became the first ship from the [[Rajput-class destroyer|Rajput-class]] to be decommissioned. The ship was decommissioned on 6 May 2019.<ref name="ranjit-deco"/>

===''Rajput'' class===
The ''Rajput''-class [[guided-missile destroyer]]s built for the Indian Navy (also known as Kashin-II class) are modified versions of Soviet Kashin-class destroyers. The ships were built in the former Soviet Union with Indian modifications to the Kashin design. These included the replacement of the [[helicopter pad]] in the original design with a flight elevator (to transports flights, aircraft, and helicopters, from [[hangar deck]] to [[flight deck]], and changes to the electronics and combat systems. Five units were built for export to India during the 1980s.<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com" />

{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! style="text-align:left; "|Ship
! style="text-align:left; "|Picture
! style="text-align:left; "|Armament
! style="text-align:left; "|Displacement
! style="text-align:left; "|Commissioned
! style="text-align:left; "|Decommissioned
! style="text-align:left; "|Origin
! style="text-align:left; "|Fate
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Ranjit|D53}}
|[[File:INS Ranjit (D53).jpg|150px]]
|
* 4 × [[P-15 Termit|SS-N-2D Styx AShM]] missiles
* 2 × [[S-125 Neva/Pechora#Naval version|S-125M]] (NATO: SA-N-1) SAM launchers
* 76.2 mm main gun
* 4 × 30 mm [[AK-630]]M CIWS
* 533 mm PTA quintuple torpedo tube launcher
* 2 × RBU-6000 anti-submarine mortars<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com" /><ref name="Rajput Class" />
|rowspan='2'| 4,974 tonnes<ref name="Rajput Class" />
|24 September 1983{{Sfn|Muhammad|1999|p=276}}
|6 May 2019<ref name="ranjit-deco">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1571660&RegID=3&LID=1|title=INS Ranjit Sails into Sunset Culminating 36 years of Glorious Era
|publisher=PIB|access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref>
|rowspan='2'| {{flag|Soviet Union}}<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com"/>
|rowspan='2'| Decommissioned
|-
!scope="row"| {{INS|Rajput|D51}}
|[[File:INS Rajput (D51) sporting Revathi radar.jpg|150px]]
|
* 4 × [[BrahMos]] supersonic missiles and 2 [[P-15 Termit|SS-N-2D Styx AShM]] missiles
* [[Dhanush (missile)|Dhanush ballistic missile]]
* 2 × [[S-125 Neva/Pechora#Naval version|S-125M]] (NATO: SA-N-1) [[Surface to air missile|SAM]] launchers
* 76.2 mm main gun
* 4 × 30 mm [[AK-230]] [[Close-in weapon system|CIWS]]
* 533 mm PTA quintuple torpedo tube launcher
* 2 × [[RBU-6000]] anti-submarine mortars<ref name="Rajput Class Guided-Missile Destroyer {{!}} Military-Today.com" /><ref name="Rajput Class" />
| 4 May 1980<ref name="Rajput Class" />
| 21 May 2021<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1395255535029481478|user=ANI|title=INS Rajput, first destroyer of the Indian Navy, which was commissioned on 4th May 1980 will be decommissioned on 21st May during a ceremony at Naval Dockyard, Visakhapatnam: Indian Navy|date=2021-05-21}}</ref>
|}

===R class===

The R class was a [[ship class|class]] of sixteen [[War Emergency Programme destroyers]] ordered for the [[Royal Navy]] in 1940 as the 3rd and 4th Emergency Flotilla. The Q and R class repeated the preceding [[O and P-class destroyer|O and P class]], reverting to the larger [[J, K and N-class destroyer|J, K and N-class]] hull to allow for increased top weight (maximum permissible weight). Since they had fewer main guns than the J, K and Ns, magazine space was replaced by fuel bunkers{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}} allowing for {{convert|4675|nmi|km}} at {{convert|20|kn|km/h}}. This compared with the {{convert|3700|nmi|km|abbr=on}} of the preceding classes. Like the O and P classes, they were armed with available weapons: 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns on single mountings allowing only 40° of elevation. As a result, on paper they do not compare favourably with many of their contemporaries. These ships used the [[Fuze Keeping Clock]] HA Fire Control Computer.{{Sfn|Hodges|1979|p=15}} The R class repeated the Qs, except that the officers' accommodation was moved from the traditional right aft to a more accessible location amidships.{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
{| class="wikitable"
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Ship
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Picture
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Armament
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Displacement
! align= center scope=col colspan=4 style="text-align:center; "|Service
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Origin
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Fate
|-
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Laid down
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Commissioned (Royal Navy)
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Commissioned (Indian Navy)
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Decommissioned
|-
!scope="row"| [[HMS Rotherham (H09)|INS ''Rajput'' (D141)]] Formerly HMS ''Rotherham '' (H09)<ref name="HMS ROTHERHAM (H 09) INS Rajput">{{cite web|title=HMS Rotherham (H 09) - R-class Flotilla Leader |work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2 |first= Geoffrey B |last=Mason |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-52R-Rotherham.htm|publisher=Naval-history.net|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195352/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-52R-Rotherham.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|[[File:HMS Rotherham 1942 IWM FL 10240.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=3|
* 4 × [[4.7 inch QF Mark IX|QF 4.7-inch (120-mm) Mk.IX guns]], single-mount CP Mk.XVIII
* 4 × [[QF 2 pounder naval gun|QF 2-pdr Mk.VIII]] (40 mm L39), quad-mount Mk.VII
* 6 × [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|QF 20 mm Oerlikon]], single-mount P Mk.III
* 8 × 2 × 4 tubes for [[British 21 inch torpedo|{{convert|21|inch|mm|adj=on}} torpedoes Mk.IX]]
* Up to 3 throwers & racks for 45 [[depth charge]]s<ref name="R-Class" />
| rowspan=3|2,449 tonnes{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
| 10 April 1941{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
| August 1942{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|27 July 1949{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|1976{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
| rowspan=3|{{Flag|United Kingdom}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|rowspan=3|scrapped<ref name="R-Class">{{cite web|author1=Pike, John|title=R-Class|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/d-r.htm|website=GlobalSecurity.org|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011085312/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/d-r.htm|archive-date=11 October 2016}}</ref>{{Sfn|Singh|1992|p=56}}
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Ranjit|1949|6}} Formerly HMS ''Redoubt'' (H41)<ref name="HMS Redoubt, destroyer INS Ranjit">{{cite web|title=HMS Redoubt (H 41) - R-class Destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-53R-Redoubt.htm |work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2 |first= Geoffrey B |last=Mason |date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Naval-History.net |access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613090552/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-53R-Redoubt.htm|archive-date=13 June 2017}}</ref>
|[[File:HMS Redoubt 1942 IWM FL 9669.jpg|100px]]
|19 June 1941{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|1 October 1942{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|1949{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|1979{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|-
![[HMS Raider (H15)|INS ''Rana'' (D115)]] Formerly HMS ''Raider'' (H15)<ref name="HMS Raider; INS Rana">{{cite web|title=HMS Raider (H 15) - R-class Destroyer |url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-53R-Raider.htm |work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2
|first= Geoffrey B |last=Mason |date=7 August 2011 |publisher=Naval-History.net |access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304112107/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DD-53R-Raider.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|[[File:HMS Raider. A15089.jpg|100px]]
|1941{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|16 November 1942{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|1949{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|1976{{Sfn|Friedman|2012|pp=88–90, 94, 98–99, 107, 138}}{{Sfn|Friedman|2011|p=102}}
|}

===Hunt class===
The Hunt class was a class of Royal Navy [[escort destroyer]]. The first ships were ordered early in 1939 and the class saw extensive service in World War II, particularly on the British east coast and in [[Mediterranean]] [[convoy]]s. The Hunts were modelled on the 1938 [[sloop-of-war|escort sloop]] {{HMS|Bittern|L07|2}}. The Hunt class had three twin [[British ordnance terms#QF|QF]] {{convert|4|in|mm|0|adj=on}} Mark XVI gun with a quadruple [[QF 2 pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder]]-mount Mark VII on a hull of the same length, but with {{convert|8|ft|m|0}} less beam and installed power raised to {{convert|19000|shp|abbr=on}} to give {{convert|27|kn|km/h|0}}. The first twenty were ordered in March and April 1939. They were constructed to Admiralty standards (like contemporary destroyers), unlike [[frigate]]s which followed mercantile practice.<ref name="British Hunt-class escort destroyers, WW2">{{cite web|title=British Hunt-class escort destroyers, WW2|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-aaHunt-class.htm|website=Naval History|access-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304205422/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-aaHunt-class.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Hunt (Type I) class Escort destroyers - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net">{{cite web|title=Allied Warships of WWII: Escort destroyers – Hunt (Type I) class|author=Helgason, Guðmundur|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/class/22.html|website=Uboat.net|access-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820104717/http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/class/22.html|archive-date=20 August 2010}}</ref><ref name="Hunt (Type II) class Escort destroyers - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net">{{cite web|title=Allied Warships of WWII: Escort destroyers – Hunt (Type II) class uboat.net|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/class/401.html|website=Uboat.net|author=Helgason, Guðmundur|access-date=29 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820193201/http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/class/401.html|archive-date=20 August 2010}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Ship
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Picture
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Armament
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Displacement
! align= center scope=col colspan=4 style="text-align:center; "|Service
! align= center scope=col rowspan=2 style="text-align:left; "|Fate
|-
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Laid down
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Commissioned (Royal Navy)
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Commissioned (Indian Navy)
! align= center scope=col style="text-align:left; "|Decommissioned
|-
!scope="row"| [[ORP Ślązak (L26)|INS ''Godavari'' (D92)]] (Formerly HMS ''Bedale'')
|[[File:The Polish Navy during the Second World War FL789.jpg|100px]]
|
* 6 × 102 mm [[QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun]]s (3 twin turrets)
* 4 × 40 mm [[QF 2 pounder naval gun|QF 2-pdr]]
* 2–4 × 20 mm antiaircraft cannons
* 2 [[depth charge]] launchers
* 4 depth charge throwers<ref name="ORP Slazak, Polish escort destroyer, ex-HMS Bedale; INS Godavari">{{cite web|title=ORP Slazak, Polish escort destroyer, ex-HMS Bedale|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Bedale.htm |work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2
|first= Geoffrey B |last=Mason |date=2004 |publisher=Naval-History.net|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054820/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Bedale.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
| rowspan=3|1,450 tonnes{{citation needed|date=November 2021}}
| 25 May 1940<ref name="ORP Slazak, Polish escort destroyer, ex-HMS Bedale; INS Godavari"/>
| 27 July 1946<ref name="ORP Slazak, Polish escort destroyer, ex-HMS Bedale; INS Godavari"/>
|27 April 1953<ref name="ORP Slazak, Polish escort destroyer, ex-HMS Bedale; INS Godavari"/>
|1976<ref name="ORP Slazak, Polish escort destroyer, ex-HMS Bedale; INS Godavari"/>
|damaged beyond repair 1976. scrapped 1979 {{Sfn|Singh|1992|p=56}}<ref name="Hunt (Type II) class Escort destroyers - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net" />
|-
!scope="row"|[[HMS Lamerton (L88)|INS ''Gomati'' (D93)]] Formerly HMS ''Lamerton'' (L88)
|[[File:HMS Lamerton 1941 IWM FL 12015.jpg|100px]]
|rowspan=2|
* 6 × [[QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun|QF 4 in Mark XVI guns]] on twin mounts Mk. XIX
* 4 × [[QF 2 pounder naval gun|QF 2-pdr Mk. VIII]] on quad mount MK.VII
* 2 × (later 4) [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikons]] on single mounts P Mk. III
* 110 depth charges, 2 throwers, 3 racks<ref name="HMS Lamerton, escort destroyer; INS Gomati"/><ref name="HMS Chiddingfold, escort destroyer; INS Ganga"/>
|10 April 1940<ref name="HMS Lamerton, escort destroyer; INS Gomati">{{cite web|title=HMS Lamerton, escort destroyer|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Lamerton.htm |work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2
|first= Geoffrey B |last=Mason |date=2004 |publisher=Naval-History.net|access-date=10 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304203934/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Lamerton.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
|16 August 1941<ref name="HMS Lamerton, escort destroyer; INS Gomati"/>
|24 April 1953<ref name="HMS Lamerton, escort destroyer; INS Gomati"/>
|1975<ref name="HMS Lamerton, escort destroyer; INS Gomati"/>
|struck from active in 1975 scrapped <ref name="HMS Lamerton, escort destroyer; INS Gomati" /><ref name="Hunt (Type II) class Escort destroyers - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net" />
|-
!scope="row"|{{INS|Ganga|D94}}<ref name=INSGanga group="Note">Formerly HMS ''Chiddingfold'' (L31).</ref>
|[[File:HMS Chiddingfold 1941 IWM FL 8070.jpg|100px]]
|1 March 1940<ref name="HMS Chiddingfold, escort destroyer; INS Ganga">{{cite web|title=HMS Chiddingfold (L 31) - Type II, Hunt-class Escort Destroyer|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Chiddingfold.htm |work=Service Histories of Royal Navy Warships in World War 2
|first= Geoffrey B |last=Mason |date=2004 |publisher=Naval-History.net|access-date=10 July 2016 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303211850/http://www.naval-history.net/xGM-Chrono-10DE-Chiddingfold.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
|October 1941<ref name="HMS Chiddingfold, escort destroyer; INS Ganga"/>
|18 June 1953<ref name="HMS Chiddingfold, escort destroyer; INS Ganga"/>
|1975<ref name="HMS Chiddingfold, escort destroyer; INS Ganga"/>
|struck from active in 1975. scrapped {{Sfn|Singh|1992|p=56}}<ref name="HMS Chiddingfold, escort destroyer; INS Ganga" /><ref name="Hunt (Type II) class Escort destroyers - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net" />
|}

==Future ships==
=== ''Project 18''-class ===
The {{sclass|Project 18|destroyer|4}} is a class of stealth [[guided missile destroyer#Indian Navy|guided missile destroyers]]. The class will include 8-10 Project 18 class destroyers, as a follow-on of Visakhapatnam class. It will include 144-cell VLS missile launchers in its arsenal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Deshpande |first=Smruti |date=2023-12-02 |title=Next-gen destroyers on drawing board, Twin Engine Deck Based Fighters expected by 2032, says Navy |url=https://theprint.in/defence/next-gen-destroyers-on-drawing-board-twin-engine-deck-based-fighters-expected-by-2032-says-navy/1868213/ |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ray |first=Kalyan |title=India to become 175-warship Navy with bigger destroyers in the next decade, says Chief |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/india-to-become-175-warship-navy-with-bigger-destroyers-in-the-next-decade-says-chief-2793206 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-20 |title=Indian Navy Expanding to Meet China Threat, Better Team With Allies |url=https://news.usni.org/2022/07/20/indian-navy-expanding-to-meet-china-threat-better-team-with-allies |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=USNI News}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships]]
* [[Future of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of ships of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of submarines of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of frigates of the Indian Navy]]

==Notes==
'''Footnotes'''
{{reflist|group=Note||colwidth=30em}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|first1=Norman|last1=Friedman|title=British Destroyers & Frigates: The Second World War & After|year=2012|publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84832-015-4}}
* {{cite book|first1=Norman|last1=Friedman|title=Naval Weapons of World War One|year=2011|publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84832-100-7 }}
* {{cite book |editor=Gove, Philip Babock |title=Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language|year=2002 |publisher=Merriam-Webster}}
* {{cite book|first1=Peter|last1=Hodges|title=Destroyer Weapons of World War 2, Volume 3 of Warship Special|year=1979|publisher=Conway Maritime Press |location=Greenwich, United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-85177-137-3 }}
* {{cite book|first1=Mahmood bin|last1=Muhammad|title=A Policeman Ponders: Memories and Melodies of a Varied Life|year=1999|publisher=APH Publishing|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-81-7648-026-0}}
* {{cite book|first1=Prasad|last1=Shankar|title=The Gallant Dogras: An Illustrated History of the Dogra Regiment|year=2005|publisher=Lancer Publishers|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-81-7062-268-0}}
* {{cite book|first1=Satyindra|last1=Singh|title=Blueprint to Bluewater: The Indian Navy, 1951–65|year=1992|publisher=Lancer International|location=New Delhi, India|isbn=978-81-7062-148-5 }}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Saunders|editor1-first=Stephen|editor1-mask=Commodore Stephen Saunders|title=Jane's Fighting Ships 2016–2017|date=2016|publisher=Jane's Information Group|location=Coulsdon|isbn=978-0710631855|edition=119th|chapter=India}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|first1=H.T.|last1=Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|year=1998 |location=London, United Kingdom |publisher=Greenhill Books|isbn=978-1-55750-048-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Lyon |first=David |title=The First Destroyers |publisher=Chatham Publishing |location=London, United Kingdom |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-55750-271-1}}

==External links==
* [http://www.indiannavy.nic.in Indian Navy official website]

{{Destroyers of the Indian Navy}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

{{Featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of destroyers|India]]
[[Category:Destroyers of the Indian Navy| ]]
[[Category:Lists of ships of India|Destroyers]]
[[Category:Indian Navy lists|Destroyer]]

Rajani Pandit

2026-01-31T07:51:31Z

BellEggers2: New a pg!

{{short description|Indian private investigator}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajani Pandit
| birth_date = 1962
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| education = [[Ruparel College]]
| occupation = [[Private investigator]]
}}

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}

'''Rajani Pandit''' (born 1962) is an Indian [[private investigator]] and entrepreneur from [[Maharashtra]]. Credited as the first female detective in India, in 1986 she started the Rajani Investigative Bureau, which by 2010 had grown to employ a staff of 30 detectives. Her firm primarily handles cases involving marital issues or suspected affairs, but also investigates missing persons, murder, and [[corporate espionage]], and conducts background checks of political candidates. Pandit has authored two [[Marathi language|Marathi]] books on her experiences, ''Faces Behind Faces'' and ''Mayajal'', and was the subject of the documentary ''Lady James Bond''.

In February 2018, Pandit was among several Indian private investigators arrested by police in connection with an alleged scam involving the illegal sale and purchase of [[Call data record|call data records]]. She was released on bail after 40 days and denied all wrong-doing.

== Early life ==
Rajani Pandit was born in 1962 in the state of [[Maharashtra]], in either [[Mumbai]]<ref name="IDE">{{Cite news |last=Prasad |first=Blessy Mathew |date=10 October 2016 |title=The under 'cover' life of a private eye |work=The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2016/oct/10/the-under-cover-life-of-a-private-eye-1525989.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106063726/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2016/oct/10/the-under-cover-life-of-a-private-eye-1525989.html |archive-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> or [[Palghar]] of the [[Thane district]]. She grew up in a middle-class family<ref name="behindmask" /> and has two brothers and one sister.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Gargi |date=18 February 2018 |title=Detective under the microscope |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/detective-under-the-microscope-5068121/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Her father, Shantaram Pandit, worked as a [[sub-inspector]] in the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]] of the local police department.<ref name="behindmask">{{cite news |title=Private eye: The woman behind the mask |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Private-eye-The-woman-behind-the-mask/articleshow/34220.cms |date=21 June 2003 |work=Times of India |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-date=8 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108030430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Private-eye-The-woman-behind-the-mask/articleshow/34220.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Basu">{{cite book |last1=Basu |first1=Srimati |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781478013082-039/html |title=Bombay Brokers |date=2021 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=9781478013082 |editor1-last=Bjorkman |editor1-first=Lisa |pages=367–377 |chapter=Detector of "Truths"|doi=10.1515/9781478013082-039 |s2cid=240907469 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=370}}

From a young age, Pandit showed a strong sense of curiosity. When she was eight or nine, she approached the body of a woman who had died in her apartment block in order to check if she was really dead,<ref name="Basu" />{{Rp|page=370}} and at age 11 she investigated a present from a relative and discovered it was counterfeit merchandise.<ref name=":0" /> She studied [[Marathi literature]] at [[Ruparel College]] in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Tanaya |date=25 April 2016 |title=India's First Woman Private Detective on Her Favourite Cases and Numerous Disguises |language=en-US |work=The Better India |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/53506/woman-private-investigator-rajani-pandit/ |url-status=live |access-date=2018-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713121211/http://www.thebetterindia.com/53506/woman-private-investigator-rajani-pandit/ |archive-date=13 July 2017}}</ref> In 1983, she was concerned by the actions of a female classmate who was drinking, smoking and visiting hotel rooms with boys, so she provided the parents of the girl with photographic evidence. While initially taken aback, they afterwards suggested she become a detective.<ref name="behindmask" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Ruchi |date=22 November 2017 |title=India's first woman private detective is right out of a pulp fiction novel |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/india-s-first-woman-private-detective-is-right-out-of-a-pulp-fiction-novel-12517 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602143025/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/india-s-first-woman-private-detective-is-right-out-of-a-pulp-fiction-novel-12517 |archive-date=2 June 2018 |access-date=2018-05-31 |website=TRT World}}</ref> Pandit's father expressed skepticism at her choice of career, but her mother supported her.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Having graduated, Pandit first found work as an office clerk, then agreed to help a colleague who thought her daughter-in-law was stealing money. She patiently tracked the daily schedules of all the woman's family members and discovered that the youngest son was the thief. This was her first paid case and afterwards, more people—women in particular—began coming to her for assistance.<ref name=":0" /> After a reporter saw a small news story about Pandit, he hired her to investigate his sister's husband, and Pandit discovered the man had a secret second family in the countryside. She gained publicity from an interview published in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] newspaper ''[[Loksatta]]''.<ref name="Basu" />{{Rp|page=372}}

Pandit opened the Rajani Investigative Bureau in 1986.<ref name="behindmask" /><ref name=":0" /> She has been credited as the first female detective in India,<ref name="dues">{{cite news |date=30 April 2010 |title=Detective dues |work=Education Times |url=http://educationtimes.com/index.aspx?page=article&secid=100&conid=2010043020100430174217678a25e7fb5 |url-status=dead |access-date=4 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045153/http://educationtimes.com/index.aspx?page=article&secid=100&conid=2010043020100430174217678a25e7fb5 |archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="MM">{{cite news |last1=Dalvi |first1=Vinay |date=15 February 2018 |title=From India's top female detective to a suspect |language=en |work=Mumbai Mirror |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/crime/from-indias-top-female-detective-to-a-suspect/articleshow/62924475.cms |access-date=25 September 2022}}</ref> and from the beginning she had to navigate challenges of local [[misogyny]], with one newspaper refusing to print her advertisement because the editors did not believe a woman could be a private detective.<ref name="behindmask" /><ref name=":0" /> She set up her office in [[Mahim]], Mumbai.<ref name="LDA" /> As Pandit took on more cases, media interest in her firm gradually increased, helping her develop a name for herself and attract clients on a more national scale. Some cases were now recommended to her by police.<ref name=":0" /> She became known for her frequent use of "old school" detective methods such as disguise and surveillance on foot.<ref name=":2" /> In one case, she visited [[Juhu Beach]] and feigned having mental health issues in order to evade suspicion and safely eavesdrop on two business executives suspected of fraud.<ref name="behindmask" />

In 1988, Pandit had a breakthrough case when an influential family asked her to help solve a murder: a man had been killed, and it was suspected that a relative was behind his death. Pandit went undercover as a servant in the household for six months. After finding evidence that the family matriarch had hired the killer<ref name=":0" />—her lover, who visited the house often<ref name="behindmask" />—Pandit hid a tape recorder underneath her clothes and recorded conversations between the two conspirators. When the noisy click of the recorder almost gave her away, she created a distraction by dropping a kitchen knife on her foot and allowed herself to be rushed away to a clinic, after which she called police and had the guilty parties arrested. The successful resolution of this case firmly established Pandit's professional reputation.<ref name=":0" />

By 2003, Pandit had eight employees, and her firm's regular clients included five [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] companies.<ref name="behindmask" /> By 2010, she employed a staff of 30 detectives and was handling about 20 cases a month.<ref name="LDA">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=28 March 2010 |title=Ladies Detective Agencies |work=Telegraph India |location=Kolkata |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100328/jsp/7days/story_12272486.jsp |url-status=dead |access-date=4 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223094234/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100328/jsp/7days/story_12272486.jsp |archive-date=23 February 2014}}</ref> She has continued to helm the business, meeting with all clients personally and overseeing the progress of cases.<ref name="Basu" />{{Rp|page=375}} Pandit has developed professional training courses for detectives<ref name="Basu" />{{Rp|page=374}} and has hired and trained other women.<ref name=":0" /> Her two brothers assist with both administrative work and investigations.<ref name="Basu" />{{Rp|page=375}} While most of her firm's cases are related to marital issues or suspected affairs,<ref name=":1" /> other cases involve missing persons, murder, domestic issues or [[corporate espionage]].<ref name="spygirls">{{cite news |author=Sen |first=Pritha |last2=Menezes |first2=Saira |date=5 October 1998 |title=Spy Girls |work=Outlook Magazine (India) |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?206283 |url-status=dead |access-date=3 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130615051113/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?206283 |archive-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> Pandit has written two Marathi books about her experiences as a private investigator, describing fictionalized versions of cases in ''Faces Behind Faces'' and ''Mayajal''.<ref name=":2" />

On February 2, 2018, Pandit was arrested by Thane police in connection with a scam in which several private detectives had allegedly obtained and sold [[Call data record|call data records]] (CDRs) illegally.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Walmiki |first=Arvind |date=2018-03-14 |title=CDR scam: Mumbai detective Rajani Pandit released from jail |language=en |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/cdr-scam-mumbai-detective-rajani-pandit-released-from-jail/story-cTm70npulfZg8swKdFWH0L.html |url-status=live |access-date=2018-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315064650/https://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai-news/cdr-scam-mumbai-detective-rajani-pandit-released-from-jail/story-cTm70npulfZg8swKdFWH0L.html |archive-date=15 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="Mulye" /> Authorities raided her home and seized laptops and CDs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2018 |title=With 'Master Of Disguise' Detective's Arrest, Some Cops Under Scanner |url=https://www.ndtv.com/mumbai-news/with-master-of-disguise-detectives-arrest-some-cops-under-scanner-1809504 |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=NDTV}}</ref> Police alleged that Pandit had been obtaining CDRs for a significant length of time and suggested that she may have used the information for the purpose of extortion.<ref name=":2" /> She was released on bail after spending 40 days in jail and denied any wrong-doing.<ref name="Mulye">{{cite news |last1=Mulye |first1=Abhijit |title=Out on bail, India's first woman detective Rajani Pandit wants to clear her name |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2018/mar/18/out-on-bail-indias-first-woman-detective-rajani-pandit-wants-to-clear-her-name-1788748.html |access-date=25 September 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=18 March 2018}}</ref> Her lawyer told the press that while Pandit had possession of an email containing two CDRs, there was no evidence that she had intentionally sought out this data, and no victims or witnesses had come forward to claim damage from Pandit's actions.<ref name=":2" />

During the [[2019 Indian general election]], Pandit's firm was hired by political parties to conduct finance checks and background investigations on multiple candidates.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=In poll time, best-known women sleuths in high demand to dig up dirt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-poll-time-best-known-women-sleuths-in-high-demand-to-dig-up-dirt/story-Y75pyv8MNwqNaKaUqF23eO.html |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Awards and recognition ==
Pandit has received the [[Hirkani award]], which honours women's achievements, from public service broadcaster [[Doordarshan]].<ref name="thereal">{{cite news |last=Ramadurai |first=Charukesi |date=16 September 2011 |title=The real lady detectives of India |work=The National |url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/asia/the-real-lady-detectives-of-india-1.376214/ |url-status=live |access-date=4 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304100410/http://www.thenational.ae/news/world/south-asia/the-real-lady-detectives-of-india |archive-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> She is the subject of a documentary film by Dinkar Rao, entitled ''Lady James Bond''.<ref name="thereal" /> In October 2018, Pandit was featured in a [[Humans of Bombay]] post.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=This 'Desi Sherlock' story is inspiring people online |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/the-tale-of-this-desi-sherlock-is-inspiring-people-online-5427594/ |access-date=2022-10-18 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

A thriller based on her life, titled ''[[Kuttrapayirchi]],'' has the actress [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] playing the role of Pandit.<ref name="IT">{{cite news |title=Kuttrapayirchi: Trisha turns detective for Verniq's thriller |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/trisha-plays-detective-in-kuttrapayirchi-1158911-2018-02-01 |access-date=25 September 2022 |work=India Today |date=1 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film was scheduled to go into pre-production in early 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-03 |title=Trisha gets more homework for an interesting role |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/trisha-kuttrapayirchi-lot-of-homework-verniq-tamil-news-206253 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=India Glitz}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
As of 2018, Pandit was living near [[Shivaji Park]] in Mumbai with her mother and two brothers.<ref name="MM" /> She is unmarried, preferring to avoid being divided between family and work.<ref name="Basu" />{{Rp|page=370}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GEZiPIYLcTA TEDxPaldi 2019: Rajani Pandit on "Breaking the stereotypes associated with detectives"] via YouTube (in [[Hindi]]){{Authority control}}{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandit, Rajani}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Articles created or expanded during Women's History Month (India) - 2014]]
[[Category:People from Thane district]]
[[Category:Private investigators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:D. G. Ruparel College alumni]]

Arun Gemini

2026-01-29T01:42:24Z

BellEggers2: added a page first draft

{{short description|Indian writer and poet (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arun Gemini
| image = Arun Gemini.jpg
| caption = Arun Gemini Portrait
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|04|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = New Delhi, India
| other_names = Arun Kumar Gemini
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Hansraj College]], [[Delhi University]]
| occupation = Writer, author, satirist
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''Filhaal Itna Hi Hai'', ''Khoon Bolta Hai'' and ''Hasya Vyangya Ki Shikhar Kavitaaye''
| awards = Kaka Hathrasi Award by the [[Hindi Academy]], [[Government of Delhi]] (2000) Haryana Gaurav Samman by the [[Government of Haryana]] (2014)
}}

'''Arun Gemini''' (born 1959) is an Indian writer, poet and satirist and TV personality from [[Haryana]], India.<ref>{{cite news |title=Poet Arun Gemini takes a dig at politicians during 'Kavi Sammelan' |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/india-poet-arun-gemini-takes-a-dig-at-politicians-during-kavi-sammelan-1149254 |publisher=[[ABP News]] |date=27 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=शहर पहुंचे अरुण जेमिनी ने कहा- आजकल कविता भी टी-20 हो गई है |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/JHA-JAMS-OMC-special-talk-with-poet-arun-jamini-5277191-PHO.html |publisher=[[Daily Bhaskar]] |date=17 March 2016 |location=[[Jamshedpur]] |language=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=अरुण जैमिनी हरियाणवी भाषा एवं संस्कृति का गौरव है : ऋतु गोयल |url=https://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/news.php?id=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7 |website=Internationalnewsandviews.com. |language=Hindi |date=18 August 2013 |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718094714/https://www.internationalnewsandviews.com/news.php?id=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=वर्तमान के प्रति जवाबदेही जरूरी : अरुण जैमिनी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-accountability-to-the-present-is-necessary-arun-jaimini-2799210.html |publisher=[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]] |date=15 October 2019 |language=Hindi}}</ref> He was awarded [[Kaka Hathrasi]] Award for outstanding contribution in the literary field by the [[Hindi Academy]], [[Government of Delhi]] in 2000.<ref name=jagran/> Arun Gemini was honored with Haryana Gaurav Samman (Award) by the [[Sahitya Akademi|Haryana Sahitya Akadami]], [[Government of Haryana]] in July 2014.<ref name=naidunia/>

He hosted various TV shows including [[Doordarshan]]'s ''Dharti Ka Aanchal'', [[Zee TV]]'s ''Darasal'', [[DD Metro]]'s ''Taal Betal'' and Zee India's ''Yahi Hai Politics''.<ref name=rajkamal/> He has also appeared on [[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]] and [[Sony TV]]'s [[The Kapil Sharma Show]].<ref name=indiatoday/>

== Life and career ==
He was born on 22 April 1959, in New Delhi, India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arun Gemini's Bio |url=http://kavyanchal.com/arun-gemini/ |website=Kavyanchal.com}}</ref> He is the son of the famous poet and humorist Gemini Haryanvi.<ref>{{cite news |title=Laugh Your Sides Out in Hindi Till Your Cheeks Hurt ! |url=http://www.indoamerican-news.com/laugh-your-sides-out-in-hindi-till-your-cheeks-hurt/ |publisher=Indo American News |date=15 May 2015}}</ref> He has done a master's degree in [[Hindi literature|Hindi]] from [[Hansraj College]] of [[Delhi University]] from where Gemini graduated in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |title=Arun Gemini |url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/poet/arun-gemini |publisher=Nettv4u.com}}</ref> He did his first poetry recital as a child poet in 1971.<ref name=jansatta/>

Arun Gemini has published many published poetry collections including ''Filhaal Itna Hi Hai'', ''Khoon Bolta Hai'' and ''Hasya Vyangya Ki Shikhar Kavitaaye''. In September 2012, he was one of the participants of [[SAB TV]]'s comic poetry series [[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]].<ref>{{cite news |title=SAB TV's Waah Waah Kya Baat Hai's upcoming episodes will be full of surprise and devotion |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/sab-tv |publisher=Tellychakkar |date=1 February 2013}}</ref> He was featured in the [[holi]] special episode of [[The Kapil Sharma Show]] in March 2019.<ref name=indiatoday>{{cite news |title=Kapil Sharma reveals why he was rejected several times for marriage |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/kapil-sharma-reveals-why-he-was-rejected-several-times-for-marriage-1478032-2019-03-14 |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=14 March 2019}}</ref>

Gemini has hosted 26 episodes of the TV show, ''Dharti Ka Aanchal'' aired on Doordarshan. He also hosted 26 episodes of ''Hansgola'', a comedy-poetry show, aired from NEPC TV. Some other TV shows that he hosted as a poet include Zee TV's ''Darasal'', [[DD Metro]]'s ''Taal Betal'' and Zee India's ''Yahi Hai Politics''.<ref name=rajkamal>{{cite web|title=अरुण जैमिनी|url=https://www.rajkamalprakashan.com/index.php/radha/jmproducts/filter/index/?author=267|publisher=[[Rajkamal Prakashan]]|date=29 May 2020}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* "Filhaal Itna Hi Hai", 2006 {{ISBN|978-8183615686}}
* "Khoon Bolta Hai"
* "Hasya Vyangya Ki Shikhar Kavitaaye", 20212 {{ISBN|978-8183615686}}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Show
! TV Channel
|-
|''[[Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!]]''||[[SAB TV]]
|-
|''[[The Kapil Sharma Show]]''|| [[Sony TV]]
|-
|''Darasal''|| [[Doordarshan]]
|-
|''Taal Betal ''|| [[DD Metro]]
|-
|''Yahi Hai Politics ''|| [[Zee TV|Zee India]]
|-
|}

== Awards and recognition ==
* He was honored with Haryana Gaurav Samman by the [[Sahitya Akademi|Haryana Sahitya Akadami]], [[Government of Haryana]] in July 2014.<ref name=naidunia>{{cite news |title=गोपालदास नीरज को साहित्य साधना सम्मान, चक्रधर भी हुए सम्‍मानित |url=https://www.naidunia.com/national-tata-and-photographs-of-slums-141314 |publisher=Nai Dunia |date=15 July 2014 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
* He was honored with Pandit Jhabarmal Sharma Literary Award by the Rajasthan Brahmin Association in 2017.<ref name=jansatta>{{cite news |last1=Jalan |first1=Shankar |title=तनाव कम करती है हास्य कविता: अरुण जैमिनी |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/interview-of-hasya-kavi-arun-gaimini/418923/ |publisher=[[Jansatta]] |date=1 September 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
* Arun Gemini was awarded the [[Kaka Hathrasi]] Award by the Hindi Academy, Government of Delhi in 2000.<ref name=jagran/>
* He is the recipient of Omprakash Aditya Samman in 2000.<ref name=jagran>{{cite news |title=आज सजेगी प्रमुख कवियों की महफिल |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhojpur-kavi-sammelan-16083726.html |publisher=[[Dainik Jagaran]] |date=24 May 2017 |language=Hindi}}</ref>
* He was honored by [[President of India]], Dr. [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]] in 1996 and Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite news |title=अश्लीलता परोसना तो कॉमेडी पर धब्बा है : अरूण जैमिनी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/HAR-HIS-MAT-latest-hisar-news-023503-1056138-NOR.html |publisher=[[Daily Bhaskar]] |date=22 December 2014 |language=Hindi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name |nm10554739}}
* [https://www.amarujala.com/kavya/hasya/arun-gemini-best-hasya-poem-on-corruption Arun Gemini's Poetry] on [[Amar Ujala]]
* [https://kavigram.com/arun-gemini/ Arun Gemini's Poetry on KAVIGRAM]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gemini, Arun}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Writers from New Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian humorists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Hansraj College alumni]]

Savukku

2026-01-26T16:46:41Z

BellEggers2: pg

{{Short description|Anonymous whistle blowing website}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox website
| name = Savukku
| logo = File:Savukku logo.jpg
| logo_size = 100px
| logocaption = The website logo which appears as "''a silhouette of a cowboy on horse with the whip''".<ref name=rediff/>
| screenshot = Screenshot of www.savukku.net.jpg
| screenshot_size = 250px
| collapsible =
| caption = Screenshot of the homepage of the website.
| url = {{URL|https://www.savukkuonline.com|savukkuonline.com}}
| commercial = No
| type = [[Whistle blowing]] [[blog]]
| registration =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], English
| num_users =
| content_license =
| owner = Savukku Shankar
| author = Many
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2010|9||df=yes}}
| current_status = offline
}}

'''Savukku''' ({{langx|en|[[Whip]]}}) is an [[Anonymous blogging|anonymous]], [[whistle blowing]] website. The website has been called the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]'s [[WikiLeaks]].<ref name=Ibnlive/>{{dead link|date=January 2021}} The site publishes articles in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[English language|English]]. It is believed to be run by Savukku Shankar alias achimuthu shankar, a former lower division clerk in the Department of Personnel and Administrative Reforms in [[Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption]](DVAC).

==Overview==
{{more citations needed section|date=January 2021}}
{{multiple image
|background color = #D3D3D3
|align = right
|caption_align = center
|direction = vertical
|width = 220
|image1 = Savukku Shankar in 2021.png
|caption1 = '''Achimuthu Shankar''' Founder of the Savukku website
}}
The website publishes articles anonymously, they say, about corrupt government employees, politicians, judges and journalists. It was started in September 2010. It does not give any information about the owner(s) or the publisher(s) of posts on website but is said to have been run by Achimuthu Shankar, a former lower division clerk in the Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-corruption.<ref name="BS" /> In 2008, Shankar allegedly leaked the transcript of a taped conversation between S. K. Upadhyay, then director of DVAC, and L. K. Tripathi, then chief secretary of the state to the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' English daily newspaper. He was found guilty and arrested and was allegedly subjected to third-degree [[torture]] to swear against some officers. After being released on bail, he started collecting information through [[Right to information act]], and later made a blog post to make public the information he has gathered. It allegedly led to the second arrest of Shankar, but on charges of ''road rage''. Thereafter he converted his blog into a website called, ''Savukku'' to expose corruption.

The first blog post was published anonymously on the website in September 2010 and it presently has around 960 posts since then including the [[2G spectrum case|2G]] taped conversation.<ref name="BS">{{cite news|title=Achimuthu Sankar: A loose canon or a homegrown Assange?|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/achimuthu-sankar-a-loose-canon-or-a-homegrown-assange-114020700282_1.html|access-date=3 March 2014|newspaper=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name=IndiaToday1/>

In 2010–2011, when [[Aam Aadmi Party]] leader and senior advocate [[Prashant Bhushan]] released the tapes of alleged conversation between [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] [[Rajya Sabha]] member [[Kanimozhi]] and the then [[Tamil Nadu]] police chief of intelligence, Jaffar Sait, it was said to have made public by the website three days earlier.<ref name="BS"/><ref name=IndiaToday1 />

On 1 February 2014, the website had publicly posted four tapes<ref name=Ibnlive /> exposing the conversation between Kanimozhi and former [[additional director general of police]] Jaffer Sait and between Jaffer Sait and Sharad Kumar Reddy, a former director of [[Kalaignar TV]] owned by [[Karunanidhi]].<ref name=IndiaToday>{{cite web|author1=R Ramasubramanian|title=Is Kanimozhi's illness connected to second set of 2G tapes?|date=3 February 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/kanimozhis-illness-connected-to-second-set-of-2g-tapes-179517-2014-02-03|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The authenticity of the taped conversation has not yet been challenged by either Kanimozhi or Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam party.<ref name=IndiaToday2/>

==Block==
Mahalakshmi, an advocate and Sun TV newsreader had lodged a defamation case against the website for writing about her personal life, that she claimed have degraded her reputation. She later filed a writ petition in the [[Madras High Court]] citing inactivity of the police.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blogger Held for Woman Harassment |url=http://m.newindianexpress.com/chennai/259225|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914030745/http://m.newindianexpress.com/chennai/259225|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>

On 28 February 2014, the Madras High Court ordered the Joint Secretary, Cyber Law Division of Union Department of Information Technology to block the website within ten days and called other affected individuals to lodge separate police cases, on hearing the writ petition filed by Mahalakshmi.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news|title=HC directs cyber law division to block Savukku website|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hc-directs-cyber-law-division-to-block-savukku-website/article5737265.ece|access-date=3 March 2014|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref name=toi>{{cite news|title=Ban 'vituperative' Tamil website Savukku, orders Madras high court|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Ban-vituperative-Tamil-website-Savukku-orders-Madras-high-court/articleshow/31184839.cms|access-date=3 March 2014|newspaper=Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=HC orders immediate ban of Tamil website|website=[[Sify]] |url=http://www.sify.com/news/hc-orders-immediate-ban-of-tamil-website-news-national-odbaaebjiiisi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915140959/http://www.sify.com/news/hc-orders-immediate-ban-of-tamil-website-news-national-odbaaebjiiisi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The court said that,

{{blockquote|The reputation and status of not less than half a dozen judges, very many advocates, IAS and IPS officers stand attacked and damaged at the hands of this vituperative site.

The contents of the posts in the website are so grossly demeaning, so obnoxious and so harmful that they are not worthy of being brought in print in an order of this court."<ref name=toi/>}}

On 2 March 2014, following the court orders to block the website, many proxies were created to evade the block.<ref name=IndiaToday1>{{cite web|title=Proxies pop up after HC shuts down Savukku website|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/technology/story/proxies-pop-up-after-hc-shuts-down-savukku-website/1/346416.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914024126/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/technology/story/proxies-pop-up-after-hc-shuts-down-savukku-website/1/346416.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The website continued to host mirrors of the site ''Savukku'', this time naming the Judge of the Madras High Court who is hearing the case.<ref name=toi1>{{Cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Proxies-pop-up-after-Madras-high-court-orders-blocking-of-Savukku-website/articleshow/31258248.cms |title = Proxies pop up after Madras high court orders blocking of Savukku website | Chennai News - Times of India| website=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 March 2014 }}</ref>

On 28 February 2014, the website was blocked on Madras High Court orders after a [[Writ#Indian law|writ]] for defamation was filed by a [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] employee, Mahalakshmi. In a different matter, Shankar was charged under Sections 66, 70 and 72 of the Information Technology Act, alleged to have leaked the conversation between former Chief Secretary to Government and former Director of Vigilance and Anti-Corruption. He was acquitted on 24 February 2017.

===Protests===
Professor A., a human rights activist said that, one may not necessarily agree with the contents posted by the website but the blocking the website is unacceptable. The affected individuals are free to take legal action separately.<ref name=IndiaToday2>{{cite web|title=Activists and lawyers fume over Madras High court order to shut down savukku.net|date=4 March 2014 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/south/story/madras-high-court-order-to-shut-down-tamil-website-savukkunet-creates-furore-among-rights-activists-183601-2014-03-04|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>

P. Sundarajan, a lawyer opined that, ''this is most unfortunate'', and the particular Judge should refrain himself from hearing the case because he was also written about by the website and ''this order is nothing but a mockery of justice''.<ref name=IndiaToday2/>

''Citizens for Freedom of Expression'', an organisation comprising senior advocates and activists said that they will prosecute in the case on behalf of the website and said that, ''the court order is a serious threat to freedom of expression''.<ref name=IndiaToday2/>

A former BBC Tamil employee T.N. Gopalan filed a [[Public interest litigation|PIL]] in the Madras High Court, requesting the court to resist government from blocking the website except in the case described in the ''Information Technology Rules, 2009''. Gopalan said that, he was not expecting the block on website which has discovered several scams and investigates and publishes information in public welfare.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madras High Court sends notice to Centre on blocking website|date=14 March 2014|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140314/nation-current-affairs/article/madras-high-court-sends-notice-centre-blocking-website|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=HC issues notice to Centre on PIL against blocking website|date=14 March 2014|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/hc-issues-notice-to-centre-on-pil-against-blocking-website_917879.html|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>

J. Anbazhgan, president of ''Chennai Union of Journalists'' said that the union believes that the complaint filed by Mahalakhsmi is not accurate and is related to the ownership of 2G tapes by Shankar and a representative from the union has met the chief minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]], to provide relief to Shankar.<ref name=BS/>

==Achimuthu Shankar==
Achimuthu Shankar, alias Savukku Shankar is a former lower division clerk in the Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-corruption, which he joined in 1991.<ref name="BS"/>

He had been a member of the CPM party.

In 2008, he allegedly made public sensational information which included taped conversation between S. K. Upadhyay, then Director of Directorate of Vigilance and Anti-corruption, and L. K. Tripathi, then Chief Secretary, through the [[Deccan Chronicle]] English daily newspaper.<ref name="BS"/>

In mid-2010, He published a blog post of information collected through the [[Right to information act]] and he was arrested on the charges of road rage next day. He said, "''The next day I was arrested on some false charges of road rage. I was expecting them to [arrest me]. They did not disappoint''".<ref name="BS"/><ref name=Ibnlive>{{cite web|title=Court blocks Tamil 'Assange' Shankar's website savukku.net|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/court-blocks-tamil-assange-shankars-website-savukkunet/454867-62-128.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305063549/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/court-blocks-tamil-assange-shankars-website-savukkunet/454867-62-128.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 March 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref>

He later upgraded his blog into a website after receiving encouragement by readers.<ref name=Ibnlive/> In 2011, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam government lost the polls to form the government. Shankar opined that despite a new government coming to power, much information about social welfare still does not reach the public.<ref name="BS"/> He said,

{{blockquote|Even within media there is a lot of corruption. Who is going to write about it? I will.<ref name="BS"/>}}

Shankar is an admirer of [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]], chief of [[LTTE]]. The website had a picture of V. Prabhakaran on one side and a picture of a cowboy with a whip on the other side of the header.<ref name=Ibnlive/> He continued to publish articles along with contesting the suspension of him from Department of Vigilance and Anti-corruption. He is called the Tamil's [[Julian Assange]].<ref name=rediff>{{cite web|title='Savukku' Shankar: Is he India's Julian Assange?|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/savukku-shankar-is-he-indias-julian-assange/20140210.htm|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="BS"/>

The website was the first to release the 2G tapes ahead of Prasant Bushan. An audio of conversation between, Kalaignar TV MD, Sharad Kumar and former TN Intelligence Chief Jaffer Sait IPS.<ref>url=https://soundcloud.com/savukku/jaffer-sait-and-sharad-kumar</ref>

The website was the first to expose the arithmetical errors in the judgment of Justice CR Kumarasamy, acquitting Selvi Jayalalithaa, CM of Tamil Nadu in the month of May 2015 <ref>url=https://www.savukkuonline.com/11643/</ref>

==Arrests==
In 2008, Shankar was arrested for allegedly releasing a recording of a discussion between two IAS officials, L.K. Tripathy and S.K. Upadhyay, regarding a corruption investigation against J. Jayalalithaa, the leader of AIADMK, in connection with the acquisition of her Kodanad property.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://theprint.in/judiciary/unrepentant-character-what-hc-said-while-holding-youtuber-savukku-shankar-in-contempt/1132696/ | title='Unrepentant character' — what HC said while holding YouTuber Savukku Shankar in contempt | website=[[ThePrint]] | date=18 September 2022 }}</ref> Initially when the sensitive information was leaked to public, the Tamil Nadu government appointed a commission headed by Judge P. Shanmugam to probe the leak. After an investigation by the judge from the High Court, Shankar was accused of leaking the recorded conversation. He was suspended by the DVAC and later arrested in July 2008, on charges under Sections 66, 70, and 72 of the IT Act.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/vigilance-directorate-whistleblower-savukku-shankar-acquitted-2008-phone-tapping-case-57749 | title=Vigilance directorate whistleblower 'Savukku' Shankar acquitted in 2008 phone tapping case | date=24 February 2017 }}</ref> The prosecution accused Shankar, a special assistant in the confidential section of the DVAC, of accessing the computer system of the legal advisor's office without permission and downloading an audio file from the legal advisor's computer and caused its publication in the media. However, Shankar denied the allegations and said, ''charges were false and he was contesting them in courts''. He also said that, he was made to face the [[Third degree (interrogation)|third degree torture]] and was forced to bear witness against some officials. He was later released on bail.<ref name="BS"/> Savukku Shankar was acquitted by the XVII Additional Sessions Court Chennai on 24 February 2017 ruling that the prosecution could not provide sufficient evidence to support the charges against Shankar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/250217/phone-tapping-case-savukku-shankar-acquitted.html|title=Phone tapping case: Savukku Shankar acquitted|date=2017-02-25|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=2017-02-26|language=en}}</ref>

On 31 January 2014, A [[Puducherry (city)|Puducherry]]-based web designer Murugaiyan was arrested by the [[Internet police#India|Cyber Crime Police]] of [[Chennai]] for designing the website.<ref name=toi1/><ref>{{cite news|title=Blog designer arrested for defamation|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=February 2014 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Blog-designer-arrested-for-defamation/articleshow/29677568.cms|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> After 21 days of imprisonment, Murugaiyan was released on bail by the Madras High Court.<ref name=IndiaToday/> On 24 July 2014, Following the Madras High Court orders, Central Crime Branch arrested Pothi Kalimuthu on charge of hosting the website. He allegedly did own the website domain located in France and maintained a server located in Singapore for the website. The CCB officers had to make a request to the France Telecom through the [[Department of Telecommunications]] to reveal the address of the owner of the website domain.<ref name="newindianexpress.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Techie-in-Trouble-for-Aiding-Blogger-over-Savukku/2014/07/25/article2347486.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811043448/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Techie-in-Trouble-for-Aiding-Blogger-over-Savukku/2014/07/25/article2347486.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 August 2014|title=Techie in Trouble for Aiding Blogger over Savukku}}</ref> In a conversation, Achimuthu Shankar said to [[Indian Express]] English newspaper that, he met Kalimuthu online. Kalimuthu offered his help with making of new website after the original website was blocked on court orders and refused to take money for hosting the website.<ref name="newindianexpress.com"/>

On 15 September 2022, the Madras High court sentenced Savukku Shankar to six months in jail, finding him guilty of contempt of court, for his remarks made in Red Pix on July 22, where he claimed that the “entire higher judiciary is plagued by corruption”.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/why-hc-sentenced-youtuber-savukku-shankar-to-six-months-in-jail-8155811/ | title=Why HC sentenced popular YouTuber 'Savukku' Shankar to six months in jail | date=16 September 2022 }}</ref> Earlier, Shankar appeared in court and stood by his comments that the judiciary is corrupt, requesting time to respond. The chief justice assigned the case to the same bench. At a later hearing, Shankar requested more time to file his explanation but did not agree to refrain from mocking the court in interviews. The court later identified five more instances where Shankar had made comments against the judiciary.<ref name="Umang">{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/article/1033012/why-was-a-youtuber-sent-to-prison-for-alleging-corruption-in-the-judiciary | title=Why was a YouTuber sent to prison for alleging corruption in the judiciary? | date=17 September 2022 }}</ref> Shankar, who was representing himself, refused to apologize and stood by his statements. He argued that his comments were taken out of context and that he had respect for the judiciary and only aimed to improve it.<ref name="Umang" /> He submitted an [[affidavit]] on the same day stating that his comments were concerned to the inadequate representation of oppressed groups and the disproportionate representation of Brahmins in the higher judiciary. However, the court dismissed this defense.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/unrepentant-character-savukku-shankar-gets-6-months-jail-in-contempt-case-101663317481989.html | title='Unrepentant character': 'Savukku' Shankar gets 6 months' jail in contempt case | date=16 September 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/activist-savukku-shankar-sentenced-to-six-months-jail-in-contempt-case-1145392.html | title=Activist 'Savukku' Shankar sentenced to six months jail in contempt case }}</ref> During the sentencing process, the court declared that the remarks were merely a ridicule of the justice system.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/youtuber-savukku-shankar-sentenced-to-6-months-in-jail-for-judiciary-plagued-by-corruption-remark/2669054/ | title=YouTuber Savukku Shankar sentenced to 6 months in jail for 'judiciary plagued by corruption' remark | date=16 September 2022 }}</ref> The court instructed the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) to immediately remove the "offensive interviews" and the article.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/oct/15/order-reserved-in-youtuber-savukku-shankar-contempt-case-2508304.html | title=Order reserved in YouTuber 'Savukku' Shankar contempt case | date=14 October 2022 }}</ref> The court also ordered the Tamil Nadu government to dismiss him from the DVAC and he was subsequently dismissed following the order.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/News/State/if-anyone-else-uses-the-aiadmk-name-and-party-flag-a-case-will-be-filed-pollachi-jayaraman-946822?infinitescroll=1 | title=அதிமுக பெயர், கட்சி கொடியை இனி வேறு யாராவது பயன்படுத்தினால் வழக்கு தொடரப்படும் - பொள்ளாச்சி ஜெயராமன் | date=20 April 2023 }}</ref> While he was in jail, on 10 Nov 2022, just a day earlier to his Supreme Court hearing, 4 other pending cases were charged on him by the Chennai Central Crime Branch's Cyber Crime wing, 3 of those cases were registered in 2020, while 1 was registered in 2021. The initial contempt of court verdict was suspended by the Supreme Court, on 11 Nov 2022.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/savukku-shankar-stay-jail-arrested-four-other-cases-chennai-police-169827 | title=Savukku Shankar to stay in jail, arrested in four other cases by Chennai police | date=11 November 2022 }}</ref> On 19 Nov 2022, he was released from Cuddalore Central Prison on bail in all 4 cases.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/savukku-shankar-released-prison-high-court-sets-conditions-170110 | title=Savukku Shankar released from prison, High Court sets conditions | date=19 November 2022 }}</ref>

In May 2024, Tamil YouTuber Savukku Shankar was arrested by the Coimbatore Cyber Crime Police for making derogatory comments about women police officers in an interview. During the arrest, the police vehicle transporting him to Coimbatore met with an accident, resulting in minor injuries to Shankar and two police personnel. Shankar was subsequently booked under various sections of the [[Indian Penal Code]], the Tamil Nadu Prohibition of Harassment of Women Act, and the Information Technology Act.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2024-05-04 |title=Youtuber Savukku Shankar arrested; meets with accident while being taken to Coimbatore in police vehicle |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/May/04/youtuber-savukku-shankar-arrested-meets-with-accident-while-being-taken-to-coimbatore-in-police-vehicle |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2024-05-04 |title='Savukku' Shankar arrested, accused of using derogatory language against women cops |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/savukku-shankar-arrested-accused-of-using-derogatory-language-against-women-cops |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

Shankar's remarks, which were intended to highlight the abuse of power by superior officers, was twisted into a causus belli to suppress him as he was exposing popular politicians and corruption in police. Despite being a journalist and accused of a non-violent crime, he wasbeen detained under the Goondas Act, a stringent law usually reserved for habitual offenders, which allows for preventive detention.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-12 |title=Goondas Act imposed on Tamil Nadu YouTuber for controversial remarks against cops |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/tamil-nadu-youtuber-savukku-shankar-arrested-under-goondas-act-controversial-comments-on-police-2538223-2024-05-12 |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Information sensitivity]]
[[Category:Whistleblowing]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2010]]
[[Category:Indian whistleblowers]]
[[Category:Indian news websites]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in India]]

India–Bangladesh enclaves

2026-01-24T21:52:12Z

BellEggers2: slightly cleanup citations for clarity further and added references

{{Short description|Enclaves along the Bangladesh–India border}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
[[Image:Cooch-behar-enclaves-schematisch.png|thumb|On this map of the various enclaves, east is at the top of the map. India is shown in orange, and Bangladesh is cyan.]]
{{Sheikh Hasina sidebar}}
The '''India–Bangladesh enclaves''', also known as the '''Chiṭmahals''' ({{langx|bn|[[:wikt:ছিটমহল|ছিটমহল]]}} ''chiṭmôhôl''<ref>{{cite journal |last1=van Schendel |first1=Willem |title=Stateless in South Asia: The Making of the India-Bangladesh Enclaves |journal=[[The Journal of Asian Studies]] |date=February 2002 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=115–147 |doi=10.2307/2700191 |quote=Similarly, landlords from the Mughal area were able to hang on to landed estates within Cooch Behar. Like most estates in Bengal, these were fragmented into many scattered plots. Such holdings detached from the parent estate were then known as chhit mohol in Bengali; this term came to mean ‘‘enclave’’ after 1947. These small territories paid taxes to one state but were surrounded by the territory of the other state. Sovereignty was expressed not so much in terms of territorial contiguity as in terms of jurisdiction and tax flows.|jstor=2700191 |s2cid=56506815 |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/3501679/153272_201293.pdf |author1-link=:nl:Willem van Schendel }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Houtum |first1=H. Van |last2=Berg |first2=Eiki |title=Routing Borders Between Territories, Discourses and Practices |date=18 October 2018 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9781351759113 |pages=310 |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QH10DwAAQBAJ&q=chhit+mohol&pg=PT415 |access-date=14 February 2019 |language=en |quote=Such holdings detached from the parent estate were then known as ''chhit mohol'' in Bengali; the term came to mean 'enclave' after 1947.}}</ref><ref name="BRW2002">{{cite book |last1=Whyte |first1=Brendan R. |title=Waiting for the Esquimo: An Historical and Documentary Study of the Cooch Behar Enclaves of India and Bangladesh |date=2002 |publisher=School of Anthropology, Geography and Environmental Studies, [[University of Melbourne]] |location=[[Melbourne, Australia]] |isbn=9780734022080 |pages=502 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNiTNAAACAAJ&q=Waiting+for+the+Esquimo:+an+historical+and+documentary+study+of+the+Cooch+Behar+enclaves+of+India+and+Bangladesh |access-date=14 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Debroy |first1=Bibek |title=Strong will from PM needed to resolve India-Bangladesh issues |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/strong-will-from-pm-needed-to-resolve-india-bangladesh-issues/articleshow/9488727.cms |access-date=14 February 2019 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |agency=Times News Network |issue=2 |publisher=[[Times Group]] |date=5 August 2011 |quote="Third, there is the issue of "enclaves", the nowhere people. In Bengali, these are called chitmohol, signifying a chit of paper. Origins go back to gambling between Raja of Cooch Behar and Maharaja of Rangpur. When they lost, they traded each other's possessions and created enclaves in each other's territory. This goes back to the Mughal period and continued under the British."}}</ref>) and sometimes called '''[[Pasha]] enclaves''',<ref>{{cite news |title=India and Bangladesh discuss 'pasha' enclaves: Recognition of landlocked areas won in card games to be raised during India PM's visit |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia/2011/09/2011964016613838.html |date=6 September 2011 |work=Al Jazeera |access-date=15 July 2014}}</ref> were the [[enclave]]s along the [[Bangladesh–India border]], in [[Bangladesh]] and the [[States and territories of India|Indian states]] of [[West Bengal]], [[Tripura]], [[Assam]] and [[Meghalaya]]. The main body of Bangladesh contained 102 Indian enclaves, which in turn contained 21 Bangladeshi counter-enclaves, one of which contained [[Dahala Khagrabari]], an Indian counter-counter-enclave, the world's only third-order enclave when it existed. The Indian mainland contained 71 Bangladeshi enclaves, which in turn contained 3 Indian counter-enclaves. A joint census in 2010 found 51,549 people who were residing in these enclaves: 37,334 in Indian enclaves within Bangladesh and 14,215 in Bangladeshi enclaves within [[India]].<ref name="BRW2002"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Shubhajit |date=2 December 2014 |title=Everything you need to know: Land swap in offing with Bangladesh to end disputes |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/explained-land-swap-in-offing/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=29 May 2015}}</ref>

The Prime Ministers of India and Bangladesh signed the Land Boundary Agreement in 1974 to exchange enclaves and simplify their [[Bangladesh–India border|international border]]. A revised version of the agreement was adopted by the two countries on 7 May 2015, when the Parliament of India passed the 100th Amendment to the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name="prsindia.org">"The Constitution (119th Amendment) Bill, 2013" PRS India. Retrieved 10 May 2015.[http://www.prsindia.org/billtrack/the-constitution-119th-amendment-bill-2013-3049/]</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://onelawstreet.com/2015/05/prez-assents-constitution-one-hundredth-amendment-act-2015/|title = Prez assents: Constitution (One Hundredth Amendment) Act, 2015|date = 30 May 2015|website = 1, Law Street|access-date = 30 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150822011528/http://onelawstreet.com/2015/05/prez-assents-constitution-one-hundredth-amendment-act-2015/|archive-date = 22 August 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> Under this agreement, which was ratified on 6 June 2015, India received 51 Bangladeshi enclaves (covering {{convert|7,110|acres}}) in the Indian mainland, while Bangladesh received 111 Indian enclaves (covering {{convert|17,160|acres}}) in the Bangladeshi mainland.<ref name=indexp>{{cite news |last=Nagchoudhury |first=Subrata |date=7 June 2015 |title=I've got a nation. It comes at the end of my life, still it comes: resident of a Bangladeshi enclave |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/narendra-modis-bangladesh-visit-ive-got-a-nation-it-comes-at-the-end-of-my-life-still-it-comes/99/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> The enclave residents were allowed to either continue residing at their present location or move to the country of their choice.<ref name="Sougata Mukhopadhyay">{{cite news |last=Mukhopadhyay |first=Sougata |date=7 September 2011 |title=India-Bangladesh sign pact on border demarcation |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indiabangladesh-sign-pact-on-border-demarcation/181937-3.html |work=CNN-IBN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622024224/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indiabangladesh-sign-pact-on-border-demarcation/181937-3.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date=20 September 2011}}</ref> The exchange of enclaves was to be implemented in phases between 31 July 2015 and 30 June 2016.<ref name="wash post">{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=1 August 2015 |title=Say goodbye to the weirdest border dispute in the world |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/08/01/say-goodbye-to-the-weirdest-border-dispute-in-the-world/?tid=pm_world_pop_b |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref> The enclaves were exchanged at midnight on 31 July 2015 and the transfer of enclave residents was completed on 30 November 2015.<ref name=hindu>{{cite news |last=Bagchi |first=Suvojit |date=13 June 2015 |title=Land pact rollout in next 11 months |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/land-pact-rollout-in-next-11-months/article7310565.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=15 June 2015}}</ref> After the Land Boundary Agreement, India lost around {{convert|40|km2|sqmi}} to Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |last=Daniyal |first=Shoaib |date=8 May 2015 |title=India-Bangla land swap: was the world's strangest border created by a game of chess? |url=http://scroll.in/article/725804/india-bangla-land-swap-how-the-worlds-strangest-border-was-created-by-a-game-of-chess |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Roy |first=Indrani |title=Border deal will control infiltration from Bangladesh |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/interview/border-deal-will-control-infiltration-from-bangladesh/20150605.htm |newspaper=Rediff.com |date=5 June 2015}}</ref>

Since the [[Land exchange|exchange of territory]] took place, the only remaining enclave is [[Dahagram–Angarpota]], an exclave of Bangladesh.

==History==

According to a popular legend, the [[enclave]]s were used as stakes in card or chess games centuries ago between two regional kings, the Raja of [[Cooch Behar State|Koch Bihar]] and the Maharaja of [[Rangpur District|Rangpur]].<ref name="BRW2002"/> As far as historical records are concerned, the little territories were apparently the result of a confused outcome of a 1713 treaty between the Kingdom of Koch Bihar and the [[Mughal Empire]]. Possibly, the Kingdom and the Mughals ended a war without determining a boundary for what territories had been gained or lost.<ref>[[Evgeny Vinokurov]], [http://www.vinokurov.info/downloads/ch6enclavecasestudies.pdf "Theory of Enclaves" (2005) – ''Chapter 6: Enclave stories and case studies, page 117: Cooch Behar''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928140007/http://www.vinokurov.info/downloads/ch6enclavecasestudies.pdf |date=28 September 2007 }}</ref>

After the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Rangpur was joined to [[East Pakistan]]. [[Cooch Behar State]], with its exclaves and holes, was a [[Princely state|native state]], whose [[Raja]] had the option of joining either India or Pakistan. [[Cooch Behar district]] was merged in 1949 with [[India]]. The desire to "de-enclave" most of the enclaves was manifested in a 1958 agreement between [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Feroz Khan Noon]], the respective Prime Ministers, for an exchange between India and Pakistan without considering loss or gain of territory. But the matter then worked into a [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] case in India, and the Supreme Court ruled that a constitutional amendment was required to transfer the land, so the ninth amendment was introduced to facilitate the implementation of the agreement. The amendment could not be passed because of objections to the transfer of the southern Berubari enclave.<ref name="BRW2002"/><ref>{{Cite web|url = http://onelawstreet.com/1960/03/in-re-the-berubari-union-and-exchange-of-enclaves/|title = Berubari Union and Exchange of Enclaves|date = 14 March 1960|website = 1, Law Street|publisher = Supreme Court of India|access-date = 30 May 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150610003755/http://onelawstreet.com/1960/03/in-re-the-berubari-union-and-exchange-of-enclaves/|archive-date = 10 June 2015|url-status = dead}}</ref> Because of India's deteriorated relations with Pakistan, the issue remained unsolved. Negotiations restarted after East Pakistan became independent as [[Bangladesh]] in 1971 following the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]].{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

===Agreement===

[[File:Diagrametic Sketch Map of Cooch behar district showing enclaves.jpg|thumb|The diagramatic sketch of Cooch Behar district of West Bengal marking enclaves|400px]]

The Land Boundary Agreement was signed on 16 May 1974 between [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] which provided for the exchange of enclaves and the surrender of adverse possessions.<ref>{{cite magazine|volume=2|issue=9|date=October 2007|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2007/october/tin.htm|title=The Tin Bigha corridor 15 years on|first=Jason|last=Cons|magazine=Forum|publisher=The Daily Star|access-date=5 June 2017|quote=India will retain the southern half of South Berubari Union No.12 … in exchange Bangladesh will retain the Dahagram and Angarpota enclaves. India will lease in perpetuity to Bangladesh an area … to connect Dahagram with … Bangladesh.|archive-date=10 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410220543/http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2007/october/tin.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Under the agreement, India retained the Berubari Union No. 12 enclave while Bangladesh retained the Dahagram-Angorpota exclaves with India providing access to it by giving a {{convert|178|×|85|m|adj = on}} corridor, called the [[Tin Bigha Corridor]]. Bangladesh quickly ratified the agreement in 1974 but India failed to do so. The issue of the undemarcated land boundary of approximately {{convert|6.1|km}} in three sectors — Daikhata-56 in [[West Bengal]], Muhuri River-Belonia in [[Tripura]] and Lathitila-Dumabari in [[Assam]] — also remained unsolved. The Tin Bigha Corridor was leased to Bangladesh in 1992 amid local opposition.<ref name="BRW2002"/>

The list of enclaves was prepared in 1997 by the two countries. Two Joint Boundary Working Groups were formed to work out the details of enclaves in 2001. A joint census was carried out in May 2007. In September 2011, India signed the Additional Protocol for the 1974 Land Boundary Agreement with Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/24529_LBA_MEA_Booklet_final.pdf|title=India & Bangladesh Land Boundary Agreement|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs Government of India|access-date=1 March 2015}}</ref> Both nations announced an intention to swap 162 enclaves, giving residents a choice of nationality.<ref name="economist">{{cite magazine |title=The land that maps forgot |url=https://www.economist.com/banyan/2011/02/15/the-land-that-maps-forgot |magazine=The Economist |date=15 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh, India to swap 162 land parcels|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jC3MBSdkuCv8RMTee88OerJ2sFAQ?docId=CNG.d83256110765c85aab9e890617af6914.1c1 |work=Google News |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=30 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221124357/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5jC3MBSdkuCv8RMTee88OerJ2sFAQ?docId=CNG.d83256110765c85aab9e890617af6914.1c1 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |access-date=30 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hope for Indo-Bangladesh enclaves |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/hope-for-indo-bangladesh-enclaves-467347 |work=NDTV |date=12 September 2011 |access-date=12 September 2011}}</ref>

Under the agreement, India received 51 of the 71 Bangladeshi enclaves (from 51 to 54 of the 74 chhits) that were inside India proper ({{convert|7,110.2|acres|disp = comma}}), while Bangladesh received 95 to 101 of the 103 Indian enclaves (111 out of 119 chhits) that were inside Bangladesh proper ({{convert|17,160.63|acres|disp = comma}}).<ref name="BRW2002"/><ref name=indexp/> Bangladesh retained the {{Convert| 4617|acres}} of its Dahagram-Angarpota [[exclave]]. India acquired {{convert|2777.038|acres}} [[adverse possession]] areas and transferred {{convert|2267.682|acres}} adverse possession areas to Bangladesh. After the exchange of enclaves, India lost around 40 km2 (10,000 acres) to Bangladesh. According to July 2010 joint census, there were 14,215 people residing in Bangladeshi enclaves in India and 37,269 people residing in Indian enclaves in Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news |title=Proposed enclave exchange with Bangladesh will be national loss: BJP |url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/proposed-enclave-exchange-bangladesh-national-loss-bjp-180217787.html |newspaper=Yahoo News |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=11 March 2013 |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref> The people living in these enclaves without a nationality were allowed to choose their nationality.<ref>{{cite news |title=Thousands Celebrate Historic India-Bangladesh Border Pact |url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/thousands-celebrate-historic-india-bangladesh-border-pact-769494 |work=NDTV |date=7 June 2015 |access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref>

The Constitution (119th Amendment) Bill, 2013 was introduced in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the [[upper house]] of the [[Parliament of India]], on 18 December 2013.<ref name="Sougata Mukhopadhyay"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Chakrabarty |first=Rakhi |date=15 August 2013 |title=Mahanta canvassing support to stall exchange of enclaves bill in Parliament|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Mahanta-canvassing-support-to-stall-exchange-of-enclaves-bill-in-Parliament/articleshow/21837743.cms? |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=17 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bangladesh land swap bill tabled in Rajya Sabha |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Bangladesh-land-swap-bill-tabled-in-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/27611996.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=19 December 2013 |access-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> Nationalist groups in Assam strongly opposed the bill,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140530/jsp/northeast/story_18415172.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140619213420/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140530/jsp/northeast/story_18415172.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 June 2014|date=29 May 2014|title=AGP plea to Modi on land-swap deal|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref> which would cause India to lose 40 km2 (10,000 acres) of land, but Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] supported it because it would make the border with Bangladesh easier to manage.<ref name="dna 2014">{{cite news |title=Why Narendra Modi made a U turn on Land Boundary Agreement? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-why-narendra-modi-made-a-u-turn-on-land-boundary-agreement-2040135 |newspaper=dna |date=2 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> The parliament panel, Standing Committee on External Affairs, approved the bill in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bring bill without delay to ratify Indo-Bangla Land Boundary Agreement: Panel to House |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bring-bill-to-ratify-indo-bangla-boundary-pact-panel-to-house/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=19 December 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Standard 2014">{{cite news |title=Par panel approves bill on Indo-Bangla agreement |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/par-panel-approves-bill-on-indo-bangla-agreement-114112600708_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=26 November 2014 |access-date=19 December 2014}}</ref> The Rajya Sabha approved the constitutional amendment on 6 May 2015, and the [[Lok Sabha]] approved it the following day.<ref name="prsindia.org"/> President of India [[Pranab Mukherjee]] gave his assent to the Act on 28 May 2015.<ref name=":0" />

On 6 June 2015, Modi ratified the agreement during his visit to the Bangladesh capital [[Dhaka]]. In the presence of Modi and Bangladeshi Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]], the foreign secretaries of the two countries signed the instruments of the land exchange.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Bangladesh ratify historic land deal, Narendra Modi announces new $2 billion line of credit to Dhaka |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/India-Bangladesh-ratify-historic-land-deal-Narendra-Modi-announces-new-2-billion-line-of-credit-to-Dhaka/articleshow/47567164.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 June 2015 |access-date=7 June 2015}}</ref> The exchange of enclaves and land parcels in adverse possession, and the boundary demarcation, was implemented in phases between 31 July 2015 and 30 June 2016. The enclaves were to be exchanged at midnight on 31 July 2015 and the boundary demarcation was to be completed by 30 June 2016 by Survey Departments of the respective countries. The transfer of enclave residents was expected to be completed by 30 November 2015.<ref name=hindu/>

Indian and Bangladeshi officials conducted a field survey of enclave residents between 6 July 2015 and 16 July 2015. Seventy-five teams, made up of one Indian and one Bangladeshi member each, were tasked with conducting the enumeration. Twenty-five teams surveyed the Bangladeshi enclaves which would be transferred to India, while 50 worked on the Indian enclaves that would be transferred to Bangladesh. As the enclave residents were allowed to choose citizenship of either nation, by 13 July 2015, 100 families residing in the Indian enclaves applied for [[Indian citizenship]], while none of the residents of the Bangladeshi enclaves chose to go to Bangladesh. New citizenship, if chosen, took effect from 1 August 2015. Nearly 14,000 people living in the former Bangladeshi enclaves became Indian citizens, while about 36,000 people living in the former Indian enclaves became [[Bangladeshi nationality law|Bangladeshi citizens]]. Some 1,000 people in the former Indian enclaves chose Indian citizenship and were to be relocated to India by December 2015.<ref name="economist" /><ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news |title=Land exchange deal: Will you go to Bangladesh? Not many Yes in enclaves |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/will-you-go-to-bangladesh-not-many-yes-in-enclaves-2/99/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=12 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Modi in Bangladesh to conclude land swap agreement |url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1186551 |newspaper=Dawn |location=Karachi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bose |first=Pratim Ranjan |date=31 July 2015 |title=Freedom at midnight on India-Bangladesh border |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/freedom-at-midnight-on-indiabangladesh-border/article7486288.ece |newspaper=Business Line}}</ref>

==Notable enclaves==

[[File:Dahala Khagrabari English.svg|thumb|300px|[[Dahala Khagrabari]] was the world's only third-order enclave. It was a piece of India within Bangladesh, within India, within Bangladesh. It was less than {{convert|0.70|ha|acre}} in area, and contained a field. ([http://toolserver.org/~geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Dahala_Khagrabari&params=26_9_0.18_N_88_45_44.85_E_ Maps])]]

===Bangladesh===

[[Dahagram–Angarpota]]: The largest Bangladeshi composite enclave (combining the first- and third-largest Bangladeshi chhits by area), administered as part of [[Patgram Upazila]] in [[Lalmonirhat District|Lalmonirhat]] [[Districts of Bangladesh|Zila]], lies within the Indian province of [[West Bengal]]. It is separated from the contiguous area of Bangladesh at its closest point by {{convert|178|m}}. The enclave has an area of {{convert|25.95|km2|abbr=on}} with a resident population of 20,000 people. The enclave lacks basic facilities. The lone health complex remains virtually useless because of lack of power supply, as India refused to allow Bangladesh to run power lines to the enclave.<ref name="BRW2002"/> After the exchange of enclaves in July 2015, Bangladesh retained it as an exclave.

The [[Tin Bigha Corridor]], a strip of Indian territory {{convert|85|m}} wide running from the Dahagram–Angarpota composite enclave to the Bangladeshi mainland at their nearest approach, was leased by India in perpetuity to Bangladesh for access to the enclave. It is available for use by the residents of Dahagram–Angarpota.<ref name="BRW2002"/><ref name=24hr>{{cite news |title=Tin Bigha corridor to remain open 24 hours |url=http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=537ca67a1852ec7e93feda1fa86a3a05&nttl=2011090724619 |newspaper=Bangla News 24 |date=6 September 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922065308/http://www.banglanews24.com/English/detailsnews.php?nssl=537ca67a1852ec7e93feda1fa86a3a05&nttl=2011090724619 |archive-date=22 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=24hr1>{{cite news |title=Transit tumbles into Teesta abyss |url=http://bdnews24.com/bangladesh/2011/09/06/transit-tumbles-into-teesta-abyss |newspaper=bdnews24.com |date=6 September 2011 |access-date=7 September 2011}}</ref>

===India===

Dasiar Chhara, the fourth largest Indian chhit by area, was the largest stand-alone Indian enclave (i.e., not a composite of adjoining chhits). It lay {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}} from the main part of India and had an area of {{convert|6.65|km2|abbr=on}}.

[[Dahala Khagrabari]], enclave #51, was the world's only third-order enclave, being a piece of India within Bangladesh, within India, within Bangladesh. It was the site of a [[Jute cultivation|jute field]], owned by a Bangladeshi farmer living in the Bangladeshi second-order enclave surrounding Dahala Khagrabari. As part of the 2015 border agreement, India ceded it to Bangladesh.

==List of former enclaves and exclaves==

'''Schematic overview:'''
{| width=40%
|- valign=top
| width=50% |
{| style="border-width: 3px; border-style: solid; text-align: center; background-color: #96decb;" cellspacing=10
| '''[[Bangladesh]]''' 
{| style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; background-color: #ffcc99;" cellspacing=15
| 102 enclaves of India (69.5 km2) 
{| style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; background-color: #96decb;" cellspacing=15
| 21 counter-enclaves of Bangladesh (2.1 km2) 
{| style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; background-color: #ffcc99;" cellspacing=15
| 1 counter-counter enclave of India (0.007 km2)
|}
|}
|}
|}
| width=25 |
| width=50% |
{| style="border-width: 3px; border-style: solid; text-align: center; background-color: #ffcc99;" cellspacing=10
| '''[[India]]''' 
{| style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; background-color: #96decb;" cellspacing=15
| 71 enclaves of Bangladesh (47.7 km2) 
{| style="border-width: 1px; border-style: solid; background-color: #ffcc99;" cellspacing=15
| 7 counter-enclaves of India (0.17 km2)
|}
|}
|}
|}

Some individual enclaves were composed of several administrative units (chhits and/or [[mauza]]s). These administrative units must be differentiated from the enclave as a whole. "This is particularly important for the Cooch Behar enclaves, where the several administrative units which together form some of the larger enclaves are commonly, but wrongly, termed enclaves themselves, or where one component unit commonly lends its name to the whole enclave. ... [T]he official Indo–Bangladesh Boundary Commission figure of 111 Indian and 51 Bangladeshi exchangeable enclaves would appear to count only individual mauzas, even when these consisted of more than one enclave."<ref name="BRW2002"/> There is not a one-to-one relationship between enclaves, chhits and mauzas.<ref name="BRW2002"/>

All of the information shown in the following two tables has been assembled from ''Brendan R. Whyte''.<ref name="BRW2002"/>

===Bangladesh===

In order to distinguish chhits having the same names, serial numbers established by Banerjee (1966)<ref name="Banerjee"/> are shown in parentheses, as (#). The Bangladesh series is separate from the India series.

With 4 exceptions (Chhat Tilai, Baikunthapur Teldhar (#3, #4, #5)), the first-order enclaves, including the 3 composite enclaves, lay entirely within the [[Cooch Behar District]] of [[West Bengal]] state, India. All 21 counter-enclaves lay within the [[Rangpur Division]] of Bangladesh. The Bangladeshi enclaves had an estimated population of 14,215 in 2015.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:87%; border:1; cellpadding:5; cellspacing:0;"
|-
! Bangladeshi chhits within Indian territory<ref name="BRW2002"/><ref name=":0" /> !! Area (km2)
! Area (mi2)
! Notes
<onlyinclude>
|-
| [[Dahagram-Angarpota]]||18.684
|{{Convert|18.684|km2|disp = number}}||Largest composite exclave of Bangladesh within India, comprises the contiguous Dahagram and Angarpota chhits. This exclave continues to exist in spite of the 2015 land swap.
|-
| Dahagram❋||15.690
|{{Convert|15.690|km2|disp = number}}||Largest chhit of Bangladesh, part of the Dahagram-Angarpota composite exclave within India.
|-
| Nalgram||7.705
|{{Convert|7.705|km2|disp = number}}||Composite exclave of Bangladesh within India, comprises the contiguous Falnapur and Nalgram (#52) chhits.
|-
| Nalgram (#52)❋||5.655
|{{Convert|5.655|km2|disp = number}}||Part of the Nalgram composite exclave within India (area includes 2 other smaller chhits, each itself an exclave and true enclave, each also named Nalgram (#53, #54)). Surrounded the Indian counter-enclave, Nalgram Chhit (#111).
|-
| Nalgram (#53)||see #52
|see #52||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Nalgram (#52).
|-
| Nalgram (#54)||see #52
|see #52||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Nalgram (#52).
|-
| Angarpota❋||2.994
|{{Convert|2.994|km2|disp = number}}
||Part of the Dahagram-Angarpota composite exclave within India.
|-
| Dakshin Masaldanga||<2.797
|<{{Convert|2.797|km2|disp = number}}||Composite exclave of Bangladesh within India, comprises the contiguous Kachua and Dakshin Masaldanga (#74) chhits.
|-
| Poaturkuthi||2.387
|{{Convert|2.387|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Batrigach (#59)||2.337
|{{Convert|2.337|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India (area includes the smaller Batrigach (#60), itself an exclave and true enclave). Surrounded the Indian counter-enclave, Madnakura Chhit in Bhoti Nath Batrigach.
|-
| Batrigach (#60)||see #59
|see #59||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Batrigach (#59).
|-
| Dakshin Masaldanga (#74)❋||2.312
|{{Convert|2.312|km2|disp = number}}||Part of the Dakshin Masaldanga composite exclave (along with Kachua chhit) within India; area included 6 other smaller chhits, each also named Dakshin Masaldanga (#73, 75, 76, 77, 78 & 90), each itself an exclave and true enclave.
|-
| Dakshin Masaldanga (#73)||see #74
|see #74||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Dakshin Masaldanga (#74).
|-
| Dakshin Masaldanga (#75)||see #74
|see #74||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Dakshin Masaldanga (#74).
|-
| Dakshin Masaldanga (#76)||see #74
|see #74||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Dakshin Masaldanga (#74).
|-
| Dakshin Masaldanga (#77)||see #74
|see #74||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Dakshin Masaldanga (#74).
|-
| Dakshin Masaldanga (#78)||see #74
|see #74||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Dakshin Masaldanga (#74).
|-
| Dakshin Masaldanga (#90)||see #74
|see #74||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Dakshin Masaldanga (#74).
|-
| Falnapur❋||2.050
|{{Convert|2.050|km2|disp = number}}
||Part of the Nalgram composite exclave within India.
|-
| Sibprasad Mustafi (#67)||1.510
|{{Convert|1.510|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India (area includes the smaller Sibprasad Mustafi (#68), itself an exclave and true enclave).
|-
| Sibprasad Mustafi (#68)||see #67
|see #67||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Sibprasad Mustafi (#67).
|-
| Chhit Kuchlibari||1.500
|{{Convert|1.500|km2|disp = number}}
||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Bala Pukhari||1.342
|{{Convert|1.342|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Karala (#63)||1.092
|{{Convert|1.092|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India (area includes 2 other smaller chhits, each itself an exclave and true enclave, each also named Karala (#64, #65)).
|-
| Karala (#64)||see #63
|see #63||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Karala (#63).
|-
| Karala (#65)||see #63
|see #63||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Karala (#63).
|-
| Kismat Batrigach||0.850
|{{Convert|0.850|km2|disp = number}}
||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Dhabalsati Mirgipur||0.704
|{{Convert|0.704|km2|disp = number}}
||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Upan Chowki Bhajni, 111||0.685
|{{Convert|0.685|km2|disp = number}}
||Counter-exclave that was surrounded by and shared borders with two contiguous Indian chhits, Balapara Khagrabari (#42) and Kothajni (#43) (both within the composite exclave named "Balapara Khagrabari" in the [[Panchagarh District]] of Bangladesh).
|-
| Purba Masaldanga (#87)||0.623
|{{Convert|0.623|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India (area includes the smaller Purba Masaldanga (#86), itself an exclave and true enclave). A map from the 1930s and a 1940 source<ref>{{cite book | first = A. C.| last=Hartley| title = Final Report of the Rangpur Survey and Settlement Operations, 1931–1938 | publisher = Bengal Govt | year= 1940}}</ref> imply that Purba Masaldanga (#86) and (#87) formed a single enclave. However, topographic mapping and other sources suggest two enclaves, as listed here, but if joined, they were connected across the narrowest gap separating them, along a ''beel'' (marshy former river course).<ref name="BRW2002"/>
|-
| Purba Masaldanga (#86)||see #87
|see #87||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Purba Masaldanga (#87).
|-
| Paschim Bakalir Chhara||0.615
|{{Convert|0.615|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Madhya Masaldanga||0.553
|{{Convert|0.553|km2|disp = number}}
||First-order enclave within India. Surrounded the Indian counter-enclave, Chhit Seoruguri.
|-
| Mahishmari||0.497
|{{Convert|0.497|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Kachua❋||0.485
|{{Convert|0.485|km2|disp = number}}||Part of the Dakshin Masaldanga composite exclave (along with Dakshin Masaldanga #74) within India.
|-
| Upan Chowki Bhajni, 110||0.449
|{{Convert|0.449|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Dahala Khagrabari (#47), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh. It surrounds the only counter-counter-enclave in the world, [[Dahala Khagrabari|Dahala Khagrabari (#51)]].
|-
| Chhit Panbari||0.439
|{{Convert|0.439|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Jote Nijjama||0.354
|{{Convert|0.354|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India; it may possibly have formed an international [[quadripoint]] (one point in common with four different areas) of Bangladesh and India: two parts of [[Patgram]] [[Administrative divisions of Bangladesh|thana]] (main part and the Jote Nijjama enclave itself) in Lalmonirhat District and two parts of Mekhliganj thana in [[Mekhliganj subdivision]], Cooch Behar District, India.
|-
| Chhat Tilai||0.330
|{{Convert|0.330|km2|disp = number}}
||First-order enclave within India, straddling the border of [[Cooch Behar District]] ([[West Bengal]]) and [[Dhubri District]] ([[Assam]]).
|-
| Upan Chowki Bhajni, 22||0.292
|{{Convert|0.292|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Dahala Khagrabari (#47), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Chhit Land of Jagatber No. 3||0.283
|{{Convert|0.283|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Chhit Dhabalsati||0.269
|{{Convert|0.269|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Dhabalsati (#32)||0.245
|{{Convert|0.245|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Baikunthapur Teldhar (#4)||0.210
|{{Convert|0.210|km2|disp = number}}
||First-order enclave within [[Jalpaiguri District]], West Bengal, India (area includes 2 other smaller chhits, each itself an exclave and true enclave, each also named Baikunthapur Teldhar (#3, #5)).
|-
| Baikunthapur Teldhar (#3)||see #4
|see #4||First-order enclave within Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, India (area combined with that shown for the larger Baikunthapur Teldhar (#4)).
|-
| Baikunthapur Teldhar (#5)||see #4
|see #4||First-order enclave within Jalpaiguri District, West Bengal, India (area combined with that shown for the larger Baikunthapur Teldhar (#4)).
|-
| Chhit Nalgram (#55)||0.200
|{{Convert|0.200|km2|disp = number}}
||First-order enclave within India (area includes Chhit Nalgram (#56), itself an exclave and true enclave).
|-
| Chhit Nalgram (#56)||see #55
|see #55||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for Chhit Nalgram (#55).
|-
| Uttar Bansjani||0.191
|{{Convert|0.191|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Chhit Bhandardaha||0.162
|{{Convert|0.162|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Upan Chowki Bhajni, 113||0.148
|{{Convert|0.148|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-exclave surrounded by and sharing a border with two contiguous Indian exclaves, Balapara Khagrabari (#42) and Kothajni (#43) (both within the composite exclave named "Balapara Khagrabari" in the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh).
|-
| Purba Chhit Masaldanga (#84)||0.142
|{{Convert|0.142|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India (area includes the smaller Purba Chhit Masaldanga (#83), itself an exclave and true enclave).
|-
| Purba Chhit Masaldanga (#83)||see #84
|see #84||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Purba Chhit Masaldanga (#84).
|-
| Bara Saradubi||0.141
|{{Convert|0.141|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India; formed an international [[quadripoint]] (one point in common with four different areas) of Bangladesh and India: two parts of Hatibandha [[Administrative divisions of Bangladesh|thana]] (main part and the Bara Saradubi enclave itself) in Lalmonirhat District and two parts of Sitalkuchi thana in [[Mathabhanga subdivision]], Cooch Behar District, India.
|-
| Chandrakhan||0.140
|{{Convert|0.140|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian true enclave/exclave, Dasiar Chhara (#117), located within the [[Kurigram District]] of Bangladesh.
|-
| Madhya Bakalir Chhara||0.132
|{{Convert|0.132|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Chhit Land of Jagatber No. 1||0.124
|{{Convert|0.124|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Chhit Kokoabari||0.1193
|{{Convert|0.1193|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Paschim Masaldanga (#79)||0.1193
|{{Convert|0.1193|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India (area includes Paschim Masaldanga (#80), itself an exclave and true enclave).
|-
| Paschim Masaldanga (#80)||see #79
|see #79||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for Paschim Masaldanga (#79).
|-
| Uttar Masaldanga||0.1104
|{{Convert|0.1104|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Chhit Land of Jagatber No. 2||0.1096
|{{Convert|0.1096|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Chhit Land of Dhabalguri No. 2||0.1086
|{{Convert|0.1086|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Bansua Khamar Gitaldaha||0.0993
|{{Convert|0.0993|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Uttar Dhaldanga (#93)||0.0966
|{{Convert|0.0966|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India (area includes 2 other smaller chhits, each itself an exclave and true enclave, each also named Uttar Dhaldanga (#92, #94)).
|-
| Uttar Dhaldanga (#92)||see #93
|see #93||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Uttar Dhaldanga (#93).
|-
| Uttar Dhaldanga (#94)||see #93
|see #93||First-order enclave within India, area combined with that shown for the larger Uttar Dhaldanga (#93).
|-
| Chhit Dhabalguri||0.0903
|{{Convert|0.0903|km2|disp = number}}
||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Durgapur||0.0848
|{{Convert|0.0848|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Nazirganj (#10)||0.0799 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.0799|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Bewladanga (#39), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Teldhar (#1)||0.0586
|{{Convert|0.0586|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian true enclave/exclave, Garati (#1), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh (area includes the smaller Teldhar (#2), itself an exclave and true enclave).
|-
| Teldhar (#2)||see #1
|see #1||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian true enclave/exclave, Garati (#1), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh, area combined with that shown for the larger Teldhar (#1).
|-
| Upan Chowki Bhajni, 112||0.0571
|{{Convert|0.0571|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Kothajni (#43), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Chhit Land of Dhabalguri No. 1||0.0565
|{{Convert|0.0565|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Dhabalguri||0.0506
|{{Convert|0.0506|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Purba Bakalir Chhara||0.0495
|{{Convert|0.0495|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Madhya Chhit Masaldanga||0.0480
|{{Convert|0.0480|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Jongra||0.0334
|{{Convert|0.0334|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian true enclave/exclave, Banskata (#93), located within the [[Lalmonirhat District]] of Bangladesh.
|-
| Paschim Chhit Masaldanga||0.0308
|{{Convert|0.0308|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Debi Doba||0.0302
|{{Convert|0.0302|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Dahala Khagrabari (#47), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Nazirganj −29||0.0265
|{{Convert|0.0265|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian true enclave/exclave, Nazirganj (#27), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Debottar Saldanga||0.0247
|{{Convert|0.0247|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Bewladanga (#39), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Chhit Land of Dhabalguri No. 4||0.0184
|{{Convert|0.0184|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Chhit Land of Dhabalguri No. 5||0.0167
|{{Convert|0.0167|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Bamandal||0.0089
|{{Convert|0.0089|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Chhit Land of Kuchlibari||0.0074
|{{Convert|0.0074|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Upan Chowki Bhajni, 99||0.0071
|{{Convert|0.0071|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Kothajni (#43), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Dhabalsati (#33)||0.0065
|{{Convert|0.0065|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Bara Khangir (#66), located within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Nazirganj (#8)||0.0062 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.0062|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Shalbari (#35), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Upan Chowki Bhajni, 13||0.0054
|{{Convert|0.0054|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Kothajni (#43), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Chhit Land of Dhabalguri No. 3||0.0054
|{{Convert|0.0054|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Amjhol||0.0051
|{{Convert|0.0051|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Chhit Land of Panbari No. 2||0.0046
|{{Convert|0.0046|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Nazirganj −30||0.0046
|{{Convert|0.0046|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian true enclave/exclave, Nazirganj (#19), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Srirampur||0.0042
|{{Convert|0.0042|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within India.
|-
| Upan Chowki Bhajni, 15||0.0041
|{{Convert|0.0041|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Dahala Khagrabari (#47), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Nazirganj (#9)||0.00291 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00291|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||Counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Shalbari (#35), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Upan Chowki Bhajni, 24||0.00287
|{{Convert|0.00287|km2|disp = number}}||Smallest known chhit of Bangladesh, a counter-enclave surrounded by an Indian exclave, Kothajni (#43), located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
</onlyinclude>
|}
:❋ This chhit was part of a composite enclave and by itself was neither an enclave nor an exclave.
:<big>†</big> Stated size may not be exact.<ref name="BRW2002"/>

===India===

The 102 first-order enclaves (including the 6 composite enclaves) and the 1 counter-counter enclave lay within the [[Rangpur Division]] of Bangladesh.
The 3 counter-enclaves lay within the [[Cooch Behar District]] of [[West Bengal]] state, India. In order to distinguish chhits having the same names, serial numbers established by Banerjee (1966)<ref name="Banerjee">{{cite book | chapter=An Account of Exclaves – Origin and Development | author=Banerjee, R. | title=Census 1961, West Bengal, District Census Handbook, Cooch Behar | year=1966 | publisher=West Bengal Government, India}}</ref> are shown in parentheses, as (#). The India series is separate from the Bangladesh series. There were 37,334 people living in the Indian enclaves in 2015.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:87%; border:1; cellpadding:5; cellspacing:0;"
|-
! Indian chhits within Bangladeshi territory<ref name="BRW2002" /><ref name=":0" /> !! Area (km2)
! Area (mi2) !! Notes
<onlyinclude>
|-
| Balapara Khagrabari||25.952
|{{Convert|25.952|km2|disp = number}}||Composite exclave of India, bordering the [[Panchagarh District|Panchagarh]] and [[Nilphamari District]]s, Bangladesh, comprised the contiguous Dahala Khagrabari (#47), Kothajni (#43) and Balapara Khagrabari (#42) chhits (area includes 6 other smaller chhits, each itself an exclave and true enclave: 3 also named Dahala Khagrabari (#48, #49, #50) and 3 also named Kothajni (#44, #45, #46)).
|-
| Shalbari||14.091
|{{Convert|14.091|km2|disp = number}}||Composite exclave of India within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh, comprised the contiguous Shalbari (#35), Bewladanga (#39), Kajal Dighi, Daikhata Chhat, Nataoka (#37) and Nataoka (#38) chhits.
|-
| Dahala Khagrabari (#47)❋||10.717
|{{Convert|10.717|km2|disp = number}}||Largest chhit of India, part of Balapara Khagrabari composite exclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh (area includes 3 other smaller chhits, each itself an exclave and true enclave, each also named Dahala Khagrabari (#48, #49, #50)).
|-
| Dahala Khagrabari (#48)||see #47
|see #47||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh, area combined with that shown for the larger Dahala Khagrabari (#47).
|-
| Dahala Khagrabari (#49)||see #47
|see #47||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh, area combined with that shown for the larger Dahala Khagrabari (#47).
|-
| Dahala Khagrabari (#50)||see #47
|see #47||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh, area combined with that shown for the larger Dahala Khagrabari (#47).
|-
| Kothajni (#43)❋||8.143
|{{Convert|8.143|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Balapara Khagrabari composite exclave, bordering the Panchagarh and Nilphamari Districts, Bangladesh (area includes 3 other smaller chhits, each itself an exclave and true enclave, each also named Kothajni (#44, #45, #46)).
|-
| Kothajni (#44)||see #43
|see #43||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh, area combined with that shown for the larger Kothajni (#43).
|-
| Kothajni (#45)||see #43
|see #43||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh, area combined with that shown for the larger Kothajni (#43).
|-
| Kothajni (#46)||see #43
|see #43||First-order exclave bordering the Panchagarh and Nilphamari Districts, Bangladesh, area combined with that shown for the larger Kothajni (#43).
|-
| Balapara Khagrabari (#42)❋||7.092
|{{Convert|7.092|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Balapara Khagrabari composite exclave, bordering the Panchagarh District and Nilphamari Districts, Bangladesh.
|-
| Dasiar Chhara||6.651
|{{Convert|6.651|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the [[Kurigram District]] of Bangladesh.
|-
| Shalbari (#35)❋||4.811
|{{Convert|4.811|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Shalbari composite exclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Garati (#1)||3.920
|{{Convert|3.920|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bewladanga (#39)❋||3.479
|{{Convert|3.479|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Shalbari composite exclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Kajal Dighi❋||3.122
|{{Convert|3.122|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Shalbari composite exclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Daikhata Chhat❋||2.020
|{{Convert|2.020|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Shalbari composite exclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#33)||1.758
|{{Convert|1.758|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#93)||1.675
|{{Convert|1.675|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the [[Lalmonirhat District]] of Bangladesh.
|-
| Kamat Changrabandha||1.626
|{{Convert|1.626|km2|disp = number}}||Composite exclave of India within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh, comprised the contiguous Bhotbari (#74), Panisala (#77) and Kamat Changrabandha (#75, #76) chhits.
|-
| Banskata (#97)||1.275
|{{Convert|1.275|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Lotamari (#83)||1.147
|{{Convert|1.147|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Kharkharia||0.904
|{{Convert|0.904|km2|disp = number}}||Composite exclave of India within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh, comprised the contiguous Lotamari (#73), Kharkharia (#71) and Kharkharia (#72) chhits.
|-
| Bans Pachai||0.879
|{{Convert|0.879|km2|disp = number}}||First-order exclave bordering the Lalmonirhat and Kurigram Districts, Bangladesh.
|-
| Bhotbari (#74)❋||0.831
|{{Convert|0.831|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Kamat Changrabandha composite exclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Natatoka (#37)❋||0.657
|{{Convert|0.657|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Shalbari composite exclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Panisala (#77)❋||0.557
|{{Convert|0.557|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Kamat Changrabandha composite exclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bara Khangir||0.523
|{{Convert|0.523|km2|disp = number}}||Composite exclave of India within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh, comprised the contiguous Bara Khangir (#66) and Chhat Bagdokra chhits.
|-
| Gotamuri Chhit (#112)||0.512
|{{Convert|0.512|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Putimari||0.497
|{{Convert|0.497|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Lotamari (#73)❋||0.449
|{{Convert|0.449|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Kharkharia composite exclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Lotamari (#84)||0.400
|{{Convert|0.400|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bara Khangir (#66)❋||0.354
|{{Convert|0.354|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Bara Khangir composite exclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bans Pachai Bhitarkuthi||0.331
|{{Convert|0.331|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja||0.309
|{{Convert|0.309|km2|disp = number}}||Composite exclave of India within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh, comprised the contiguous Najirgonja (#28, #29, #30, #31) chhits.
|-
| Garati (#3)||0.298
|{{Convert|0.298|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#27)||0.297
|{{Convert|0.297|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Panisala (#81)||0.262
|{{Convert|0.262|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Kharkharia (#71)❋||0.246
|{{Convert|0.246|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Kharkharia composite exclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Ratanpur||0.238
|{{Convert|0.238|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#32)||0.236
|{{Convert|0.236|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Garati (#6)||0.236
|{{Convert|0.236|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#96)||0.234
|{{Convert|0.234|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Chhat Bhothat||0.227
|{{Convert|0.227|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Balapukhari||0.226
|{{Convert|0.226|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#19)||0.219
|{{Convert|0.219|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#31)❋||0.216
|{{Convert|0.216|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Najirgonja composite exclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Kharkharia (#72)❋||0.209
|{{Convert|0.209|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Kharkharia composite exclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Panisala (#82)||0.208
|{{Convert|0.208|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bara Khangir (#65)||0.204
|{{Convert|0.204|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#25)||0.198
|{{Convert|0.198|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh. Najirgonja (#25) and (#26) are shown joined as one in pre-1947 maps, but as separate in 1991 Indian census maps.<ref name="BRW2002"/><ref name="India"/>
|-
| Dwarikamari (#86)||0.185
|{{Convert|0.185|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Seotikursa||0.185
|{{Convert|0.185|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Uponchowki Kuhlibari (#62)||0.178
|{{Convert|0.178|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Kamat Changrabandha (#75)❋||0.173
|{{Convert|0.173|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Kamat Changrabandha composite exclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Chhat Bagdokra❋||0.169
|{{Convert|0.169|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Bara Khangir composite exclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bara Gaochulka||0.162
|{{Convert|0.162|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Dwarikamari (#85)||0.160
|{{Convert|0.160|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bhotbari (#63)||0.149
|{{Convert|0.149|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bara Khanki Kharija Gitaldaha (#54)||0.149
|{{Convert|0.149|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Nilphamari District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Dwarikamarikhasbash||0.148
|{{Convert|0.148|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Chhoto Guraljhara I||0.145
|{{Convert|0.145|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Madnakura Chhit in Bhoti Nath Batrigach||0.144
|{{Convert|0.144|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by a Bangladeshi true enclave/exclave, Batrigach (#59), located within [[Cooch Behar District]] of [[West Bengal]] state, India.
|-
| Nagarjikabari||0.135
|{{Convert|0.135|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Nilphamari District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#100)||0.134
|{{Convert|0.134|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Shahebganj||0.128
|{{Convert|0.128|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#104)||0.125 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.125|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#94)||0.1244
|{{Convert|0.1244|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Barakhangir||0.1236
|{{Convert|0.1236|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Nilphamari District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#99)||0.1182
|{{Convert|0.1182|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bagdokra||0.1032
|{{Convert|0.1032|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#109)||0.0986 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.0986|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#88)||0.0904
|{{Convert|0.0904|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Kalamati||0.0858
|{{Convert|0.0858|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#90)||0.0853
|{{Convert|0.0853|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Gotamuri Chhit (#113)||0.0810
|{{Convert|0.0810|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Panisala (#80)||0.0729
|{{Convert|0.0729|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Garati (#4)||0.0728
|{{Convert|0.0728|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh. Garati (#4) and (#5) are shown joined as one enclave in pre-1947 topographic maps, in which the smaller (#5) adjoins the northern boundary of the larger (#4). Later sources (1991 Indian census maps<ref name="India"/> and Banerjee, 1966<ref name = "Banerjee"/>) depict them as separate.<ref name="BRW2002"/>
|-
| Najirgonja (#29)❋||0.0726
|{{Convert|0.0726|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Najirgonja composite exclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Chhoto Guraljhara II||0.0722
|{{Convert|0.0722|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#108)||0.0686 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.0686|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Kamat Changrabandha (#76)❋||0.0648
|{{Convert|0.0648|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Kamat Changrabandha composite exclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Dakurhat Dakinir Kuthi||0.0577
|{{Convert|0.0577|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#16)||0.0575
|{{Convert|0.0575|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#101)||0.0515 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.0515|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Dighaltari I||0.0498
|{{Convert|0.0498|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#26)||0.0493
|{{Convert|0.0493|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh. Najirgonja (#25) and (#26) are shown joined as one in pre-1947 maps, but as separate in 1991 Indian census maps.<ref name="BRW2002"/><ref name="India">{{cite book | title=Census of India District Census Handbooks, for Cooch Behar and Jalpaiguri, for 1991 census | publisher=West Bengal Government, India}}</ref>
|-
| Banskata (#95)||0.0492
|{{Convert|0.0492|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#89)||0.0484
|{{Convert|0.0484|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Gaochulka I||0.0361
|{{Convert|0.0361|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Dighaltari II||0.0357
|{{Convert|0.0357|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#17)||0.0335
|{{Convert|0.0335|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Chenakata||0.0316 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.0316|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bara Khanki Kharija Gitaldaha (#53)||0.0312
|{{Convert|0.0312|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Nilphamari District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Shingimari Part I||0.0246 ± 0.0013
|{{Convert|0.0246|+/-|0.0013|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Kuchlibari (#57)||0.0234
|{{Convert|0.0234|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Jamaldaha Balapukhari||0.0212 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.212|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#24)||0.0204 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.0204|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Nalgram Chhit||0.0191
|{{Convert|0.0191|km2|disp = number}}||Counter-enclave surrounded by a Bangladeshi exclave, Nalgram (#52), located within [[Cooch Behar District]] of [[West Bengal]] state, India.
|-
| Bara Kuchlibari||0.0176 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.0176|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#28)❋||0.01574
|{{Convert|0.01574|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Najirgonja composite exclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#20)||0.01566 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.01566|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bewladanga (#40)||0.01097
|{{Convert|0.01097|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#103)||0.01032 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.01032|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Chhit Seoruguri||0.01016
|{{Convert|0.01016|km2|disp = number}}||Smallest Indian counter-enclave, surrounded by a Bangladeshi true enclave/exclave, Madhya Masaldanga, located within [[Cooch Behar District]] of [[West Bengal]] state, India.
|-
| Banskata (#102)||0.00943 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00943|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Kuchlibari (#58)||0.00826
|{{Convert|0.00826|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Garati (#2)||0.00704
|{{Convert|0.00704|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| [[Dahala Khagrabari]] (#51)||0.00688
|{{Convert|0.00688|km2|disp = number}}||[[Dahala Khagrabari]] (#51) is the only counter-counter enclave in the world. It is surrounded by Upanchowki Bhajni 110, a Bangladeshi counter-enclave within the Indian composite exclave named Balapara Khagrabari, which is surrounded by the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh. Dahala Khagrabari (#51) is not part of the Balapara Khagrabari composite exclave, as it is not contiguous to it and borders only Bangladesh.
|-
| Bhogramguri||0.00583 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00583|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#106)||0.00563 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00563|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#107)||0.00554 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00554|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja Chhit (#30)❋||0.00433
|{{Convert|0.00433|km2|disp = number}}||Part of Najirgonja composite exclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#22)||0.00421 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00421|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#21)||0.00413 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00413|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Gaochulka II||0.00364
|{{Convert|0.00364|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Kurigram District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Fulker Dabri||0.00356 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00356|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Bewladanga Chhat (#41)||0.00336 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00336|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Garati (#5)||0.00320
|{{Convert|0.00320|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh. Garati (#4) and (#5) are shown joined as one enclave in pre-1947 topographic maps, in which the smaller (#5) adjoins the northern boundary of the larger (#4). Later sources (1991 Indian census maps<ref name="India"/> and Banerjee, 1966<ref name = "Banerjee"/>) depict them as separate.<ref name="BRW2002"/>
|-
| Najirgonja (#23)||0.00312 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00312|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#98)||0.00312
|{{Convert|0.00312|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#105)||0.00259 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00259|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Najirgonja (#15)||0.00210
|{{Convert|0.00210|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Dahala Khagrabari (#52)||0.00178
|{{Convert|0.00178|km2|disp = number}}||First-order enclave within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Uponchowki Kuchlibari (#61)||0.00129 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00129|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Banskata (#110)||0.00113 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00113|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||First-order enclave within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Panisala (#79)||0.00109 <big>†</big>
|{{Convert|0.00109|km2|disp = number}} <big>†</big>||The smallest Indian true enclave; located within the Lalmonirhat District of Bangladesh.
|-
| Natatoka (#38)❋||0.00105
|{{Convert|0.00105|km2|disp = number}}||Smallest known chhit of India, part of Shalbari composite exclave; located within the Panchagarh District of Bangladesh; bordered Bangladesh and Shalbari (#35).</onlyinclude>

|}
:❋ This chhit was part of a composite enclave and by itself was neither an enclave nor an exclave.
:<big>†</big> Stated size may not be exact.<ref name="BRW2002"/>

==See also==

* [[Maghval]], counterenclave of Gujarat within Dadra and Nagar Haveli enclave in Gujarat
* [[Bangladesh–India border]]
* [[List of enclaves and exclaves]]
* [[Baarle-Hertog]] in Belgium
* [[Baarle-Nassau]] in the Netherlands
* [[Büsingen am Hochrhein|Büsingen]] in Switzerland
* [[Campione d'Italia]] in Switzerland
* [[Vennbahn]] in Belgium

==References==

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Bangladesh-India relations}}
{{Cooch Behar topics}}
{{Territorial disputes in East and South Asia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Bangladesh enclaves}}
[[Category:Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India border|Enclaves]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of India]]
[[Category:Geography of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Former enclaves]]
[[Category:Enclaves and exclaves]]
[[Category:Partition of India]]
[[Category:Former disputed land areas]]

India–United Arab Emirates relations

2026-01-21T18:56:40Z

BellEggers2: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{AI-generated|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox bilateral relations
| India–United Arab Emirates
| India
| United Arab Emirates
| map=India United Arab Emirates Locator.svg
| mission1=[[Embassy of India, Abu Dhabi]]
| mission2=[[Embassy of the United Arab Emirates, New Delhi]]
| envoytitle1=[[List of ambassadors of India to the United Arab Emirates|Ambassador]]
| envoy1= [[Sunjay Sudhir]]
| envoytitle2=[[Ambassador]]
| envoy2= Ahmed Al-Banna
}}
'''India–United Arab Emirates relations''' are the bilateral relations that exist between the [[Republic of India]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]]. Since [[3rd millennium BC|3000 B.C.]], India and the UAE, including its precursor emirates, have maintained close relations through ancient trade networks. [[Sumer]]ians traded with [[Meluhha]] ([[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus Valley]]), [[Magan (civilization)|Magan]] (UAE and [[Oman]]), and [[Dilmun]] (Bahrain), connecting through the UAE. Maritime routes facilitated Arab trade with India for silk, spices, gold, and porcelain. Maritime routes facilitated Arab trade with India for silk, spices, gold, and porcelain. Post-1971, India-UAE relations strengthened politically, economically, and culturally.

They are both in [[I2U2 Group]].<ref>{{cite news |title=What Is the I2U2 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/14/world/middleeast/i2u2-india-israel-uae-us.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=14 July 2022 |access-date=14 July 2022|last1=Kingsley |first1=Patrick }}</ref> Indians also make up the largest ethnic group in the UAE, making up roughly 38% of UAE's total residents, followed by Pakistanis.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is the ethnic composition of the United Arab Emirates?|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/amp/articles/what-is-the-ethnic-composition-of-the-united-arab-emirates.htm|website=worldatlas.com|access-date=22 October 2022}}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> India is UAE's largest exports destination & trading partner with bilateral trade turnover of US$68.4 billion during the calendar year 2021. UAE's exports to India totaled US$43.04 billion, while India's exports to the UAE totaled US$25.4 billion. In 2022, India & UAE signed a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) to take bilateral trade to US$100 billion within 5 years.<ref>{{cite news |date=19 February 2022 |title=India, UAE sign Comprehensive Trade Agreement |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-uae-sign-comprehensive-trade-agreement/articleshow/89676044.cms |url-access=subscription |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>

India and the UAE have strengthened defense cooperation since 2003, marked by joint exercises like Desert Eagle and Gulf Star-1. The Annual Defense Dialogue and high-level visits have played pivotal roles. Counter-terrorism collaboration, including successful operations against terrorists, has been a focus since 2014. Notably, in December 2020, India and the UAE thwarted a terrorist attack in Delhi. India and the UAE, since 2014, have deepened ties with various agreements. [[Narendra Modi|PM Modi]] and [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|President Al Nahyan's]] rapport is highlighted. Plans include the first overseas IIT and [[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi|a Hindu temple]] in Abu Dhabi, symbolizing harmony, which was inaugurated on February 14, 2024.

==History==

=== Early years ===
Since 3000 B.C, relations between [[India]] and the seven emirates which now make up the [[United Arab Emirates]] were traditionally close. In ancient times, the Sumerians engaged in a vibrant trade network with three significant centers—Meluhha (most scholars identified as the Indus Valley Civilization, present-day Indian subcontinent), Magan (Oman and parts of the UAE), and Dilmun (Bahrain and parts of Saudi Arabia). Mesopotamian records reveal that Meluhha was a source of coveted goods like ivory and carnelian, while the UAE, particularly through its sheikhdoms, played a crucial role in connecting the trade routes. The seafarers navigated the oceans, enabling the Arabs to trade silk, spices, gold, and porcelain. Notably, the discovery of a direct route from the Red Sea to India by [[Hippalus]] in the first century BC enhanced commercial transactions, connecting Red Sea ports to Indian kingdoms. Evidence of this ancient trade persists, with discoveries of valuable goods and spices in Roman settlements along Egypt's Red Sea coast, highlighting the historical ties between India and the UAE.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Prashath |first1=R.Thanga |last2=K |first2=Vinodkumar. |date=2020 |title=Bilateral Trade Relations Between India and UAE - Historical Perspective |journal=Global Journal of Management and Business Studies |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=1 |doi=10.37622/GJMBS/10.1.2020.1-7 |issn=2248-9878|doi-access=free }}</ref>

The UAE and India enjoyed close and friendly ties based on historic and cultural ties. People-to-people contacts and barter trade for clothes and spices from India in exchange for dates and pearls from the region have existed for centuries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indembassyuae.org/induae_bilatera|title=StackPath|website=www.indembassyuae.org|access-date=2019-08-30|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830075600/http://www.indembassyuae.org/induae_bilatera|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the creation of the federation in 1971, India-UAE relations flourished. Today UAE and India share political, economic, and cultural links. There are over a million [[Indians in the United Arab Emirates]], being by far the largest migrant group in the country.

=== 21st century ===
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi being received by Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi being received by Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|253x253px]]
On 16 August 2015, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] began a two-day visit to the UAE, the first state visit by an Indian prime minister to the country in 34 years.<ref>{{cite web |last=G |first=Manoj C |date=17 August 2015 |title=First visit to a Gulf Arab nation: At UAE grand mosque, Modi hails 'peace, harmony inherent in Islam' |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pm-narendra-modi-arrives-in-uae-for-two-day-visit/ |url-access=subscription |website=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date=16 August 2015 |title=Path of terror will never benefit anyone: Modi |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/live-prime-minister-narendra-modi-at-abu-dhabi/article7546622.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=16 August 2015 |title=Narendra Modi leaves for his two-day maiden visit to UAE |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/narendra-modi-leaves-for-his-two-day-maiden-visit-to-uae-1040418.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304221646/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/politics/narendra-modi-leaves-for-his-two-day-maiden-visit-to-uae-1040418.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |website=IBNLive}}</ref> In 2018, a [[Memorandum of understanding|Memorandum of Understanding (MoU)]] was signed between [[India]] and the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] on Technical Cooperation in the [[Rail transport|Rail]] Sector. It provided a platform for [[Indian Railways]] to interact and share their latest developments and knowledge in the railway sector.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 April 2018|title=India-UAE: Cabinet approves MoU on Technical Cooperation in Rail Sector {{!}} Current Affairs Today|url=https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/india-uae-cabinet-approves-mou-technical-cooperation-rail-sector-04201853994.html|access-date=2018-04-15|website=currentaffairs.gktoday.in|archive-date=15 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415124715/https://currentaffairs.gktoday.in/india-uae-cabinet-approves-mou-technical-cooperation-rail-sector-04201853994.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 18 August 2018, Modi described Sheikh Mohammed's humanitarian support for those affected by the [[2018 Kerala floods|Kerala floods that year]] as "[reflecting] the special ties between governments and people of India and UAE".<ref>{{cite news|work=[[Gulf News]]|url=https://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/uae-expats-help-kerala-victims-through-social-media-1.2267882|date=18 August 2018|title=UAE expats help Kerala victims through social media}}</ref> On 6 August 2019, the UAE backed the decision of the Indian government to pursue passage of the [[Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019|2019 Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill]], with the UAE's Ambassador to India stating: "We expect that the changes would improve social justice and security and confidence of the people in the local governance and will encourage further stability and peace."<ref>{{cite news|work=[[India Today]]|date=6 August 2019|title=UAE backs India on Article 370, says Kashmir its internal matter|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/article-370-jammu-kashmir-uae-ambassador-dr-al-banna-1577918-2019-08-06}}</ref> In August, 2021, UAE and India signed an agreement under which faculty members from Indian universities will spend six to 10 months every year for undertaking research and teaching social sciences in Abu Dhabi. This agreement was aimed at deepening the academic and cultural ties between the two nations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=India signs agreement with UAE to send visiting professors to Abu Dhabi|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/india-signs-agreement-with-uae-to-send-visiting-professors-to-abu-dhabi-7473059/|access-date=2021-09-16|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In January 2024, [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] visited India to participate in Vibrant Gujarat Summit 2024. As a special gesture PM Modi personally received the UAE president and held a road show in Ahmedabad.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Lucente |first1=Adam |date=2024-01-09 |title=UAE's MBZ in India, meets Modi as Houthis' maritime threat expands - Al-Monitor: Independent, trusted coverage of the Middle East |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2024/01/uaes-mbz-india-meets-modi-houthis-maritime-threat-expands |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.al-monitor.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 January 2026, Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan once again visited India and left after three hours.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timing matters: Why UAE president visited India for just 3 hours |url=https://www.firstpost.com/explainers/why-uae-president-visited-india-pm-modi-for-just-3-hours-13970396.html |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=www.firstpost.com}}</ref> The visit concluded with India signing a $3 billion [[Liquefied natural gas|LNG]] supply deal with the United Arab Emirates, doubling bilateral trade to $200 billion within six years, and signing a letter of intent for defence partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India, UAE sign $3 billion LNG deal, agree to boost trade and defence ties at leaders' meeting |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-uae-agree-boost-trade-defence-ties-finalise-lng-deal-leaders-meeting-2026-01-19/ |access-date=21 January 2026 |website=www.reuters.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE, India agree on formalizing defense pact, $200B trade deal: What to know - AL-Monitor: The Middle Eastʼs leading independent news source since 2012 |url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2026/01/uae-india-agree-formalizing-defense-pact-200b-trade-deal-what-know |access-date=2026-01-21 |website=www.al-monitor.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Economic relations==
[[File:PM being welcomed by the President of UAE, Mr. Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan at Abu Dhabi Airport, in UAE on June 28, 2022.jpg|thumb|265x265px|PM being welcomed by the President of UAE, Mr. Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan at Abu Dhabi Airport, in UAE on June 28, 2022]]
The UAE is India's top trading partner in the entire West Asia and North Africa region. According to journalist Ravi S. Jha, Indian exports to the UAE account for 6% of India's global exports. In 2008–09, India emerged as the largest trade partner of the UAE with bilateral trade between the two countries exceeding $44.5 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/india-s-economic-resilience-impresses-mohammed|title=India's Economic Resilience Impresses Mohammed|last=Jha|first=Ravi S.|website=Khaleej Times|access-date=2019-08-30}}</ref> In 2018–19, India-UAE bilateral trade grew by over 20% and India's exports to UAE grew by 7% whereas the UAE's exports to India surged by 37% to reach US$29.78 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://commerce-app.gov.in/ftpa/default.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202404/http://commerce-app.gov.in/ftpa/default.asp |archive-date=14 February 2018 |title=System on Foreign Trade Performance Analysis (FTPA) Version 3.0}}</ref>

Though India and the UAE are two fast-growing economies from Asia, bilateral trade between them has not kept pace with the economic growth in the region, with trade falling to US$49.3 billion in 2016 from about US$67 billion in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2018 |title=India-UAE Bilateral Trade – UAE & India Exports and Imports Data 201 |url=https://www.exportgenius.in/blog/india-uae-bilateral-trade-uae-india-exports-and-imports-data-2017-197.php |website=Export Genius}}</ref> So, during the Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]]'s visit to the UAE in February 2018, both sides signed a landmark agreement to conduct trade directly in their local currencies eliminating the need for US dollars which would significantly boost trade. Both leaders have also set an ambitious target of US$100 billion in bilateral trade by the year 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=John |first=Issac |date=14 February 2018 |title=UAE-India trade made easier |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/business/local/uae-india-trade-made-easier |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2023 |title=UAE, India agree on use of local currency for trade |url=https://thearabianpost.com/uae-india-agree-on-use-of-local-currency-for-trade/ |website=Arabian Post}}</ref>

An underwater rail tunnel linking the UAE with the western coast of India was proposed in 2018. The proposed tunnel would be supported by pontoons and be nearly 2000 kilometres in length.<ref>{{cite web |title=A 2,000-km-long underwater rail will connect Mumbai to the UAE very soon! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/a-2000-km-long-underwater-rail-will-connect-mumbai-to-the-uae-very-soon/articleshow/66878629.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130213347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/a-2000-km-long-underwater-rail-will-connect-mumbai-to-the-uae-very-soon/amp_articleshow/66878629.cms |archive-date=2018-11-30 |website=Times Travel, Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Robitzski |first=Dan |date=5 December 2018 |title=The UAE Wants an Underwater Bullet Train to India |url=https://futurism.com/united-arab-emirates-underwater-bullet-train-india/amp |website=The Byte, Futurism}}</ref> In the financial year 2018–19, India-UAE bilateral trade grew by over 20% to reach US$59.9 billion. India's exports to the UAE grew by 7% to US$30.13 billion, whereas the UAE's exports to India surged by 37% to reach US$29.78 billion.<ref>[https://commerce-app.gov.in/ftpa/default.asp System on Foreign Trade Performance Analysis (FTPA) Version 3.0] commerce-app.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214202404/http://commerce-app.gov.in/ftpa/default.asp |date=14 February 2018 }}</ref>

India had a four-story pavilion at Dubai Expo 2020 showcasing business opportunities and its global push towards attracting investors for its projected $5 trillion economy. The pavilion, one of the largest among 190 countries, featured Indian brands and multinational companies, including [[Reliance Industries]] and [[Adani Group]]. The Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement being negotiated with the UAE was expected to help in sealing at least $100 billion in trade. India's rising unicorns and startups were a major attraction for global investors, and at least 13 states participated at the Dubai Expo.<ref>{{cite web | last=Thakur | first=Pradeep | title=Pact with UAE to generate $100bn trade, says official | website=The Times of India | date=2021-09-24 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/pact-with-uae-to-generate-100bn-trade-says-official/articleshow/86470145.cms | access-date=2023-02-05}}</ref> In 2023, the UAE and Saudi Arabia joined BRICS.<ref>{{cite news| last=Rahman | first=Fareed | title=Saudi Arabia and UAE officially join Brics: What will it mean for the bloc? |newspaper=The National | date=1 January 2024 | url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/business/economy/2024/01/01/saudi-arabia-and-uae-officially-join-brics-what-will-it-mean-for-the-bloc/#:~:text=Saudi%20Arabia%20along%20with%20the,South%20Africa%20the%20original%20members | access-date=24 January 2024}}</ref> At the G20 Summit 2023 a memorandum of understanding on the [[India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor]], or IMEC, was signed by the European Union, India, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-india-saudi-eu-unveil-rail-ports-deal-g20-sidelines-white-house-official-2023-09-09/|title=US, India, Saudi, EU unveil rail, ports deal on G20 sidelines|website=[[Reuters]] |date=9 September 2023 |accessdate=24 January 2024 |last1=Bose |first1=Nandita }}</ref> 2023 also saw an agreement to allow bilateral trade to use Indian rupees, rather than US dollars.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india-ties-up-with-uae-settle-trade-rupees-2023-07-15/ |title=India ties up with UAE to settle trade in rupees |author=Arpan Chaturvedi |work=Reuters |date=15 July 2023 |access-date=27 November 2024}}</ref>

== Golden Visa Initiative and Bilateral Engagement ==
In 2025, the [[United Arab Emirates]] introduced a new nomination-based Golden [[Travel visa|Visa]] scheme, signaling deepening ties with [[India]]. Unlike the earlier model requiring a minimum property investment of AED 2 million, the new system allows selected Indian nationals to obtain a lifetime UAE Golden Visa by paying a one-time fee of AED 100,000 (approx. INR 23.3 lakh).

This initiative highlights growing strategic and people-to-people cooperation between India and the UAE. Over 5,000 Indians are expected to apply during the first phase, which includes India and [[Bangladesh]] as [[pilot]] [[nations]]. The Raya Group, led by Managing Director Rayad Kamal Ayub, has been authorized to oversee background checks—including criminal history, anti-money laundering compliance, and potential contributions to the UAE’s sectors like trade, science, and culture.

Applications can be processed from India without requiring a physical visit to the UAE, through One Vasco Centres, registered offices, or online platforms. The nomination-based Golden Visa offers long-term residency benefits, including the ability to sponsor family members and domestic staff, with no dependency on real estate ownership. The move is widely seen as a step towards enhancing mobility, fostering bilateral economic integration, and strengthening UAE–India amity in alignment with their growing strategic partnership.<ref>{{Cite web |title= UAE's New Golden Visa Rule Marks Significant Shift for Indian Investors|url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/uaes-new-golden-visa-rule-marks-significant-shift-for-indian-investors-8837679}}</ref>

== Space exploration ==
India and the UAE have engaged in collaborative efforts in the field of space exploration through the cooperation of the UAE Space Agency ([[United Arab Emirates Space Agency|UAESA]]) and the Indian Space Research Organization ([[ISRO]]). The collaboration gained momentum during Prime Minister Modi's 2015 visit to the Emirates. The joint initiatives include the development and launch of the nano-satellite Nayif-1 from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Satish Dhavan Space Centre]] in Sriharikota, India. Furthermore, there is a likelihood of continued collaboration on the Emirates' Red Planet Mission.' K. Radhakrishna, former head of ISRO, played a key role in the development of the Emirates’ Mars Hope Probe, which was successfully launched in July 2020 from the [[Tanegashima Space Center|Tanegashima Space Centre]].<ref name="mei.edu">{{Cite web |last=Khushnam |first=P. N. |date=23 March 2021 |title=India-UAE Relations: Poised to Climb to New Heights |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/india-uae-relations-poised-climb-new-heights |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Middle East Institute |language=en}}</ref>

== Security relations ==
[[File:Major General Staff Pilot Ibrahim Nasser M Al Alawi, Commander UAE Air Force & Air Defence calling on the Chief of Army Staff, General Dalbir Singh, in New Delhi on September 01, 2014.jpg|thumb|262x262px|Major General Staff Pilot Ibrahim Nasser M Al Alawi, Commander UAE Air Force & Air Defence calling on the Chief of Army Staff, General Dalbir Singh, in New Delhi on September 01, 2014]]
Defense cooperation between India and the UAE has seen growth since 2003, when the chief of staff of the UAE armed forces visited India. The subsequent exchanges resulted in the initiation of the Desert Eagle bilateral exercises involving the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the UAE Air Force (UAE-AF). These exercises have contributed to enhancing the security preparedness and coordination between India and the UAE. Additionally, the inaugural joint naval exercise, Gulf Star-1, after held in 2018, established a foundation for maritime security cooperation between the two nations. The Annual Defense Dialogue has played a crucial role in fostering defense cooperation, with a Joint Defense Cooperation Committee at the Ministry level and Naval Staff Talks at the HQ level overseeing these efforts. Notably, a substantial delegation from the UAE Ministry of Defense participated in the Aero India event in Bengaluru in February 2019. In December of the same year, India's Vice Chief of Air Staff led a delegation to the 9th Dubai International Air Chiefs’ Conference and Air Show.<ref name="mei.edu"/><ref>{{Cite web |author=Staff Reporter |date=18 March 2018 |title=Naval ships exercise to boost UAE-India ties |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/naval-ships-exercise-to-boost-uae-india-ties |access-date=2023-12-14 |website=Khaleej Times |language=en}}</ref>

Since 2014, India has worked with the UAE on various counter-terrorism issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/india-gulf-counterterrorism-cooperation|title=India Gulf Counter-Terrorism Cooperation|last=Siyech|first=Mohammed Sinan|date=December 21, 2017|website=Middle East Institute}}</ref> On 4 March 2018, the [[Indian Coast Guard]] and Emirati special forces collaborated in a successful operation, requested by Emirati Prime Minister Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum]], and approved by Indian prime minister [[Narendra Modi]], to intercept a yacht carrying [[Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum (born 1985)|Latifa bint Mohammed Al Maktoum]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Taylor |first=Adam |date=28 April 2018 |title=India's Modi authorized capture of runaway Dubai princess, newspaper claims |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/04/28/indias-modi-authorized-capture-of-runaway-dubai-princess-newspaper-claims/?noredirect=on |url-access=subscription |newspaper=[[Washington Post]]}}</ref> In December 2020, Indian authorities in coordination with UAE had foiled a Pakistani [[Inter Services Intelligence|ISI]] backed-terrorist attack in Delhi. The arrested terrorists consisted of 2 [[Khalistan movement|Khalistani]] and 3 [[Hizbul Mujahideen]] members. The head of the [[Terror cell|cell]] was arrested in the UAE and deported to India.<ref>{{cite news |date=1 January 2021 |title=ISI man nabbed in Delhi after he arrives from UAE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/isi-man-nabbed-in-delhi-after-his-arrival-from-uae/articleshow/80054959.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Both countries conducted their first military exercise named Desert Cyclone together in Rajasthan on January 4, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-05 |title=Desert Cyclone: 5 things to know about India-UAE joint military exercise underway in Rajasthan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/desert-cyclone-5-things-to-know-about-india-uae-joint-military-exercise-underway-in-rajasthan-101704424757820.html |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Cultural relations ==
{{See also|Indians in the United Arab Emirates}}
[[File:BAPS Abu Dhabi Mandir.jpg|thumb|265x265px|Visitors at newly constructed BAPS Hindu Mandir at Abu Dhabi.]]
{{See also|Hinduism in the United Arab Emirates}}
In 1975, the UAE and India signed an agreement to deepen their cultural ties. Both countries agreed to cooperate in art, culture, and education, including academic activity in science and technology, sports, public health, and mass media.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CULTURAL AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AND THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES [1975] INTSer 1 |url=http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1975/1.html |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=www.commonlii.org}}</ref>

There are currently over 3 million Indians living in the UAE.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Phillip |date=3 March 2017 |title=India is a top source and destination for world's migrants |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/03/india-is-a-top-source-and-destination-for-worlds-migrants/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Immigration has been highly active since the 1960s. Most of the people who migrated are from the southern states of India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Parekh |first1=Bhikhu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OUlhu8dVX8MC |title=Culture and Economy in the Indian Diaspora |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |last3=Vertovec |first3=Steven |date=2004-06-04 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-39829-6 |language=en}}</ref> Since 2014, both countries have signed multiple agreements and have increased their cooperation in various fields. Diplomats have emphasized the bonhomie between Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and President [[Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan|Sheikh Mohamed Bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] for close cooperation between the countries.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suri |first=Navdeep |title=Prime Minister Modi's visit to Abu Dhabi: Signs of close ties with the UAE {{!}} ORF |language=en-US |work=ORF |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/prime-minister-modis-visit-to-abu-dhabi/ |access-date=2023-02-26}}</ref> In a joint statement given in February 2022, there was a proposal to establish the first overseas [[IIT Delhi|IIT]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajagopalan |first=Rajeswari Pillai |date=2 July 2022 |title=Modi's UAE Stopover to Give a Fillip to the India-UAE Partnership |url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/07/modis-uae-stopover-to-give-a-fillip-to-the-india-uae-partnership/ |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=The Diplomat |language=en-US}}</ref>

As a symbol of growing relations between the two countries, a [[BAPS Hindu Mandir Abu Dhabi|BAPS Hindu Mandir]] is constructed in [[Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-05 |title=Gujarati New Year 2021: Significance and all you need to know about special occasion |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/gujarati-new-year-2021-significance-and-all-you-need-to-know-about-special-occasion-10112301.html |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> The temple has been projected as a symbol of harmony by the two countries. The temple was built by [[Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha|BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha]] and was inaugurated on February 14, 2024, in the presence of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Before the inauguration, Prime Minister Modi symbolically offered water in the virtual [[Ganges|Ganga]] and [[Yamuna]] rivers within the temple premises.<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Divya |date=2024-02-15 |title=Abu Dhabi enhances Ayodhya joy, says PM, opens UAE temple |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/abu-dhabi-enhances-ayodhya-joy-says-pm-opens-uae-temple-9162207/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Emphasizing values of harmony and peace, Prime Minister Modi stated that the BAPS temple stands as a lasting tribute to shared values between India and the UAE. The consecration ceremony took place on a 27-acre plot with the pink sandstone temple being one of the largest in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-14 |title=PM Modi inaugurates grand BAPS Hindu temple in Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-grand-baps-hindu-temple-in-abu-dhabi-101707915798492.html |access-date=2024-02-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of India}}
{{Foreign relations of the United Arab Emirates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India - United Arab Emirates Relations}}
[[Category:India–United Arab Emirates relations|India–United Arab Emirates relations]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of the United Arab Emirates]]

When I Hid My Caste

2026-01-19T09:30:45Z

BellEggers2: stub

{{Short description|1963 anthology of short-stories by Baburao Bagul}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = When I Hid My Caste
| title_orig = जेव्हा मी जात चोरली होती
| image = When I Hid My Caste cover.jpg
| author = [[Baburao Bagul]]
| translator = [[Jerry Pinto]] (2018, English)
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| genre = [[Short story]] collection, [[Dalit literature]]
| pub_date = 1963
| media_type = Print
| english_pub_date = July 10, 2018
| pages = 154
}}

'''''When I Hid My Caste''''' ({{Langx|mr|Jevhā Mī Jāt Corlī Hotī|}}) is an anthology of ten short-stories by Indian writer [[Baburao Bagul]]. The original stories titled ''Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti'' were written in [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and first appeared in a ''Navyug,'' a Marathi literary journal, in 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |last=L |first=M. |date=2018-09-08 |title=When I Hid My Caste - Stories by Baburao Bagul |url=https://modernliterature.org/hid-caste-baburao-bagul/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=Modern Literature |language=en-US}}</ref> The stories were translated into English in 2018 by [[Jerry Pinto]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Bagul |first=Baburao |title=When I Hid My Caste |date=2023-07-05 |work=Concealing Caste |pages=29–42 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192865243.003.0002 |access-date=2025-08-04 |publisher=Oxford University PressOxford |doi=10.1093/oso/9780192865243.003.0002 |isbn=978-0-19-286524-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Nayar |first=Pramod K. |title=Dalit Literature |date=2021-01-12 |work=Literary and Critical Theory |url=https://oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780190221911/obo-9780190221911-0101.xml |access-date=2025-08-04 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/obo/9780190221911-0101 |isbn=978-0-19-022191-1|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The book is considered to be one of the most notable works of Bagul and a landmark work of Dalit literature for its raw depiction of the lives of Dalits.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dabade |first=Sonali |date=2019-04-09 |title=Cast(e)ing Experiences Into Fiction |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/hyderabad/2019/Apr/08/casteing-experiences-into-fiction-1962096.html |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-09 |title=Thieves of Identity {{!}} Economic and Political Weekly |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2023/36/postscript/thieves-identity.html |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=www.epw.in |language=en}}</ref> The collection features Dalit characters and their struggle, particularly the title story, exploring themes of [[Caste discrimination in India|caste-based discrimation]], oppression, identity, and revolt.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shyma P |date=2021-12-11 |title=Baburao Bagul, When I Hid My Caste |url=https://journals.iium.edu.my/asiatic/index.php/ajell/article/view/2357 |journal=Asiatic: IIUM Journal of English Language and Literature |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=159–162 |doi=10.31436/asiatic.v15i2.2357 |issn=1985-3106|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-09 |title=Baburao Bagul's writing retains its force in Jerry Pinto's translation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-when-i-hid-my-caste-by-baburao-bagul/story-x8PrhW0HJ0XzlHgMMifTKP.html |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

Scholars [[K. Satyanarayana (academic)|K. Satyanarayana]] and [[Susie Tharu]] noted that the book was hailed as "the epic of Dalits" and that its "brilliant stories gave Dalits the strength to face the painful and humiliating experiences of their wretched lives."<ref>{{Cite web |title=When I Hid My Caste |url=https://frankfurtrights.com/Books/Details/when-i-hid-my-caste-18777610 |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=frankfurtrights.com}}</ref> The collection established Bagul as a significant literary figure who offered alternative perspectives to the polished depictions of Dalit in mainstream Indian literature.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=कैन |first=Damni Kain दामनी |date=2020-07-11 |title=For Baburao Bagul, Dalit Literature was about defiance in the face of suffering |url=https://www.forwardpress.in/2020/07/for-baburao-bagul-dalit-literature-was-about-defiance-in-the-face-of-suffering/ |access-date=2025-08-04 |website=Forward Press |language=en-US}}</ref> The stories are also regarded as social and political acts of rebellion against caste and inequality.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dalit literature]]
[[Category:Indian short story collections]]
[[Category:1963 short story collections]]
[[Category:2018 short story collections]]
[[Category:Marathi-language books]]

Sridharan Sriram

2026-01-13T02:21:51Z

BellEggers2:

{{short description|Indian cricket player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Indian name|Sriram|Sridharan}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Sridharan Sriram
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|2|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| batting = Left-handed
| bowling = [[Slow left-arm orthodox]]
| role = Batsman
| country = India
| international = true
| internationalspan = 2000-2004

| odidebutdate = 19 March
| odidebutyear = 2000
| odidebutagainst = South Africa
| odicap = 129
| lastodidate = 26 December
| lastodiyear = 2004
| lastodiagainst = Bangladesh

| club1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]]
| year1 = 1993/94–2005/06
| club2 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| year2 = 2006/07
| club3 = [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]
| year3 = 2009/10
| club4 = [[Assam cricket team|Assam]]
| year4 = 2010/11
| club5 = [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]]
| year5 = 2011/12
| club6 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year6 = 2010
| club7 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| year7 = 2011
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| matches1 = 8
| runs1 = 81
| bat avg1 = 13.50
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 57
| deliveries1 = 32
| wickets1 = 3
| bowl avg1 = 30.44
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/43
| catches/stumpings1 = 0/–
| column2 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches2 = 133
| runs2 = 9,539
| bat avg2 = 52.99
| 100s/50s2 = 32/36
| top score2 = 288
| deliveries2 = 8,299
| wickets2 = 85
| bowl avg2 = 46.07
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 4/26
| catches/stumpings2 = 68/–
| column3 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches3 = 147
| runs3 = 4,169
| bat avg3 = 33.62
| 100s/50s3 = 4/26
| top score3 = 148[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 4,637
| wickets3 = 115
| bowl avg3 = 30.51
| fivefor3 = 1
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 5/43
| catches/stumpings3 = 44/–
| column4 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches4 = 15
| runs4 = 233
| bat avg4 = 21.18
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score4 = 39[[not out|*]]
| deliveries4 = 168
| wickets4 = 4
| bowl avg4 = 56.75
| fivefor4 = 0
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling4 = 1/19
| catches/stumpings4 = 7/–
|medaltemplates= 
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{cr|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Champions Trophy]]|}}
{{Medal|RU|[[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy|2000 Kenya]]|}}
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/7/7544/7544.html CricketArchive
| date = 19 August
| year = 2020
}}
'''Sridharan Sriram''' ({{audio|Sridharan_Sriram.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 21 February 1976) is an Indian cricket coach and former [[cricket]]er. He is a left-handed [[batsman]] and a [[left-arm orthodox spin]] [[bowler (cricket)|bowler]]. He played in the [[Indian Cricket League]] and the [[Indian Premier League]]. He was a part of the squad which finished as [[2000 ICC KnockOut Trophy final|runners-up]] at the [[2000 ICC Champions Trophy]]. On 19 August 2022, he was appointed as the technical consultant (T20I) of the [[Bangladesh national cricket team]] till the [[2022 T20 World Cup]].

== Playing career ==
Sriram started his cricketing career as a left-arm spinner and took 29 wickets on India's Under-19 tour of South Africa in the 1992–93 season. However, playing for [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]], it was his batting which brought him wider recognition. His most prolific season was in 1999-2000 when he scored 1075 runs in the [[Ranji Trophy]] including 5 centuries, and was named as an ''[[Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]'' Cricketer of the Year. Sriram was selected in 2000 for the first intake of the [[National Cricket Academy]] in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news|first=Partab |last=Ramchand |title=First list of NCA trainees |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/first-list-of-nca-trainees-84401 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |date=15 April 2000 |accessdate=2 April 2024}}</ref>

His consistent domestic form resulted in a call-up to the [[India national cricket team]], and he made his [[One Day International]] debut against [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] at Nagpur on 19 March 2000. However, a string of low scores meant that he lost his place in the squad after 6 matches.

Sriram continued to score heavily in domestic cricket for Tamil Nadu, and he earned a second chance with the national team for the [[Indian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2004-05|tour of Bangladesh in 2004-05]]. He played in the first 2 ODIs, taking 3 wickets in the first, and scoring 57 in a losing cause in the second. However, this was to be his last match for India.

He moved from Tamil Nadu to [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] in 2006 and later played for [[Goa cricket team|Goa]]. Sriram has also played as an overseas player for the [[Scottish Saltires]] in English domestic cricket in 2004, and has been regularly selected for the [[South Zone cricket team]] in the [[Duleep Trophy]].

In 2007, Sriram decided to sign with the [[Indian Cricket League]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/307344.html | title=Absolem and Sriram sign on with ICL | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | date=18 August 2007 | accessdate=13 September 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090921094432/http://www.cricinfo.com/india/content/story/307344.html# | archive-date=21 September 2009 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref> Although he quit Indian Cricket League in 2009 and accepted an amnesty offer from the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] to be considered for selection at international level.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian board grants amnesty to 79 Indian Cricket League 'rebels' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/02/india-cricket-rebels-icl-bcci |access-date=13 June 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=2 June 2009}}</ref>

== Coaching career ==

He worked with the [[Australia A cricket team|Australia A]] squad that toured India in 2015. He was also named as a coaching consultant for the [[Australian cricket team]] during the Test series in [[Australian cricket team in Bangladesh in 2015–16|Bangladesh in 2015]]. He also accompanied the Australian cricket team during the 2019 Ashes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-australia-2015-16/content/story/921983.html?CMP=chrome# |title=Australia rope in Sriram as consultant |access-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041514/http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-australia-2015-16/content/story/921983.html?CMP=chrome# |archive-date=1 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2019, he was appointed as the batting and spin bowling coach of [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Shanker Basu returns to RCB as trainer, Sridharan Sriram named batting and spin bowling coach |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/shanker-basu-trainer-sriram-batting-spin-bowling-coach-ipl-2020-staff-rejig-1600994-2019-09-19 |accessdate=13 October 2020 |work=India Today |date=19 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
He also was a spin bowling coach for Australia which hosted India for 4 match test series in 2018.
On 19 August 2022, he was confirmed as a technical consultant for Bangladesh for T20Is format.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Sriram to coach Bangladesh T20I side; Domingo happy with 'nice focus' on Tests and ODIs He has become technical consultant of Bangladesh team for 2023 worldcup . |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-coach-russell-domingo-open-minded-about-split-coaching-plan-happy-to-focus-on-tests-and-odis-1330215 |accessdate=22 August 2022 |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=22 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

In 2025, he was appointed as the assistant bowling coach by [[Chennai Super Kings]] for [[2025 Indian Premier League|IPL 2025]] season. <ref>{{Cite web |title=This is the official page of Chennai Super Kings, an Indian Premier League franchise cricket team based in Chennai. The CSK team is led by captain, Ruturaj Gaikwad |url=https://www.chennaisuperkings.com/news/newsdetailspage/5214/3 |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=Chennai Super Kings |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cricinfo|id=34118}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sriram, Sridharan}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Chennai]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu cricketers]]
[[Category:Scotland cricketers]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh cricketers]]
[[Category:Goa cricketers]]
[[Category:Assam cricketers]]
[[Category:Delhi Capitals cricketers]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bengaluru cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Chennai Superstars cricketers]]
[[Category:ICL India XI cricketers]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad Rockets cricketers]]
[[Category:Tamil sportspeople]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]

Muthulakshmi Reddy

2025-12-31T04:34:47Z

BellEggers2: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Indian physician and legislator}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Muthulakshmi Reddy
| image = Muthulakshmi Reddy (ca 1912).jpg
| caption = Muthulakshmi Reddy, {{circa|1912}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1886|7|30}}
| birth_place = [[Thirukokarnam]], [[Pudukkottai State]], [[India]] (now in [[Pudukkottai District]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1968|7|22|1886|7|30}}
| death_place = [[Madras]], [[Madras State]] (now [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]), [[India]]
| other_names =
| spouse = Sundara Reddy
| children = [[Sundaram Krishnamurthy|S. Krishnamurthi]] {{br}} S. Rammohan
| known_for = [[Social Reformer]], [[Women's Rights]] [[Activism]] and [[Writing]]
| relatives = [[Gemini Ganesan]] (nephew)
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] {{small|(1956)}}
}}

'''Muthulakshmi Reddy''' (also spelled '''Reddi''' in some British Indian sources; 30 July 1886 – 22 July 1968) was an Indian medical practitioner, social reformer and [[Padma Bhushan]] award recipient.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Kamatchi |first=M. |date=2016 |title=Muthulakshmi Reddy: The First Medical Woman Professional in South India |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26552689 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=77 |pages=612–623 |jstor=26552689 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref><ref name="Padma Awards" />

Muthulakshmi Reddy was appointed to the Madras Legislative Council in 1926.<ref>{{Cite book|first1=P. J.|last1=Hartog|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.csl.1000|title=Interim Report of the Indian Statutory Commission Review of Growth of Education in British India by the Auxiliary Committee Appointed by the Commission.|first2=L. A.|last2=Selby-Bigge|first3=S. Sultan |last3=Ahmed|first4=G.|last4=Anderson|last5=Narendranath|first6=S. Muthulakshmi|last6=Reddi|first7=R. M.|last7=Statham|date=1929|publisher=Calcutta, Central Publication Branch}}</ref> This nomination marked the beginning of her lifelong effort to "correct the balance for women by removing social abuses and working for equality in moral standards″. She was a women's activist and social reformer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2019 |first=Karan |last=Yadav |title=Dr Muthulakshmi Reddy: The unsung feminist of India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/dr-muthulakshmi-reddy-the-unsung-feminist-of-india-1575138-2019-07-30 |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddi: A Powerful Face of Nationalist Feminism |url=https://thewire.in/women/dr-muthulakshmi-reddi-nationalist-feminism |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=The Wire}}</ref>

She had a number of firsts to her name: the first female student to be admitted into a men's college, the first woman House Surgeon in the Government Maternity and Ophthalmic Hospital, the first woman Legislator in [[British India]], the first Chairperson of the State Social Welfare Advisory Board, the first woman Deputy President of the Legislative Council, and the first woman in the [[Madras Corporation]]. She built Avvai Home in 1931.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Avvai Home | url=https://www.avvaihome.org/ | access-date=2025-02-18 | website=www.avvaihome.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Devika |first=V. R. |date=2018-04-26 |title=Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy, a rebel with a cause |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/dr-muthulakshmi-reddy-a-rebel-with-a-cause/article23681989.ece |access-date=2022-05-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Reddy was born in the [[princely state]] of [[Pudukkottai]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sneha |date=2018-05-28 |title=Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy: Founder Of Adyar Cancer Institute {{!}} #IndianWomenInHistory |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2018/05/29/muthulakshmi-reddy-medical-practitioner/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=Feminism In India |language=en-GB}}</ref> In spite of various constraints faced by girls in India of her time, she completed her higher education and was admitted into the medical profession. In 1907, she joined the [[Madras Medical College]], where she achieved a brilliant academic record.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-31 |title=The inspiring story of Dr Muthulakshmi Reddy, Who broke barriers in Education, Medicine and Law |url=https://www.dailyrounds.org/blog/not-just-a-doctor-the-inspiring-story-of-dr-muthulakshmi-reddy/ |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=DailyRounds |language=en-US}}</ref> With several gold medals and prizes to her credit, Reddy graduated in 1912 to become one of the first female doctors in India. Soon after, she came under the influence of [[Annie Besant]], and then of [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>[http://www.mmc.tn.gov.in/history.html Madras medical college – history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810224834/http://www.mmc.tn.gov.in/history.html |date=10 August 2011}}</ref>

Her name was included in the first national flag hoisted on [[Red Fort]] in 1947.

== Personal life ==
Her father was S. Narayanaswami Iyer, the Principal of Maharaja's College. Her mother Chandrammal, a [[Devadasi]], was only 11 years old when she implored Narayanaswami, a 30-year-old man who was to become her patron after her Devadasi dedication ceremony, to take her away from the life of a public woman. Narayanaswami was ostracised from his family because of his marriage to a Devadasi. Muthulakshmi's unique family background influenced her life's work.<ref name=":0" /> She developed a close relationship with the maternal side of her family, and this closeness made her very perceptive of the Devadasi community and their issues. Narayanaswami Iyer broke the tradition and sent Muthulakshmi to school. Her enthusiasm for learning was so great that Muthulakshmi's teachers decided to instruct her in subjects beyond those approved by her father. At the onset of puberty, she was obliged to leave school, but tutoring continued at home. Chandrammal wanted to search for a bridegroom but Muthulakshmi had different aspirations. She expressed a need to be different from the common lot. She was against the subordination of women to men and rebelled whenever she heard people say that only boys needed education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/muthulakshmi-reddy.html|title=Biography of Muthulakshmi Reddy|date=2011-03-08|website=Winentrance|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-25|archive-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322194441/http://www.winentrance.com/general_knowledge/muthulakshmi-reddy.html |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

When Reddy passed the Matriculation exam she applied for admission to Maharaja's College but her application was not welcomed by the Principal or the parents of other students. Her gender was a factor as was her background. The Principal thought she might "demoralize" the male students. The somewhat enlightened Maharaja of Pudukottai ignored these objections, admitted her to the college, and gave her a scholarship. Due to protests, the condition for her admission was that for three months she would be observed to check if her character remains "blemishless." In the classroom a big screen was put in the middle to separate her from the boys, and the bell would ring only after she left the college, only then could the boys leave.<ref name=":1">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=bDWIjOmjIQWkXyFV&v=TdSnfPWToYE&feature=youtu.be |title=She left a legacy {{!}} The remarkable tale of Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy |date=2024-08-15 |last=The Hindu |access-date=2024-08-17 |via=YouTube}}</ref> She graduated with flying colours and her father suggested that she can become a school teacher but she had higher aspirations. She entered [[Madras Medical College]] in 1907 as the first woman to be admitted there, she received a scholarship of 150 rupees from the maharaja, completed her studies in 1912 with seven gold medals, and became House Surgeon in the Government Hospital for Women and Children in Madras(current day Chennai). While she was in Madras, she came to know that her cousin had died giving birth to a child and the father of the child had no responsibility to look after the infant due to the Devadasi system of those times. Muthulakshmi looked after this child while she was still a medical student. Even in that time she managed to volunteer in girls homes, study Indian history, listen to lectures of Theosophical Society, meet personalities like Annie Besant and [[Sarojini Naidu]] and began to write in a magazine called ''India'' and give Tamil translation to English essays.<ref name=":1" />

She later married Sundara Reddy with the proviso that he "always respect me as an equal and never cross my wishes." In 1914, when she was twenty-eight years of age, they married in accordance with the 1872 Native Marriage Act.<ref>{{Cite web |title=They say everything that happens, happens for a reason. But there are those rare people who live their lives in such a manner that they challenge destiny and emerge as great personalities. {{!}} Unsungs |work=Unsungs |date=14 April 2019 |url=http://www.unsungs.com/2019/04/14/muthulakshmi/ |access-date=2019-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> After marriage, Muthulakshmi took her husband's surname [[Reddy]]. Popular [[Tamil language|Tamil]] actor [[Gemini Ganesan]] is the son of Muthulakshmi's brother Ramasamy.

==Influences ==
During her college years Muthulakshmi met Sarojini Naidu and began to attend women's meetings. She found women who shared her concerns and addressed them in terms of women's rights. The two great personalities who influenced her life were Mahatma Gandhi and Annie Besant. They persuaded her to devote herself to uplifting women and children. Mahatma Gandhi had invited her to participate in the freedom struggle, but she refused because she wanted to devote her whole time to the welfare of women and children. But she supported the participation of women in Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930, and she resigned as legislator protesting against the arrest of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref name=":1" /> She worked for women's emancipation at a time when women were confined in the four walls of their room.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Padmanabhan |first=Geeta |date=2015-03-03 |title=Stones that tell a story |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/city-explorer-stones-that-tell-a-story/article6955543.ece |access-date=2022-05-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Activism ==
[[File:Paris Women's Congress.jpg|thumb|Dr Muthulakshmi at the Paris Women's Congress, 1926]]
She went to [[England]] for higher studies and she gave up her rewarding practice in medicine in response to a request from the [[Women's Indian Association|Women's Indian Association (WIA)]] to enter the Madras Legislative Council. She was elected unanimously as its deputy president. She led the agitation for the municipal and legislative franchise for women. She was concerned about the orphans, especially girls. She arranged for them free board and lodging and started the Avvai Home in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.avvaihome.org/|title=Avvai Home|website=www.avvaihome.org|access-date=2019-02-15}}</ref>

Muthu Lakshmi was the author of numerous social reforms. Her book ''My Experience as a Legislator'' records her service. She passed a resolution to establish a special hospital for women and children. The government accepted her suggestion and opened a children's section in the maternity hospital. She recommended systematic medical inspection of students in all schools and colleges, run by municipalities as well as other local bodies. Kasturba Hospital at Triplicane is a monument to her efforts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-07-30 |title=Hospital Day observed |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/hospital-day-observed/article28764516.ece |access-date=2022-05-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

She was the president of the All-India Women's Conference. She passed the bill for the suppression of brothels and the immoral trafficking of women and children. A home called [http://www.avvaihome.org/ Avvai Home] for girls and women was opened through her efforts to provide shelter to those rescued from brothels.

''"The hostels were all caste-based and would not admit them. Neither would schools. It was then that she decided to house them and educate them herself. Thus was born 'Avvai Illam' (Avvai's Home) for the poor and destitute girls."''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Devika |first=VR |title=Muthulakshmi Reddy: A Trailblazer in Surgery and Women's Rights |publisher=Niyogi Books India Pvt Ltd. |year=2022 |isbn=9789391125677 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |language=English}}</ref>

Due to her efforts, a hostel for Muslim girls was opened and scholarships were given to Harijan girls. She recommended to the government that the minimum age for marriage be raised to at least 21 for boys and 16 for girls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cancer Institute (WIA) Chennai, Adyar |url=http://www.cancerinstitutewia.in/CIWIA/founder.html |access-date=2022-05-16 |website=www.cancerinstitutewia.in |archive-date=27 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527211835/https://cancerinstitutewia.in/CIWIA/founder.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Muthu Lakshmi also started the Cancer Relief Fund. This has now developed into an all-India institution combining therapy and research on cancer and attracting patients from all over India. She became the first chairperson of the State Social Welfare Board. Her work on the Hartog Education Committee, which incorporated a study of educational progress in India, is a great achievement. As a member of this committee, she traveled extensively and studied the progress of women's education throughout the country. She was the only female member of the committee and brought about many improvements. She was also the editor of Roshini, an important journal of [[All India Women's Conference|AIWC]].{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

She continued to fight for her cause until the end of her days. Even at the age of 80, she was energetic and vibrant. Her human preoccupations took her away from politics and she stuck to her mission and Gandhian ways. She was awarded the Padma Bhushan by the President of India in 1956. Her two outstanding monumental gifts for India remain the Avvai Home (for children) and the Cancer Institute.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==Political career==
Mahatma Gandhi had invited her to participate in the freedom struggle, but she refused because she wanted to devote her whole time to the welfare of women and children, out of jail, within the government system. She was a legislator in Madras where she moved the Bill in 1926 to abolish Devadasi system. She also worked as the elected deputy chairman of the assembly, the first example of a woman in that position in the whole world. She supported the participation of women in Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930, and she resigned as legislator protesting against the arrest of Mahatma Gandhi.<ref name=":1" />

==Legacy in Healthcare==
===Adyar Cancer Institute===
She had seen her younger sister die of Cancer, and the radiation treatment was far away in Kolkata or Ranchi. During her address at the Centenary celebration of 1935, she declared her desire to start a hospital for cancer patients. She didn't succeed at first but later she founded the institute with her great efforts.<ref name=":1" /> The foundation stone for [[Adyar Cancer Institute]] was laid by prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] in 1952. The hospital, which started functioning on 18 June 1954, was the second of its kind in India. Today it treats nearly 80,000 cancer patients a year.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cancerinstitutewia.org/about.htm |title=Adyar Cancer institute |access-date=11 February 2011 |archive-date=1 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101041348/http://cancerinstitutewia.org/about.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Viswanathan|first=S.|title=The Pioneers: Dr Muthulakshmi|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl2511/stories/20080606251101400.htm|work=Frontline|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=26 April 2013}}</ref>

== Services to the Tamil Language and people ==
She worked for the [[Music of Tamil Nadu|Tamil music]] movement, [[Tamil language|Tamil Language]] development and she protested to increase the salary of Tamil teachers and writers. She was the editor of the monthly magazine 'Sthree Dharumam' for women run by the Indian Women Association.

==Awards and books==
[[File:Title My Experiences as a legislator.jpg|thumb|Title page of ''My Experiences as a Legislator'' (1930)]]
Her book ''My Experience as a Legislator'' recounts her initiatives in respect of social reforms taken by her in the Madras Legislature. [[Government of India]] conferred on her [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1956 in recognition of her meritorious services to the nation.<ref name="Padma Awards">

{{cite web |title=List of recipients of Padma Bhushan awards (1954–59)|url=http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=14 August 2013|access-date=23 August 2015|pages=1–9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 October 2015}}</ref>

Reddi inspired an award that is given to women who have given service in cancer prevention.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/88-nurses-honoured-with-dr-muthulakshmi-reddy-certificate-for-their-service-in-cancer-prevention/article8204840.ece|title=88 nurses honoured with 'Dr Muthulakshmi Reddy certificate' for their service in cancer prevention|date=2016-02-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-04-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Tribute==
On 30 July 2019, Google showed a [[Google Doodle|Doodle]] celebrating what would have been her 133rd birthday.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://doodles.google/doodle/muthulakshmi-reddis-133rd-birthday/|title=Muthulakshmi Reddi's 133rd Birthday|website=Google.com|date=30 July 2019}}</ref>

In 2022 a monograph was published, ''Muthulakshmi Reddy—A Trailblazer in Surgery and Women’s Rights'' written by VR Devika, emphasizing the contributions of this legendary medical practitioner, social reformer, and feminist to the development of Indian women.

== See also ==
* [[Kadambini Ganguly]]
* [[Guruswami Mudaliar]]
* [[Abala Bose]]
* [[Anandi Gopal Joshi]]
* [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]
*[[Subhas Chandra Bose]]

==Notes and references==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1290907.r=L%27Inde?rk=7038661;2 Recording of speech (1926)]
*[https://bollywoodtadka.in Facts About Muthulakshmi Reddi]
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1954–59}}
{{Indian Independence Movement}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, Muthulakshmi}}
[[Category:1886 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in medicine]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Madras Medical College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Pudukkottai district]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:Women autobiographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Women scientists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Indian women non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women medical doctors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Women's education in India]]

Meenakshi Sundaram (TV series)

2025-12-22T02:08:32Z

BellEggers2:

{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Family]] [[Tamil television drama|Drama]]
| executive_producer = Deepan Shankar
| story = P. Jaikumar
| screenplay = C.U Muthuselvam R. Tharmalingam {{small|(dialogues)}}
| director = P. Pazhanivel
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Shobanaa Uthaman
* [[S. Ve. Shekher]]
}}
| theme_music_composer = Visu
| composer = Visu
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 102<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/s-ve-shekher-and-reshma-starrer-meenakshi-sundaram-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/123429722.cms|title=S. Ve. Shekher and Shobanaa Uthaman completes 100 episodes|date=21 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>
| producer =
| company = Flamingo Entertainment
| open_theme =
| cinematography =
| editor = Arun
| camera = [[Multi-Camera]]
| runtime = approx. 22–24 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Kalaignar TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2025|04|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|08|23|df=y}}
| location = [[Tamil Nadu]]
}}

'''''Meenakshi Sundaram''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Family]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series written by P. Jaikumar, directed by P. Pazhanivel, and starring Shobanaa Uthaman and [[S. Ve. Shekher]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/s-ve-shekher-and-reshma-starrer-meenakshi-sundaram-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/120007940.cms|title=S. Ve. Shekher and Shobanaa 'Meenakshi Sundaram' to premiere soon|date=5 April 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref> The series is about a 70-year-old man who marries a 30-year-old woman by chance.

It aired on [[Kalaignar TV]] from April 28, 2025, to August 23, 2025, every Monday and Saturday.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/s-ve-shekher-and-reshma-starrer-meenakshi-sundaram-to-go-off-air-soon/articleshow/123330660.cms|title=S. Ve. Shekher and Shobanaa Uthaman starrer 'Meenakshi Sundaram' to go off-air|date=16 August 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Aug/19/meenakshi-sundaram-series-to-be-completed-in-a-very-short-time|title=மிகக் குறுகிய காலத்தில் நிறைவடையும் மீனாட்சி சுந்தரம் தொடர்!|date=19 August 2025 |work=[[Dinamani]]|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> It is also available for streaming on [[Kalaignar TV]] YouTube channel. The series was premiered along with [[Star Vijay]]'s ''[[Poongatru Thirumbuma]]''. Shobanaa Uthaman has played the female lead in this series as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cineulagam.com/article/meenakshi-sundaram-brand-new-serial-promo-1743762206|title=ஒரே நேரத்தில் இரண்டு சீரியல்கள் நடிக்கும் நடிகை ஷோபனா- இன்னொரு புதிய தொடரின் புரொமோ இதோ|date=|work=cineulagam.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref>

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[S. Ve. Shekher]] as Sundaram
* Shobanaa Uthaman as Meenakshi

=== Supporting ===
* [[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
* [[Ajay Rathnam]]
* Gayathri
* Bharath Kalyan
* [[P. R. Varalakshmi]] / [[Shanthi Williams]]
* Reshma
* Riya Thikogram
* Meenakshi Muruha
* Jeffrin
* Sabrishvaran
* Udumalairavi
* Ganapathy
* Stev
* Madhumathi
* Master. Rithiki
* Pulipandi
* Manikandan
* Vijayaraj

==Production==
===Casting===
Veteran actor [[S. Ve. Shekher]] was cast as Sundaram and this series made the mark comeback of Shekhar after twenty five years hiatus on Television.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-meenakshi-sundaram-actor-s-ve-shekher-shared-the-screen-with-kamal-haasan-in-varumaiyin-niram-sivappu/articleshow/122318490.cms|title=Did you know Meenakshi Sundaram actor S. Ve. Shekher shared the screen with Kamal Haasan in 'Varumaiyin Niram Sivappu'|date=8 July 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=|language=en}}</ref>

==Cancelled==
The series started with a lot of expectations,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-sv-shekar-meenakshi-sundaram-serial-comes-to-cliamax-231579|title=சர்ச்சையை கிளப்பிய முன்னோட்ட வீடியோ.. முடிவுக்கு வரும் மீனாட்சி சுந்தரம் சீரியல்!|date=16 August 2025 |work=tamil.abplive.com|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref> because the story of the series, a 70-year-old man who marries a 30-year-old woman. In August, [[Kalaignar TV]] confirmed that the show had gone off-air as the makers were not happy with the story line, screenplay and Actor Shekhar saying, "The true story of this serial, whether the heroine will get married or not, has not been told. They said 'fake marriage'." Instead of continuing with the show, they decided to end it and focus on their new show.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/television/sv-shekher-meenakshi-sundaram-serial-ends-in-just-four-months-sv-shekher-s-emotional-reaction-goes-729619.html|title=தாலியால் வந்த வினை! இந்த உண்மையை மறைச்சுட்டாங்க! திடீரென முடிக்கப்பட்ட சீரியல்.. எஸ்வி சேகர் ஆதங்கம்|date=21 August 2025 |work=[[Oneindia]]|access-date=|language=ta}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Kalaignar TV shows}}

[[Category:Kalaignar TV television series]]
[[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Kupalantham Poigai malai Jain Cave Temple

2025-10-23T03:18:44Z

BellEggers2: made first place from scratch!

{{Short description|Jain cave temple in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Digambara]]
| image = File:Kuppalnatham Jain temple.jpg
| alt = Kuppalnatham Poigai malai Jain temple
| caption = Kuppalnatham Poigai malai Jain temple
| native_name = சமணக் குகைக் கோவில் குப்பல்நத்தம், பொய்கைமலை
| native_name_lang = tn
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_alt =
| map_size = 200
| map_caption = Location within Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|9|49|18|N|77|48|32|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Kuppalnatham]], [[Madurai district|Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| festivals = [[Mahavir Jayanti]], Chithirai thiruvilla
| deity = [[Tirthankara]]
| established = 9th century
| creator =
| governing_body =
| materials =
| temple_quantity = 1
| architecture_style =
| inscriptions = 1
}}

'''Kuppalnatham Poigai malai Jain cave''' is located on the Poigai malai hill on [[Kuppalnatham]] village, K paramanpatti, [[Peraiyur taluk]] of [[Madurai district]] in the state of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Sewell|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mllBAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA296|year=1882|publisher=Government Press|page=296}}</ref><ref>W Francis (1905), [https://archive.org/details/madurafrancis01madr/page/n5/mode/2up Madura], Volume 1, Madras District Gazetteers, p. 327</ref> The temple is located on the [[Trade route|traditional trade route]]. Kuppalnatham Jain temple was built during the 9th-10th century A.D. near the river. This temple is one of the important eighteen Jain Sites of Madurai District.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சமணர் குடைவரைக்கோயில், பொய்கை மலை ,குப்பல்நத்தம், K, Paramanpatti |url=https://bharatbz.com/tamil-nadu/243451 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=bharatbz.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Sewell|title=Lists of the Antiquarian Remains in the Presidency of Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mllBAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA296|year=1882|publisher=Government Press|page=296}}</ref>

[[File:Kuppalnatham Poigai malai Jain temple.jpg|thumb|Kuppalnatham]]
A mutilated cursive inscription is found under the Tirthankar figures. Five of the [[Tirthankara]]s here have performed five Thirumenis. The inscription mentions that one of them was a female servant are founded on Jain cave, which is well protected by the local village people.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தமிழிணையம் - தகவலாற்றுப்படை |url=https://www.tagavalaatruppadai.in/temple-detail.php?temp_id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZtelhyy&tag1=%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.tagavalaatruppadai.in}}</ref> On the day chithra pournami the [[Sri Vengdajalpathi Perumal Temple Kuppalnatham]] kallalgar Chithirai thiruvilla festival was celebrated near the river of Jain temple like madurai and it also called [[Chithirai festival|Chithirai thiruvilla]]. The Many villages like [[kuppalnatham]], chinnakkatlai, [[Sedapatti]], senampatti etc villages they gathered and celebrate the festival.
[[File:Kuppalnatham sammnar kovil.jpg|thumb|Kuppalnatham]]

Kuppalnatham jain cave temple was 100 feet from ground and the temple was on west side of Poigai malai hill near gounda nathi river.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heritage Walks |url=http://intachmadurai.org/heritage-walks/ |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=intachmadurai.org |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Heritage Movement on kuppalnatham jain cave temple ==

[[File:Kuppalnatham Jain temple.jpg|alt=Kuppalnatham jain cave temple|thumb|Kuppalnatham jain cave temple located on kuppalnatham Poigai K Paramanpatti village near gounda nathi river.]] The DHAN Foundation organized a Heritage Walk in 2018 in collaboration with INTACH Madurai Chapter, Madurai Travel club with the support of Host Communities and Vayalagam Federations of Gundar Upper Region. More than 100 people participated. Dr. V. Vedachalam Archaeologist gave technical support. A brochure on [[Kuppalnatham]] Jain Monuments was released to the host communities and local youths.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.jainheritagecentres.com/jainism-in-india/tamil-nadu/poigaimalai/ Photographs of the temple carvings]

{{Jain history}}
{{Jain temples}}
{{Jainism topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jain caves in India]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Tamil Nadu]]

Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences

2025-10-21T11:44:36Z

BellEggers2: new

{{Short description|University in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox university
| image = Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences Logo.png
| name = Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences
| motto = Knowledge Conquers All
| established = 2005
| type = [[Deemed University|Private Deemed University]]
| affiliation = [[National Medical Commission|NMC]]
| chairman = Dr. N. V. Veerian
| vice_chancellor = Dr. Rakesh Kumar Sharma
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| city = [[Thandalam, Chennai]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor = {{coord|13.027023|N|80.0165471|E|format=dms|region:IN-TN_type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| academic_staff = 270<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| students = 1,314<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2021 |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f8a85fc2ad7a514c3fdaf60/t/6045b67942f2991e42c5c4a9/1615181434559/Medical.pdf|publisher=SIMTS}}</ref>
| undergrad = 749<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| postgrad = 178<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 387<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| administrative_staff =
| website = {{URL|https://www.saveetha.com/}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
}}
'''Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences''' is a [[Private university|private]] and [[Deemed university|deemed-to-be-university]] located in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/deemeduniversitylist.aspx?id=ELvvTRQMzalJ3/R/MmUcsQ==&Unitype=Jc2qxh2PCqffjt5wPbleBA==|title=Deemed University Tamil Nadu|publisher=[[University Grants Commission (India)]]|access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref> It has nine disciplines of studies: Dental College, School of Management, School of Law, School of Engineering, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, School of Physiotherapy, School of Nursing and Medical College.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.saveetha.com/admissions.html|title=ADMISSIONS|website=SAVEETHA INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND TECHNICAL SCIENCES|language=en|access-date=2019-04-16}}</ref> The first three disciplines are in [[Poonamallee|Poonamalle]] while the rest are in [[Thandalam, Chennai|Thandalam]].

== History ==
Saveetha Dental college was started in the year 1988 and in 2005 it was established as a deemed university and renamed as Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences.<ref name="The Times of India 2023">{{cite web | title=Saveetha Dental College Becomes First Indian Institution to Get Top 13 in QS World University Ranking | website=The Times of India | date=24 Mar 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/saveetha-dental-college-becomes-first-indian-institution-to-get-top-13-in-qs-world-university-ranking/articleshow/98972941.cms | access-date=17 Apr 2023}}</ref>

== Campus facilities ==

=== Poonamallee campus ===
The [[Poonamallee|Poonamalle]] campus in [[Chennai]] consist of Dental College, School of Management, School of Law.

=== Thandalam Campus ===
The Thandalam campus consist of School of Engineering, School of Physiotherapy, School of Nursing and Medical College, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences.

==Rankings==
{{Infobox India university ranking
|NIRF_O_2024=22|NIRF_U_2024=11|NIRF_M_2024=12|NIRF_D_2024=1}}

The [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) ranked Saveetha Institute of Medical And Technical Sciences 11th among universities in India in 2024 and 22nd overall. In dental rankings it was ranked first and 12th in medical rankings in India in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF Ranking 2024 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref>

== Allegations of citation manipulation ==
In 2023, the institute was accused of inflating its citation rankings though the use of undergraduate written papers that had heavy [[Self-citation (scholarly communication)|self-citations]] to works written by employees of the institute.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/did-nasty-publishing-scheme-help-indian-dental-school-win-high-rankings |title=Did a 'nasty' publishing scheme help an Indian dental school win high rankings? |date=2023-06-07 |publisher=Science |doi=10.1126/science.adj1231 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 2024, the college was again accused of inflating its citations by having its scholars publish AI-written commentaries in journals which extensively cited other Saveetha scholars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2024 |title=Shoddy commentaries—a quick and dirty route to higher impact numbers—are on the rise |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/shoddy-commentaries-quick-and-dirty-route-higher-impact-numbers-are-rise |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.science.org |language=en}}</ref> In July 2025, a total of 25 research papers authored by Dr. Joseph Raj Xavier of Saveetha University were retracted following findings of image duplication and manipulation.<ref>{{Cite web | title=25 papers of a Chennai-based researcher retracted for image duplication, manipulation | url=https://sciencechronicle.in/2025/07/11/25-papers-of-a-chennai-based-researcher-retracted-for-image-duplication-manipulation/ | access-date=2025-08-28 | website=sciencechronicle.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.saveetha.com/}}

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Deemed universities in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Universities in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2005]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

{{TamilNadu-university-stub}}

Z. Nyusietho Nyuthe

2025-10-21T11:21:37Z

BellEggers2:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
'''Z. Nyusietho Nyuthe''' (born 1966)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Z.Nyusietho Nyuthe(NDPP):Constituency- MELURI (ST)(PHEK) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Nagaland2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6864 |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[Nagaland]]. He is an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Meluri Assembly constituency]], which is reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]], in [[Meluri district|Meluri District]]. He won the [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]], representing the [[Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party]], which is now merged with [[Naga People's Front]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Z.Nyusietho Nyuthe in Nagaland Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/nagaland/znyusietho-nyuthe-meluri-candidate-s17a020c001/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nyuthe is from [[Meluri district|Meluri]], Phek District, Nagaland. He is the son of late Zhihuopa. He completed his M.A. in sociology in 1989 at North Eastern Hill University, Shillong. He is a retired government employee.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Nyuthe took voluntary retirement as Nagaland Civil Service Officer.

Nyuthe contested from Meluri Assembly constituency representing Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party in the 2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election. He polled 11,2156 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Yitachu]] of the [[Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)]], by a margin of 3,580 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In the [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]] he lost to Yitachu who was contesting on an [[Naga People's Front|NPF]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagaland Election: Meluri Assembly constituency result 2023 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/acno20-acno20.html |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nyuthe, Z. Nyusietho}}

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Naga People's Front politicians]]
[[Category:Nationalist Democratic Progressive Party politicians]]
[[Category:Nagaland MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Phek district]]
[[Category:North-Eastern Hill University alumni]]

{{Nagaland-politician-stub}}

The Goenchi Mati Movement

2025-10-13T21:32:45Z

BellEggers2: data

[[File:Villager looking at mining devastated areas in Goa, India.jpg|thumb|Villager looking at mining devastated areas in Goa, India.]]'''The Goenchi Mati Movement''' is an environmental campaign over the issue of mining in [[Goa]] that has put forth the demand for the setting up of a "Goenchi Mati Permanent Fund" to "preserve our ancestral wealth for future generation".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/pg/GoenchiMati/about/?ref=page_internal|title=About The Goenchi Mati Movement|website=Facebook|access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref> In the local [[Konkani language|Konkani]] language, the words "Goenchi Mati" literally means ''soil of Goa''.

==Name, campaign==

The campaign has been quoted<ref name="TLI">{{Cite news|url=https://thelogicalindian.com/exclusive/goenchi-mati/|title=Fighting For Our Rights: The Goenchi Mati Movement & Its Inspiring War Against Illegal Mining|date=2017-05-23|work=The Logical Indian|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref> as saying, "We do not inherit the Earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our children." Its name has also been translated<ref name="TLI" /> from the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as ''Goa's land'' or ''Goa's earth''. The movement was initiated in 2014,<ref name="TLI" /> and "advocates mining reforms, an issue of massive importance in Goa as it is the largest social and environmental problem in the state."<ref name="TLI" />

Rahul Basu of the Goenchi Mati Movement has been quoted as saying, "Our work has mainly revolved around litigation in the Supreme Court. Our manifesto has repeatedly raised the issue of miners’ rights versus the rights of future generations to Goa's minerals."<ref name="TLI" />

==Origin==

Its roots have been traced to the [[Supreme Court of India|Indian Supreme Court]] Writ Petition (Civil) 435 of 2012, "which requires the creation of a Goan Iron Ore Permanent Fund."<ref name="About">{{Cite web|url=http://goenchimati.org/about/|title=About Us – The Goenchi Mati Movement|website=goenchimati.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> In 2012, the [[India]]n [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] "declared all mining activities in the State illegal as they were being carried out without valid licenses and leases. It also held that any lease grant, including renewals, must adhere to constitutional requirements."<ref name="About" />

Tiny [[Goa]] is one of India's richest [[iron ore]] areas, and has exported up to one-third of India's ore exports in some past years. According to the movement, however, "publicly available data shows that for the eight year period 2004-05 till 2011-12, the State of Goa has received less than 5% of the value of its ore (after considering all associated expenses). This works out to a meagre Rs. 2,387 crores when it ought to have captured Rs. 53,833 crores. Quick calculations show that the State of Goa has declining wealth on account of the sale of its natural resources for a pittance."<ref name="About" />

==Promoters==

This movement, as well as what it calls the "Ore Chor! 144" campaign, were promoted by the [[Goa Foundation]], an environmental group based in the former Portuguese colony of [[Goa]], now a state on the Indian west coast, "in direct response to mining in Goa."<ref name="IF">{{Cite web|url=http://www.if.org.uk/2018/02/22/intergenerational-equity-success-goenchi-mati-restricting-goa-mining/|title=Intergenerational Equity: The success of Goenchi Mati in restricting Goa mining|last=Wall|first=Chloe|date=22 February 2018|website=Intergenerational Foundation|access-date=15 October 2018}}</ref> Formed in 1986, the [[Goa Foundation]] has spearheaded a number of local environmental issues in Goa, particularly over luxury tourism, mining and the like.

==Outlook and principles==

The group says it campaign has been based on two principles:
* Non-renewable resources like minerals belong to the people with the state being the trustee
* Future generations should get access to resources that are at least equal to what is available to the present generation<ref name="About" />

==Campaign demands==
The campaign demands have included:
* Zero loss Mining: The state of Goa should ensure that the full value of the minerals is captured.
* All mineral receipts be treated as capital receipts. Mineral receipts are to be treated as capital receipts, which will reduce the volatility in government revenue.
* All receipts from minerals be deposited in a Permanent Fund. A permanent fund is sought where the state is the trustee and the future generations are the beneficiaries. The Government Pension Fund of Norway<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbim.no/en/the-fund/about-the-fund/|title=About the fund|website=www.nbim.no|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-10-14}}</ref> has been pointed to as a model.
* Distribution of fund income as a citizen's dividend. This will create a stake for the citizens in their minerals and leave the state as a non-mineral state, on the lines of the [[Alaska Permanent Fund#Permanent Fund Dividend]].
* Mechanics of implementation. The state can mine and auction off the ore and raise the contract on a per ton basis.

==Brief timeline of mining in Goa==
* Goa has large deposits of iron ore,<ref name="IF" /> and has been extracting and exporting it since Portuguese times (pre-1961).
* 1906 Portuguese decree granting Mining Concessions in Goa, from September 20, 1906.<ref name="IEP" />
* 1947: First export of 100 tonnes.<ref name="IEP" />
* 1954: Exports rise to a million tonnes.<ref name="IEP" />
* 1971: Exports touch 10 million tonnes.<ref name="IEP" />
* 1980s: Exports touch 13-15 million tonnes.<ref name="IEP" />
* 1987: Parliament enacts the [[Goa, Daman and Diu]] Mining Concessions (Abolition and Declaration as Mining Leases) Act 1987 (May 23, 1987) by which all Mining Concessions granted by the erstwhile Portuguese government were treated as Mining Leases. As per this Act, a mining concession has been deemed to be a mining lease under section 4, "the concession holder becomes the holder of such mining leases under the Mines and Minerals Act". Every mining concession specified in the First Schedule of this act shall, be deemed to have been abolished, and is a mining lease granted under the Mines and Minerals Act.<ref name="IEP" />
* 2003: Villagers around the mines at Netravali, Sanguem, Goa, shut in 2003 reported "...huge improvement in the quality of stream water and yield of local produce." Cited by,<ref name="IEP" /> p. 9.
* 2004: The Goa (Prevention of Illegal Mining, Transportation and Storage) Rules 2004.<ref name="IEP" />
* 2007 onwards: Extraction ramped up, due to China's economic boom and the subsequent spike in iron prices.<ref name="IF" />
* 2010: Justice M. B. [[Shah Commission]] appointed for inquiry of illegal mining of iron ore and manganese (S.O.2817(E)) Nov 22, 2010.<ref name="IEP" />
* 2012: Iron ore exports reach a whopping 42 million tonnes per year.<ref name="IEP" />
* 2012 The Goa (Prevention of Illegal Mining, Transportation and Storage) Rules 2012<ref name="IEP" />
* 2012: Shah Commission says known reserves and extraction rates means iron ore would be exhausted within nine years. It says dumping of waste as a by-product of extraction was causing potentially irreversible environmental damage. The report gave 22 recommendations, many of which related to the lack of intergenerational awareness, and the need for rapid action.<ref name="IF" />
* 2012: [[Goa Foundation]] submits a petition which led to the prohibition of new mining activities starting in Goa.<ref name="IF" />
* 2012: Goa's mining operations suspended first by the Goa [BJP] Government on September 10, 2012, after the Justice M. B. Shah Commission Report was tabled in the Parliament three days earlier.<ref name="IEP">{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Survey%20of%20Environmental%20and%20Socio%20Economic%20Impacts%20of%20Interim%20ban%20on%20mining%20in%20Goa_report.pdf|title=Survey of Environmental &Socio-Economic Impacts of Interim Ban on Mining in Goa|last=Jorge|first=Terence |display-authors=etal |date=October 2013|website=India Environment Portal.org.in|access-date=15 Oct 2018}}</ref>
* 2012: Some 139 Environmental Clearances were suspended by the Ministry of Environment and Forests on September 14, 2012, followed by the Supreme Court order for ban on mining operations in the State on October 5, 2012, in the context of the Goa Foundation petition 435/2012.<ref name="IEP" />
* 2012: Supreme Court of India ban on mining<ref name="TLI" /> Interim ban on mining in Goa by the Supreme Court of India in October 2012.
* 2014: Supreme Court of India ban on mining revoked<ref name="TLI" />
* 2014: Goenchi Mati Movement begins, advocating for mining reforms<ref name="TLI" />
* 2015: BJP, now in government in Goa (and Delhi too), decides to renew the mining leases in Goa; effectively reversing the 2012 ruling. Mining pushed forward in earnest, as there were no restrictions.<ref name="TLI" />
* 2017: In Feb, prior to the Goa Assembly Elections, the GMM gains support of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP) and the [[Goa Su-Raj Party]] (GSRP). Its work was also endorsed by [[British MP]] [[John McDonnell]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://basicincome.org/news/2017/02/goa-india-goenchi-mati-movement-gains-political-support/|title=GOA, INDIA: Goenchi Mati Movement gains political support {{!}} Basic Income News|date=2017-02-08|work=BIEN|access-date=2018-10-14|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Save Mollem]]
* [[Goa Foundation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.facebook.com/GoenchiMati/ Goenchi Mati on Facebook, group]
*A critique of Intergenerational Equity of Wealth: [https://www.academia.edu/88144356/Intergenerational_Equity_of_Wealth_an_exploitative_framework Intergenerational Equity of Wealth - an exploitative framework]
*[https://bharatmukti.blogspot.com/2023/05/may-god-set-goa-free-from-resource-curse.html?m=1 May God Set Goa Free From Resource Curse]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Goenchi Mati Movement}}
[[Category:Organisations based in Goa]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2014]]
[[Category:2014 establishments in Goa]]

John Kuduvakkotte

2025-09-13T22:04:49Z

BellEggers2: made the bio w/ sources

{{orphan|date=October 2022}}

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = John Kuduvakkotte
|birth_date = 1905
|death_date = 1968
|office = Member of the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
|constituency = [[Kuzhalmannam (gram panchayat)|Kuzhalmannam constituency]]
|term_start =
|predecessor =
|term_end =
|successor =
}}
'''John Kuduvakkotte''' (1905 – 1968) was an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/mem_1_1.htm |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref> He represented [[Kuzhalmannam (gram panchayat)|Kuzhalmannam constituency]] in the first and second [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala legislative assemblies]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Kerala Legislature |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/members/m244.htm |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.niyamasabha.org}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuduvakkotte, John}}
[[Category:1905 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala MLAs 1957–1959]]

Aqua line

2025-04-07T13:32:17Z

BellEggers2: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Aqua Line]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from ambiguous term}}
}}

Divya Sripada

2024-12-21T09:14:23Z

BellEggers2: Creating new stub

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Divya Sripada
| birth_name = Divya Drishti
| birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|9|5|df=yes}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| yearsactive = 2019{{ndash}}present
}}

'''Divya Sripada''' (born 5 September 1996) is an Indian actress who works in [[Telugu films]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-20 |title=After 'Colour Photo', Divya Sripada gets praised for 'Middle Class Melodies' - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/after-colour-photo-divya-sripada-gets-praised-for-middle-class-melodies-telugu-news-274423 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Sripada divya in all otts|url=https://www.dishadaily.com/sripada-divya-in-all-otts |language=en |access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/team-charitha-kamakshi-wishes-divya-sripada-on-her-birthday/articleshow/94031626.cms|title=Team 'Charitha Kamakshi' wishes Divya Sripada on her birthday|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> She started her career with the [[YouTube]] channel Girl Formula by Chai Bisket.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.edexlive.com/happening/2018/feb/24/meet-the-entertainers-who-will-be-performing-live-at-the-youtube-fanfest-hyderabad-2118.html|title=Meet the entertainers who will be performing live at the YouTube FanFest in Hyderabad|website=Edex Live}}</ref> She is known for her work in Telugu films including ''[[Colour Photo]]'', ''[[Middle Class Melodies]]''.

== Career ==
Regarding her performance in ''[[Heads and Tales (film)|Heads and Tales]]'' (2023), a critic wrote that "Divya Sripada steals the show in Heads & Tales, giving an outstanding performance as an innocent police constable who bears the brunt of her husband’s alcoholism".<ref name="T"/> Another critic wrote that "Divya Sripada is the best of the lot. She as a vulnerable police constable is quite good. Her slang, body language, and dialogue delivery were impressive".<ref name="1T"/>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|References}}
|-
|2019
|''[[Dear Comrade]]''
|Anitha
|Uncredited
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''[[Colour Photo]]''
|Padmaja
|Credited as Divya Drishti
|
|-
|[[Miss India (film)|''Miss India'']]
|Preethi
|
|
|-
|''[[Middle Class Melodies]]''
|Gautami
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|''[[Jathi Ratnalu]]''
|Journalist
|Credited as Divya Drishti
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Divya Sripada & Sri Vidya Maharshi {{!}} Prema the Journalist #97 {{!}} Full Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JYLpUyAQdr4 |language=en |access-date=2023-02-11}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Heads and Tales (film)|Heads and Tales]]''
|[[Police Constable| P.C.]] Manga
|Debut in a Lead role
|<ref name="T">{{cite web | last=Vanaparthy | first=Sravan | title=Heads & Tales Review: Let down by a half-hearted narrative | website=The Times of India | date=2021-10-21 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/telugu/heads-tales/ottmoviereview/87188743.cms | access-date=2023-04-27}}</ref><ref name="1T">{{Cite web|url=https://www.123telugu.com/reviews/heads-tales-telugu-movie-review.html|title=Review : Heads and Tales – Telugu film on Zee 5|date=22 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''[[WWW (film)|WWW]]''
|Christy
|
|
|-
|''[[Pushpa: The Rise]]''
|Srivalli's Friend
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022
|''[[Good Luck Sakhi]]''
|Jyothi
|
|
|-
|''[[F3: Fun and Frustration]]''
|Vishal Mitthal's daughter
|
|
|-
|[[Swathi Muthyam (2022 film)|''Swathi Muthyam'']]
|Sailaja
|
|
|-
|[[Yashoda (film)|''Yashoda'']]
|Leela
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/yashoda-telugu-movie-review-a-spirited-samantha-powers-a-thriller-drama/article66123812.ece|title=‘Yashoda’ movie review: Samantha Ruth Prabhu’s spirited performance props up this thriller drama|first=Sangeetha Devi|last=Dundoo|date=11 November 2022|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Panchathantram]]''
|Devi
|under segment ''The Kick''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-08 |title='Panchathantram' is a big film and you will know it: Harish Shankar - Telugu News |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/panchathantram-is-a-big-film-and-you-will-know-it-harish-shankar-telugu-news-329515 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Sundaram Master (film)|Sundaram Master]]''
|Myna
|Lead role
|<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sundaram-master-telugu-movie-review-harsha-chemudus-portrayal-enhances-director-kalyan-santhoshs-indie-style-narrative/article67878031.ece | title='Sundaram Master' movie review: Harsha Chemudu's portrayal enhances director Kalyan Santhosh's indie-style narrative | newspaper=The Hindu | last1=Dundoo | first1=Sangeetha Devi }}</ref>
|-
|''[[My Dear Donga]]''
|Bujji
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|10177869}}
* {{Instagram|divyasripada}}

{{Portal bar|India|Biography}}

[[Category:1996 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses from Vijayawada]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]

Vasanta Habba

2024-11-09T07:13:57Z

BellEggers2: entry

{{Short description|Cultural festival in Bangalore, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
'''Vasanta Habba''' ({{langx|kn|ವಸಂತ ಹಬ್ಬ}}), which means ''spring festival'' in the [[Kannada]] language, is a cultural festival organised by the [[Nrityagram]] foundation in the city of [[Bangalore]], India. It is a very popular event and is considered the classical [[Woodstock]] of [[India]].<ref name="wood">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/Vasanthahabba-from-Feb-2/articleshow/1690458442.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017232501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-29/bangalore/27112291_1_yakshagana-bharat-natyam-neyveli|url-status=live|archive-date=2012-10-17|title=Vasanthahabba from Feb 2|access-date=2007-08-12|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2002-01-29}}</ref> This festival, first held in the year 1990, was the brainchild of [[Protima Bedi]], the founder of [[Nrityagram]].<ref name="vh">{{cite web|url=http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/06/stories/2003020600890100.htm|title=A habba in Vasantha|author=Sonira Gulhati|access-date=2007-08-12 |url-status=dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930182415/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/02/06/stories/2003020600890100.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2003-02-06  |archive-date = 2007-09-30}}</ref> The festival is held in the premises of Nrityagram at [[Hesaraghatta]] in the outskirts of Bangalore and attracts the best musicians, dancers and cultural artists from across India.<ref name="arti">{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/archives/jan172004/metro1.asp|work=Online Edition of The Deccan Herald, dated 2004-01-17|title=A spring in their step|author=Kavita Mandana|publisher=The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd|access-date=2007-08-12}}</ref> Starting from an audience of about 3000 in its inaugural year, the 2003 edition saw over 40,000 people attending the event.

==Festival==
The festival is one-night festival which starts in the late evening and goes on till the early morning of the next day. It is held in the amphitheatre located in the premises of Nrityagram at Hesaragahatta, which is a small village located 35 kilometres from the city of Bangalore. There is no entry fee and the seats are available on a first-come basis. Due to this fact, the seats start filling up from the afternoon itself.<ref name="vh"/> The publicity for the festival is held in a unique manner by employing folk artists and other troupes who perform on the roads of Bangalore, which publicise the event and also act as a curtain-raiser for the festival. The event is organised with the help of volunteers who belong to the colleges in the city. Many like-minded people also contribute to the event by sponsoring food stalls at the venue, organising food for the artists and also providing cars and other automobiles for ferrying musicians and artists to the venue.<ref name="vh"/> The amphitheatre can accommodate about 3,000 people and large screens are provided outside the venue for people who could not get a seat in time.

==Chronology==
===2002===
Held on 2 Feb 2002, the artists who performed included [[Aruna Sairam]] (Carnatic vocal), the Warsi brothers, [[Ateeq Hussain Khan]] ([[Qawwali]]) and Suma Sudhindra (who introduced the Tarangini veena). This event was beamed live on [[Doordarshan]] and also received good coverage on other TV channels

===2003===
Performances in this edition of Vasanta Habba included a concert on the [[Mohan Veena]] by [[Grammy Award]] winner, Pandit [[Vishwa Mohan Bhatt]], [[Hindustani classical]] by [[Shubha Mudgal]], [[fusion music]] by Taufiq Querishi and [[qawwali]] by the Ateeq Hussain Khan Warsi brothers. This event was attended by over 40,000 people.

===2004===
Held on 7 Feb 2004, the artists who performed included the renowned saxophonist [[Kadri Gopalnath]] and the [[Carnatic music]] exponent, [[Bombay Jayashri]].

==Current Scenario==
The event was not held in the year 2005 because India was facing the after-effects of the [[Indian Ocean tsunami]]. Habba was never held again and Nrityagram blamed it on a financial crisis. Since Nrityagram has not commented on the fate of Habba, it is assumed that the festival has been scrapped for good. Meanwhile, their dance ensemble has consistently received rave reviews and now go on frequent annual performance tours to the US and other countries.<ref name="crunch">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/03/stories/2007030301100300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070626104949/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/03/03/stories/2007030301100300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-06-26|title=Waiting for their spring|author=B. V. Shiva Shankar|access-date=2007-08-13|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2007-03-03}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vasantahabba.com/index.html Official website of Annual 'Vasanta Habba' Festival, Nrityagram]
* [http://www.nrityagram.org/ Official website of Nrityagram]

[[Category:Festivals in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Music festivals in India]]
[[Category:Cultural festivals in India]]

Sceliphron coromandelicum

2024-03-21T21:45:10Z

BellEggers2: stub

{{Short description|Species of insect}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Sceliphron coromandelicum.jpg
| genus = Sceliphron
| species = coromandelicum
| authority = ([[Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier, comte de Saint-Fargeau|Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau]], 1845)
| synonyms= *''Ammophila coromandelica''(Casolari and Casolari Moreno, 1980)
*''Pelopaeus coromandelicus'' Lepeletier de Saint Fargeau, 1845
}}
'''''Sceliphron coromandelicum''''' is a [[species]] of solitary mud dauber wasp in the family Sphecidae.<ref name="inaturalist-Sceliphron coromandelicum">{{cite web|title=Sceliphron coromandelicum|url=https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/741651-Sceliphron-coromandelicum|access-date=2021-12-28|website=iNaturalist|language=en-US}}</ref> The female holotype was collected in [[Coromandel Coast]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sceliphron|url=http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/Genera/Sceliphron.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829222014/http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/entomology/entomology_resources/Hymenoptera/sphecidae/Genera/Sceliphron.pdf|archive-date=29 August 2019|website=Catalog of Sphecidae}}</ref>

== Ecology ==
The females constructs mud nests which she provisions with spiders as a food source for the enclosed immatures. The spiders are generally Araneidae and in some cases terricolous Salticidae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Snyman |first1=Louwrens Pieter |last2=Binoy |first2=Chereekandy |date=2022-06-01 |title=Evolutionary relic or a curious coincidence? A mantisfly emerging from a mud-dauber nest |url=https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-981697/v1 |journal=Evolutionary Ecology |language=en |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=421–429 |doi=10.1007/s10682-022-10167-8 |bibcode=2022EvEco..36..421S |issn=1573-8477 |via=SpringerLink}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{taxonbar|from=Q10818853}}

[[Category:Insects of India]]
[[Category:Insects described in 1845]]
[[Category:Sphecidae]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Amédée Louis Michel le Peletier]]

{{Apoidea-stub}}

Basin bridge

2024-01-20T11:26:16Z

BellEggers2: added the post v1

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Basin bridge
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
|image_skyline =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|nickname =
|image_map =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|pushpin_map = India Chennai
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_alt =
|pushpin_map_caption = Basin bridge (Chennai)
|coordinates = {{coord|13|06|23.5|N|80|16|31.2|E|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = [[Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[File:TamilNadu Logo.svg|23x16px|border|alt=Tamil Nadu]] [[Tamil Nadu]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai district]]
|established_title = <! -- Established -->
|government_type =
|government_body =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_rank =
|area_total_km2 =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 28
|elevation_ft =
|population_total =
|population_as_of =
|population_rank =
|population_density_km2 =
|demographics_type1 = [[Languages]]
|demographics1_title1 = [[Official]]
|demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|demographics1_title2 = Speech
|demographics1_info2 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset1 = +5:30
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 600021
|area_code_type = [[Telephone]] Code
|area_code = +9144xxxxxxxx
|registration_plate =
|blank1_name_sec1 = Neighbourhoods
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], [[Royapuram]], Kondithope, [[Mannadi, Chennai|Mannadi]] [[Vannarapettai]], [[Tondiarpet]], [[Sowcarpet]], [[Vallalar Nagar]] and [[Kasimedu]]
|blank2_name_sec1 =
|blank2_info_sec1 =
|blank3_name_sec1 =
|blank3_info_sec1 =
|blank4_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha|LS]]
|blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency]]
|blank5_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha|VS]]
|blank5_info_sec1 = [[Harbour Assembly constituency]]
|blank6_name_sec1 = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
|blank6_info_sec1 = [[Dayanidhi Maran]]
|blank7_name_sec1 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
|blank7_info_sec1 = [[P. K. Sekar Babu]]
|website = https://chennaicorporation.gov.in
|footnotes =
}}

'''Basin bridge''' is a neighbourhood in [[Chennai district]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Muthiah |first=S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&q=Basin%2520Bridge&pg=PA36 |title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India |date=2008 |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |isbn=978-81-8379-468-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz2WDD8sB0MC&q=Basin%2520Bridge%252C%2520Chennai&pg=PA232 |title=Sura's Year Book 2006 (English) |publisher=Sura Books |isbn=978-81-7254-124-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=GANGULY |first=NEELA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mYGcDwAAQBAJ&q=Basin%2520Bridge%252C%2520Chennai&pg=PA124 |title=SLUMS OF INDIA |date=2019-06-10 |publisher=MJP Publisher |language=en}}</ref> of [[Tamil Nadu]] state in the peninsular [[India]]. It is located at an altitude of about 28 m above the mean sea level with the geographical coordinates of {{coord|13|06|23.5|N|80|16|31.2|E}} (i.e., 13.106535°N, 80.275340°E). [[George Town, Chennai|George Town]], [[Royapuram]], Kondithope, [[Mannadi, Chennai|Mannadi]] [[Vannarapettai]], [[Tondiarpet]], [[Sowcarpet]], [[Vallalar Nagar]] and [[Kasimedu]] are some of the important neighbourhoods of Basin Bridge area.

== Transportation ==
Basin Bridge area is served by Vallalar Nagar (Mint) Bus stand. Metropolitan Transport Corporation of Chennai operates numerous bus services via. the adjoining roads of Basin Bridge namely Chennai - Thiruttani - Renigunta National Highway and Wall Tax road. Basin Bridge road is an important road that serves Basin Bridge area.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-09-24 |title=Chennai: Traffic diversions on Sunday for Tirupati Thirukudai Padayatra -check routes to avoid |language=en |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/chennai/chennai-traffic-diversions-on-sunday-for-tirupati-thirukudai-padayatra-check-routes-to-avoid-article-94423099 |access-date=2023-01-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Rina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&q=basin%2520bridge%252C%2520chennai&pg=PA200 |title=Chennai |date=2000 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-250-1378-5 |language=en}}</ref> [[Broadway bus terminus]] is situated at about 4 km from here. The 89 year old Elephant Gate bridge<ref>{{Cite web |title=Live Chennai: Know the latest regarding the 89 year old Elephant gate bridge in Chennai?,Know the latest regarding the 89 year old Elephant gate bridge in Chennai? |url=https://www.livechennai.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=63480 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=www.livechennai.com}}</ref> is demolished<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post Elephant Gate Bridge demolition, Basin Bridge witnesses severe traffic menace |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2019/nov/26/post-elephant-gate-bridge-demolition-basin-bridge-witnesses-severe-traffic-menace-2067018.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> due to its weakness and heavy traffic and a new bridge is being constructed which is 156.12 m long,<ref>{{Cite web |author=Special Correspondent |date=2022-07-29 |title=Elephant Gate bridge to be ready in three months |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/elephant-gate-bridge-to-be-ready-in-three-months/article65699727.ece |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> at an estimated project cost of ₹30.78 crore. Basin Bridge is served by [[Basin Bridge railway station|Basin Bridge Junction railway station]] and [[Washermanpet metro station]]. One of the national hub of railway stations viz., [[Chennai Central railway station|Puratchi Thalaivar Dr. M. G. Ramachandran Central railway station]] is 3 km away from Basin Bridge. The fifth Indian Vande Bharat Express train and the first of its kind to South India that runs between Mysuru and Chennai that connects Bengaluru passes through Basin Bridge Junction railway station.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-11 |title=PM Modi flags off south India's first Vande Bharat Express in Bengaluru |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/pm-modi-launch-vande-bharat-first-semi-fast-train-south-8262179/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> This train covers a distance of 504 km in seven hours, with a stopping at Bengaluru in between.<ref>{{Cite web |author=DT Next Bureau |title=Vande Bharat express rolled out of ICF, to reach Mysuru tomorrow |url=https://www.dtnext.in/city/2022/11/06/vande-bharat-express-rolled-out-of-icf-to-reach-mysuru-tomorrow |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=DT next |language=en}}</ref> And a workshop for servicing Vande Bharat Express trains is being set up near Basin Bridge Junction railway station.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basin Bridge gets ready to service Vande Bharat trains |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/sep/13/basin-bridge-gets-ready-to-service-vande-bharat-trains-2497638.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> [[Chennai International Airport]] is located at about 22 km from Basin Bridge.

== Politics ==
Basin Bridge area falls under the [[Harbour Assembly constituency]]. The winner of the election held in the year 2021 as the member of its assembly constituency is [[P. K. Sekar Babu]]. Also, this area belongs to [[Chennai Central Lok Sabha constituency]]. [[Dayanidhi Maran]] won the 2019 elections, as the member of its Lok Sabha constituency.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Basin_bridge&params=13_06_23.5_N_80_16_31.2_E_type:city_region:IN]

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Chennai]]