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List of Christian Brothers schools

2026-05-13T13:23:47Z

Beefurb: Added The Post Needs Work - done

{{short description|None}}
{{About|schools affiliated with the Irish Christian Brothers|schools affiliated with the French Christian Brothers|Lasallian educational institutions}}

The following is a list of the schools, colleges, and other educational institutions founded, run or staffed (in any capacity) by the [[Congregation of Christian Brothers]] (sometimes called the Irish Christian Brothers) since 1802. Some schools no longer exist, some are incorporated into new schools and some have changed their names. The names of defunct schools are included but linked to their successor schools, if any. Some schools have connections with other [[religious institute]]s as well as with the Christian Brothers. In addition, many schools no longer have Christian Brothers on staff, but still maintain their connection to the Congregation.

==Africa==

=== Liberia ===
* [[St. Martin's Catholic High School]] – [[Gbarnga]], [[Bong County]] (est. 2009)
* [[Carroll High School (Yekepa)|Carroll High School]] – [[Yekepa]], [[Nimba County]] (est. 1969)

=== Sierra Leone ===
* [[St. Francis Secondary School (Sierra Leone)|St Francis High School]] – [[Makeni]], [[Bombali District]]

=== South Africa ===
* Christian Brothers' College, Boksburg – [[Boksburg]], [[Gauteng]] (est. 1935; Christian Brothers withdrew)
* [[Christian Brothers' College, Mount Edmund]] – [[Pretoria]], [[Gauteng]] (est. 1922; Christian Brothers withdrew)
* [[Veritas College, Springs|Veritas College]] – [[Springs, Gauteng|Springs]], [[Gauteng]] (est. 1964 as St. Brendan's CBC; merged 1992 with Our Lady of Mercy Dominican Convent to form Veritas College)
* Christian Brothers' College, St John's Parklands – [[Cape Town]], [[Western Cape]]
* Christian Brothers' College, St Joseph's – [[Bloemfontein]], [[Free State (province)|Free State]]
* St Dominic's College – [[Welkom]], [[Free State (province)|Free State]]
* [[St. Boniface High School (Kimberley, South Africa)|St. Boniface High School]] – [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]], [[Northern Cape]] (est. 1951; Christian Brothers withdrew)
* [[St. Patrick's Christian Brothers' College, Kimberley|St Patrick's Christian Brothers’ College]] – [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]], [[Northern Cape]]
* Veritas College – [[Springs, Gauteng|Springs]], [[Gauteng]]

'''Former schools'''
* St. Columba's High School – [[Cape Town, Western Cape|Cape Town]], [[Western Cape]] (1941–1990)
* Mariasdal Boys High School – [[Tweespruit, Free State]], (1970–1996) (Merged with Mariasdal Girls High School(Franciscan Sisters of Siessen)

=== Tanzania ===
* Edmund Rice Sinon Secondary School – [[Arusha]], [[Arusha Region]]<ref>[https://edmundricesinon.education/ About Us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507142610/https://edmundricesinon.education/|date=May 7, 2023}}</ref>

=== Zambia ===
* St. John's Secondary School – [[Mongu]], [[Western Province, Zambia|Western Province]] (est. 1962 by the [[Capuchin Order]]; Christian Brothers took over in 1967)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.radiovaticana.va/news/2017/11/05/zambia_christian_brothers_celebrate_fifty_years/1347105|title=Zambia: Christian Brothers celebrate fifty years|access-date=2017-11-09|language=en}}</ref>

=== Zimbabwe ===

* [[Christian Brothers College, Bulawayo|Christian Brothers College]] – [[Bulawayo]] (est. 1953)

==Americas==

=== Argentina ===
* [[Colegio Cardenal Newman]] – [[Buenos Aires]] (est. 1948)

=== Canada ===
[[File:VC's Holler Family Science Center.JPG|thumb|[[Vancouver College]] in Vancouver, Canada.]]
* [[Chaminade College School]] – [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] (est. 1964; Christian Brothers left in 1988)
* [[O'Grady Catholic High School]] – [[Prince George, British Columbia|Prince George]], [[British Columbia]]
* [[St. Patrick's High School (Quebec City)|St. Patrick's High School]] – [[Québec, Québec|Quebec City]], [[Québec]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stpatrickshighschool.com/|title=St. Patrick's High School|website=www.stpatrickshighschool.com}}</ref>
* [[St. Thomas More Collegiate]] – [[Burnaby]], [[British Columbia]] (est. 1965)
* [[Vancouver College]] – [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]] (est. 1922)
'''Former schools'''

* [[Saint Louis College]] - [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], [[British Columbia]] (est 1864; closed 1968)
* [[Brother Edmund Rice Catholic Secondary School]] – [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]] (est. 1977; closed 2001)
* [[Regina High School (Canada)|Regina High School]] – [[Corner Brook]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] (closed)

=== Dominica ===
* [[St. Mary's Academy (Dominica)|St. Mary's Academy]] – [[Roseau]], [[Saint George Parish, Dominica|Saint George Parish]]

=== Peru ===
* [[Colegio Fé y Alegría No. 26]] – [[Lima]], [[Lima Province]]
* [[Colegio Mundo Mejor]] – [[Chimbote]], [[Santa Province]]

=== United States ===
[[File:BergenCatholicHS.jpg|thumb|[[Bergen Catholic High School]] in Oradell, New Jersey]]
[[File:Iona College Hagan School of Business.jpg|thumb|[[Iona University]] in New Rochelle, New York]]
* [[All Hallows High School]] – [[The Bronx]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (est. 1909)
* [[Bergen Catholic High School]] – [[Oradell, New Jersey|Oradell]], [[New Jersey]] (est. 1955)
* [[Bishop Hendricken High School]] – [[Warwick, Rhode Island|Warwick]], [[Rhode Island]] (est. 1959; Christian Brothers left in 2011)
* [[Bishop Kearney High School (Irondequoit, New York)|Bishop Kearney High School]] – [[Irondequoit, New York|Irondequoit]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (est. 1962)
* [[Brother Rice High School (Chicago)|Brother Rice High School]] – [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] (est. 1956)
* [[Brother Rice High School (Michigan)|Brother Rice High School]] – [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan|Bloomfield Hills]], [[Michigan]] (est. 1960)
* [[Butte Central Catholic High School]] – [[Butte, Montana|Butte]], [[Montana]] (est. 1892; Christian Brothers left in 1986)
* [[Catholic Memorial School]] – [[West Roxbury]], [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] (est. 1957)
* [[Cantwell-Sacred Heart of Mary High School]] – [[Montebello, California|Montebello]], [[California]] (est. 1991 as a lay-administered; Christian Brothers' community closed in 1990)
* [[Cardinal Hayes High School]] – [[The Bronx]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (est. 1941; Christian Brothers left in the 1960s)
* [[Damien Memorial School]] – [[Honolulu]], [[Hawaii]] (est. 1962)
* [[Iona University]] – [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (est. 1940)
* [[Iona Preparatory School]] – [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (est. 1916)
* [[Leo Catholic High School]] – [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]] (est. 1926; Christian Brothers left in 1992)
* [[Monsignor Farrell High School]] – [[Staten Island]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (est. 1961)
* [[Notre Dame-Bishop Gibbons High School]] – [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (est. 1975; Christian Brothers left)
* [[O'Dea High School]] – [[Seattle]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (est. 1923; Christian Brothers left in 2014)
* [[Palma School]] – [[Salinas, California|Salinas]], [[California]] (est. 1951)
* [[Sacred Heart of Jesus School (New York City)|Sacred Heart of Jesus School]] – [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (est. 1896)
* [[Seton Catholic Preparatory High School]] – [[Chandler, Arizona|Chandler]], [[Arizona]] (est. 1954; Christian Brothers left in 1995)
* [[St. John Neumann High School (Naples, Florida)|St. John Neumann High School]] – [[Naples, Florida|Naples]], [[Florida]] (est. 1980)
* [[St. Joseph Catholic School (Madison, Mississippi)|St. Joseph Catholic School]] – [[Madison, Mississippi|Madison]], [[Mississippi]] (est. 1870 by the [[Sisters of Mercy]]; Christian Brothers subsequently became co-sponsors)
* [[St. Laurence High School]] – [[Burbank, Illinois|Burbank]], [[Illinois]] (est. 1961)
* [[St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School]] – [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], [[California]] (est. 1968; Christian Brothers left in 1993)
* [[Tampa Catholic High School]] – [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]], [[Florida]] (est. 1962)
* [[Trinity Catholic High School (Florida)|Trinity Catholic High School]] – [[Ocala, Florida|Ocala]], [[Florida]] (est. 2000; Christian Brothers left in 2015; school withdrew from the Edmund Rice Schools Network in 2015)
'''Former schools'''
[[File:RiceBldg.jpg|thumb|[[Rice High School (Manhattan, New York)|Rice High School]] in New York City]]
* [[All Saints Church (Manhattan)|All Saints School]] – [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1890s–2011)
* [[Archbishop Curley-Notre Dame High School]] – [[Miami]], [[Florida]] (1981–2017)
* [[Notre Dame-Bishop Gibbons High School|Bishop Gibbons High School]] – [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1958–1975; merged into [[Notre Dame-Bishop Gibbons High School]])
* [[Blessed Sacrament-St. Gabriel High School]] – [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1940–2013)
* [[Briscoe Memorial School]] – [[Kent, Washington|Kent]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]] (closed 1970)
* [[Cantwell-Sacred Heart of Mary High School|Cantwell High School]] – [[Montebello, California|Montebello]], [[California]] (1946–1991; merged into [[Cantwell-Sacred Heart of Mary High School]])
* [[Commander John J. Shea School]] – [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (closed 1975)
* [[Essex Catholic High School]] – [[Newark, New Jersey|Newark]], [[New Jersey]] (1957–2003)
* [[Iona Preparatory School|Iona Grammar School]] – [[New Rochelle, New York|New Rochelle]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (closed 2013; merged into [[Iona Preparatory School]])
* [[Power Memorial Academy]] – [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1931–1984)
* [[Rice High School (Manhattan, New York)|Rice High School]] – [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1938–2011)
* [[St. Cecilia Church and Convent (New York City)|St. Cecilia School]] – [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (closed 1991)
* [[St. John's Indian School]] – [[Komatke, Arizona|Komatke]], [[Arizona]] (closed 1993)
* [[St. Lucy Church (Manhattan)|St. Lucy School]] – [[Manhattan]], [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] (1915–2000)
* [[St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School|St. Patrick High School]] – [[Vallejo, California|Vallejo]], [[California]] (1968–1987; merged into [[St. Patrick-St. Vincent High School]])

=== Uruguay ===
* [[Stella Maris College (Montevideo)|Stella Maris College]] – [[Montevideo]], [[Montevideo Department]] (est. 1955)

==Asia==

===India===
[[File:Goethals Memorial School door.jpg|thumb|[[Goethals Memorial School]] in Kurseong, West Bengal]]
* [[Goethals Memorial School]] – [[Kurseong]], [[West Bengal]] (est. 1907)
* [[Jagruti High School]] – [[Surat]], [[Gujarat]]
* [[Our Lady of Salvation High School]] – [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]] (1968–2018)
* Regina Mundi High School [https://reginamundischool.com]– [[Chicalim]], [[Goa]] (est. 1970s)
* St. Augustine's High School Vasai |[https://www.staugustinesschoolvasai.in https://staugustinesschoolvasai.in]– [[Vasai]], [[Maharashtra]] (est. 1970)
* [[St. Columba's School, Delhi|St. Columba's School]] – [[New Delhi]], [[National Capital Territory of Delhi]] (est. 1941)
* St. Edmund's School – [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] (est. 1916)
* [[St. Edmund's College, Shillong|St. Edmund's College]] – [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]] (est. 1924)
* [[St. Edward's School, Shimla|St. Edward's School]] – [[Shimla]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] (est. 1925)
* [[St. John's High School, Chandigarh|St. John's High School]] – [[Chandigarh]] (est. 1959)
* [[St. Joseph's Pre-University College]] – [[Bajpe]], [[Mangalore]], [[Dakshina Kannada]], [[Karnataka]] - (Christian Brothers no longer manage this school)
* [[St. Joseph's College, Calcutta|St. Joseph's College]] – [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] (est. 1890)
* [[St Joseph's College, Nainital|St Joseph's College]] – [[Nainital]], [[Uttarakhand]] (est. 1888)
* St. Mary's High School – [[Mount Abu]], [[Rajasthan]] (est. 1887)
* [[St. Mary's Orphanage & Day School, Kolkata|St. Mary's Orphanage & Day School]] – [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]] (est. 1848)
* [[St Michael's High School|St. Michael's High School]] – [[Patna]], [[Bihar]] (Christian Brothers left in 1968; became a [[Jesuit]] school)
* [[St. Patrick's Higher Secondary School]] – [[Asansol]], [[West Bengal]] (est. 1877 as a Jesuit scholasticate; became a Christian Brothers school in 1890)
* [[St. Peter's School, Mawjrong|St. Peter's School]] – [[Mawjrong]], [[Meghalaya]]
* [[St. Vincent's High and Technical School]] – [[Asansol]], [[West Bengal]] (est. 1877)

==Europe==

===Gibraltar===
'''Former school'''
* [[Christian Brothers School, Gibraltar|Christian Brothers School]] – [[Gibraltar]] (1835–1970s)

===Ireland===
[[File:CBC Monkstown, 2014 building.png|thumb|[[CBC Monkstown]] in Monkstown, Dublin]]
[[File:A view of the Hevey Institute, 2017.jpg|thumb|[[Coláiste Mhuire, Mullingar|Coláiste Mhuire]] in Mullingar, County Westmeath]]
[[File:Christian Brothers School Templemore April 2010.JPG|thumb|[[Our Lady's Secondary School, Templemore|Our Lady's Secondary School]] in Templemore, County Tipperary]]
* [[The Abbey School (Tipperary)|The Abbey School]] – [[Tipperary (town)|Tipperary]], [[County Tipperary]] (est. 1955)
* [[Ardscoil Rís, Dublin|Ardscoil Rís]] – [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1972)
* [[Ardscoil Rís, Limerick|Ardscoil Rís]] – [[Limerick]], [[County Limerick]] (est. 1963)
* [[Arklow CBS]] – [[Arklow]], [[County Wicklow]] (est. 1961)
* [[Blarney Street CBS]] – [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[County Cork]]
* [[Christian Brothers College, Cork|CBC Cork]] – [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[County Cork]] (est. 1888)
* [[C.B.C. Monkstown]] – [[Monkstown, Dublin]] (est. 1856)
* [[CBS Carrick-on-Suir]] – [[Carrick-on-Suir]], [[County Tipperary]] (est. 1805)
* [[CBS Charleville]] – [[Charleville, County Cork|Charleville]], [[County Cork]] (est. 1866)
* [[CBS Ennis]] – [[Ennis]], [[County Clare]] (est. 1827)
*[[CBS Cashel]] – [[Cashel, County Tipperary]]
* [[C.B.S. Secondary School Ennistymon|CBS Ennistymon]] – [[Ennistymon]], [[County Clare]] (est. 1824)
* [[CBS High School Clonmel]] – [[Clonmel]], [[County Tipperary]] (est. 1899)
* [[CBS James Street]] – [[James's Street, Dublin|James's Street]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1960)
* [[CBS Kilkenny]] – [[Kilkenny]], [[County Kilkenny]] (est. 1860)
* [[CBS New Ross]] – [[New Ross]], [[County Wexford]] (est. 1849 as St. Joseph's CBS)
* [[CBS Primary School, Carrick-on-Suir]] – [[Carrick-on-Suir]], [[County Tipperary]] (est. 1806)
* [[CBS Primary School, Kilkenny]] – [[Kilkenny]], [[County Kilkenny]] (est. 1953)
* [[CBS Primary School, Wexford]] – [[Wexford]], [[County Wexford]] (est. 1939)
* [[CBS Roscommon]] – [[Roscommon]], [[County Roscommon]] (est. 1935)
* [[CBS Sexton Street]] – [[Limerick]], [[County Limerick]] (est. 1816)
* [[CBS Thurles]] – [[Thurles]], [[County Tipperary]] (est. 1816)
* CBS Westland Row – [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1864)
* [[Clonkeen College]] – [[Blackrock, Dublin|Blackrock]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1970)
* [[Coláiste Éamann Rís]] – [[Callan, County Kilkenny|Callan]], [[County Kilkenny]] (est. 1983)
* [[Coláiste Éamonn Rís]] – [[Wexford, County Wexford|Wexford]], [[County Wexford]] (est. 1849)
* [[Coláiste Éanna]] – [[Ballyroan, Dublin|Ballyroan]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1967)
* [[Coláiste Eoin]] – [[Booterstown]], [[Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown]] (est. 1969)
* [[Coláiste Mhuire, Mullingar|Coláiste Mhuire]] – [[Mullingar]], [[County Westmeath]] (est. 1856 as the Hevey Institute)
* [[Coláiste Phádraig (Lucan)|Coláiste Phádraig]] – [[Lucan, Dublin|Lucan]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1969)
* [[Coláiste Rís]] – [[Dundalk]], [[County Louth]] (est. 1869 as CBS Dundalk)
* [[Deerpark CBS]] – [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[County Cork]] (est. 1828)
* [[Drimnagh Castle Primary School]] – [[Drimnagh]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1957)
* [[Drimnagh Castle Secondary School]] – [[Drimnagh]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1954)
* [[Dungarvan CBS]] – [[Dungarvan]], [[County Waterford]] (est. 1807)
* [[Edmund Rice Primary School]] – [[Tramore]], [[County Waterford]] (est. 1866 as CBS Primary School)
* [[Gaelcholáiste Mhuire A.G.|Gaelcholáiste Mhuire AG]] – [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[County Cork]] (est. 1961)
* [[St Mary's CBS (The Green)|The Green]] – [[Tralee]], [[County Kerry]] (est. 1927)
* [[Marino Institute of Education]] – [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1881 as St. Mary's College)
* [[Midleton CBS Secondary School]] – [[Midleton]], [[County Cork]] (est. 1867)
* [[Mitchelstown CBS]] – [[Mitchelstown]], [[County Cork]] (est. 1857)
* [[Mount Sion Primary School]] – [[Waterford]], [[County Waterford]] (est. 1803)
* [[Naas C.B.S.|Naas CBS]] – [[Naas]], [[County Kildare]] (est. 1871)
* [[North Monastery|North Monastery Secondary School CBS]] – [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[County Cork]] (est. 1811)
* [[Oatlands College]] – [[Mount Merrion]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1969)
* [[O'Connell School|O'Connell Secondary School]] – [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1828)
* [[Our Lady's Secondary School, Templemore|Our Lady's Secondary School]] – [[Templemore]], [[County Tipperary]] (est. 1985)
* [[Rice College]] – [[Ennis]], [[County Clare]] (est. 1826)
* [[Rice College Westport]] – [[Westport, County Mayo|Westport]], [[County Mayo]]
* [[Scoil Chiaráin CBS]] – [[Donnycarney]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1950 as St Kieran's National School)
* [[St Aidan's C.B.S. (Dublin)|St Aidan's CBS]] – [[Whitehall, Dublin|Whitehall]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1964)
* [[St. David's CBS]] – [[Artane, Dublin|Artane]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1966)
* [[St. Declan's College]] – [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1960)
* [[St. Fintan's High School]] – [[Sutton, Dublin|Sutton]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1943)
* [[St. Joseph's CBS Nenagh]] – [[Nenagh]], [[County Tipperary]] (est. 1862)
* [[St. Joseph's Secondary C.B.S., Fairview|St. Joseph's C.B.S.]] – [[Fairview, Dublin|Fairview]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1888)
* [[St. Joseph's Secondary School, Drogheda|St. Joseph's Secondary School]] – [[Drogheda]], [[County Louth]] (est. 1858)
* [[St. Mary's Academy CBS]] – [[Carlow]], [[County Carlow]] (est. 1864)
* [[St. Mary's CBS, Enniscorthy]] – [[Enniscorthy]], [[County Wexford]] (est. 1999)
* [[St. Mary's CBS, Portlaoise|St. Mary's CBS]] – [[Portlaoise]], [[County Laois]] (est. 1847)
* [[St. Paul's CBS]] – [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1869)
* [[St. Mary's Diocesan School, Drogheda|St. Mary's Diocesan School]] – [[Drogheda]], [[County Louth]] (est. 1965 as St. Mary's CBS)
* [[St. Vincent's CBS]] – [[Glasnevin]], [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1856)
* [[Synge Street CBS]] – [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (est. 1864)
* [[Waterpark College]] – [[Waterford]], [[County Waterford]] (est. 1892)
* [[Woodbrook College]] – [[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]], [[County Wicklow]] (est. 1956 as St. Brendan's College)
'''Former schools'''
* [[Artane Industrial School]] – [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (1870–1969)
* [[Carriglea Park|Carriglea Park Industrial School]] – [[Dún Laoghaire]], [[County Dublin]] (1894–1954)
* [[CBS Eblana]] – [[Dún Laoghaire]], [[County Dublin]] (1856–1992)
* [[CBS Enniscorthy]] – [[Enniscorthy]], [[County Wexford]] (1857–1994; merged into [[St. Aidan's National School]])
* [[CBS George's Street]] – [[Wexford]], [[County Wexford]] (1853–1971)
* [[CBS Kilrush]] – [[Kilrush]], [[County Clare]] (1874–1997)
* [[Our Lady's Secondary School, Templemore|CBS Templemore]] – [[Templemore]], [[County Tipperary]] (1932–1985; merged into [[Our Lady's Secondary School, Templemore|Our Lady's Secondary School]])
* [[C.B.S. Monasterevin]] (1869–1994)
* [[CBS Tramore]] – [[Tramore]], [[County Waterford]] (closed 2014)
* [[CBS Youghal]] – [[Youghal]], [[County Cork]] (1867–2005)
* [[Dingle CBS]] – [[Dingle]], [[County Kerry]] (1846–2007)
* [[Roscrea CBS]] – [[Roscrea]], [[County Tipperary]] (merged into ''Colaiste Phobal Ros Crea''/Roscrea Community College)
* [[St Fintan's CBS]] – [[Doon, County Limerick|Doon]], [[County Limerick]] (1891–2013)
* [[St. Joseph's CBS Gorey]] – [[Gorey]], [[County Wexford]] (est. 1870–1990?)
* [[St Joseph's Industrial School, Glin|St Joseph's Industrial School]] – [[Glin, County Limerick|Glin]], [[County Limerick]] (1872–1966)
* [[St Joseph's Industrial School, Letterfrack|St Joseph's Industrial School]] – [[Letterfrack]], [[County Galway]] (1887–1974)
* [[St Joseph's Industrial School, Tralee|St Joseph's Industrial School]] – [[Tralee]], [[County Kerry]] (1862–1970)
* [[Clonkeen College|St. Joseph's Private Preparatory School]] – [[Dublin]], [[County Dublin]] (1965–1975)
* [[St. Patrick's College, Tuam|St. Patrick's College]] – [[Tuam]], [[County Galway]] (1851–1990)

===Italy===
'''Former school'''
* [[Istituto Marcantonio Colonna]] – [[Rome]], [[Lazio]] (est. 1901; closed 1997)

===United Kingdom===

==== England ====
[[File:St Anselm's College, Birkenhead.JPG|thumb|[[St Anselm's College]] in Birkenhead, Merseyside]]
*[[Redcourt St Anselm's]] – [[Prenton]], [[Merseyside]] (est. 1947)
*[[St Aidan's Catholic Academy]] – [[Sunderland, Tyne and Wear|Sunderland]], [[Tyne and Wear]] (est. 1928 as St Mary's Grammar School)
*[[St Ambrose College]] – [[Hale Barns]], [[Greater Manchester]] (est. 1946)
*[[St Anselm's College]] – [[Birkenhead]], [[Merseyside]] (est. 1933)
*[[St Boniface's Catholic College|St. Boniface's Catholic College]] – [[Plymouth]], [[Devon]] (est. 1863)
*[[St. Brendan's Sixth Form College|St. Brendan's College]] – [[Brislington]], [[Bristol]]
*[[St Edward's College]] – [[Liverpool]], [[Merseyside]] (est. 1853 as the Catholic Institute)
*[[St Joseph's College, Stoke-on-Trent|St Joseph's College]] – [[Stoke-on-Trent]], [[Staffordshire]] (est. 1932)
*[[St Joseph's Preparatory School (Stoke-on-Trent)|St. Joseph's Preparatory School]], [[Stoke-on-Trent]], [[Staffordshire]]
*[[St Mary's College, Crosby|St. Mary's College]] – [[Crosby, Merseyside|Crosby]], [[Merseyside]] (est. 1919)
'''Former school'''
* [[St Joseph's College, Blackpool|St. Joseph's College]] – [[Blackpool]], [[Lancashire]] (1900–1975; merged into [[St Mary's Catholic Academy|St. Mary's Catholic Academy]]) PRIOR PARK

==== Northern Ireland ====
*[[Abbey Christian Brothers' Grammar School]] – [[Newry]], [[County Down]] (est. 1939)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abbeycbs.co.uk/|title=Abbey CBS - Employment|website=www.abbeycbs.co.uk}}</ref>
*[[Christian Brothers Grammar School, Omagh|Christian Brothers Grammar School]] – [[Omagh]], [[County Tyrone]] (est. 1861)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cbsomagh.org/|title=Home|website=Christian Brothers}}</ref>
*[[Christian Brothers Primary School Armagh|Christian Brothers Primary School, Armagh]] – [[Armagh]], [[County Armagh]]
*[[Christian Brothers School, Glen Road]] – [[Belfast]], [[County Antrim]] (est. 1962)
*[[Edmund Rice College]] – [[Glengormley]], [[County Antrim]] (est. 1903 as CBS Hardinge Street)
*[[Our Lady of Lourdes Primary School, Park Lodge]] – [[Belfast]], [[County Antrim]] (est. 1958)
*[[St Mary's Christian Brothers' Grammar School, Belfast|St. Mary's Christian Brothers' Grammar School]] – [[Belfast]], [[County Antrim]] (est. 1866 as CBS Divis Street)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stmaryscbgs.com/home/home.asp|title=St Marys CBGS Belfast website|access-date=7 February 2007|archive-date=5 February 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205053937/http://www.stmaryscbgs.com/home/home.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
'''Former schools'''
* [[Christian Brothers' Grammar School, Armagh|Christian Brothers' Grammar School]] – [[Armagh]], [[County Armagh]] (1851–1988; merged into [[St Patrick's Grammar School, Armagh|St Patrick's Grammar School]])
* [[Edmund Rice Primary School]] – [[Belfast]], [[County Antrim]] (1967–2013; merged into St Patrick's Primary School)
* [[Gort na Móna Secondary School]] – [[Belfast]], [[County Antrim]] (1971–1988; merged into [[Corpus Christi College, Belfast|Corpus Christi College]])
* [[St. Aidan's Primary, Ballymurphy]] – [[Belfast]], [[County Antrim]] (closed 1980s; merged into John Paul II Primary School)
* [[St Patrick's CBS, Donegall Street]] – [[Belfast]], [[County Antrim]] (1866–1967; replaced by [[Edmund Rice Primary School]])

==== Scotland ====
'''Former schools'''
*[[Scotus Academy]] – [[Edinburgh]], [[Midlothian]] (1953–1978)
*[[St Ninian's Orphanage]] – [[Falkland, Fife|Falkland]], [[Fife]] (closed 1983)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-36806487 |title=Former teachers guilty of abusing boys at Fife residential school |website=BBC News|date=22 July 2016 |access-date= 22 July 2016}}</ref>

==Oceania==

===Australia===

====Australian Capital Territory====
* [[St Edmund's College, Canberra]]

====New South Wales====
* [[Aquinas College, Albury]] (now Xavier High School)
* [[Christian Brothers College, Albury]] (now Xavier High School)
* [[Christian Brothers School, Balmain]] ''(1887–1990)''
* [[Christian Brothers College, Bondi Beach]] ''(closed)''
* Christian Brothers' School, Broadway ''(1843–1847)''
* [[Christian Brothers College, Burwood]] ''(1909–2009)''
* [[Christian Brothers College, Manly]] (now St Paul's College, Manly)
* [[Christian Brothers' College, Newtown]] ''(1889–1970)''
* Christian Brothers' Technical High School, Paddington ''(1903–1966)''
* [[Christian Brothers College, Rose Bay]] ''(1935–1968)''
* Christian Brothers' Rozelle ''(1892–1965)''
* Christian Brothers' School, Macquarie St, Sydney ''(1843–1847)''
* [[Christian Brothers College, Tamworth]] (now McCarthy Catholic College)
* [[Christian Brothers' High School, Lewisham]] ''(1891–present)''
* Eddy's Annexe, [[Corrimal, New South Wales|Corrimal]]
* [[Edmund Rice College, West Wollongong]]
* [[Kildare Catholic College]], Wagga Wagga (previously Christian Brothers High School)
* [[McCarthy Catholic College, Tamworth]]
* St Charles' School, Waverley ''(1892–1968)''
* [[St Dominic's College, Penrith|St Dominic's College, Obley Education Centre]], [[Penrith, New South Wales|Penrith]]
* [[St Edmund's School, Wahroonga]] (for visually impaired children)
* [[St Edward's College, East Gosford]]
* [[St Gabriel's School]], [[Castle Hill, New South Wales]] (for hearing-impaired children)
* [[St Joseph's Primary School, Walgett]]
* [[St Mary's Cathedral College, Sydney]] ''(1911–present)''
* [[Kildare Catholic College|St Michael's College, Wagga Wagga]] (now Kildare Catholic College)
* [[St Patrick's College, Strathfield]] ''(1928–present)''
* [[St Patrick's College, Sutherland]] ''(1956–1993)''
* [[St Paul's College, Manly|St Paul's Catholic College, Manly]]
* [[St Pius X College, Sydney|St Pius X College]], [[Chatswood, New South Wales|Chatswood]]
* [[St Thomas's Christian Brothers' College, Lewisham]] ''(1889–1980)''
* [[Trinity Catholic College, Goulburn]] (previously St Patrick's College)
* [[Waverley College]], [[Waverley, New South Wales|Waverley]] ''(1903–present)''
* [[Xavier High School, Albury]] (previously Christian Brothers' College, Albury)

====Queensland====
* [[Nudgee Junior College|Ambrose Treacy College]], [[Indooroopilly]] (formerly Nudgee Junior College)
* [[Aquinas College, Southport|Aquinas College]], [[Southport, Queensland|Southport]] (formerly Christian Brothers' College, Southport)
* [[Assumption College, Warwick]] (formerly Christian Brothers' College, Warwick)
* [http://mail.ereflc.org.au/kingston.html Centre Education Program] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315222945/http://mail.ereflc.org.au/kingston.html |date=15 March 2018 }}, [[Kingston, Queensland|Kingston]]
* [[Christian Brothers' College, Bundaberg]] (now Shalom Catholic College)
* Christian Brothers' College, Maryborough (now [[St Mary's College, Maryborough]])
* [[Christian Brothers' College, Gympie]] (now St Patrick's College)
* [[Christian Brothers' College, Warwick]] (now Assumption College)
* [[Clairvaux MacKillop College]], [[Brisbane]]
* [[Columba Catholic College]], [[Charters Towers, Queensland|Charters Towers]] (formerly Mt Carmel College)
* [[Gilroy Santa Maria College, Ingham]] (composed of two former schools: Cardinal Gilroy College and Santa Maria College)
* [[Good Shepherd Catholic College, Mount Isa]] (composed of two former schools: Mount Isa Catholic High School and St Kieran's College)
* [[Ignatius Park College]], [[Townsville]]
* [[Mount Carmel College, Charters Towers]] (now Columba Catholic College)
* [[Nudgee International College]], [[Boondall]]
* [[Our Lady of the Southern Cross College, Dalby]]
* [[Shalom Catholic College]], Bundaberg (formerly Christian Brothers' College, Bundaberg)
* [[St. Brendan's College, Yeppoon]]
* [[St Columban's College, Caboolture]]
* [[St Edmund's College, Ipswich]]
* [[St James College (Brisbane)|St James' College]], [[Brisbane]]
* [[St Joseph's College, Gregory Terrace]], [[Brisbane]]
* [[St Joseph's Nudgee College]], [[Brisbane]]
* [[Ambrose Treacy College]], [[Indooroopilly, Queensland|Indooroopilly]]
* [[St. Joseph's College, Toowoomba]]
* [[St Laurence's College]], [[South Brisbane]]
* [[St. Mary's Catholic College, Dalby]]
* [[St Mary's College, Maryborough]] (formerly Christian Brothers' College, Maryborough)
* [[St. Mary's College, Toowoomba|St. Mary's College]], [[Toowoomba]]
* [[St Patrick's College, Mackay]]
* [[St Patrick's College, Gympie]] (formerly Christian Brothers' College, Gympie)
* [[St Patrick's College, Shorncliffe]]
* [[St. Teresa's College, Abergowrie]]
* [[The Cathedral College, Rockhampton]] (formerly Christian Brothers' College, Rockhampton)

====South Australia====
* [[Christian Brothers College, Adelaide]]
* [[Rostrevor College]], [[Woodforde, South Australia|Woodforde]]
* [[St Paul's College, Adelaide|St Paul's College]], [[Gilles Plains, South Australia|Gilles Plains]]

====Tasmania====
* [[St Virgil's College]], [[Hobart]]

====Victoria====
* [[Aquinas College, Melbourne]]
* [[Cathedral College, East Melbourne]] ''(closed 1995)''
* [[Chanel College (Geelong)]] ''(closed 1999)''
* [[Damascus College Ballarat]] ''(founded 1995 when St Paul's Technical College, Ballarat amalgamated with two other schools)''
* [[Mount Carmel College, 196 Danks Street, Middle Park]] ''(closed)''
* [[Parade College]], [[Bundoora, Victoria|Bundoora]]
* [[St Alipius Boys School]], [[Ballarat East]] ''(closed 1976)''
* [[St Augustine's Orphanage and School]], [[Geelong|Whittington, Geelong]] ''(joined with six other organisations in July 1997 to form MacKillop Family Services)''
* [[St. Augustine's College, Yarraville]] ''(closed 1971)''
* [[St. Bernard's College, Melbourne]], [[Essendon, Victoria|Essendon]]
* [[St Joseph's College, Geelong|St. Joseph's College]], [[Geelong, Victoria|Geelong]]
* [[St Joseph's College, Melbourne]] ([[Pascoe Vale, Victoria|Pascoe Vale]] and [[North Melbourne, Victoria|North Melbourne]]) ''(closed 2010)''
* [[St Joseph's Technical College, South Melbourne]] [[aka's Christian Brothers Technical School & St's Peter & Paul's Technical School, South Melbourne]]
* [[St Kevin's College, Melbourne|St. Kevin's College, Toorak]]
* [[St Leo's College, Box Hill]] ''(closed)''
*[[St Mary's College, Melbourne (school)|St Mary's College, Melbourne]]
* [[St Patrick's College, Ballarat]]
* [[St Paul's Technical College, Ballarat]] ''(closed 1994, became [[Damascus College Ballarat]])''
* St Thomas College, Clifton Hill ''(closed)''
* [[St Vincent's Orphanage and School]], [[South Melbourne, Victoria|South Melbourne]] ''(joined with 6 other organisations in July 1997 to form MacKillop Family Services; the 1857 site continues as part of MacKillop)''
* [[Therry College]], [[Broadmeadows, Victoria|Broadmeadows]] ''(closed 1994)''
* St Mary's Technical School, Geelong ''(closed)'' 
* St Joseph's Christian Brothers College, Warrnambool ''(closed 1991)''

====Western Australia====
'''Current schools'''
* [[Aquinas College, Perth|Aquinas College]], [[Salter Point, Western Australia|Salter Point]] ''(established in 1938 when the headmaster, boarders and many day students from CBC Perth moved to the new campus at Salter Point)''
* [[Christian Brothers College, Fremantle|Christian Brothers College]], [[Fremantle]] ''(established in 1901)''
* [[Clontarf Aboriginal College]], [[Waterford, Western Australia|Waterford]] ''(established in 1901, formerly named St Joseph's Boys' Orphanage, Clontarf Boys' Orphanage, Clontarf Boys' Town and Clontarf School)''
* [[Trinity College, Perth|Trinity College]], [[East Perth, Western Australia|East Perth]] ''(established in 1962 when the headmaster, staff and students from CBC Perth and students from St Patrick's Boys' School moved to the new campus at East Perth)''
'''Former schools'''
* Bindoon Farm School, [[Bindoon, Western Australia|Bindoon]] ''(established in 1938, also known as St Joseph's Farm and Trade School and Bindoon Boys' Home, renamed Keaney College in 1966)''
* [[Castledare Boys' Home]], [[Wilson, Western Australia|Wilson]] ''(1929–1983, also known as St Vincent's Boys' Home)''
* Catholic Agricultural College, [[Bindoon, Western Australia|Bindoon]] ''(formerly named Keaney College, renamed Edmund Rice College in 2018)''
* Christian Brothers Agricultural School, [[Tardun, Western Australia|Tardun]] ''(1928–2009, formerly known as St Mary's Agricultural School and Tardun Farm School)''
* Christian Brothers College, [[Albany, Western Australia|Albany]] ''(a predecessor of St Joseph's College)''
* Christian Brothers College, [[Highgate, Western Australia|Highgate]] ''(established in 1979 from a merger of CBHS Highgate and CBHS Bedford, renamed St Marks College in 1982)''
* Christian Brothers College, [[Kalgoorlie]] ''(established in 1906, joined with Prendiville College to become the co-educational [[John Paul College, Kalgoorlie|John Paul College]] in 1984)''
* Christian Brothers College, [[Leederville, Western Australia|Leederville]] ''(established in 1942, joined with St Mary's College for Girls to become the co-educational [[Aranmore Catholic College]] in 1986)''
* [[Christian Brothers' College, Perth|Christian Brothers College]], [[Perth]] ''(established in 1894, closed when headmaster, staff and students moved to the new [[Trinity College, Perth|Trinity College]] campus in 1962)''
* Christian Brothers High School, [[Bedford, Western Australia|Bedford]] ''(established in 1959, merged with CBHS Highgate to become CBC Highgate in 1979)''
* Christian Brothers High School, [[Highgate, Western Australia|Highgate]] ''(established in 1936, merged with CBHS Bedford to become CBC Highgate in 1979)''
* Edmund Rice College, [[Bindoon, Western Australia|Bindoon]] ''(established in 1938, formerly named Bindoon Farm School, Keaney College and Catholic Agricultural College. Closed in 2024.)''
* Keaney College, [[Bindoon, Western Australia|Bindoon]] ''(formerly named Bindoon Farm School, renamed Catholic Agricultural College in 1995)''
* Nulungu College, [[Broome, Western Australia|Broome]] ''(established in 1971, merged with Nulungu Girls College in 1980, joined with St Mary's Primary School to become St Mary's College Broome in 1995)''
* St Edmund's College, [[Collie, Western Australia|Collie]] ''(established in 1955, joined with St Brigid's School to become the co-educational Collie Catholic College in 1994)''
* St Francis Xavier College, [[East Victoria Park]] ''(established in 1953, joined with Our Lady Help of Christians School and St Joachim's School to become the co-educational [[Ursula Frayne Catholic College]] in 1990)''
* St Mark's College, [[Highgate, Western Australia|Highgate]] ''(formerly named CBC Highgate, joined with St Thomas Aquinas College to become the co-educational [[Chisholm Catholic College, Perth|Chisholm Catholic College]] in 1989)''
* [[St Patrick's Boys' School, Perth|St Patrick's Boys' School]], [[Perth]] ''(1878–1963)''
* St Patrick's College, [[Geraldton]] ''(established in 1925, joined with Stella Maris College to become the co-educational [[Nagle Catholic College]] in 1994)''

===Cook Islands===
* [[Nukutere College]] – [[Avarua]], [[Rarotonga]] (est. 1975; Christian Brothers withdrew in 2009)

===New Zealand===
* [[John Paul College, Rotorua|John Paul College]] – [[Rotorua]], [[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]] (est. 1987; Christian Brothers withdrew in the 1990s)
* [[Liston College]] – [[Auckland]], [[Auckland Region|Auckland]] (est. 1974; Christian Brothers withdrew in 1988)
* [[St Kevin's College, Oamaru|St Kevin's College]] – [[Oamaru]], [[Otago]] (est. 1927; Christian Brothers withdrew in 1996)
* [[St Peter's College, Auckland|St Peter's College]] – [[Auckland]], [[Auckland Region|Auckland]] (est. 1939; Christian Brothers withdrew in 2007)
* [[St Thomas of Canterbury College]] – [[Christchurch]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] (est. 1961)
* [[Trinity Catholic College, Dunedin]], [[Otago]] (est. 1989)
'''Former schools'''
* [[Kavanagh College#Christian Brothers School (St Paul's High School) (1876–1989)|Christian Brothers High School]] – [[Dunedin]], [[Otago]] (1876–1964; replaced by [[St Paul's High School, Dunedin|St Paul's High School]])
* [[Kavanagh College#Christian Brothers School (St Paul's High School) (1876–1989)|Christian Brothers Junior School]] – [[Dunedin]], [[Otago]] (1964–1989; merged into [[Trinity Catholic College, Dunedin|Trinity Catholic College]])
* [[Edmund Rice College, Rotorua|Edmund Rice College]] – [[Rotorua]], [[Bay of Plenty Region|Bay of Plenty]] (1963–1987; merged into [[John Paul College, Rotorua|John Paul College]])
* [[Kavanagh College#St Edmund's School (1949–1989)|St Edmund's School]] – [[Dunedin]], [[Otago]] (1949–1989; merged into [[Trinity Catholic College, Dunedin|Trinity Catholic College]])
* [[St Patrick's Primary School, Oamaru|St Patrick's Primary School]] – [[Oamaru]], [[Otago]] (1928–1973)
* [[Kavanagh College#Christian Brothers School (St Paul's High School) (1876–1989)|St Paul's High School]] – [[Dunedin]], [[Otago]] (1964–1989; merged into [[Trinity Catholic College, Dunedin|Trinity Catholic College]])

===Papua New Guinea===
* [[Fatima College, Banz|Fatima College]] – [[Banz (Papua New Guinea)|Banz]], [[Western Highlands Province]]
* [[St Francis Xavier Post Primary School, Bundralis|St Francis Xavier Post Primary School]] – [[Bundralis]], [[Manus Province]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* aan de Wiel, Jerome, ''The Catholic Church in Ireland 1914–1918: War and Politics'' (Dublin 2003)

{{Congregation of Christian Brothers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}

[[Category:Congregation of Christian Brothers schools| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Catholic schools|Christian Brothers]]

Chief Minister of Maharashtra

2026-05-08T06:35:16Z

Beefurb: Started details.

{{Short description|Leader of the executive branch of Government of Maharashtra}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox political post
| post = Chief Minister
| native_name = Mahārāṣṭrāce Mukhyamaṃtrī
| body = Maharashtra
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| insigniasize = 125px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra]]
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 100px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| department = {{ubl|[[Chief Minister (India)|Chief Minister's Office]]|[[Government of Maharashtra]]}}
| imagesize = 200px
| appointer = [[List of governors of Maharashtra|Governor of Maharashtra]]
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| incumbentsince = 5 December 2024
| appointer_qualified = by [[Political convention|convention]] based on appointees ability to command [[confidence]] in the Legislative Assembly
| style = [[The Honourable]] [[Mr.|Mr. Chief Minister]] [[His Excellency]]
| status = [[Head of Government]]
| abbreviation = CMoMaharashtra
| member_of = {{hlist|[[Maharashtra Legislature|State Legislature]]|[[Maharashtra Council of Ministers|StateCabinet]]}}
| termlength = At the confidence of the assembly
| termlength_qualified = 5 years and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1"/>
| inaugural = {{plainlist|
*[[Dhanjishah Cooper|Dhanjishah Bomanjee Cooper]] {{small|(as Prime Minister of Bombay State)}}
*[[Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher]] {{small|(as Chief Minister of Bombay State)}}
*[[Yashwantrao Chavan]] {{small|(as Chief Minister of Maharashtra)}}
}}
| reports_to = [[Governor of Maharashtra]] [[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| deputy = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Maharashtra|Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| formation = {{start date and age|df=y|p=y|br=y|1960|05|01}}
| residence = [[Varsha Bungalow]], [[Malabar Hill]], [[Mumbai]]
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| precursor = {{hlist|Prime Minister of [[Bombay Presidency]]|Chief Minister of [[Bombay State]]}}
| salary = {{INRConvert|4.08|m}} annually
| website = {{URL|https://cmo.maharashtra.gov.in/|CMO Maharashtra}}
| image = File:Shri Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis.jpg
}}

The '''chief minister of Maharashtra''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: Mahārāṣṭrāce Mukhyamaṃtrī) is the [[head of government]] of the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. As per the [[Constitution of India]], the [[governor of Maharashtra]] is the state's ''[[de jure]]'' head, but ''[[de facto]]'' executive authority rests with the chief minister, a template applicable to all other Indian states. Following elections to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]], the governor usually invites the political party (or a coalition of political parties) with a majority of assembly seats to form the government in the state. The governor appoints the chief minister, whose [[Cabinet (government)|council of ministers]] is [[Cabinet collective responsibility|collectively responsible]] to the assembly. If the appointee is not a member of either the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]] or the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] of Maharashtra, then the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] stipulates that they need to be elected within six months of being sworn in.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/chavan-elected-to-legislative-council/article23050256.ece|title=Chavan elected to Legislative Council|work=[[Business Line]]|access-date=1 June 2019}}</ref> Given that they have the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years, renewable, and is subject to no [[term limit]]s.<ref name="term1">{{cite book|author=Durga Das Basu|author-link=Durga Das Basu|title=Introduction to the Constitution of India|year=2008|orig-year=1st pub. 1960|edition=20|pages=241-245|publisher=[[LexisNexis|LexisNexis Butterworths Wadhwa]]|isbn=978-81-8038-559-9|quote=Although the text talks about Indian state governments in general, it applies for the specific case of Maharashtra as well.}}</ref> Usually, the chief minister also serves as [[List of leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|leader of the house]] in the legislative assembly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apuat21.cgg.gov.in/web/legislative-assembly/leader-of-the-house|title=Leader of the House|work=[[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]|access-date=1 June 2025}}</ref>

The state of Maharashtra was formed from parts of [[Bombay State|Bombay]] and [[Hyderabad State]]s on 1 May 1960.<ref name="Bombay">{{cite web|url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1535/1/196011.pdf|title=The Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960|date=1960-04-25|website=India Code - Digital Repository of Legislation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524004247/https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1535/1/196011.pdf|archive-date=24 May 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Yashwantrao Chavan]] of the [[Indian National Congress]], who was serving as the third chief minister of Bombay since 1956, became the first chief minister of the newly formed state. [[Marotrao Kannamwar]] succeeded him after the [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962 assembly elections]], and is the only chief minister to die while in office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/before-jayalalithaa-aiadmk-leader-tamil-nadu-cm-15-chief-ministers-who-died-in-office-4414697/|title=Before Jayalalithaa, 16 chief ministers who died in office|date=7 December 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/jayalalithaa-is-dead-here-are-other-chief-ministers-who-died-while-still-in-office-3143718.html|title=Jayalalithaa is dead: Here are other chief ministers who died while still in office|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=7 December 2016 |access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> [[Vasantrao Naik]], whose term extended for more than 11 years from December 1963 to February 1975, has been the longest serving chief minister. With the exception of [[Devendra Fadnavis]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], and four people from [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]], all other chief ministers have been from the Congress and its [[Indian National Congress breakaway parties|breakaway parties]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1110710/jsp/7days/story_14219143.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129040803/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110710/jsp/7days/story_14219143.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 November 2014|title=Down but not out|date=10 July 2011|work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref name="Politics">{{cite report|url=http://www.unipune.ac.in/dept/mental_moral_and_social_science/politics_and_public_administration/ppa_webfiles/pdf/Link_Occ_Paper_Suhas_Palshikar_Coalition%20_CAS.pdf|title=Coalitions in Maharashtra Political fragmentation or Social Reconfiguration?|last1=Palshikar|first1=Suhas|last2=Birmal|first2=Nitin|last3=Ghotale|first3=Vivek|year=2010|publisher=Savitribai Phule University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19780131-indira-gandhi-installed-as-president-of-break-away-faction-of-congress-party-818678-2015-04-21|title=Indira Gandhi installed as president of break-away faction of Congress Party|work=[[India Today]]|date=21 April 2015 |language=en|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> The [[President's rule]] has been imposed thrice in the state first from February to June 1980, second from September to October 2014, and lastly in November 2019.<ref>{{cite web|title=Use of President's Rule peaked on February 17, 1980: Some facts|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/use-of-presidents-rule-309141-2016-02-17|access-date=1 March 2018|work=[[India Today]]|date=17 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=President's rule: 'Unprecedented but logical'|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/President’s-rule-‘Unprecedented-but-logical’/article20875429.ece|access-date=1 March 2018|work=[[Business Line]]}}</ref>

Devendra Fadnavis is the current incumbent serving since 5 December 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Devendra Fadnavis takes oath as Maha CM, Shinde & Ajit his deputies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/devendra-fadnavis-takes-oath-as-maha-cm-shinde-ajit-his-deputies/articleshow/116008177.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=4 December 2024 |access-date=4 December 2024}}</ref>

== Predecessors ==
=== Prime ministers of Bombay (1937–47) ===
The [[Bombay Presidency]], which existed during the [[British Raj]], was led by the prime minister of Bombay since the creation of the post in 1937.

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
!#{{efn|name=Term|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
!Portrait
!Name
! colspan="3" |Term of office
!Assembly
!Appointed
by

(Governor)
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|1
|[[File:Blank.svg|75x75px]]
|[[Dhanjishah Cooper]]
|1 April 1937
|19 July 1937<ref name="RABP">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.34595/page/160/mode/2up |title=Bombay 1937-1938: A Review of the Administration of the Bombay Presidency |date=1939 |publisher=Government Central Press, Bombay |location=[[Mumbai]] |pages=160–161}}</ref>
|{{ayd|1937|03|1|1937|07|19}}
| rowspan="2" |1st Provincial
[[1937 Indian provincial elections|(1937 Elections)]]
|[[Michael Knatchbull, 5th Baron Brabourne|The Lord Brabourne]]
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|2
|[[File:BG Kher 1989 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|114x114px]]
|[[B. G. Kher|Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher]]
|19 July 1937<ref name="RABP" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Chief Ministers (1937 to 2019) |url=http://mls.org.in/pdf2020/Margadarshika%20Parishishta-%20Chief%20Minister%20list.pdf |access-date=15 May 2021 |website=[[Maharashtra Legislature]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|2 November 1939<ref>{{Cite web |title=Forgotten fact: Most Mumbaiites are breaking the law when they grab a drink |date=17 May 2015 |url=https://scroll.in/article/727053/forgotten-fact-most-mumbaiites-are-breaking-the-law-when-they-grab-a-drink}}</ref>
|{{ayd|1937|07|19|1939|11|2}}
|[[Robert Duncan Bell]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
| -
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|122x122px]]
|''Vacant''
(Governor's Rule)
|2 November
1939
|30 March 1946
|{{ayd|1939|11|2|1946|3|30}}
|''Dissolved''
| -
|N/A
|
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|(2)
|[[File:BG Kher 1989 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|114x114px]]
|[[B. G. Kher|Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher]]
|30 March 1946
|15 August 1947
|{{age in years and days|30 March 1946|15 August 1947}}
|2nd
Provincial
[[1946 Indian provincial elections|(1946 Elections)]]
|[[John Colville, 1st Baron Clydesmuir|John Colville]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}

=== Chief ministers of Bombay (1947–60) ===
Following the [[Independence of India|Indian Independence]] in 1947, the province of Bombay was established from the erstwhile Bombay Presidency. The [[Bombay State]] was created in 1950 following the adoption of the [[Constitution of India]] and its territory underwent constant change in the following years. It comprised the Bombay province (roughly equating to the present-day Indian state of Maharashtra, excluding South Maharashtra and [[Vidarbha]]) and parts of the [[princely state]]s of the [[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency|Baroda, Western India and Gujarat]] (part of present-day [[Gujarat]]) and [[Deccan States Agency|Deccan states]] (parts of the present-day Maharashtra and [[Karnataka]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=A critical study of the development of secondary education for girls in Gujarat its history and present day problems|last=Desai|first=S. H.|publisher=Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda|year=1972|pages=411–420|hdl=10603/57937}}</ref> During the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|reorganisation of Indian states]] in 1956, the Bombay state was enlarged by the addition of [[Saurashtra State|Saurashtra]] and [[Kutch State]]s, the Marathi-speaking districts of [[Nagpur Division]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Marathwada]] region of [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]], while the southernmost districts of the state were transferred to [[Mysore State]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1680/1/195637.pdf|title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956|date=31 August 1956|work=India Code|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524004048/https://indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1680/1/195637.pdf|archive-date=2018-05-24|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!#{{efn|name=Term}}
!Portrait
!Name
!Constituency
! colspan="3" |Term of office
!Assembly
!Appointed by
(Governor)
! colspan="2" |Party
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|1
|[[File:BG Kher 1989 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|114x114px]]
|[[B. G. Kher|Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher]]
|MLC
|15 August 1947
|21 April 1952
|{{age in years and days|15 August 1947|21 April 1952}}
|Provincial Assembly
[[1946 Indian provincial elections|1946 election]])
|[[John Colville, 1st Baron Clydesmuir|John Colville]]
| rowspan="2" align="center" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|2
|[[File:Morarji Desai During his visit to the United States of America .jpg|106x106px]]
|[[Morarji Desai]]
|Bulsar Chikhli
|21 April 1952
|31 October 1956
|{{age in years and days|21 April 1952|31 October 1956}}
|1st
([[1952 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1952 elections]])
|[[Raja Maharaj Singh]]
|- align="center"
| rowspan="2" style="height: 60px;" |3
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan.jpg|102x102px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]
|1 November 1956
|5 April 1957
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|1 November 1956|30 April 1960}}
|1st
([[1952 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1952 elections]])
|[[Harekrushna Mahatab]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center"
|5 April 1957
|30 April 1960
|2nd
([[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957 elections]])
|[[Sri Prakasa]]
|}

== Chief ministers of Maharashtra (1960-present) ==
The Bombay state was dissolved to form the present-day states of Maharashtra and Gujarat by the Bombay Reorganisation Act, 1960, which was enacted by the [[Parliament of India]] on 25 April 1960 and came into effect on 1 May 1960.<ref name="Bombay"/><ref>{{cite web |date=1 May 2019 |title=Explained: How Gujarat, Maharashtra came into being |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gujarat-maharashtra-foundation-day-5705120/ |access-date=1 June 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

{{Col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Key
* No.: Incumbent number
* {{note label|†|†|†}} Died in office
* {{note label|§|§|§}} Returned to office after a previous non-consecutive term
* {{note label|RES|RES|RES}} Resigned
* {{note label|NC|NC|NC}} Resigned following a [[no-confidence motion]]
{{col-end}}
*
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |No
! rowspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" |Name
! rowspan="2" |Constituency
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" |Assembly
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Party
{{small|(Alliance)}}<ref name="Politics"/>
|-
!Took office
!Left office
!Duration
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|1
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan.jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|[[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North]]
|1 May 1960
|20 November 1962
|{{age in years and days|1 May 1960|20 November 1962}}
|1st
([[1957 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1957 elections]])
| rowspan="8" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|2
|
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|[[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli]]
|20 November 1962
|24 November 1963{{ref label|†|†|†}}
|{{age in years and days|20 November 1962|24 November 1963}}
| rowspan="3" |2nd
([[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962 election]])
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
| 3
|
| [[P. K. Sawant]]
| [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun]]
| 25 November 1963
| 5 December 1963
| {{age in years and days|25 November 1963|5 December 1963}}
|- align="center"
| rowspan="3" style="height: 60px;" |4
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|100x100px]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vasantrao Naik]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
|5 December 1963
|1 March 1967
| rowspan="3" |{{age in years and days|5 December 1963|21 February 1975}}
|- align="center"
|1 March 1967
|13 March 1972
|3rd
([[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967 election]])
|- align="center"
|13 March 1972
|21 February 1975
| rowspan="3" |4th
([[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972 election]])
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|5
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]
|21 February 1975
|17 May 1977
|{{age in years and days|21 February 1975|17 May 1977}}
|- align="center"
| rowspan="2" style="height: 60px;" |6
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil 2012 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|17 May 1977
|5 March 1978
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|17 May 1977|18 July 1978}}
|- align="center"
|[[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli]]
|5 March 1978
|18 July 1978
| rowspan="2" |5th
([[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978 election]])
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|7
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|96x96px]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
|18 July 1978
|17 February 1980
|{{age in years and days|18 July 1978|17 February 1980}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|–
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|alt=State Emblem of India|120x120px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR|Under [[Article 356]] of the [[Constitution of India]], in the event that a [[State governments of India|state government]] is unable to function according to constitutional provisions, the [[Government of India|Central government]] can take direct control of the state machinery through the [[Governors of states of India|Governor]]. When [[President's rule]] is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of chief minister thus lies vacant. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>{{cite web|author=Amberish K. Diwanji|url=http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm|title=A dummy's guide to President's rule|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=15 March 2005|access-date=3 March 2013}}</ref>}}
([[President's rule]])
|N/A
|17 February 1980
|8 June 1980
|{{age in years and days|17 February 1980|8 June 1980}}
|''Dissolved''<ref>{{cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Information sought under RTI Act, 2005 |url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/RTI_VRSSandeepGupta_CSR1_300614.PDF |access-date=23 May 2018 |work=Ministry of Home Affairs |page=7}}</ref>
|N/A
| style="background-color: white" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|8
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|91x91px]]
|[[A. R. Antulay]]
|[[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan]]
|9 June 1980
|21 January 1982
|{{age in years and days|9 June 1980|21 January 1982}}
| rowspan="3" |6th
([[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980 election]])
| rowspan="9" |[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="9" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|9
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|97x97px]]
|[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|[[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar]]
|21 January 1982
|2 February 1983
|{{age in years and days|21 January 1982|2 February 1983}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|(6)
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil 2012 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|102x102px]]
|[[Vasantdada Patil]]
|[[Sangli (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sangli]]
|2 February 1983
|3 June 1985
|{{age in years and days|2 February 1983|3 June 1985}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|10
|
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|[[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga]]
|3 June 1985
|12 March 1986
|{{age in years and days|3 June 1985|12 March 1986}}
| rowspan="3" |7th
([[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985 election]])
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|(5)
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|97x97px]]
|[[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|12 March 1986
|26 June 1988
|{{age in years and days|12 March 1986|26 June 1988}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
| rowspan="2" |(7)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|96x96px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharad Pawar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati]]
|26 June 1988
|4 March 1990
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|26 June 1988|25 June 1991}}
|- align="center"
|4 March 1990
|25 June 1991
| rowspan="3" align="center" |8th
([[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990 election]])
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|11
|[[File:Sudhakarrao Naik Lok Sabha photo portrait 1998-03-18.jpg|84x84px]]
|[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|[[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad]]
|25 June 1991
|6 March 1993
|{{age in years and days|25 June 1991|6 March 1993}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|(7)
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|96x96px]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|6 March 1993{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|14 March 1995
|{{age in years and days|6 March 1993|14 March 1995}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|12
|[[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Manohar Joshi]]
|[[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar]]
|14 March 1995
|1 February 1999
|{{age in years and days|14 March 1995|1 February 1999}}
| rowspan="2" |9th
([[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995 election]])
| rowspan="2" |[[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
{{small|([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])}}
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Shiv Sena}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|13
|[[File:Narayan Rane with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Narayan Rane]]
|[[Malvan Assembly constituency|Malvan]]
|1 February 1999
|18 October 1999
|{{age in years and days|1 February 1999|18 October 1999}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|14
|[[File:Vilasrao Deshmukh at Innovation Partnerships Event May 8, 2012.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|[[Latur Assembly constituency|Latur]]
|18 October 1999
|18 January 2003
|{{age in years and days|18 October 1999|18 January 2003}}
| rowspan="2" |10th
([[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999 election]])
| rowspan="6" |[[Indian National Congress]]
{{small|([[Democratic Front (India)|MA]])}}
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|15
|[[File:Sushilkumar Shinde.JPG|94x94px]]
|[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|[[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South]]
|18 January 2003
|1 November 2004
|{{age in years and days|18 January 2003|1 November 2004}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|(14)
|[[File:Vilasrao Deshmukh at Innovation Partnerships Event May 8, 2012.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|[[Latur Assembly constituency|Latur]]
|1 November 2004{{ref label|§|§|§}}
|8 December 2008
|{{age in years and days|1 November 2004|8 December 2008}}
| rowspan="2" |11th
([[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004 election]])
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
| rowspan="2" |16
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh with the Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Ashok Chavan and the Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Chhagan Chandrakant Bhujbal, in New Delhi on December 12, 2008 (cropped) 1.jpg|103x103px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashok Chavan]]
|[[Mudkhed Assembly constituency|Mudkhed]]
|8 December 2008
|7 November 2009
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|8 December 2008|11 November 2010}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|[[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar]]
|7 November 2009
|11 November 2010
| rowspan="2" |12th
([[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]])
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|17
|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|11 November 2010
|28 September 2014
|{{age in years and days|11 November 2010|28 September 2014}}
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|–
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|alt=State Emblem of India|120x120px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR}}
([[President's rule]])
|N/A
|28 September 2014
|30 October 2014
|{{age in years and days|28 September 2014|30 October 2014}}
|''Dissolved''
|N/A
| style="background-color: white" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|18
|[[File:Shri Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|[[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
|31 October 2014
|12 November 2019
|{{age in years and days|31 October 2014|12 November 2019}}
|13th
([[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014 election]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{{small|([[Maha Yuti|MY]])}}
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
| -
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|alt=State Emblem of India|120x120px]]
|Vacant{{efn|name=PR}}
([[President's rule]])
|
|12 November 2019
|23 November 2019
|{{age in years and days|12 November 2019|23 November 2019}}
| rowspan="4" |14th
([[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 election]])
|N/A
|
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|(18)
|[[File:Shri Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|[[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
|23 November 2019
|28 November 2019
|{{age in years and days|23 November 2019|28 November 2019}}{{efn|Fadnavis sworn in as the chief minister on 23 November 2019 at 8:00 am and resigned on 26 November 2019 at 4:00 pm making him the chief minister with the shortest tenure across Indian states.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Was Devendra Fadnavis Maharashtra CM For Just 80 Hours? BJP MP Answers |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/why-was-devendra-fadnavis-maharashtra-cm-for-just-80-hours_in_5de4a683e4b0d50f32a4955f |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=Huffington Post |date=2 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=After 80 hours as Maharashtra CM, Fadnavis submits resignation to governor |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/after-80-hours-as-maharashtra-cm-fadnavis-submits-resignation-to-governor-11574771014091.html |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Live Mint]] |date=26 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Only 80 hrs: Devendra Fadnavis becomes Maharashtra CM with shortest tenure ever |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/devendra-fadnavis-becomes-maharashtra-cm-with-shortest-tenure-1622775-2019-11-26 |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=[[India Today]]|date=26 November 2019}}</ref> [[P. K. Sawant]] from Congress, who had served from 25 November 1963 to 4 December 1963, had previously held the office of the chief minister of Maharashtra for the fewest days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra: Only 80 hours – Fadnavis now CM for shortest tenure in state history |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/only-80-hours-fadnavis-now-cm-for-shortest-tenure-in-state-history-6138705/ |access-date=20 December 2019 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 November 2019}}</ref>}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{{small|([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-[[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]])}}
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|19
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|109x109px]]
|[[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|[[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]]
|28 November 2019
|30 June 2022
|{{age in years and days|28 November 2019|30 June 2022}}
|[[Shiv Sena (1966-2022)|Shiv Sena]]
{{small|([[Maha Vikas Aghadi|MVA]])}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|20
|[[File:Shri Eknath Sambhaji Shinde.jpg|92x92px]]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|[[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi]]
|30 June 2022
|5 December 2024
|{{age in years and days|30 June 2022|5 December 2024}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022-present)|Shiv Sena]]
{{small|([[Maha Yuti|MY]])}}
| style="background-color:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)|rowspan=2}}" |
|- align="center" style="height: 60px;"
|(18)
|[[File:Shri Devendra Gangadharrao Fadnavis.jpg|101x101px]]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|[[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West]]
|5 December 2024
|''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|5 December 2024}}
|[[15th Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|15th]]
([[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024 election]])
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
{{small|([[Maha Yuti|MY]])}}
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|}

==Statistics==
{{Pie chart|
| caption = Time of office by party (as of 19 March 2026)
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value1 = 73.07
| label2 = [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]]
| color2 = {{party color|Shiv Sena}}
| value2 = 14.78
| label3 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| color3 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value3 = 9.14
| label4 = [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
| color4 = {{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}
| value4 = 2.44
| label5 = [[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| color5 = {{party color|Indian National Congress (U)}}
| value5 = 0.57
}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! data-sort-type=number rowspan = "2" |#
! rowspan="2" |Chief Minister
! rowspan="2" colspan=2 |Party
! colspan="2" |Length of term
|-
! Longest tenure
! Total tenure
|-
| data-sort-value="1" | 1
| [[Vasantrao Naik]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|5 December 1963|21 February 1975}}
| {{age in years and days|5 December 1963|21 February 1975}}
|-
| data-sort-value="2" | 2
| [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|1 November 2004|8 December 2008}}
| 7 years, 129 days
|-
| data-sort-value="3" | 3
| [[Sharad Pawar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}/[[Indian Congress (Socialist)|IC(S)]]
| {{age in years and days|26 June 1988|25 June 1991}}
| 6 years, 221 days
|-
| data-sort-value="4" | 4
| '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| '''{{age in years and days|31 October 2014|12 November 2019}}'''
| '''{{Age in years and days|18 November 2019}}'''
|-
| data-sort-value="5" | 5
| [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|12 March 1986|26 June 1988}}
| 4 years, 191 days
|-
| data-sort-value="6" | 6
| [[Manohar Joshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| {{age in years and days|14 March 1995|1 February 1999}}
| {{age in years and days|14 March 1995|1 February 1999}}
|-
| data-sort-value="7" | 7
| [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|11 November 2010|28 September 2014}}
| {{age in years and days|11 November 2010|28 September 2014}}
|-
| data-sort-value="8" | 8
| [[Vasantdada Patil]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress (U)}}/[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| {{age in years and days|2 February 1983|3 June 1985}}
| 3 years, 183 days
|-
| data-sort-value="9" | 9
| [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| {{age in years and days|28 November 2019|30 June 2022}}
| {{age in years and days|28 November 2019|30 June 2022}}
|-
| data-sort-value="10" | 10
| [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|1 May 1960|20 November 1962}}
| {{age in years and days|1 May 1960|20 November 1962}}
|-
| data-sort-value="11" | 11
| [[Eknath Shinde]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| {{age in years and days|30 June 2022|5 December 2024}}
| {{age in years and days|30 June 2022|5 December 2024}}
|-
| data-sort-value="12" | 12
| [[Ashok Chavan]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|8 December 2008|11 November 2010}}
| {{age in years and days|8 December 2008|11 November 2010}}
|-
| data-sort-value="13" | 13
| [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|18 January 2003|1 November 2004}}
| {{age in years and days|18 January 2003|1 November 2004}}
|-
| data-sort-value="14" | 14
| [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|25 June 1991|6 March 1993}}
| {{age in years and days|25 June 1991|6 March 1993}}
|-
| data-sort-value="15" | 15
| [[A. R. Antulay]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|9 June 1980|21 January 1982}}
| {{age in years and days|9 June 1980|21 January 1982}}
|-
| data-sort-value="16" | 16
| [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|21 January 1982|2 February 1983}}
| {{age in years and days|21 January 1982|2 February 1983}}
|-
| data-sort-value="17" | 17
| [[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|20 November 1962|24 November 1963}}
| {{age in years and days|20 November 1962|24 November 1963}}
|-
| data-sort-value="18" | 18
| [[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|3 June 1985|12 March 1986}}
| {{age in years and days|3 June 1985|12 March 1986}}
|-
| data-sort-value="19" | 19
| [[Narayan Rane]]
| {{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
| {{age in years and days|1 February 1999|18 October 1999}}
| {{age in years and days|1 February 1999|18 October 1999}}
|-
| data-sort-value="20" | 20
| [[P. K. Sawant]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| {{age in years and days|25 November 1963|5 December 1963}}
| {{age in years and days|25 November 1963|5 December 1963}}
|-
|}

==Timeline==
{{#tag:timeline|
ImageSize = width:1100 height:auto barincrement:20
PlotArea = top:10 bottom:50 right:300 left:15
AlignBars = late

Colors =

id:inc value:rgb(0,0.748,1) legend: INC
id:urs value:rgb(1,0,0) legend: INC(U)
id:soc value:rgb(0,0,0) legend: INC(S)
id:shs value:rgb(0.949,0.435,0.129) legend: SS
id:bjp value:rgb(1,0.6,0.2) legend: BJP
id:gray1 value:gray(0.8)
id:gray2 value:gray(0.9)

Define $today = {{#time:d/m/Y}}

DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1960 till:$today
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
ScaleMinor = gridcolor:gray2 unit:year increment:1 start:1960
ScaleMajor = gridcolor:gray1 unit:year increment:5 start:1960

Legend = columns:4 left:150 top:24 columnwidth:150

TextData =
pos:(20,27) textcolor:black fontsize:M
text: Political Party

BarData =
bar:YChavan
bar:Kannamwar
bar:Sawant
bar:VNaik
bar:SChavan
bar:Patil
bar:Pawar
bar:Antulay
bar:Bhosale
bar:Nilangekar
bar:SNaik
bar:Joshi
bar:Rane
bar:Deshmukh
bar:Shinde
bar:AChavan
bar:PChavan
bar:Fadnavis
bar:Thackeray
bar:EShinde

PlotData =
width:5 align:Left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:YChavan
from: 01/05/1960 till: 20/11/1962 color:inc text:"[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]" fontsize:10
bar:Kannamwar
from: 20/11/1962 till: 24/11/1963 color:inc text:"[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]" fontsize:10
bar:Sawant
from: 25/11/1963 till: 05/12/1963 color:inc text:"[[P. K. Sawant]]" fontsize:10
bar:VNaik
from: 05/12/1963 till: 21/02/1975 color:inc text:"[[Vasantrao Naik]]" fontsize:10
bar:SChavan
from: 21/02/1975 till: 17/05/1977 color:inc
from: 12/03/1986 till: 26/06/1988 color:inc text:"[[Shankarrao Chavan]]" fontsize:10
bar:Patil
from: 17/05/1977 till: 05/03/1978 color:inc
from: 05/03/1978 till: 18/07/1978 color:urs
from: 02/02/1983 till: 03/06/1985 color:inc text:"[[Vasantdada Patil]]" fontsize:10
bar:Pawar
from: 18/07/1978 till: 17/02/1980 color:soc
from: 26/06/1988 till: 25/06/1991 color:inc
from: 06/03/1993 till: 14/03/1995 color:inc text:"[[Sharad Pawar]]" fontsize:10
bar:Antulay
from: 09/06/1980 till: 21/01/1982 color:inc text:"[[A R Antulay]]" fontsize:10
bar:Bhosale
from: 21/01/1982 till: 01/02/1983 color:inc text:"[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]" fontsize:10
bar:Nilangekar
from: 03/06/1985 till: 12/03/1986 color:inc text:"[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]" fontsize:10
bar:SNaik
from: 25/06/1991 till: 06/03/1993 color:inc text:"[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]" fontsize:10
bar:Joshi
from: 14/03/1995 till: 01/02/1999 color:shs text:"[[Manohar Joshi]]" fontsize:10
bar:Rane
from: 01/02/1999 till: 18/10/1999 color:shs text:"[[Narayan Rane]]" fontsize:10
bar:Deshmukh
from: 18/10/1999 till: 18/01/2003 color:inc
from: 01/11/2004 till: 08/12/2008 color:inc text:"[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]" fontsize:10
bar:Shinde
from: 18/01/2003 till: 01/11/2004 color:inc text:"[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]" fontsize:10
bar:AChavan
from: 08/12/2008 till: 11/11/2010 color:inc text:"[[Ashok Chavan]]" fontsize:10
bar:PChavan
from: 11/11/2010 till: 28/09/2014 color:inc text:"[[Prithviraj Chavan]]" fontsize:10
bar:Fadnavis
from: 31/10/2014 till: 12/11/2019 color:bjp
from: 23/11/2019 till: 28/11/2019 color:bjp
from: 05/12/2024 till: $today color:bjp text:"[[Devendra Fadnavis]]" fontsize:10
bar:Thackeray
from: 28/11/2019 till: 30/06/2022 color:shs text:"[[Uddhav Thackeray]]" fontsize:10
bar:EShinde
from: 30/06/2022 till: 05/12/2024 color:shs text:"[[Eknath Shinde]]" fontsize:10

}}

==See also==
* [[List of chairmen of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
* [[List of leaders of the house in the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
* [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
* [[List of speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of deputy speakers of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Chief ministers of Maharashtra}}
{{Chief Ministers of Maharashtra}}
{{Current Indian chief ministers}}
{{Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Lists of chief ministers of Indian states|Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Maharashtra|*]]
[[Category:Lists of people from Maharashtra|Chief Ministers]]

INS Sanshodhak

2026-05-06T12:26:02Z

Beefurb:

{{Short description|Hydrographic survey ship}}
{{italic title|string=Sanshodhak}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = Launch of Sanshodhak, 4th ship of Survey Vessels Large series.jpg
| image_caption = ''Sanshodhak'' being launched into the water
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = Sanshodhak
| namesake =
| ordered = 30 October 2018<ref name="sandhayak-class_order" />
| builder = [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
| laid_down = 17 June 2022<ref name=":3" />
| launched = 13 June 2023<ref name="PIB-080623" />
| completed =
| acquired = 30 March 2026<ref name=":52" />
| commissioned =
| decommissioned =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| yard_number = 3028
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: J24
| motto =
| fate =
| status = Delivered
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = {{sclass|Sandhayak|survey vessel|||2023}}
| displacement = {{convert|3300|t|LT|lk=on|0}}
| length = {{convert|110|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam =
| draft =
| propulsion =
| speed = {{convert|18|kn|lk=in}}
| boats = *Survey Motor Boats (SMBs)
*Rigid Hull Inflatable Boats (RHIBs)
| range = *{{convert|6500|nmi|abbr=on|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}} to {{convert|16|kn}}
| complement = 231
| armament = [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN 91]] naval gun
| sensors = *Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs)
*Remote Operated Vehicles (ROVs)
*Multi Beam Echo Sounders
| aircraft = 1 × [[HAL Dhruv]]
| aircraft_facilities = [[Helipad]]
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Sanshodhak''''' is the fourth and final ship of {{sclass|Sandhayak|survey vessel|4||2023}} of survey ships. It is a [[hydrographic survey|hydrographic survey ship]] built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] (GRSE) for the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-03-30 |title=3 ships - Dunagiri, Sanshodhak, and Agray - handed over to Navy on Monday |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/3-ships-dunagiri-sanshodhak-and-agray-handed-over-to-navy-on-monday/article70803679.ece |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Design ==
The ships have a displacement of {{convert|3300|t|LT|0}} and a length of {{Convert|110|m|ftin}}. They have a cruising speed of {{Convert|16|knot|lk=in}} with a maximum speed of {{Convert|18|knot}} and an operating range of {{Convert|6500|nmi|lk=in}} at a speed of {{Convert|14|to|16|knot}}. The ships have a complement of 231 and are equipped with [[Hydrography|hydrographic]] sensor equipment and a [[hangar]] which can accommodate one advanced light helicopter. In the secondary role, the ships can be fitted with a [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|CRN 91]] naval gun. In addition, the vessels will follow MARPOL ([[marine pollution]]) Standards of the [[International Maritime Organization|International Maritime Organisation]] and will be built per Classification Society Rules and Naval Ship Regulations.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/301018/grse-bags-over-rs-2000-crore-contract-to-build-4-large-survey-vessels.html|title=GRSE bags over Rs 2,000 crore contract to build 4 large survey vessels for Navy|date=2018-10-30|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-11-26|language=en}}</ref>

The primary role of the vessels would be to conduct coastal and deep-water hydro-graphic survey of ports, navigational channels, Exclusive Economic Zones and collection of oceanographic data for defence. Their secondary role would be to perform search & rescue, ocean research and function as hospital ships for casualties.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=184472|title=MOD signs contract with GRSE for supply of four survey vessels for Indian Navy|website=pib.nic.in|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/article/84181/indian-mod-orders-four-survey-ships-from-grse|title=Indian MoD orders four survey ships from GRSE {{!}} Jane's 360|website=www.janes.com|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-to-build-four-survey-vehicles-for-indian-navy-contract-inked/articleshow/66431579.cms|title=GRSE to build four survey vehicles for Indian Navy, contract inked|date=2018-10-30|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/imps-news/grse-supply-survey-vessels-indian-navy/|title=GRSE to supply vessels to Indian Navy - NWI - Naval Warfare - Shephard Media|website=www.shephardmedia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-26}}</ref>

== Construction ==
The class of the survey vessel were ordered on 30 October 2018 by the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] to the [[GRSE]] for its design, construction and delivery to the [[Indian Navy]].<ref name="sandhayak-class_order">{{Cite press release |title=MOD signs contract with GRSE for supply of four survey vessels for Indian Navy |date=2018-10-30 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2146022 |access-date=2025-07-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719120053/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1551240 |archive-date=2025-07-19}}</ref> The keel of the ship was laid on 17 June 2022<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Keel laying ceremony of fourth ship of SVL and Second and third ships of ASW SWC |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1834832 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> and launched on 13 June 2023.<ref name="PIB-080623">{{Cite press release |title=LAUNCH OF 'SANSHODHAK', FOURTH SHIP OF SURVEY VESSEL (LARGE) PROJECT AT M/s L&T, KATTUPALLI ON 13 JUN 23 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1932038 |access-date=2023-06-13 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref> Following contractor trials and validation, she was delivered to the Indian Navy on 30 March 2026 along with {{INS|Dunagiri|2022|6}} and {{INS|Agray|2024|6}}.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":52">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2026-03-30 |title=Navy gets three indigenous warships from GRSE, boost to self-reliance push |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-navy-commissions-three-new-ships-dunagiri-sanshodhak-agray-enhancing-combat-capabilities-2889299-2026-03-30 |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sanshodhak (2023)}}
[[Category:Ships built in Kolkata]]
[[Category:2023 ships]]
[[Category:Auxiliary ships of the Indian Navy]]

Jalukbari Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T03:50:53Z

Beefurb: Put Up Stub!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jalukbari
| mla = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] {{Small|[[Chief Minister of Assam]]}}
| incumbent_image = Himanta Biswa Sarma briefing media at his office dispur.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[Assam]]
| district = [[Kamrup Metropolitan district|Kamrup Metropolitan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency|Guwahati]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 51
| map_image = Jalukbari Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
}}

'''Jalukbari Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] state assembly, in north-east [[India]]. It forms part of [[Guwahati Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>
[[Chief Minister of Assam]]

[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]] has won Jalukbari constituency for five consecutive terms, thrice with [[Indian National Congress]] and twice with [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>[http://www.livemint.com/Politics/tJF1cpe9uGnxMF02EtV3PJ/Himanta-Biswa-Sarma-BJPs-Prashant-Kishor-for-Assam.html Himanta Biswa Sarma: BJP’s Prashant Kishor for AssamS]</ref>{{Pie chart
| caption = Most Successful parties from Jalukbari Vidhan Sabha
| other =
| value1 = 38
| label1 = [[Indian National Congress|'''Indian National Congress''' (5 Times)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| value2 = 21
| label2 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''Bharatiya Janata Party''' (3 Times)]]
| color2 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| value3 = 15
| label3 = [[Asom Gana Parishad|'''Asom Gana Parishad''' ( 2 Times)]]
| color3 = {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| value4 = 7
| label4 = [[Janata Party|'''Janata Party''' ( 1 Time)]]
| color4 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| value5 = 7
| label5 = [[Natun Asom Gana Parishad|'''Natun Asom Gana Parishad'''( 1 Time)]]
| color5 = {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
| value6 = 15
| label6 = [[Independent politician]] ( 2 Times)
| color6 = {{party color|Independent politician}}
| value7 =
| label7 =
| color7 =
| value8 =
| label8 =
| color8 =
}}Chief minister of state represents this constituency.

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{{Pie chart|caption=Most Successful M.L.A.s from Jalukbari Vidhan Sabha|other=|value1=41|label1=[[Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma|'''Dr. Himanta Biswa Sarma(INC)(BJP)'''( 5 Times)]]|color1={{party color|Shiv Sena}}|value2=27|label2=[[Bhrigu Kumar Phukan|'''Bhrigu Kumar Phukan)'''( 3 Times)]]|color2={{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}|value3=8|label3=[[Lakshyadhar Choudhury|'''Lakhyadhar Choudhary(JP)'''( 1 Time)]]|color3={{party color|Janata Party}}|value4=8|label4=[[Rebati Das|'''Rebati Das(INC)''' ( 1 Time)]]|color4={{party color|Indian National Congress}}|value5=16|label5='''Others'''( 2 Times)|color5={{party color|Independent}}|value6=|label6=|color6=|value7=|label7=|color7={{party color|Independent}}|value8=|label8=|color8=}}

{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
| [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Sailen Medhi
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| [[Rebati Das]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| [[Lakhyadhar Choudhury]]
| {{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Shah Jalal Ali
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Bhrigu Kumar Phukan]]
| {{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| {{full party name with color|Natun Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| {{full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan="6" | [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
| {{full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| {{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
| [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Jalukbari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|votes = 1,27,151
|percentage = 74.20
|change = -3.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bidisha Neog
|votes = 37,717
|percentage = 22.07
|change = +5.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 3,440
|percentage = 2.01
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 89,434
|percentage = 52.13
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,70,854
|percentage = 82.78
|change=
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,06,314
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -3.19
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jalukbari]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:130762}}|percentage=77.39|change=+1.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ramen Chandra Borthakur|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:28851}}|percentage=17.07|change=-3.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Hemanta Kumar Sut|votes=4,838|percentage=2.86|change=}}{{Election box majority||votes=1,01,911|percentage=60.32|change=+5.03}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,69,155|percentage=82.64|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jalukbari]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,18,390|percentage=76.16|change=+52.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Niren Deka|votes=32,455|percentage=20.87|change=-51.22}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Sadek Ali|votes=371|percentage=0.23|change=-0.73}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,074|percentage=0.69|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=85,935|percentage=55.29|change=-4.19}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,55,436|percentage=85.18|change=+6.02}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,81,215
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing = +51.67
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
{{Election box begin|
title=[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Jalukbari]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|votes = 93,812
|percentage = 72.09
|change = +8.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Prodyut Bora]]
|votes = 16,409
|percentage = 12.61
|change = +7.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Monoj Kumar Saikia
|votes = 14,887
|percentage = 11.44
|change = -17.00
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Bimal Mochachary
|votes = 1,250
|percentage = 0.96
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ramen Lahkar
|votes = 1,037
|percentage = 0.80
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Atma Ram Deka
|votes = 933
|percentage = 0.72
|change = -0.97
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Nathuni Das
|votes = 836
|percentage = 0.64
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Prafulla Bharali
|votes = 495
|percentage = 0.38
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Naba Kumar Nath
|votes = 473
|percentage = 0.36
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 77,403
|percentage = 59.48
|change = +24.45
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,30,132
|percentage = 79.16
|change = +1.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing = +0.33
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===
{{Election box begin|
title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2006: Jalukbari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|votes = 76,948
|percentage = 63.47
|change = +16.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Puspa Deka
|votes = 34,480
|percentage = 28.44
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Jayanta Kumar Das
|votes = 5,632
|percentage = 4.65
|change = -3.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Md. Bapukan Ali
|votes = 2,049
|percentage = 1.69
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = AGP(P)
|candidate = Manoj Saikia
|votes = 1,142
|percentage = 0.94
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Phukan Boro
|votes = 978
|percentage = 0.81
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 42,468
|percentage = 35.03
|change = +24.63
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,21,229
|percentage = 77.82
|change = +2.02
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
{{Election box begin|
title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 2001: Jalukbari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|votes = 45,054
|percentage = 46.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Bhrigu Kumar Phukan]]
|votes = 35,035
|percentage = 36.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ramendra Nath Deka
|votes = 8,278
|percentage = 8.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Purna Boro
|votes = 3,110
|percentage = 3.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Puspa Deka
|votes = 1,683
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Dilip Kumar Mahajan
|votes = 904
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Janata Party (Rashtriya)
|candidate = Anil Sarma
|votes = 728
|percentage = 0.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samata Party
|candidate = Alok Sen
|votes = 468
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Atmaram Deka
|votes = 456
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|party = UMFA
|candidate = Bijoy Krishna Ghosh
|votes = 365
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Umesh Chandra Das
|votes = 277
|percentage = 0.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,019
|percentage = 10.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 96,358
|percentage = 75.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin|
title=Assam Legislative Assembly election, 1996: Jalukbari}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = [[Bhrigu Kumar Phukan]]
|votes = 46,446
|percentage = 54.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Himanta Biswa Sarma]]
|votes = 29,318
|percentage = 34.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sasi Sarma
|votes = 7,136
|percentage = 8.45
|change =
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,128
|percentage = 20.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 84,490
|percentage = 76.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Asom Gana Parishad
|loser = Natun Asom Gana Parishad
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Jalukbari]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Kamrup Metropolitan district| ]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Assam]]

Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka

2026-05-03T20:50:21Z

Beefurb: Put Up Entry

{{Short description|Tamil people of Indian origin in Sri Lanka}}
{{Distinguish|Sri Lankan Tamils}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka
|native_name = {{lang|ta|மலையகத் தமிழர்}} {{lang|si|ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉන්දියානු දෙමළ ජනතාව}}
|native_name_lang =
|flag =
|flag_caption =
|image = Wanderings east of Suez in Ceylon, India, China and Japan (1907) (14764108484).jpg
|image_caption = Indian Tamil woman working in a tea plantation in central [[Sri Lanka]], ca. 1907.
|population = 842,323<ref>{{cite web|title=A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|work=Census of Population & Housing, 2011|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|access-date=2012-10-23|archive-date=2017-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> (4.2% of the [[Demographics of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan]] population) (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109063841/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sri-lanka|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 9, 2021|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=Cia.gov|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref>
|genealogy =
|regions = [[Provinces of Sri Lanka|Province]]
|tablehdr =
|region1 = {{flagcountry|Central Province, Sri Lanka}}
|pop1 = 484,429
|ref1 =
|region2 = {{flagcountry|Uva Province}}
|pop2 = 154,252
|ref2 =
|region3 = {{flagcountry|Sabaragamuwa Province}}
|pop3 = 104,063
|ref3 =
|region4 = {{flagcountry|Western Province, Sri Lanka}}
|pop4 = 61,826
|ref4 =
|languages = [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ([[First language|L1]]) [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] ([[Second language|L2]])
|religions = '''Majority''' [[Hinduism]] '''Minority'''{{Hlist|[[Christianity]]|[[Islam]]|[[Buddhism]]}}
|related = {{Hlist|[[Tamils]]|[[Sri Lankan Tamils]]|[[Tamil Malaysian]]|[[Singapore Tamils]]|[[Myanmar Tamils]]|[[Tamil South Africans]]|[[Tamil Mauritians]]|Other [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]]}}
|footnotes =
}}
'''Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka''' are [[Tamils|Tamil people]] of Indian origin in [[Sri Lanka]]. They are also known as '''Malayaga Tamilar''',
'''Hill Country Tamils''', '''Up-Country Tamils''' or simply '''Indian Tamils'''. They predominantly descend from workers sent during the [[British Raj]] from [[South India|Southern India]] to Sri Lanka in the 19th and 20th centuries to work in [[coffee]], [[tea]] and [[rubber]] plantations. Some also migrated on their own as merchants and as other service providers. These [[Tamil language|Tamil]] speakers mostly live in the central highlands, also known as the Malayakam or Hill Country, yet others are also found in major urban areas and in the [[Northern Province, Sri Lanka|Northern Province]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jayarathne |first1=S.D.Y. |last2=Wijethunga |first2=W.T.D. |date=2020 |title=Caste Systems Exercising By Tamil Community in Sri Lanka |url=https://ijariie.com/AdminUploadPdf/Caste_Systems_Exercising_By_Tamil_Community_in_Sri_Lanka_ijariie12021.pdf |journal=University of Sri Jayewardhanepura, Sri Lanka |volume=6 |issue=3 |issn=2395-4396 |access-date=2024-09-24 |via=Ijariie}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=Aug 2019 |title=Hill Country Tamils: Towards Meaningful Citizenship |url=https://files.institutesi.org/Hill_Country_Tamils_Of_Sri_Lanka_Report.pdf |access-date=2024-09-24 |website=Institute SI}}</ref> Although they are all termed as Tamils today, some have [[Telugu people|Telugu]] and [[Malayalee]] origins as well as diverse South Indian [[caste]] origins. They are instrumental in the plantation sector economy of Sri Lanka. In general, socio-economically their [[standard of living]] is below that of the national average and they are described as one of the poorest and most neglected groups in Sri Lanka.<ref name="veconomist">{{cite news|title=A subset of Tamils lags other Sri Lankans by almost every measure|url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21729807-life-not-easy-tea-estates-subset-tamils-lags-other-sri-lankans-almost-every|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|date=30 September 2017}}</ref> In 1964 a large percentage were repatriated to India, but left a considerable number as stateless people. By the 1990s most of these had been given Sri Lankan citizenship. Most are [[Hindus]] with a minority of [[Christians]] and [[Muslims]] amongst them. There are also a small minority followers of [[Buddhism]] among them. Politically they are supportive of [[trade union]]-based political parties that have supported most of the ruling coalitions since the 1980s.

The Tamils in Sri Lanka can be divided into two groups, the ''[[Sri Lankan Tamils]]'', who are native to the island of Sri Lanka and the ''Indian Tamils'' or ''Hill Country Tamils'', who are descendants of [[indentured servant|bonded labourers]] sent from [[Tamil Nadu]] to Sri Lanka in the 19th century to work in [[tea]] plantations.<ref>de Silva, C.R. ''Sri Lanka – A History'', pp.177, 181.</ref> Many came as laborers to work in the plantations, but few of them came as business people. Most of the recruits came as they were recruited by the head man in their villages, mostly by high caste Tamils.

[[Sri Lankan Tamils]] mostly live in the Northern and [[Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|Eastern Provinces]] and in the capital of [[Colombo]], whereas Hill Country Tamils largely live in the central highlands.<ref name=ss>{{cite web
|url= http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p8%20Ethnicity.pdf
|title= Statistics Sri Lanka, Population by district and ethnicity
|access-date= 2008-02-21
|work= Statistics Sri Lanka
|archive-date= 2017-07-13
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170713101148/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/PDF/Population/p9p8%20Ethnicity.pdf
|url-status= dead
}}</ref> The Hill Country Tamils and Ceylon Tamils historically have seen themselves as separate communities, particularly due to the nativity of the island, and due to caste level differences as well.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://files.institutesi.org/Hill_Country_Tamils_Of_Sri_Lanka_Report.pdf|author= |date=2019|title=Hill Country Tamils Of Sri Lanka Towards Meaningful Citizenship|location= Sri Lanka|publisher=Verité Research|page=33|isbn=}}</ref> In 1949, the [[United National Party]] (UNP) government stripped the ''Indian Tamils'' of their nationality, including their right to vote. Prominent Tamil political leaders such as [[S. J. V. Chelvanayakam]] and his Tamil opposition party opposed this move.<ref name="uthr1">{{cite web|title=Missed Opportunities and the Loss of Democracy:The Disfranchisement of Indian Tamils: 1948–49|author= Rajan Hoole|url=http://www.uthr.org/BP/volume1/Chapter1.htm|website=Uthr.org|access-date=2007-05-03}}</ref>

Under an agreement between the Sri Lankan and Indian governments in the 1960s, around 40% of Hill Country Tamils were granted Sri Lankan nationality and many of the remainder were repatriated to India.<ref name="Silva, C.R. p.262">de Silva, C.R. ''Sri Lanka – A History'', p.262</ref> However, the [[Sri Lankan civil war|ethnic conflict]] has led to the growth of a greater sense of common Tamil identity, and the two groups are now more supportive of each other.<ref name=SN /> By the 1990s most Indian Tamils had received Sri Lankan citizenship, although some were not granted Sri Lankan citizenship until 2003, during the peace talks between the [[Tamil Tigers]] and the [[Sri Lankan Government]].<ref name="Silva, C.R. p.262" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OhupAgAAQBAJ|title=Sri Lanka and the Responsibility to Protect: Politics, Ethnicity and Genocide|last1=Kingsbury|first1=Damien|last2=Kingsbury|first2=Senior Lecturer in International Development Damien|date=2012-03-12|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-63997-5|language=en}}</ref>
{{TOC limit|3}}

== History ==
=== Initial recruitment ===
[[File:Tamil Woman SriLanka 1907.JPG|thumb|150px|right|Indian Tamil worker at a tea plantation in Ceylon, ''The National Geographic Magazine'', April 1907]]

The Hill Country Tamils derive their origins from a [[British Empire|British]] [[Colonialism|colonial]] era project. According to Professor Bertram Bastianpillai, workers around the [[Tamil Nadu]] cities of [[Thirunelveli]], [[Tiruchi]], [[Madurai]] and [[Tanjore]] were recruited in 1827<ref>Nadarajan, V ''History of Ceylon Tamils'', p.124</ref> by [[Edward Barnes (British Army officer)|Governor Sir Edward Barnes]] on the request of [[George Bird (coffee planter)|George Bird]], a pioneering planter.<ref name=R>{{cite conference|first=V|last=Radhakrishnan|title=Indian origin in Sri Lanka:Their plight and struggle for survival|book-title=Proceedings of First International Conference & Gathering of Elders|publisher=International Center for Cultural Studies, USA|url=http://www.iccsus.org/IstConf/111.html|access-date=2008-01-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320050247/http://www.iccsus.org/IstConf/111.html|archive-date=2008-03-20}}</ref> There is also a trading community of Indian Tamils who were not part of the plantation economy.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.fulbrightsrilanka.com/sl_overview.html|title= Sri Lanka – an Overview.|access-date= 2008-02-20|work= Fulbright Commission|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080305161622/http://www.fulbrightsrilanka.com/sl_overview.html|archive-date= 2008-03-05}}</ref> As soon as these migrant workers were brought to [[Mannar, Sri Lanka|Mannar]], the port at which they landed on their arrival by boat from South India, they were moved via [[Kurunegala]] to camps in the town of [[Matale]]. There they were [[quarantined]] for a period of a week or more, examined for infectious diseases such as [[small pox]], [[cholera]] or [[typhoid]] and vaccinated against those diseases before they were sent to [[Kandy]], from where they were dispersed to locations where they would either work on estates already established by a previous gang of workers or clear land to establish new ones. Many died during their first few months of employment.<ref name=R /> They were instrumental in the establishment of [[tea]], [[rubber]], [[coffee]] and [[coconut]] plantations. They formed the bulk of the labour force of the plantation sector.<ref name=SN>{{cite web|url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl1816/18160950.htm|title=In search of a new identity.|access-date=2008-03-05|work=V. Suryanarayan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529221016/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1816/18160950.htm|archive-date=2008-05-29}}</ref><ref name=VSS>{{cite web|url= http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000805700.htm
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050326174750/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2005/stories/20030314000805700.htm
|url-status= usurped
|archive-date= March 26, 2005
|title=A promise of identity|access-date=2008-02-05 |work=V. S Sambandan}}</ref>

==== Community development ====
[[File:A boy from Sri Lanka (Rule of thirds).jpg|thumb| A boy goes out from home through a newly paved concrete road near a tea plantation in [[Walapane]].]]
The community was a closed community confining themselves to the plantations, while actively contributing to the economic well-being of Sri Lanka. However, the socio-economic indicators of the community were among the worst in the country. The community in general was isolated, living in [[ghetto]]s within the central region as well as linguistically isolated from the majority [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] villagers who live in the valleys. They were captive labour whose entire life was decided by their employers. Any social relationships or cultural ties were only among themselves or with [[South India]]. In the 1940s the [[trade union]] movement had galvanized the plantation workers into a militant working class. They joined hands with the [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party|Lanka Sama Samaja]] (or [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]]) Party, which carried the message of a working-class struggle for liberation from the exploitation by the mainly-British plantation companies.

Sri Lanka became independent in 1948 and the community believes that it became the first community marked out for discrimination by the new state of Ceylon in 1948. In the [[1947 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|elections to the first parliament]] of Ceylon, seven Indian Tamil representatives were returned to Parliament. The plantation workers voted either for Indian Tamil candidates or for [[Lanka Sama Samaja Party]] candidates. Dr. [[N.M. Perera]] was the leader of the opposition in the first parliament and the Lanka Sama Samaja Party was the second largest party after the [[United National Party]] (UNP).<ref name=R />

=== Disenfranchisement ===
[[File:Sri Lanka-Tea plantation-03.jpg|right|thumb|Tea is one of the highest earners of [[GNP]] of Sri Lanka.]]
{{Main|Ceylon Citizenship Act}}
{{See also|Soulbury Commission|Donoughmore Commission}}

The first [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|prime minister]], [[D.S. Senanayake]] of the conservative UNP, reacting to the possibilities of losing power to [[leftist]] political parties, commenced the task of weakening the leftist parties and their associate organizations. Indian Tamil labour had overwhelmingly supported these organizations. According to opposition parties he was also influenced by segments of the majority [[Sinhalese people|Sinhalese]] population who felt their voting strength was diluted due to Indian Tamils. He introduced the ''Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948'', the ''Indian-Pakistani Citizenship Act of 1949'' and amended the ''Parliamentary Elections Act'' and [[Disfranchisement|disfranchised]] the Indian Tamils along with many persons of Indian and [[Pakistan]]i ancestry. As they had no means of electing anyone to the Parliament they ceased to be a concern of parliamentary politicians. The plantation workers were thus forgotten from 1948 to 1964. They were unable to profit by any progressive legislation. The housing, health and education of the plantation workers was neglected. [[Infant mortality]] was highest in the country. Although since the introduction of [[universal franchise]] in 1931, strong traditions of social welfare in Sri Lanka have given the island very high indicators of physical well-being. Impressive national statistics tended to hide the existence of deprived pockets within the population and the most deprived population group has been the plantation labour, which had been economically, politically and socially deprived.<ref name=R />

==== Donoughmore Commission ====
The [[Donoughmore Commission]] of 1928 recommended universal franchise, and this was also meant to include the plantation workers as well. Page 57 of the report proposed: {{Quote|In the first place we consider it very desirable that a qualification of five years residence in the Island (allowing the temporary absence not exceeding eight months in all during the five years period) should be introduced in order that the privilege of voting should be confined to those who have an abiding interest in the country or who may be regarded as permanently settled in the Island... this condition will be of particular importance in its application to the Indian immigrant population. Secondly, we consider that the registration of voters should not be compulsory or automatic but should be restricted to those who apply for it.}} However, the very concept of universal franchise was anathema to most of the political leaders of that era. [[Ponnambalam Ramanathan]], a highly respected leader, opposed universal franchise as he felt that the caste system was an integral part of the Hindu way of life,<ref name="jane">Dr. Jane Russell, Communal Politics under the Donoughmore Commission, 1931–1947, Tissera Publishers, Sri Lanka 1982</ref> and led a delegation to [[London]] seeking to legally enshrine the caste hierarchy, and dethrone universal franchise. The Kandyan Sinhalese also objected to the enfranchisement of the Indian estate workers as they feared that their electoral base would be diluted by a large influx of Indian Tamil votes. They also argued that the tea estates were built on land confiscated by the British colonial government, and that the Kandyan peasants had been driven from their traditional lands and those injustices would be compounded if the Indian workers were legitimized. Governor Stanley, by an order in council introduced restrictions on the citizenship of Indian workers to make the Donoughmore proposals acceptable to the Ceylonese leaders. Thus the first state council of 1931, which consisted of many Tamil and Sinhalese members, agreed not to enfranchise the majority of the Indian estate workers.<ref name="jane" />{{Rp|36}}

==== Soulbury Commission ====
A decade later, the [[Soulbury Commission]], which paved the way for the independence of [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] recognized the "anxieties arising out of the likelihood of large-scale enfranchisement of the Indian immigrants", The Commission, therefore, left the existing basis of franchise in Sri Lanka undisturbed.<ref>H. Chattopadhyaya, Indians in Sri Lanka, 1979, p. 217</ref> [[D. S. Senanayake]] had led the 1941 talks with Sir G. S. Bajpai of India and had reached agreement on modalities of repatriation and citizenship, although they were finally not ratified by Indian Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. D. S. Senanayake had expressed the wish to "embrace all Indian workers who integrate into the country as members of the Ceylonese nation", and had been relatively sympathetic, as early as 1928, and as late as 1941, to the granting of citizenship to Indian workers who wished to become permanent residents of the island.

The Soulbury constitution came into effect in 1946. In trying to cobble an all-party cabinet inclusive of the Tamils, led by [[G. G. Ponnambalam]], the Sinhalese nationalist groups led by [[Solomon Bandaranaike|S. W. R. D Bandaranaike]], the Kandyan Sinhalese, Senanayake had to find a compromise formula. The 1947 elections had returned six representatives from the Ceylon Indian Congress (CIC), based on the votes of the franchised Indian workers and Hill Country Tamils. Although this worried the Kandyans, the main reason for Senanayake and others to review their attitude to Indian workers was the growing threat of Marxist infiltration into estate trade unions. In this he had won the concurrence of G. G. Ponnambalam for the second citizenship act, which required ten years of residence in the island as a condition for becoming citizens of the new nation. Senanayake, who had been very favourable to easy citizenship for Indian workers had increasingly modified his views in the face of Marxist trade union activity. The Bracegirdle affair <ref name="kms">Prof. K. M. de Silva, History of Sri Lanka, Penguin, 1995, p. 539</ref> was regarded as the harbinger of such dangers. The fear of left-wing politics began to grow in the minds of Sri Lankan politicians of the era. The colonial government responded to the agitation of the leftists by imprisoning [[N. M. Perera]], [[Colvin R. de Silva]] and other left leaders. Anti Marxist feelings were shared by the mainstream Sinhalese and Tamil leaders alike. (,<ref name="kms" /> Ch. 36). The criticism in the house was levelled by Tamil members of the upper chamber (senate), like Senator Natesan, who pointed out that Senanayake had supported the franchise of the Indian Tamils till recently, and had "caved in" more recently.

==== Parliamentary acts ====
As the first [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|prime minister]], [[D.S. Senanayake]], leader of the UNP, feared the strong possibilities of [[Marxist]] disruption of government and commenced the task of weakening the Marxist parties and their associate organizations. Thus the newly independent first cabinet introduced the Ceylon Citizenship Act of 1948, the Indian-Pakistani Citizenship act of 1949 and amended the parliamentary elections act. The requirements of "ten years of residence for married persons, and seven years for unmarried persons", stipulations in the 1949 act were in line with the legislation used by European nations at the time. It also allowed citizenship to “a person born in Ceylon prior to the date of the Act coming into force, of a father born in Ceylon”. However, this was in effect a continuation of the older, somewhat harsher ''status quo'' of the Indian workers in the 1930s, prior to the Donoughmore constitution, which called for only five years' residence.

==== Opposition views ====
However, Ponnambalam and Senanayake were strongly criticized by the Marxist groups as well as by the pro-Sri Lankan Tamil [[Federal Party (Sri Lanka)|Federal Party]], it branded Ponnambalam a "traitor", and Senanayake a "Sinhalese extremist". [[S. J. V. Chelvanayakam]], the leader of the Tamil Arasu Katchi, contested the citizenship act before the Supreme Court, and then in the [[Privy Council]] in England, on grounds of discrimination towards minorities but the decision concluded that the citizenship act stipulated conditions well in line with those of European states.<ref>B.K.Jain, "The Problem of Citizenship Rights of Persons of Indian Origin in Ceylon", Indian Journal of Political Science Vol.24, No. 1, 1963; J.S.Bains, "India's International Disputes", 1962.</ref> As the president of the Ceylon Indian Congress (CIC), [[S. Thondaman]] had contested the Nuwara Eliya seat in the 1947 general election and won. His party put forward seven candidates in the plantation electorates and six of them were returned. Thus Thondaman became the spokesperson of the plantation workers. The CIC sat with the opposition, which included the Marxist parties. He opposed the 1948 citizenship act. Thondaman supported the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) in the 1960 elections; after the victory of the SLFP he was appointed to the House of Representatives as a nominated member of Parliament. However, he opposed the 1964 Sirima–Shastri Indo-Ceylon citizenship act. After the victory of the UNP in 1965, S. Thondaman was named as appointed member of Parliament by the UNP.

==== Final rectification ====
The [[Junius Richard Jayawardene|J.R.Jayawardene]] government that came to power in 1977 rectified the existing shortcomings of the Indian citizenship act and granted citizenship to all Indian estate workers (see below). Even at that time, Thondaman was the leader of the [[Ceylon Workers Congress]], the party of the Hill Country Tamils, and had become a skilful player of minority-party politics. He had avoided joining with the [[Tamil United Liberation Front]] (TULF) resolutions of 1974, which had continued with the policies of the ITAK. Thus the Hill Country Tamils had successfully charted a course of cooperating with successive Sri Lankan governments.

[[File:Sri Lanka-Tea plantation-09.jpg|right|thumb|Inside a tea processing factory]]

The [[Sirima–Shastri Pact]] of 1964 and Indira-Sirimavo supplementary agreement of 1974 paved the way for the repatriation of 600,000 persons of Indian origin to India. Another 375,000 persons were accepted as citizens of Sri Lanka, which made them enter the polity. These repatriation agreements were the harbingers of the destruction of this community, which had evolved into a composite group with a distinct culture of its own. In the 1950s and 1960s this community was clamouring for education and recognition of its distinctive culture. This brought in the emergence of a community consciousness and the artisan of a distinct community. An educated middle class made up of teachers, trade unionists and other professional began to make its appearance. There was a vigorous campaign for social amelioration and increased educational facilities.{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} There was a growing spirit of resistance. People destroyed Indian passports and refused to go to India. Repatriation was resisted. International opinion was canvassed against deprivation of citizenship rights. The plantation people who were not prepared to leave, destitute, the land whose property they had built. They were prepared to fraternize within the Sinhalese and accept Sri Lankan leadership in the trade union movement. In the [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|general election of 1977]] they were able to elect 11 candidates. This helped the emergence of the plantation people as a political force, but they were faced with [[communal violence]] in [[Sri Lankan riots of 1977|1977]], [[Black July|1983]] and in 2000.<ref name=SN /> In 1984–85, to stop India's intervention in Sri Lankan affairs, the UNP government granted citizenship right to all stateless persons. The late [[Savumiamoorthy Thondaman]] was instrumental in using this electoral strength in improvement of the socioeconomic conditions of Hill Country Tamils.<ref name=R /> The plight of the repatriated persons in India has not been good.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/4002/ |title=Plight of repatriated Hill Country Tamils in India |access-date=2008-02-20 |work=Refugee International |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219224610/http://www.refugeesinternational.org/content/article/detail/4002/ |archive-date=2008-02-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Society==
===Demographics===
{{Historical populations
|type =
|footnote = Source:[[Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|Department of Census & Statistics]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Population by ethnic group, census years |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2010/chapters/Chap2/AB2-10.pdf |publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka |access-date=23 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113175023/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/abstract2010/chapters/Chap2/AB2-10.pdf |archive-date=13 November 2011 }}</ref> Data is based on [[Sri Lankan Government]] Census.
|1911 | 531000
|1921 | 602700
|1931 | 818500
|1946 | 780600
|1953 | 974100
|1963 | 1123000
|1971 | 1174606
|1981 | 818656
|1989 (est.) | 873000
|2001 | 855000
|2011 | 839504
|2024 | 600360
}}

[[Census]] operations started in Sri Lanka in 1871. The Census of 1871, 1881, 1891 and 1901 had lumped together Sri Lankan Tamils and Indian Tamils. Since 1911, Indian Tamils have been shown as a separate category. The population statistics are revealing. In 1911, Indian Tamils constituted 12.9 per cent of the population, whereas Sri Lankan Tamils formed 12.8 per cent; in 1921, 13.4 per cent and 11.5 per cent; in 1931, 15.2 and 11.3; in 1946, 11.7 and 11.0; in 1953, 12.0 and 10.9; in 1963, 10.6 and 11.0; in 1971, 11.6 and 11.2; and in 1981, 5.5 per cent and 12.7 per cent respectively.<ref name=SN />

The statistics reveal a more than 50 per cent fall in the Indian Tamil population between 1971 and 1981. The main reason for the fall was the repatriation of Indian citizens to India. Another fact is that many Indian Tamils, after acquiring Sri Lankan citizenship, declared themselves as Sri Lankan Tamils. Some Tamils who migrated to urban areas and also to the north and the east also followed this same example.<ref name=SN />

===Language===
{{See also|Languages of Sri Lanka}}
[[File:Distribution of Languages and Religious groups of Sri Lanka 1981.jpg|thumbnail|Distribution of languages and religious groups of Sri Lanka on D.S. division and sector level according to the 1981 Census of Population and Housing]]
[[File:Indische Tamilen 2012.svg|thumbnail|Percentage of Indian Tamil people in Sri Lanka by district according to the 2012 census]]

Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka predominantly speak [[Tamil language|Tamil]], however depending on where they live in the country, they may also additionally speak [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] and or [[English language|English]]. According to the 2012 Census 61.5% or 412,685 Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka also spoke Sinhala and 13.0% or 87,435 Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka also spoke English.<ref name="Census2012">{{cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing 2011 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=FinalPopulation&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416015917/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=FinalPopulation&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=14 November 2018 |website=www.statistics.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics}}</ref>

===Social structure===
{{See also|Caste system in Sri Lanka}}
[[File:Sri Lanka-Tea plantation-05.jpg|right|thumb|Typical line housing of estate workers]]

The social structure of the [[plantation]]s resembles the South Indian rural social structure. The community is generally bound by the [[caste]] system. In a plantation, the tea factory is the centre of activities and it stands in the central part of the plantation. The office adjoins this and these are surrounded by the quarters of the staff members such as clerks, tea makers, conductors, petty accountants or ''kanakkupillais'', and supervisors. The [[bungalow]]s of the planter and his assistants are in an isolated areas. These will be in close proximity to the office. The dwellings of the workers called ''line rooms'' are situated a little further away from the factories.<ref name=R />

Those who are considered to be of higher castes occupy the first row of line rooms. They perform respectable jobs such as factory work and grinding of tea as minor labour work. Even though they belong to the labour category they are influential among conductors, tea makers, ''kanganies'' (or supervisors) and other officials. The workers considered low caste live in the dwellings that are away from the centre and these dwellings are called ''distant'' or ''lower lines''. This group consists of [[Pallar]], [[Paraiyar]]s, [[Sakkiliar]], washers and barbers. The yard sweepers and changers of clothes are in the lowest rank.<ref name=R />

===Customs===
These groups follow the customs, traditions, and festivities of their South Indian Tamil [[ancestor]]s. The traditional musical instruments such as ''[[thappu]]'' and ''parai'' are used and folk dances such as the ''[[kavadi]]'', ''[[kummi]]'' and ''[[karaga attam]]'' are performed. Folk dramas called ''[[koothu]]'' in their various forms such as ''ponnar koothu'', ''sangaran koothu'', ''arujunan thabas'' and ''kaman koothu'' are still prevalent among them along with ''silambadi'' as an important feature.<ref name=R />

===Religion===
{{See also|Hinduism in Sri Lanka|Village deities of Tamils of Sri Lanka}}
[[File:Hanuman temple Nurawa Eliya.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A temple to [[Hanuman]] near [[Nuwara Eliya]]]]

In general they use [[Hindu]] beliefs to guide their day-to-day lives. There are number of temples and places of worship for [[deities]] on estates and in villages, towns and other places within Sri Lanka to which they have migrated. When a place is decided to be settled, the settlers would institute, under a [[banyan]] or [[Sacred fig|bo]] tree, a triangular shaped stone or figure of a deity, plant a weapon of a popularly worshipped god such as a spear, trident or sword and worshipped these. The main deities worshipped are, in order of popularity, the goddess [[Mariamman]], [[Murugan]] and his consorts, [[Valli]] and Theivanai, [[Pillayar]], [[Shiva|Siva]], [[Parvathi]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Laxmi]], and the goddess of wisdom [[Saraswati]].<ref name=R />

In 1981 about 90 percent of the Indian Tamils were Hindus.<ref name=RR /> They have little contact with [[Buddhism]], and they worship the Hindu pantheon of gods. Their religious myths, stories of [[saints]], literature, and [[rituals]] are distinct from the cultural sources of the Sinhalese. Furthermore, a minority of the Indian Tamils- 7.6 percent are converts to [[Christianity]], with their own places of worship and separate cultural lives. In this way, the large Tamil minority in Sri Lanka is effectively separated from the mainstream Sinhalese culture and is fragmented into two major groups with their own Christian minorities.<ref name=RR>{{cite web|url= http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/lktoc.html
|title= Sri Lanka:Country study|access-date=2008-03-05 |work=Russell Ross}}</ref>

The first known temple was built in Matale. It began as a stone an icon of the goddess [[Mariamman]]. At this very location where the worship of her began in 1820, the now-famous Matale Sri Muthumariamman Temple was built in 1852. The trading community of the [[Nagarathar|Nattukotai Chettiars]] introduced the worship of Murugan in his form as Lord Kathiresan at Matale and was to subsequently build the Kathiresan temple at Matale. The annual festival of this temple is celebrated in the month of July. Devotees of the plantation sector walk from the tea estates and hometowns they live in to [[Katirkamam (Hindu temple)|Kathirkamam]], a place considered sacred by both Buddhists and Hindus, in the South of Sri Lanka, where Murugan is worshipped in the form of Skanda.<ref name=R /> [[Deepavali]], [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] and [[Tamil calendar|Tamil New Year]] are commonly celebrated as festivals.

====Folk deities====
Each caste has its own deity based on caste predecessors and are worshipped as guardian angels, such as the [[Kallar (caste)|Kallar]] caste had Nallananpillai Perumal as their guardian angel to whom vows and sacrifices are made. Deities such as Madasamy, [[Muniandi]], [[Kali]], [[Madurai Veeran (Hinduism)|Madurai Veeran]], Sangili Karuppan, Vaalraja, [[Bhairava|Vairavar]], Veerabathran, [[Sudalai Madan]], and Roda Mini are also worshipped.<ref name=R />

====Temple societies====
There were 104 registered Hindu temples in the [[Nuwara Eliya]] District, 153 in Kandy region and 62 in Matale in 2001. Religious schools or ''araa nerri padasaligal'' are conducted throughout the [[Central Province, Sri Lanka|Central Province]] and registered schools of such nature are, Nuwara Eliya 22, Kandy 54 and Matale 11. A considerable number of Hindu associations and institutions have been established and are functioning actively. There is a serious effort at conversions to other religions as well. Many have converted to [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]]. Hindu organizations such as the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] try to stem the tide of conversions.<ref name=R />

==Labour practices==
[[File:Recolectores de te3.jpg|right|thumb|Manual tea plucking in Sri Lanka]]
Based on the cultivation of cash crops, labour is the dominant sector in the country's economy. It is a major earner of foreign exchange and the largest employer. Cheap labour is one of the essential ingredients of its success. Hence these immigrants were bonded and underpaid. In 1921 workers were empowered to break these bonds of indebtedness tying them to the estates. The minimum wages ordinance was extended to plantation labour in 1927 marginally raising the wages that had not changed since the 19th century. This daily wages was 41 Cts. in 1933. Owing to trade union activities it was raised to Rs 17/83 in 1983, Rs 72/24 in 1993 and became Rs 101 in 1998. The wages of female workers was less than males but has been equalized since 1984. Even though there was an increase in wages, the living wages are not sufficient to meet their day-to-day needs. The plantations were nationalized under the 1972 land reform law and its 1975 amendment. The state owned plantations are managed by the Sri Lanka Plantation Corporation and the Janatha Estate Development Board. The nationalization did not result in any basic change on the plantation sector. The state has been forced to take a greater interest in the health, housing and general well-being of the labourers. Hence estate schools were nationalized and brought into the general educational system. With the grant of the [[Swedish International Development Agency]] (SIDA), many schools were built. This helped the slight growth of [[literacy rates]]. With the increased unemployment, plantation sector youths looked for other avenues. A considerable number of Indian Tamil girls are employed in garment factories. Some work in the [[Middle East]] as housemaids. There is net migration towards urban areas as well as foreign countries. Prior to the commencement of the [[Sri Lankan civil war]] many had migrated to the Northern Province.<ref name=R /><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.uthayam.net/articles/indiantamil.html|title= Indian Tamils and Plantation economy of Sri Lanka|access-date= 2008-02-20|work= Noel S Nadesan|archive-date= 2007-12-26|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071226182258/http://uthayam.net/articles/indiantamil.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> Now the plantation communities have the Plantation Human Development Trust, developed to protect their rights and ensure adequate facilities are provided such as crèches and toilets. Other NGOs work towards the development of the plantation communities such as Shining Life Children's Trust and Hanguranketha Women's Foundation.

== Prominent people ==
[[File:Murali.jpg|right|thumb|[[Muttiah Muralitharan]], greatest spin bowler in history, is of Indian Tamil descent]]

* [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] – [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka international]] [[Spin bowling#Techniques|spin bowler]]; world record holder for most [[Wicket (dismissal)|wickets]] taken in both [[Test cricket]] and [[One Day International|ODI's]]
* [[Savumiamoorthy Thondaman]] – Post-independence politician
* [[Mano Ganesan]] – Prominent [[human rights]] activist, trade unionist and politician
* [[Arumugan Thondaman]] – Sri Lankan politician

== See also ==
*[[Sri Lankan Tamils in India]]
* [[Colombo Chetties]]
* [[Bharatakula]]
* [[South Indian Immigration towards Sri Lanka]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*de Silva, C.R. (1987, 2nd ed. 1997). ''Sri Lanka – A History'', New Delhi, Vikas Publishing House. {{ISBN|81-259-0461-1}}
*{{cite book
| last = de Silva | first = K. M. | title = A History of Sri Lanka | publisher = Vijitha Yapa |year=2005 | location = [[Colombo]]
| isbn = 955-8095-92-3 | page = 782}}
*{{cite book | last = Ross | first = Russell | title = Sri Lanka: A Country Study| publisher = U.S. Library of Congress | year= 1988 | location = United States }}
*{{cite book | last = Kartikecu | first = Civattampi | title = Sri Lankan Tamil society and politics | publisher = New Century Book House | year = 1995 | isbn =81-234-0395-X | page = 189 }}
*{{cite conference
|first=V
|last=Radhakrishnan
|title=Indian origin in Sri Lanka:Their plight and struggle for survival
|book-title=Proceedings of First International Conference & Gathering of Elders
|publisher=International Center for Cultural Studies, USA
|url=http://www.iccsus.org/IstConf/111.html
|access-date=2008-01-23
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320050247/http://www.iccsus.org/IstConf/111.html
|archive-date=2008-03-20
}}
*{{cite news|last=Suryanarayan |first=V |title=Sri Lanka: In search of a new identity |publisher=Frontline |date=2001-07-17 |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl1816/18160950.htm |access-date=2007-01-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529221016/http://www.flonnet.com/fl1816/18160950.htm |archive-date=2008-05-29 }}
* Indrapala, K (2007). ''The evolution of an ethnic identity: The Tamils of Sri Lanka''. Colombo:Vijitha Yapa. {{ISBN|978-955-1266-72-1}}.
*{{cite book | last = Nadarajan | first = Vasantha | title = History of Ceylon Tamils | publisher = Vasantham |year=1999 | location = [[Toronto]]
| page = 146 }}
*{{cite book | last = Spencer | first = Jonathan | title = Sri Lanka: History and the Roots of Conflict | publisher = Routledge |year=1990 | isbn = 0-415-04461-8| page = 253}}
*{{cite book | last = Muthiah | first = Subbiah. | title = The Indo-Lankans: Their 200-Year Saga| publisher = Indian Heritage Foundation |year=2003 | isbn = 955-8790-00-1| page = 317}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Immigration to Sri Lanka}}
{{Indian diaspora}}
{{British Ceylon period topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka| ]]
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka relations]]
[[Category:Tamil diaspora in Asia]]

Koduvai

2026-05-01T06:33:31Z

Beefurb: Put Up A Post

{{Short description|Town in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Koduvaai
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| area_footnotes = 10°56'27.5"N 77°26'19.3"E
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 357
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| governing_body = Pongalur block
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Indian English|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 638660
| area_code_type = [[STD Code]]
| area_code = 0421, 04258
| registration_plate = TN 42, TN 78
| website =
| footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| government_type =
| subdivision_type = Country
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Koduvai Nageshwarasami temple.png
| image_alt = Koduvai Nageshwarasamy Temple
| image_caption = Koduvai Nageshwarasamy Temple
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Koduvai in Tiruppur district, Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|10|56|27|N|77|26|19|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| named_for =
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[South India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kongu Nadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Tiruppur taluk|Tiruppur south]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| official_name = Koduvai
}}
[[File:Kundadam-Kalabairavar-temple.jpg|thumb|Bairavar Temple in Kundadam, Tiruppur district, Tamil Badu, India]]
'''Koduvai''' ''(Koduvāi)'' is a small town in [[Tiruppur District]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It comes under [[Pongalur block]] and [[Tiruppur taluk|Tiruppur South taluk]]. It is located 26 km away from [[Dharapuram]] and 25 km from [[Tiruppur]] in [[Tiruppur]]-[[Dharapuram]] highway.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koduvai to Dharapuram |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Koduvai,+Tamil+Nadu/Dharapuram,+Tamil+Nadu/@10.8389656,77.4124696,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9a4f6c151742d:0x9d410045419bb6c6!2m2!1d77.4415118!2d10.9399263!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9bf8dce0d08cb:0x2a6c8d1c21a80cad!2m2!1d77.5257693!2d10.7369152!3e0 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Koduvai to Dharapuram |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koduvai to Tiruppur |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Koduvai,+Tamil+Nadu/Tiruppur,+Tamil+Nadu/@11.0247602,77.3210465,12z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9a4f6c151742d:0x9d410045419bb6c6!2m2!1d77.4415118!2d10.9399263!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba907b0424d75b9:0x4750551698a91687!2m2!1d77.3410656!2d11.1085242!3e0 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Koduvai to Tiruppur |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=REVENUE VILLAGES {{!}} Tiruppur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Textile City {{!}} India |url=https://tiruppur.nic.in/administrative-setup/revvilllage/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> The town houses famous temples including NageswaraSami Temple and PeriyaPerumal Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nageswaraswami Temple : Nageswaraswami Temple Details {{!}} Nageswaraswami- Koduvai {{!}} Tamilnadu Temple {{!}} நாகேஸவரசுவாமி |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1469 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=RAMESH |title=வேணடும வரம அருளும விணணளநத பெருமாள! |url=https://www.vikatan.com/spiritual/temples/131013-koduvai-sri-vinnalantha-periya-perumal-temple |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=vikatan.com/ |date=9 May 2017 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Map Of District {{!}} Tiruppur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Textile City {{!}} India |url=https://tiruppur.nic.in/maps/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Koduvai's economy is based on Agriculture and Handloom Industries. Being proximer to Tiruppur, it also houses some Textile based industries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Textile Manufacturers in Kundadam |url=https://www.justdial.com/Erode/Textile-Manufacturers-in-Kundadam/nct-10477448}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Preetha |first=M. Soundariya |date=2021-03-27 |title=Tamil Nadu Assembly Elections {{!}} Candidates promise to address challenges of diverse sectors in Palladam |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/palladam-candidates-promise-to-address-challenges-of-diverse-sectors/article34179839.ece |access-date=2022-07-02 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The town also houses Koduvai Sarvodaya Sangh.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.kviconline.gov.in/khinstprofile/inst_detail.jsp?BEN_CD=2094 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=www.kviconline.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Traditional farmers blame shallot variety CO5 for supply glut, fall in price |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/apr/06/traditional-farmers-blame-shallot-variety-co5-for-supply-glut-fall-in-price-2438651.html |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Administration and politics ==
Koduvai was a part of Coimbatore district and later Erode district and now [[Tiruppur district]]. It falls under [[Tiruppur South Assembly constituency]] and [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency]] .<ref>{{cite web |title=Election commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS22101.htm?ac=101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-20 |publisher=Electro Commission of India}}</ref>

[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] are the major political parties in this area.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title="பாஜக தன் தனித்துவத்தை நிரூபித்துவிட்டது"- அண்ணாமலை பெருமிதம்! |url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/24-by-7-news/thamizhagam/bharatiya-janata-party-has-proved-its-uniqueness-annamalai-proud |access-date=2022-04-14 |website=nakkheeran |language=en}}</ref>

This town houses banks and government hospital.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Indian Bank Koduvai {{!}} Tiruppur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Textile City {{!}} India |url=https://tiruppur.nic.in/public-utility/south-indian-bank-koduvai/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Health {{!}} Tiruppur District, Government of Tamil Nadu {{!}} Textile City {{!}} India |url=https://tiruppur.nic.in/departments/health/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
Nearby Bus terminal is [[Dharapuram|Dharapuram city]] bus terminal. There are buses available 24/7 to [[Tiruppur]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Dharapuram]], [[Palladam]], [[Madurai]], [[Oddanchatram]], [[Palani]] and [[Dindigul]]. It is also connected to nearby towns like [[Kangeyam]], [[Uthiyur]], [[Kundadam]], [[Pongalur]] and [[AvinashiPalayam]] via town buses. Nearby Railway station is [[Tiruppur railway station]] and nearby airport is [[Coimbatore International Airport]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koduvai to Coimbatore International Airport - CJB |url=https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Koduvai,+Tamil+Nadu/Coimbatore+International+Airport+-+CJB,+Airport+Road,+Peelamedu+-+Pudur+Main+Rd,+Coimbatore,+Tamil+Nadu+641014/@11.0277683,76.9593328,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba9a4f6c151742d:0x9d410045419bb6c6!2m2!1d77.4415118!2d10.9399263!1m5!1m1!1s0x3ba857bc9b5ea9af:0x317ea10df48c4678!2m2!1d77.0390928!2d11.0304324!3e0 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Koduvai to Coimbatore International Airport - CJB |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Dharapuram]]
* [[Uthiyur]]
* [[Tiruppur]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Tiruppur district]]

Manhar Modi

2026-05-01T04:22:14Z

Beefurb: Started a data

{{Short description|Gujarati poet (1937–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Manhar Modi
| image = Chinu Modi and Manhar Modi.jpg
| caption =
| native_name = મનહર શાંતિલાલ મોદી
| native_name_lang = gu
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Manhar Shantilal Modi
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1937|4|15}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2003|2|23|1937|4|12}}
| death_place =
| occupation = poet, editor
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Gujarat University]]
| period = Modern [[Gujarati literature]]
| genre = [[ghazal]], [[free verse]]
| subjects =
| movement = Re Math
| notableworks = * ''Om Tat Sat'' (1967)
* ''11 Dariya'' (1986)
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = * [[Kalapi Award]] (2002)
* [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] (1998)
| signature =
| years_active =
}}

'''Manhar Modi''' (15 April 1937 – 23 February 2003) was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] poet from [[Gujarat]], India. Born and educated in Ahmedabad, he taught Gujarati at various colleges and edited several magazines. He was experimental in his poetry.

==Life==
Modi was born on 15 April 1937 in [[Ahmedabad]]. He completed his school education in Ahmedabad. He completed BA in Economics and Arithmetic in 1962. He also completed BA in Gujarati and Sanskrit in 1964 and MA in the same subjects in 1966 from [[Gujarat University]].<ref name=AGSI>{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ – આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=99–102|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref><ref name="GSP">{{cite web | title=મનહર મોદી (Manhar Modi) | website=[[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]] | url=https://www.gujaratisahityaparishad.com/prakashan/sarjako/savishesh/Savishesh-Manhar-Modi.html | language=gu | accessdate=22 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="Dutt1999">{{cite book|author=Kartik Chandra Dutt|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA779|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|page=779}}</ref>

He had joined various professions during his student life. He worked as a textile design salesman from 1956 to 1958. He also served as a senior clerk in [[Western Railway (India)|Western Railway]] from 1958 to 1966. He briefly served as a professor of Gujarati in Bhavan's College, [[Dakor]] in 1966. He later joined Bhakta Vallabh Dhola Arts and Commerce College, Ahmedabad as a professor of Gujarati and served till retirement. He served as an Editor-in-charge of ''Nirikshak'' magazine for eight years. He also served as the editor of ''Udgar'', a magazine owned by R. R. Sheth Co. He later founded publication house, Rannade Prakashan and started a family magazine, ''Olakh'' and served as its editor for sixteen years. He headed Gujarati Adhyapak Sangh for some years and edited its yearly, ''Adheet''. He briefly edited ''Parab'', a monthly of [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]]. He was the president of Asait Sahitya Sabha and the vice-president of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad.<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="GSP"/><ref name="Dutt1999"/>

He died on 23 February 2003.<ref name=AGSI/>

==Works==
He was associated with Re Math, a modernist literary movement of [[Gujarati literature]] from his early days. He was experimental in his poetry.<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="GSP"/><ref>{{cite book|title=Indian Writing Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1wUtAQAAIAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Nirmala Sadanand Publishers|page=27}}</ref>

''Akruti'' (1963) is his first collection of poems followed by ''Om Tat Sat'' (1967) which has experimental poetry in which he takes poetry to extreme of meaninglessness.<ref>{{cite book|title=Contemporary Gujarati poetry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jkMuAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Western India Pub. Co.}}</ref> ''11 Dariya'' (1986) is his collection of [[ghazal]]s. ''Manhar ane Modi'' is his second ghazal collection. His other poetry collections are ''Hasumati ane Bija'' (1987), ''Ek Vadhrani Kshan'' (1993), ''Shrimukh Tadako ane Manhariyat''.<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="GSP"/><ref name="Dutt1999"/>

He edited ''Gazal Usine Chhedi'' (1974) with other Re Math poets. He co-edited poetry with [[Adil Mansuri]] and [[Chinu Modi]] in ''Gami Te Gazal'' (1976). He also co-edited ''Suresh Joshi: Mulyankan'', ''Gadyanu Kalaswarup'', ''Adhit'' (2010-11-12), ''Vivechanna Abhigamao'' and ''Gujaratina Adhyapakono Mahiti Kosh'' (1988).<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="GSP"/>

==Awards==
He was awarded prizes by Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarati Sahitya Akademi for ''11 Dariya''. He also received prize of Gujarati Sahitya Akademi and [[Kalapi Award]] for ''Ek Vadharani Kshan'' in 2002. He was awarded [[Dhanji Kanji Gandhi Suvarna Chandrak]] in 1998.<ref name=AGSI/><ref name="Dutt1999"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Manhar Modi}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Modi, Manhar}}
[[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]

Prem Garg

2026-04-27T05:23:37Z

Beefurb: creating first details more to come...

{{Multiple issues|
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=February 2026}}
{{unreliable sources|date=February 2026}}
{{Orphan|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prem Garg
| image = Prem Garg in 2025.jpg
| alt = Prem Garg during BIRC Summit 2025
| caption = Prem Garg during BIRC Summit 2025
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 1963
| birth_place = Delhi
| other_names =
| occupation = [[industrialist]] and [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| website = {{URL|https://drpremgarg.in}}
}}

'''Prem Garg''' is an Indian [[industrialist]] and [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]]. He is the National President of the ''Indian Rice Exporters Federation (IREF)'' and the Chairman of ''Shri Lal Mahal Group'', established in 1907.

== Career ==
After completing his education, Garg started his career in 1985, when he entered the family business of rice export trade. He became the chairman of India's one of the largest rice exporters "Shri Lal Mahal Group" which was established in 1907. During the 1990s, under Garg's leadership, the group expanded its operations globally and reported handling 16 to 17 shiploads in a single month. This achievement was noted as an internal record and is recognized as one of the largest export volumes of that time. Garg has established rice mills in various Indian states, including Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and Haryana, with a total production of 3,200 metric tons per day from these mills. He has travelled around the world during his career.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rice, buffalo meat among key Indian exports to Philippines |url=http://www.newsarenaindia.com/economy/rice-buffalo-meat-among-key-indian-exports-to-philippines/52541 |website=News Arena India |language=en |date=6 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Leadership Story of Dr. Prem Garg {{!}} IREF {{!}} Shri Lal Mahal Rice {{!}} SanjeevniTV |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHEFS0NgMbo |website=YouTube |publisher=Sanjeevni TV |date=15 March 2024}}</ref>

== Indian Rice Exporters Federation ==
In 2023, Garg was elected National President of the Indian Rice Exporters Federation (IREF), a body representing more than 7,500 exporters, millers, and allied companies across India. Dr Garg established a "Dispute Resolution and Advisory (DRA) Wing" for mediation and trade guidance. In 2025. Garg is hosting the "Bharat International Rice Conference (BIRC)", a high-profile event for trade and investment in the rice sector.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Cooperation collaborates with Indian Rice Exporters Federation for BIRC 2025: Prem Garg, Chairman, Shri Lal Mahal Group |url=https://www.chinimandi.com/ministry-of-cooperation-collaborates-with-indian-rice-exporters-federation-for-birc-2025-prem-garg-chairman-shri-lal-mahal-group |website=ChiniMandi |date=18 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BRIC 2025: Ministry of Cooperation teams up with Indian Rice Exporters Federation; aim to strengthen rice sector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bric-2025-ministry-of-cooperation-teams-up-with-indian-rice-exporters-federation-aim-to-strengthen-rice-sector/articleshow/124659367.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 October 2025}}</ref>

Under the chairmanship of Garg, IREF also collaborated with [[Ministry of Co-operation]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry Of Cooperation Partners With Exporters For Major Rice Conference |url=https://www.businessworld.in/article/ministry-of-cooperation-partners-with-exporters-for-major-rice-conference-576195 |website=BW Businessworld |publisher=[[Businessworld]] |language=en}}</ref>

Under Garg's tenure The federation has supported adoption of water and emission-efficient cultivation practices such as [[Direct seeded rice]] (DSR) and [[Alternate wetting and drying]] (AWD), promoted by agricultural research institutions and state agencies.

== Policy and Advocacy ==
India's rice exporters have faced recurring restrictions, including bans and minimum export price rules during 2023–24, later eased in 2024–25. Garg has consistently advocated for clear, stable export policies and accountability mechanisms in trade administration.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. Prem Garg, National President, IREF Announces BIRC 2025 Amid Iran-Israel War |url=https://iref.net/news/dr-prem-garg-national-president-iref-announces-birc-2025-amid-iran-israel-war |website=Iref.net |publisher=Indian Rice Exporters Federation |language=en |date=21 June 2025}}</ref>

He supported the government's move to register non-basmati rice export contracts with [[Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority]] (APEDA), describing it as a step toward greater uniformity and transparency. In 2025, the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry]], through [[Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority|APEDA]], nominated Garg to the Non-Basmati Rice Development Fund Committee, which advises on export strategy and sectoral coordination.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of commerce nominates Dr Prem Garg as member of Non-Basmati Rice Development Fund |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ministry-of-commerce-nominates-dr-prem-garg-as-member-of-non-basmati-rice-development-fund/articleshow/124334339.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=कुमार |first1=निमिष |title=इंडियन राइस एक्सपोर्टर्स फेडरेशन (IREF) के दो टूक, Trump Tariff का नहीं होगा चावल कारोबार पर असर - indian rice exporters federation iref will not have impact on rice business |url=https://hindi.business-standard.com/commodities/indian-rice-exporters-federation-iref-will-not-have-impact-on-rice-business-id-461617 |website=बिज़नेस स्टैंडर्ड |language=hi |date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Garg's role bridges business leadership and [[trade policy]]. Apart from his industry positions, his appointment to the Non-Basmati Rice Development Fund Committee has strengthened formal dialogue between exporters and government. He is recognized for promoting professionalism in India's [[Rice trading|rice trade]] and for sustaining the country's export momentum amid policy volatility.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Commerce nominates Dr Prem Garg as member of Non-Basmati Rice Development Fund |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/ministry-of-commerce-nominates-dr-prem-garg-as-member-of-non-basmati-rice-development-fund/ |website=The Tribune |publisher=[[The Tribune (India)]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Belekeri Port (Iron Ore) Scam ===

Garg, managing director of Shri Lal Mahal, was convicted to seven years in prison for his role in the 2010 [[Belekeri port scam|Belekeri Port Scam]], which involved the illegal mining and export of iron ore, worth an estimated Rs 60,000 crore (US$12 billion).<ref>{{Cite web | title=Congress MLA Sateesh Krishna Sail Jailed For 7 Years For Theft, Illegal Iron Ore Export | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-mla-sateesh-krishna-sail-jailed-for-7-yaers-for-theft-illegal-iron-ore-export-6880634 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241027010320/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-mla-sateesh-krishna-sail-jailed-for-7-yaers-for-theft-illegal-iron-ore-export-6880634 | access-date=2026-03-21 | archive-date=2024-10-27}}</ref><ref>https://cbi.gov.in/press-detail/NjYxMg%3D%3D&ved=2ahUKEwi2xfiurv6RAxUcU0EAHeGKBwwQFnoECBsQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2OOcidhdkaEz2AQfq7LTa1{{Dead link | date=March 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=CBI arrests Congress MLA Satish Sail - The South First {{!}} News, Politics, Sports, Entertainment & Live Updates | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/karnataka/illegal-iron-ore-transportation-cbi-arrests-congress-mla-satish-sail-after-being-convicted-by-a-special-court/ | access-date=2026-03-21 | website=thesouthfirst.com | date=25 October 2024 }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web | title=Govt's Partner to Promote India's Rice Trade: An Alleged Scamster | url=https://www.reporters-collective.in/trc/govt-partner-to-promote-rice-trade-alleged-scamster | access-date=2026-03-21 | website=www.reporters-collective.in}}</ref>

A special court of MLAs and MPs from [[Karnataka State]] found Garg, the managing director of Shri Lal Mahal Ltd, guilty of criminal conspiracy, cheating and theft of seized iron ore.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Mining case: Special court to pronounce quantum of punishment on October 26 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Oct/26/mining-case-quantum-of-punishment-today | access-date=2026-03-21 | website=www.newindianexpress.com | date=26 October 2024 }}</ref>

===Ecobank scam===

Garg and his son, Devashish Garg, and their companies, Shri Lal Mahal Ltd, Agrico Agbe Ltd, and Little Rose Trading, are the subject of an ongoing criminal complaint in India for allegedly defrauding [[Ecobank Group|Ecobank Transnational Inc]]. of US$165 million.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-10-23-ecobank-haunted-by-165m-fraud-saga-and-drawn-out-legal-war/|title=Ecobank haunted by $165m fraud saga and drawn-out legal war|first=Kara Le|last=Roux|date=October 23, 2025|website=Daily Maverick}}</ref>

The 2014 scheme involved Ecobank issuing credit to Garg's company, Agrico Agbe, for the purchase and import of rice into Nigeria. However, the rice consignments never arrived, and Ecobank was not repaid. Ecobank later learnt that the supplier, Little Rose Trading, was also a Garg-linked company and had forged shipping documents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theafricareport.com/375532/prem-chand-garg-and-marcus-wade-attack-ecobank-ceo-awori/|title=The intriguing manoeuvres of Prem Chand Garg and Marcus Wade against Ecobank|first=Mathieu|last=Galtier|date=February 3, 2025|website=The Africa Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Après Access Bank, les manœuvres intrigantes de Prem Chand Garg et Marcus Wade contre Ecobank |work=Jeune Afrique | url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1652136/economie-entreprises/apres-access-bank-les-manoeuvres-intrigantes-de-prem-chand-garg-et-marcus-wade-contre-ecobank/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201030259/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1652136/economie-entreprises/apres-access-bank-les-manoeuvres-intrigantes-de-prem-chand-garg-et-marcus-wade-contre-ecobank/ | access-date=2026-03-21 | archive-date=2025-02-01}}</ref>

Ecobank also filed complaints in Nigeria, where the Federal [[High Court of Lagos State|High Court in Lagos]] issued a warrant for the arrest and extradition of Garg, and the [[Dubai International Financial Centre]], where it secured a ruling that was later overturned due to jurisdictional issues.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lawyard.org/news/two-indians-accused-of-defrauding-bank-lose-bid-to-quash-arrest-warrant/|title=Two Indians Accused of Defrauding Bank, Lose Bid to Quash Arrest Warrant|work=Lawyard|date=August 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.difccourts.ae/rules-decisions/judgments-orders/court-first-instance/cfi-0242016-1-ebi-sa-france-2-ecobank-nigeria-limited-3-ecobank-senegal-v-1-lal-mahal-dmcc-2-little-rose-general-trading-llc-3-p|title=CFI 024/2016 (1) EBI SA, France (2) Ecobank Nigeria Limited (3) Ecobank Senegal v (1) Lal Mahal DMCC (2) Little Rose General Trading LLC (3) Prem Chand Garg|website=DIFC Courts}}</ref>

===Access Bank Scam===

Garg and his company, Metal Africa Steel Products Ltd, are the subject of a criminal complaint in Nigeria for allegedly defrauding Access Bank of US$32 million in an import loan scheme. Garg was also charged with defrauding the federal government through tax evasion and refusal to pay relevant import duties.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Court Orders Lawyer To Produce Bizwoman, Princess Kolade For Allegedly Defraud Access Bank of $32m | url=https://factualng.com/2021/11/09/court-orders-lawyer-to-produce-bizwoman-princess-kolade-for-allegedly-defraud-access-bank-of-32m/ | access-date=2026-03-21 | website=factualng.com | date=9 November 2021 }}</ref><ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/451164-exclusive-nigerian-court-summons-indians-british-nationals-over-fraud-charges.html?tztc=1{{Dead link | date=March 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

Following this complaint, Garg and his son Devashish Garg were added to [[Interpol notice|Interpol's Red Notices and Diffusion Notices Database]]. Garg later filed a successful petition to remove their names from the list.<ref>{{Cite news | title=Court orders IGP to remove Indians' names from Interpol's most wanted list - The Nation Newspaper | url=https://thenationonlineng.net/court-orders-igp-to-remove-indians-names-from-interpols-most-wanted-list/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria| access-date=2026-03-21 |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref>

=== Gold Smuggling===

In 2016, the [[Directorate of Revenue Intelligence]] and the police arrested Garg and his son Devashish for allegedly smuggling gold. During a raid by the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence, 430 kg of gold worth Rs 120 crore (c. USD $13.2 million) was found at the offices of Garg's company of Shri Lal Mahal Ltd and his residential address.<ref>{{Cite web | title=ED Attaches Movable Assets Worth Rs7.47 Crore from Shri Lal Mahal | url=https://www.moneylife.in/article/ed-attaches-movable-assets-worth-rs747-crore-from-shri-lal-mahal/64656.html | access-date=2026-03-21 | website=www.moneylife.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=120 Crores In Gold Channelled For Laundering Old Notes, Finds Raid On Delhi Firm | url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/120-crores-in-gold-12-lakhs-in-new-notes-found-in-raid-on-delhi-firm-1641333 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224073726/http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/120-crores-in-gold-12-lakhs-in-new-notes-found-in-raid-on-delhi-firm-1641333 | access-date=2026-03-21 | archive-date=2016-12-24}}</ref>

In a statement by the Indian Government Enforcement Directorate, it was revealed that Shri Lal Mahal and its owners, Prem Chand Garg and Anita Garg, his wife, had acquired proceeds of crime by diverting duty-free imported gold into the domestic market and evading customs duties to the tune of Rs17.54 crore (c. USD $2 million).<ref>{{Cite web| title=Directorate of Enforcement has provisionally attached movable assets in the form... | url=https://enforcementdirectorate.gov.in/sites/default/files/latestnews/Press_Release_Shri_Lal_MahalLtd.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208211423/https://enforcementdirectorate.gov.in/sites/default/files/latestnews/Press_Release_Shri_Lal_MahalLtd.pdf | archive-date=2024-12-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=ED attaches over Rs 7-crore assets in duty-free gold diversion case - The Economic Times | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ed-attaches-over-rs-7-crore-assets-in-duty-free-gold-diversion-case/articleshow/84758268.cms?from=mdr | access-date=2026-03-21 | website=economictimes.indiatimes.com | date=26 July 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title=Noida Sez Seize: Directorate of Revenue Intelligence seizes Rs 2.60 crore cash, 95 kg gold, silver from a Noida-based SEZ {{!}} Noida News - Times of India | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/directorate-of-revenue-intelligence-seizes-rs-2-60-crore-cash-95-kg-gold-silver-from-a-noida-based-sez/articleshow/56156753.cms | access-date=2026-03-21 | website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com | date=24 December 2016 }}</ref>

=== Nutrionex Scam===

In 2021, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|India Central Bureau of Investigation]] accused Garg of allegedly defrauding five banks, including the State Bank of India, of Rs 979.15 crore (c. USD $107 million) in an ongoing investigation.<ref>{{Cite web | title=CBI books Nutrionex, others for bank fraud - The Hindu | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-books-nutrionex-others-for-bank-fraud/article35369362.ece | access-date=2026-03-21 | website=www.thehindu.com | date=16 July 2021 }}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>https://cbi.gov.in/assets/files/media/f00e9d1f-3a1e-44d0-b3d3-e2cdd8e53e78clippingsdated17thJuly2021.pdf{{Dead link | date=March 2026 | fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHEFS0NgMbo Dr Prem Garg's Interview by Ravindra Gautam]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Prem}}
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Delhi]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]

DRDO WhAP

2026-04-27T01:55:18Z

Beefurb: Added New Entry Needs Work - done

{{Short description|Family of Indian armoured personnel carriers}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox weapon
| name = DRDO WhAP
| image = File:WHAP_During_Defence_Expo_2018.jpg
| caption = DRDO WhAP prototype at DefExpo 2018
| image_size = 300
| type = Wheeled [[armoured personnel carrier]]
| is_vehicle = yes
| service = 2017-Present
| origin = [[India]]
| used_by = [[Indian Army]] [[Central Reserve Police Force]] [[Royal Moroccan Army]]
| manufacturer = [[Tata Advanced Systems]] [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] Defence Systems
| designer = [[Combat Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]]
| production_date = 2014-Present
| spec_label = Tata Kestrel
| crew = 10-12
| length = {{convert|7.85|m}}
| width = {{convert|3.00|m}}
| height = {{convert|2.3|m}}
| weight = {{convert|24|tonne}}
| armour = * Applique and composites along with welded steel
* Modular armour for mine and ballistic protection of up to level III and IV, respectively ([[STANAG 4569]])
| primary_armament = 30mm [[autocannon]] turret (WhAP variant) '''(or)''' 7.62 mm [[medium machine gun]] [[RCWS]] (IPMV variant)
| secondary_armament = '''WhAP variant'''
* 7.62 mm [[coaxial machine gun]]
* Twin [[anti-tank guided missile]] launcher or an [[automatic grenade launcher]]
| engine = [[Cummins]] ISXe 600 diesel engine<ref name=":11" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thakur |first=Vijainder K. |date=2024-09-30 |title=Rejected By India In Favor Of Stryker, Tata Bags Order From Morocco For WhAP Combat Vehicles - Reports |url=https://www.eurasiantimes.com/rejected-by-india-in-favour-of-u-s-stryke/?amp |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=EURASIAN TIMES |language=en-US}}</ref> '''(or)''' [[CVRDE]]-[[Ashok Leyland]] 600hp engine (future)<ref name=":12"/>
| speed = {{cvt|100|km/h}} on road {{cvt|10|km/h}} in water
| engine_power = 600 hp @ 1800-2000RPM / 2508nm torque @ 1100-1600RPM
| pw_ratio = 24 hp/ton
| transmission = [[Allison Transmission|Allison]] 4500SP automatic transmission
 [[CVRDE]]-[[Larsen & Toubro | L&T ]] Automatic Transmission (future)
| suspension = Live axle with independent [[hydropneumatic suspension]]
| clearance = 0.45 meters
| vehicle_range = 500km (Onroad) 250km (Offroad)
| ref = <ref name=":02"/>
| number = 50
}}

The '''DRDO Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP)''' is a family of [[Eight-wheel drive|eight-wheeled]] [[Armoured personnel carrier|armoured personnel carriers]] co-developed by the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] and private industry. It is being developed to replace ageing in-service armoured personnel carriers of the [[Indian Army]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP) {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/wheeled-armoured-platform-whap |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>

The first generation of the WhAP was developed [[Tata Advanced Systems]] as '''Tata Kestrel''' while the second generation is being developed by [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]] Defence Systems.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP 8x8) |url=https://www.tataadvancedsystems.com/wheeled-armored-platform |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Tata Advanced Systems |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MWhAP">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-25 |title=DRDO, Mahindra Defence showcase advanced Wheeled Armoured Platform |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/drdo-mahindra-defence-showcase-advanced-wheeled-armoured-platform20240225161927 |access-date=2025-03-18 |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]]}}</ref>

== Development ==

=== First generation ===
The [[Tata Motors]] reportedly won a bid for the development of an [[Infantry Combat Vehicle]] in 2012 beating competitors including [[Larsen & Toubro]] and [[Timoney Technology Limited of Ireland]]. [[DRDO]] funded 50% of the project and introduced the tentative technical specifications of the product. The cost of the vehicle was expected to be around {{INRConvert|23|c|lk=on|year=2017}}. The vehicle after completing the development within 18 months underwent initial mobility trials in early 2014, amphibious trials with [[hydrojet]] trials in the summer of 2015 and firing trials in October 2015. This was followed by extreme weather summer trials at [[Pokhran]], [[Rajasthan]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-08 |title=Tata Motors gears up for a new ride |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/ideas/tata-motors-gears-up-for-a-new-ride/101238 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

The National Centre for Automotive Testing (NCAT) at [[VRDE]] and a vehicle track at the [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment#Mechanised Infantry Centre and School|Mechanized Infantry Regimental Centre]] (MIRC), [[Ahmednagar]], were used for on-road and off-road mobility trials under developmental trials. In NCAT’s high speed track, the vehicle’s performance was tested in two modes, 8×8 and 8×4. It recorded a maximum speed of {{Convert|104|km/h|abbr=on}}, had an average fuel consumption of 1.3 km/l, and a range of {{Convert|478|km|abbr=on}} with full tank diesel. Off-road mobility trials in 8×8 mode including cross-country running with gradient climbing was satisfactorily conducted at MIRC ‘A’ vehicle track followed by cross-country running with gradient climbing at NCAT.<ref name=":02" />

During the DefExpo 2014 exhibition in February in [[New Delhi]], Tata Kestrel was introduced as an indigenous Wheeled Armoured Amphibious Platform concept with an [[eight-wheel drive]] configuration. The vehicle was developed in cooperation with the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] based on modular designs to incorporate further upgrades efficiently.<ref name="KESTRAL AND LAMV">{{Cite web |last=Hirani |first=Rachit |date=2015-04-21 |title=Tata two SUVs codenamed Kestrel and Goshawk - EXLCUSIVE » MotorOctane |url=https://motoroctane.com/news/12463-tata-two-suvs-codenamed-kestrel-and-goshawk-exlcusive |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=MotorOctane |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Tata Motors displays all-new indigenous frontline combat vehicles – Motorindia |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/tata-motors-displays-new-indigenous-frontline-combat-vehicles/ |access-date=2025-03-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=Kestrel |url=https://armyrecognition.com/military-products/army/armoured-personnel-carriers/wheeled-vehicles/kestrel-8x8-india-uk |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=Army Rrecognition |language=en-gb}}</ref> The vehicle on display in 2014 was equipped with two [[Kongsberg Gruppen|Kongsberg]] supplied [[Tata Kestrel#Weapons|weapon mounts]].<ref name="ARS2" />

In the Defence Expo 2022 convention, the WhAP was showcased by Tata at the Helipad Exhibition Centre.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/defence/defexpo-2022-drdo-showcases-88-wheeled-armoured-platform | title=Defexpo 2022: DRDO showcases 8×8 Wheeled Armoured Platform | date=21 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1867747 | title=DRDO to display 430 strategic & tactical weapon systems, defence equipment & technologies in DefExpo2022 }}</ref>

Kestrel equipped with the [[BMP-2]] turret was introduced and demonstrated at DefExpo 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=office_zzam |title=TATA Motors revealed Kestrel AFV fitted with Russian BMP-2 turret duri |url=https://armyrecognition.com/focus-analysis-conflicts/army/defence-security-industry-technology/tata-motors-revealed-kestrel-afv-fitted-with-russian-bmp-2-turret-during-defexpo-2016-30404161 |access-date=2025-03-15 |website=armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

[[File:WHAP During Defence Expo 2108.jpg|thumb|WhAP live demonstration at DefExpo 2018|left]]

The vehicle, renamed as WhAP [[Infantry combat vehicle|ICV]] with a [[BMP-2]] turret, was again displayed at DefExpo 2018. WhAP with BMP-2 also participated in live public demonstrations during the exhibition.<ref name=":6" /> DRDO also exhibited a WhAP configured with the UT30MK2 unmanned turret from [[Elbit Systems]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Dombe |first=Ami Rojkes |date=2018-04-17 |title=TATA Displays Kestrel WhAP Fitted with Elbit's UT30MK2 Turret {{!}} Israel Defense |url=https://www.israeldefense.co.il/en/node/33867?__cf_chl_rt_tk=zJFTN4q49HfSJVOVEGTsYpT7YKYDjBHhA0wodUSV8SY-1742087257-1.0.1.1-nyFtuHv96ux44OyPHeP_1POlhcoUiPIQVTg9D9QUNjs |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=www.israeldefense.co.il |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://gbp.com.sg/old/ADT/Magazines/2021/adtNOVEMBERDECEMBER2021DigitalMagazine/files/basic-html/page30.html | title=Page 30 - ADT NOVEMBER - DECEMBER 2021 Online Magazine }}</ref>

[[DRDO]] WhAP 8×8 Amphibious Wheeled Armoured Vehicle is being developed as a common platform for various vehicle type like Wheeled APC, 30 mm [[Infantry combat vehicle|ICV]], 105 mm Light Tank, command post vehicle, ambulance, special purpose platform, 120 mm mortar carrier, CBRN Vehicle based on the same chassis of Kestrel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP) {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/wheeled-armoured-platform-whap |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref>

In October 2019, the Indian [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] reportedly cleared the Kestrel for production and export to friendly nations.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2019-12-20 |title=Army Wants 200 Wheeled Armoured Vehicles For Pak Border |url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/and-now-indian-army-wants-200-wheeled-armoured-vehicles-for-pak-border |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Live Fist Defence |language=en-US}}</ref> Later the same year, the [[Indian Army]] issued an [[Request for information|RFI]] to acquire 198 wheeled (8×8) armoured fighting vehicles for to replace [[BRDM-2]] and equip reconnaissance and support regiments of the [[Mechanised Infantry Regiment|mechanised infantry]] and operate in the plains of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Rajasthan]] as well as riverine terrains.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gurung |first=Shaurya Karanbir |date=2019-12-05 |title=Indian Army requires 200 armoured fighting vehicles for Pakistan border |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indian-army-requires-200-armoured-fighting-vehicles-for-pakistan-border/articleshow/72389019.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-03-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
[[File:WhAP fitted with BMP Turret.jpg|left|thumb|Tata-DRDO WhAP during [[Delhi Republic Day parade]] 2023]]
The DRDO WhAP was exhibited in the [[Delhi Republic Day parade]] 2023 as "a modular 8×8 wheeled combat platform" upon a 70 tonne trailer. The vehicle shown was the Armoured Personnel Carrier variant with composite armour, 30 mm turret (BMP-2) and "cutting-edge blast protection".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-01 |title=DRDO Newsletter February 2023 |url=https://drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/newsletter-document/NL_Feb2023.pdf |access-date=2025-03-16}}</ref>

=== Second generation ===
During a Defence Exhibition held in [[Pune]] between 24 and 26 February 2024, the second generation of the Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP).<ref name="MWhAP"/> The second generation was developed by [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra Defence]] and the [[DRDO]]. The [[CBRN defense|CBRN]] [[reconnaissance vehicle]] configuration of the second generation was unveiled. The vehicle can also be modified for multiple roles similar to the first generation including infantry combat vehicle and armoured personnel carrier variants among others. While most of the features in the generation is the same as the earlier one, it incorporates multiple improvements being more compact, lighter, increased ballistic protection and power-to-weight ratio of 26 hp/tonne. It has an amphibious top speed of 8 km/h.

The vehicle operates with a crew of three and is capable of transporting eight soldiers in the IFV and APC configurations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-25 |title=DRDO WhAP Gen 1 & 2 vs USA Stryker |url=https://indiandefenseanalysis.com/2024/02/25/mahindra-drdo-showcased-armoured-vehicle-better-than-stryker/ |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Indian Defense Analysis |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite tweet |number=1823615165855625334 |user=anandmahindra |title=Immensely proud that, side-by-side with DRDO, Mahindra Defence has helped developed & build a world class product... |first=Anand |last=Mahindra |date=2024-08-14 |access-date=2024-08-16}}</ref>

By February 2024, the vehicle successfully completed developmental trials including land and water mobility trials. As of August 2024, the vehicle was undergoing trials with the Army on various terrains.<ref name=":15" />

==Design==
[[DRDO]] WhAP is designed for modern day warfare and features design philosophies of modularity, scalability and reconfigurability to adopt the platform for variety of roles. The vehicle was designed to adapt to the needs of [[armoured personnel carrier]] (APC) for [[United Nations]] missions in addition to various other roles using its modular design. The vehicle has been developed into two distinct sections — the base hull and the modular mission payload. The latter can be modified as per the user-specific requirements. This approach was chosen to reduce development time and cost and hence a number of variants can be developed from a single hull design easing logistics and maintenance.<ref name=":02" />

The Kestrel also incorporates multiple smart stealth technologies to evade detection by radar, infrared, sonar, etc. It is designed with limited engine and vehicle sound, thermal footprint, [[Electromagnetic Interference]] (EMI) and [[Electromagnetic compatibility|Electromagnetic Compatibility]] (EMC). The exhaust gases are run through water to make sure they are cool before being released into the atmosphere, which further lowers the thermal footprint.<ref name="OITK">{{Cite web |title=Tata Kestrel: An armoured, 8×8, amphibious carrier |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/features/the-tata-kestrel-personnel-carrier/ |access-date=2025-03-18 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref>

The vehicle incorporates [[Inertial navigation system|INS]] and [[GPS]] as its primary [[navigation equipment]] and is also fitted with Modular ([[Ultra high frequency|UHF]], [[Very high frequency|VHF]], HF) communication systems.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Kestrel Wheeled Armored Amphibious Platform |url=https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/attachments/commercial-vehicles/1412273d1441779575-kestrel-lamv-tatas-defence-vehicles-detailed-kestrel.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318161125/https://www.team-bhp.com/forum/attachments/commercial-vehicles/1412273d1441779575-kestrel-lamv-tatas-defence-vehicles-detailed-kestrel.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-18 |website=Tata Motors}}</ref>

=== Capacity ===
The vehicle can carry 10 to 12 persons. The driver is seated in the front right beside the engine compartment while the stick or vehicle commander is seated behind the driver. Both are provided with roof hatches while the driver has access to three periscopes for amphibious operations and a panaromic camera system for [[Situation awareness|situational awareness]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eshel |first=Tamir |date=2018-04-14 |title=DEFEXPO 2018 HIGHLIGHTS – Armored Vehicles - Defense Update |url=https://defense-update.com/20180414_defexpo2018-armor.html |access-date=2025-03-18 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="OITK" /> The gunner and the troop commander is placed under the turret. The troop compartment in the rear hosts six to eight soldiers depending on the variant. It includes a back-to-back seating arrangement with the soldiers facing outward. Anti-blast suspended seats are installed to absorb any shocks and secondary slams, reducing brain and spinal injuries. Every soldier has access to a [[periscope]] and a [[firing port]] each. The vehicle is equipped with a rear-door ramp for "embarking and disembarking" of troops and two [[Escape hatch|escape hatches]]. Fuel tanks are placed outside the troop compartment for additional safety.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":13" />

=== Mobility ===
The WhAP's 8×8 wheel configuration is set on a [[hydropneumatic suspension]] utilizing [[Double wishbone suspension|double wishbone]] arrangement. It has two modes of operation — high-speed mode for normal operation and low-speed mode for better [[Traction control system|traction]] capability. Of the four axles, the front two is steerable minimising the [[turning radius]] of the vehicle down to 19 metres. It also employs side-mounted hydraulically-operated [[winch]] for self-recovery.

In addition to a [[Central tire inflation system|Central Tire Inflation System]] (CTIS), the vehicle is also equipped with [[Run-flat tire|run-flat tires]] on all wheels so that it can be driven at slower speeds in the event of an unexpected tire deflation. The wheels are feature [[anti-lock braking system]] (ABS). As for amphibious operations, the last [[drive axle]] is coupled with an amphibious gearing system.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name="OITK" />

=== Powerpack ===
DRDO WhAP incorporates an integrated [[Powerpack (drivetrain)|power pack]] (IPP) backed by a {{Convert|600|hp||abbr=on}} diesel engine placed on the front left for high [[power-to-weight ratio]] for high-altitude operations in mountainous terrains. The IPP includes cutting-edge technology like a fully automatic transmission with a retarder and an engine cooling system with fans powered by hydraulic motors. The power pack now offers the new feature of exhaust gas dilution for a lower thermal signature.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=DRDO |first=Technology Focus |title=WhAP SPECIFICATIONS |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_June_2019_WEB_0.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317100608/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_June_2019_WEB_0.pdf |archive-date=2025-03-17 |website=drdo.gov.in}}</ref>

For developmental purpose, the WhAP is powered by the [[Cummins ISX|Cummins ISX 600]] [[turbocharger]] engine.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Adreesh |date=2020-09-10 |title=The Tata Kestrel- All You need To Know |url=https://adreesh-ghoshal.medium.com/the-tata-kestrel-all-you-need-to-know-585868961094 |access-date=2021-10-09 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kestrel - Armored personnel carrier |url=http://www.military-today.com/apc/kestrel.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216140916if_/http://www.military-today.com/apc/kestrel.htm |archive-date=16 February 2020 |access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> The vehicle is capable of amphibious operations up to a weight of 24 tonnes and is equipped with an anti-surge vane with its hydraulic actuation system to divert the oncoming water flow. [[Hydrojets]] in the rear helps in propulsion in the water.<ref name=":02" /> The vehicle can achieve a speed of {{Convert|100|km/h||abbr=on}} on land and {{Convert|10|km/h||abbr=on}} on water.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ghoshal |first=Adreesh |date=2020-10-05 |title=The Indian army test-drives Kestrel |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/the-indian-army-test-drives-kestrel |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=Business India |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:CVRDE_600_HP_engine.jpg|thumb|CVRDE 600-hp engine.]]The engine would be replaced by an indigenous option. As reported in December 2021, [[Ashok Leyland]] has partnered with [[Combat Vehicles Research and Development Establishment]] to design, develop and produce a 600-hp indigenous engine for the DRDO WhAP. As per the reports the prototype engine has been manufactured and will undergo rigorous testing in the lab and will be qualified for application in [[Armoured fighting vehicle|armoured fighting vehicles]]. Series production is scheduled to begin after operational start-up. The testing was inaugurated in the Engine Development Centre, Ashok Leyland, Vellivoyalchavadi, near [[Chennai]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |last=www.ETAuto.com |title=Ashok Leyland partners with CVRDE to develop 600hp engine - ET Auto |url=https://auto.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/auto-components/ashok-leyland-partners-with-cvrde-to-develop-600hp-engine/88300699 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=ETAuto.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashok Leyland partners with CVRDE to develop 600hp Engine – Motorindia |url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/ashok-leyland-partners-with-cvrde-to-develop-600hp-engine/ |access-date=2025-03-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Protection ===
The hull, based on the composites and steel armour, is constructed from high strength steel with bolted-on ceramic armour. The hull design involves evolved follows a double ‘V’ type bottom configuration consisting of an inner panel and bottom panel. The [[monocoque]] of the vehicle includes a welded armour steel hull with [[Applique armor|applique]] and inner [[Composite material|composite]] [[spall liner]]. This design offers all round protection against [[7.62 mm caliber|7.62 mm]] [[Armour-piercing ammunition|armour piercing]] rounds as well as [[land mines]]. To further reduce the impact of mine explosion, the bottom panel is designed to deflect the shockwave and get further deformed, minimising the blast energy transferred to the vehicle. Blast resistant seats and energy absorbing mats at troop floor interface are also provided to enhance crew safety.

The vehicle provides an overall protection ranging from level I to level III and blast protection up to level III in the bottom under [[STANAG 4569]].

It can also be quickly equipped with an add-on armour for higher threat detterance. The vehicle also has a [[Nuclear, Biological, Chemical|NBC]] protection system.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name="OITK" />

=== Armament ===
[[File:WhAP BMP Turret.jpg|thumb|WhAP with [[BMP-2]] turret during [[Delhi Republic Day parade]] 2023]]
The Tata-DRDO WhAP or Kestrel has been unveiled in multiple weapon configurations.

* '''Configuration 1 (2014)''': Roof-mounted [[Remote controlled weapon station|remote controlled]] [[Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace|Kongsberg]] [[Protector RWS|Protector MCT-30R (RWS)]] equipped with a [[30 mm caliber|30×113 mm autocannon]] (effective range of 3,000{{Nbsp}}m), [[7.62×51mm NATO|7.62×51 mm]] [[Weapon mount|coaxial machine gun]] and two [[FGM-148 Javelin|Javelin]] [[anti-tank guided missile]] launcher with an option for a [[40mm|40{{Nbsp}}mm]] [[automatic grenade launcher]].<ref name="ARS2">{{cite web |date=2014-02-17 |title=Kongsberg PROTECTOR MCT-30R turret solution on TATA Motors Kestrel 8x8 armoured vehicle. |url=https://armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/army-news-2014/kongsberg-defexpo-2014-press-release-7-february-2014-uk |access-date=2024-08-19 |website=Army Recognition}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1337026919313772544 |user=Kunal_Biswas707 |title=Here's #Kongsberg PROTECTOR MCT-30R turret on our very own #Indian #TATAKESTREL 8x8 WhAP, KESTREL was already tested with other turret also, Such RCWS can... |first=Kunal |last=Biswas |date=2020-12-10 |access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Philip |first=Snehesh Alex |date=2024-09-28 |title=Morocco signs pact with Tata for joint manufacture of WhAP Infantry Fighting Vehicle |url=https://theprint.in/defence/morocco-signs-pact-with-tata-for-joint-manufacture-of-whap-infantry-fighting-vehicle/2288024/ |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
* '''Configuration 2 (2016)''': [[BMP-2]] turret equipped with a 30 mm [[Shipunov 2A42|2A42 autocannon]] and [[7.62 mm caliber|7.62 mm]] [[PK machine gun|PKT]] coaxial machine gun (2,000 rounds) mounted to the left of the cannon. The version is also fitted with an [[Anti-tank guided missile|ATGM]] launcher.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-11 |title=New WhAP Wheeled Amphibious Platform 8x8 armoured at DefExpo 2018 | DefExpo 2018 India News Show Daily | Defence security military exhibition 2018 daily news category |url=http://www.armyrecognition.com/defexpo_2018_india_news_show_daily/new_whap_wheeled_amphibious_platform_8x8_armoured_at_defexpo_2018.html |website=Army Recognition}}</ref><ref name=":9" /> WhAP with this in-service turret underwent firing trials at KK Range, [[Ahmednagar]]. Both the autocannon with [[30x165mm]] [[Armour-piercing ammunition|AP]] ([[Tracer ammunition|T]]) rounds and the [[7.62×54mmR]] medium machine gun successfully hit its targets at a range of 1,100 metres.<ref name=":02" />
* '''Configuration 3 (2018)''': [[Elbit Systems]] UT30MK2 unmanned turret equipped with [[Mk44 Bushmaster II]], a 7.62 coaxial gun and an integrated [[anti-tank guided missile carrier]] launcher.<ref name="auto"/>
* '''IPMV configuration''': 7.62mm [[Remote controlled weapon station|remote controlled]] [[medium machine gun]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-04-12 |title=Tata firm hands over indigenously developed infantry vehicles to Army Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tata-firm-hands-over-indigenously-developed-infantry-vehicles-to-army-chief/article65315246.ece |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Service history ==

=== Indian service ===
As [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|tensions]] continued to escalate between India and China over the de facto [[Line of Actual Control]], DRDO-TATA Kestrel (WhAP), landed at [[Ladakh]] to undergo cold-weather trials in October 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kestrel 8x8 Wheeled Armored Amphibious Platform (WHAP) |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/kestrel.htm |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=www.globalsecurity.org}}</ref> The first batch of WhAPs were inducted into the army on 12 April 2022 at [[Bombay Engineer Group]] (BEG) and Centre, [[Pune]] by the then [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] (COAS), [[General (India)|General]] [[Manoj Mukund Naravane]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=Indigenously developed specialist vehicles inducted into Army by Gen Naravane |url=https://theprint.in/india/indigenously-developed-specialist-vehicles-inducted-into-army-by-gen-naravane/913585/ |access-date=2022-04-12 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2022-04-12 |title=Tata firm hands over indigenously developed infantry vehicles to Army Chief |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tata-firm-hands-over-indigenously-developed-infantry-vehicles-to-army-chief/article65315246.ece |access-date=2022-04-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-04-12 |title=TASL delivers first lot of wheeled armoured combat-ready vehicles to Indian Army |url=https://theprint.in/india/tasl-delivers-first-lot-of-wheeled-armoured-combat-ready-vehicles-to-indian-army/913376/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Press Information Bureau">{{cite web |title=Army Chief Inducts Indigenously Developed Specialist Vehicles Into Service |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1816086 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220412123210/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1816086 |archive-date=12 April 2022 |access-date=12 April 2022 |publisher=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

WhAP was inducted into the [[Central Reserve Police Force]]'s 110 Battalion at [[Pulwama]], [[Kashmir]] in August 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-08-26 |title=CRPF inducts advanced WhAP vehicles in Kashmir Valley |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/crpf-inducts-advanced-whap-vehicles-in-kashmir-valley/articleshow/103087736.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-09-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-22 |title=CRPF inducts hi-tech WhAP armoured vehicle in Kashmir |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/crpf-inducts-sophisticated-amphibious-vehicle-to-combat-militancy-in-kashmir-101692728906620.html |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

Reportedly, as of August 2024, the Army is planning to order another batch of 105 WhAPs from [[Tata Advanced Systems]] (TASL).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-14 |title=Exclusive: Tata Advanced Systems likely to bag 100 wheeler armor vehicle platform order from Indian Army, say sources |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/companies/news-exclusive-tata-advanced-systems-likely-to-bag-100-wheeler-armor-vehicle-platform-order-from-indian-army-308450 |access-date=2024-08-15 |website=Zee Business}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Mayank |date=2024-07-05 |title=Infantry combat vehicle bidding process reaches advanced stage |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Jul/05/infantry-combat-vehicle-bidding-process-reaches-advanced-stage |access-date=2024-07-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

===Exports===
On 27 September 2024, [[Morocco]]'s [[Ministry of National Defense]] signed a contract with TASL for the domestic production of 150 WhAP 8×8 armored combat vehicles for the [[Royal Moroccan Armed Forces]].<ref name="sign">{{cite web | url=https://www.assahifa.com/english/morocco/morocco-indias-tata-group-sign-landmark-defense-production-agreement/ | title=Morocco, India's Tata Group Sign Landmark Defense Production Agreement }}</ref> As part of the contract, TASL Morocco (fully owned subsidiary of TASL) will set up a {{Convert|20000|sqm|acre|abbr=on}} final assembly line at [[Casablanca]] which will be operationalised within 12 months,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ajaishukla.com/2024/09/morocco-signs-with-tata-advanced.html | title=Morocco signs with Tata Advanced Systems for integrating wheeled armoured vehicles in Casablanca }}</ref> followed by roll out within 18 months and completion of deliveries within 36 months from contract signing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.military.africa/2024/09/morocco-launches-domestic-production-of-indian-whap-8x8-armored-combat-vehicle/ | title=Morocco launches domestic production of Indian WhAP 8×8 armored combat vehicle | date=30 September 2024 }}</ref> The vehicle to be produced at a rate of 100 units annually will have a local integration rate of 35% which will further rise to 50%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thearabweekly.com/morocco-teams-indian-company-produce-armoured-combat-vehicle|title=Morocco teams up with Indian company to produce armoured combat vehicle|work=The Arab Weekly|date=2024-09-30|access-date=2025-07-25}}</ref><ref name="Fem">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=India’s WhAP Armoured Vehicles Triumph Over Chinese Type-08 in Moroccan Trials |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/defence-indias-whap-armoured-vehicles-triumph-over-chinese-type-08-in-moroccan-trials-3654372/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Financial Express |language=en}}</ref> The project is anticipated to create 90 direct and 250 indirect jobs.<ref name="Fem"/> Ministers from National Defense, Interior, Finance, Industry, and Investment, as well as representatives from the FAR General Staff and the Moroccan Agency for Investment and Export Development (AMDIE), signed the agreement, which offers financial, fiscal, and customs incentives.<ref name="sign"/>

Following the completion of deliveries to Morocco, the same production plant can also be used to export the product to other countries in Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Firdaous |first=Naim |date=27 September 2024 |title=Morocco, TATA Group Forge Strategic Partnership for WhAP 8×8 Production |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2024/09/365441/morocco-tata-group-forge-strategic-partnership-for-whap-8-times-8-production |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=Morocco World News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETManufacturing.in |title=A First for India: Tatas to set up defence factory abroad - ET Manufacturing |url=https://manufacturing.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/aerospace-defence/a-first-for-india-tatas-to-set-up-defence-factory-abroad/113754447 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=ETManufacturing.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETGovernment.com |title=Morocco's Royal Armed Forces partner with TASL for local production of wheeled armoured platform - ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/moroccos-royal-armed-forces-partner-with-tasl-for-local-production-of-wheeled-armoured-platform/113815744 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref>

The vehicle had undergone extensive trials in Morocco since few months earlier. The project will mark the establishment of the first major and the largest defence production plant in Morocco as well as the first such overseas facility by an Indian defence manufacturer. To contribute to vehicle modifications during the supply period, the manufacturers will collaborate closely with the [[DRDO]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2024-10-01 |title=Tata Advanced systems signs landmark contract for wheeled armoured vehicles in Morocco |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tata-advanced-systems-signs-landmark-contract-for-wheeled-armoured-vehicles-in-morocco/articleshow/113843683.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In November 2024, it was reported that during field tests, the WhAP outclassed the [[Type 08]].<ref name="Fem"/>

On 23 September 2025, [[Minister of Defence (India)|Indian Defence Minister]] [[Rajnath Singh]] and Moroccan Defence Minister [[Abdellatif Loudiyi]] together inaugurated the state-of-the-art, {{Convert|20000|m2|acre|abbr=on}} production facility of WhAP in [[Berrechid]], Morocco. While the facility was operationalised three months ahead of schedule, production has already commenced with initial deliveries expected to begin in October. The initial indigenous content of the Moroccan WhAP will be 33%, the same is expected to increase to 50% over the years.<ref>{{Cite press release |title=Raksha Mantri inaugurates TASL’s defence manufacturing facility in Morocco for production of Wheeled Armoured Platform |date=2025-09-23 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2170242 |access-date=2025-09-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Saurabh |date=2025-09-25 |title=Rajnath Singh’s Morocco visit marks new chapter in India-Africa defence ties |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/rajnath-singhs-morocco-visit-marks-new-chapter-in-indiaafrica-defence-relations/article70093296.ece |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-09-02 |title=Tata Advanced Systems opens India’s first overseas defence manufacturing unit in Morocco |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2025/Sep/23/tata-advanced-systems-opens-indias-first-overseas-defence-manufacturing-unit-in-morocco |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The first batch of five WhAPs was delivered to the Moroccan Army on 24 December 2025.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |last=Kasraoui |first=Safaa |date=2025-12-24 |title=Tata Advanced Systems Delivers First Batch of WhAP 8x8 Vehicles to Morocco |url=https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2025/12/272876/tata-advanced-systems-delivers-first-batch-of-whap-8x8-vehicles-to-morocco/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Morocco World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-24 |title=Tata Advanced Systems hands over first lot of WhAP 8x8 vehicles to Royal Moroccan Army |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/tata-advanced-systems-hands-over-first-lot-of-whap-8x8-vehicles-to-royal-moroccan-army/articleshow/126156314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-12-24 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

===Interests===
In January 2026, the [[Hellenic Army]] has expressed interest in the WhAP to meet its armoured requirements and is potentially evaluating the platform.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2026-01-02 |title=Greece Evaluates Indian WHAP 8x8 Armored Vehicle for Army Modernization |url=https://thedefensewatch.com/global-news/greece-evaluates-indian-whap-8x8-armored-vehicle-for-army-modernization/ |access-date=2026-01-15 |website=TheDefenseWatch.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Variants==
Planned variants include ambulance, NBC recon, Command Post and Engineer vehicle.<ref name="ARS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/india_indian_army_wheeled_armoured_vehicle_uk/kestrel_8x8_amphibious_armoured_vehicle_platform_technical_data_sheet_specifications_pictures_video.html|title=Kestrel 8x8 amphibious armoured vehicle platform technical data sheet specifications pictures video | India Indian army wheeled armoured vehicle UK | India Indian army military equipment vehicle UK|date=12 February 2014}}</ref>

* '''Wheeled Armoured Platform (WhAP)''' : Base variant. Wheeled [[Infantry Fighting Vehicle]] equipped with [[autocannon]] turret (primarily [[BMP-2]]).<ref name=":6" />
* '''Infantry Protected Mobility Vehicle (IPMV)''' : Armoured personnel carrier equipped with a 7.62mm [[Remote controlled weapon station|remote controlled]] [[medium machine gun]]. Primary user: Indian Army.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":4" />
* '''Paramilitary variant''' : IPMV variant for paramilitary operations. Primary user: [[Central Reserve Police Force]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Paramilitary Variant of WhAP 8x8 {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/paramilitary-variant-whap-8x8 |access-date=2024-10-02 |website=www.drdo.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=Terrorists Beware! The WhAP Is Here! |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/terrorists-beware-the-whap-is-here/20230828.htm |access-date=2024-10-02}}</ref>
* '''CBRN variant''' : Based on second generation WhAP; [[CBRN defense|CBRN]] [[reconnaissance vehicle]] variant.<ref name=":15" />

==Operators==


=== Current operators ===
{{flag|India}}

* [[Indian Army]]: 36 IPMVs operational;<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Tata-DRDO WhAP (Wheeled Armour Platform) |url=https://indiandefenseanalysis.com/2024/01/14/tata-drdo-whap-wheeled-armour-platform/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=Indian Defense Analysis |language=en-GB}}</ref> Further 105 units planned.<ref name=":10" /> Deployed in [[Leh]] sector.<ref name=":2" />
* [[Central Reserve Police Force]]: 6 IPMVs operational<ref>{{Cite web |last=office_zzam |date=2022-03-30 |title=Indian police first to receive Tata Kestrel WhAP 8x8 armoured vehicles |url=https://www.armyrecognition.com/news/army-news/2022/indian-police-first-to-receive-tata-kestrel-whap-8x8-armoured-vehicles |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=www.armyrecognition.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name=":3" />
** 110 battalion, [[Pulwama]], [[Kashmir]]<ref name=":1" />

{{flag|Morocco }}

* [[Royal Moroccan Army]]: 8 delivered.<ref name=":16" /> 150 on order.<ref name=":4" /> Signed contract indicate delivery of all vehicles in three years.<Ref>https://www.military.africa/2026/01/morocco-receives-first-locally-produced-whap-8x8-armoured-vehicles/</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Abhay IFV]]

*[[Stryker]]

*[[Type 08]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|https://www.tatamotors.com/product/defence-combat-wheeled-infantry-combat-vehicle-kstrel/}}

{{Modern IFV and APC}}

[[Category:Armoured personnel carriers of India]]
[[Category:Tata Motors vehicles]]
[[Category:Eight-wheeled vehicles]]
[[Category:Military vehicles introduced in the 2010s]]
[[Category:Amphibious armoured personnel carriers]]
[[Category:Wheeled armoured personnel carriers]]
[[Category:Armoured personnel carriers of the post–Cold War period]]
[[Category:Wheeled amphibious armoured fighting vehicles]]
[[Category:Infantry fighting vehicles of the post–Cold War period]]
[[Category:Armoured fighting vehicles of the post–Cold War period]]

Power Of Paanch

2026-04-26T18:26:40Z

Beefurb:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Power of Paanch.jpg
| caption = Release poster
| genre = [[Superhero fiction|Superhero]]
| writer = [[Maithili Desai]]
| screenplay = Arshad Jafri Sumrit Sahri
| director = Iqbal Rizvi Jeetu Arora
| creative_director = Prabhjyot Gujraal
| starring =
| music =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 
| num_episodes = 50
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor = Uday Chaudhary
| cinematography = Raju Gauli Ankush Ram Birajdar
| runtime = 19–26 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2025|01|17|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2025|04|04|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Power Of Paanch''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[superhero fiction|superhero]] television series.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Bhavana |title=Must-Watch OTT Releases This Week |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/paatal-lok-season-2-to-the-roshans-must-watch-on-ott-1855227 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |date=19 January 2025 |access-date=19 January 2025 |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119180210/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ott/paatal-lok-season-2-to-the-roshans-must-watch-on-ott-1855227 |url-status=live }}</ref> Produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] and [[Shobha Kapoor]] under [[Balaji Telefilms]], it stars Riva Arora, Jaiveer Juneja, Aditya Arora, Anubha Arora, Bianca Arora, Yash Sehgal, [[Barkha Bisht]] and [[Urvashi Dholakia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Power of Paanch OTT release date: When and where to watch Riva Arora's upcoming series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/power-of-paanch-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-riva-aroras-upcoming-series/7cb3af7835729 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> The series premiered on 17 January 2025 on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Prakash |first1=Chatakonda Krishna |title=OTT Fantasy Series: రెండు ఓటీటీల్లోకి వచ్చిన నయా ఫ్యాంటసీ థ్రిల్లర్ సిరీస్.. పంచ భూతాలు, ఆతీత శక్తుల చుట్టూ.. |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/fantasy-thriller-power-of-paanch-web-series-now-streaming-disney-plus-hotstar-and-jiocinema-ott-121737191929025.html |website=Hindustantimes Telugu |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It ended on 4 April 2025 after completing 50 episodes.

==Plot==
Bela Luthra, an 18-year-old girl, and her mother Tabu Luthra, a single parent, live in Besar, Maharashtra. One night, Tabu leaves for a task with her research team, prompting Bela to search the restricted areas of her home. She finds her mother's connections with the town of Panchgiri and the age-old myth claiming that the five elements secretly lead a human life. While the parents of the current power-holders of the four elements search the "Fifth element", Bela travels to Panchgiri and sets on a mission to unveil the secrets of Panchgiri.

The story tells that on their 16th birthday powers of the parents are inherited to their first born child. As per this Ranveer, Ali, Baggu and Jhanvi become the power holder of the four elemental powers (air,fire,water and earth respectively).

To find her mother, Bela travels to Panchgiri. She gets to know that Tanu Shergill is her mother's twin sister. Tanu tries to damage Bela's hands by a car accident which fails. Bela soon finds out that she is the Earth element as she was born three months before Jhanvi, who fakes being a power holder.It is soon found out that Tanu's younger son Kai is the "Life element" when he comes back to life after dying from an accident. It is also revealed that Param gave Kai to Tanu when she faced a miscarriage during her second child delivery. Karthik reveals that on a day when five stars come in a straight line was suitable for opening the ancient box with help of the five elements. Tanu plans with Param to secretly damage Bela's hands to get the powers transferred to Jhanvi. But everyone finds out that Jhanvi was not the Earth element. Finally the box is opened, with a book inside it written in an ancient language which only Tabu could read. Bela has a fight with Tanu and disappears for 3 weeks. The Blue Jeans Cafe opens in Panchgiri.

Baggu and Ali face love complications due to Adeeba being in a relationship with Ali. Ali faces an accident with a mysterious girl and reaches Panchgiri Inn. Soon, Ali and Baggu find out that Bela and her best friend Ahaan are working there. The mysterious girl disappears from the hospital to the surprise of Aasma(Ali's mom and DGP of Panchgiri). Jhanvi and Karan grow closer and Ahaan gets a job at Blue Jeans Cafe. Karthik tells Aasma that evil powers have arrived.

Mr. Sidh, an industrialist, instructs his adopted daughter myra to go close with Ranveer. Myra and Mr. Sidh manipulates ranveer that he could bring the potential power of the five elements. Meanwhile, Bela is searching for her mother tabu (Bela's mother) when an unknown girl Tanya takes admission in the college. Bela grow anxious when Tanya grows a fast friendship with his friends. Meanwhile, Adeeba blackmails Ali and his mother due to that reason Ali had to breakup with Baggu.

Mr. Sidh opens that Ahaan (Bela's best friend) is his son and karan too. He instruct ahaan that all the five elements should touch the crystal so that the crystal absorb the energies of the five elements. In the semi final and in the final match ranveer uses his power and win the final match. Karan told bela that he knows about the five elements and he wants to save them but Mr. Sidh and Myra captured karan and Bela and Bela get to know about Ahaan's identity. They traveled to Sidh's house where Ranveer and his friends were enjoying party. Myra and Ahaan tie Bela, Ranveer, Kai, and karan when Kai's real powers get opened.

Aasma, Kartik, and Tanu arrives in Sidh's house meanwhile Ranveer uses his power to get the crystal from Kai. Bela and Baggu attacked on Ranveer while Kai runs with the crystal. Aasma arrived in time and save the kids and arrested Mr sidh meanwhile Myra runs away. Bela and Karan had a romantic moment.

Bela gets to know the truth of Tanya that she is her mother for Kai's powers. Bela, Ranveer, Ali, Baggu, and Kai gets to know about the backstory of elements and they must defeat the evil forces for their immortality. Aasma started to train the elements to face vin. Tanu becomes the dean of the High crest university and shocked to see the new donor payal Chauhan and wealthy rich lady. Tanu and Aasma tries to uncover Payal Chauhan's true identity meanwhile Ranveer started to work on blue jeans cafe with Bela and Karan. Payal Chauhan's growing influence to buy the High crest university makes Kai and the other students to protest against the selling. Bela finds out about Payal Chauhan's true identity meanwhile Ahaan rejoins the college which shocks the elements.

In prom proposal day Baggu meets with a new student Zain, Ali gets jealous of Baggu and Zain. The elements doing their training but they can't able coordinate with each other. Meanwhile, Tanu gets to know about Tanya's real identity, Kai uses his powers and transform Tanya into Tabu, Tanu gets angry on Tabu. Tanu tells that Tabu killed that girl named Poonam mishra that night that force to leave Tabu from Panchgiri. Bela, Ranveer and Karan clash over trust and secrets. Kai returns to the High crest but doing plan to protest against the college selling.

While planning about the protest while he got a box belongs to his grandfather, Kai's grandmother told him about the box and his grandfather. Tabu comes to his house to meet with her mother and to take important documents of her father, while Ranveer confesses to Bela that he has feelings for her, Bela gets worried what should she do now. Finally Bela breaks her relationship with Karan for Ranveer and Bela and Karan have an emotional conversation, Karan gets angry on Bela's decision. While Ranveer came back to take his charger from the training spot while he sees Tabu there that she is searching something by this Ranveer suspects Tabu, but after Bela gets to know about this she gets angry with Ranveer meanwhile Payel, Ahaan and, Myra plans to take down the elements. Bela, Ranveer, Ali and Baggu get fight with each other while kartik slams them and told that the danger has comed. While Kai gets shock to see Adeeba and Ahaan conversation with each other Kai tries to call Baggu but he fails when he gets senseless he see that Payal kidnapped him.

Bela Ranveer Ali Baggu and their family members get tensed not not finding Kai while the elements have to get ready for the fight. Bela Ranveer Ali Baggu arrived in the prom night while searching for Kai meanwhile Payel Chauhan arrived while the students starts to protest against her. Ahaan rings the fire alarm of the college all the students get out from there. The elements attack Payel and Ahaan.

== Cast ==

* Riva Arora<ref name="Cast">{{cite web |title=Power of Paanch on OTT: Not just Disney+ Hotstar; here's where you can also stream Riva Arora's fantasy series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/power-of-paanch-on-ott-not-just-disney-hotstar-where-you-can-also-stream-riva-arora-fantasy-series/b0895ab07a812 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> as Bela Luthra: Tabu's daughter; an 18-year-old girl from Besar, who houses the powers of the "Earth" element. Still unaware of the truth of her newfound powers, she is on a mission to unveil the secrets of Panchgiri. (2025–present)
* Anubha arora as Adeeba; Ali's girlfriend who is madly in love with him, while, Ali wants to break up with her. She's unaware of the world of powers and navigates her way through the secrets, finding her path to Ali. (2025–present)
* Jaiveer Juneja<ref name="Cast" /> as Ranveer Deol: Param's son; Kai's half-brother; Ali's best-friend; Bela's admirer; Jhanvi's situationship partner; an 18-year-old boy, who houses the powers of the "Wind" element. He appears to be a playboy, but is a sensitive person. (2025–present)
* Aditya Arora<ref name="Cast" /> as Ali Mazhar: Aasma's son; Ranveer's best-friend; Baggu's admirer; an 18-year-old boy, who houses the "Fire" element. He is upset of his relationship with Adeeba and wants to end it. He often loses control on his powers. (2025–present)
* Bianca Arora<ref name="Cast" /> as Baggu: Kartik's daughter; Ali's love-interest; an 18-year-old girl who houses the "Water" element. She always calms Ali and guides him through tricky situations. (2025–present)
* [[Barkha Bisht]]<ref name="Cast" /> in [[dual roles]] as
**Tanu Shergill: Tabu's twin sister; Jhanvi's mother; Kai's adoptive mother; the former power-holder of the "Earth" element. She hates Tabu owing to the latter getting more attention from her father. She plans to send Bela back to Besar. (2025–present)
**Tabu Luthra: Tanu's twin sister; Bela's mother; the former power-holder of the "Earth" element. She left her family years ago and lives away from Panchgiri to keep her daughter unknown to its secrets. (2025–present)
* [[Urvashi Dholakia]]<ref name="Cast" /> as [[Director general of police|DGP]] Aasma Mazhar: a [[Haryana|Haryanvi]] police officer; Ali's mother; the former power-holder of the "Fire" element. She is a strict mother and wants Ali to learn controlling his powers. (2025–present)
*Pankaj Vishnupurikar as Kartik: a scientist; Baggu's father; the former power-holder of the "Water" element.(2025–present)
*Tanvi Gadkari as Jhanvi Shergill: Tanu's daughter; Kai's sister; an 18-year-old girl, who fakes being the power holder of the "Earth" element under her mother's influence, but gets exposed. She is in a situationship with Ranveer, but secretly wants to get into a relationship with him. She dislikes Bela as the latter being older than her, gets the powers. (2025–present)
* Yash Sehgal<ref name="Cast" /> as Kai Shergill: Param's estranged son; Ranveer's half-brother; Jhanvi's adoptive brother; a 15-year-old boy, who houses the "Life" element. He gets upset of his mother's constant nagging. He bonds well with Bela and announces his homosexuality when she encourages her. (2025–present)
*Inder Bajwa as Param Deol: Ranveer's father; Kai's estranged father; a popular actor originally from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], who shows careless approach towards Kartik's speculations. (2025–present)
*Omar Kandhari as Ahaan Sharma: Bela's best-friend (2025–present)
*[[Nikhat Khan]] as Sharmila: Tabu and Tanu's mother; Bela and Jhanvi's grandmother; Kai's adoptive grandmother; a generous lady who supports Bela in her tiff with Tanu. (2025–present)
*Umesh Pherwani as Akshat Shergill: Tanu's husband; Jhanvi's father; Kai's adoptive father. (2025–present)
*[[Shikha singh]]<ref name="cast" /> as payal chauhan : a very rich woman who want to buy the higth crest university and later joined ahaan , myra and tanu ; kai's kidnapper.( 2025-present)

== Production ==
The series was announced on [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Of Paanch: Disney+ Hotstar drops teaser for new fantasy-superhero series |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/disney-hotstar-drops-teaser-for-new-indian-fantasy-superhero-series/cid/2075439 |website=Telegraph India}}</ref> The trailer of the series was released on 13 January 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Power of Paanch का ट्रेलर हुआ जारी प्रेम, तड़प, दोस्ती, रहस्य की कहानी |url=https://mayapuri.com/ott/power-of-paanch-trailer-is-out-now-a-unique-story-of-love-longing-and-friendship-and-a-mystery-element-only-on-disney-plus-hotstar-8617557 |website=mayapuri.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the series 3/5 stars and wrote “ Power of Paanch is a decent attempt at exploring the supernatural mystery genre. With its talented cast and intriguing premise, it offers mild excitement and a refreshing departure from typical slice-of-life content.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Of Paanch Season 1 Review : A fresh attempt at supernatural mystery, but falls short of expectations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/power-of-paanch/power-of-paanch-season-1/seasonreview/117265170.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Risha Ganguly of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the show 3 stars.<ref>{{cite web |title=Power Of Paanch Review: Riva Arora's Supernatural Show Thrills, But Only In Bits And Pieces |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/power-of-paanch-review-riva-aroras-supernatural-show-thrills-but-only-in-bits-and-pieces-review-117303876 |website=Times Now |language=en |date=17 January 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt35471598}}
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/power-of-paanch/1971306343 ''Power of Paanch''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar|Jio Hotstar]]

{{Disney+ Hotstar|state=collapsed}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
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Narsinghpur, Ghazipur

2026-04-26T14:06:46Z

Beefurb: Started biography - done

{{More citations needed|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{other uses|Narsinghpur (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narsinghpur
| native_name = Naasingha
| native_name_lang = [[Hindi]]
| other_name = Pandeypur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur district|Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1850}}
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Sarpanch|Gram Pradhan]]
| unit_pref = Founder
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 70
| population_total = 500,000
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 232326
| registration_plate = UP 61
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 05497
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| founder =
| area_total_acre =
| area_total_ha = 149.69
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| leader_name =
| leader_name1 =
| total_type =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| pushpin_relief = Yes
}}
'''Narsinghpur''', also known as Pandeypur, is a village located in [[Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh, India.]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-24 |title=Uttar Pradesh: Rs 15 crore property of jailed don Mukhtar’s brother and BSP MP Afzal Ansari attached in Ghazipur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/uttar-pradesh-rs-15-crore-property-of-jailed-don-mukhtars-brother-and-bsp-mp-afzal-ansari-attached-in-ghazipur/articleshow/93090633.cms |access-date=2026-04-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vinay Kumar |date=2022-07-24 |title=UP police attaches properties worth Rs 15 crore of Mukhtar Ansari's brother |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ghazipur-police-attach-properties-worth-crores-mukhtar-ansari-brother-bsp-mp-1979461-2022-07-24 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> It is situated 15 km away from sub-district headquarters, Zamania, and 40 km away from district headquarters, Ghazipur. It was a part of [[Daudpur]] until 1980, when it became recognized as an independent village. Narsinghpur has a total population of 503,000 (recorded in 2011) and is known for its fertile land.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:1850 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Villages in Ghazipur district]]

{{Ghazipur-geo-stub}}

Pathans of Gujarat

2026-04-23T19:38:21Z

Beefurb: creating the stub needs work...

{{short description|Indian people of Pashtun origin}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{ethnic group|
| group = Pashtun/Pathan or Afghan
| image = Junagadh Nawab's and state officials, 19th century.jpg
| caption = Junagadh Nawabs and state officials, 19th century
| population = Unknown
| popplace = India ([[Gujarat]]: [[Ahmedabad]], [[Kheda]], [[Bharuch]])
| langs = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] • [[Pashto]] • [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] • [[Indian English|English]]
| rels = [[Islam]]
| related = [[Pathans in India|Pathans]] • [[Rohilla]] • [[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh]] • Pathans of Rajasthan • [[Pathan of Bihar]] • [[Pathans of Punjab]]
}}
'''Pathans of Gujarat''' are a group of [[Pashtuns]], who are settled across the region of [[Gujarat]] in western India. They now form a distinct community of Hindi speaking [[Muslims]]. They mainly speak [[Hindi]] with many [[Pashto]] loanwords, while a few elders in the community may still speak Pashto. Common tribes include [[Ghilji|Ghilzai]], [[Babi (title)|Babi]] or [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)]], [[Niazi]], [[Bangash]], [[Durrani]], [[Yousafzai]] among others.<ref name="autogenerated1115">People of India Gujarat Volume XXI Part Three edited by R.B Lal, P.B.S.V Padmanabham, G Krishnan & M Azeez Mohideen pages 1115–1125</ref><big>{{full citation needed|date=December 2023}}</big>

==History and origin==

The Pathans arrived in [[Gujarat]] in the Middle Ages , as merchants and soldiers in the armies of various rulers of the region. It has been suggested that the earliest settlement of [[Pashtun people|Pashtuns]] was during the 14th century, when military colonies were established.<ref name=":0">Muslim Communities in Gujarat by Satish C Misra pages 108–109</ref>

==The Babai State==
The [[State of Junagadh]] or Junagarh was a princely state located in Gujarat. It had been ruled by the Muslim Babi dynasty since 1654, first by Nawab of Junagadh within the Maratha Confederacy and later by British India. This princely family was of the [[Babai (Pashtun tribe)|Babai]] Pashtun tribe.

== The '''Kabul-i''<nowiki/>' ==
The term Kabuli literally means any inhabitant of the city of [[Kabul]] in [[Afghanistan]]. In Gujarat, the term was applied to any Pashtun who arrived in Gujarat during the 19th Century, the majority of whom were [[Ghilji|Ghilzais]]. Historically, the community were traders, buying horses from Kathiawar and selling them in Rajputana and Deccan. Though found across the region but mainly in Ahmedabad, they speak Hindi first as well as Gujarati. Some older members of the community can still speak Pashto. They form quite a distinct community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=James M. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.113335 |title=Gazetteer Of The Bombay Presidency Vol Ix Part Ii, Gujrat Population: Musalmans And Parsis |date=1899 |pages=13-14}}</ref>

==Notable people==
* [[Salim Durani|Salim Durrani]], Afghan born Indian cricketer
* [[Parveen Babi]], Indian Actress and model
* [[Irfan Pathan]], Indian former cricketer turned analyst.
* [[Yusuf Pathan]], Brother of Irfan Pathan and former Indian cricketer.

==See also==
*[[Pashtun diaspora]]
*[[Rohilla]]
*[[Pathans of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Pathans of Punjab]]
*[[Khuda Gawah]] (''Popular depictions of Pashtuns in Indian cinema'')

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{Pashtun Diaspora}}
{{Indian Muslim}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pathans of Gujarat}}
[[Category:Social groups of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Pashtun diaspora in India|Gujarat]]

Tikamgarh Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T08:38:25Z

Beefurb: created basic post more to come!

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tikamgarh
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 43
| map_image = 43-Tikamgarh.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Tikamgarh district|Tikamgarh]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Yadvendra Singh]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Rakesh Giri
}}

'''Tikamgarh Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=18 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state.<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|page=5|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref>

==Overview==
Tikamgarh (constituency number 43) is one of the 5 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Tikamgarh district]]. This constituency covers the entire Tikamgarh [[tehsil]] of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=230, 250}}</ref>

Tikamgarh is part of [[Tikamgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tikamgarh Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Jatara Assembly constituency|Jatara]], [[Prithvipur Assembly constituency|Prithvipur]], [[Niwari Assembly constituency|Niwari]] and [[Khargapur Assembly constituency|Khargapur]] in this district and [[Maharajpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Maharajpur]], [[Chhatarpur, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chhatarpur]] and [[Bijawar Assembly constituency|Bijawar]] in [[Chhatarpur district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
=== Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="eci2" />
|Krishna Kant
|{{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
|[[Rilli Chamar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Ram Krishna
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="2" |Gyanendra Singh Dev
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Sardar Singh
|-
|[[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Maganlal Goyal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Sardar Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
|[[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Yadvendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Maganlal Goyal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Yadvendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|[[Maganlal Goyal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|Akhand Pratap Singh Yadav
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="ceom">{{cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha General Elections - 2008 (in Hindi) |url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/OtherLinks/Election_Result_2008.pdf |access-date=14 February 2011 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website}}</ref>
|[[Yadvendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|Krishna Kumar Shrivastava
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" />
|Rakesh Giri
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Yadvendra Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikamgarh<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh General Legislative Election 2023 Statistical Report |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Yadvendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:83397}}
|percentage = 46.87
|change = +5.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rakesh Giri
|votes = {{formatnum:74279}}
|percentage = 41.75
|change = -2.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Krishna Kumar Shrivastava
|votes = {{formatnum:8672}}
|percentage = 4.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Seetaram Lodhi
|votes = {{formatnum:1894}}
|percentage = 1.06
|change = -5.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:466}}
|percentage = 0.26
|change = -0.68
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9118}}
|percentage = 5.12
|change = +2.33
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:177922}}
|percentage = 78.8
|change = +4.09
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikamgarh<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Rakesh Giri
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:66958}}
|percentage = 44.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Yadvendra Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:62783}}
|percentage = 41.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:9793}}
|percentage = 6.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Chhakkey Lal Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:2046}}
|percentage = 1.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Santosh Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:1757}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1405}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4175}}
|percentage = 2.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:150074}}
|percentage = 74.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Tikamgarh]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.75|78.83|display=title}}

[[Category:Tikamgarh district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Pirojsha Godrej Foundation

2026-04-18T16:05:53Z

Beefurb: creating some stub initial version...

{{Short description|Charitable organisation}}
{{Infobox organization
|name=Pirojsha Godrej Foundation
|logo=
|logo_size=
|type=[[Non-profit Organization]]
|founded= {{start date and age|1972}}
|founder=
|location = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], [[India]]
|origins=
|key_people= [[Godrej Family]]
|region_served=India
|focus=
*[[Education]]
*[[Health]]
*[[Natural environment|environment]]
*[[Disaster Management|Disaster Response]]
|method=
|revenue=
|endowment=
|num_employees=
|owner=
|former_name=
|website=
}}
'''Pirojsha Godrej Foundation''' is a [[charitable organisation]] based in [[Mumbai]], [[India]]. It works in the fields of [[education]], [[health]], [[Natural environment|environment]] and [[disaster relief]].<ref name="Reference number 1">{{cite news |last1=Srivastava |first1=Samar |title=Forbes India - The Godrej Foundation: In Charity They Trust |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/philanthropy-awards-2013/the-godrej-foundation-in-charity-they-trust/36631/1 |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Forbes India |date=2 December 2013 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Reference number 2">{{cite book |last1=Hiscock |first1=Geoff |title=India's Global Wealth Club: The Stunning Rise of Its Billionaires and Their Secrets of Success |date=2008 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |location=Hoboken, N.J. |isbn=978-0-470-82238-8 |page=166 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YiLBD_IpgIkC |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Reference number 3">{{cite news |last1=Tejaswi |first1=Mini |title=The Czars of giving |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sunday-chronicle/cover-story/241217/the-czars-of-giving.html |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=24 December 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==About==

Pirojsha Godrej Foundation was established in 1972. The objectives of the foundation include medical relief, educational aid, protection of the environment and relief funds in case of natural disasters.<ref name="Reference number 4">{{cite book |last1=Karanjia |first1=B. K. |title=Godrej: The builder also grows |date=1997 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-670-87924-3 |page=316 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEG7AAAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Reference number 5">{{cite book |last1=Hiscock |first1=Geoff |title=Asia's New Wealth Club: Who's Really who in Twenty-first Century Business : the Top 100 Billionaires in Asia |date=2000 |publisher=N. Brealey |isbn=978-1-85788-163-9 |page=272 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bE2mhw5_bb0C |language=en}}</ref> The trust owns approximately 23% of the issued equity shares of [[Godrej & Boyce|Godrej & Boyce Mfg. Co. Ltd.]], the holding Company of the [[Godrej Group]].<ref name="Reference number 6">{{cite news |last1=Barman |first1=Arijit |last2=Vijayaraghavan |first2=Kala |title=Godrej family looks to divide a $4.1 billion empire |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/godrej-family-looks-to-divide-a-4-1-billion-empire/articleshow/87350226.cms?from=mdr |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=The Economic Times |date=29 October 2021}}</ref> The income from dividends received with respect to these shares is utilised for promoting the objectives of the foundation.<ref name="Reference number 1" />

==Objectives==
The foundation has sponsored several thousands of students via education grants, individually as well as through institutions.<ref name="Reference number 4" /> It also supports culture and fine arts through the Godrej Dance Academy at [[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|NCPA]].<ref name="Reference number 7">{{cite book |last1=Karanjia |first1=B. K. |title=Final Victory: The Life-and Death-Of Naval Pirojsha Godrej |date=14 October 2000 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-784-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAISBQAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> The Foundation has been extending medical grants. In association with the Naoroji Godrej Center For Plant Research, the foundation has been working to preserve biodiversity and mangroves in Mumbai.<ref name="Reference number 8">{{cite news |last1=Danda |first1=Anurag |title=Protecting the iconic Sundarbans to preserve heritage, lives and more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/voices/protecting-the-iconic-sundarbans-to-preserve-heritage-lives-and-more/ |access-date=21 January 2022 |work=Times of India Blog |date=15 December 2021}}</ref>

==External grants==

Some of the key beneficiaries of the Pirojsha Godrej include [[Confederation of Indian Industry|CII Foundation- Kerala floods]], Chief Ministers Relief Fund, [[Prime Minister's National Relief Fund]], Bombay Environmental Action Group, PRF Legislative Research and the Naoroji Godrej Centre for Plant Research and Foundation for Medical Research.<ref name="Reference number 7" /><ref name="Reference number 9">{{cite news |last1=Jenkins |first1=Cordelia |title=Philanthropic funds take different route |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/RFVtI9uFQFU91w8iWkyokM/Philanthropic-funds-take-different-route.html |access-date=1 February 2022 |work=mint |date=20 August 2013 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF India]] headquarters was built with the help of a significant grant from the Pirojsha Godrej Foundation.<ref name="Reference number 10">{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Ranjit |title=WWF India: A Retrospective |date=1994 |publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature-India |pages=1, 14 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KuDaAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref> The foundation has also funded the Pirojsha Godrej Wing of the [[Breach Candy Hospital]] and the [[Red Cross]] Disaster Center both in Mumbai.<ref name="Reference number 7" /><ref name="Reference number 11">{{cite news |title=Philanthrophys not for big companies only |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/philanthrophys-not-for-big-companies-only/107935/ |access-date=1 February 2022 |work=The Financial Express |date=6 March 2005}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:1972 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Foundations based in India]]

Ghanshyampur Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T14:07:44Z

Beefurb: Started a entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ghanshyampur 
| type = SLA
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Darbhanga district|Darbhanga]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Rosera Lok Sabha constituency|Rosera]]
| established = 1977
| abolished = 2010
}}
'''Ghanshyampur Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Darbhanga district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]], Ghanshyampur Assembly constituency ceased to exist in 2010.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

It was part of Darbhanga

[[Rosera Lok Sabha constituency|(Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf |title = General Elections, 2004 - Details for Assembly Segments of Parliamentary Constituencies |work = 16. Rosera | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>

There is a Mahathwar village inside the Ghanshyampur Panchayat, which Mahathwar village comes under Ghanshyampur block and it is located 3 km south of the block office. It is bound on the east by the Shambhu chowk, on the north by Pali village and on the south by Chaur (or low lying agricultural land filled up by flood water) and on the west by Hari Mushari tola and Galma village.

==Results==
===1977-2005===
In the [[Bihar Assembly Election, Oct 2005|October 2005 state assembly elections]], Izhar Ahmad of [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJP]] won the Ghanshyampur assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Dr. Mahabir Prasad of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Dr. Mahabir Prasad of RJD defeated Izhar Ahmed of LJP/ [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] in [[Bihar Assembly Election, Feb 2005|February 2005]] and 2000. Mahabir Prasad of [[Janata Dal|JD]] defeated Chandra Kishore Jha of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]/ [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1995 and 1990. Mahabir Prasad of [[Lok Dal|LD]] defeated Harish Chandra Jha of Congress in 1985. Mahendra Narayan Jha of Congress defeated Mahabir Prasad of Janata Party (Secular – Charan Singh) in 1980. Mahabir Prasad of [[Janata Party|JP]] defeated Anirudh Jha, Independent, in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp86.htm |title = 86 - Ghanshyampur Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-01-15 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Darbhanga district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2010]]
[[Category:2010 disestablishments in India]]
{{coord|26|03|50|N|86|19|05|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=inline,title}}

Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:24:59Z

Beefurb: Put Up New Entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jammalamadugu
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (131-Jammalamadugu highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bhartiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency|Kadapa]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 237,577
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 131
}}

'''Jammalamadugu Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kadapa district|YSR Kadapa district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/ |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies Order - 2008 |website=Election Commission of India |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kadapa Lok Sabha constituency]].

[[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. As of 25 March 2019, there are a total of 237,577 electors in the constituency. The constituency was established in 1951, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1951)''.

== Mandals ==
{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Peddamudium]]
|-
| Mylavaram
|-
| [[Kondapuram, Kadapa district|Kondapuram]]
|-
| [[Jammalamadugu]]
|-
| [[Muddanur]]
|-
| [[Yerraguntla]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-

| [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan=2 | Kunda Ramiah
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Thathireddi Narasimha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Kunda Ramiah
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Thathireddi Narasimha Reddy
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Chavva Morammagari Ramanatha Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=3 |Ponnapureddy Siva Reddy
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan="2" |Ponnapureddy Ramasubba Reddy
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Mule Sudheer Reddy]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Jammalamodugu<ref>{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kunda Ramiah |party=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=32,056 |percentage=58.86 |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tatireddi Pullareddy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,410 |percentage=41.14 |change=41.14 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,646 |percentage=17.71 |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=54,466 |percentage=69.97 |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 77,840 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jammalamadugu<ref name=election2004>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2004 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 18 May 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]|votes=68,463|percentage=58.55|change=+10.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Ramasubbareddy Ponnapureddy]]|votes=45,770|percentage=39.15|change=-9.35}}
{{Election box majority||votes=22,693|percentage=19.40|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,16,923|percentage=80.68|change=+10.19}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jammalamadugu<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4054-andhra-pradesh-2009/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]|votes=84,416|percentage=48.42|change=-10.13}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Ramasubbareddy Ponnapureddy]]|votes=77,032|percentage=44.19|change=+5.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Vongala Nagendra Yadav]]|votes=4,660|percentage=2.67|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=7,384|percentage=4.23|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,74,338|percentage=84.40|change=+3.72}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jammalamadugu<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4055-andhra-pradesh-2014/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=YSR Congress Party|candidate=[[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]|votes=1,00,794|percentage=51.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Ramasubbareddy Ponnapureddy]]|votes=88,627|percentage=45.12|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=12,167|percentage=6.20|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,96,416|percentage=86.35|change=+1.95}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jammalamadugu<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11673-andhra-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 14 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Dr Mule Sudheer Reddy]]
|votes = 1,25,005
|percentage = 61.31
|change = +9.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = [[Ramasubbareddy Ponnapureddy]]
|votes = 73,064
|percentage = 35.98
|change = -9.14
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 51,941
|percentage = 25.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,02,891
|percentage = 85.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jammalamadugu<ref name="AP Assembly Election Results 2024 - Jammalamadugu">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=AP Assembly Election Results 2024 - Jammalamadugu |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01131.htm |access-date=13 November 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113181053/https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S01131.htm |archive-date=13 November 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ch. Adinarayana Reddy]]
|votes = 1,09,640
|percentage = 51.43
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Dr. Mule Sudheer Reddy
|votes = 92,449
|percentage = 43.37
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Brahmananda Reddy Pamula
|votes = 4,222
|percentage = 1.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = NOTA
|candidate = None Of The Above
|votes = 2,392
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,191
|percentage = 8.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 2,13,170
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coord|14.84|78.39|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Katyayani Vidmahe

2026-04-10T20:49:51Z

Beefurb: Put Up New Details

{{Short description|Indian writer and academic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Ketavarapu Katyayani''' (born 1955), best known by her pen name '''Katyayani Vidmahe''', is an Indian writer and academic. Her work focuses on [[Telugu literature]], particularly [[Feminism|feminist]] and [[Marxism|Marxist]] writing.

== Early life and academic career ==
The writer was born Ketavarapu Katyayani in 1955 in {{Interlanguage link|Mailavaram|te|మైలవరం (అద్దంకి)}}, a village in the [[Addanki]] area of India's [[Andhra Pradesh]] state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Sikdar|first=Prabeer|date=2013-12-19|title=Kendra Sahitya Akademi for Katyayani Vidmahe|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131219/news-current-affairs/article/kendra-sahitya-akademi-katyayani-vidmahe|access-date=2021-09-21|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2013-12-19|title=Sahitya Akademi award for Katyayani Vidmahe|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Andhra-Pradesh/2013-12-19/Sahitya-Akademi-award-for-Katyayani-Vidmahe/79806|access-date=2021-09-21|website=The Hans|language=en}}</ref> Her mother was Indira Devi and her father was Ramakoti Sastry, a professor and literary critic.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2013-12-19|title=Sahitya Akademi Award for KU Prof|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2013/dec/19/sahitya-akademi-award-for-ku-prof-552756.html|access-date=2021-09-21|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

She pursued studies in Warangal and Hyderabad, graduating with a master's degree in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] from [[Kakatiya University]] in [[Warangal]] in 1977, and earning a gold medal for her work.<ref name=":0" /> After graduating, she began teaching at the university while writing her Ph.D. on the novel ''[[Chivaraku Migiledi]]'', and she eventually became a full professor there.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=2015-10-18|title=Telugu writer Katyayani Vidmahe returns Sahitya Akademi award|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/telugu-writer-katyayani-vidmahe-returns-sahitya-akademi-award-115101800526_1.html|access-date=2021-09-21}}</ref> She retired from the university in the 2010s.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Vijayasree|first1=C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kVbDwAAQBAJ|title=Colonial Encounter: Telugu–English Literary and Cultural Interface|last2=Sridhar|first2=M.|last3=Sengupta|first3=Mahasweta|date=2018-05-20|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-88470-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-30|title=Dont die, live & fight against suppression|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2016-01-30/Dont-die-live-fight-against-suppression/203561|access-date=2021-09-23|website=The Hans|language=en}}</ref>

== Writing and activism ==
As of 2013, she had written 275 research papers on Telugu literature, as well as 28 books, under her pen name Katyayani Vidmahe. She had also edited an additional 25 books.<ref name=":0" /> Among her books are ''Mahila Sadhikarata - Savallu'', ''Adhunika Telugu Sahityam - Streevada Bhumika'', ''Gender Samanata Disagaa Samajam, Sahityam'', ''Kanyasulkam - Samajika Sambandhalu'', and ''Gender Spruha''.<ref name=":2" />

Vidmahe's writing includes work on women's issues, and she has been involved in both feminist and Marxist activism.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-24|title=Women must not be portrayed as mere commodities: Katyayani Vidmahe|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Hans/2014-12-24/Women-must-not-be-portrayed-as-mere-commodities-Katyayani-Vidmahe/122658|access-date=2021-09-21|website=The Hans|language=en}}</ref> She founded the Society for Women's Studies and Development and Prajasvamya Rachayatala Vedika, a writers association for women.<ref name=":2" /> She has also served as national general secretary of the Democratic Women Workers's Forum.<ref name=":3" />

==Awards==
In 2013, Vidmahe won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] for her contribution to Telugu literature with her 2010 essay collection ''Sahityaakasamlo Sagam'', which discusses issues of gender identity and women's role in literature.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2015-10-18|title=Kashinath Singh, Katyayani Vidmahe return Sahitya Akademi awards|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kashinath-singh-katyayani-vidmahe-return-sahitya-akademi-awards/article7777414.ece|access-date=2021-09-21|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, in 2015 she returned the award alongside several fellow winners in protest of "the growing intolerance in the country," particularly the assassination of the Kannada scholar [[M. M. Kalburgi]] and the [[2015 Dadri lynching]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vidmahe, Katyayani}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:21st-century pseudonymous women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Indian academics]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Telugu]]
[[Category:Kakatiya University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu-language writers]]

Royal Challenge

2026-04-09T18:57:57Z

Beefurb: creating some data basic info

{{Short description|Brand of Indian Whisky}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox beverage
| name = Royal Challenge (whisky/brand)
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Indian whisky]]
| abv = 42.8%
| manufacturer = [[United Spirits Ltd]] (USL) ([[Diageo]])
| origin = [[India]]
| introduced = early 1980s
| discontinued =
| colour = Golden amber
| flavour =
| ingredients =
| variants =
| related = {{unbulleted list|[[Bagpiper (whisky)|Bagpiper]]|[[McDowell's No.1]]|[[Director's Special (whisky)|Director's Special]]|[[DSP Black]]|[[Signature (whisky)|Signature]]|[[Antiquity (whisky)|Antiquity]]|[[Royal Challenge American Pride (whisky)|Royal Challenge American Pride]]}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.unitedspirits.in/royal-challenge-whisky.aspx|unitedspirits.in/royal-challenge}}
}}

'''Royal Challenge''' , commonly referred to by the abbreviation '''RC''' , is a brand of [[Indian whisky]], manufactured by [[United Spirits Ltd]] (USL), a subsidiary of [[Diageo]]. It was launched in the early 1980s.<ref name="americanubs1">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanubs.com/royal-challenge.html |title=Royal Challenge Whisky |publisher=Americanubs.com |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> According to Binod K. Maitin, a United Breweries technician who oversees all the liquor blends for the company, Royal Challenge is a grain flavored whisky, [[Blended whiskey|blended]] with [[Scotch whisky|Scotch malts]] and Indian [[malt]]s.<ref name="nytimes1">{{cite web|last=Vora |first=Shivani |url=http://india.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/02/29/indias-newest-export-whiskey/ |title=India's Newest Export: Whiskey |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref><ref name="andhrawishesh1">{{cite web|url=http://www.andhrawishesh.com/business/business-news/25236-royal-challenge-whisky-reminds-good-times-abroad.html |title=Royal Challenge whisky reminds good times abroad |publisher=Andhrawishesh.com |date=2 March 2012 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> In an article for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', reporter Eric Felton states that, "About 12% of the blend comes from real malt whiskies: some of it made in India, some actual [[Scotch whisky|Scotch]]. The rest of the mix is a [[neutral spirit]] [[Distillation|distilled]] from [[molasses]]. (It's much easier and cheaper to grow [[sugar cane]] than [[barley]] in India.) That means that, strictly speaking, Royal Challenge, like most Indian "whisky", is actually a [[rum]] flavored to pass as whisky."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cms-drinksinternational.com/royalchallengewhisky.php |title=Royal Challenge Whisky |publisher=Cms Drinks International |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> The manufacturer has refused to state the percentage of Scotch whisky used in the blend.<ref name="nytimes1"/> In the United States, Royal Challenge is referred to as "spirit whisky". Now, A IPL Team, Royal Challengers Bengaluru, has been named after it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marketingweek.co.uk/home/kyndal-signs-up-for-indian-whisky-launch/2016183.article |title=Kyndal signs up for Indian whisky launch |publisher=Marketing Week |date=27 June 2002 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> Besides India, Royal Challenge is sold in several other countries including the [[Middle East]] and the United States.<ref name="nytimes1"/><ref name="andhrawishesh1"/>

==History==
Royal Challenge was originally manufactured by [[Shaw Wallace]] and launched in India in the early 1980s. In March 2000, Shaw Wallace re-launched the brand with new packaging and advertising created by Ammiratis Puris Lintas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2000/02/26/stories/192602ro.htm |title=Shaw Wallace relaunches Royal Challenge |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=26 February 2000 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

United Spirits Ltd (USL), a Diageo group company, acquired Shaw Wallace in July 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/radico-mason-bda-in-fray-for-part-of-swc-liquor-biz-icici-bank-talking-to-suitors/article2178930.ece?ref=archive |title=Radico, Mason, BDA in fray for part of SWC liquor biz ICICI Bank talking to suitors |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=31 May 2005 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> On 1 April 2008, Shaw Wallace was merged with USL and Royal Challenge officially became a USL brand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/30/stories/2007113057352000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202131538/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/30/stories/2007113057352000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2007 |title=Shaw Wallace board okays merger with USL |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2007-11-30 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> The same month, the UB Group hired Claessens International to redesign the packaging of Royal Challenge.<ref>{{cite web|author=Udit Prasanna Mukherji |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Mallya-to-keep-brand-Shaw-Wallace-alive/articleshow/2983825.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616030248/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-04-26/india-business/27760805_1_ub-antiquity-and-royal-challenge-shaw-wallace |url-status=live |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Mallya to keep brand Shaw Wallace alive |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=26 April 2008 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=M Padmakshan |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-08-03/news/27350001_1_liquor-brands-spirits-division-antiquity-and-royal-challenge |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616062123/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2002-08-03/news/27350001_1_liquor-brands-spirits-division-antiquity-and-royal-challenge |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 June 2013 |title=Liquor brands going for stylish, sleeker looks |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=3 August 2002 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

Royal Challenge was officially introduced in the United States by American United Beer & Spirits (UBS) at the [[Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America]] Conference in April 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/pooja-batra-appointed-us-brand-ambassador-royal-challenge-183000972.html |title=Pooja Batra Appointed US Brand Ambassador For Royal Challenge Whisky |publisher=In.movies.yahoo.com |date=16 April 2012 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

==Marketing==

In an early advertising campaign, Shaw Wallace described its products as "India's most wanted" and "The competition's envy, Shaw Wallace's pride".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2000/01/26/stories/192602sw.htm |title='Vijay Sahib Aap Bhi' - Shaw Wallace new TVC takes a dig at UB |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=26 January 2000 |access-date=2 December 2014}}</ref> In December 2003, Royal Challenge launched a new advertising campaign, "What's life without Royal Challenge". The new campaign sought to portray the Royal challenge drinker as a "young contemporary urban male who exudes relaxed confidence". The campaign, created by Orchard, was estimated to cost Shaw Wallace {{INR}} 12-14 crore.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ashish Sinha |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-12-15/news/27550074_1_whisky-brand-castle-lager-sab-miller |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004074235/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-12-15/news/27550074_1_whisky-brand-castle-lager-sab-miller |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 October 2015 |title=New Shaw Wallace campaign targets youth |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=15 December 2003 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> Royal Challenge has often sponsored [[golf]] events like the CII Golf championship, the Indian Golf Championship and the Indian Open Golf, and also associated itself with the sport.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/03/12/stories/2004031201430600.htm |title=Royal Challenge to focus more on golf |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=12 March 2004 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> In 2004, Bangalore-based Golfware India Pvt Ltd was licensed to manufacture and distribute golf clubs and accessories with the Royal Challenge logo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/02/28/stories/2002022801430600.htm |title=Royal Challenge brand promotion via Web site |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=28 February 2002 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

The [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) team [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] was named after and is sponsored by Royal Challenge.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} The team was first unveiled on 12 March 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-03-14/news/27695080_1_indian-premier-league-million-in-ipl-bidding-group-chairman-vijay-mallya |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829185139/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2008-03-14/news/27695080_1_indian-premier-league-million-in-ipl-bidding-group-chairman-vijay-mallya |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 August 2012 |title=Vijay Mallya unveils IPL team Royal Challengers |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=14 March 2008 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> A PIL was later filed by a Faridabad-based resident Krishan Kumar Aggarwal,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k8/apr/apr362.php |title=SC dismisses case over Mallya's IPL team's name |publisher=Indiantelevision.com |date=28 April 2008 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> who alleged that the UB Group was seeking to promote its liquor brand under the garb of the IPL team. The [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] dismissed the petition on 29 April 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/29/stories/2008042960671200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502040318/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/29/stories/2008042960671200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 May 2008 |title=Court rejects plea against 'Royal Challengers' |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 April 2008 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> Royal Challenge also partners other IPL teams (Delhi Captitals and Kings XI Punjab) and the Sahara Force India Formula 1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedspirits.in/royal-challenge-whisky.aspx |title=Royal Challenge |publisher=Unitedspirits.in |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

In February 2012, American United Beer & Spirits (UBS), the exclusive United States importer and distributor of the UB Group, signed Indian actress-turned-enterpreuner [[Pooja Batra]] to represent Royal Challenge whisky in the US.<ref name="nytimes1"/>

==Sales==
Royal Challenge led the premium whisky segment by sales volume throughout India during the 1980s and 1990s. It held this position until 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/03/16/stories/2004031602010600.htm |title=The Hindu Business Line : Seagram knocks out Royal Challenge from top slot in AP |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=16 March 2004 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

In the 2003–04 fiscal year (ending 31 March 2004), Royal Challenge become the first premium whisky to cross one million cases in a year. It accounted for 65% of the 1.5 million-case premium whisky segment of the Indian Made Foreign Liquor (IMFL) industry.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/04/08/stories/2004040800480600.htm |title=Royal Challenge whisky sales cross 1-m cases |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=8 April 2004 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>

The following table shows the annual sales of Royal Challenge:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Sales (in million cases)
|-
| 2002-03 || 0.85<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/03/16/stories/2004031602010600.htm |title=Seagram knocks out Royal Challenge from top slot in AP |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=16 March 2004 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-12-30/news/27560965_1_royal-challenge-duties-on-international-brands-whisky |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224122225/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-12-30/news/27560965_1_royal-challenge-duties-on-international-brands-whisky |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 December 2013 |title=Shaw Wallace hopes to register record sales of RC |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |date=30 December 2003 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2006 || 1.1<ref name="thespiritsbusiness">{{cite web|url=http://www.thespiritsbusiness.com/2012/07/world-whiskies-brand-champions-2012/ |title=WORLD WHISKIES – Brand Champions 2012 |publisher=Thespiritsbusiness.com |date=18 July 2012 |access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || 1.2<ref name="thespiritsbusiness"/>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.unitedspirits.in/ USL official site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727001818/http://unitedspirits.in/ |date=27 July 2013 }}
* [http://www.unitedspirits.in/royal-challenge-whisky.aspx USL site Royal Challenge page]
* [http://www.theubgroup.com/ UB Group official site]
{{Alcoholic drinks}}{{United Spirits}}

[[Category:Diageo brands]]
[[Category:United Spirits brands]]
[[Category:Indian whisky]]
[[Category:Whisky brands]]

Ashok Menon

2026-04-08T04:55:33Z

Beefurb: new article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox Judge
| name = Ashok Menon
| honorific_prefix = '''Hon'ble Justice'''
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Judge]] [[Kerala High Court]]
| term_start = 30 November 2017
| term_end = 13 August 2021
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Government Law College, Kozhikode]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|8|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| citizenship = [[India]]n
| parents =
| website = {{URL|http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/amj.html|High Court of Kerala}}
}}
'''Ashok Menon''' (born 15 August 1959) was a judge of [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]]. The High Court is headquartered at [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]].<ref name="hc">{{cite web|url=http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in/amj.html|title=Official}}</ref><ref name="Appointment">{{cite web|url=https://doj.gov.in/sites/default/files/Orders%20of%20appointment%20of%20Additional%20Judges%20of%20the%20Kerala%20High%20Court%20%2828.11.2017%29.pdf|title=Appointment Notification|work=Official - Department of Justice - Government of India|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Appointment2">{{cite web|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/kerala-hc-three-new-judges-ashok-menon-annie-john|title=Centre clears appointment of Ashok Menon, Annie John, Narayana Pisharadi as additional judges of Kerala HC|work=barandbench.com|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="SCC">{{cite web|url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2019/08/01/sc-collegium-recommends-3-additional-judges-of-the-kerala-hc-as-permanent-judges/|title=SC Collegium recommends 3 Additional Judges of the Kerala HC as Permanent Judges|work=News SCC Online|access-date=1 August 2019}}</ref><ref name="Recommendation">{{cite web|url=https://sci.gov.in/pdf/collegium/31-07-2019/keralahc_310719.pdf|title=Recommendation|work=Supreme Court of India|access-date=31 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="Permanent">{{cite web|url=https://barandbench.com/three-additional-judges-kerala-high-court-permanent/|title=Three Additional Judges of Kerala High Court made Permanent|work=News|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Ashok completed his schooling from Kendriya Vidyalaya, graduated from [[St. Thomas College, Thrissur]] and obtained a law degree from Government Law College, Kozhikode.<ref name="hc"/>

==Career==
Ashok started practicing as a lawyer in Thrissur and Wadakkancherry Courts in 1981. He started serving as Munsiff-Magistrate in 1988. Thereafter promoted as Sub Judge in 1995 and as District Judge in 2002. He was appointed as Registrar, Supreme Court of India in 2009 and continued to be as Registrar, Competition Appellate Tribunal, New Delhi from 2010 to 2013. Thereafter served as Principal District Judge, Kollam from 2013 to 2015. He was appointed as Registrar General, High Court of Kerala in 2015. On 30 November 2017 he was elevated as an additional judge of Kerala High Court and became permanent judge of that High Court on 29 August 2019.<ref name="hc"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://highcourtofkerala.nic.in High Court of Kerala]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Ashok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

Rathnam (film)

2026-04-07T13:04:38Z

Beefurb: creating initial data added tags...

{{Short description|2024 film by Hari}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Rathnam film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Hari (director)|Hari]]
| writer = Hari
| producer = Kaarthekeyan Santhanam Alankar Pandian
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]]
* [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]]
}}
| cinematography = [[M. Sukumar]]
| editing = T. S. Jay
| music = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| studio = [[Stone Bench Films]] [[Zee Studios]] [[Invenio Origin]]
| distributor = [[Ayngaran International]] Big Films
| released = {{film date|2024|4|26|df=y}}
| runtime = 156 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rathnam runtime revealed, here is how long Vishal and Hari's film is |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vishal-and-haris-rathnam-runtime-revealed-here-is-how-long-the-film-is/c1ec20df7a652 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425153643/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/vishal-and-haris-rathnam-runtime-revealed-here-is-how-long-the-film-is/c1ec20df7a652 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=www.ottplay.com}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Rathnam''''' ({{Translation|Gem}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Hari (director)|Hari]] and jointly produced by [[Stone Bench Films]], [[Zee Studios]] and [[Invenio Origin]]. The film stars [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] in the titular role, alongside [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] in a [[dual role]] as the female lead and the hero's mother in a cameo, [[Samuthirakani]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Murali Sharma]], [[Hareesh Peradi]], and [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]]. It marks the third collaboration of Vishal and Hari after ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' and ''[[Poojai]]''.

The film was officially announced in April 2023 under the tentative title ''Vishal 34'', as it is Vishal's 34th film as the lead actor, and the official title was announced in December 2023. [[Principal photography]] commenced in July 2023. It was shot sporadically in several legs, with filming locations including [[Thoothukudi]], [[Trichy]], [[Karaikudi]], [[Vellore]], [[Tirupati]], [[Chennai]], and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by late-January 2024. The music was composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[M. Sukumar]] and T. S. Jay.

''Rathnam'' was released on 26 April 2024 to mixed reviews from critics with praise for the cast's performance (especially that of Vishal), screenplay, and Devi Sri Prasad's background score and music, but criticized its excessive violence and gore, pacing, and writing due to its outdated feel as well as its loudness. The film became an average grosser at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rathnam Box Office Verdict: Vishal Starrer "Hit Or Flop"? |url=https://lehren.com/regional/tamil/rathnam-box-office-verdict-vishal-starrer-hit-or-flop/192522/ |website=Lehren |quote=Given its performance, “Rathnam” can be considered an “average” performer.}}</ref>

== Plot ==
'''Past''': Three men orchestrated a deadly bus accident, killing all passengers before looting their money and jewellery. They also attack a police van and push it to fall off a cliff. A woman escapes, takes a bus, and works in a village for her son. The boy kills a pimp when she tries to kill a man. He then takes the boy under his protection.

'''Present''': Rathnam is a henchman who works for [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Panneer Selvam in [[Vellore]]. Paneer informs him that a rogue ward councillor attempted to sexually assault a girl, so she jumps out, injuring herself. Rathnam beats up the councillor's men and hacks him to death with a chainsaw. One day, he protects Malliga, a medical student and a lookalike of his late mother Loganayagi, from the relentless pursuit of [[Land grabbing|land grabber]] Beema Rayudu and his brothers Subba Rayudu and Raghava Rayudu. The three brothers wanted Malliga's family to sell their land, but the family refused, which led them to attack Malliga. Rathnam protects Malliga with the help of Panneer Selvam and also reveals that she resembles Loganayagi.

Malliga, on Rathnam's advice, sells the land to build a medical college. Rathnam kills Subba Rayudu and warns Beema Rayudu that he will finish him and Raghava Rayudu. When confronted by Panneer Selvam, Rathnam reveals that he met his real family and learns of his mother's past and that Beema Rayudu, Subba Rayudu, and Raghava Rayudu are Loganayagi's brothers Dharmalingam, Punniyakodi, and Keshavan. Rathnam reveals what happened.

'''Past''': The trio (which was the three men at the start) had committed robberies, and Loganayagi had learnt about this, where she tried to stop them, but they escaped. Rathnam's father was a cop assigned to investigate the case, who learnt about this and decided to take action. The trio, to escape punishment, killed Rathnam's father, but Loganayagi survived and escaped. Loganayagi gave birth to Rathnam, but she committed suicide after she was later blamed as a prostitute by a pimp. Rathnam had killed the pimp when she tried to attack Panneer Selvam earlier.

'''Present''': Rathnam introduces Malliga to his family. Beema Rayudu learns about this and attacks Rathnam's family, where some of Rathnam's family members are killed. Rathnam tracks Beema Rayudu and brutally kills Raghava Rayudu. He later [[Decapitation|beheads]] Beema Rayudu and surrenders to the police. Before leaving for prison, Rathnam requests that Malliga marry someone and also name her child after him, but Malliga cries and hugs Rathnam.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]] as Rathnam
** Pragadeesh RM as Young Rathnam
* [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Malliga, Rathnam's love interest
** Loganayagi, Rathnam's late mother and Panneer Selvam's late younger sister (cameo appearance)
* [[Samuthirakani]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Panneer Selvam, Rathnam's uncle
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Moorthy<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 October 2023 |title=Yogi Babu presents a wonderful gift for Vishal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babu-presents-a-wonderful-gift-for-vishal/articleshow/104390426.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016043521/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yogi-babu-presents-a-wonderful-gift-for-vishal/articleshow/104390426.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Murali Sharma]] as Beema Rayudu (Dharmalingam)
* [[Hareesh Peradi]] as Subba Rayudu (Punniyakodi)
* Vettai Muthukumar as Raghava Rayudu (Keshavan)
* [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Malliga's grandfather
* [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Vedha Nayagam, Malliga's father
* [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Malliga's mother
* [[Delhi Ganesh]] as Neelakandan, [[Department of Home, Prohibition and Excise|Home Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Rajendran]] as Mahesh
* [[Y. Gee. Mahendra]] as Rathnam's grandfather
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Rathnam's uncle
* [[C. Ranganathan]] as Rathnam's uncle
* Gajaraj as Gajendra Babu, [[Ministry of Education (India)|Education Minister]]
* [[Pondy Ravi]] as Babu Reddy, [[Councillor]]
* [[Jeeva Ravi]] as Malliga's uncle
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Surveyor
* Arvind Khathare as [[Vellore]] [[District magistrate|DC]]
* Ashok Pandian as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Seenivasan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Sujatha Babu as Panneer Selvam's wife
* Sumathi G. as tenant who doesn't pay rent
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Anbazhagan, [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] ([[cameo appearance]])<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 October 2023 |title=Vishal 34: Gautham Menon and Samuthirakani join forces with Vishal |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/vishal-34-gautham-menon-and-samuthirakani-join-forces-with-vishal/0fbb7ad91880 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015151417/https://www.ottplay.com/news/vishal-34-gautham-menon-and-samuthirakani-join-forces-with-vishal/0fbb7ad91880 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref>
* [[Ganesh Venkatraman]] as Rathnam's late father (cameo appearance)
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as [[Inspector]] Muthupandi (cameo appearance)
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
On 23 April 2023, [[Vishal Film Factory]] announced that its founder, [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]], was to join hands with director [[Hari (director)|Hari]] for an upcoming project, tentatively titled ''Vishal 34''. The project marks as Vishal's third film with Hari after ''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' (2007) and ''[[Poojai]]'' (2014). The shooting was reported to commence after Vishal finishes his commitments to ''[[Mark Antony (2023 film)|Mark Antony]]'' (2023)''.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2023 |title=It's official! 'Poojai' duo Vishal and director Hari reunite for the third time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-poojai-duo-vishal-and-director-hari-reunite-for-the-third-time/articleshow/99705991.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813125008/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/its-official-poojai-duo-vishal-and-director-hari-reunite-for-the-third-time/articleshow/99705991.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held on 23 April.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2023 |title='Vishal 34': Actor Vishal reunites with director Hari for his next |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vishal-34-actor-vishal-reunites-with-director-hari-for-his-next/article66769724.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133048/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vishal-34-actor-vishal-reunites-with-director-hari-for-his-next/article66769724.ece |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In mid June, [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]] was reported to play the lead female role, playing so under Hari's direction for the second time after ''[[Yaanai]]'' (2022)''.''<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 June 2023 |title=Priya Bhavani Shankar is likely to play the female lead in Vishal's film with director Hari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priya-bhavani-shankar-is-likely-to-play-the-female-lead-in-vishals-film-with-director-hari/articleshow/101012012.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813125007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priya-bhavani-shankar-is-likely-to-play-the-female-lead-in-vishals-film-with-director-hari/articleshow/101012012.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In July, she was confirmed doing the role. Reportedly, the team was in talks with [[Sai Pallavi]] and [[Aishwarya Lekshmi]] to play the lead female role before finalising Priya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 July 2023 |title=Priya Bhavani Shankar to play the female lead in #Vishal34 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priya-bhavani-shankar-to-play-the-female-lead-in-vishal34/articleshow/101848482.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813125005/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/priya-bhavani-shankar-to-play-the-female-lead-in-vishal34/articleshow/101848482.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In early July, [[Devi Sri Prasad]] was chosen to compose the soundtrack and background scores for the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2023 |title=Devi Sri Prasad to compose music for Vishal's film with Hari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/devi-sri-prasad-to-compose-music-for-vishals-film-with-hari/articleshow/101774397.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/devi-sri-prasad-to-compose-music-for-vishals-film-with-hari/articleshow/101774397.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=13 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 16 July 2023, with the first schedule in [[Chennai]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} In August, the location was changed to [[Thoothukudi]]. The schedule reportedly featured an action sequence.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 August 2023 |title=Vishal shooting action sequences for director Hari's 'Vishal 34' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-shooting-action-sequences-for-director-haris-vishal-34/articleshow/102681525.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815102430/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-shooting-action-sequences-for-director-haris-vishal-34/articleshow/102681525.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 29 August, Vishal, via X (formerly Twitter), revealed that the schedule had concluded.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 2023 |title=Vishal wraps up the first schedule of #Vishal34 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-of-vishal34/articleshow/103178467.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016043522/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-wraps-up-the-first-schedule-of-vishal34/articleshow/103178467.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The second schedule commenced in early October in a village in [[Tuticorin]] called Kimarasakkanapuram. Vishal had helped the villagers there to get a drinking water facility during the schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 October 2023 |title=Vishal shoots for 'Vishal 34' in Kumarasakkanapuram, helps villagers to set up a drinking water facility |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vishal-shoots-for-vishal-34-in-kimarasakkanapuram-helps-villagers-to-set-up-a-drinking-water-facility/articleshow/104307234.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016043523/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=16 October 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by 23 January 2024.<ref name="x" />

== Music ==
The music and background score is composed by [[Devi Sri Prasad]], in his sixth collaboration with Hari after [[Aaru (film)|''Aaru'']] (2005), ''[[Singam]]'' (2010), ''[[Venghai]]'' (2011), ''[[Singam II]]'' (2013) and ''[[Saamy Square]]'' (2018); maiden with Vishal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2023 |title=Devi Sri Prasad to compose music for Vishal's film with Hari |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/devi-sri-prasad-to-compose-music-for-vishals-film-with-hari/articleshow/101774397.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813133048/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/devi-sri-prasad-to-compose-music-for-vishals-film-with-hari/articleshow/101774397.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=13 August 2023 |access-date=15 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first look song "Vaarai Rathnam" was released on 1 January 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 2024 |title=Vaarai Rathnam - the action-packed song from Vishal's 'Rathnam' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaarai-rathnam-the-action-packed-song-from-vishals-rathnam/articleshow/106441737.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109150822/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vaarai-rathnam-the-action-packed-song-from-vishals-rathnam/articleshow/106441737.cms |archive-date=9 January 2024 |access-date=21 April 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first single "Don't Worry Da Machi" was released on 9 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2024 |title=First single from Vishal's Rathnam to be out on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/07/first-single-from-vishals-rathnam-to-be-out-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327100605/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Mar/07/first-single-from-vishals-rathnam-to-be-out-on-this-date |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The second single “Ethanaala” was released on 29 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2024 |title=Vishal's Rathnam second single to release on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/28/vishals-rathnam-second-single-to-release-on-this-date |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329160720/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/tamil/news/2024/Mar/28/vishals-rathnam-second-single-to-release-on-this-date |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=16 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The third single "Uyire En Uyire" was released on 19 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2024 |title='Uyire En Uyire' song from Rathnam out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/19/uyire-en-uyire-song-from-rathnam-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240422143619/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/19/uyire-en-uyire-song-from-rathnam-out |archive-date=22 April 2024 |access-date=22 April 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The last single "Yeduvaraiyo" was released on 24 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2024 |title=விஷாலின் "ரத்னம்"- 4வது சிங்கிள் பாடல் ரிலீஸ் |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/vishals-ratnam-4th-single-song-release-714996 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240427091225/https://www.maalaimalar.com/amp/cinema/cinemanews/vishals-ratnam-4th-single-song-release-714996 |archive-date=27 April 2024 |access-date=27 April 2024 |website=Maalaimalar}}</ref> The entire soundtrack album was released on 26 April 2024 after the film's release.<ref name="x">{{Cite web |date=26 April 2024 |title=Get ready for an electrifying and heart-melting experience with the #Rathnam Audio Jukebox, out now! |url=https://twitter.com/stonebenchers/status/1783827530434384364 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429111649/https://twitter.com/stonebenchers/status/1783827530434384364 |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=[[Twitter]]}}</ref>

Later, the production house announced that the audio rights for the film were acquired by [[Aditya Music]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1747552111330513312 |user=stonebenchers |title=#Rathnam - Audio rights bagged by @adityamusic. Get ready for the big update soon! |author=Stone Bench Creations |author-link=Stone Bench Creations |date=17 January 2024 |access-date=17 January 2024}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| all_lyrics = [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]]
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Vaarai Rathnam
| extra1 = Shenbagaraj
| length1 = 2:48
| title2 = Don't Worry Da Machi
| extra2 = [[Devi Sri Prasad]]
| length2 = 3:34
| title3 = Ethanaala
| note3 = Version I
| extra3 = Sinduri Vishal
| length3 = 4:30
| title4 = Uyire En Uyire
| extra4 = [[Kapil Kapilan]], [[Ranina Reddy]]
| length4 = 3:04
| title5 = Yeduvaraiyo
| extra5 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length5 = 4:19
| title6 = Endha Uyiraiyum
| extra6 = [[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
| length6 = 3:06
| title7 = Ethanaala
| note7 = Version II
| extra7 = [[S. P. Charan]]
| length7 = 4:31
| title8 = Sengamalam
| extra8 = [[Deepthi Suresh]], Abinaya Shenbagaraj, Sushmita Narasimhan, [[Super Singer 10|Padmaja Sreenivasan]]
| length8 = 0:51
| title9 = Porale
| extra9 = S. P. Abhishek
| length9 = 0:45
}}

==Release==

=== Theatrical ===
''Rathnam was'' released on 26 April 2024.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

===Home media===
The satellite and digital rights of the film were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]] and [[Zee Tamil]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The film had its digital premiere on the streaming platform from 23 May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2024 |title=Prime Video announces Global premiere of Tamil action-drama Rathnam on May 23 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/prime-video-announces-global-premiere-tamil-action-drama-rathnam-may-23/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=20|count=5|average=6|ref=yes}}

Abhinav Subramanian of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "It‘s your typical Hari formula – action-packed, fast-paced, and unrelenting – but even by his standards, it feels sluggish at times."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Rathnam Movie Review: Rathnam Is Vishal's Show Sans Logic |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rathnam/movie-review/109627556.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426131244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/rathnam/movie-review/109627556.cms |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Manigandan KR of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''Rathnam'' is not a perfect commercial action entertainer. It has its share of faults and limitations but it is truly what we described it as -- an entertainer."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2024 |title=Rathnam Review: Priya Bhavani Shankar, Vishal Impress In This Typical Hari Entertainer |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/rathnam-review-priya-bhavani-shankar-vishal-impress-in-this-typical-hari-entertainer-review-109623258 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426124245/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/rathnam-review-priya-bhavani-shankar-vishal-impress-in-this-typical-hari-entertainer-review-109623258 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> K. Janani of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "'Rathnam' is a clichéd mass masala entertainer that is neither massy nor has masala."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2024 |title=Rathnam' Review: Vishal and Hari's haphazard story has too many flaws |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/rathnam-review-vishal-and-hari-haphazard-story-too-many-flaws-2532101-2024-04-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426113004/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/rathnam-review-vishal-and-hari-haphazard-story-too-many-flaws-2532101-2024-04-26 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Akchayaa Rajkumar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Neither stellar performances from Priya Bhavani Shankar and Samuthirakani nor the plot twists towards the end would save the audience from the headache and potential ear damage that Rathnam might cause."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2024 |title=Rathnam review: There is little to like in this noisy, gory Vishal film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/rathnam-review-there-is-little-to-like-in-this-noisy-gory-vishal-film |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426123337/https://www.thenewsminute.com/flix/rathnam-review-there-is-little-to-like-in-this-noisy-gory-vishal-film |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> Kirubhakar Purushothaman of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Vishal and Hari come together for an action-drama again, which is as dated as their old collaborations."<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2024 |title=Rathnam movie review: Unsurprisingly, Vishal and Hari deliver an outdated action-drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rathnam-movie-review-unsurprisingly-vishal-and-hari-deliver-an-outdated-action-drama-9292267/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426121710/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/rathnam-movie-review-unsurprisingly-vishal-and-hari-deliver-an-outdated-action-drama-9292267/ |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Anusha Sundar of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Even as Vishal stands tall and brings some action blocks to life, the caricature made out of his and other characters makes Rathnam a childish film. It is obsolete and loaded with unintentional quips."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rathnam Movie Review: Vishal-starrer is a quintessential Hari movie that is a cringe fest |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/rathnam-movie-review-vishal-starrer-is-a-quintessential-hari-film-that-comes-with-the-cost-of-being-obsolete-and-cringe-fest/1fea8d76d6926 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426123336/https://www.ottplay.com/review/rathnam-movie-review-vishal-starrer-is-a-quintessential-hari-film-that-comes-with-the-cost-of-being-obsolete-and-cringe-fest/1fea8d76d6926 |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref>

Latha Srinivasan of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "With old tropes and old action, Vishal and Hari are unable to capture the audience's attention with this one. Rathnam is a template masala Hari film and just old wine in an old bottle."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rathnam review: Vishal and Hari's masala flick is old wine in an old bottle |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/rathnam-review-vishal-and-haris-masala-flick-is-old-wine-in-an-old-bottle-101714129806141.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426160013/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/rathnam-review-vishal-and-haris-masala-flick-is-old-wine-in-an-old-bottle-101714129806141.html |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 April 2024 }}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chander of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "In his latest outing with Vishal, Hari attempts to adapt some of his tropes to the sensibilities of the modern-day audience, but the ideas he plays around with and the story he wishes to tell still belong in the 2000s."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=26 April 2024 |title='Rathnam' movie review: Hari attempts to reinvent himself but the Vishal-starrer remains outdated |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rathnam-movie-review-hari-attempts-to-reinvent-himself-but-the-vishal-starrer-remains-outdated/article68110579.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426160013/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rathnam-movie-review-hari-attempts-to-reinvent-himself-but-the-vishal-starrer-remains-outdated/article68110579.ece |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ram Venkat Srikar of ''[[Film Companion]]'' wrote "With all the thoughts it wanted to blend, Rathnam could have been a lot more than what it ended up being."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rathnam Review: This Ultra-Violent Film Aims For Nuance But Ends Up As An Assault To The Senses |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/rathnam-review-this-ultra-violent-film-aims-for-nuance-but-ends-up-as-an-assault-to-the-senses-vishal-hari-tamil-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240426160017/https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/rathnam-review-this-ultra-violent-film-aims-for-nuance-but-ends-up-as-an-assault-to-the-senses-vishal-hari-tamil-movie |archive-date=26 April 2024 |access-date=26 April 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |date=26 April 2024 }}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{{Expand section|August 2025|date=August 2025}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt27577888}}

{{Hari (director)}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2020s masala films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2024 action films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hari (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Devi Sri Prasad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Films set in Vellore]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Raigarh State

2026-04-01T04:45:23Z

Beefurb: creating a stub initial version

{{Short description|Indian princely state during the British Raj}}
{{distinguish|Rajgarh State}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = रायगढ़ रियासत
|conventional_long_name = Raigarh State
|common_name = Raigarh
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|capital = Raigarh
|era =
|year_start = 1625
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1947
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Independence of India]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag =Flag of the Raigarh State.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map = Sakti-Raigarh-Imperial Gazetteer.jpg
|image_map_caption = Raigarh State in the [[Imperial Gazetteer of India]]
|stat_area1 =3849
|stat_year1 =1892
|stat_pop1 = 128,943
|footnotes = [http://www.indianrajputs.com/view/raigarh Raigarh (Princely State)]
}}
'''Raigarh''' was a [[princely state]] in [[India]] during the [[British Raj]]. The state was ruled by a Naagvanshi Kshtriya of [[Gonds|Gond dynasty]].<ref>{{cite web | title = King Chakradhar Singh | url = http://raigarh.gov.in/chakradharsamaroh/kingchakradhar.html | publisher = Raigarh district, Official website | accessdate = 2014-02-19 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090622015137/http://raigarh.gov.in/chakradharsamaroh/kingchakradhar.html | archivedate = 22 June 2009 | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=imp>{{cite web | title =Raigarh State|publisher=[[Imperial Gazetteer of India]], Volume 21|pages= 45–47|year=1909| url = https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V21_051.gif | accessdate = 2014-02-19 }}</ref>

==History==
Raigarh estate was founded in 1625 by Madan Singh. He was descended from the Naagvanshi Kshtriya [[Kingdom of Chanda|Gond kings of Chanda]].<ref name="central">{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Behram H. |title=Gonds of the Central Indian Highlands |date=1984 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2gpF5bsAjUC&dq=Kingdom+of+chanda&pg=PA263 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=i/> In 1911 Raigarh estate was recognized as a state.<ref>[http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Raigarh Princely States of India]</ref>
The state had an area of 3,848 square km and a population of 174,929, according to the 1901 census. The capital of the state was the city of [[Raigarh]], which had a population of 6,764 inhabitants in 1901.<ref name=i>{{cite book|title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey edited by Arnold Wright|year=1922|pages=625–626|isbn=9788120619654|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC&dq=Raja+of+Raigarh+Chakradhar+Singh+brother+of&pg=PA549-IA7|last1=Bond|first1=J. W.|last2=Wright|first2=Arnold|publisher=Asian Educational Services }}</ref><ref>Report on the Administration of the Feudatory States of the Central Provinces 1921 pp:37-38</ref>

The Rajas of Raigarh also owned the Estate of [[Bargarh]] and so held the title of Chief of Bargarh.<ref name=i/> Around 1625, the Raja of [[Sambalpur]], created Daryo Singh as Raja of Raigarh.<ref name=i/> However, under British, it became a [[princely state]] only in 1911, during the reign of [[Bhup Deo Singh|Raja Bahadur Bhup Deo Singh]].<ref name=imp/><ref name=i/>

Among the notable rulers of State were Deonath Singh, who assisted the British in the [[Mutiny of 1857]].<ref name=i/> Other rulers were Raja Bahadur Bhup Deo Singh,<ref name=i/> [[Raja Chakradhar Singh]].<ref name=y>Raigarh darbar by P. D. Ashirwadam
Agam Kala Prakashan, 1990 On the contribution of Chakradhar Singh, Raja of Raigarh, 1905-1947, to Kathak dance and Hindustani music.</ref>
Chakradhar Singh is noted for his contributions to [[Kathak]] and [[Hindustani music]], especially for founding of Raigarh Gharana.<ref name=y/> The last ruler was [[Lalit Kumar Singh]], his son succeeded him to the throne of Raigarh and ruled briefly before the Raigarh State was merged into Union of India on 14 December 1947. The princely states of [[Jashpur State|Jashpur]], Raigarh, [[Sakti State|Sakti]], [[Sarangarh State|Sarangarh]] and [[Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh|Udaipur]] were united later to form the [[Raigarh district]] in present Chhattisgarh.<ref name=zz>Publication by Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics - 1973- Issue 61 - Page 346</ref><ref>India Today 1992- Page 74</ref>
===Rulers===
====Rajas====
*c. 1800 - c. 1830 Jujhar Singh
*c. 1830 - 1863 Deonath Singh
*1863 - 1890 Ganshyam Singh
*1890 - 1911 Bhup Deo Singh (b. 1867 - d. 1917)
====Raja Bahadurs====
*1911 - 22 Mar 1917 [[Bhup Deo Singh]]
*22 Mar 1917 - Feb 1924 [[Raja Natwar Singh|Natwar Singh]] (b. 1891 - d. 1924)
*23 Aug 1924 – 15 Aug 1947 [[Lal Chakradhar Singh]] (b. 1905 - d. 1947)
*15 Aug 1947 – 1 Aug 1948 [[Lalitkumar Singh]] (b 1924 - d. 2000)

==See also==
*[[Eastern States Agency]]
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|21.9|N|83.4|E|region:IN-GU_type:city_source:kolossus-cawiki|display=title}}
{{Princely states of the Eastern States Agency}}
[[Category:Princely states of Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Raigarh district]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1947]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1911]]
[[Category:1911 establishments in India]]

Red (2021 film)

2026-03-31T01:25:42Z

Beefurb: creating a article nd citations

{{short description|2021 Indian Telugu film by Kishore Tirumala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Red
| image = Red 2020 Poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Kishore Tirumala]]
| producer = Sravanthi Ravi Kishore
| screenplay = Kishore Tirumala
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Thadam]]'' (2019) by [[Magizh Thirumeni]]}}
| starring = [[Ram Pothineni]] [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] [[Malvika Sharma]] [[Amritha Aiyer]]
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cinematography = [[Sameer Reddy]]
| editing = Junaid Siddiqui
| studio = [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2021|01|14|df=y}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref name=CBFC>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecinepramaan.gov.in/cbfc/?a=Certificate_Detail&i=100070292000000602|title=Certificate Detail|website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR}}20 crore
| gross = ₹35.64 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Total Worldwide Collections|url=https://t2blive.com/red-the-film-total-worldwide-collections/ |website=T2Blive |language=en |date=4 February 2021 |access-date=27 July 2024}}</ref>
}}

'''''Red''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[crime thriller film]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.classification.gov.au/titles/red-28|title=RED|website=[[Australian Classification Board]]|quote=Red is an Indian crime thriller which focuses on two men, Siddhu and Aditya, who each find themselves under suspicion of murder.|access-date=26 February 2022}}</ref> directed by [[Kishore Tirumala]] and produced by [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]]. It stars [[Ram Pothineni]] in a [[double role]] with [[Nivetha Pethuraj]], [[Malvika Sharma]] and [[Amritha Aiyer]]. A remake of the [[Tamil cinema|Tamil film]] ''[[Thadam]]'' (2019), it follows a murder investigation involving a civil engineer and his lookalike as prime suspects.

The film was announced in October, had its principal shoot commenced in November 2019 and ended in March 2020. Most of the film was shot in [[Hyderabad]], except for two songs that were shot in [[Italy]]. ''Red'' has music composed by [[Mani Sharma]] while [[Sameer Reddy]] and Junaid Siddiquii performed the cinematography and editing, respectively. The film was released on 14 January 2021, coinciding with [[Sankranthi]], after being delayed from its initial release date of 9 April 2020, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The film received mixed reviews, but was a commercial success grossing over ₹35.64 crore on a production budget of ₹20 crore becoming the [[List of Telugu films of 2021|tenth highest-grossing Telugu film of 2021]].

==Plot==
Siddharth is an [[Indian Institutes of Technology|IIT]] graduated civil engineer running a successful building firm, while his lookalike, Aditya, is a gambling thief who deceives people along with his sidekick, Vema. Siddharth is in love with Mahima, while Gayathri loves Aditya, unaware of his real identity. One day, Aditya tries to help Vema pay his debt by extracting money from Gayathri through lies, but she helps him in spite of knowing the truth. After taking the money, Aditya is enraged, and so is Siddharth after a party. That night, one of them breaks into a house and attacks the owner, Akash, stabbing him to death.

The next day, Aditya frees Vema by paying his debt and wins Gayathri's trust by returning her money and telling her the truth. As the investigation of Akash's murder proceeds, a selfie clicked by a couple nearby is found with either Siddharth or Aditya in it. Both of them are brought in and interrogated without knowledge of the other's presence. CI Nagendra, who shares an old rivalry with Siddharth, tortures him. Siddharth's alibi is that his car broke down, and as his car doesn't have the repair kit, he called a taxi driver to help him. Sub-inspector Yamini handles Aditya, who on the other hand, cites various laws to escape torture and teases her. She reaches out to Akash's friend and his servant, showing them the photograph of Siddharth/Aditya, but neither of them refuses to recognize him. She also questions Vema and orders him not to leave the city without permission, but he secretly escapes, having been ordered by Aditya prior itself.

Yamini then learns of the rivalry between Siddharth and Nagendra; Siddharth helped Nagendra's daughter elope with her lover against her father's wishes, and Nagendra held a grudge on him ever since then. The forensic expert informs Yamini about a hair sample recovered from the crime scene and how it doesn't match anyone else in Akash's home. At the police station, Siddharth tries to escape but is interrupted by Aditya. The two violently fight, hurting everyone and vandalizing the station in the process.

Aditya and Siddharth are revealed to be identical twins after their DNA is found to be the same, and both confess their pasts: The twins parted ways in their childhood when their parents divorced. Aditya lived with his mother, who developed a gambling addiction to cope with her grief and anger over her difficult family and marital life but wouldn't refuse anyone who asked for help. One day, Aditya's mother promised to give up gambling, but instead committed suicide. Aditya was then taken in by his father, who showed no love to him. As a result, he ended up developing an addiction for gambling. One day, his father spotted him gambling and took him by force, who got into a fight with him and Siddarth. The twins then spent some time in a mental development institution due to anger-management issues for a year, and fought against each other violently.

Later, Aditya became interested in studying law but eventually left school due to his lack of college ethics. The duo separated once their dad died, but Aditya yet followed Siddarth discreetly, feeling jealous upon seeing the latter's daily life. Recently, when Aditya came home one day and left in front of Siddharth, his ring for Mahima went missing. Siddharth reported his brother to the police, who beat him up. Aditya himself told Siddharth where the ring was, causing Siddharth to realize his mistake. Aditya had actually come home for a photo of their mother and vowed to seek revenge.

Nagendra still wants to frame Siddharth for Akash's murder, but the taxi driver who helped Siddharth confirms he was really stuck on the night of the murder. It is also proved that Aditya paid Vema's debt with gambling money he won after playing all night. The court acquits both Aditya and Siddharth in order to protect the innocent one from punishment. Nagendra voluntarily retires without getting his revenge. A week after the judgement, Yamini sees Mahima's photo while shifting her items to the upper floor, and calls Akash's friend to inquire about the girl he was infatuated with and is shocked to learn it was Mahima. Siddharth is finally revealed to have murdered Akash for drugging, kidnapping and raping Mahima to death out of a childhood lust. Akash had also bribed the police to avoid charges. When Aditya found out about the murder, he helped Siddharth by getting himself arrested in a drunk and drive case to throw off the police.

Later, Aditya meets with Siddharth and explains how Yamini can't reopen the case since she created a fake witness to help Siddharth and could get herself arrested, having been suspended once for doing this. Siddharth gives Aditya a photograph of them with their mother and says he is going to [[Mumbai]], and later to [[Copenhagen]], never to return, having sold all of his property in India. After his marriage to Gayathri, Aditya realizes his lack of trust in his mother, coupled with her family's, prompted her to kill herself. He promises to do better with his wife.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Ram Pothineni]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Siddharth "Sid"; Aditya' s brother
** Aditya "Adi"; Siddharth's brother
*[[Nivetha Pethuraj]] as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Yamini
*[[Malvika Sharma]] as Mahima, Siddharth's love interest
*[[Amritha Aiyer]] as Gayathri, Aditya's love interest
*[[Sampath Raj]] as [[Police ranks and insignia of India|CI]] C.Nagendra Kumar
*Akshara Nunna as Nagendra Kumar's daughter
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Forensic officer Purushottam, Yamini's one-sided lover
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Justice Krishnamurthy (cameo appearance)
*[[Posani Krishna Murali]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Parthasarathy
*[[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Vema, Aditya's friend
*RCM Raju as [[Head Constable]] Paidi, Yamini's aide
*Pammi Sai as [[Constable]] Raghava, Paidi's aide
*[[Sonia Agarwal]] as Bharathi, Siddharth and Aditya's mother
*[[Ravi Prakash]] as Siddharth & Aditya's father
*[[Pavitra Lokesh]] as Pavithra, a con-artist and Aditya's partner
*[[Sivannarayana Naripeddi]] as [[Advocate|Adv.]] Appaji
*Narra Srinivas as [[Constable]] Sudhakar Pasupula
*Sasidhar Kosuri as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Bhupathi, Nagendra's aide who assists in his investigation against Siddarth
*Praveen Prabhu as Akash, Mahima's obsessive lover
*[[Surya Sreenivas]] as Siddharth's friend
*[[Charandeep]] as Babji, Vema's creditor who threatens Vema to return the money borrowed from him
*[[Hebah Patel]] as [[item number]] in "Dinchak"
{{Colend}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
On 13 March 2019, producers Sravanthi Ravi Kishore of [[Sri Sravanthi Movies]], purchased the remake rights of the [[Arun Vijay]]-starrer ''[[Thadam]]'' (2019),<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 March 2019|title=Thadam goes to Tollywood|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/thadam-goes-to-tollywood-5626264/|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Arun Vijay's 'Thadam' to be remade in Telugu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arun-vijays-thadam-to-be-remade-in-telugu/articleshow/68390681.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=13 March 2019}}</ref> starring [[Ram Pothineni]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 March 2019|title=Arun Vijay film Thadam gets a Telugu remake|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/arun-vijay-film-thadam-gets-a-telugu-remake-1477692-2019-03-14|access-date=3 January 2021|work=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=15 March 2019|title=Ram Pothineni likely to play lead in Telugu remake of 'Thadam'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-pothineni-likely-play-lead-telugu-remake-thadam-98384|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> However, he had not signed his final call for the film, as he was busy in shooting for the film ''[[ISmart Shankar]]'' (2019) in [[Goa]],<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram to reprise the role of Arun Vijay in the Telugu remake of 'Thadam'?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-to-reprise-the-role-of-arun-vijay-in-the-telugu-remake-of-thadam/articleshow/68458694.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=18 March 2019}}</ref> which is also yet to see the Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ram to star in ''Thadam''{{'s}} Telugu remake?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/2019/mar/13/ram-to-star-in-thadams-telugu-remake-1950239.html|access-date=3 January 2021|website=The New Indian Express |date=13 March 2019 }}</ref> Although it was rumoured that [[Magizh Thirumeni]], the director of its original counterpart, wanted to direct its Telugu remake, [[Kishore Tirumala]] was signed to helm the project.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 July 2019|title=Ram Pothineni and Nivetha Pethuraj to star in 'Thadam' remake?|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/ram-pothineni-and-nivetha-pethuraj-star-thadam-remake-104947|access-date=3 January 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> The film marks the third collaboration of Ram and Tirumala, after ''[[Nenu Sailaja]]'' (2016) and ''[[Vunnadhi Okate Zindagi]]'' (2017).

In July 2019, [[Nivetha Pethuraj]] was cast for [[Vidya Pradeep]]'s character from the original film.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Nivetha Pethuraj in Telugu Thadam remake?|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nivetha-pethuraj-in-telugu-thadam-remake/articleshow/70156140.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=10 July 2019}}</ref> Actresses [[Malvika Sharma]] and [[Amritha Aiyer]] were also signed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Debutant Malvika Sharma's look from 'RED' released|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/debutant-malvika-sharmas-look-from-red-released/articleshow/73662511.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|website=The Times of India|date=27 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Amritha Aiyer joins Ram Pothineni's RED|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/amritha-aiyer-joins-ram-pothinenis-red/articleshow/73795786.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=31 January 2020}}</ref> On 28 October 2019, coinciding the eve of [[Diwali]], title of the film was announced as ''Red.''<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Pothineni & Kishore Tirumala's next is 'RED'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-pothineni-kishore-tirumalas-next-is-red/articleshow/71800714.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=29 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Thadam Telugu remake titled Red|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/oct/28/thadam-telugu-remake-titled-red-15172.html|access-date=3 January 2021|work=[[Cinema Express]]|language=en|date=28 October 2019}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
The film was launched on 30 October 2019, at a studio in [[Hyderabad]], and [[Puri Jagannadh]] and [[Charmy Kaur|Charmme Kaur]], clapped the first shot of the film.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Pothineni's RED goes on floors; Charmme and Puri grace the opening ceremony of this 'Thadam' remake|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-pothinenis-red-goes-on-floors-charmme-and-puri-grace-the-opening-ceremony-of-this-thadam-remake/articleshow/71817670.cms|access-date=30 October 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 October 2019}}</ref> Although, the makers announced that the shooting of the film will commence from 16 November 2019,<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Pothineni and Kishore Tirumala's 'RED' has a release date!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-pothineni-and-kishore-tirumalas-red-has-a-release-date/articleshow/71820702.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=30 October 2019}}</ref> filming began two days earlier. The film has action choreographed by [[Peter Hein]].<ref>{{cite news|title=VIDEO: Ram Pothineni's PAIN message to stunt choreographer Peter Hein|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/video-ram-pothinenis-pain-message-to-stunt-choreographer-peter-hein/articleshow/72977957.cms|access-date=26 December 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=26 December 2019}}</ref>

While the major portions of the film were shot in [[Hyderabad]], the makers headed to [[Italy]], to shoot two songs for the film, choreographed by [[Shobi (choreographer)|Shobi Paulraj]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title='RED' songs being shot at Italy, talkie part completed|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/red-songs-being-shot-at-italy-talkie-part-completed/articleshow/74145989.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=9 March 2020}}</ref> The shoot was commenced on 12 February 2020 in [[Florence]], [[Tuscany]] and the [[Dolomites]], and ended on 20 February.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Songs shoot for Ram Pothineni's 'RED' wrapped up in Italy|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/song-shoot-ram-pothineni-red-italy/articleshow/74241111.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=21 February 2020}}</ref> It was also announced that the dubbing of the film was completed within early February.<ref name=":0" />

The makers headed to Hyderabad to complete the last leg of the shoot on 5 March.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hebah Patel to shake her belly opposite Ram in Red? Deets Inside! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/hebah-patel-to-shake-her-belly-opposite-ram-in-red-deets-inside/articleshow/74472698.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=4 March 2020}}</ref> According to reports, a song featuring Ram Pothineni alongside [[Hebah Patel]] was shot in the [[Ramoji Film City]] in Hyderabad, choreographed by [[Jani Master]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 March 2020|title=Hebah Patel to feature in a song in Ram Pothineni's 'Red'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hebah-patel-feature-song-ram-pothineni-s-red-119576|access-date=3 January 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Principal photography wrapped up in March 2020, although Ram completed dubbing for his portions by October 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ram Pothineni wraps up dubbing for his upcoming film RED|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-pothineni-wraps-up-dubbing-for-his-upcoming-film-red/articleshow/78414700.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=1 October 2020}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Red
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Mani Sharma]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 12 January 2021
| recorded = 2020
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:23
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Lahari Music]] [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Mani Sharma]]
| prev_title = [[ISmart Shankar]]
| prev_year = 2019
| next_title = [[Narappa]]
| next_year = 2021
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|dWFe_V691qg|Audio Jukebox}}}}
{{Singles
| name = Red
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Nuvve Nuvve
| single1date = 6 March 2020
| single2 = Kaun Acha Kaun Lucha
| single2date = 12 December 2020
| single3 = Dinchak
| single3date = 30 December 2020
}}
}}
The film's soundtrack album is composed by [[Mani Sharma]], with lyrics written by [[Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]], [[Kasarla Shyam]] and Kalyan Chakravarthy. The film marks Sharma's first collaboration with [[Kishore Tirumala]], and second collaboration with Ram, after ''[[ISmart Shankar]]'' (2019). The film's first song, "Nuvve Nuvve", was released by [[Lahari Music]] on 6 March 2020. The song "Dinchak" had vocals featuring Saketh and Keerthana Sharma, who earlier sung a similar song from [[Ram Pothineni]]'s ''[[ISmart Shankar]]'', which was also composed by Mani Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vyas|date=21 May 2020|title='Dinchak' Glimpse from RED movie gets good response|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/dinchak-glimpse-from-red-movie-gets-good-response-623739|access-date=3 January 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref> It was initially slated to release as the film's second single, after the response for its promo which released on the occasion of Ram's birthday, 15 May 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhinchak teaser from RED released on Ram Pothineni's birthday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dhinchak-teaser-from-red-released-on-ram-pothinenis-birthday/articleshow/75754333.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=15 May 2020}}</ref> However, the makers released another song "Kaun Acha Kaun Lucha" as the second single track on 12 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title='Kaun Acha Kaun Lucha' Promo from RED: Ram comes with full-guns blazing in the mass number|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/kaun-acha-kaun-lucha-promo-from-red-ram-comes-with-full-guns-blazing-in-the-mass-number/articleshow/79693948.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=12 December 2020}}</ref> After a request from fans, the makers released the full song of "Dinchak" as the third single on the occasion of [[New Year's Eve]] on 30 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dinchak song from RED featuring Hebah Patel to release for New Year|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/dinchak-song-from-red-featuring-hebah-patel-to-release-for-new-year/articleshow/80013687.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=29 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Dhinchak song from RED featuring Ram Pothineni and Hebah Patel released|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/dhinchak-song-from-red-featuring-ram-pothineni-and-hebah-patel-released/articleshow/80029205.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=30 December 2020}}</ref> The full album was released on 12 January 2021.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 18:20
| all_writing =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nuvve Nuvve
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = [[Ramya Behara]], [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = Dinchak
| extra2 = Saketh Komanduri, Keerthana Sharma
| length2 = 5:20
| lyrics2 = [[Kasarla Shyam]]
| title3 = Kaun Acha Kaun Lucha
| lyrics3 = Kalyan Chakravarthy
| extra3 = [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| length3 = 4:23
| title7 =
| title9 =
| length8 =
| title8 =
| length7 =
| title4 = Mounanga Unna
| length6 =
| title6 =
| length5 =
| title5 =
| length4 = 4:27
| length10 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra4 = Dinker, Nutana Mohan
}}

== Release ==
''Red'' was initially scheduled to release theatrically on 9 April 2020,<ref>{{cite news|title=Ram Pothineni and Kishore Tirumala's 'RED' has a release date!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ram-pothineni-and-kishore-tirumalas-red-has-a-release-date/articleshow/71820702.cms|access-date=30 October 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=30 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=29 February 2020|title=Release date for Ram Pothineni's upcoming film 'Red' announced|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/release-date-ram-pothinenis-upcoming-film-red-announced-119210|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> but was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. There were rumours surfacing that the film might premiere on an [[over-the-top media service]] (OTT), however, Ram confirmed the film would have a theatrical release.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ram Pothineni's Red to have a digital release? The iSmart Shankar actor responds|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ram-pothineni-s-red-to-have-a-digital-release-the-ismart-shankar-actor-responds-1666159-2020-04-12|access-date=12 April 2020|website=[[India Today]] |date=12 April 2020 }}</ref> In an interview with ''The Times of India'', regarding the speculation on the film's release, he stated "There were very few OTT platforms which approached us with a good deal. But we refused to release it on OTT as the movie was meant only for the big screens, and we intend to give a fine movie watching experience to our audience."<ref>{{Cite news|title="Red is meant for big screens" says RaPo|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/red-is-meant-for-big-screens-says-rapo/articleshow/75760467.cms|access-date=3 January 2021|work=The Times of India|date=15 May 2020}}</ref> Later the year, the film's release date was announced as 14 January 2021.{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

On late January 2021, the makers announced that the film will be released in seven dubbed languages, which includes [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Malayalam]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] apart from being released in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] original. The Tamil dubbed version is scheduled for a direct premiere on [[OTT platform]], whereas the Kannada dubbed version titled ''Clue'' will be released theatrically on 14 January 2021, along with the Telugu version. The Malayalam dubbed version was scheduled for a release on 21 January 2022. The Hindi-dubbed version was scheduled for a release on 28 January 2022 but was directly premiered on Goldmines TV channel on 11 September 2022. The release of the Marathi, Bengali and Bhojpuri dubbed versions were not finalized, with sources claiming that the film might be released in February 2021 in these three languages.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

The film began streaming on [[Netflix]] and [[Sun NXT]] from 25 February 2021, within 42 days of its theatrical release.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
Neetishta Nyayapati of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 and stated,"''RED'' has its moments and has two characters that are kind of interesting at its core. It also has a brilliant cast. If only it were not let down by a draggy screenplay. Give this one a chance only if a weird, mixed dose of romance, thriller and masala is your cup of tea."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nyayapati |first1=Neeshita |title=Red Movie Review: A thriller-romance-drama that tests your patience |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/red/movie-review/80265855.cms |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=14 January 2021}}</ref> Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated "''Red'' is intriguing in parts; it could have been a better thriller had it been more consistent and, of course, concise."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dundoo|first=Sangeetha Devi|date=14 January 2021|title='Red' review: Far from an intriguing thriller|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/reviews/red-review-intriguing-in-parts/article33576642.ece|access-date=15 January 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Hemanth Kumar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave the film 2.5 out of 5 and stated, "The problem with ''RED'' is that it explains too much. It treats its more thrilling elements as a sideshow because it tries to turn the story into a wholesome family drama. Despite an interesting premise, the film itself isn’t consistently interesting."<ref>{{cite news |title=RED movie review: Ram-starrer is let down by inconsistent drama, lack of unified direction |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/red-movie-review-ram-starrer-is-let-down-by-inconsistent-drama-lack-of-unified-direction-9201981.html |access-date=19 April 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=14 January 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|11191344}}

{{Kishore Tirumala}}

[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery drama films]]
[[Category:Films about lookalikes]]
[[Category:Films about murder]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mani Sharma]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Kishore Tirumala]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]

Kotturu Dhanadibbalu

2026-03-30T20:48:43Z

Beefurb: Put Up New Entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kotturu Dhanadibbalu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Pandavula guha
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Protected Buddhist Monument
| image_skyline = Buddhist Stupa at Kotturu.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Buddhist Stupa at Kotturu
| pushpin_map = India#India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_relief = yes
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17|31|39|N|82|54|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 531061
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Visakhapatnam]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Holy relic sites map of Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|250px|Dhanadibbalu is a Holy relic Buddhist site of Andhra Pradesh]]
'''Kotturu Dhanadibbalu''' is an ancient [[Buddhist]] site near Kotturu village of [[Rambilli]] mandal [[Visakhapatnam]] District of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. A post office is located at Kotturu Village with Pin code 531061.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiapost.gov.in/pin/ |title=Welcome to the Indiapost Website |website=indiapost.gov.in |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125081955/http://indiapost.gov.in/pin/ |archive-date=25 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==History==
This is an ancient [[Buddhist]] remain site with a Maha Stupa and Remains of Vihara's along with a small portion of rock cut cave used by Buddhist [[monks]] during 1st century BC to 2nd century AD on the hilly forest area. It lies along the banks of [[River Sarada]].

This place is locally known as "'''Dhanadibbalu<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/vizag_monuments.html |title=Archeological Survey of India |publisher=Asihyd.ap.nic.in |access-date=2016-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921064718/http://asihyd.ap.nic.in/vizag_monuments.html |archive-date=21 September 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>'''".Still excavations are to be done by the [[archaeology]] department at this site to excavate the viharas and minor edicts. Small rock [[cisterns]] are present very near to the Maha stupa, which is at the entrance of the hillock and at a further distance one can see the ruined mounds of Vihara with scattered bricks. From there we can reach the rock-cut [[caves]] with small (nearly 5) portions (locally known as pandavula guha, due to the resemblance with the number of accommodation in the cave).

Many [[bricks]] of the [[stupa]] and vihara are presently used by the locals (ignorant about the importance of this heritage site and lack of vigilance). There is a fencing around the remains site presently and a garden is being maintained by the archaeology department with a sign board.

==Geography==
Kotturu Dhanadibbalu is nearly 8 km from [[Yelamanchili]] town towards Atchutapuram.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Rock cut caves at Dhanadibbalu 01.jpg|Rock cut caves at Dhanadibbalu
File:Votive stupa ruins with mortar remains at Dhanadibbalu.jpg|Votive stupa ruins with mortar remains at Dhanadibbalu
File:Buddhist Remnant site at Dhanadibbalu.jpg|Buddhist Remnant site at Dhanadibbalu
File:Way to rock cut caves (Pandavula guhalu) at Kotturu Dhanadibbalu.jpg|Way to rock cut caves (Pandavula guhalu) at Dhanadibbalu
File:Maha stupa ruins at Dhanadibbalu.jpg|Maha stupa ruins at Dhanadibbalu
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Indian Buddhist Caves}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Visakhapatnam district]]
[[Category:Buddhist holy sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Stupas in India]]

Manipur University

2026-03-29T15:40:09Z

Beefurb: expanded content

{{Short description|Public university in Manipur, India}}
{{primary sources|date=August 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{See|Department of Manipuri, Manipur University}}
{{Distinguish|Manipur University of Culture|Manipur International University}}
{{Contains special characters|Meitei}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Manipur University
| image = Manipur_University_Logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| motto = Dhiyo yonah Prachodayāt
| established = {{date and age|5 June 1980}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Central University, India|central university]]
| rector = [[Governor of Manipur]]
| head_label = [[Visitor]]
| head = [[President of India]]
| chancellor = T. Tirupati Rao
| vice_chancellor = Naorem Lokendra Singh
| faculty = 370<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2021 |url=https://www.manipuruniv.ac.in/allbuni/ckfinder/userfiles/files/NIRF2021_MU.pdf|publisher=Manipur University}}</ref>
| students = 5,265<ref name="NIRF 2021 Data">{{cite web|title=Manipur University Data for NIRF'2021'|url=https://www.manipuruniv.ac.in/allbuni/ckfinder/userfiles/files/NIRF2021_MU.pdf|publisher=Manipur University |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>
| undergrad = 819<ref name="NIRF 2021 Data"/>
| postgrad = 3,462<ref name="NIRF 2021 Data"/>
| doctoral = 984<ref name="NIRF 2021 Data"/>
| city = [[Imphal]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| country = India
| coor = {{coord|24.7522876|N|93.9280425|E|format=dms|type:edu_region:IN-MN|display=inline, title}}
| campus = [[Suburb]] {{convert|300|acre|km2}}
| affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.manipuruniv.ac.in}}
}}

'''Manipur University''' ({{langx|mni|Manipur Taibang Maheikol}}) is a [[Central University, India|central university]] located in [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India. It was established on 5 June 1980, under the ''Manipur University Act, 1980'' (Manipur Act 8 of 1980), as a teaching cum-affiliating university with territorial jurisdiction over the state of Manipur. It was converted into a central university under the ''Manipur University Act, 2005''<ref>{{cite web |title=Manipur University Act, 2005 |url=https://www.manipuruniv.ac.in/allbuni/ckfinder/userfiles/files/MU_ACT_2005.pdf |publisher=[[Government of India]] |work=Gazette of India|access-date=17 January 2021 |date=28 December 2005}}</ref> w.e.f. 13 October 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/manipur-university-becomes-central-university/328730|title=Manipur University becomes Central University|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi at the inauguration of the 105th session of Indian Science Congress, at Manipur University, in Imphal.jpg|thumb|300px|The [[Prime Minister]], Shri [[Narendra Modi]] at the inauguration of the 105th session of [[Indian Science Congress]], at Manipur University, in [[Imphal]]]]

==Campus==
The university is in Canchipur, about 7 km from [[Imphal]], the capital city of the Indian state of [[Manipur]]. The campus is spread over {{convert|287|acre|km2}} in historic Canchipur, the old palace of the kingdom of Manipur.

==Organisation and administration ==
===Governance===
The [[visitor]] of the university is the [[president of India]] and the chief rector is the [[Governor of Manipur]]. {{as of|2024}}, the [[Chancellor (education)|chancellor]] is Professor T. Tirupati Rao<ref>{{cite web |title=Chancellor |url=https://www.manipuruniv.ac.in/p/chancellor-2 |website=www.manipuruniv.ac.in |publisher=Manipur University |access-date=17 January 2021}}</ref> and the [[vice-chancellor]] is Professor Naorem Lokendra Singh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khumukcham |first=Rinku |date=2021-07-23 |title=After almost 2 years Manipur University gets new Vice Chancellor along with 11 other Central Universities |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/after-almost-2-years-manipur-university-gets-new-vice-chancellor-along-with-11-other-central-universities/ |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=News from Manipur - Imphal Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Affiliated colleges===
*[[Biramangol College]]
*[[Chanambam Ibomcha College, Bishnupur]]
*Churachandpur College
*Churachandpur Medical College
*[[Don Bosco College, Maram]]
*[[Hill College, Tadubi]]
*[[Ideal Girls' College, Imphal]]
*[[Imphal College]]
*[[Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Imphal East]]
*Jiri College, Jiribam
*[[Kha-Manipur College]]
*[[Kamakhya Pemton College]]
*[[Liberal College, Imphal]]
*[[Lilong Haoreibi College]]
*The Maharaja Bodhachandra College, Imphal
*[[Manipur College]]
*[[Manipur Institute of Technology]]
*[[Mayai Lambi College]]
*[[Modern College, Imphal]]
*Moirang College
*Nongmeikapam Gopal College, Imphal
*Nambol L. Sanoi College
*Oriental College, Imphal
*Pettigrew College
*[[Presidency College, Motbung]]
*[[Rayburn College]]
*[[Regional Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Imphal West]]
*[[Shija Academy of Health Sciences]]
*Standard College, Kongba
*Tamenglong College
*Thoubal College
*United College, Lambung
*[[Yangambam Kumar College, Wangjing]]
*[[Moreh College]]

===Centres===
* Computer Centre
* Educational Multimedia Research Centre
* The Center for Manipur Studies
* Centre for Developmental Studies: conducted three-month intensive diploma/certificate course as Basic-I and three-month intensive diploma course as Basic-II in Japanese language from time to time.

===Schools===
The university has eight schools:
* Education
* Humanities
* Human & Environmental Sciences
* Life Sciences
* Mathematical & Physical Sciences
* Social Science
* Medical Sciences
* Engineering

== Rankings ==
The university was ranked 151-200 overall in India by the [[National Institutional Ranking Framework|NIRF]] (National Institutional Ranking Framework) in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NIRF 2024 Overall ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2024/OverallRanking200.html}}</ref>{{Infobox India university ranking|NIRF_O_2024=151-200|type=University}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.manipuruniv.ac.in}}

{{Manipur University}}
{{Universities in Manipur}}
{{IndianCentralUniv}}
{{Universities in smaller states and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Manipur University| ]]
[[Category:Universities in Manipur]]
[[Category:Central universities in India]]
[[Category:Education in Imphal]]
[[Category:1980 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1980]]

V. R. Nedunchezhiyan

2026-03-29T11:11:50Z

Beefurb:

{{Short description|Indian politician (1920–2000)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=March 2020}}
{{Expand language|langcode=ta|date=April 2019}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. R. Nedunchezhiyan
| office = Acting [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start = 24 December 1987
| term_end = 7 January 1988
| governor = [[Sundar Lal Khurana]]
| 1blankname = Political Party
| 1namedata = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor = [[V. N. Janaki|V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]]
| constituency = [[Athoor (state assembly constituency)|Athoor]]
| term_start2 = 3 February 1969
| term_end2 = 10 February 1969
| governor2 = [[Sardar Ujjal Singh]]
| 1blankname2 = Political Party
| 1namedata2 = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor2 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| successor2 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| constituency2 = [[Triplicane (state assembly constituency)|Triplicane]]
| office3 = [[Finance minister|Minister of Finance]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start3 = 24 June 1991
| term_end3 = 12 May 1996
| 1blankname3 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata3 = [[J. Jayalalithaa]]
| predecessor3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor3 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| term_start4 = 9 June 1980
| term_end4 = 24 December 1987
| 1blankname4 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata4 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| predecessor4 = [[Nanjil K. Manoharan]]
| successor4 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office5 = [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Minister of Education]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start5 = 13 August 1969
| term_end5 = 31 January 1976
| 1blankname5 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata5 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| predecessor5 = [[S. Madhavan]]
| successor5 = [[C. Aranganayagam]]
| term_start6 = 6 March 1967
| term_end6 = 10 February 1969
| 1blankname6 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata6 = [[C. N. Annadurai]] ''himself (acting)''
| predecessor6 = [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]]
| successor6 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| office7 = 4th [[List of leaders of the opposition in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition in the Madras Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start7 = 29 March 1962
| term_end7 = 28 February 1967
| 1blankname7 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata7 = {{ubl|[[K. Kamaraj]]|[[M. Bhakthavatsalam]]}}
| predecessor7 = [[V. K. Ramaswami Mudaliar|V. K. Ramaswami]]
| deputy7 = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| successor7 = [[P. G. Karuthiruman]]
| constituency7 = [[Triplicane (state assembly constituency)|Triplicane]]
| office8 = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start8 = 1991
| term_end8 = 1996
| 1blankname8 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata8 = ''Himself''
| predecessor8 = G. Ponnu Pillai
| successor8 = [[N. R. Alagaraja]]
| constituency8 = [[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
| term_start9 = 1984
| term_end9 = 1989
| 1blankname9 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata9 = ''Himself''
| predecessor9 = [[A. Vellaisamy]]
| successor9 = [[I. Periasamy]]
| constituency9 = [[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
| term_start10 = 1980
| term_end10 = 1984
| 1blankname10 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata10 = ''Himself''
| predecessor10 = [[G. R. Edmund]]
| successor10 = [[S. Narayanan]]
| constituency10 = [[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Thirunelveli]]
| term_start11 = 1962
| term_end11 = 1977
| 1blankname11 = Leader of the House
| 1namedata11 = {{bulletlist|B. Bakshatvalasam|''Himself''|[[M. Karunanidhi]]}}
| predecessor11 = [[K. S. G. Haja Shareef]]
| successor11 = M. Aranganathan
| constituency11 = [[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
| office12 = 2nd [[General Secretary of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|General Secretary]] of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start12 = 23 June 1978
| term_end12 = 10 June 1980
| predecessor12 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| successor12 = [[P. U. Shanmugam]]
| term13 = September 1977 - 23 June 1978 ''Interim''
| 1blankname13 = General Secretary.
| 1namedata13 = [[M. G. Ramachandran]]
| office14 = 2nd [[Secretary (title)|General Secretary]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start14 = 4 February 1969
| president14 = M. Karunanidhi
| term_end14 = 16 May 1977
| predecessor14 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| successor14 = [[K. Anbazhagan]]
| term_start15 = 24 April 1955
| term_end15 = 24 September 1960
| president15 = Vacant
| predecessor15 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| successor15 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| office16 = 2nd [[Chairperson|Presidium Chairperson]] of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| term_start16 = 1963
| term_end16 = 1969
| 1blankname16 = General Secretary
| 1namedata16 = [[C. N. Annadurai]]
| predecessor16 = E. V. K. Sampath
| successor16 = Karunanidhi as party president
| office17 = 2nd Deputy General Secretary of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| term_start17 = 1949
| term_end17 = 1963
| 1blankname17 = General Secretary
| 1namedata17 = C N Annaduari
| office18 = Leader of [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] House
| term_start18 = 6 March 1967
| term_end18 = 10 February 1969
| term_start19 = 14 August 1969
| term_end19 = 5 January 1971
| term_start20 = 1 June 1980
| term_end20 = 15 November 1984
| term_start21 = 16 February 1985
| term_end21 = 6 January 1988
| term_start22 = 25 June 1991
| term_end22 = 13 May 1996
| birth_date = 11 July 1920
| birth_place = [[Thirukannapuram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] {{smaller|(present-day [[Tamil Nadu]], India)}}
| residence = Seethamma Colony, [[Teynampet]], [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2000|1|12|1920|7|11}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_cause = [[Heart failure]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] {{small|(1977-2000)}}
| otherparty = [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] {{small|(1944-1949)}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] {{small|(1949-1977)}} Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam {{small|(own party;1977)}}
| spouse = Visalakshi (m. 1950; d. 2016)
| children = 1 son
| relatives = [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]] (grandson)
| signature = Signature of Nedunchezhiyan.jpg
| footnotes =
| birth_name = Ra. Go. Narayanasamy{{citation needed|date=August 2021}}
| parents =
| image =
| caption =
}}

{{Dravidian politics-col}}

'''V. R. Nedunchezhiyan''' (11 July 1920 – 12 January 2000) was an Indian politician and writer. He served twice as the interim [[Chief Minister]] of the [[Indian state|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. He served as a senior cabinet minister under the governments of [[C. N. Annadurai]], [[M. Karunanidhi]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]]. For his literary contributions, he was also known as "Navalar" or the eloquent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kannan |first1=R |title='Navalar' Nedunchezhiyan: The Dravidian leader who remained a follower till the end|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/navalar-nedunchezhiyan-dravidian-leader-who-remained-follower-till-end-128939 |access-date=10 February 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=18 July 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Nedunchezhiyan was born at [[Thirukannapuram]] on 11 July 1920. He graduated with a master's degree and a doctorate in [[Tamil literature]] from [[Annamalai University]]. He became involved in politics while at the university and joined the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] party in 1944. In 1949, [[C. N. Annadurai]] formed the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK), and Nedunchezhiyen joined the party, acting as deputy general secretary until 1955. He was general secretary between 1955 and 1960 and then chairman of the party's general council until 1969.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Nedunchezhiyan was elected to the [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu]] in 1962. In 1967, he became the Minister of Education when the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] took power. He was briefly acting Chief Minister for the state following [[C. N. Annadurai]]'s death in 1969, taking the role until [[M. Karunanidhi]] was appointed.He then continued as a cabinet minister in the Karunanidhi cabinet until the DMK government was dissolved in 1976.<ref name="hindu2000"/>

Together with [[K. Rajaram]], Nedunchezhiyan left the DMK to form a new political party called the ''Makkal Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam,'' but it did not last long. The party merged with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), which was in power by then, in 1978 and from 1980 Nedunchezhiyan served as a Minister of Finance under the leadership of AIADMK's [[M. G. Ramachandran]], until 1987. Nedunchezhiyan was a deputy general secretary of the AIADMK from 1977 and 1989, and became a general secretary in 1989. He became acting Chief Minister in 1988 when Ramachandran died.
[[File:DJayakumar-EarlyDays2.jpg|thumb|right|Nedunchezhiyan at a book release event|250px]]
Nedunchezhiyan briefly aligned himself with the [[J. Jayalalithaa]]-led faction within the AIADMK but was expelled from the party in 1988 after disputes with its leaders. He contested the 1989 state elections and later that year rejoined the party fold after Jayalalithaa had successfully reunified it. He then served as Minister of Finance again between 1991 and 1996.<ref name="hindu2000"/> Later, he served as General Council Leader Of the AIADMK from 1996 until his death.

==Personal life==
He married his wife, Visalakshi (died 2016) (AIADMK Spokesperson), in 1950, and they had one son.<ref name="hindu2000">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/13/stories/04132231.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504064440/http://www.hindu.com/2000/01/13/stories/04132231.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 May 2012 |title=Nedunchezhiyan dies of heart failure |date=13 January 2000 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=7 March 2013}}</ref>

Indian tennis player [[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]] is his grandson.

== Death ==
He died of [[heart failure]] at [[Apollo Hospital]] on 12 January 2000. Nedunchezhiyan's body was cremated at Besant Nagar cemetery.

== In popular culture ==
The character Madhivanan, played by [[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]], in the 1997 film ''[[Iruvar]]'' is loosely based on Nedunchezhiyan.

==Books published==
Nedunchezhiyan was a prolific writer in Tamil literature, authoring numerous books and booklets on politics, culture, and social issues.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sangam.org/perennial-number-2-nedunchezhiyan-1920-2000/ |title='Perennial Number 2' Nedunchezhiyan (1920-2000) |publisher=Sangam.org |author=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefederal.com/features/vr-nedunchezhiyan-dravidian-movements-fervid-hero-who-was-forgotten-too-soon |title=Nedunchezhiyan: Dravidian movement's fervid hero, but forgotten too soon |publisher=The Federal |date=July 12, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref> His notable works include:

===Political and Social Commentary===
* ''Mozhi Poraattam'' (Language Struggle) (1948) - A book on the anti-Hindi agitation<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefederal.com/features/vr-nedunchezhiyan-dravidian-movements-fervid-hero-who-was-forgotten-too-soon |title=Nedunchezhiyan: Dravidian movement's fervid hero, but forgotten too soon |publisher=The Federal |date=July 12, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref>
* ''DMK'' (1961) - About the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party
* ''Samuthaya Viduthalai'' (Societal Liberation)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sangam.org/perennial-number-2-nedunchezhiyan-1920-2000/ |title='Perennial Number 2' Nedunchezhiyan (1920-2000) |publisher=Sangam.org |author=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref>
* ''History of the Dravidian Movement (Part I)'' (1996)
* ''War of Social Justice'' (1996)

===Literary and Cultural Works===
* ''Ezhuchi Murasu'' (Rising Drum)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sangam.org/perennial-number-2-nedunchezhiyan-1920-2000/ |title='Perennial Number 2' Nedunchezhiyan (1920-2000) |publisher=Sangam.org |author=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref>
* ''Puthiya Paathai'' (New Path)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sangam.org/perennial-number-2-nedunchezhiyan-1920-2000/ |title='Perennial Number 2' Nedunchezhiyan (1920-2000) |publisher=Sangam.org |author=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref>
* ''Purananooru Katchikal'' (Scenes from Purananooru)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sangam.org/perennial-number-2-nedunchezhiyan-1920-2000/ |title='Perennial Number 2' Nedunchezhiyan (1920-2000) |publisher=Sangam.org |author=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref>
* ''Kalithohai Kanda Kathal Kaatchigal'' (Love scenes from Kalithohai)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sangam.org/perennial-number-2-nedunchezhiyan-1920-2000/ |title='Perennial Number 2' Nedunchezhiyan (1920-2000) |publisher=Sangam.org |author=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref>
* ''Thirukkural - Novel Clarification'' (1991) - A commentary on the classic Tamil text [[Thirukkural]]

===Historical and Philosophical Works===
* ''Pandaiya Greykkam'' (Ancient Greece) (1953) - Inspired by the social and political conditions of ancient Greece<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefederal.com/features/vr-nedunchezhiyan-dravidian-movements-fervid-hero-who-was-forgotten-too-soon |title=Nedunchezhiyan: Dravidian movement's fervid hero, but forgotten too soon |publisher=The Federal |date=July 12, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref>
* ''Mooda Nambikkai'' (False Beliefs)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sangam.org/perennial-number-2-nedunchezhiyan-1920-2000/ |title='Perennial Number 2' Nedunchezhiyan (1920-2000) |publisher=Sangam.org |author=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref>
* ''Religion and Superstition'' (1955)

===Biographies===
* ''Biography of Revolutionary Bharatidasan'' (1994)
* ''Vadakkalathur Raja Gopalanar Biography'' (1991)

===Autobiography===
* ''Vaazhvil Naan Kandathum Kettathum'' (What I Saw and Heard in Life) (2000) - His autobiography<ref>{{cite web |url=https://thefederal.com/features/vr-nedunchezhiyan-dravidian-movements-fervid-hero-who-was-forgotten-too-soon |title=Nedunchezhiyan: Dravidian movement's fervid hero, but forgotten too soon |publisher=The Federal |date=July 12, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/honour-for-navalar-vr-nedunchezhiyan/article32047177.ece |title=Honour for 'Navalar' V.R. Nedunchezhiyan |publisher=The Hindu |date=July 10, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref>

Nedunchezhiyan also ran a Tamil journal called ''Mandram'' with his younger sibling Chezhiyan during his early career.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sangam.org/perennial-number-2-nedunchezhiyan-1920-2000/ |title='Perennial Number 2' Nedunchezhiyan (1920-2000) |publisher=Sangam.org |author=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=July 8, 2020 |access-date=2025-09-03}}</ref> His works contributed significantly to Tamil literature and the intellectual discourse of the [[Dravidian movement]].

==Electoral career==
===Legislative Assembly Elections Contested===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 87%"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote percentage
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote percentage
|-
![[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Salem – I Assembly constituency|Salem - I]]||[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Independent]]||{{Lost}}||44.83||[[A. Mariappan Mudaliar]]|| rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]||45.21
|-
![[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Triplicane Assembly constituency|Triplicane]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|{{Won}}
|51.29
|Sivanesan
|35.31
|-
![[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|{{Won}}
|59.41
|M. S. Sammandappa
|39.93
|-
![[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|{{Won}}
|50.40
|K. Vinayakam
|48.95
|-
![[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|[[Tirunelveli Assembly constituency|Tirunelveli]]
| rowspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|{{Won}}
|57.96
|[[Rajathi Kunchithapatham]]
|40.94
|-
![[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|[[Athoor Assembly constituency|Athoor]]
|{{Won}}
|63.16
|Rajambal K
| rowspan="3" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|35.35
|-
![[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Mylapore Assembly constituency|Mylapore]]
|[[Independent Candidate|Independent]]
|{{Lost}}
|0.5
|[[N. Ganapathy (Thanjavur)|N. Ganapathy]]
|40.88
|-
![[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Theni Assembly constituency|Theni]]
| rowspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
|{{Won}}
|61.5
|L.S.R. Krishnan
|24.0
|-
![[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|{{Lost}}
|22.97
|Alagaraja.N.R
|[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]
|62.76
|-
|}

== See also ==
*[[First Nedunchezhiyan ministry]]
*[[Second Nedunchezhiyan ministry]]
*[[Pleasant Stay hotel case]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/list/assemblies-overview.htm Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nedunchezhiyan, V. R}}
[[Category:1920 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
[[Category:People from Nagapattinam district]]
[[Category:Tirukkural commentators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Thiruvalluvar Award]]
[[Category:Madras MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1971–1976]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1977–1980]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Indian politicians convicted of corruption]]

Muhammad Mahfuz

2026-03-24T09:27:00Z

Beefurb:

{{short description|Pakistani soldier (1944-1971)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lance naik|Lance Naik]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Nishan-e-Haider|NH]]
| name = Muhammad Mahfuz
| image = Muhammad Mahfuz.png
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date text|25 October 1944}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1971|12|18|1944|10|25}}
| birth_place = Pind Malikan (now Mehfoozabad), [[Rawalpindi District]], [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_place = Wahga-Attari Sector
| placeofburial = Mehfoozabad, [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial_coordinates = 
| nickname = Boxer
| birth_name = Mahfooz
| Caste_Clan =
| allegiance = {{PAK}}
| branch = {{Army|PAK}}
| serviceyears = 1962–1971
| rank = [[File:01.Pakistan Army-PFC.svg|25px]] [[Lance Naik]]
| servicenumber = 
| unit = [[File:Badge of 16th Punjab Regiment 1922-56.jpg|15px]][[16th Punjab Regiment|3/16th Punjab Regiment]] [[Punjab Regiment (Pakistan)|15 Punjab Regiment]]
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]{{KIA}}
| awards = [[File:Nishan-e-Haider.png|50px]] [[Nishan-e-Haider]]
| memorials =
| spouse =
}}

[[Naik (military rank)|Naik]] '''Muhammad Mahfuz''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=PSF |first=Admin |date=2020-12-28 |title=Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz Shaheed (N.H) |url=https://pakstrategic.com/lance-naik-muhammad-mahfuz-shaheed-n-h/ |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Pakistan Strategic Forum |language=en-US}}</ref> (born 25 October 1944 – 18 December 1971) was a Pakistani military officer and the ninth recipient of Pakistan's highest military award, [[Nishan-e-Haider]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=179|title=Lance Naik Muhammad Mahfuz|website=www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk|access-date=2018-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130205831/https://www.pakistanarmy.gov.pk/AWPReview/TextContent.aspx?pId=179|archive-date=2018-01-30}}</ref> He was posthumously awarded for his gallant and valorous actions during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1971|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]].He was born in [[Janjua]] [[muslim rajput]] family.

==Early life==
Muhammad Mahfuz was born in Pind Malikan (now renamed Mahfuzabad in his honour) in [[Rawalpindi District]], [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]]. He joined the [[Pakistan Army]] on 25 October 1962 as an infantry soldier.<ref name=":0" />

==Nishan-e-Haider action==
During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], a company of the 15th Punjab Regiment was under command of the 43 Punjab Regiment which was deployed in the [[Wagah]]-[[Attari]] sector along the Indian border. On 16 December 1971, Pakistan had signed instrument of surrender in Dhaka; while on 18 December 1971, during the attack on the enemy at [[Pul Kanjri]] post, his company was pinned down by enemy fire and his machine-gun was destroyed by an Indian shell. Company of 43 Punjab Regiment under the command of Major Subha Sadiq (also killed in the same battle), came for support and fought hard until the capture of the strategic town of [[Pul Kanjri]]. Even though Lance Naik Muhammad Mehfuz Shaheed, NH was wounded in his legs by [[Shrapnel shell|shrapnel]], he moved towards an enemy bunker, from whose gunfire had caused the death of many Pakistanis. Upon entering the bunker, he began strangling the enemy soldier who shot him, shortly after he was killed by another with a [[bayonet]].<ref name="shaheed">{{cite web|url=http://www.shaheedfoundation.org/nishanehaider.asp|title=Shaheed Foundation Pakistan|publisher=Shaheedfoundation.org|access-date=13 August 2014|archive-date=12 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211253/http://www.shaheedfoundation.org/nishanehaider.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==Awards and decorations==
Immediately after the war was over, the Indian Army recognized his bravery and said that if he were in the Indian Army, they would award him the ''[[Vir Chakra]]''. On 23 March 1972, Mahfooz was posthumously awarded the Nishan-e-Haider, the highest gallantry award of Pakistan.<ref>{{citation
| title = ISPR
| url = https://www.ispr.gov.pk/lance-naik-muhammad-mahfuz-shaheed.php
| access-date = 9 August 2019
| archive-date = 9 August 2019
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190809101239/https://www.ispr.gov.pk/lance-naik-muhammad-mahfuz-shaheed.php
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* https://www.ispr.gov.pk/lance-naik-muhammad-mahfuz-shaheed.php {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809101239/https://www.ispr.gov.pk/lance-naik-muhammad-mahfuz-shaheed.php |date=9 August 2019 }}

{{Nishan-e-Haider}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahfuz, Muhammad}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:1971 deaths]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army personnel]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1971]]
[[Category:Pakistani military personnel killed in action]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Haider]]
[[Category:Deaths by bayonet]]
[[Category:Deaths by stabbing in Pakistan]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

Ratlam

2026-03-19T04:43:48Z

Beefurb: cleanup lead for consistency

{{Short description|City in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{About|the municipality in Madhya Pradesh, India|its namesake district|Ratlam District}}
{{more citations needed|date=November 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}{{audio||}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ratlam
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 350
| image_style =
| perrow = 2
| image1 = Ranjit Vilas Palace, Ratlam.jpg
| caption1 = Ranjit Vilas Palace, Ratlam
| image2 = GhantaGhar,ratlam.jpg
| caption2 = Ghanta Ghar, Ratlam}}
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Ratlam
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.334|N|75.037|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Malwa]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Ratlam district|Ratlam]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1652}}
| founder = [[Ratan Singh Rathore|Ratan Singh]]
| named_for = [[Ratan Singh Rathore|Ratan Singh]]
| governing_body = Ratlam Municipal Corporation {{URL|https://rmcratlam.in/}}
| leader_title = [[Member of Parliament#India|MP]]
| leader_name = [[Anita Nagar Singh Chouhan]] ([[BJP]])
| leader_title1 = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name1 = Prahlad Patel [[BJP]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Ratlam City">{{cite web|title=Welcome to Ratlam City|url=http://www.rmcratlam.in/about|website=rmcratlam.in|access-date=22 November 2020}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 39.19
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 480
| population_total = 264,914
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 9th in Madhya Pradesh
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro =
| population_metro_footnotes =
| population_demonym = Ratlami
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Census2011"/>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=7 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 457001
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07412
| registration_plate = MP-43
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|Humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Malvi language|Malvi]]
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = {{convert|937|mm|in}}
| blank3_name_sec2 = Avg. annual temperature
| blank3_info_sec2 = {{convert|24|°C|°F}}
| blank4_name_sec2 = Avg. summer temperature
| blank4_info_sec2 = {{convert|28|°C|°F}}
| blank5_name_sec2 = Avg. winter temperature
| blank5_info_sec2 = {{convert|16|°C|°F}}
| website = {{URL|https://ratlam.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
| official_name =
| imagesize =
}}

'''Ratlam''' ([[Hindi language|Hindi]]: [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: [ɾət̪.laːm]),{{audio|Ratlam.wav||help=no}}is a city in the northwestern part of the [[Malwa]] region in [[Madhya Pradesh]] [[states and territories of India|state]] of India. The city of Ratlam lies {{convert|480|m}} above [[sea level]]. It is the administrative headquarters of [[Ratlam district]], which was created in 1947 after the independence of India.<ref name="Information">[http://ratlam.nic.in/ Ratlam District Information], ratlam.nic.in. Retrieved 15 March 2012.</ref> It is located 294 kilometres west of the state capital [[Bhopal]].

In [[2024 Indian general election]], [[Anita Nagar Singh Chouhan]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] was elected as the [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] from [[Ratlam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ratlam]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/ratlam-election-results-2019-live-updates-jhabua-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154471.html|title=Ratlam Election Results 2019 Live Updates (Jhabua ): Guman Singh Domar of BJP Wins|website=News18|date=23 May 2019|access-date=23 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Ratlam railway division]] is one of the six railway divisions under [[Western Railway zone]] of Indian Railways. Whose headquarters is in Ratlam city. This is an important railway junction of the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319003737/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf | archive-date=2015-03-19 | title=Indian railway’s zone’s & their divisions wi|website=www.indianrail.gov.in}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Ratan Singh of Ratlam.jpg|thumb|Maharajadhiraj Shree Huzur [[Ratan Singh Rathore|Ratan Singh]], Bahadur of Ratlam.]]

[[Ratlam State]] was founded in 1648 when [[Ratan Singh Rathore]] at the age of 23, armed only with a dagger, boldly attacked a mad elephant rampaging in the streets of Delhi. An impressed Shah Jahan, the Mughal builder of the Taj Mahal, inducted him into the mansabdari (impe-rial administrative system), where the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore Rajput]] served with distinction. In 1648 Ratan Singh received a jagir in Malwa, a mansab rank of 3000, the emblem of the [[Mahi Maratib]] (Order of Fish), and settled in Ratlam village as his capital.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Indian Princes and their States|first=Barbara N.|last=Ramusack|date=8 January 2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kz1-mtazYqEC&dq=ratan+singh+Norbert+Peabody&pg=PA16|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |page=16|isbn=9781139449083|access-date=2020-09-14}}</ref>

The new town of Ratlam was founded in 1829 by Captain Borthwick.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |website=District Ratlam, Government of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://ratlam.nic.in/en/history/#:~:text=The%20New%20Town%20of%20Ratlam,for%20its%20bargains%20called%20Sattas |access-date=14 August 2020}}</ref>

[[File:Phatasingh.jpg|thumb|Padam Singh of Ratlam]]
The state was closely interlaced with the territories of the princely state of [[Sailana]]. In 1901, [[Ratlam State]] had a population of 83,773,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/Census_1931n.html |title=Census of India - Census Reports 1931 |access-date=12 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112223538/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/old_report/Census_1931n.html |archive-date=12 November 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:Map of Sailana and Ratlam States.jpg|thumb|Map of Sailana and Ratlam States]]

==Geography==
Ratlam is located at coordinates: {{Coord|23|19|0|N|75|04|0|E|type:city}} (23.316667, 75.066667). The city has an area of {{cvt|39|sqkm}}.<ref name="Ratlam City"/> It is very close to the borders of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]].

==Climate==
Ratlam, like most of Madhya Pradesh, has [[tropical savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Aw'') bordering [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cwa'') zone. Three distinct seasons are observed: summer, [[monsoon]] and winter. Summers start in mid-March and can be extremely hot from April through June. Highs can reach {{convert|112|F|C}}, although the humidity is extremely low. The monsoon season starts in late June, with temperatures averaging around {{convert|100|F|C|abbr=on}}, with sustained, torrential rainfall and high humidity. The average rain fall is {{cvt|37|inch}}. Winters start in mid-November and are dry, cool and sunny. Temperatures average about {{convert|39|-|46|F|C}}, but can fall close to freezing on some nights.<ref name="NOAA">[http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?refer=&s=45724&cityname=Indore--United-States-of-America&refer=&cityname=Indore- Indore, India Weather (closest to Ratlam)], weatherbase.com, 15 March 2012.</ref> Ratlam gets moderate rainfall of {{convert|35|to|38|in|mm}} from July through September, due to the southwest monsoon.

{{Weather box
| location = Ratlam (1991–2020, extremes 1948–2009)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 34.0
| Feb record high C = 37.8
| Mar record high C = 41.9
| Apr record high C = 45.2
| May record high C = 45.5
| Jun record high C = 45.0
| Jul record high C = 40.6
| Aug record high C = 38.7
| Sep record high C = 39.3
| Oct record high C = 39.0
| Nov record high C = 36.9
| Dec record high C = 33.8
| year record high C = 45.5
| Jan high C = 25.8
| Feb high C = 28.5
| Mar high C = 34.1
| Apr high C = 38.4
| May high C = 39.8
| Jun high C = 36.3
| Jul high C = 30.1
| Aug high C = 28.2
| Sep high C = 30.3
| Oct high C = 33.0
| Nov high C = 30.6
| Dec high C = 27.6
| year high C = 31.9
| Jan low C = 10.4
| Feb low C = 12.7
| Mar low C = 17.6
| Apr low C = 22.9
| May low C = 25.8
| Jun low C = 25.1
| Jul low C = 23.3
| Aug low C = 22.8
| Sep low C = 21.9
| Oct low C = 19.0
| Nov low C = 15.5
| Dec low C = 11.8
| year low C = 19.1
| Jan record low C = 2.5
| Feb record low C = 2.6
| Mar record low C = 9.0
| Apr record low C = 11.6
| May record low C = 18.4
| Jun record low C = 17.3
| Jul record low C = 18.1
| Aug record low C = 16.9
| Sep record low C = 14.0
| Oct record low C = 12.5
| Nov record low C = 7.9
| Dec record low C = 3.9
| year record low C = 2.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 3.1
| Feb rain mm = 1.2
| Mar rain mm = 1.7
| Apr rain mm = 0.3
| May rain mm = 8.9
| Jun rain mm = 104.4
| Jul rain mm = 363.9
| Aug rain mm = 282.1
| Sep rain mm = 119.1
| Oct rain mm = 36.5
| Nov rain mm = 2.4
| Dec rain mm = 1.6
| year rain mm = 925.2
| Jan rain days = 0.3
| Feb rain days = 0.3
| Mar rain days = 0.3
| Apr rain days = 0.1
| May rain days = 0.7
| Jun rain days = 5.8
| Jul rain days = 13.8
| Aug rain days = 12.4
| Sep rain days = 6.0
| Oct rain days = 1.4
| Nov rain days = 0.1
| Dec rain days = 0.2
| year rain days = 41.5
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 35
| Feb humidity = 29
| Mar humidity = 20
| Apr humidity = 19
| May humidity = 24
| Jun humidity = 46
| Jul humidity = 71
| Aug humidity = 77
| Sep humidity = 63
| Oct humidity = 37
| Nov humidity = 35
| Dec humidity = 35
| year humidity = 41
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref><ref name=IMDnormals>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205040301/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/1981-2010%20CLIM%20NORMALS%20%28STATWISE%29.pdf
| title = Station: Ratlam Climatological Table 1981–2010
| work = Climatological Normals 1981–2010
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = January 2015
| pages = 661–662
| access-date = 28 December 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMDextremes>
{{cite web
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200205042509/http://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| archive-date = 5 February 2020
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/EXTREMES%20OF%20TEMPERATURE%20and%20RAINFALL%20upto%202012.pdf
| title = Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| date = December 2016
| page = M128
| access-date = 28 December 2020}}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
{{See also|List of cities in Madhya Pradesh}}
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Ratlam city (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|darkorange|67.64}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|green|24.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Jains]]|pink|6.63}}
|caption=Distribution of religions
}}
According to the 2011 Census, the city of Ratlam has a population of 264,914 of which 134,915 are male and 129,999 are female. The sex ratio is 964 females to 1000 males. Children between the 0 to 6 years of age constitute 29,763 individuals. The total number of literates in Ratlam was 204,101, which constituted 77.0% of the population with male literacy of 81.2% and female literacy of 72.8%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Ratlam was 86.8%, of which male literacy rate was 91.7% and female literacy rate was 81.8%. The [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] population was 27,124 and 12,567 respectively.
The total number of households in Ratlam is 53133.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web |title=Ratlam - Census 2011 |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=527392 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> 28.17% Scheduled Tribe (Adivasi) of total population in Ratlam district.
Adivasi group of Ratlam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratlam District Population, Madhya Pradesh, List of Tehsils in Ratlam |url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/madhya-pradesh/ratlam-population.html |access-date=2022-08-10 |website=Censusindia2011.com |language=en-US |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810003020/https://www.censusindia2011.com/madhya-pradesh/ratlam-population.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Railways==
[[File:Ratlam Junction (2).jpg|thumb|Ratlam Junction]]
[[File:MAHI RAILWAY BRIDGE RATLAM.jpg|thumb|Mahi Railway Bridge Ratlam]]
[[Ratlam Junction]] is a major junction on Delhi-Mumbai and Ajmer-Khandwa Rail routes and rail division of [[Indian Railways]] on broad gauge lines on Western Railways Zone. Ratlam junction is Divisional headquarters of [[Western Railway Zone]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ratlam.nic.in/profile.html|title=Profile District Ratlam, Madhya Pradesh, India|website=ratlam.nic.in}}</ref>

Ratlam is the first clean train station of [[Indian Railways]] network. Under this scheme, Indian Railways has introduced cleaning of coaches of a train en route while it halts at a particular station for 15 to 20 minutes. The entire train is cleaned with vacuum cleaners and toilets are washed with handheld portable HP cleaners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://relyoncts.com/service-location-ratlam.php|title=CTS Service Location Ratlam | CTS Services|website=relyoncts.com}}</ref>

Ratlam station is believed to be one of the busiest railway stations in India.<ref>[http://www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,261,440 Western Railway - Ratlam], indianrailways.gov. Retrieved 16 March 2012.</ref>

Ratlam Junction is referred to in the 2007 Hindi romantic comedy film [[Jab We Met]].<ref>[[Jab We Met]]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20131227224606/http://ratlam.nic.in/tourism.html Government Tourism Site]

{{Ujjain Division}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ratlam| ]]
[[Category:Cities in Malwa]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Ratlam district]]
[[Category:Cities in Madhya Pradesh]]

Bharat stage emission standards

2026-03-17T11:10:19Z

Beefurb: new a stub!

{{Short description|Indian emission norms based on European standards}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}

'''Bharat stage emission standards (BSES)''' ({{literal translation|'''India stage emission standards'''}}) are [[emission standard]]s instituted by the [[Government of India]] to regulate the output of [[Air pollution|air pollutants]] from compression ignition engines and [[spark-ignition engine]]s equipment, including [[Motor vehicle emissions|motor vehicles]]. The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the [[Central Pollution Control Board]] under the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://cpcb.nic.in/Functions.php |publisher= Central Pollution Control Board |title= Functions of the Central Pollution Control Board |access-date= 28 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090409221539/http://cpcb.nic.in/Functions.php |archive-date= 9 April 2009 |url-status= dead |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

The standards, based on [[European emission standards|European regulations]], were first introduced in 2000. Progressively stringent norms have been rolled out since then. All new vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the norms have to be compliant with the regulations.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990430/ige30066.html |title=SC makes emission norms mandatory for new vehicles |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date= 30 April 1999 }}{{dead link|date=November 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> Since October 2010, Bharat Stage (BS) III norms have been enforced across the country. In 13 major cities, Bharat Stage IV emission norms have been in place since April 2010<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article791138.ece|title=India switches fully to Euro III and IV petrol and diesel|date=24 September 2010|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and it has been enforced for entire country since April 2017. In 2016, the Indian government announced that the country would skip the BS V norms altogether and adopt BS VI norms by 2020.<ref name=skipEuroV>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/business/post-odd-even-india-to-skip-bharat-stage-v-to-implement-stage-vi-emission-norms-from-2020-2584982.html|title=Post odd-even: India to skip Bharat Stage-V, to implement Stage-VI emission norms from 2020|website=Firstpost.com|date=15 January 2016|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> In its recent judgment, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] has banned the sale and registration of motor vehicles conforming to the emission standard Bharat Stage IV in the entire country from 1 April 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sc-bans-sale-of-bs-iv-vehicles-from-2020/article25313685.ece|title=SC bans sale of BS-IV vehicles from 2020|first=Krishnadas|last=Rajagopal|date=24 October 2018|website=Thehindu.com|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

On 15 November 2017, the Petroleum Ministry of India, in consultation with public oil marketing companies, decided to bring forward the date of BS VI grade auto fuels in [[Delhi|NCT of Delhi]] with effect from 1 April 2018 instead of 1 April 2020. In fact, Petroleum Ministry OMCs were asked to examine the possibility of introduction of BS VI auto fuels in the whole of NCR area from 1 April 2019. This huge step was taken due to the heavy problem of air pollution faced by Delhi which became worse around 2019. The decision was met with disarray by the automobile companies as they had planned the development according to roadmap for 2020.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025|reason=The paragraph claims a statement without linking a source.}}

The phasing out of 2-stroke engine for two wheelers, [[Maruti 800#Proposed phasing out|the cessation of production of the Maruti 800]], and the introduction of electronic controls have been due to the regulations related to vehicular emissions.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990729/ige29070.html|title= Reforming the little rascal |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date= 29 July 1999 }}{{dead link|date=November 2019|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

While the norms help in bringing down pollution levels, it invariably results in increased vehicle cost due to the improved technology and higher fuel prices. However, this increase in private cost is offset by savings in health costs for the public, as there is a lower amount of disease-causing [[Particulates|particulate matter]] and [[Air pollution in India|pollution in the air]]. Exposure to air pollution can lead to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, which is estimated to be the cause for 620,000 early deaths in 2010, and the health cost of air pollution in India has been assessed at 3% of its [[Economy of India|GDP]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Health cost of air pollution in India assessed at 3 per cent of its GDP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/health-cost-of-air-pollution-in-india-assessed-at-3-per-cent-of-its-gdp/articleshow/55897170.cms |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=9 December 2016}}</ref>

In Delhi-NCR, vehicle movement is regulated under the air-quality based Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP). In 2025, the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) enforced GRAP Stage III measures, restricting the entry of BS-III petrol and BS-IV diesel vehicles across the region to curb rising pollution levels.<ref>{{cite news |title=GRAP III implemented in Delhi: Banned vehicle categories explained |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/auto/news/grap-iii-implemented-in-delhi-banned-vehicle-categories-explained/articleshow/125271889.cms |access-date=9 December 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=12 November 2025}}</ref>

==Motor vehicles==
[[File:Compare Euro US Indian gasoline emission standards.png|thumb|Comparison between European, US, and Bharat stage (Indian) emission standards for petrol passenger cars.]]
[[File:Compare Euro US Indian diesel emission standards.png|thumb|right|Comparison between European, US, and Bharat stage (Indian) emission standards for diesel passenger cars. The sizes of the green circles represent the limits for particulate matter.]]
To regulate the pollution emitted by cars and two-wheelers, the Government of India has placed forth regulations known as Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES). The Central Government has mandated that every vehicle manufacturer, both two-wheels and four-wheels, ought to manufacture, sell and register solely BS6 (BSVI) vehicles from 1 April 2020.

Both BSIV and BSVI area unit emission norms that set the most permissible levels for pollutants emitting from an automotive or a two-wheeler exhaust. Compared to the BS4, BS6 emission standards area unit stricter, whereas makers use this variation to update their vehicles with new options and safety standards, the largest or the numerous modification comes within the type of stricter permissible emission norms.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.tech-download.com/2020/01/what-is-difference-bs4-and-bs6.html |title=In this article, you may study BS4 vs BS6 engine, major variations and performance of the new BS6 engine. |access-date=10 January 2020 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129131511/https://www.tech-download.com/2020/01/what-is-difference-bs4-and-bs6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The below table offers Associate in Nursing insight into the modification within the permissible emission levels of BS6 vehicles compared to BS4 vehicles:

{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Fuel type
!Pollutant gases
!BS6 (BSVI)
!BS4 (BSIV)
|-
!Petroleum Distillate Vehicle
|[[Nitrogen oxide]] ({{chem|NO|x}}) limit
|60 mg
|80 mg
|-

|
|[[Particulate matter]] (PM) limit
| 4.5 mg/km
| -
|-
!Diesel Fuel Vehicle
|Nitrogen oxide ({{chem|NO|x}}) limit
|80 mg
|250 mg
|-
|
|Particulate matter (PM) limit
|4.5 mg/km
|25 mg
|-
|
|[[Hydrocarbon|HC]] + {{chem|NO|x}}
|170 mg/km
|300 mg
|}

These area unit emission standards set by Bharat Safety Emission commonplace (BSEB) to manage the output of pollutants from vehicles plying on the road. The [[Central Pollution Control Board]], under the [[Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change]] (Mo.E.F.C.C.), sets the permissible pollution levels and timeline to implement an equivalent by vehicle makers.

The abbreviation of Bharat Stage is 'BS' suffixed with the iteration of the stage of emission norms, similar to how European emissions standards are named. The initial '''BSI (BS1)''' standard was first introduced in mid 1999, with the second and third iteration first introduced in mid 2000 and 2005 named '''BSII (BS2)''' and '''BSIII (BS3),''' respectively'''.'''

The fourth iteration '''BSIV''' or '''BS4''' was introduced in 2017, and therefore the delay between the introduction of BS3 and BS4 resulted in the fast-tracking of the BSVI or BS6 standards by skipping the '''BSV (BS5)''' norms. Each of the regulations have stricter emission standards compared to its predecessors.

===History===
The first emission norms were introduced in India in 1991 for petroleum distillate, and 1992 for diesel vehicles. These were followed by making the [[Catalytic converter]] mandatory for petrol vehicles and the introduction of unleaded petrol in the market.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://morth.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=121&langid=2|title= Ministry of Road Transport & Highways|website=Morth.nic.in|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>

On 29 April 1999, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ruled that all vehicles in India have to meet Euro I or India 2000 norms by 1 June 1999 and Euro II will be imperative in the [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]] by 1 April 2000. Car makers were not prepared for this transition and in a subsequent judgement the implementation date for Euro II was not enforced.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990515/ibu15020.html
|title=SC dilutes Euro norms
|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]
|date=15 May 1999
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040129004215/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19990515/ibu15020.html
|archive-date=29 January 2004
|df=dmy
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/112535/| archive-url= https://archive.today/20130126050139/http://www.indianexpress.com/Storyold/112535/| url-status= dead| archive-date= 26 January 2013|title= Maruti board on a junket as market share falls|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date= 31 July 1999}}</ref>

In 2002, the Indian Government accepted the report submitted by the [[Raghunath Anant Mashelkar|Mashelkar]] committee. The committee proposed a road map for the roll-out of [[European emission standards|Euro based emission norms]] for India. It also recommended a phased implementation of future norms with the regulations being implemented in major cities first and extended to the rest of the country after a few years.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/01/09/stories/2002010901501300.htm
| archive-url= https://archive.today/20130125053615/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2002/01/09/stories/2002010901501300.htm
| url-status= dead
| archive-date= 25 January 2013
| newspaper= [[The Hindu]]
|title= Nod for recommendations on auto fuel policy| date= 9 January 2002}}</ref>

Based on the recommendations of the committee, the National Auto Fuel policy was announced officially in 2003. The roadmap for implementation of the Bharat stage norms were laid out until 2010. The policy also created guidelines for auto fuels, reduction of pollution from older vehicles and R&D for air quality data creation and health administration.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/06102003/r0610200313.html|title= National Auto Fuel Policy Announced|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040310000323/http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2003/roct2003/06102003/r0610200313.html|archive-date=10 March 2004|date=6 October 2003}}</ref>

===Background information===

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 1: Indian emission standards (4-wheeled vehicles)
|-
! Standard
!Reference
!Year
!Region
|-
| India 2000/Bharat Stage I
| Euro 1
| 2000
| Nationwide
|-
| rowspan="3"|Bharat Stage II
| rowspan="3"|Euro 2
|2001
| [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]*, [[Mumbai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Chennai]]
|-
|2003
|NCR*, 14 cities†
|-
|2005
|Nationwide
|-
|rowspan="2"|Bharat Stage III
|rowspan="2"|Euro 3
|2005-04
|NCR*, 14 cities†
|-
|2010
|Nationwide
|-
|rowspan="2"|Bharat Stage IV
|rowspan="2"|Euro 4
|2010
|NCR*, 14 cities†
|-
|2017
|Nationwide
|-
|Bharat Stage V
|Euro 5
|(skipped)
|
|-
|rowspan="3"|Bharat Stage VI
|rowspan="3"|Euro 6
|2018
|Delhi
|-
|2019
|NCR*
|-
|2020 <ref>{{cite tweet|user=PTI_News|author=Press Trust of India|number=684653623813341184|date=6 January 2016|title=Govt decides to skip BS-V; leapfrog to BS-VI emission norms by April 1, 2020: Transport Minister Nitin Gadkari.}}</ref>
|Nationwide
|-
|colspan="4"|* National Capital Region (Delhi)
† Mumbai, Kolkata, [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Pune]], [[Surat]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Jamshedpur]], [[Agra]] and [[Guwahati]]
|}

The above standards apply to all new 4-wheeled vehicles sold and registered in the respective regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities.

Progress of emission standards for 2-and 3-wheeled vehicles:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/in/ |title=Emission Standards: India: On-Road Vehicles and Engines |website=Dieselnet.com |access-date=29 June 2009}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 2: Indian emission standards (2- and 3-wheeled vehicles)
|-
!Standard
!Reference
!Date
|-
|Bharat Stage II
|Euro 2
|1 April 2000
|-
|Bharat Stage III
|Euro 3
|1 April 2010
|-
|Bharat Stage IV
|Euro 4
|1 April 2017
|-
|Bharat Stage VI
|Euro 6
|1 April 2020 with mandate<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2020|title=Amid lockdown, India switches to BS-VI emission norms|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/amid-lockdown-india-switches-to-bs-vi-emission-norms/article31231973.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|}

In order to comply with the BSIV norms, 2- and 3-wheeler manufacturers will have to fit an evaporative emission control unit, which should lower the amount of fuel that is evaporated when the motorcycle is parked.

===Trucks and buses===
[[File:Exhaust.jpg|thumb|right|Exhaust gases from vehicles form a significant portion of air pollution which is harmful to human health and the environment]]
Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel engines—applicable to vehicles of GVW > 3,500 kg—are listed in Table 3.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 3:
Emission standards for diesel truck and bus engines, g/kWh
|-
! Year
! Reference
! Test
! CO
! HC
! {{chem|NO|x}}
! PM
|-
| 1992
| –
| ECE R49
| 17.3–32.6
| 2.7–3.7
| –
| –
|-
| 1996
| –
| ECE R49
| 11.20
| 2.40
| 14.4
| –
|-
| 2000
| Euro I
| ECE R49
| 4.5
| 1.1
| 8.0
| 0.36*
|-
| 2005†
| Euro II
| ECE R49
| 4.0
| 1.1
| 7.0
| 0.15
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010†
| rowspan="2" | Euro III
| ESC
| 2.1
| 0.66
| 5.0
| 0.10
|-
| ETC
| 5.45
| 0.78
| 5.0
| 0.16
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010‡
| rowspan="2" | Euro IV
| ESC
| 1.5
| 0.46
| 3.5
| 0.02
|-
| ETC
| 4.0
| 0.55
| 3.5
| 0.03
|-
| class="tNote" colspan="7" | * 0.612 for engines below 85 kW
† Earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1.
‡ Only in selected regions, see Table 1.
|}

More details on Euro I–III regulations can be found in the [[European emission standards#Emission standards for trucks and buses|EU heavy-duty engine standards]].

===Light-duty diesel vehicles===
Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarised in Table 4. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light commercial vehicles; comparable to [[European emission standards#Emission standards for light commercial vehicles|EU light-duty vehicle emission standards]]. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats).

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 4:
Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles, g/km
|-
!Year
!Reference
!CO
!HC
!HC+{{chem|NO|x}}
!{{chem|NO|x}}
!PM
|-
|1992
| –
|17.3–32.6
|2.7–3.7
| –
| –
| –
|-
|1996
| –
|5.0–9.0
| –
|2.0–4.0
| –
| –
|-
|2000
|Euro 1
|2.72–6.90
| –
|0.97–1.70
|0.14–0.25
| –
|-
|2005†
|Euro 2
|1.0–1.5
| –
|0.7–1.2
|0.08–0.17
| –
|-
| 2010†
| Euro 3
| 0.64 0.80 0.95
| –
| 0.56 0.72 0.86
| 0.50 0.65 0.78
| 0.05 0.07 0.10
|-
| 2010‡
| Euro 4
| 0.50 0.63 0.74
| –
| 0.30 0.39 0.46
| 0.25 0.33 0.39
| 0.025 0.04 0.06
|-
|colspan="7"|† Earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1.
‡ Only in selected regions, see Table 1.
|}

The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle.

Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamo-meter. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 5.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 5:
Emission standards for light-duty diesel engines, g/kWh
|-
!Year
!Reference
!CO
!HC
!{{chem|NO|x}}
!PM
|-
|1992
| –
|14.0
|3.5
|18.0
| –
|-
|1996
| –
|11.20
|2.40
|14.4
| –
|-
|2000
|Euro I
|4.5
|1.1
|8.0
|0.36*
|-
|2005†
|Euro II
|4.0
|1.1
|7.0
|0.15
|-
|colspan="6"|* 0.612 for engines below 85 kW
† Earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1.
|}

===Light-duty petrol vehicles===

====4-wheeled vehicles====
Emissions standards for petrol vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarised in Table 6. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes of light commercial vehicles (comparable to [[European emission standards#Emission standards for light commercial vehicles|EU light-duty vehicle emission standards]]). The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ≤ 2,500 kg; up to 6 seats).

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 6:
Emission standards for petrol vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg), g/km
|-
!Year
!Reference
!CO
!HC
!HC+{{chem|NO|x}}
!{{chem|NO|x}}
|-
|1991
| –
|14.3–27.1
|2.0–2.9
| –
|
|-
|1996
| –
|8.68–12.4
| –
|3.00–4.36
|
|-
|1998*
| –
|4.34–6.20
| –
|1.50–2.18
|
|-
|2000
|Euro 1
|2.72–6.90
| –
|0.97–1.70
|
|-
|2005†
|Euro 2
|2.2–5.0
| –
|0.5–0.7
|
|-
| 2010†
| Euro 3
| 2.3 4.17 5.22
| 0.20 0.25 0.29
| –
| 0.15 0.18 0.21
|-
| 2010‡
| Euro 4
| 1.0 1.81 2.27
| 0.1 0.13 0.16
| –
| 0.08 0.10 0.11
|-
| class="tNote" colspan="6" | * For catalytic converter fitted vehicles. 
† Earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 1.
‡ only in selected regions, see Table 1.
|}

Petrol vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000).

====2- and 3-wheeled vehicles====
Emission standards for 2- and 3-wheeled petrol vehicles are listed in the following tables.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/emission-standards.aspx |title=Vehicular Technology in India | Emission Norms |publisher=SIAM India|access-date=29 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611052002/http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/emission-standards.aspx |archive-date=11 June 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 7:
Emission standards for 3-wheeled petrol vehicles, g/km
|-
! Year
!CO
!HC
!HC+{{chem|NO|x}}
|-
|1991
|12–30
|8–12
| –
|-
|1996
|6.75
| –
|5.40
|-
|2000
|4.00
| –
|2.00
|-
|2005 (BS II)
|2.25
| –
|2.00
|-
|2010-04 (BS III)
|1.25
| –
|1.25
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 8:
Emission standards for 2-wheeled petrol vehicles, g/km
|-
!Year
!CO
!HC
!HC+{{chem|NO|x}}
|-
|1991
|12–30
|8–12
| –
|-
|1996
|5.50
| –
|3.60
|-
|2000
|2.00
| –
|2.00
|-
|2005 (BS II)
|1.5
| –
|1.5
|-
|2010-04 (BS III)
|1.0
| –
|1.0
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 9:
Emission standards for 2- and 3-wheeled diesel vehicles, g/km
|-
!Year
!CO
!HC+{{chem|NO|x}}
!PM
|-
|2005-04
|1.00
|0.85
|0.10
|-
|2010-04
|0.50
|0.50
|0.05
|}

===Overview of the emission norms in India===
*1991 – Idle CO limits for petrol vehicles and free acceleration smoke for diesel vehicles, mass emission norms for petrol vehicles.
*1992 – Mass emission norms for diesel vehicles.
*1996 – Revision of mass emission norms for petrol and diesel vehicles, mandatory fitment of catalytic converter for cars in metros on unleaded petrol.
*1998 – Cold start norms introduced.
*2000 – India 2000 (equivalent to Euro I) norms, modified IDC (Indian [[driving cycle]]), Bharat Stage II norms for Delhi.
*2001 – Bharat Stage II (equivalent to Euro II) norms for all metros, emission norms for [[Compressed natural gas|CNG]] and [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] vehicles.
*2003 – Bharat Stage II (equivalent to Euro II) norms for 13 major cities.
*2005 – From 1 April, Bharat Stage IV (equivalent to Euro IV{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}) norms for 13 major cities.
*2010 – Bharat Stage IV emission norms for 2-wheelers, 3-wheelers and 4-wheelers for the entire country, whereas Bharat Stage IV (equivalent to Euro IV) for 13 major cities for only 4-wheelers. Bharat Stage IV also has norms on OBD (similar to Euro III but diluted).
*2017 – Bharat Stage IV norms for all vehicles.
*2018 - Bharat Stage VI fuel norms from 1 April 2018 in Delhi instead of 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/air/bs-vi-fuel-norms-from-april-1-2018-in-delhi-59126|title=BS-VI fuel norms from April 1, 2018 in Delhi instead of 2020|date= 15 November 2017|website=Downtoearth.org.in|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref>
*2020 – Bharat Stage VI fuel norms from 1 April 2020 nationwide switching India to world's cleanest diesel and [[Gasoline|petrol]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 20, 2020 |title=Oil firms ready for BS-VI roll out: IOCL chairman Sanjiv Singh |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/feb/20/oil-firms-ready-for-bs-vi-roll-out-iocl-chairman-sanjiv-singh-2105994.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228073511/https://www.newindianexpress.com/business/2020/feb/20/oil-firms-ready-for-bs-vi-roll-out-iocl-chairman-sanjiv-singh-2105994.html |archive-date=February 28, 2020 |access-date=March 18, 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*2023 - Bharat Stage VI Second Phase Fuel norms from 1 April 2023 have only Petrol also called RDE norms with e20 fuels.

===CO2 emission===
India's auto sector accounts for about 18% of the total {{CO2}} emissions in the country. Relative {{CO2}} emissions from transport have risen rapidly in recent years, but like the EU, currently there are no standards for {{CO2}} emission limits for pollution from vehicles.

===Technology changes===

====Technology changes in petrol engines====

As per Bharat Stage-6 norms, the emission of carbon monoxide is to be reduced by 30% and {{NOx}} by 80%. The BS-6 norms also sets limits for Hydrocarbon and particulate emissions, which were not specified in earlier norms. To meet the emission requirements of Bharat Stage-6, the carburetors in petrol engines need to be replaced by the programmed fuel injectors. To further reduce tail pipe emissions, the exhaust system would be fitted with three way catalytic converters. The norms also mandates On-Board Diagnostic System (OBD) for all BS-6 compliant vehicles.<ref>https://autocurious.com/bharat-stage-6-all-you-need-to-know-about-bs-6-norms/ |title=Technology changes in BS6 petrol engines|website=autocurious.com.com |accessdate=2 February 2020</ref>

====Technology changes in diesel engines====

As per the Bharat Stage-6 norms, the {{NOx}} emissions from a diesel engines are to be reduced by 70% and particulates by 80%.
To achieve this, the engines need to be equipped with Euro-6 compliant technologies. The major technical changes to associated with this are:

# Fitting diesel particulate filters in exhaust system.
# Using selective catalytic reduction (SCR) or [[exhaust gas recirculation]] (EGR) techniques to reduce {{NOx}} in emissions.
# An on-board diagnostic system required to monitor the malfunctioning of parts related to emissions<ref>{{cite web|url=https://autocurious.com/bharat-stage-6-all-you-need-to-know-about-bs-6-norms/ |title=Technology changes in BS6 petrol engines|website=autocurious.com |accessdate=2 February 2020}}</ref>

====Obligatory labelling====
There is also no provision to make the {{CO2}} emissions labelling mandatory on cars in the country. A system exists in the EU to ensure that information relating to the fuel economy and {{CO2}} emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers to enable consumers to make an informed choice.

==Non-road diesel engines==
{{Further|Non-road diesel engine}}

===Construction machinery===
Emission standards for diesel construction machinery were adopted on 21 September 2006. The standards are structured into two tiers:

* Bharat (CEV) Stage II—These standards are based on the EU Stage I requirements, but also cover smaller engines that were not regulated under the EU Stage I.
* Bharat (CEV) Stage III—These standards are based on US Tier 2/3 requirements.

The standards are summarised in the following table:

The limit values apply for both type approval (TA) and conformity of production (COP) testing. Testing is performed on an engine dynamo-meter over the [[ISO 8178]] C1 (8-mode) and D2 (5-mode) test cycles.
The Bharat Stage III standards must be met over the useful life periods shown in Table 11. Alternatively, manufacturers may use fixed emission deterioration factors of 1.1 for CO, 1.05 for HC, 1.05 for {{chem|NO|x}}, and 1.1 for PM.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 11:
Bharat (CEV) Stage III useful life periods
|-
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" | Power rating
! Useful life period
|- align="center"
| hours
|-
| colspan="2" | < 19 kW
| 3,000
|-
| rowspan="2" | 19–37 kW
| Constant speed
| 3,000
|-
| Variable speed
| 5,000
|-
| colspan="2" | > 37 kW
| 8,000
|}

===Agricultural tractors===
Emission standards for diesel agricultural tractors are summarised in Table 12.

{| class="wikitable" style="width:96%"
|+ Table 12: Bharat (Trem) emission standards for diesel agricultural tractors
|-
! Engine power
! rowspan="2" | Date
! CO
! HC
! HC+{{chem|NO|x}}
! {{chem|NO|x}}
! PM
|- align="center"
| kW
| colspan="5" | g/kW⋅h
|-
| class="hi lft" colspan="7" | '''Bharat (Trem) Stage I'''
|-
| All
| 1999-10
| 14.0
| 3.5
| -
| 18.0
| -
|-
| class="hi lft" colspan="7" | '''Bharat (Trem) Stage II'''
|-
| All
| 2003-06
| 9.0
| -
| 15.0
| -
| 1.00
|-
| class="hi lft" colspan="7" | '''Bharat (Trem) Stage III'''
|-
| All
| 2005-10
| 5.5
| -
| 9.5
| -
| 0.80
|-
| class="hi lft" colspan="7" | '''Bharat (Trem) Stage III A'''
|-
| P < 8
| 2010-04
| 5.5
| -
| 8.5
| -
| 0.80
|-
| 8 ≤ P < 19
| 2010-04
| 5.5
| -
| 8.5
| -
| 0.80
|-
| 19 ≤ P < 37
| 2010-04
| 5.5
| -
| 7.5
| -
| 0.60
|-
| 37 ≤ P < 56
| 2011-04
| 5.0
| -
| 4.7
| -
| 0.40
|-
| 56 ≤ P < 75
| 2011-04
| 5.0
| -
| 4.7
| -
| 0.40
|-
| 75 ≤ P < 130
| 2011-04
| 5.0
| -
| 4.0
| -
| 0.30
|-
| 130 ≤ P < 560
| 2011-04
| 3.5
| -
| 4.0
| -
| 0.20
|}

Emissions are tested over the ISO 8178 C1 (8-mode) cycle. For Bharat (Trem) Stage III A, the useful life periods and deterioration factors are the same as for Bharat (CEV) Stage III, Table 11.

==Electricity generation==

===Generator sets===
Emissions from new diesel engines used in generator sets have been regulated by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India [GSR 371 (E), 17 May 2002]. The regulations impose type approval certification, production conformity testing and labelling requirements. Certification agencies include the [[Automotive Research Association of India]] (ARAI) and the [[Vehicle Research and Development Establishment]] (VRDE). The emission standards are listed below.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 13:
Emission standards for diesel engines ≤ 800 kW for generator sets
|-
! rowspan="2" | Engine power (P)
! rowspan="2" | Date
! CO
! HC
! {{chem|NO|x}}
! PM
! Smoke
|- align="center"
| colspan="4" | g/kWh
| 1/m
|-
| rowspan="2" | P ≤ 19 kW
| 2004-01
| 5.0
| 1.3
| 9.2
| 0.6
| 0.7
|-
| 2005-07
| 3.5
| 1.3
| 9.2
| 0.3
| 0.7
|-
| rowspan="2" | 19 kW < P ≤ 50 kW
| 2004-01
| 5.0
| 1.3
| 9.2
| 0.5
| 0.7
|-
| 2004-07
| 3.5
| 1.3
| 9.2
| 0.3
| 0.7
|-
| 50 kW < P ≤ 176 kW
| 2004-01
| 3.5
| 1.3
| 9.2
| 0.3
| 0.7
|-
| 176 kW < P ≤ 800 kW
| 2004-11
| 3.5
| 1.3
| 9.2
| 0.3
| 0.7
|}

Engines are tested over the 5-mode ISO 8178 D2 test cycle. Smoke opacity is measured at full load.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 14:
Emission limits for diesel engines > 800 kW for generator sets
|-
! rowspan="2" | Date
! CO
! NMHC
! {{chem|NO|x}}
! PM
|- align="center"
| mg/N⋅m3
| mg/N⋅m3
| ppm(v)
| mg/N⋅m3
|-
| Until 2003-06
| 150
| 150
| 1100
| 75
|-
| 2003-07 – 2005-06
| 150
| 100
| 970
| 75
|-
| 2005-07
| 150
| 100
| 710
| 75
|}

Concentrations are corrected to dry exhaust conditions with 15% residual {{chem|O|2}}.

===Power plants===
The emission standards for thermal power plants in India are being enforced based on Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 of Government of India and its amendments from time to time.<ref>[http://www.imteag.com/02-2007-10.pdf Emission standards for power plants]{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> A summary of emission norms for coal- and gas-based thermal power plants is given in Tables 15 and 16.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 15:
Environmental standards for coal- and gas-based power plants
|-
! Capacity
! Pollutant
! Emission limit
|-
| colspan="3" | Coal based thermal plants
|-
| Below 210 MW
| Particulate matter (PM)
| 350 mg/N⋅m3
|-
| 210 MW and above
| 
| 150 mg/N⋅m3
|-
| 500 MW and above
| 
| 50 mg/N⋅m3
|-
| colspan="3" | Gas based thermal plants
|-
| 400 MW and above
| {{chem|NO|x}} (V/V at 15% excess oxygen)
| 50 PPM for natural gas; 100 PPM for naphtha
|-
| Below 400 MW and up to 100 MW
| 
| 75 PPM for natural gas; 100 PPM for naphtha
|-
| Below 100 MW
| 
| 100 PPM for naphtha/natural gas
|-
| For conventional boilers
| 
| 100 PPM
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 16:
Stack height requirement for {{chem|SO|2}} control
|-
! Power generation capacity
! Stack height (m)
|-
| Less than 200/210 MWe
| H = 14 (Q)0.3 where Q is emission rate of {{chem|SO|2}} in kg/h, H = Stack height in metres
|-
| 200/210 MWe or less than 500 MWe 200
| 200
|-
| 500 MWe and above
| 275 (+ Space provision for FGD systems in future)
|}

The norm for 500 MW and above coal-based power plant being practised is 40 to 50 mg/N⋅m and space is provided in the plant layout for [[super thermal power station]]s for installation of [[flue gas]] desulfurisation (FGD) system. But FGD is not installed, as it is not required for low sulphur Indian coals while considering {{chem|SO|x}} emission from individual chimney.

In addition to the above emission standards, the selection of a site for a new power plant has to
maintain the local ambient air quality as given in Table 17.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 17:
Ambient air quality standard
|-
! rowspan="2" | Category
! colspan="4" | Concentration (g/m3)
|-
| SPM
| {{chem|SO|x}}
| CO
| {{chem|NO|x}}
|-
| Industrial and mixed-use
| 500
| 120
| 5,000
| 120
|-
| Residential and rural
| 200
| 80
| 2,000
| 80
|-
| Sensitive
| 100
| 30
| 1,000
| 30
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Table 18: World Bank norms for new projects
|-
! Existing air quality
! Recommendation
|-
| {{chem|SO|x}} > 100 μg/m3
| No project
|-
| {{chem|SO|x}} = 100 μg/m3
| Polluted area, max from a project 100 t/day
|-
| {{chem|SO|x}} < 50 μg/m3
| Unpolluted area, max from a project 500 t/day
|}

However the norms for {{chem|SO|x}} are even stricter for selection of sites for World Bank funded projects (refer Table 18). For example, if {{chem|SO|x}} level is higher than 100 μg/m3, no project with further {{chem|SO|x}} emission can be set up; if {{chem|SO|x}} level is 100 μg/m3, it is called polluted area and maximum emission from a project should not exceed 100 t/day; and if {{chem|SO|x}} is less than 50 μg/m3, it is called unpolluted area, but the {{chem|SO|x}} emission from a project should not exceed 500 t/day. The stipulation for {{chem|NO|x}} emission is that its emission should not exceed 260 g of {{chem|NO|x}}/GJ of heat input.

In view of the above, it may be seen that improved environment norms are linked to financing and are being enforced by international financial institutions and not by the policies/laws of land.

==Fuels==
Fuel quality plays a very important role in meeting the stringent emission regulation.

The fuel specifications of petrol and diesel have been aligned with the Corresponding European Fuel Specifications for meeting the Euro II, Euro III and Euro IV emission norms.

The BS IV grade fuel was introduced in 2010 and is available in 39 cities, as reported in 2016. The rest of the country has to make do with BS III fuel.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Karunakaran|first1=Naren|title=Hasty introduction of Euro VI fuel norms triggers a slugfest between automakers, oil companies|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/auto/news/industry/hasty-introduction-of-euro-vi-fuel-norms-triggers-a-slugfest-between-automakers-oil-companies/articleshow/51987185.cms|access-date=3 July 2016|work=The Economic Times/The Times of India|date=26 Apr 2016}}</ref>

The use of alternative fuels has been promoted in India both for energy security and emission reduction. Delhi and Mumbai have more than 100,000 commercial vehicles running on CNG fuel. Delhi has the largest number of CNG commercial vehicles running anywhere in the World. India is planning to introduce Bio-diesel, ethanol petrol blends in a phased manner and has drawn up a road map for the same. The Indian auto industry is working with the authorities to facilitate for introduction of the alternative fuels. India has also set up a task force for preparing the Hydrogen road map. The use of LPG has also been introduced as an auto fuel and the oil industry has drawn up plans for setting up of auto LPG dispensing stations in major cities.

===Indian petrol specifications===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Table 19: Indian petrol specifications
|-
! Serial no.
! Characteristics
! Unit
! BS 2
! BS 3
! BS 4
! BS 6
! BS 7
|-
| 1
| align="left" | Density 15 °C
| kg/m3
| 710–770
| 720–775
| 720–775
|720-775
|-
| 2
| align=left | Distillation
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| 3
| align=left | a) Recovery up to 70 °C (E70) b) Recovery up to 100 °C (E100) c) Recovery up to 180 °C (E180) d) Recovery up to 150 °C (E150) e) Final boiling point (FBP), max f) Residue max
| % volume % volume % volume % volume °C % volume
| 10–45 40–70 90 - 210 2
| 10–45 40–70 - 75 min 210 2
| 10–45 40–70 - 75 min 210 2
|
|-
| 4
| Research Octane Number (RON), min
|
| 88
| 91
| 91
|
|-
| 5
| Anti-Knock Index (AKI)/ MON, min
|
| 84 (AKI)
| 81 (MON)
| 81 (MON)
|
|-
| 6
| Sulphur, total, max
| % mass
| 500 mg/kg
| 150 mg/kg
| 50 mg/kg
| 10 mg/kg
|-
| 7
| Lead content (as Pb), max
| 200 
| 61.05
| 2.005
| 16.005
|
|-
| 8
| Reid vapour pressure (RVP), max
| kPa
| 35–60
| 60
| 60
|
|-
| 9
| Benzene content, max a) For metros b) For the rest
| % volume
| - 3 5
| 1
| 1
|
|-
| 10
| Olefin content, max
| % volume
| -
| 21
| 21
|
|-
| 11
| Aromatic content, max
| % volume
| -
| 42
| 35<
|
|}

===Indian diesel specifications===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Table 20: Indian diesel specifications
|-
! Serial no.
! Characteristic
! BS II
! BS III
! BS IV
! BS V
! BS VI
|-
| 1
| align=left | Density kg/m3 15 °C
| 820-800
| 820–845
| 820–845
|
|
|-
| 2
| align=left | Sulphur content mg/kg max
| 500
| 350
| 50
| 10
| 10
|-
| 3(a) 3(b)
| align=left | Cetane number minimum and / or Cetane index
| 48 or 46
| 51 and 46
| 51 and 46
|
|
|-
| 4
| align=left | [[Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon]]
| -
| 11
| 11
|
|
|-
| 5 (a) (b) (c)
| align=left | Distillation Reco min at 350 °C Reco min at 370 °C 95% vol. reco at 0 °C
| 85 95 -
| - - 360
| - - 360
|
|
|}

===Diesel fuel quality in India===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Table 21: Diesel fuel quality in India
|-
! Date
! Particulars
|-
| 1995
| Cetane number: 45; Sulphur: 1%
|-
| 1996
| Sulphur: 0.5% (Delhi + selected cities)
|-
| 1998
| Sulphur: 0.25% (Delhi)
|-
| 1999
| Sulphur: 0.05% (Delhi, limited supply)
|-
| 2000
| Cetane number: 48; Sulfur: 0.25% (Nationwide)
|-
| 2001
| Sulphur: 0.05% (Delhi + selected cities)
|-
| 2005
| Sulphur: 350 ppm (Euro 3; selected areas)
|-
| 2010
| Sulphur: 350 ppm (Euro 3; nationwide)
|-
| 2016
| Sulphur: 50 ppm (Euro 4; major cities)
|-
| 2017
| Sulphur: 50 ppm (Euro 4; nationwide)
|-
| 2020
| Sulphur: 10ppm (Euro 6; entire country)
|}

===Indian bio-diesel specifications===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Table 22: Indian bio-diesel specifications
|-
! Serial no.
! Characteristics
! Requirement
! colspan="2" | Method of test, ref. to
|-
|
| 
| 
| '''Other methods'''
| '''[P:] of IS 1448'''
|-
| (1)
| (2)
| (3)
| (4)
| (5)
|-
| i.
| align=left | Density at 15 °C, kg/m3
| align=left | 860–900
| ISO 3675
| P:16/
|-
|
| 
| 
| ISO 12185
| P:32
|-
|
| 
| 
| ASTM
|
|-
| ii.
| align=left | Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C, cSt
| align=left | 2.5–6.0
| ISO 3104
| P:25
|-
| iii.
| align=left | Flash point (PMCC) °C, min
| align=left | 120
| P:21
|
|-
| iv.
| align=left | Sulphur, mg/kg max
| align=left | 50.0
| ASTM D 5453
| P:83
|-
| v
| align=left | Carbon residue (Ramsbottom)*, % by mass, max
| align=left | 0.05
| ASTM D 4530ISO 10370
| -
|-
| vi.
| align=left | Sulfated ash, % by mass, max
| align=left | 0.02
| ISO 6245
| P:4
|-
| vii.
| align=left | Water content, mg/kg, max
| align=left | 500
| ASTM D 2709
| P:40
|-
|
| 
| 
| ISO 3733
|
|-
|
| 
| 
| ISO 6296
|
|-
| viii
| align=left | Total contamination, mg/kg, max
| align=left | 24
| EN 12662
| -
|-
| ix
| align=left | Cu corrosion, 3 h at 50 °C, max
| align=left | 1
| ISO 2160
| P:15
|-
| x
| align=left | Cetane no., min
| align=left | 51
| ISO 5156
| P:9
|-
| xi
| align=left | Acid value, mg KOH/g, max
| align=left | 0.50
| -
| P:1 / Sec 1
|-
| xii
| align=left | Methanol @, % by mass, max
| align=left | 0.20
| EN 14110
| -
|-
| xiii
| align=left | Ethanol, @@ % by mass, max
| align=left | 0.20
| -
|
|-
| xiv
| align=left | Ester content, % by mass, min
| align=left | 96.5
| EN 14103
| -
|-
| xv
| align=left | Free glycerol, % by mass, max
| align=left | 0.02
| ASTM D 6584
| -
|-
| xvi
| align=left | Total glycerol, % by mass, max
| align=left | 0.25
| ASTM D 6584
| -
|-
| xvii
| align=left | Phosphorus, mg/kg, max
| align=left | 10.0
| ASTMD 4951
| -
|-
| xviii
| align=left | Sodium and Potassium, mg/kg, max
| align=left | To report
| EN 14108 &
| -
|-
| 
| 
| 
| EN 14109
| -
|-
| xix
| align=left | Calcium and magnesium, mg/kg, max
| align=left | To report
| <nowiki>**</nowiki>
| -
|-
| xx
| align=left | Iodine value
| align=left | To report
| EN 14104
| -
|-
| xxi
| align=left | Oxidation stability, at 110 °C h, min
| align=left | 6
| EN 14112
| -
|-
| colspan="5"|<nowiki>*</nowiki> Carbon residue shall be run on 100% sample
<nowiki>**</nowiki> European method is under development 
@ Applicable for Fatty Acid Methyl Ester 
@@ Applicable for Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester
|}

==Criticism and commentary==

===Ineffectiveness of the current pollution control system===
Presently, all vehicles need to undergo a periodic emission check (3 months / 6 months / 1 year) at PUC centres, fuel stations, and private garages which are authorised to check the vehicles. In addition, transport vehicles need to undergo an annual fitness check carried out by RTOs for emissions, safety and road-worthiness.

The objective of reducing pollution is not achieved to a large extent by the present system. Some reasons for this are:

* Independent centres do not follow rigorous procedures due to inadequate training.
* Equipment is not subjected to periodic calibration by an independent authority.
* Lack of professionalism has led to malpractice.
* A tracking system for non-compliant vehicles is non-existent.
* The Parivahan website (under MoRTH) for testing petrol/LPG/CNG vehicles does not have the CO-corrected formula specified by ARAI. Due to this deliberate omission by MoRTH, many vehicles with high CO emissions pass the pollution check.

===Comparison between Bharat stage and Euro norms===
The Bharat stage norms have been styled to suit specific needs and demands of Indian conditions. The differences lie essentially in environmental and geographical needs, even though the emission standards are exactly the same.

For instance, Euro III is tested at sub-zero temperatures in European countries. In India, where the average annual temperature ranges between 24 and 28 °C, the test is done away with.

Another major distinction is in the maximum speed at which the vehicle is tested. A speed of 90 km/h is stipulated for BS III, whereas it is 120 km/h for Euro III, keeping emission limits the same in both cases.

In addition to limits, test procedure has certain finer points too. For instance, the mass emission test measurements done in g/km on a chassis dynamometer requires a loading of 100 kg weight in addition to unloaded car weight in Europe. In India, BS III norms require an extra loading of 150 kg weight to achieve the desired inertia weight mainly due to road conditions here.<ref>{{cite web|author=Abhishek Sengupta |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/every-thing-about-bharat-stage-norms/articleshow/1026422.cms |title=TOI article on Bharat Stage norms |work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2005 |access-date=2 February 2011}}</ref>

===Non-existence of {{CO2}} limits===
Various groups and agencies have criticized the government and urged the government of India to draft mandatory [[fuel efficiency]] standards for cars in the country, or at least to make the {{CO2}} emissions labelling mandatory on all new cars in the country. The auto companies should inform the customers about a vehicle's emissions.<ref>{{cite web|author=Pratyush |url=http://pratyush.instablogs.com/entry/greenpeace-urges-india-to-set-mandatory-co2-emission-standards-for-carmakers/ |title=Greenpeace urges government for CO2 limits |website=Pratyush.instablogs.com |date=9 January 2008 |access-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713042153/http://pratyush.instablogs.com/entry/greenpeace-urges-india-to-set-mandatory-co2-emission-standards-for-carmakers/ |archive-date=13 July 2011 |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Cycle beating===
For the emission standards to deliver real emission reductions, it is crucial that the test cycles under which the emissions have to comply reflect normal driving situations as much as possible. It was discovered that manufacturers of engine would engage in what was called 'cycle beating' to optimize emission performance to the test cycle, while emissions from typical driving conditions would be much higher than expected, undermining the standards and public health. In one particular instance, research from two German technology institutes found that for diesel cars no 'real' {{chem|NO|x}} reductions have been achieved after 13 years of stricter standards.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.transportenvironment.org/docs/Bulletin/2006/2006-02_bulletin146_web.pdf |website=Transportenvironment.org |access-date=2 February 2011 |title=T&E Bulletin, March 2006 |archive-date=6 October 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006001315/http://www.transportenvironment.org/docs/Bulletin/2006/2006-02_bulletin146_web.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Regulatory framework==
In India, the rules and regulations related to driving licences, registration of motor vehicles, control of traffic, construction and maintenance of motor vehicles, etc. are governed by the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (MVA) and the Central Motor Vehicles rules 1989 (CMVR). The Ministry of Shipping, Road Transport & Highways (MoSRT&H) acts as a nodal agency for formulation and implementation of various provisions of the Motor Vehicle Act and CMVR.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/regulatoryframework.aspx |title=Emission regulatory framework in India |website=Siamindia.com |access-date=2 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110127104228/http://www.siamindia.com/scripts/regulatoryframework.aspx |archive-date=27 January 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

To involve all stake holders in regulation formulation, MoSRT&H has constituted two Committees to deliberate and advise Ministry on issues relating to Safety and Emission Regulations; namely:
* CMVR – Technical Standing Committee (CMVR-TSC)
* Standing Committee on Implementation of Emission Legislation (SCOE)

===CMVR – Technical Standing Committee (CMVR-TSC)===
This committee advises the MoSRT&H on various technical aspects related to CMVR. This committee has representatives from various organisations; namely: the [[Ministry of Heavy Industries]] & Public Enterprises (MoHI&PE), MoSRT&H, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), testing Agencies such as the Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), the [[International Centre for Automotive Technology]] (ICAT), the Vehicle Research Development & Establishment (VRDE), the [[Central Institute of Road Transport]] (CIRT), industry representatives from the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM), the Automotive Component Manufacturers Association (ACMA), and the Tractor Manufacturers Association (TMA) and representatives from state transport departments. Major functions of the committee are:
* To provide technical clarification and interpretation of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules having technical bearing to MoRT&H as and when so desired.
* To recommend to the Government the international/foreign standards which can be used in lieu of the standard notified under the CMVR permit use of components/parts/assemblies complying with such standards.
* To make recommendations on any other technical issues which have direct relevance in implementation of the Central Motor Vehicles Rules.
* To make recommendations on the new safety standards of various components for notification and implementation under Central Motor Vehicles Rules.
* To make recommendations on lead time for implementation of such safety standards.
* To recommend amendment of Central Motor Vehicles Rules having technical bearing keeping in view of Changes in automobile technologies.

CMVR-TSC is assisted by another Committee called the Automobile Industry Standards Committee (AISC) having members from various stakeholders in drafting the technical standards related to Safety. The major functions of the committee are as follows:
* Preparation of new standards for automotive items related to safety.
* To review and recommend amendments to the existing standards.
* Recommend adoption of such standards to CMVR Technical Standing Committee
* Recommend commissioning of testing facilities at appropriate stages.
* Recommend the necessary funding of such facilities to the CMVR Technical Standing Committee, and
* Advise CMVR Technical Standing Committee on any other issues referred to it

The National Standards for Automotive Industry are prepared by [[Bureau of Indian Standards]] (BIS). The standards formulated by AISC are also converted into Indian Standards by BIS. The standards formulated by both BIS and AISC are considered by CMVR-TSC for implementation.

===Standing Committee on Implementation of Emission Legislation (SCOE)===
This Committee deliberates the issues related to implementation of emission regulation. Major functions of this committee are:
* To discuss the future emission norms
* To recommend norms for in-use vehicles to MoSRT&H
* To finalise the test procedures and the implementation strategy for emission norms
* To advise the MoSRT&H on any issue relating to implementation of emission regulations.

Based on the recommendations from CMVR-TSC and SCOE, MoSRT&H issues notification for necessary amendments to the Central Motor Vehicle Rules.

In addition, the other Ministries like the Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF), the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas (MoPNG), and the Ministry of Non-Conventional Energy Sources are also involved in formulation of regulations relating to emissions, noise, fuels and alternative fuel vehicles.

==See also==
*[[Air pollution in India]]
*[[Automotive Industry Standards]]
*[[Non-exhaust emissions|Regulation on non-exhaust emissions]]
* [[Bharat NCAP]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|last1=Bansal|first1=Gaurav|last2=Bandivadekar|first2=Anup|title=Overview Of India's Vehicle Emissions Control Program - Past Successes And Future Prospects|url=http://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_IndiaRetrospective_2013.pdf|publisher=[[The International Council on Clean Transportation]]|access-date=22 July 2014|year=2013}}

[[Category:Emission standards]]
[[Category:Air pollution in India]]
[[Category:Standards of India]]

Sonam Bajwa

2026-03-17T06:43:45Z

Beefurb: quick add details based on references further and corrected details

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1989)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sonam Bajwa
| image = Sonam Bajwa snapped promoting Baaghi 4 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Bajwa in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|08|16|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Nainital]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now [[Uttarakhand]]), India
| alma mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years_active = 2013–present
| height =
}}

'''Sonampreet Bajwa'''<ref name="BeautyPageant"/> (born 16 August 1989) is an Indian actress who predominantly works in [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and Hindi films. One of the highest paid and most popular actresses of [[Punjabi cinema]],<ref name="Paid" /><ref>{{Cite news |title=9 highest paid actors in Punjabi cinema |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/sonam-bajwa-diljit-dosanjh-sargun-mehta-9-highest-paid-actors-in-punjabi-cinema-1706535781285 |access-date=31 January 2024 |work=DNA India |archive-date=16 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240216180851/https://www.dnaindia.com/web-stories/entertainment/sonam-bajwa-diljit-dosanjh-sargun-mehta-9-highest-paid-actors-in-punjabi-cinema-1706535781285 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bajwa is a recipient of two [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards]] along with nominations for four [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vashist |first=Neha |date=13 August 2021 |title=Sonam Bajwa: 5 characters that prove she is the most versatile actress in Pollywood |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sonam-bajwa-5-characters-that-prove-she-is-the-most-versatile-actress-in-pollywood/photostory/85294787.cms |access-date=11 January 2022 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302171039/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sonam-bajwa-5-characters-that-prove-she-is-the-most-versatile-actress-in-pollywood/photostory/85294787.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sonam Bajwa's all black look gets the netizens hooked |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sonam-bajwas-all-black-look-gets-the-netizens-hooked/articleshow/87664669.cms |work=The Times of India |date=12 November 2021 |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111180355/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sonam-bajwas-all-black-look-gets-the-netizens-hooked/articleshow/87664669.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

After participating in the 2012 [[Femina Miss India]] contest, Bajwa made her acting debut with the Punjabi film ''[[Best of Luck (2013 film)|Best Of Luck]]'' (2013) and made her Tamil film debut with ''[[Kappal]]''. Bajwa established herself as a leading actor in Punjabi films with successful films such as ''[[Punjab 1984]]'' (2014), ''[[Sardaar Ji 2]]'' (2016), ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' (2016), ''[[Manje Bistre]]'' (2017), ''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]'' (2017), ''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]'' (2018), ''[[Guddiyan Patole]]'' (2019), ''[[Ardab Mutiyaran]]'' (2019), and ''[[Honsla Rakh]]'' (2021). She made her Telugu film debut with ''[[Aatadukundam Raa]]'' (2016).<ref name="model">{{cite news |title=Punjabi model turns Tamil bride |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/11/26/Punjabi-Model-Turns-Tamil-Bride/article2540747.ece |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |author=Rinku Gupta |date=26 November 2014 |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-date=11 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511054650/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/11/26/Punjabi-Model-Turns-Tamil-Bride/article2540747.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref>. In 2025, she expanded into Hindi cinema appearing in the films ''[[Housefull 5]]'' and ''[[Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat]]''. Bajwa won the [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards|PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Actress]] for her performance in ''Ardab Mutiyaran''. She has also received two [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|Filmfare Awards Punjabi – Best Actress]] nomination for ''Manje Bistre'' and ''Nikka Zaildar 2''.<ref name="PTC2020"/>

== Early life ==
Sonam Bajwa was born on 16 August 1989 in [[Nainital]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] (now in [[Uttarakhand]]) in a [[Punjabi Sikh]] family.<ref name="Birthday">{{cite news |title=Sonam Bajwa thanks everyone for the birthday wishes, says she is blessed beyond measure |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sonam-bajwa-thanks-everyone-for-the-birthday-wishes-says-she-is-blessed-beyond-measure/articleshow/77588174.cms |access-date=7 October 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=17 August 2020 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227003155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sonam-bajwa-thanks-everyone-for-the-birthday-wishes-says-she-is-blessed-beyond-measure/articleshow/77588174.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sonam's dreams come true |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/11/26/Sonam%E2%80%99s-Dreams-Come-True/article2540756.ece |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |author=Rinku Gupta |date=26 November 2014 |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-date=7 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507204639/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2014/11/26/Sonam%E2%80%99s-Dreams-Come-True/article2540756.ece |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="SportsGrail"/> She completed her graduation at [[Delhi University]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=10 |title=About Us |publisher=Du.ac.in |date=26 February 2011 |access-date=18 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516193256/http://www.du.ac.in/index.php?id=10 |archive-date=16 May 2012}}</ref> In 2012, she moved to [[Mumbai]] and participated in the [[Femina Miss India]] contest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.beautypageants.in/Contestants/Miss-India-2012/photolist/11777780.cms |title=Femina Miss India 2012 Contestants |access-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027164718/https://m.beautypageants.in/Contestants/Miss-India-2012/photolist/11777780.cms |archive-date=27 October 2015 |work=E Times - Beauty Pageants}}</ref> Bajwa then became an air hostess, but later quit it to pursue a career in acting.<ref name="model"/><ref name="BeautyPageant">{{cite web |url=http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/photoshow/11777780.cms?curpg=17 |title=Sonampreet Bajwa Profile |work=Times Internet |access-date=22 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027164718/http://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/photoshow/11777780.cms?curpg=17 |archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Debut and established actress in Punjabi films (2013–2024) ===
Bajwa made her acting debut with ''[[Best of Luck (2013 film)|Best Of Luck]]'' in 2013 alongside [[Gippy Grewal]] and [[Jazzy B]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jazzy B with Gippy Grewal in Punjabi Film |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/news-interviews/31764783_1_india-universe-miss-india-debut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716051756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/news-interviews/31764783_1_india-universe-miss-india-debut |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 July 2013 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=18 May 2012}}</ref> In 2014, she worked in ''[[Punjab 1984]]'' opposite [[Diljit Dosanjh]].<ref name="model"/><ref>{{cite news |title=Happy Birthday Sonam Bajwa: Her 10 Jaw-Dropping Pictures That You Shouldn't Miss |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/happy-birthday-sonam-bajwa-her-10-jaw-dropping-pictures-that-you-shouldnt-miss/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=PTC Punjabi |date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221123730/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/happy-birthday-sonam-bajwa-her-10-jaw-dropping-pictures-that-you-shouldnt-miss/ |url-status=live}}</ref> She made her Tamil film debut with ''[[Kappal]]'' opposite [[Vaibhav Reddy|Vaibhav]] the same year.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Sudhir |title=This Kappal doesn't sink |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/review-this-kappal-doesnt-sink/article6725209.ece |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=25 December 2014 |language=en-IN |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113023122/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/review-this-kappal-doesnt-sink/article6725209.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

Bajwa had four films in 2016 - ''[[Sardaar Ji 2]]'' opposite Diljit Dosanjh,<ref name="CIEDITOR-PRERNA 2016">{{cite web |author=CIEDITOR-PRERNA |title=Sonam Bajwa grateful to brave Diljit! |website=Canindia News |date=4 June 2016 |url=http://www.canindia.com/sonam-bajwa-grateful-to-brave-diljit/ |accessdate=4 June 2016 |archive-date=25 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625043321/http://www.canindia.com/sonam-bajwa-grateful-to-brave-diljit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]'' opposite [[Ammy Virk]],<ref name="Punjabi Movie">{{Cite web |url=http://punjabisheaven.com/ammy-virk-sonam-bajwas-nikka-zaildar-poster/ |title=First look: Ammy and Sonam's Nikka Zaildar |last=punjabi |first=Film |website=Punjabisheaven |access-date=20 August 2016 |archive-date=17 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817113124/http://punjabisheaven.com/ammy-virk-sonam-bajwas-nikka-zaildar-poster/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Born to Be King'' opposite Ateesh Randev and her Telugu debut ''[[Aatadukundam Raa]]'' opposite [[Sushanth]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/aatadukundam-raa/movie-review/53775210.cms|title=Aatadukundam Raa Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Aatadukundam Raa | newspaper=The Times of India|first=Pranita|last=Jonnalagedda|date=19 August 2016|access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> In 2017, she appeared opposite Gippy Grewal in ''[[Manje Bistre]]'', opposite Dosanjh ''[[Super Singh]]'' and opposite Ammy Virk in ''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-singh-review-round-up-diljit-dosanjh-manages-to-tickle-funny-bone-with-superhero-act-3706947.html |title=Super Singh review round up: Diljit Dosanjh manages to tickle funny bone with superhero act |work=First Post |date=17 June 2017 |accessdate=17 June 2017 |archive-date=4 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904151145/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/super-singh-review-round-up-diljit-dosanjh-manages-to-tickle-funny-bone-with-superhero-act-3706947.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/122262/review-nikka-zaildar-2-is-a-delight-for-punjabi-cinema-lovers/ |title=Review: 'Nikka Zaildar 2' is a delight for Punjabi Cinema lovers! |last=BookMyShow |website=santabanta.com |language=en |access-date=3 February 2018 |archive-date=3 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203181220/http://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/122262/review-nikka-zaildar-2-is-a-delight-for-punjabi-cinema-lovers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she appeared in ''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]'', opposite Grewal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3980 |title=Carry On Jatta 2 Creates History in Punjabi Film Industry |publisher=Box Office India |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511045453/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3980 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="PTC2019">{{cite news |title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2019: Here's The Full List Of Nominations |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2019-heres-the-full-list-of-nominations |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=PTC Punjabi |date=10 March 2019 |archive-date=14 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114035234/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2019-heres-the-full-list-of-nominations/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Puaada Behind the Scenes Song Making.jpg|thumb|Bajwa with [[Ammy Virk]] on the set of ''[[Puaada]]'' (2021)]]

Bajwa worked in five films in 2019. She worked in ''[[Guddiyan Patole]]'' opposite [[Gurnam Bhullar]],<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/guddiyan-patole-gurnam-bhullar-and-sonam-bajwa-break-the-monday-monotony-with-the-title-track/articleshow/68043971.cms |title=Guddiyan Patole: Gurnam Bhullar and Sonam Bajwa break the Monday monotony with the title track |date=18 February 2019 |newspaper=The Times of India |language=en |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511045452/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/guddiyan-patole-gurnam-bhullar-and-sonam-bajwa-break-the-monday-monotony-with-the-title-track/articleshow/68043971.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Muklawa]]'' opposite Virk,<ref>{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=13 April 2019 |title=Muklawa trailer out: See Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa together once again |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/muklawa-trailer-see-ammy-virk-sonam-bajwa-together-1502745130.html |access-date=22 October 2022 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022064024/https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/muklawa-trailer-see-ammy-virk-sonam-bajwa-together-1502745130.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]'' opposite [[Parmish Verma]], ''[[Ardab Mutiyaran]]'' opposite Ajay Sarkaria and ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]'' opposite [[Ayushmann Khurrana]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ardab-mutiyaran-dialogue-promo-watch-sonam-bajwa-fighting-the-evils-of-society-in-babbu-bains-style/articleshow/71629156.cms |title='Ardab Mutiyaran' dialogue promo: Watch Sonam Bajwa fighting the evils of society in Babbu Bains' style |website=The Times of India |date=17 October 2019 |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=7 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107061119/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/ardab-mutiyaran-dialogue-promo-watch-sonam-bajwa-fighting-the-evils-of-society-in-babbu-bains-style/articleshow/71629156.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She won the [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2020|PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Actress]] for ''Ardab Mutiyaran''.<ref name="PTC2020">{{cite news |title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2020: Here's What The Winners Have To Say |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2020-heres-what-the-winners-have-to-say/ |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=PTC Punjabi |date=4 July 2020 |archive-date=23 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123181433/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2020-heres-what-the-winners-have-to-say/ |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2020, she appeared in ''[[Jinde Meriye]]'' opposite Parmish Verma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's why Street Dancer 3D could not be titled ABCD3 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-why-street-dancer-3d-could-not-be-titled-abcd3-32421.html |access-date=15 February 2021 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=23 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023124932/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-why-street-dancer-3d-could-not-be-titled-abcd3-32421.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, she appeared opposite Virk in ''[[Puaada]]'' and opposite Dosanjh in ''[[Honsla Rakh]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/mark-the-date-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-starrer-puaada-to-release-on-good-friday-2nd-april/articleshow/81469051.cms |title=Mark The Date! Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa starrer 'Puaada' to release on Good Friday, 2nd April |access-date=13 March 2021 |date=12 March 2021 |website=The Times of India |archive-date=12 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312131022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/mark-the-date-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-starrer-puaada-to-release-on-good-friday-2nd-april/articleshow/81469051.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/diljit-dosanjh-shehnaaz-gill-sonam-bajwa-honsla-rakh-first-poster-7193703/ |title=Honsla Rakh: Diljit Dosanjh collaborates with Shehnaaz Gill, Sonam Bajwa in comedy caper |website=The Indian Express |access-date=2 April 2021 |date=19 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303030443/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/diljit-dosanjh-shehnaaz-gill-sonam-bajwa-honsla-rakh-first-poster-7193703/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2022, she played the lead opposite [[Gurnam Bhullar]] in ''Mai Vyah Nahi Karona Tere Naal'', opposite Virk in ''[[Sher Bagga]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |access-date=24 June 2021 |title=Sher Bagga: Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa roped in for another Punjabi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sher-bagga-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-roped-in-for-another-punjabi-film/articleshow/83802009.cms |website=The Times of India |date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910011828/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sher-bagga-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-roped-in-for-another-punjabi-film/articleshow/83802009.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> opposite Ajay Sarkaria in ''[[Jind Mahi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://punjabimania.com/post/jind-mahi-sonam-bajwa-and-ajay-sarkaria-to-play-lead-in-sameer-pannus-directorial-debut |title=Jind Mahi: Sonam Bajwa and Ajay Sarkaria to play lead in Sameer Pannu's directorial debut |first=Dixit |last=Bhargav |website=Punjabimania.com |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=12 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212195007/https://punjabimania.com/post/jind-mahi-sonam-bajwa-and-ajay-sarkaria-to-play-lead-in-sameer-pannus-directorial-debut |url-status=dead }}</ref> and opposite Vaibhav in ''[[Kaatteri]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060918/unpredictable-screenplay-is-kaatteri-highlight.html |title=Unpredictable screenplay is Kaatteri highlight |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=6 September 2018 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-date=12 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112095321/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060918/unpredictable-screenplay-is-kaatteri-highlight.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2023, she played a lead role in ''[[Godday Godday Chaa]]''<ref>{{cite news |title=Godday Godday Chaa: The release date of Sonam Bajwa, Tania, and Gitaz Bindrakhia is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/godday-godday-chaa-the-release-date-of-sonam-bajwa-tania-and-gitaz-bindrakhia-is-out/articleshow/98113810.cms |work=The Times of India |date=21 February 2023 |access-date=27 May 2024}}</ref> and [[Carry on Jatta 3|''Carry On Jatta'' 3]].<ref>{{Cite news |title='Carry on Jatta 3' release date announced; Check all details about Gippy Grewal and Sonam Bajwa's upcoming film |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/carry-on-jatta-3-release-date-announced-check-all-details-about-gippy-grewal-and-sonam-bajwas-upcoming-film/articleshow/99615831.cms |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |date=19 April 2023 |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref> In 2024, she played the lead opposite Virk in ''[[Kudi Haryane Val Di]]''.<ref name="IE_May2024"/>

=== Expansion to Hindi films (2025–present) ===
In 2025, Bajwa made her debut in Hindi films with ''[[Housefull 5]]'' opposite [[Riteish Deshmukh]]. The film was released in two versions, titled ''Housefull 5A'' and ''Housefull 5B'', each featuring a different climax and murderer.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Housefull 5' wraps filming, movie to release in June 2025 |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/housefull-5-wraps-filming-movie-to-release-in-june-2025-3331664 |date=25 December 2024 |access-date=27 January 2025 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ramachandran |first1=Naman |title=Inside Sajid Nadiadwala's 'Housefull 5' Multiple Endings Gambit: 'Bringing Back That Element of Surprise' (Exclusive) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/sajid-nadiadwala-housefull-5-multiple-endings-1236413688/ |website=Variety |date=30 May 2025 |accessdate=30 May 2025}}</ref> Devesh Sharma stated that she adds to the "glamour quotient", but has nothing to do in the film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sharma |first1=Devesh |title=Housefull 5 Review: Leave your brains behind |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/housefull-5-review-leave-your-brains-behind-74467.html |website=Filmfare |accessdate=6 June 2025}}</ref> A commercial success, it emerged as one of the highest grossing film of the year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide 2025 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2025/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=25 January 2025}}</ref> Following this, she played a bar dancer in ''[[Baaghi 4]]'' opposite [[Tiger Shroff]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sonam Bajwa joins Tiger Shroff in Sajid Nadiadwala's 'Baaghi 4' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sonam-bajwa-joins-tiger-shroff-in-sajid-nadiadwalas-baaghi-4/articleshow/116161483.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |date=10 December 2024 |access-date=4 September 2025}}</ref> Shachi Chaturvedi stated, "Sonam enters with some promise, but her character never gets the space to grow. Despite this limitation, she delivers a decent performance. The film, however, underperformed at the box office and emerged as a commercial failure."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Shachi |date=5 September 2025 |title=Baaghi 4 Review: Tiger Shroff's Film Looks Disjointed And Repetitive |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/bollywood/baaghi-4-review-tiger-shroff-film-looks-disjointed-and-repetitive-ws-l-9551343.html |work=News18 |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref>

In the same year, Bajwa starred opposite [[Harshvardhan Rane]] in ''[[Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat]]'' a romantic drama film that received positive audience feedback for its emotional storytelling and intense chemistry between the lead pair. Critics appreciated Bajwa’s heartfelt portrayal, calling it one of her most expressive performances to date.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat: Harshvardhan Rane and Sonam Bajwa's film receives positive audience feedback |url=https://www.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/ek-deewane-ki-deewaniyat-harshvardhan-rane-and-sonam-bajwas-film-receives-positive-audience-feedback/articleshow/124774236.cms |work=Times of India |date=24 October 2025 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>.

== In the media ==
[[File:Sonam Bajwa snapped on the sets of The Kapil Sharma Show (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Bajwa in 2023]]

Bajwa is considered one of the highest-paid and prominent actresses of [[Punjabi cinema]].<ref name="Paid">{{Cite news |title=Sonam Bajwa to Neeru Bajwa: The richest Punjabi actresses and their net worth |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-richest-punjabi-actress-2022-know-their-net-worth-in-hindi |access-date=26 December 2022 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hindi |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510180851/https://www.amarujala.com/amp/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-richest-punjabi-actress-2022-know-their-net-worth-in-hindi |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sonam Bajwa to Surveen Chawla: Check out the list of the highest paid Punjabi actresses |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-sonam-bajwa-to-surveen-chawla-highest-paid-punjabi-actress-know-net-worth-5676939.html |access-date=31 March 2023 |work=News18 India |language=hindi |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328022332/https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/bollywood-sonam-bajwa-to-surveen-chawla-highest-paid-punjabi-actress-know-net-worth-5676939.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She is also known for her fashion sense and styling.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Hawt Punjabi Kudi Sonam Bajwa |url=https://www.rediff.com/getahead/report/hawt-punjabi-kudi-sonam-bajwa/20230504.htm |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806104029/https://m.rediff.com/amp/getahead/report/hawt-punjabi-kudi-sonam-bajwa/20230504.htm |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sexy Siren Sonam Bajwa! |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/lifestyle/sexy-siren-sonam-bajwa-35756-10-05-2023 |access-date=11 May 2023 |work=India Today |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806104029/https://www.indiatoday.in/visualstories/lifestyle/sexy-siren-sonam-bajwa-35756-10-05-2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the film ''[[Guddiyan Patole]]'', Bajwa was the highest paid actor, receiving more than her male counterparts.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Punjabi star Sonam Bajwa talks about pay parity in the industry |url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/punjabi-star-sonam-bajwa-talks-pay-parity-2222208.html/amp |access-date=28 December 2020 |work=Zee News |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725160858/https://zeenews.india.com/people/punjabi-star-sonam-bajwa-talks-pay-parity-2222208.html/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> Bajwa became the [[Times of india|''Chandigarh Times''{{'}} Most Desirable Woman]] thrice in 2016, 2017 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chandigarh Most Desirable Women |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2017/chandigarh-times-most-desirable-women |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806104029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/times-poll-2017/chandigarh-times-most-desirable-women |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Chandigarh Times Most Desirable Woman 2017: Sonam Bajwa |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/chandigarh-times-most-desirable-woman-2017-sonam-bajwa/articleshow/63627615.cms |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |date=5 April 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806104031/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/chandigarh-times-most-desirable-woman-2017-sonam-bajwa/articleshow/63627615.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |first=Jaspreet |last=Nijher |date=4 March 2020 |title=Sonam Bajwa is Chandigarh Times Most Desirable Woman 2019 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/sonam-bajwa-is-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-woman-2019/articleshow/74479901.cms |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=11 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200911180013/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/sonam-bajwa-is-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-woman-2019/articleshow/74479901.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She also ranked 2nd in 2018 and 4th in 2020 in the same list.<ref>{{Cite news |first=Jaspreet |last=Nijher |date=5 February 2019 |title=Chandigarh Times most desirable woman 2018: Meenakshi Chaudhary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/chandigarh-times-most-desirable-woman-2018-meenakshi-chaudhary/articleshow/67848604.cms |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806134433/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/chandigarh-times-most-desirable-woman-2018-meenakshi-chaudhary/articleshow/67848604.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Hotties who rule Punjab as Chandigarh Times Most Desirable Women 2020 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/hotties-who-rule-punjab-as-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-women-2020/articleshow/83176089.cms |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en |date=3 June 2021 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806095011/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/hotties-who-rule-punjab-as-chandigarh-times-most-desirable-women-2020/articleshow/83176089.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> In the [[Times of india|''Times''{{'}} 50 Most Desirable Woman]] list, Bajwa ranked 44th in 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Disha Patani tops The Times 50 Most Desirable Women 2019 list |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/disha-patani-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2019-list-645713 |access-date=27 September 2021 |work=India TV News |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806104029/https://www.indiatvnews.com/amp/entertainment/celebrities/disha-patani-tops-the-times-50-most-desirable-women-2019-list-645713 |url-status=live}}</ref> She is the celebrity endorser for brands including Moofarm and [[Americana Group|Americana]] biscuits.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bonn Group ropes in Sonam Bajwa as brand ambassador for its Americana range of biscuits |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-bonn-group-ropes-in-sonam-bajwa-as-brand-ambassador-for-its-americana-range-of-biscuits-2516125/lite/ |access-date=26 October 2022 |work=The Financial Express |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510183819/https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-bonn-group-ropes-in-sonam-bajwa-as-brand-ambassador-for-its-americana-range-of-biscuits-2516125/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Although born in a [[Punjabi Sikh]] family, in 2017, Bajwa announced on social media that she follows [[Jesus]], but not the [[Christianity]] religion. She stated "I follow Jesus but I am not a religious Christian."<ref>{{Cite tweet |user=bajwasonam |number=945723893620211715 |title=I follow JESUS but I am not a religious Christian. I aim to have a relationship with him not religion |date=27 December 2017 |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref><ref name="SportsGrail">{{Cite web |title=What is the religion of actress Sonam Bajwa and is she a Sikh or Christian |url=https://thesportsgrail.com/what-is-the-religion-of-actress-sonam-bajwa-and-is-she-a-sikh-or-christian/ |website=The SportsGrail |date=17 September 2023 |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
===Films===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class=unsortable| Notes
! class=unsortable| Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Best of Luck (2013 film)|Best Of Luck]]''
| Simran
| rowspan="2"|[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014
| ''[[Punjab 1984]]''
| Jeeti
|
|
|-
| ''[[Kappal]]''
| Deepika
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Sardaar Ji]]''
| Herself
| rowspan="2"|Punjabi
| Special appearance in song "Veervaar"
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|2016
| ''[[Sardaar Ji 2]]''
| Diljyot
|
|
|-
| ''[[Babu Bangaram]]''
| Herself
| rowspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| Special appearance in song "Dhandame Ettukuntam"
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjabi actor Sonam Bajwa to do a song in Venkatesh's Babu Bangaram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/punjabi-actor-sonam-bajwa-to-do-a-special-song-in-venkatesh-s-babu-bangaram/story-LUGRdymnyp8HFM50tzqZDI.html |access-date=19 February 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 March 2016 |language=en |archive-date=28 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128091821/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/punjabi-actor-sonam-bajwa-to-do-a-special-song-in-venkatesh-s-babu-bangaram/story-LUGRdymnyp8HFM50tzqZDI.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aatadukundam Raa]]''
| Shruthi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]''
| Manraaj Kaur
| rowspan="11"|Punjabi
|
|
|-
| ''Born to Be King''
| Preet
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2017
| ''[[Manje Bistre]]''
| Rano
|
|
|-
| ''[[Super Singh]]''
| Twinkle
|
|
|-
| ''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]''
| Roop Kaur
|
|
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Carry on Jatta 2]]''
| Meet
|
| <ref name="PTC2019"/>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2019
| ''[[Guddiyan Patole]]''
| Kashmeer "Kash" Kaur
|
|
|-
| ''[[Muklawa]]''
| Taaro
|
|
|-
| ''[[Shadaa]]''
| Herself
| Special appearance in song, "Tommy"
|
|-
| ''[[Singham (2019 film)|Singham]]''
| Dr. Nikki
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ardab Mutiyaran]]''
| Babbu Bains Bansal
|
|<ref name="PTC2020" />
|-
| ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]''
| Swasti
| [[Hindi]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| ''[[Jinde Meriye]]''
| Rehmat
| Punjabi
|
|
|-
| ''[[Street Dancer 3D]]''
| Pammi Kaur Chaddha
| Hindi
|Cameo
|<ref>{{cite news |date=6 February 2019 |title=Prabhu Deva-Varun Dhawan's 'Street Dancer' posters out, to be India's biggest dance movie |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/feb/06/prabhu-deva-varun-dhawans-street-dancer-posters-out-to-be-indias-biggest-dance-movie-1935167.html |access-date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=13 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213014101/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2019/feb/06/prabhu-deva-varun-dhawans-street-dancer-posters-out-to-be-indias-biggest-dance-movie-1935167.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[Puaada]]''
| Raunak
| rowspan="5"|Punjabi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ammy-virk-sonam-bajwas-puaada-to-hit-theatres-in-august-7423180/ |title=Ammy Virk-Sonam Bajwa's Puaada to hit theatres in August |website=The Indian Express |date=26 July 2021 |access-date=26 July 2021 |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726120216/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ammy-virk-sonam-bajwas-puaada-to-hit-theatres-in-august-7423180/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Honsla Rakh]]''
| Jasmine
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/pics-of-shehnaaz-gill-from-honsla-rakh-wrap-up-party-are-winning-the-internet/articleshow/81868862.cms |title=Pics of Shehnaaz Gill from 'Honsla Rakh' wrap up party are winning the internet |access-date=2 April 2021 |date=2 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411015858/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/pics-of-shehnaaz-gill-from-honsla-rakh-wrap-up-party-are-winning-the-internet/articleshow/81868862.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2022
| ''Mai Vyah Nahi Karona Tere Naal''
| Mannat
|
| <ref>{{cite news |title=The shoot of Sonam Bajwa and Gurnam Bhullar's 'Main Viyah Ni Karona Tere Naal' resumes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/the-shoot-of-sonam-bajwa-and-gurnam-bhullars-main-viyah-ni-karona-tere-naal-resumes/articleshow/79152419.cms |access-date=12 January 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=10 November 2020 |language=en |archive-date=10 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110212024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/the-shoot-of-sonam-bajwa-and-gurnam-bhullars-main-viyah-ni-karona-tere-naal-resumes/articleshow/79152419.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sher Bagga]]''
| Gulaab Kaur
|
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=24 June 2021 |title=Sher Bagga: Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa roped in for another Punjabi film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sher-bagga-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-roped-in-for-another-punjabi-film/articleshow/83802009.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531111149/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sher-bagga-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-roped-in-for-another-punjabi-film/articleshow/83802009.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jind Mahi]]''
| Lakhwinder "Laddo" Kaur
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Jind Mahi Movie Poster Released Feat. Sonam Bajwa & Ajay Sarkaria |language=en |work=Punjabi Front |url=https://www.punjabifront.com/jind-mahi-movie-poster-feat-sonam-bajwa-and-ajay-sarkaria/ |access-date=4 August 2021 |archive-date=4 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804141143/https://www.punjabifront.com/jind-mahi-movie-poster-feat-sonam-bajwa-and-ajay-sarkaria/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Jind Mahi Punjabi Movie Announcement Starring Sonam Bajwa & Ajay Sarkaria |language=en |work=abcFRY.com |url=https://abcfry.com/jind-mahi-punjabi-movie/ |access-date=5 August 2021 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805045446/https://abcfry.com/jind-mahi-punjabi-movie/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kaatteri]]''
| Shwetha
| Tamil
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varalaxmi-aathmika-sonam-and-manali-in-katteri/articleshow/63858231.cms |title=Varalaxmi, Aathmika, Sonam and Manali in Katteri |website=The Times of India |date=21 April 2018 |access-date=12 January 2019 |archive-date=3 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303105458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/varalaxmi-aathmika-sonam-and-manali-in-katteri/articleshow/63858231.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023
| ''[[Godday Godday Chaa]]''
| Rani
| rowspan="3"|Punjabi
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makers of 'Godday Godday Chaa', starring Sonam Bajwa, have unveiled the trailer |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/makers-of-godday-godday-chaa-starring-sonam-bajwa-have-unveiled-the-trailer-504644 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=The Tribune India |language=en |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510185603/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/makers-of-godday-godday-chaa-starring-sonam-bajwa-have-unveiled-the-trailer-504644 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Carry on Jatta 3]]''
| Meet
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gippy Grewal's 'Carry On Jatta 3' to go on floors in October, release date announced |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/gippy-grewals-carry-on-jatta-3-to-go-on-floors-in-october-release-date-announced20220401104957/ |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=13 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013050510/https://www.aninews.in/news/entertainment/out-of-box/gippy-grewals-carry-on-jatta-3-to-go-on-floors-in-october-release-date-announced20220401104957/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="1"|2024
| ''[[Kudi Haryane Val Di]]''
| Neelam Dahiya
|
|<ref name="IE_May2024">{{cite news |title='It is about two worlds': Sonam Bajwa, Ammy Virk talk about their film Kudi Haryane Val Di |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/it-is-about-two-worlds-sonam-bajwa-ammy-virk-talk-about-their-film-kudi-haryane-val-di-9363841/ |work=The Indian Express |agency=ANI |date=31 May 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"| 2025
| ''[[Housefull 5]]''
| Zara Akhtar
| rowspan="2"| Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Sajid Nadiadwala's Housefull 5 team on a cruise shoot in London, makers drop the latest glimpse from the shoot |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/sajid-nadiadwalas-housefull-5-team-cruise-shoot-london-makers-drop-latest-glimpse-shoot/ |work=Bollywood Hungama |date=3 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Baaghi 4]]''
| Olivia/Prathistha
|
|<ref name="Sonam Bajwa joins Tiger Shroff in ‘Baaghi 4’">{{cite news |title=Sonam Bajwa joins Tiger Shroff in 'Baaghi 4' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonam-bajwa-joins-tiger-shroff-in-baaghi-4/article68968844.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |date=10 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216043953/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sonam-bajwa-joins-tiger-shroff-in-baaghi-4/article68968844.ece |archive-date=16 December 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|-
| ''Nikka Zaildar 4''
| Angel
| Punjabi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nikka Zaildar 4: Ammy Virk and Sonam Bajwa reunite for the romantic comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/nikka-zaildar-4-ammy-virk-and-sonam-bajwa-reunite-for-the-romantic-comedy/articleshow/107668294.cms |work=The Times of India |date=13 February 2024 |access-date=13 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ek Deewane Ki Deewaniyat]]''
| Adaa Randhawa
| rowspan="2" | Hindi
|
|<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/harshvardhan-rane-and-sonam-bajwa-starrer-deewaniyat-goes-on-floors-in-mumbai-73061.html |title=Harshvardhan Rane and Sonam Bajwa starrer Deewaniyat goes on floors in Mumbai |magazine=Filmfare |date=18 April 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025}}</ref>
|-
| 2026
| ''[[Border 2]]''
| Manjit Kaur Sekhon
|
|<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Sonam Bajwa joins Diljit Dosanjh in Border 2, to start shooting this month: Report |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/sonam-bajwa-joins-diljit-dosanjh-in-border-2-to-start-shooting-this-month-report-2740346-2025-06-13 |magazine=India Today |date=13 June 2025 |access-date=13 June 2025}}</ref>
|}

===Television===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2021
|''Dil Diyan Gallan''
|Host
|Punjabi
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Laughter Chefs – Unlimited Entertainment]]''
|Herself
|Hindi
|Guest appearance
|}

=== Music video appearances ===

{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Song
!Artist
!Director
!Label
|-
|2020
|"Jatti Jeoni Morh Wargi"<ref>{{cite news |title=Sidhu Moose Wala's Death Anniversary: Sonam Bajwa, Afsana Khan, and other Punjabi stars reminisce about the late singer-actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sidhu-moose-walas-death-anniversary-sonam-bajwa-afsana-khan-and-other-punjabi-stars-reminisce-about-the-late-singer-actor/articleshow/100591228.cms |access-date=22 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=29 May 2023 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622131840/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/movies/news/sidhu-moose-walas-death-anniversary-sonam-bajwa-afsana-khan-and-other-punjabi-stars-reminisce-about-the-late-singer-actor/articleshow/100591228.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|[[Sidhu Moose Wala]]
|Agam Mann
|White Hill Music
|-
|2020
|"Surma"
|[[Diljit Dosanjh]]
|Arvindr Khaira
|[[Sony Music India]]
|-
|2021
|"Brown Shortie"
|Sidhu Moose Wala
|[[Sukh Sanghera]]
|Sidhu Moose Wala
|-
|2025
|"Naah Goriye"
|[[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]]
|Aniket Parpillewar
|[[Sony Music India]]
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! Ref.
|-
| 2014
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards|4th PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| Best Female Debut
| ''[[Best of Luck (2013 film)|Best of Luck]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/ptc-punjabi-music-awards-2014-nominations/articleshow/32656838.cms |title=PTC Punjabi Film and Music Awards 2014 Nominations |work=The Times of India |language=en-US |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-date=5 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405161247/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/PTC-Punjabi-Music-Awards-2014-Nominations/articleshow/32656838.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2017
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards|7th PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| Best Supporting Actress
| ''[[Sardaar Ji 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|1st Filmfare Awards Punjabi]]
| rowspan="3"|Best Actress
| ''[[Nikka Zaildar]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-punjabi-2017/nominations.amp |title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2017 |work=Filmfare.com |access-date=22 November 2017 |language=en |archive-date=25 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221225043049/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-punjabi-2017/nominations.amp |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4"|2018
| rowspan="3"|[[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|2nd Filmfare Awards Punjabi]]
| ''[[Manje Bistre]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2018_-27178.html |title=Nominations for the Jio Filmfare Awards Punjabi 2018 |work=Filmfare.com |access-date=30 September 2018 |language=en |archive-date=5 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705175452/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-jio-filmfare-awards-punjabi-2018_-27178.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Nikka Zaildar 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Actress – Critics
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards|8th PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| rowspan="4"|Best Actress
| ''[[Super Singh]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ptcnews.tv/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2018-official-list-nominations |title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2018- Official list of nominations |work=PTC News |date=30 March 2018 |language=en-US |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-date=6 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406204428/https://www.ptcnews.tv/amp/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2018-official-list-nominations |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2019
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2019|9th PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| ''[[Carry On Jatta 2]]''
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ptcpunjabifilmawards.in/ |title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2019 Complete Winners List |work=PTC Punjabi |language=en-US |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201132858/http://ptcpunjabifilmawards.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2020
| [[PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2020|10th PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| ''[[Ardab Mutiyaran]]''
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=PTC Network Gave Wings To A New Era With World's First Ever Online Award Ceremony |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-network-gave-wings-to-a-new-era-with-worlds-first-ever-online-award-ceremony-ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2020/ |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=PTC Punjabi |date=4 July 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928220813/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-network-gave-wings-to-a-new-era-with-worlds-first-ever-online-award-ceremony-ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022
| rowspan="3"|[[PTC Punjabi Film Awards|11th PTC Punjabi Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"|''[[Sonam Bajwa#Filmography|Mai Vyah Nahi Karona Tere Naal]]''
| {{nom}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2022-heres-the-list-of-winners-of-punjabi-film-awards |title=PTC Punjabi Film Awards 2022 Complete Winners List |work=PTC Punjabi |date=11 December 2022 |language=en-US |access-date=17 December 2022 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510171937/https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/amp/ptc-punjabi-film-awards-2022-heres-the-list-of-winners-of-punjabi-film-awards |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| Popular Jodi of the Year (with [[Gurnam Bhullar]])
| {{won}}
|-
| Popular Jodi of the Year (with [[Diljit Dosanjh]])
| ''[[Honsla Rakh]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Sonam Bajwa}}
* {{Instagram|sonambajwa}}
* {{IMDb name|6040987}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|sonam-bajwa}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bajwa, Sonam}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Actresses from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:People from Nainital]]
[[Category:Punjabi women]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Siberia

2026-03-17T05:07:26Z

Beefurb: General cleanup and improvements

{{Short description|Geographical region of Russia comprising North Asia}}
{{About|the rough geographical area located in Russia|the Russian federal district|Siberian Federal District}}
{{Distinguish|North Asia|Serbia|Iberia}}
{{Redirect|Siberian|other uses|Siberia (disambiguation)|and|Siberian (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siberia
| native_name = Сибирь
| native_name_lang = ru
| settlement_type = [[Region|Geographical region]]
| image_skyline = Siberia (orthographic projection).svg
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| image_shield =
| nickname =
| etymology = 
|seat=[[Novosibirsk]]
|seat_type={{nowrap|Largest city}}
| subdivision_type = [[Continent]]
| subdivision_name = [[Asia]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Russia]]
| parts_type = Parts
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{ubl|[[Western Siberia]]/[[Ural Federal District]]|[[Siberian Federal District|Central Siberia]]|[[Far Eastern Federal District|Eastern Siberia]]}}
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_relief =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe-zoom = 2
| coordinates = {{Coord|61|0|N|105|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| established_title =
| established_date = 
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 13,100,000
| area_total_sq_mi =
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_water_sq_mi = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| elevation_ft = 
| population_as_of = 2023
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 36.8 million<ref name=2023Estimate>{{cite web|title=Предварительная оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2023 г.|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2023_Site_.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|access-date=21 February 2023|archive-date=1 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201134214/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/PrPopul2023_Site_.xlsx}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = 2.8
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_demonym = [[Siberians]]
| demographics_type2 = GDP
| demographics2_footnotes = (2022)<ref name=GDP>{{citation
|url= https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx
|title= Валовой региональный продукт по субъектам Российской Федерации в 2016–2022 гг.
|publisher= rosstat.gov.ru
|access-date= 21 August 2023
|archive-date= 31 March 2023
|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230331184235/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/VRP_s_1998.xlsx
|url-status= live
}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = Total
| demographics2_info1 = [[Russian ruble|₽]] 41.783 trillion ([[United States dollar|USD]] {{To USD|41783|RUS|year=2022|round=yes}} billion)
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = ₽ 1,120,921 (USD {{To USD|1120921|RUS|year=2022|round=yes}})
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST = 
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'''Siberia''' ({{IPAc-en|s|aɪ|ˈ|b|ɪər|i|ə}} {{respell|sy|BEER|ee|ə}}; {{langx|ru|Сибирь|Sibir'}}, {{IPA|ru|sʲɪˈbʲirʲ|IPA|Ru-Сибирь.ogg}}), is an extensive geographical region comprising all of [[North Asia]], from the [[Ural Mountains]] in the west (with the [[Ural (river)|Ural River]] usually forming the southernmost portion of its western boundary) to the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the east.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Siberia |title=Siberia |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] Online |access-date=2021-09-22 |archive-date=2 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402201720/https://www.britannica.com/place/Siberia |url-status=live }}</ref> It has formed a part of the sovereign territory of [[Russia]] and its predecessor states since the lengthy [[Russian conquest of Siberia|conquest of Siberia]], which began with the [[Conquest of the Khanate of Sibir|fall]] of the [[Khanate of Sibir]] in 1582 and concluded with the annexation of [[Chukchi Peninsula|Chukotka]] in 1778. Siberia is vast and sparsely populated, covering an area of over {{Convert|13.1|e6km2|mi2}} – about three-quarters of Russia's total area, but home to roughly a quarter of Russia's population. [[Novosibirsk]], [[Krasnoyarsk]], and [[Omsk]] are the largest cities in the area.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-cities-in-siberia.html| title=The Largest Cities in Siberia| date=August 2017| access-date=28 February 2023| archive-date=28 February 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228015810/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-largest-cities-in-siberia.html| url-status=live}}</ref> Siberia is comparable in area, population, and, to some extent, geography and climate, to [[Canada]].

Because Siberia is a geographic and historic concept and not a political entity, there is no single precise definition of its territorial borders. It is further defined as stretching from the territories within the [[Arctic Circle]] in the north to the northern borders of [[Kazakhstan]], [[Mongolia]], and [[China]] in the south, although the hills of north-central Kazakhstan are also commonly included.<ref name="Britannica" /><ref name="bse" /> The Russian government divides the region into three [[Federal districts of Russia|federal districts]] (groupings of [[Federal subjects of Russia|Russian federal subjects]]), of which only the central one is officially referred to as "[[Siberian Federal District|Siberian]]"; the other two are the [[Ural Federal District|Ural]] (which spans both Europe and western Siberia) and [[Far Eastern Federal District|Far Eastern]] federal districts, named for the [[Ural (region)|Ural]] and [[Russian Far East]] regions that correspond respectively to the western and eastern thirds of Siberia in the broader sense.

Siberia is known for its long, harsh winters, with a January average of −25&nbsp;°C (−13&nbsp;°F).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aer.com/science-research/climate-weather/arctic-oscillation/ |title=Arctic Oscillation and Polar Vortex Analysis and Forecasts |publisher=Atmospheric and Environmental Research, [[Verisk Analytics]] |access-date=20 May 2018 |archive-date=14 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214191821/https://www.aer.com/science-research/climate-weather/arctic-oscillation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Although it is geographically located in Asia, Russian sovereignty and colonization since the 16th century has led to perceptions of the region as culturally and ethnically European.<ref name="culture">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKPaLi1d1O4C&q=russian+culture|title=Siberia: A Cultural History|last=Haywood|first=A. J.|date=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-975418-2|language=en}}</ref> [[Demographics of Siberia|Over 85% of its population]] are of European descent,<ref name="2010Census">{{cite web |url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt |title=ВПН-2010 |website=Perepis-2010.ru |language=ru |access-date=2016-04-03 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118212344/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/result-december-2011.ppt |archive-date=2012-01-18 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm |title=ВПН-2010 |website=Gks.ru |language=ru |access-date=2016-04-03 |archive-date=15 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130315114013/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/perepis_itogi1612.htm }}</ref> chiefly Russian (comprising the [[Siberians|Siberian]] sub-ethnic group), and [[East Slavs|Eastern Slavic]] cultural influences predominate throughout the region.<ref name="culture"/> Nevertheless, there exist sizable ethnic minorities of Asian lineage, including various [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] communities&mdash;many of which, such as the [[Yakuts]], [[Tuvans]], [[Altai people|Altai]], and [[Khakas]], are [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia|Indigenous]]&mdash;along with the [[Mongolic peoples|Mongolic]] [[Buryats]], ethnic [[Koryo-saram|Koreans]], and smaller groups of [[Samoyeds|Samoyedic]] and [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic]] peoples (several of whom are classified as [[Unified list of indigenous minority peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East of Russia|Indigenous small-numbered peoples]] by the Russian government), among many others.

==Etymology==
The origin of the name is uncertain.<ref name="Britannica" /> In the Russian language, it was adopted as a [[Toponymy|toponym]] through contact with the [[Khanate of Sibir]] (Сибирское ханство) since the 15th century.<ref>Vasmer M. J. Этимологический словарь русского языка. Том 3 (Муза—Сят) // М. Прогресс. 1964 [1950—1958]. с. 616.</ref> The Russian name ''[[Yugra]]'' was applied to the northern lands east of the [[Ural Mountains]], which had been known of since the 11th century or earlier, while the name ''Siberia'' is first mentioned in Russian chronicles at the start of the 15th century in connection with the death of the khan [[Tokhtamysh]] in "the Siberian land".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rasputin |first1=Valentin |title=Siberia, Siberia |date=29 October 1997 |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=978-0-8101-1575-0 |page=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzchffZ3BFQC |language=en}}</ref>

Some sources say that "Siberia" originates from the [[Siberian Tatar language|Siberian Tatar]] word for 'sleeping land' (''Sib-ir''), but this discourse does not correspond to the actual Siberian Tatar language.<ref>Сагидуллин М. А. Русско-сибирскотатарский словарь: ок. 15000 слов. Тюмень: Мандр и К, 2010, С 55, 175.</ref> Mongolist [[György Kara]] posits that the toponym ''Siberia'' is derived from a [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] word ''sibir'', cognate with modern [[Buryat language|Buryat]] ''sheber'' 'dense forest'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Multilingual Far East: An Interview with Professor György Kara |url=https://reei.indiana.edu/news-events/newsletter/archive/spring-2019/An%20Interview%20with%20Professor%20Gy%C3%B6rgy%20Kara.html |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=Robert F. Byrnes Russian and East European Institute |language=en |archive-date=7 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007131524/https://reei.indiana.edu/news-events/newsletter/archive/spring-2019/An%20Interview%20with%20Professor%20Gy%C3%B6rgy%20Kara.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A different hypothesis claims that the region was named after the [[Sibe people]].<ref name="manchus213">{{cite book |last=Crossley |first=Pamela Kyle |title=The Manchus |series=Peoples of Asia |volume=14 |year=2002 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-23591-0 |page=213 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0KHLEvqvET8C |edition=3rd |author-link=Pamela Kyle Crossley |access-date=28 December 2013}}</ref> Another account sees the name as the ancient tribal ethnonym of the [[Sihirtia]] or Sirtya (also ''Sypyr'' [sʲɵpᵻr])), a hypothetical Paleo-Asiatic ethnic group assimilated by the [[Nenets people|Nenets]].{{cn|date=December 2024}}

Polish historian Jan Chyliczkowski has proposed that the name derives from the [[Proto-Slavic language|Proto-Slavic]] word for 'north' (cf. Russian север ''sever''),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Czaplicka |first1=Marie Antoinette |title=Aboriginal Siberia: a study in social anthropology |date=1914 |publisher=Oxford : Clarendon Press |page=20 |url=https://archive.org/details/aboriginalsiberi00czap |language=en}}</ref> as in [[Severia]]. Anatole Baikaloff has dismissed this explanation. He says that the neighboring Chinese, Turks, and Mongolians, who have similar names for the region, would not have known Russian. He suggests that the name might be a combination of two words with [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] origin, ''su'' 'water' and ''bir'' 'wild land'.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Baikaloff |first=Anatole |title=Notes on the origin of the name "Siberia" |journal=Slavonic and East European Review |date=Dec 1950 |volume=29 |issue= 72|page=288}}</ref>

==History==
{{Main|Prehistory of Siberia|History of Siberia|List of Russian explorers}}

===Prehistory===
[[File:Steppes horseman hunting.jpg|thumb|300px|Horseman hunting, with characteristic [[Xiongnu]] [[horse trappings]], southern Siberia, 280–180 BC. [[Hermitage Museum]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pankova |first1=Svetlana |last2=Simpson |first2=St John |title=Masters of the Steppe: The Impact of the Scythians and Later Nomad Societies of Eurasia: Proceedings of a conference held at the British Museum, 27–29 October 2017 |date=21 January 2021 |publisher=Archaeopress Publishing Ltd |isbn=978-1-78969-648-6 |pages=218–219 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W6MWEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA219 |language=en|quote=Inv. nr.Si. 1727- 1/69, 1/70}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Francfort |first1=Henri-Paul |title=Sur quelques vestiges et indices nouveaux de l'hellénisme dans les arts entre la Bactriane et le Gandhāra (130 av. J.-C.-100 apr. J.-C. environ) |journal=Journal des Savants |date=1 January 2020 |page=37 |url=https://www.academia.edu/45042820 |url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ollermann |first1=Hans |title=Belt Plaque with a Bear Hunt. From Russia (Siberia). Gold. 220-180 B.C. The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, Russia |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/menesje/48600859087/in/album-72157600220307177/ |date=22 August 2019 |access-date=23 December 2021 |archive-date=23 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223123610/https://www.flickr.com/photos/menesje/48600859087/in/album-72157600220307177/ |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

Siberia in [[Paleozoic]] times formed the continent of [[Siberia (continent)|Siberia/Angaraland]], which fused to [[Laurasia|Euramerica]] during the Late [[Carboniferous]], as part of the formation of [[Pangea]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Yan |last2=Han |first2=Bao-Fu |last3=Liao |first3=Wen |last4=Li |first4=Ang |date=March 2022 |title=The Serpukhovian–Bashkirian Amalgamation of Laurussia and the Siberian Continent and Implications for Assembly of Pangea |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022TC007218 |journal=Tectonics |language=en |volume=41 |issue=3 |article-number=e2022TC007218 |doi=10.1029/2022TC007218 |bibcode=2022Tecto..4107218X |issn=0278-7407 |s2cid=247459291|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The [[Siberian Traps]] were formed by one of the largest-known volcanic events of the last 251&nbsp;million years of [[Earth's geological history]]. Their activity continued for a million years, and some scientists consider it a possible cause of the "[[Permian–Triassic extinction event|Great Dying]]" about 250&nbsp;million years ago,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/others/others_07.html |title=Yellowstone's Super Sister |access-date=17 April 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050314025022/http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/supervolcano/others/others_07.html |archive-date=14 March 2005 | quote = [...] the Siberian Traps is the prime suspect in wiping out 90 percent of all living species 251&nbsp;million years ago – the most severe extinction event in Earth's history.}}. Discovery Channel.</ref> estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time.<ref>{{cite book|title= When Life Nearly Died: The Greatest Mass Extinction of All Time|publisher= Thames & Hudson|year=2005|isbn= 978-0-500-28573-2|last=Benton |first= M. J.}}{{qn|date=April 2018}}
</ref>

The region has paleontological significance, as it contains bodies of prehistoric animals from the [[Pleistocene]] [[epoch (geology)|Epoch]], preserved in ice or [[permafrost]]. Specimens of [[Panthera leo spelaea#Specimens|Goldfuss cave lion cubs]], [[Yuka (mammoth)|Yuka]] the mammoth and another woolly mammoth from [[Oymyakon]], a [[woolly rhinoceros]] from the [[Kolyma (river)|Kolyma]], and bison and horses from [[Yukagir]] have been found.<ref name="Thesiberiantimes2015">{{cite web |title = Meet this extinct cave lion, at least 10,000&nbsp;years old – world exclusive |url = http://siberiantimes.com/science/others/news/n0464-meet-this-extinct-cave-lion-at-least-10000-years-old/ |website = siberiantimes.com |access-date = 30 January 2016 |archive-date = 17 April 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190417074356/http://siberiantimes.com/science/others/news/n0464-meet-this-extinct-cave-lion-at-least-10000-years-old/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Remote [[Wrangel Island]] and the [[Taymyr Peninsula]] are believed to have been the last places on Earth to support woolly mammoths as isolated populations until their extinction around 2000 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Y |last2=Pedersen |first2=M.W. |last3=Alsos |first3=I.g. |display-authors=etal |date=2021 |title=Late Quaternary dynamics of Arctic biota from ancient environmental genomics. |journal=Nature|volume=600 |issue=7887 |pages=86–92 |doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04016-x |pmid=34671161 |pmc=8636272 |bibcode=2021Natur.600...86W }}</ref>

At least three species of humans lived in southern Siberia around 40,000 years ago: ''[[Homo sapiens|H. sapiens]]'', ''[[Neanderthal|H. neanderthalensis]]'', and the [[Denisovans]].<ref name="Woman X">{{cite news |date=25 March 2010 |title=DNA identifies new ancient human dubbed 'X-woman' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8583254.stm |access-date=22 April 2010 |language=en-GB |last=Rincon |first=Paul |newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> In 2010, DNA evidence identified the last as a separate species.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Richards|first=Michael P.|title=Archaeological Science|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-0-521-19522-5|page=23|quote=In early 2010, researchers published a complete mitochondrial genome sequence retrieved from a hominin excavated from the Denisova cave in Siberia....The results demonstrated that the Denisovan lineage diverged early from the modern humans and Neanderthals}}</ref> Late Paleolithic southern Siberians appear to be related to Paleolithic Europeans and the Paleolithic [[Jōmon people]] of Japan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281036097|title=Jomon Culture and the peopling of the Japanese archipelago: advancements in the fields of morphometrics and ancient DNA|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-08-18|archive-date=23 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423132005/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281036097|url-status=live}}</ref> DNA analysis has revealed that the oldest fossil known to carry the derived KITLG allele, which is responsible for [[blond]] hair in modern Europeans, is a 17,000 year old [[Ancient North Eurasian]] specimen from Siberia.<ref name="Evans2019">{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Gavin |title=Skin Deep: Dispelling the Science of Race |date=2019 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |page=139 |isbn=978-1-78607-623-6 |edition=1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jB-9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT139}}|</ref> Ancient North Eurasian populations genetically similar to [[Mal'ta–Buret' culture]] and [[Afontova Gora]] were an important genetic contributor to Native Americans, Europeans, Ancient Central Asians, South Asians, and some East Asian groups (such as the [[Ainu people]]). Evidence from full genomic studies suggests that the first people in the Americas diverged from [[Genetic history of East Asians|Ancient East Asians]] about 36,000 years ago and expanded northwards into Siberia, where they encountered and interacted with Ancient North Eurasians, giving rise to both [[Paleosiberian peoples]] and [[Ancient Beringian|Ancient Native Americans]], which later migrated towards the [[Beringia|Beringian]] region, became isolated from other populations, and subsequently populated the Americas.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raff |first=Jennifer |url=https://www.twelvebooks.com/titles/jennifer-raff/origin/9781538749715/ |title=Origin: A Genetic History of the Americas |date=2020-06-09 |publisher=Twelve |isbn=978-1-5387-4971-5 |language=en-US |archive-date=29 October 2022 |access-date=5 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029204441/https://www.twelvebooks.com/titles/jennifer-raff/origin/9781538749715/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sapiens |date=2022-02-08 |title=A Genetic Chronicle of the First Peoples in the Americas |url=https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/ancient-dna-native-americans/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=SAPIENS |language=en-US |archive-date=27 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027105550/https://www.sapiens.org/archaeology/ancient-dna-native-americans/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
===Early history===
[[File:Choris, Tschuktschen.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chukchi people|Chukchi]], one of many [[Indigenous peoples of Siberia]]. Representation of a Chukchi family by [[Louis Choris]] (1816)]]
During past millennia, different groups of [[nomad]]s – such as the [[Enets]], the [[Nenets people|Nenets]], the [[Huns]], the [[Xiongnu]], the [[Scythians]], and the [[Yugur]] – inhabited various parts of Siberia. The [[Afanasievo culture|Afanasievo]] and [[Tashtyk culture]]s of the [[Yenisey]] valley and Altay Mountains are associated with the [[Indo-European migrations]] across Eurasia.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians|first=Ann|last=Gibbons|date=10 June 2015|title=Nomadic herders left a strong genetic mark on Europeans and Asians|journal=Science|publisher=AAAS|archive-date=2 September 2022|access-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902191050/https://www.science.org/content/article/nomadic-herders-left-strong-genetic-mark-europeans-and-asians|url-status=live}}</ref> The proto-Mongol [[Khitan people]], whose territory spanned a vast area, were also attested in the [[Ob]] region of western Siberia in the sixteenth century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Biran |first=Michal |date=2005 |title=The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World |location=Cambridge and New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |series=Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization |page=89 |isbn=9780521842266}}</ref>

In the 13th century, during the period of the [[Mongol Empire]], the Mongols conquered a large part of this area.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Naumov| first1 = Igor V.| translator1-last = Collins| translator1-first = David Norman| chapter = The Mongols in Siberia| editor1-last = Collins| editor1-first = David Norman| title = The History of Siberia| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4498YjPq6mgC| series = Routledge Studies in the History of Russia and Eastern Europe| location = London| publisher = Routledge| date = 2006a| page = 44| isbn = 978-1-134-20703-9| access-date = 11 June 2019| quote = In 1207 Chinggis Khan sent his troops north under the command of his elder son Jochi to subjugate the 'forest peoples'. Jochi was able to do so in the space of three years. The only exception was the remote northern tribes. Most of Siberia became part of the Mongol Empire.}}</ref> With the breakup of the [[Golden Horde]], the autonomous [[Khanate of Sibir]] was formed in the late-15th century. Turkic-speaking [[Yakuts|Yakut]] migrated north from the [[Lake Baikal]] region under pressure from the Mongol tribes from the 13th to 15th centuries.<ref>{{citation-attribution|1={{Cite journal| last1 = Pakendorf | first1 = B.| last2 = Novgorodov| first2 = I. N.| last3 = Osakovskij | first3 = V. L.| last4 = Danilova | first4 = A. B. P.| last5 = Protod'Jakonov | first5 = A. P.| last6 = Stoneking | first6 = M.| doi = 10.1007/s00439-006-0213-2| title = Investigating the effects of prehistoric migrations in Siberia: Genetic variation and the origins of Yakuts| journal = Human Genetics| volume = 120| issue = 3| pages = 334–353| year = 2006| pmid = 16845541| s2cid = 31651899}}}}</ref> Siberia remained a sparsely populated area. Historian [[John F. Richards]] writes: "it is doubtful that the total early modern Siberian population exceeded 300,000 persons".<ref>{{cite book |last=Richards |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i85noYD9C0EC&pg=PA538 |title=The Unending Frontier: An Environmental History of the Early Modern World |year=2003 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-93935-6 |author-link=John F. Richards |page=538}}</ref>

====Early Russian exploration====
{{Further|Russian conquest of Siberia}}
The first mention of Siberia in chronicles is recorded in 1032.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|p=53}} The city-state of [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]] established two trade routes to the [[Ob|Ob River]], and laid claim to the lands the Russians called ''[[Yugra]]''.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|p=53|loc=The Russians named it Yugorskaia Zemlitsa (Yugor Land or Yugra)... The Novgoroders established two main routes to Siberia... to the lower reaches of the River Ob}} The Russians were attracted by [[Fur trade|its furs]] in particular.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|p=53|loc=The Russians were attracted to Siberia by its furs}} Novgorod launched military campaigns to extract tribute from the local population but often met resistance, such as two campaigns in 1187 and 1193 mentioned in chronicles that were defeated.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|p=53}} After Novgorod was annexed by [[Principality of Moscow|Moscow]], the newly emerging centralized Russian state also laid claim to the region, with [[Ivan III of Russia]] sending [[Yugra campaigns|expeditionary forces to Siberia]] in 1483 and 1499–1500.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|pp=53|loc=After Novgorod had been annexed by the newly emerging centralized Russian state in 1478, its government, located in Moscow, tried to lay claim to Yugor Land as well... In 1483 Prince Ivan III sent a large expeditionary force to Siberia... In 1499–1500 Ivan III sent another large force}} The Russians received tribute, but contact with the tribes ceased after they left.{{sfn|Naumov|2006|pp=53–54}}

The growing power of the [[Tsardom of Russia]] began to undermine the Siberian Khanate in the 16th century. First, groups of traders and [[Cossack]]s began to enter the area. The Russian army was directed to establish forts farther and farther east to protect new Russian settlers who migrated from Europe. Towns such as [[Mangazeya]], [[Tara, Omsk Oblast|Tara]], [[Yeniseysk]], and [[Tobolsk]] developed, the last becoming the ''de facto'' capital of Siberia from 1590. At this time, ''Sibir'' was the name of a fortress at [[Qashliq]], near Tobolsk. [[Gerardus Mercator]], in a map published in 1595, marks ''Sibier'' both as the name of a settlement and of the surrounding territory along a left tributary of the Ob.<ref>''[[:File:CEM-15-Asia-Mercator-1595-Russia-2533.jpg|Asia ex magna Orbis terrae descriptione Gerardi Mercatoris desumpta, studio & industria G.M. Iunioris]]''</ref> Other sources{{which|date= September 2017}} contend that the [[Sibe people|Sibe]], an indigenous [[Tungusic peoples|Tungusic people]], offered fierce resistance to Russian expansion beyond the Urals. Some suggest that the term "Siberia" is a [[Russification|Russified]] version of their ethnonym.<ref name=manchus213/>

===Russian Empire===
[[File:Coat of Arms of Siberian Tsarstvo 1882.svg|thumb|left|upright=0.3|Coat of arms of Siberia, which was a part of the Russian Imperial Coat of Arms until 1917]]
[[File:Map Siberian route english.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75| Map of the [[Siberian Route]] in the 18th century (''green'') and the early 19th century (''red'')]]
By the mid-17th century, Russia had established areas of control that extended to the Pacific Ocean. Some 230,000 Russians had settled in Siberia by 1709.<ref>{{cite web |author= Sean C. Goodlett |url = http://falcon.fsc.edu/sgoodlett/courses/hist1100/lect08.html |title= Russia's Expansionist Policies I. The Conquest of Siberia |publisher= Falcon.fsc.edu |access-date= 15 May 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511182349/http://falcon.fsc.edu/sgoodlett/courses/hist1100/lect08.html |archive-date= 11 May 2011 }}</ref> Siberia became one of the destinations for sending internal exiles. Exile was the main Russian punitive practice with more than 800,000 people exiled during the 19th century.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prison without a roof |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2016/08/20/prison-without-a-roof?fsrc=scn |access-date=25 August 2016 |newspaper=[[The Economist]] |issn=0013-0613 |date=20 August 2016}}</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Barker
| first1 = Adele Marie
| editor1-last = Barker
| editor1-first = Adele Marie
| editor2-last = Grant
| editor2-first = Bruce
| series = The World Readers
| title = The Russia Reader: History, Culture, Politics
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=B-jWhJMt_9EC
| location = Durham, North Carolina
| publisher = Duke University Press
| date = 2010
| page = 441
| isbn = 978-0-8223-4648-7
| access-date = 11 June 2019
| quote = Throughout Russian history there is a long-standing tradition of imprisoning and sentencing to internal exile (within the country proper) political and religious dissidents. [...] Among those sentenced to internal exile were [...] the Decembrists [...]. Several were executed; others were exiled to Siberia, the Far East, and Kazakhstan.
}}
</ref>

The first great modern change in Siberia was the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], constructed during 1891–1916. It linked Siberia more closely to the rapidly industrialising Russia of [[Nicholas II]]. Around seven million Russians moved to Siberia from Europe between 1801 and 1914.<ref>{{cite journal|title= Review: The Great Siberian Migration: Government and Peasant in Resettlement from Emancipation to the First World War|journal= The American Historical Review|volume= 63|issue= 4|pages= 989–990| jstor = 1848991 |last1 = Fisher |first1 = Raymond H.|last2= Treadgold|first2= Donald W.|year= 1958|doi= 10.2307/1848991}}</ref> Between 1859 and 1917, more than half a million people migrated to the Russian Far East.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC&pg=PA62 The Russian Far East: A History]''. John J. Stephan (1996). [[Stanford University Press]]. p.62. {{ISBN|0-8047-2701-5}}</ref> Siberia has extensive natural resources: during the 20th century, large-scale exploitation of these took place, and industrial towns cropped up throughout the region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobalist.com/russia-coming-in-from-the-cold/|title=Russia — Coming In From the Cold?|website=[[The Globalist]]|date=23 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250810032657/https://www.theglobalist.com/russia-coming-in-from-the-cold/|archive-date=10 August 2025|url-status=live|last=Hill|first=Fiona|access-date=7 July 2009}}</ref>

At 7:15&nbsp;a.m. on 30 June 1908, the [[Tunguska event]] felled millions of trees near the [[Podkamennaya Tunguska|Podkamennaya Tunguska River (Stony Tunguska River)]] in central Siberia. Most scientists believe this resulted from the [[meteor air burst|air burst of a meteor]] or comet. Even though no crater has ever been found, the landscape in the (sparsely inhabited) area still bears the scars of this event.<ref>Farinella, Paolo; Foschini, L.; Froeschlé, Christiane; Gonczi, R.; Jopek, T. J.; Longo, G.; Michel, Patrick (2001). "Probable asteroidal origin of the Tunguska Cosmic Body" (PDF). ''Astronomy & Astrophysics''. '''377'''(3): 1081–1097. [[Bibcode]]:2001A&A...377.1081F. {{doi|10.1051/0004-6361:20011054}}.</ref>

===Soviet Union===

In the early decades of the [[Soviet Union]] (especially in the 1930s and 1940s), the government used the [[Gulag]] state agency to administer a system of penal [[labour camp]]s, replacing the previous [[katorga]] system.<ref>{{cite book |last=Viola |first=Lynne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gG6cPY2RpzUC&pg=PA3 |title=The Unknown Gulag: The Lost World of Stalin's Special Settlements |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-518769-4 |author-link=Lynne Viola |page=3}}</ref> According to semi-official Soviet estimates, which did not become public until after the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|fall of the Soviet government]] in 1991, from 1929 to 1953 more than 14&nbsp;million people passed through these camps and prisons, many of them in Siberia. Another seven to eight million people were [[Forced settlements in the Soviet Union|internally deported]] to remote areas of the Soviet Union (including entire nationalities or ethnicities in several cases).<ref>[[Robert Conquest]] in "Victims of Stalinism: A Comment," ''Europe-Asia Studies,'' Vol. 49, No. 7 (Nov. 1997), pp. 1317–1319 states: "We are all inclined to accept the Zemskov totals (even if not as complete) with their 14 million intake to Gulag 'camps' alone, to which must be added four to five million going to Gulag 'colonies', to say nothing of the 3.5 million already in, or sent to, 'labour settlements'. However taken, these are surely 'high' figures."</ref>

Half a million (516,841) prisoners died in camps from 1941 to 1943 during [[World War II]].<ref>Zemskov, "Gulag," ''Sociologičeskije issledovanija,'' 1991, No. 6, pp. 14–15.</ref> At other periods, mortality was comparatively lower.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Courtois |first1=Stéphane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA206 |title=The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression |year=1999 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-07608-2 |page=206 |quote=300,000 known deaths in the camps from 1934 to 1940.}}</ref> The size, scope, and scale of the Gulag slave-labour camps remain subjects of much research and debate. Many Gulag camps operated in extremely remote areas of northeastern Siberia. The best-known clusters included ''[[Sevvostlag]]'' (''the North-East Camps'') along the [[Kolyma (river)|Kolyma]] and ''[[Norillag]]'' near [[Norilsk]], where 69,000 prisoners lived in 1952.<ref>{{cite book |last=Courtois |first=Stéphane |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1jsgYCoRioC&pg=PA239 |title=The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression |year=1999 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-07608-2 |page=239}}</ref> Major industrial cities of northern Siberia, such as Norilsk and [[Magadan]], developed from camps built by prisoners and run by former prisoners.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.arlindo-correia.org/041003.html
|title = Dark side of the moon
|last1 = Chamberlain
|first1 = Lesley
|date = 27 April 2003
|publisher = Arlindo-correia.org
|access-date = 11 June 2019
|quote = Today's major industrial cities of Noril'sk, Vorkuta, Kolyma and Magadan, were camps originally built by prisoners and run by ex-prisoners.
|archive-date = 24 May 2013
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130524041136/http://www.arlindo-correia.org/041003.html
|url-status = live
}}</ref>

===Russian Federation===
{{Expand section|date=March 2025}}
After the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet collapse in 1991]], Siberia faced severe economic decline during [[Russia]]'s transition to a [[market economy]], characterized by [[hyperinflation]], industrial collapse, and resource privatization. While the idea of a Siberian Republic for more regional autonomy was discussed and a Siberian Agreement was formed in the 1990s, the region remained consolidated under Russian federal authority. Economic shifts led to increased resource-based specialization and a decline in the population, particularly in the Russian Arctic, as the previous focus on industrial settlements was largely abandoned.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bezrukov |first=Leonid A. |date=2022-02-01 |title=Siberia in the post-Soviet stage: Transformation of territorial structure of economic and settlement system |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1757780223001725 |journal=Regional Science Policy & Practice |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=7–27 |doi=10.1111/rsp3.12290 |issn=1757-7802|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

On 2 December 2019, the '[[Power of Siberia]]' gas pipeline started functioning. The project was started in 2014 to supply [[natural gas]] from Siberia to China.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.rbth.com/business/331382-power-of-siberia | title =The 'Power of Siberia' gas pipeline: Everything you need to know | website =Russia Beyond | date =December 6, 2019 | access-date =April 15, 2025 | archive-date =20 April 2025 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20250420232005/https://www.rbth.com/business/331382-power-of-siberia | url-status =live }}</ref>
[[File:Novosibirsk-Karimov.jpg|thumb|left|Siberian [[Cossack]] family in [[Novosibirsk]], after 2000]]

==Geography==
{{further|Geography of Russia}}
{{Physical map of Siberia|width=110}}
[[File:Хайыракандан барыын талаже көрүш.jpg |thumb|View from [[:ru:Хайыракан (гора)|Haiyrakan mountain]], [[Tuva]]]]
[[File:Волшебное Кучерлинское озеро.jpg |thumb|Altai, Lake Kutsherla in the [[Altai Mountains]]]]
[[File:Республика Бурятия, Баргузинский залив.jpg |thumb|The peninsula of Svyatoy Nos, [[Lake Baikal]]]]
[[File:Vasyugan.jpg |thumb|The river [[Vasyugan]] in the southern [[West Siberian Plain]]]]
[[File:Kamchatka Volcano Koryaksky (24231533812).jpg |thumb|[[Koryaksky]] volcano towering over [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]] on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]]]]

Siberia spans an area of {{Convert|13.1|e6km2|mi2}}, covering most of Russia's total territory and almost 9% of Earth's land surface ({{Convert|148940000|km2|abbr= on|disp= comma}}). It geographically falls in Asia but is culturally and politically considered European, since it is a part of Russia.<ref name="culture"/> Major geographical zones include the [[West Siberian Plain]] and the [[Central Siberian Plateau]].

Eastern and central [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]] comprises numerous north–south mountain ranges of various ages. These mountains rise to almost {{convert|3000|m|ft}}, but above a few hundred metres they are almost completely devoid of vegetation. The [[Verkhoyansk Range]] was extensively glaciated in the Pleistocene, but the climate was too dry for glaciation to extend to low elevations. At these low elevations are numerous valleys, many of them deep and covered with [[larch]] forest, except in the extreme north where the [[tundra]] dominates. Soils are mainly turbels (a type of [[gelisol]]). The active layer tends to be less than one metre deep, except near rivers.

The highest point is the active volcano [[Klyuchevskaya Sopka]], on the [[Kamchatka Peninsula]]. Its peak reaches {{convert|4750|m}}. The [[Ukok Plateau]] is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Altai: Saving the Pearl of Siberia |url=http://www.pacificenvironment.org/article.php?list=type&type=83 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322160629/http://www.pacificenvironment.org/article.php?list=type&type=83 |archive-date=22 March 2007 |access-date=30 November 2006 |website=[[Pacific Environment]]}}</ref>

===Mountain ranges===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Altai Mountains]]
* [[Anadyr Highlands]]
* [[Baikal Mountains]]
* [[Khamar-Daban]]
* [[Chersky Range]]
* [[Chukotka Mountains]]
* [[Dzhugdzhur Mountains]]
* [[Kolyma Mountains]]
* [[Koryak Mountains]]
* [[Sayan Mountains]]
* [[Tannu-Ola Mountains]]
* [[Ural Mountains]]
* [[Verkhoyansk Mountains]]
* [[Yablonoi Mountains]]
{{div col end}}

===Geomorphological regions===
{{see also|Great Russian Regions}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Central Siberian Plateau]]
* [[Central Yakutian Lowland]]
* [[East Siberian Lowland]]
* [[East Siberian Mountains]]
* [[North Siberian Lowland]]
* [[South Siberian Mountains]]
* [[West Siberian Lowland]]
{{div col end}}

===Lakes and rivers===
{{Main|Rivers in Russia}}

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Alazeya]]
* [[Anabar (river)|Anabar]]
* [[Angara]]
* [[Indigirka]]
* [[Irtysh]]
* [[Kolyma (river)|Kolyma]]
* [[Lake Baikal]]
* [[Lena (river)|Lena]]
* [[Nizhnyaya Tunguska]]
* [[Novosibirsk Reservoir]]
* [[Ob (river)|Ob]]
* [[Podkamennaya Tunguska]]
* [[Popigay (river)|Popigay]]
* [[Upper Angara]]
* [[Uvs Nuur]]
* [[Yana (river)|Yana]]
* [[Yenisey]]
{{div col end}}

===Geology===
The West Siberian Plain, consisting mostly of [[Cenozoic]] [[Alluvium|alluvial]] deposits, is somewhat flat. In the mid-[[Pleistocene]], many deposits on this plain resulted from [[Proglacial lake|ice dam]]s which produced a large [[glacial lake]]. This mid- to late-Pleistocene lake blocked the northward flow of the Ob and [[Yenisey]] rivers, resulting in a redirection southwest into the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian]] and [[Aral Sea|Aral]] seas via the [[Turgai Valley]].<ref>{{cite web |title=A Giant Siberian Lake During the Last Glacial: Evidence and Implications |url=https://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/lake.html |access-date=6 July 2015 |website=[[Oak Ridge National Laboratory]] |vauthors=Lioubimtseva EU, Gorshkov SP, Adams JM |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127035157/https://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/lake.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The area is very swampy, and soils are mostly peaty [[histosol]]s and, in the treeless northern part, [[Gelisol#Suborders|histels]]. In the south of the plain, where [[permafrost]] is largely absent, rich grasslands that are an extension of the [[Kazakh Steppe]] formed the original vegetation, most of which is no longer visible.{{why?|date= April 2015}}
[[File:2006-07 altaj belucha.jpg|thumb|[[Belukha Mountain]]]]
[[File:Yakutia - DSC 6164.jpg|thumb|[[Verkhoyansk Range]]]]
The Central Siberian Plateau is an ancient [[craton]] (sometimes named ''[[Siberia (continent)|Angaraland]]'') that formed an independent continent before the [[Permian]]. It is exceptionally rich in minerals, containing large deposits of gold, diamonds, and ores of manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, cobalt, and molybdenum. Much of the area includes the [[Siberian Traps]]—a [[large igneous province]]. A massive eruptive period approximately coincided with the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]]; the volcanic event is one of the largest known volcanic eruptions in [[History of the Earth|Earth's history]]. Only the extreme northwest was glaciated during the [[Quaternary]] but almost all is under exceptionally deep permafrost, and the only tree that can thrive, despite the warm summers, is the deciduous [[Siberian Larch]] (''Larix sibirica'') with its very shallow roots. Outside the extreme northwest, the [[taiga]] is dominant, covering a significant fraction of the entirety of Siberia.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2011. [http://www.eoearth.org/article/Taiga?topic=58071 ''Taiga''. eds. M.McGinley & C.Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603084919/http://www.eoearth.org/article/Taiga?topic=58071 |date=3 June 2013 }}</ref> Soils here are mainly [[Gelisol|turbels]], giving way to [[Podzol|spodosols]] where the active layer becomes thicker and the ice-content lower.

The Lena-Tunguska petroleum province includes the Central Siberian platform (some authors refer to it as the "Eastern Siberian platform"), bounded on the northeast and east by the late [[Carboniferous]] through [[Jurassic]] Verkhoyansk [[Fold and thrust belt|fold belt]], on the northwest by the [[Paleozoic]] Taymr fold belt, and on the southeast, south and southwest by the Middle [[Silurian]] to [[Middle Devonian]] Baykalian fold belt.<ref name=Meyerhof>Meyerhof, A. A., 1980, "Geology and Petroleum Fields in Proterozoic and Lower Cambrian Strata, Lena-Tunguska Petroleum Province, Eastern Siberia, USSR", in ''Giant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade: 1968–1978'', AAPG Memoir 30, Halbouty, M. T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, {{ISBN|0891813063}}</ref>{{rp|228}} A regional geologic reconnaissance study begun in 1932 and followed by surface and subsurface mapping revealed the Markova-Angara Arch ([[anticline]]). This led to the discovery of the Markovo Oil Field in 1962 with the Markovo–1 well, which produced from the early [[Cambrian]] Osa Horizon [[Shoal|bar]]-[[sandstone]] at a depth of {{convert|2156|m|ft}}.<ref name=Meyerhof/>{{rp|243}} The Sredne-Botuobin Gas Field was discovered in 1970, producing from the Osa and the [[Proterozoic]] Parfenovo Horizon.<ref name=Meyerhof/>{{rp|244}} The Yaraktin Oil Field was discovered in 1971, producing from the [[Ediacaran|Vendian]] Yaraktin Horizon at depths of up to {{convert|1750|m|ft}}, which lies below Permian to lower Jurassic [[Flood basalt|basalt traps]].<ref name=Meyerhof/>{{rp|244}}

===Climate===
{{main|Climate of Russia}}

[[File:Kuysumy mountains and Torgashinsky range. View from viewing platform on Kashtakovskaya path (Stolby reserve, Krasnoyarsk city) 4Y1A8757 (28363120875).jpg |thumb|Siberian [[taiga]]]]

[[File:Russia vegetation.png|thumb|533px|{{legend0|#c0c0c0|[[polar desert]]}} {{legend0|#9fd6c9|[[tundra]]}} {{legend0|#a7bddb|[[alpine tundra]]}} {{legend0|#006d64|[[taiga]]}} {{legend0|#3c9798|[[montane forest]]}} {{legend0|#a4e05d|[[temperate broadleaf forest]]}} {{legend0|#f7ec6f|[[temperate steppe]]}} {{legend0|#9b8447|[[dry steppe]]}} [[Biome|Vegetation]] in Siberia mostly consists of [[taiga]], with a [[tundra]] belt on the northern fringe, and a [[Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest|temperate forest]] zone in the south.]]

The climate varies dramatically, but it typically has warm but short summers and long, extremely cold winters. On the north coast, north of the [[Arctic Circle]], there is a very short (about one month long) summer.

Almost all the population lives in the south, along the route of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]]. The climate in this southernmost part is [[humid continental climate]] (Köppen ''Dfa/Dfb'' or ''Dwa/Dwb'') with cold winters but fairly warm summers lasting at least four months. The annual average temperature is about {{convert|0.5|C|F|1}}. January averages about {{convert|−20|C}} and July about {{convert|+19|C}}, while daytime temperatures in summer typically exceed {{Convert|20|C}}.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N55E082+1102+29634W |title= Novosibirsk climate |publisher= Worldclimate.com |date= 4 February 2007 |access-date= 15 May 2010 |archive-date= 28 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190328165859/http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N55E082+1102+29634W |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N54E073+1202+0004115G2 |title= Omsk climate |publisher= Worldclimate.com |date= 4 February 2007 |access-date= 15 May 2010 |archive-date= 28 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190328165325/http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N54E073+1202+0004115G2 |url-status= live }}</ref> With a reliable growing season, an abundance of sunshine and fertile [[chernozem]] soils, southern Siberia is acceptable for profitable agriculture, as was demonstrated in the early 20th century.

Most of Siberia lies in a continental [[subarctic climate|subarctic]] climate (Koppen ''Dfc'', ''Dwc'', or ''Dsc''), with the annual average temperature about {{convert|−5|°C|°F}} and an average for January of {{convert|−25|C}} and an average for July of {{convert|+17|C}},<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N56E107+1102+30337W |title= Kazachengoye climate |publisher= Worldclimate.com |date= 4 February 2007 |access-date= 15 May 2010 |archive-date= 11 May 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110511193922/http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/data.pl?ref=N56E107+1102+30337W |url-status= live }}</ref> although this varies considerably, with a July average about {{Convert|10|C}} in the taiga–tundra [[ecotone]]. ''[[Business Insider]]'' lists [[Verkhoyansk]] and [[Oymyakon]], in the [[Sakha Republic]], as being in competition for the title of the "[[Pole of Cold]]:" the coldest inhabited point in the Northern Hemisphere. Oymyakon recorded a temperature of {{convert|−67.7|°C|F}} on 6 February 1933. Verkhoyansk, further north and further inland, recorded a temperature of {{convert|−69.8|°C|F}} for three consecutive nights: 5, 6 and 7 February 1933. Each town also frequently reaches {{convert|30|C}} in the summer, giving them, and much of the rest of Russian Siberia, the world's greatest temperature variation between summer's highs and winter's lows, often well over {{Convert|94|-|100|C-change|disp=preunit|6=+}} between the seasons.<ref>{{cite web |work=Business Insider |date=6 February 2014 |title=This Tiny Town In Russia Is The Most Miserable Place In The World |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/verkhoyansk-russia-most-miserable-place-2014-2 |last=Badkar |first=Mamta |access-date=28 August 2021 }}</ref>{{failed verification|date= December 2016}}

Southwesterly winds bring warm air from Central Asia and the Middle East. The climate in West Siberia (Omsk, or Novosibirsk) is several degrees warmer than in the East ([[Irkutsk]], or [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]]). But summer temperatures in other regions can reach {{convert|+38|C}}. In general, Sakha is the coldest Siberian region, and the basin of the [[Yana (river)|Yana]] has the lowest temperatures of all, with permafrost reaching {{convert|1493|m|ft}}. Nevertheless, Imperial Russian plans of settlement never viewed cold as an impediment. In the winter, southern Siberia sits near the center of the semi-permanent [[Siberian High]], so winds are usually light in the winter.

Precipitation is generally low, exceeding {{convert|500|mm}} only in Kamchatka, where moist winds flow from the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] onto high mountains&nbsp;– producing the region's only major glaciers, though volcanic eruptions and low summer temperatures allow only limited forests to grow. Precipitation is high in most of [[Primorsky Krai|Primorye]] in the extreme south, where monsoonal influences can produce quite heavy summer rainfall.

{{Weather box
| location=[[Novosibirsk]], Siberia's largest city
| metric first=yes
| single line=yes
| Jan high C = −12.2
| Feb high C = −10.3
| Mar high C = −2.6
| Apr high C = 8.1
| May high C = 17.5
| Jun high C = 24.0
| Jul high C = 25.7
| Aug high C = 22.2
| Sep high C = 16.6
| Oct high C = 6.8
| Nov high C = −2.9
| Dec high C = −8.9
| year high C = 7.0
| Jan mean C = −16.2
| Feb mean C = −14.7
| Mar mean C = −7.2
| Apr mean C = 3.2
| May mean C = 11.6
| Jun mean C = 18.2
| Jul mean C = 20.2
| Aug mean C = 17.0
| Sep mean C = 11.5
| Oct mean C = 3.4
| Nov mean C = −6.0
| Dec mean C = −12.7
| year mean C = 2.4
| Jan low C = −20.1
| Feb low C = −19.1
| Mar low C = −11.8
| Apr low C = −1.7
| May low C = 5.6
| Jun low C = 12.3
| Jul low C = 14.7
| Aug low C = 11.7
| Sep low C = 6.4
| Oct low C = 0.0
| Nov low C = −9.1
| Dec low C = −16.4
| year low C = −2.3
| precipitation colour=green
| Jan precipitation mm = 19
| Feb precipitation mm = 14
| Mar precipitation mm = 15
| Apr precipitation mm = 24
| May precipitation mm = 36
| Jun precipitation mm = 58
| Jul precipitation mm = 72
| Aug precipitation mm = 66
| Sep precipitation mm = 44
| Oct precipitation mm = 38
| Nov precipitation mm = 32
| Dec precipitation mm = 24
| year precipitation mm = 442
| source 1 =<ref name="Гидрометцентр России">{{cite web |url=http://meteoinfo.ru/NovosibirskClimat |script-title=ru:Гидрометцентр России |access-date=8 January 2009 |language=ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080627063054/http://meteoinfo.ru/NovosibirskClimat |archive-date=27 June 2008 }}</ref>
| date=August 2010
}}

====Global warming====
According to Vasily Kryuchkov, approximately 31,000 square kilometers of the Russian Arctic has been subjected to severe environmental disturbance. Researchers, including Sergei Kirpotin at [[Tomsk State University]] and Judith Marquand at [[Oxford University]], warn that Western Siberia has begun to thaw as a result of global warming. The frozen [[peat bog]]s in this region may hold billions of tons of [[methane gas]] which may be released into the atmosphere. Methane is a [[greenhouse gas]] [[Global warming potential|22 times more powerful]] than [[carbon dioxide]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=11 August 2005 |title=Warming hits 'tipping point' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2005/aug/11/science.climatechange1 |access-date=20 September 2009 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519133022/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2005/aug/11/science.climatechange1 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008 a research expedition for the [[American Geophysical Union]] detected levels of methane up to 100 times above normal in the atmosphere above the Siberian Arctic, likely the result of [[methane clathrate]]s being released through holes in a frozen "lid" of seabed permafrost around the outfall of the [[Lena (river)|Lena]] and the area between the [[Laptev Sea]] and [[East Siberian Sea]].<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exclusive-the-methane-time-bomb-938932.html |title= Exclusive: The methane time bomb |last= Connor |first= Steve |date= 23 September 2008 |newspaper= [[The Independent]] |access-date= 3 October 2008 |archive-date= 3 April 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090403201120/http://www.independent.co.uk/environment/climate-change/exclusive-the-methane-time-bomb-938932.html |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>N. Shakhova, I. Semiletov, A. Salyuk, D. Kosmach, and N. Bel'cheva (2007), [http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01071/EGU2007-J-01071.pdf?PHPSESSID=e Methane release on the Arctic East Siberian shelf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807230632/http://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2007/01071/EGU2007-J-01071.pdf?PHPSESSID=e |date=7 August 2019 }}, ''Geophysical Research Abstracts'', '''9''', 01071.</ref>

Since 1988, experimentation at [[Pleistocene Park]] has proposed to restore the grasslands of prehistoric times by conducting research on the effects of large herbivores on permafrost, suggesting that animals, rather than climate, maintained the past ecosystem. The nature reserve park also conducts climatic research on the changes expected from the reintroduction of grazing animals or large herbivores, hypothesizing that a transition from tundra to grassland would lead to a net change in energy emission to absorption ratios.<ref name="Zimov 2005: Pleistocene Park: Return of the Mammoth's Ecosystem. Science Mag.">Sergey A. Zimov (6 May 2005): [https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.1113442 "Pleistocene Park: Return of the mammoths' ecosystem"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220222928/http://science.sciencemag.org/content/308/5723/796.1.full |date=20 February 2017 }} In: ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'', pages 796–798. Article also to be found in [http://www.pleistocenepark.ru/en/materials/ www.pleistocenepark.ru/en/ – Materials.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103172534/http://www.pleistocenepark.ru/en/materials/ |date=3 November 2016 }} Retrieved 5 May 2013.</ref>

==Fauna==
===Birds===
{{See also|List of birds of Russia}}
[[File:Tetrao urogallus (mating display) (26738644457).jpg|thumb|[[Tetrao|Capercaillies]] inhabit much of the Siberian [[taiga]].]]

===Order Galliformes===
====Family Phasianidae====
* [[Hazel grouse]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Northern Hazelhen (Tetrastes bonasia). Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia.|url=https://sibirds.ru/v2taxgal.php?s=147&l=en&p=0|access-date=18 June 2020|website=sibirds.ru}}</ref>
* [[Siberian grouse]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Siberian Grouse (Falcipennis falcipennis). Photo Gallery.Birds of Russian Far East.|url=https://fareastru.birds.watch/v2taxgal.php?s=2&l=en&p=0|access-date=18 June 2020|website=fareastru.birds.watch|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513130906/https://fareastru.birds.watch/v2taxgal.php?s=2&l=en&p=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Black grouse]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Northern Black Grouse (Lyrurus tetrix). Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia.|url=https://sibirds.ru/v2taxgal.php?s=143&l=en&p=0|access-date=18 June 2020|website=sibirds.ru|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619155204/https://sibirds.ru/v2taxgal.php?s=143&l=en&p=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Black-billed capercaillie]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Black-billed Capercaillie (Tetrao urogalloides). Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia.|url=https://sibirds.ru/v2taxgal.php?s=1458&l=en&p=0|access-date=18 June 2020|website=sibirds.ru|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619021418/https://sibirds.ru/v2taxgal.php?s=1458&l=en&p=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Western capercaillie]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Western Capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus). Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia.|url=https://sibirds.ru/v2taxgal.php?s=146&l=en&p=0|access-date=18 June 2020|website=sibirds.ru}}</ref>
* [[Willow ptarmigan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia.|url=https://sibirds.ru/v2taxgal.php?s=141&l=en&p=0|access-date=18 June 2020|website=sibirds.ru|archive-date=19 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619060836/https://sibirds.ru/v2taxgal.php?s=141&l=en&p=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Rock ptarmigan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus muta). Photo Gallery.Birds of Siberia.|url=https://sibirds.ru/v2taxgal.php?s=142&l=en&p=0|access-date=18 June 2020|website=sibirds.ru|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618165128/https://sibirds.ru/v2taxgal.php?s=142&p=0&l=en|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Daurian partridge]]
* [[Grey partridge]]
* [[Altai snowcock]]
* [[Japanese quail]]
* [[Common quail]]
* [[Common pheasant|Ring-necked pheasant]]

===Mammals===
{{See also|List of mammals of Russia}}

===Order Artiodactyla===
[[File:Camel1111111 01.jpg|thumb|Two [[saddle]]d [[Bactrian camel]]s [[Moulting|shedding]] their [[Fur|coats]] in the [[Altai Mountains|Altai mountain range]]]]
[[File:Овцебыки - самые грозные млекопитающие Таймыра.jpg|thumb|A [[muskox]] on [[Bolshoy Begichev Island]] in Laptev Sea]]
* [[Moose]]
* [[Bactrian camel]]
* [[Red deer]]
* [[Wild boar]]
* [[Siberian roe deer]]
* [[Manchurian wapiti]]<ref name=Geist>{{cite book|author=Valerius Geist|title=Deer of the World: Their Evolution, Behaviour, and Ecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bcWZX-IMEVkC&pg=PA211|date=January 1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|isbn=978-0-8117-0496-0|page=211|access-date=30 January 2016}}</ref>
* [[Siberian musk deer]]<ref name=iucn2008Nyambayar>{{cite iucn |last=Nyambayar |first= B. |last2=Mix |first2= H. |last3=Tsytsulina |first3= K. |date=2015 |title=''Moschus moschiferus'' |volume=2015 |article-number=e.T13897A61977573 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T13897A61977573.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of vulnerable.</ref>

===Order Carnivora===
====Family Canidae====
* [[Wolf|Grey wolf]]
* [[Tundra wolf]]
* [[Arctic fox]]
* [[Red fox]]

====Family Felidae====
[[File:Panthera tigris altaica 13 - Buffalo Zoo.jpg|thumb|A [[Siberian tiger|Siberian tigress]] and [[wiktionary:cub|cub]]]]
* [[Snow leopard]]
* [[Amur leopard]]<ref name=Uphyrkina2002>{{cite journal|last1=Uphyrkina |first1= O.|last2=Miquelle |first2= D.|last3=Quigley |first3= H.|last4=Driscoll |first4= C.|last5=O'Brien |first5= S. J.|title=Conservation Genetics of the Far Eastern Leopard (''Panthera pardus orientalis'')|url=http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS458_Uphyrkina.pdf|doi=10.1093/jhered/93.5.303|year=2002|journal=Journal of Heredity|volume=93|issue=5|pages=303–11|pmid=12547918|access-date=30 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204102124/http://dobzhanskycenter.bio.spbu.ru/pdf/sjop/MS458_Uphyrkina.pdf|archive-date=4 February 2016|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Siberian tiger]]<ref name=iucn2011Miquelle>{{cite iucn |last=Miquelle |first= D. |last2=Darman |first2= Y. |last3=Seryodkin |first3= I |date=2011 |title=''Panthera tigris'' ssp. ''altaica'' |volume=2011 |article-number=e.T15956A5333650 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-2.RLTS.T15956A5333650.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Eurasian lynx]]
* [[Pallas cat]]

====Family Mustelidae====
* [[Least weasel]]
* [[Stoat]]
* [[Mountain weasel]]
* [[Siberian weasel]]
* [[Steppe polecat]]
* [[Sable]]
* [[Eurasian otter|Eurasian river otter]]
* [[Asian badger]]
* [[Wolverine]]

====Family Ursidae====
[[File:Kamchatka Brown Bear near Dvuhyurtochnoe on 2015-07-23.jpg|thumb|[[Kamchatka brown bear]] at [[Kamchatka Peninsula]]]]
[[File:Белое отражение.jpg|thumb|[[Polar bear]] on [[Wrangel Island]]]]
* [[Asian black bear]]<ref name=iucn2008Garshelis>{{cite iucn |last=Garshelis |first= D. |last2=Steinmetz |first2= R. |date=2020 |title=''Ursus thibetanus'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T22824A166528664 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22824A166528664.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Brown bear]]<ref name=iucn2008McLellan>{{cite iucn |last=McLellan |first= B.N. |last2=Proctor |first2= M.F. |last3=Huber |first3= D. |last4=Michel |first4= S. |date=2017 |title=''Ursus arctos'' |volume=2017 |article-number=e.T41688A121229971 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T41688A121229971.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
* [[Polar bear]]

==Flora==
{{See also|:Category:Flora of Siberia|l1=Category:Flora of Siberia}}
[[File:Kem-004.jpg|thumb|Siberian larch ''Larix sibirica'' trees in summer. [[Kuznetsk Alatau Nature Reserve]], [[Kemerovo Oblast]]]]
* ''[[Larix sibirica]]''
* ''[[Larix gmelinii]]''
* ''[[Picea obovata]]''<ref name="iucn2013">{{Cite iucn |last=Farjon |first= A. | title = ''Pinus pumila'' | volume = 2013 | article-number = e.T42405A2977712 | date = 2013 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42405A2977712.en }}</ref>
* ''[[Pinus pumila]]''<ref name=iucn2011Farjon>{{Cite iucn | author = A. Farjon | title = ''Picea obovata'' | volume = 2013 | article-number = e.T42331A2973177 | date = 2013 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T42331A2973177.en }}</ref>

==Politics==
{{main|Siberian regionalism}}

===Notable sovereign states===
* [[Xianbei state]] (1st–3rd century CE)
* [[First Turkic Khaganate]] (6th–7th century)
* [[Eastern Turkic Khaganate]] (7th century)
* [[Second Turkic Khaganate]] (7th–8th century)
* [[Kyrgyz Khaganate]] (8th–13th century)
* [[Mongol Empire]] (13th–14th century)
* [[Khanate of Sibir]] (1468–1598)
* [[Tsardom of Russia]] (1598–1721)
* [[Russian Empire]] (1721–1917)
* [[Russian Republic]] (1917–1918)
* [[Siberian Republic (1918)|Siberian Republic]] (1918)
* [[Russian State (1918–1920)|Russian State]] (1918–1920)
* [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic]] (1918–1922)
* [[Far Eastern Republic]] (1920–1922)
* [[Tuvan People's Republic]] (1921–1944)
* [[Soviet Union]] (1922–1991)
** [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (1922–1991)
* [[Russian Federation]] (1991–present)

==Borders and administrative division==
[[File:Siberian Cities Map.svg|upright=1.8|thumb|Map of the most populated area of Siberia with clickable city names (SVG)]]
[[File:Siberian Cities Graph.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Comparison of the nine biggest Siberian cities' growth in the 20th century]]

The term "Siberia" has both a long history and wide significance, and association. The understanding and association of "Siberia" have gradually changed during the ages. Historically, Siberia was defined as the whole part of Russia and North Kazakhstan to the east of Ural Mountains, including the [[Russian Far East]]. According to this definition, Siberia extended eastward from the Ural Mountains to the Pacific coast, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the border of Central Asia and the national borders of both Mongolia and China.<ref>{{cite wikisource|chapter=Сибирь|wslink=МЭСБЕ|wslanguage=ru|plaintitle=[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|Малый энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона]]|scan=Файл:Малый энциклопедический словарь. Т. 2. Вып. 4. Почва - Иссоп (1907).djvu}}</ref>

Soviet-era sources (''[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]'' and others)<ref name="bse">{{cite web |title=Сибирь |trans-title=Siberia |url=https://bse.sci-lib.com/article101866.html |access-date=4 June 2008 |website=[[Большая советская энциклопедия]]}}</ref> and modern Russian ones<ref>{{cite web |title=Сибирь |trans-title=Siberia |url=http://otpusk-info.ru/journey/dictionary/geographic-names/articles/181/sibir.htm |access-date=4 June 2008 |website=Словарь современных географических названий |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326032904/http://otpusk-info.ru/journey/dictionary/geographic-names/articles/181/sibir.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> usually define Siberia as a region extending eastward from the Ural Mountains to the [[drainage divide|watershed]] between Pacific and Arctic drainage basins, and southward from the Arctic Ocean to the hills of north-central [[Kazakhstan]] and the national borders of both Mongolia and China. By this definition, Siberia includes the [[Federal subjects of Russia|federal subjects]] of the [[Siberian Federal District]], and some of the [[Ural Federal District]], as well as [[Sakha Republic|Sakha (Yakutia) Republic]], which is a part of the [[Far Eastern Federal District]]. Geographically, this definition includes subdivisions of several other subjects of Urals and Far Eastern federal districts, but they are not included administratively. This definition excludes [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]] and [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], both of which are included in some wider definitions of Siberia.

Other sources may use either a somewhat wider definition that states the Pacific coast, not the watershed, is the eastern boundary (thus including the whole Russian Far East), as well as all Northern Kazakhstan is its subregion in the south-west<ref name="Britannica" /> or a somewhat narrower one that limits Siberia to the Siberian Federal District (thus excluding all subjects of other districts).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bartleby.com/65/si/Siberia.html |title=Siberia |access-date=4 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000824090623/http://www.bartleby.com/65/si/Siberia.html |archive-date=24 August 2000 }}, ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition</ref> In Russian, 'Siberia' is commonly used as a substitute for the name of the federal district by those who live in the district itself, but less commonly used to denote the federal district by people residing outside of it. Due to the different interpretations of Siberia, starting from [[Tyumen]], to [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]], the territory generally defined as 'Siberia', some people will define themselves as 'Siberian', while others not.

A number of factors in recent years, including the fomenting of Siberian separatism, have made the definition of the territory of Siberia a potentially controversial subject.<ref>{{cite web |title=Siberian separatism: whether federal center can hold remote regions – Robert Lansing Institute |url=https://lansinginstitute.org/2020/10/27/siberian-separatism-whether-federal-center-can-hold-remote-regions/ |website=lansinginstitute.org |language=en |date=27 October 2020 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-06-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901222523/https://lansinginstitute.org/2020/10/27/siberian-separatism-whether-federal-center-can-hold-remote-regions/ |archive-date=Sep 1, 2022}}</ref> In the eastern extent of Siberia there are territories which are not clearly defined as either Siberia or the [[Russian Far East|Far East]], making the question of "what is Siberia?" one with no clear answer, and what is a "Siberian", one of self-identification.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Douglas Causey |title=Russian Far East – Siberia Class |url=http://www.siberiaclass.org/siberia-yesterday-and-today/far-east |format=Lecture |website=www.siberiaclass.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020104152/http://www.siberiaclass.org/siberia-yesterday-and-today/far-east |archive-date=2021-10-20}}</ref>

[[File:Оперный театр4.jpg|thumb|[[Novosibirsk]] is the largest city in Siberia.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Federal Subjects of Russia|Federal subjects]] of Siberia (GSE)
|-
! Subject
! Administrative center
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Ural Federal District]]'''
|-
| {{Flag|Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug}}
| [[Khanty-Mansiysk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Kurgan Oblast}}
| [[Kurgan, Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]]
|-
| {{Flag|Tyumen Oblast}}
| [[Tyumen]]
|-
| {{Flag|Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug}}
| [[Salekhard]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Siberian Federal District]]'''
|-
| {{Flag|Altai Krai}}
| [[Barnaul]]
|-
| {{Flag|Altai Republic}}
| [[Gorno-Altaysk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Irkutsk Oblast}}
| [[Irkutsk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Khakassia|Republic of Khakassia}}
| [[Abakan]]
|-
| {{Flag|Kemerovo Oblast}}
| [[Kemerovo]]
|-
| {{Flag|Krasnoyarsk Krai}}
| [[Krasnoyarsk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Novosibirsk Oblast}}
| [[Novosibirsk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Omsk Oblast}}
| [[Omsk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Tomsk Oblast}}
| [[Tomsk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Tuva|Tuva Republic}}
| [[Kyzyl]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Far Eastern Federal District]]'''
|-
| {{Flag|Buryatia}}
| [[Ulan-Ude]]
|-
| {{Flag|Sakha Republic|name=Sakha (Yakutia)}}
| [[Yakutsk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Zabaykalsky Krai}}
| [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]]
|}
[[File:Хабаровск, летом на набережной Амура.JPG|thumb|[[Amur river|Amur]] waterfront in [[Khabarovsk]]]]
[[File:VladivostokGoldenHorn.jpg|thumb|[[Vladivostok]], [[Primorsky Krai]] ]]
[[File:Якутск. Вид на центральную часть города (2).JPG|thumb|[[Yakutsk]] is the capital of the [[Sakha Republic]].]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Federal subjects of Russia|Federal subjects]] of Siberia (in wide sense)
|-
! Subject
! Administrative center
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Far Eastern Federal District]]'''
|-
| {{Flag|Amur Oblast}}
| [[Blagoveshchensk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Chukotka Autonomous Okrug}}
| [[Anadyr (town)|Anadyr]]
|-
| {{Flag|Jewish Autonomous Oblast}}
| [[Birobidzhan]]
|-
| {{Flag|Kamchatka Krai}}
| [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]
|-
| {{Flag|Khabarovsk Krai}}
| [[Khabarovsk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Magadan Oblast}}
| [[Magadan]]
|-
| {{Flag|Primorsky Krai}}
| [[Vladivostok]]
|-
| {{Flag|Sakhalin Oblast}}
| [[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|'''[[Ural Federal District]]'''
|-
| {{Flag|Chelyabinsk Oblast}}
| [[Chelyabinsk]]
|-
| {{Flag|Sverdlovsk Oblast}}
| [[Yekaterinburg]]
|}

===Major cities===
The most populous city of Siberia, as well as the third most populous city of Russia, is [[Novosibirsk]]. Present-day Novosibirsk is an important business, science, manufacturing and cultural center of the Asian part of Russia. [[Omsk]] played an important role in the [[Russian Civil War]] serving as a provisional Russian capital, as well in the [[Russian conquest of Central Asia|expansion into and governing of Central Asia]]. In addition to its cultural status, it has become a major oil-refining, education, transport and agriculture hub.

Other historic cities of Siberia include [[Tobolsk]] (the first capital and the only [[Tobolsk Kremlin|kremlin]] in Siberia), [[Tomsk]] (formerly a wealthy merchant's town) and [[Irkutsk]] (former seat of Eastern Siberia's governor general, near lake Baikal). Other major cities include [[Barnaul]], [[Kemerovo]], [[Krasnoyarsk]], [[Novokuznetsk]], [[Tyumen]]. Wider definitions of geographic Siberia also include the cities of [[Chelyabinsk]] and [[Yekaterinburg]] in the Urals; [[Khabarovsk]] and [[Vladivostok]] in the Russian Far East; and even [[Petropavl]]ovsk in Kazakhstan and [[Harbin]] in China.

==Economy==
[[File:RF NG pipestoEU.gif|thumb|Russian [[Petroleum|oil]] and [[Natural gas|gas]] pipelines in use]]
Novosibirsk is the most important city for the Siberian economy; with an extra boost since 2000 when it was designated a regional center for the executive bureaucracy ([[Siberian Federal District]]). Russia's largest oil refinery is the [[Omsk Refinery]].

Siberia is extraordinarily rich in minerals, containing ores of almost all economically valuable metals. It has some of the world's largest deposits of [[Norilsk#Norilsk-Talnakh nickel deposits|nickel]], gold, lead, coal, molybdenum, gypsum, diamonds, diopside, silver and zinc, as well as extensive unexploited resources of oil and natural gas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Yamal Peninsula (Western Siberia): development of gas fields |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/268729/yamal-peninsula-in-western-siberia-development-of-gas-fields/ |access-date=22 June 2012 |website=Statista |archive-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227203417/http://www.statista.com/statistics/268729/yamal-peninsula-in-western-siberia-development-of-gas-fields/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 70% of Russia's developed oil fields are in the [[Khanty-Mansiysk]] region.<ref>{{cite news|first=Simone |last=Schlindwein |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/the-city-built-on-oil-eu-russia-summit-visits-siberia-s-boomtown-a-562248.html |title=The City Built on Oil: EU-Russia Summit Visits Siberia's Boomtown |publisher=Spiegel |date=26 August 2008 |access-date=8 August 2014|newspaper=Spiegel Online }}</ref> Russia contains about 40% of the world's known resources of nickel at the [[Norilsk]] deposit in Siberia. [[Norilsk Nickel]] is the world's largest nickel and palladium producer.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/norilsk-russia-output-idUSLDE60S0DU20100129 |title=Norilsk raises 2010 nickel output forecast |work=Reuters |date=29 January 2010 |access-date=8 August 2014 |archive-date=12 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160312193640/http://www.reuters.com/article/norilsk-russia-output-idUSLDE60S0DU20100129 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Siberian agriculture]] is severely restricted by the short growing season of most of the region. However, in the southwest where soils consist of fertile black earths and the climate is a little more moderate, there is extensive cropping of wheat, barley, rye and potatoes, along with the grazing of large numbers of sheep and cattle. Elsewhere food production, owing to the poor fertility of the podzolic soils and the extremely short growing seasons, is restricted to the [[Reindeer herding|herding of reindeer]] in the tundra—which has been practiced by natives for over 10,000 years.{{citation needed|date=January 2018}}

Siberia has the world's largest forests. Timber remains an important source of revenue, even though many forests in the east have been logged much more rapidly than they are able to recover. The [[Sea of Okhotsk]] is one of the two or three richest fisheries in the world owing to its cold currents and very large tidal ranges, and thus Siberia produces over 10% of the world's annual fish catch, although fishing has declined somewhat since the collapse of the USSR in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_russiafed/en#tcN700AD |title=FAO &nbsp;National Aquaculture Sector Overview (NASO) |date=16 January 2005 |access-date=14 January 2016 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329203633/http://www.fao.org/fishery/countrysector/naso_russiafed/en#tcN700AD |url-status=live }}</ref>

Reported in 2009, the development of [[renewable energy in Russia]] is held back by the lack of a conducive government policy framework,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289325179 |title=Russian renewable energy: The potential for international cooperation |last1=Overland |first1=Indra |last2=Kjaernet |first2=Heidi |publisher=Ashgate |year=2009 |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328024035/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289325179 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{needs update|date=March 2021}} {{As of|2011}}, Siberia offers special opportunities for off-grid renewable energy developments. Remote parts of Siberia are too costly to connect to central electricity and gas grids and have therefore historically been supplied with costly diesel, sometimes flown in by helicopter. In such cases renewable energy is often cheaper.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Overland |first=Indra |date=2011 |title=The Siberian Curse: A Blessing in Disguise for Renewable Energy? |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263524693 |journal=Sibirica |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1–20 |via=ResearchGate |doi=10.3167/sib.2010.090201 |archive-date=17 June 2018 |access-date=28 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180617165148/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263524693 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Sport==
[[File:Pujacs and Safronov 2011-12-04 Amur-Sibir KHL-game.jpeg|thumb|[[Kontinental Hockey League|KHL]] game [[HC Sibir Novosibirsk]] vs [[Amur Khabarovsk]]]]

Russia's third most popular sport, [[bandy]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusbandy.ru%2Fnews%2F7438|title=Google Translate|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> is important in Siberia. In the [[2015–16 Russian Bandy Super League|2015–16 Russian Bandy Super League season]] [[Yenisey Krasnoyarsk Bandy Club|Yenisey]] from Krasnoyarsk became champions for the third year in a row by beating [[Baykal-Energiya]] from [[Irkutsk]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/9039&prev=search|title=Google Translate|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Two or three more teams (depending on the definition of Siberia) play in the Super League, the [[2016–17 Russian Bandy Super League|2016–17]] champions [[SKA-Neftyanik Khabarovsk|SKA-Neftyanik]] from [[Khabarovsk]] as well as [[Kuzbass Kemerovo Bandy Club|Kuzbass]] from [[Kemerovo]] and [[Sibselmash]] from [[Novosibirsk]]. In 2007 Kemerovo got Russia's first indoor arena specifically built for bandy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Информация о стадионе "КЛМ стадиона "Химик", Кемерово |url=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/42/ |access-date=14 April 2016 |work=Федерация хоккея с мячом России}}</ref> Now Khabarovsk has the world's largest indoor arena specifically built for bandy, [[Arena Yerofey]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Информация о стадионе "Арена "Ерофей", Хабаровск |url=http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/96/ |access-date=14 April 2016 |work=Федерация хоккея с мячом России |archive-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401215427/http://www.rusbandy.ru/stadium/96/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It was venue for Division A of the [[2018 Bandy World Championship|2018 World Championship]]. In time for the [[2020 Bandy World Championship|2020 World Championship]], an indoor arena will be ready for use in [[Irkutsk]]. That one will also have a speed skating oval.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/12317/ | title=Google Translate | access-date=27 April 2019 | archive-date=18 December 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218144119/https://translate.google.co.uk/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rusbandy.ru/news/12317/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

Krasnoyarsk is one of the centres of [[Rugby union in Russia|rugby in Russia]], with 2 of the largest clubs in the country, [[Enisei-STM|STM Enisei]] and [[Krasny Yar Krasnoyarsk|Krasny Yar]], are both based in the city. The [[BC Yenisey Krasnoyarsk|Yenisey Krasnoyarsk]] basketball team has played in the [[VTB United League]] since 2011–12. The [[2019 Winter Universiade]] was hosted by Krasnoyarsk.

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Siberia}}

{{See also|Siberians|Indigenous peoples of Siberia}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;" style="float:right"
|+ Population of Siberia<ref name=census2021>{{cite web|title=Национальный состав населения|url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|publisher=[[Federal State Statistics Service (Russia)|Federal State Statistics Service]]|access-date=30 December 2022|archive-date=30 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230204643/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">Including [[Siberian Federal District]], [[Tyumen Oblast]], [[Kurgan Oblast]], [[Zabaykalsky Krai]], [[Buryatia]] and [[Sakha Republic|Sakha]].</ref>
|-
! Ethnicity
!Population !! %
|-
| align="left" | [[Slavs|Slavic]]
| align="right" |18,235,471|| align="right" | 86.2%
|-
| align="left" | [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]]
| align="right" |1,704,665|| align="right" | 8.1%
|-
| align="left" | [[Mongols|Mongolic]]
| align="right" |454,312|| align="right" | 2.1%
|-
| align="left" | [[Uralic peoples|Uralic]]
| align="right" |131,430|| align="right" | 0.6%
|-
| align="left" | Other
| align="right" |637,992|| align="right" | 3.0%
|}
{{Historical populations|7=1959|8=30759112|9=1970|10=30758745|11=1979|12=36901468|13=1989|14=41544390|15=2002|16=39129729|17=2010|18=37631081|19=2021|20=37077502|21=2025|22=36635909|type=|footnote=Historical population of the Ural, Siberian and Far Eastern federal districts}}According to the [[Russian Census (2010)|Russian Census of 2010]], the Siberian and Far Eastern Federal Districts, together have a population of about 25.6&nbsp;million. [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]] and [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]] Oblasts, which are geographically in Siberia but administratively part of the [[Urals Federal District]], together have a population of about 4.3&nbsp;million. Thus, the whole region of Siberia (in the broadest usage of the term) is home to approximately 30&nbsp;million people.<ref>{{cite web |title=5. ЧИСЛЕННОСТЬ НАСЕЛЕНИЯ РОССИИ, ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫХ ОКРУГОВ, СУБЪЕКТОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ, РАЙОНОВ, ГОРОДСКИХ НАСЕЛЕННЫХ ПУНКТОВ, СЕЛЬСКИХ НАСЕЛЕННЫХ ПУНКТОВ – РАЙОННЫХ ЦЕНТРОВ И СЕЛЬСКИХ НАСЕЛЕННЫХ ПУНКТОВ |url=https://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf |website=gks.ru |publisher=Federal State Statistics Service |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228070637/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol1/pub-01-05.pdf |archive-date=28 February 2013 |language=ru |date=2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> It has a population density of about three people per square kilometre.

[[File:Street Scene in Tomsk - Russia.JPG|thumb|left|[[Tomsk]], one of the oldest Siberian cities, founded in 1604]]

The largest ethnic group in Siberia is Slavic-origin [[Russians]], including their sub-ethnic group [[Siberians]], and russified [[Ukrainians in Siberia|Ukrainians]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml |title=Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life] |website=The Ukrainian Weekly |date=4 May 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051255/http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml |archive-date=4 March 2016 |first1=Maryna |last1=Makhnonos }}</ref> [[Slavs|Slavic]] and other [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-European]] ethnicities make up the vast majority (over 85%) of the Siberian population. There are also other groups of indigenous Siberian and non-indigenous ethnic origin. A minority of the current population are descendants of [[Mongol]] or Turkic people (mainly [[Buryats]], [[Yakuts]], [[Tuvans]], [[Altai people|Altai]] and [[Khakas]]) or [[Unified list of indigenous minority peoples of the North, Siberia, and the Far East of Russia|northern indigenous people]]. Slavic-origin Russians outnumber all of the indigenous peoples combined, except in the Republics of Tuva and Sakha.

According to the 2002 census there are 500,000 [[Tatars]] in Siberia, but of these, 300,000 are [[Volga Tatars]] who also settled in Siberia during periods of colonization and are thus also non-indigenous Siberians, in contrast to the 200,000 [[Siberian Tatars]] which are indigenous to Siberia.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm |title=Siberian tatars |access-date=21 February 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020227012304/http://newasp.omskreg.ru/hist/fotatlas/rezumeen.htm |archive-date=27 February 2002 }}</ref> Of the indigenous Siberians, the Mongol-speaking Buryats, numbering approximately 500,000, are the most numerous group in Siberia, and they are mainly concentrated in their homeland, the [[Buryatia|Buryat Republic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Russian Federation: Buryats |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/en/121756 |access-date=21 September 2009 |website=Refworld}}</ref> According to the 2010 census there were 478,085 indigenous Turkic-speaking Yakuts.<ref>{{cite web |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Russian Federation: Sakha (Yakuts) |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/en/64904 |access-date=21 September 2009 |website=Refworld |archive-date=30 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530230947/https://www.refworld.org/reference/countryrep/mrgi/2018/en/64904 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other ethnic groups indigenous to Siberia include [[Ket people|Kets]], [[Evenks]], [[Chukchis]], [[Koryaks]], [[Yupik peoples|Yupiks]], and [[Yukaghirs]].

About 70% of Siberia's people live in cities, mainly in apartments.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gutman|first=Garik|title=Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences|publisher=Springer Netherlands|year=2012|isbn=978-94-007-4569-8|page=20}}</ref> Many people also live in rural areas, in simple, spacious, log houses.

==Religion==
{{See also|Shamanism in Siberia|Religion in Russia}}
[[File:Khabarovsk Transfiguration Cathedral 2011-08 1314207088.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Transfiguration Cathedral, Khabarovsk]]]]

There are a variety of beliefs throughout Siberia, including [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]], other denominations of Christianity, [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and [[Islam]].<ref>
{{cite book
| last1 = Arnold
| first1 = Thomas Walker
| author-link1 = Thomas Walker Arnold
| title = The Preaching of Islam: A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith
| url = https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arnouoft
| location = Westminster
| publisher = Archibald Constable and Company
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/preachingofislam00arnouoft/page/206 206]–207
| access-date = 11 October 2015
| quote = Of the spread of Islam among the Tatars of Siberia, we have a few particulars. It was not until the latter half of the sixteenth century that it gained a footing in this country, but even before this period Muhammadan missionaries had from time to time made their way into Siberia with the hope of winning the heathen population over to the acceptance of their faith, but the majority of them met with a martyr's death. When Siberia came under Muhammadan rule, in the reign of [[Kuchum Khan]], the graves of seven of these missionaries were discovered [...]. [...] Kuchum Khan [...] made every effort for the conversion of his subjects, and sent to Bukhara asking for missionaries to assist him in this pious undertaking.
| year = 1896
}}</ref> The Siberian Federal District has an estimated 250,000 Muslims. An estimated 70,000 [[History of the Jews in Russia|Jews live in Siberia]],<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=136974 |title= Planting Jewish roots in Siberia |publisher= Fjc.ru |date= 24 May 2004 |access-date= 15 May 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090827113526/http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?AID=136974 |archive-date= 27 August 2009 }}</ref> some in the [[Jewish Autonomous Oblast|Jewish Autonomous Region]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why some Jews would rather live in Siberia than Israel |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0607/Why-some-Jews-would-rather-live-in-Siberia-than-Israel |access-date=16 April 2012 |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |issn=0882-7729 |date=7 June 2010 |archive-date=30 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130122224/https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0607/Why-some-Jews-would-rather-live-in-Siberia-than-Israel |url-status=live }}</ref> The predominant religious group is the [[Russian Orthodox Church]].

Tradition regards Siberia the archetypal home of [[shamanism]], and [[polytheism]] is popular.<ref name=locclass>Hoppál 2005:13</ref> These native sacred practices are considered by the tribes to be very ancient. There are records of Siberian tribal healing practices dating back to the 13th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newdawnmagazine.com/articles/secrets-of-siberian-shamanism|title=Secrets of Siberian Shamanism {{!}} New Dawn: The World's Most Unusual Magazine|website=www.newdawnmagazine.com|access-date=9 January 2017|date=16 May 2013}}</ref> The vast territory of Siberia has many different local traditions of gods. These include: [[Ak Ana]], [[Anapel]], [[Bugady Musun]], [[Kayra|Kara Khan]], [[Khaltesh-Anki]], [[Kini'je]], [[Ku'urkil]], [[Nga (god)|Nga]], [[Nu'tenut]], [[Num-Torum]], [[Yukaghir Pon|Pon]], [[Pugu (deity)|Pugu]], [[Todote]], [[Toko'yoto]], [[Tomam]], [[Xaya Iccita]] and [[Zonget]]. Places with sacred areas include [[Olkhon]], an island in [[Lake Baikal]].

==Transport==
Many cities in northern Siberia, such as [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]], cannot be reached by road, as there are virtually none connecting from other major cities in Russia or Asia. Siberia can be reached through the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]], which operates from Moscow in the west to [[Vladivostok]] in the east. Cities that are located far from the railway are reached by air or by the separate [[Baikal–Amur Mainline|Baikal–Amur Railway]].

==Culture==
[[Stroganina]] is a raw fish dish of the indigenous people of northern Arctic Siberia made from raw, thin, long-sliced frozen fish.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Rasputin | first1=V. | last2=Winchell | first2=M. | last3=Mikkelson | first3=G. | title=Siberia, Siberia | publisher=[[Northwestern University Press]] | year=1997 | isbn=978-0-8101-1575-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fzchffZ3BFQC&pg=PT294 | pages=322–323}}</ref> It is a popular dish amongst native Siberians.<ref>{{cite book | last1=Motarjemi | first1=Yasmine |first2=Gerald |last2=Moy |first3=E. C. D. |last3=Todd |location=Amsterdam |title=Encyclopedia of Food Safety | publisher=[[Elsevier Science]], [[Academic Press]] | year=2013 | isbn=978-0-12-378613-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mX1XAQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA176 | page=176}}</ref> Siberia is known for its [[pelmeni]] dumpling; in the winter, the dumplings are traditionally frozen and stored outdoors. There are various berry, nut and mushroom dishes making use of the riches of abundant nature.

==See also==
{{Portal|Siberia|Russia|Geography}}
* [[Siberian regionalism]]
* [[Tunguska Basin]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{citation |last1=Baievsky |first1=Borris |last2=Squire |first2=E.C. |title=Siberia Its Resources and Possibilities |publisher=Government Printing Office |series=Trade Promotion Series No. 36|date=June 30, 1926 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU7aG1LuyCYC|location=Washington, DC|work=United States Department of Commerce Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce}}
* {{cite book |last=Batalden |first=Stephen K. |year=1997 | title=The Newly Independent States of Eurasia: Handbook of Former Soviet Republics| others=Contributor: Sandra L. Batalden| edition=revised| publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WFjPAxhBEaEC| isbn=978-0-89774-940-4| access-date=24 April 2014}}
* {{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |year=2008 | title= War and the World: Military Power and the Fate of Continents, 1450–2000| publisher=Yale University Press| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xpI_YYtvlCAC| isbn=978-0-300-14769-8| access-date=24 April 2014}}
* Bobrick, Benson. [https://archive.org/details/eastofsunepiccon00bobr ''East of the Sun: the epic conquest and tragic history of Siberia''] (Henry Holt and Company, 1993); popular history
* {{cite book| title= Condé Nast's Traveler, Volume 36| year=2001| publisher=Condé Nast Publications| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qVosAQAAMAAJ| access-date=24 April 2014}}
* Diment, Galya, and Yuri Slezkine, eds. ''Between Heaven and Hell: The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture'' (3rd ed. 1993)
* {{cite book| title= A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990 |first= James| last=Forsyth| edition=Illustrated, reprint, revised| year=1994| publisher=Cambridge University Press| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzhq85nPrdsC| isbn=978-0-521-47771-0| access-date=24 April 2014}}
* Forsyth, James. ''A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony, 1581–1990'' (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1994).
* {{cite book |title=Yearbook |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beJAAQAAIAAJ |publisher=International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs |year=1992 |access-date=24 April 2014}}
* Kotkin, Stephen, and David Wolff, eds. (1995). [https://archive.org/details/rediscoveringrus00step ''Rediscovering Russia in Asia''].
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Siberia | volume= 25 |last1= Kropotkin |first1= Peter Alexeivitch |author1-link= Peter Kropotkin| last2= Bealby |first2= John Thomas| pages = 10–18 }}
* Lincoln, W. Bruce (1993) [https://archive.org/details/conquestofcontin00linc ''The Conquest of a Continent'']. Scholarly history.
* {{cite book| title= Siberia: Worlds Apart |series= Westview series on the post-Soviet republics| first= Victor L.| last=Mote | edition=illustrated| year=1998| publisher=Westview Press| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qEAjAQAAIAAJ| isbn=978-0-8133-1298-9| access-date=24 April 2014}}
* {{cite book |last1=Naumov |first1=Igor V. |title=The History of Siberia |date=22 November 2006 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-20703-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4498YjPq6mgC |language=en}}
* {{cite book |last=Pesterev |first= V. |year=2015 | title=Siberian frontier: the territory of fear | publisher=Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), London| url=https://www.academia.edu/14482632}}
* {{cite book |last=Stephan |first= John J. |year=1996 | title= The Russian Far East: A History | edition=Illustrated, reprint | publisher=Stanford University Press| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC| isbn=978-0-8047-2701-3| access-date=24 April 2014}}
* Wood, Alan (ed.)(1991). ''The History of Siberia: From Russian Conquest to Revolution''. London: Routledge.
* {{cite book |last=Wood |first=Alan |title=Russia's Frozen Frontier: A History of Siberia and the Russian Far East 1581–1991 | edition=illustrated| year=2011| publisher=A&C Black| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VZZLAQAAQBAJ| isbn=978-0-340-97124-6| access-date=24 April 2014}}

{{Regions of the world}}
{{Russia topics}}
{{Soviet Union topics}}
{{Subject bar|commons=yes|commons-search=Сибирь|s=yes|voy=yes|d=yes|d-search=Q5428}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Siberia| ]]
[[Category:Eurasian Steppe]]
[[Category:Geography of Russia]]
[[Category:Regions of Russia]]
[[Category:Geography of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]

Machhiwara forest

2026-03-15T03:38:26Z

Beefurb: Started new page - done

{{Short description|Historical jungle in Punjab, India}}
{{Not to be confused with|text=[[Machhiwara]], the present-day city with the same name}}
{{lead too short|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox forest
|image=
|image_caption=
|location=[[Ludhiana district]], [[Punjab, India]]
|map=
|map_image=Detail of the region of Machhiwara from a map of the country between Delhi and Ludhiana, surveyed by F. S. White, 1808 (detail).jpg
|map_caption=Detail of the region of Machhiwara from a map of the country between [[Delhi]] and [[Ludhiana]], surveyed by [[F. S. White]], 1808
|name=Machhiwara}}
'''Machhiwara''', also spelled '''Macchivara''', was a historical jungle located in the [[Punjab, India|Punjab region]] near the bank of the [[Sutlej]] river near the present-day [[Ludhiana district]] in [[Punjab, India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurmukh |title=The Sikh Encyclopedia |publisher=Punjabi University |year=2011 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=3 (M–R) |location=Patiala |pages=5–6}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Jaggi |first=Rattan Singh |date=10 March 2015 |title=ਮਾਛੀਵਾੜਾ |trans-title=Machhiwara |url=https://punjabipedia.org/topic.aspx?txt=%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A9%9C%E0%A8%BE |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Punjabipedia – Punjabi University, Patiala (originally published in the 'Sikh Panth Encyclopedia' by Gur Ratan Publishers) |language=pa}}</ref> The Machhiwara jungle should not be confused with the [[Lakhi Jungle (jungle)|Lakhi Jungle]] that existed near [[Bathinda]].

== Etymology ==
The name 'Machhiwara' is derived from ''machi'', which is the Punjabi word for fish and came as a result of the fishermen who resided in the area.<ref name=":6" />

== History ==

[[File:Humayun in einer Schlacht gegen die Afghanen.png|thumb|Illustration for the 1st Akbar-nama in the Cleveland Museum of Art, No. 1971.77. The [[Battle of Machhiwara]] in May 1555 is described on the reverse.]]The jungle formed in a region near the bank of the Sutlej river.<ref name=":6" /> The jungle was filled with thorny vegetation and existed during the time period of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":1" /> The jungle was located near a village, also called [[Machhiwara]] (now a town).<ref name=":1" /> In the aftermath of the [[Battle of Chamkaur]], the tenth [[Sikh gurus|Sikh guru]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]], became separated from the rest of his entourage and became lost in the Machhiwara jungle after leaving from [[Chamkaur Sahib|Chamkaur]] in December 1705.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Patwant |title=The Sikhs |publisher=Crown Publishing Group |year=2007 |isbn=9780307429339 |quote=But this tragic phase was still to reach its nadir. With the break of dawn, after having left Chamkaur in the dead of night, the Guru found himself separated from his companions and alone in the heart of the Machhiwara forest. He was without food, shelter, or his trusted mount, his mind filled with thoughts of Mughal betrayal and the loss of his men and sons; only his iron will sustain him in that bleak hour. As luck would have it his three companions, following the route they had agreed upon, were eventually reunited with him. The four, with the help of loyal Sikhs and at least three friendly Muslims, made their way through the enemy patrols who were searching for them. They finally reached the village of Jatpura where the Guru was warmly received by the Muslim chief of the area, Rai Kalha.}}</ref><ref name="syanp220">{{Cite book |last=Hardip Singh Syan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C |title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-78076-250-0 |pages=220–222}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The guru was without food, shelter, or a mount during his trek through the jungle.<ref name=":2" /> He eventually reunited with three of his companions, Man Singh, [[Dharam Singh (Sikhism)|Dharam Singh]], and [[Daya Singh]], in the garden of the village sharing the name of the jungle.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> The guru had chosen the garden outside the village as his resting place when he was come upon by his companions.<ref name=":1" /> Gurdwara Charan Kaval Sahib now marks the location of this village garden.<ref name=":1" /> A man named Gulaba Chand was the local [[masand]] of the Machhiwara area during the time of Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist. |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908585 |volume=2 |pages=833–834}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Guru Gobind Singh stayed with Gulaba, who had a house in the Machhiwara village, where he stayed in a room on the first floor.<ref name=":1" /> Gurdwara Chubara Sahib now marks the location where Gulaba's house once was.<ref name=":1" /> Two [[Rohilla|Rohilla Pathan]] brothers who worked as horse dealers, named Ghani Khan and Nabi Khan, helped transport the guru whilst he was disguised as a Muslim holy man.<ref name=":1" /> The guru stayed at the family house of the [[Pashtuns|Pathan]] brothers after staying in Gulaba's house.<ref name=":1" /> The familial house of the Pathan brothers is now marked by Gurdwara Uchch Da Pir.<ref name=":1" /> The group secretly disguised the guru as a Sufi [[Pir (Sufism)|Pir]] of [[Uch]], carrying him in a palanquin, with the event known as ''Uch Da Peer''.<ref name=":1" /> With the assistance of three Muslims, the group was able to evade Mughal patrols in the area.<ref name=":2" /> Eventually, the group made its way out of the area and reached Jatpura, where Rai Kalha, a local Muslim chieftain, received the Sikh guru.<ref name=":2" />[[File:Detail of the region of Machhiwara from a map of the countries to the west of Delhi as far as Kabul and Multan, including the Punjab, surveyed by Mirza Mogul Beg between 1786–96 for F. Wilford, compiled in 1804 (F07-11) (detail).jpg|thumb|Detail of the region of Machhiwara from a map of the countries to the west of Delhi as far as Kabul and Multan, including the Punjab, surveyed by Mirza Mogul Beg between 1786 and 1796 for F. Wilford, compiled in 1804.]]

Some writings associated with Guru Gobind Singh are linked to the Machhiwara jungle and village. The ''[[Fatehnama]]'' letter is believed to have been composed within and dispatched from the area.<ref>The Sikh Review, April, 1977, “Fatehnama” Page 26 by Trilochan Singh</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Bhai Vir |title=Sri Kalgidhar Chamatkar Volume 2 |pages=114–117}}</ref> Furthermore, the sixth hymn of [[Shabad Hazare]], ''Mittar Pyare Nu'', is believed to have been composed by the tenth Guru in the Machhiwara area after the deaths of all his sons.<ref name=":12">{{cite book |author=Rinehart |first=Robin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qe6WnpbT2BkC&pg=PA106 |title=Debating the Dasam Granth |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-984247-6 |pages=31–32}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E. |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist. |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908585 |volume=2 |pages=833–834}}</ref> The Guru composed this work while leaning against a tree in the wilds of Machhiwara after having been wandering for days with only the soft leaves of the ''Akk'' plant ([[Calotropis gigantea]]) as sustenance, sleeping directly on the lumpy forest ground, suffering from foot blisters, wearing torn attire, and sustaining cuts from the thorny vegetation of the jungle.<ref name=":0" /> This composition forms the sixth stanza of the [[Sabad Patshahi 10|Shabad Hazare]] chapter of the [[Dasam Granth]].<ref name=":0" />{{Blockquote|text="Carry to the Beloved the message of His humble servant

Soft beds are to him like a disease, if thou are not with him

Living in the halls and mansions is like living among serpents, if thou art away

Wine cups hurt him like the sword and things of comfort kill,

as does the butcher's knife, if thou art not with him

In the companionship of the friend, turf is superior to soft beds,

accursed are the places if thou art away."|author=Guru Gobind Singh|title=Shabad Hazare, Dasam Granth|source=translation from 'History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E' (2007), pages 833–834, by Surjit Singh Gandhi}}The [[Nihang]]s favour the dark blue colour for their clothing, which they adopted to emulate Guru Gobind Singh's attire when he escaped from Chamkaur through the Machhiwara jungle.<ref>Hardgrave, R. L. (1996). An Early Portrayal of the Sikhs: Two 18th Century Etchings by Baltazard Solvyns. ''International Journal of Punjab Studies'', ''3''(2), 213-27. Accessed via: https://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/sikhs.html</ref>

The Machhiwara jungle, alongside the Lakhi jungle, were both used as hide-outs by Sikhs during periods of active oppression and active genocide, such as by the Mughal government.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaspal |title=Rejuvenating Punjab: New Economic World Order |date=7 September 2023 |publisher=Virsa Publications |isbn=9788195904952 |pages=159–160}}</ref> Punjab used to have many thick forests that were used as safe-spots for Sikhs.<ref name=":4" />

=== Present ===
[[File:Small tract of remaining jungle of Machhiwara forest, Survey of India geographical block-map for 53 B NW Nabha (1917) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Small tract of remaining jungle of Machhiwara forest, Survey of India geographical block-map for 53 B NW Nabha (1917)]]
The jungle no longer exists for the most part, having been deforested, however surviving remnants can be found in the graveyard located to the north-east direction of the Government Girl School.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Basaati |first=Vikram Singh |title=The Jungles of Machhiwara |url=http://uchdapeer.blogspot.com/p/the-jungles-of-machhiwara.html |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Uch Da Peer}}</ref>

Some have connected the surviving [[Mattewara]] forest with the historical Machhiwara jungle.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Kaur |first=Gurinder |date=6 July 2022 |title=Mattewara: Why Punjab needs this ancient forest near its largest city and river |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/forests/mattewara-why-punjab-needs-this-ancient-forest-near-its-largest-city-and-river-83573 |access-date=30 July 2024 |website=Down To Earth}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=8 July 2022 |title=AAP leader Balbir Singh to urge Punjab CM not to 'destroy Mattewara forests' |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/bharat/aap-leader-balbir-singh-to-urge-punjab-cm-not-to-destroy-mattewara-forests/na20220708150835648648334 |access-date=30 July 2024 |work=ETV Bharat}}</ref>

The Machhiwara jungle that existed during Guru Gobind Singh's time, which was cut down in the subsequent centuries, is planned to be revived by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]] through the planting of samplings on gurdwara land the organization owns within the locality to revive the lost jungle.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-11 |title=SGPC to revive Machhiwara forest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others-do-not-use/sgpc-to-revive-machhiwara-forest/ |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Battle of Machhiwara]]
* [[Guru Gobind Singh Marg]]
* [[Buddha Nullah]]
* [[EcoSikh]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Geography of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian forests]]
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Ludhiana district]]

Adhyayan Suman

2026-03-14T02:05:25Z

Beefurb: Structure improved and content revised

{{Short description|Indian film actor (born 1988)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Adhyayan Suman
| image = Adhyayan Suman at Jai Hind.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|01|13}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai), [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| othername =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer}}
| years_active = 2008–present
| father = [[Shekhar Suman]]
| mother = Alka Suman
| website =
}}

'''Adhyayan Suman''' (born 13 January 1988) is an Indian actor and singer who appears in Hindi language films.<ref name="indiatimes">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Big-stars-dont-always-guarantee-BO-hits-Adhyayan-Suman/articleshow/29820749.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140206221622/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-02-04/news-interviews/46963846_1_adhyayan-suman-film-experimental-cinema|url-status=live|archive-date=6 February 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Big stars don't always guarantee BO hits: Adhyayan Suman|access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/shekhar-and-adhyayan-sumans-next-will-be-an-action-love-story/|title=Shekhar, Adhyayan Suman's next will be an action love story?|work=The Indian Express|access-date=5 October 2015|date=7 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207092258/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/shekhar-and-adhyayan-sumans-next-will-be-an-action-love-story/|archive-date=7 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="koimoi">{{cite web|url=http://www.koimoi.com/actor/adhyayan-suman/|title=Adhyayan Suman - Adhyayan Suman Biography|publisher=koimoi.com|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819060814/http://www.koimoi.com/actor/adhyayan-suman/|archive-date=19 August 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> He debuted in 2008 with {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Haal–e–dil]]}}. His second film, ''[[Raaz – The Mystery Continues]]'', was a commercial success.

==Personal life==
Suman was born in Mumbai to [[Bollywood]] actor [[Shekhar Suman]] and Alka Suman. His elder brother, Aayush, died in 1995.<ref name=Tendulkar>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/adhyayan-suman-gets-a-special-gift-from-sachin-tendulkar/1209903/|title=Sachin gifts autographed bat to Adhyayan on film music launch|work=The Indian Express|date=20 December 2013 |access-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225074200/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/adhyayan-suman-gets-a-special-gift-from-sachin-tendulkar/1209903/|archive-date=25 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Aayush>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/heartless-shekhar-sumans-tribute-to-his-late-son-aayush/292423-8.html|title=Heartless: Shekhar Suman's tribute to his late son |publisher=ibnlive.in.com|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226222224/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/heartless-shekhar-sumans-tribute-to-his-late-son-aayush/292423-8.html|archive-date=26 December 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> His father publicly revealed that Adhyayan went through depression and had suicidal thoughts as Bollywood created numerous hurdles for him.<ref>{{cite news|title=Shekhar Suman on Sushant Singh Rajput's suicide: 'My son Adhyayan too has gone through a similar phase'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shekhar-suman-on-sushant-singh-rajput-s-suicide-my-son-adhyayan-too-has-gone-through-a-similar-phase/story-gMCAXPRgcTF2VCrfQ4Bu8O.html |access-date=28 June 2020 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=27 June 2020 |archive-date=28 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628020819/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/shekhar-suman-on-sushant-singh-rajput-s-suicide-my-son-adhyayan-too-has-gone-through-a-similar-phase/story-gMCAXPRgcTF2VCrfQ4Bu8O.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 11 March 2021, Suman revealed that he broke up with ''[[MTV Splitsvilla#Season 11|Splitsvilla 11]]'' fame Maera Mishra after being in a relationship for two years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Shekhar Suman's Son Adhyayan Suman Breaks-Up With Maera Mishra After 2 Years Of Relationship! |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/shekhar-suman-s-son-adhyayan-suman-breaks-up-with-maera-mishra-after-2-years-of-relationship-1447958 |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=ABP Live |date=11 March 2021 |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328080633/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/shekhar-suman-s-son-adhyayan-suman-breaks-up-with-maera-mishra-after-2-years-of-relationship-1447958 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Maheshwari |first1=Neha |title=Adhyayan Suman and Maera Mishra have parted ways |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/adhyayan-suman-and-maera-mishra-have-parted-ways/articleshow/81441411.cms |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=11 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Suman debuted as an actor in Bollywood in 2008 with {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Haal–e–dil]]}} which was directed by [[Anil Devgan]] and produced by Kumar Mangat.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Haal-e-Dil Movie Review {1.5/5}: Critic Review of Haal-e-Dil by Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/haal-e-dil/movie-review/3149854.cms|access-date=22 May 2020|work=The Times of India|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> His second film was ''[[Raaz – The Mystery Continues]]'', a semi-hit,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raaz - The Mystery Continues - Movie - Box Office India|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=150|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=22 May 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605080444/https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=150|url-status=live}}</ref> directed by [[Mohit Suri]] and produced by [[Mukesh Bhatt]]. His third film ''[[Jashnn]]'' was also with Mukesh Bhatt and his performance in the film was critically acclaimed.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Suman's latest release was his father's failed directorial venture ''[[Heartless (2014 film)|Heartless]]''.<ref name="rediff">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-my-father-shekhar-suman-can-go-to-any-extent-to-see-me-happy/20140207.htm|title='My father Shekhar Suman can go to any extent to see me happy' - Rediff.com Movies|work=Rediff.com|access-date=5 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007054355/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-my-father-shekhar-suman-can-go-to-any-extent-to-see-me-happy/20140207.htm|archive-date=7 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> It is a romantic medical thriller that explored the sensitive topic of [[anaesthesia]] and its awareness.

Pursuing a career in singing, Suman's first single was "Saareyan Nu Chaddeya".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/entertainment/adhyayan-suman-sings-saareyan-nu-chaddeya.html|title=Adhyayan Suman Sings Saareyan NU Chaddeya|work=Deccan Chronicle|last=Suman|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302025745/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/entertainment/adhyayan-suman-sings-saareyan-nu-chaddeya.html|archive-date=2 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> His last release was the recreated version of Arjun Kanungo's - "Aaya Na Tu", "Aaya Na Tu 2.0".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/faith-can-move-mountains-adhyayan-suman/articleshow/68596052.cms|title=Faith can move mountains: Adhyayan Summan |work=The Times of India|last=Summan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406003424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/faith-can-move-mountains-adhyayan-suman/articleshow/68596052.cms|archive-date=6 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Suman also announced his own music channel AS Music with the release of "Aaya Na Tu 2.0" and wants to assist talents across the globe in showcasing their talent and providing them with a platform which will guide them in producing their own music and making them reach out to the right target audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cineblitz.in/news-gossip/latest-news/aya-na-tu-2-0-adhyayan-summans-remake-of-arjun-kanungos-original-number-is-refreshing/|title=Aaya Na Tu 2.0|last=Summan|date=15 March 2019|access-date=4 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404104118/https://cineblitz.in/news-gossip/latest-news/aya-na-tu-2-0-adhyayan-summans-remake-of-arjun-kanungos-original-number-is-refreshing/|archive-date=4 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

His recent release is Soniyo 2.0.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/adhyayan-sings-remake-of-soniyo-from-raaz-2-119042301122_1.html|title=businessstandard.com|last=Summan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508091034/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/adhyayan-sings-remake-of-soniyo-from-raaz-2-119042301122_1.html|archive-date=8 May 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|- style="text-align:center;"
!scope="col"| Year
!scope="col"| Title
!scope="col"| Role
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Haal-e-dil]]''
| Rohit
| Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut]] Stardust Award for Best Male Debut
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Raaz – The Mystery Continues]]''
| Yash
|
|-
|''[[Jashnn]]''
| Akash
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Dehraadun Diary]]''
| Akash Sharma
|
|-
| ''[[Himmatwala (2013 film)|Himmatwala]]''
| Shakti
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Heartless (2014 film)|Heartless]]''
| Aditya Singh
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Luckhnowi Ishq]]''
| Prem
|
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Ishq Click]]''
| Aditya Vardhan
|
|-
|2020
| ''Love Birds''<ref>{{cite news |title='लव बर्ड्स' में दिखाई देगी अध्ययन सुमन व स्नेहा सिंह की जोड़ी, यूट्यूब पर रिलीज होगी फिल्म |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/adhdhyan-suman-and-sneha-singh-will-be-seen-in-love-birds |access-date=19 December 2020 |work=Amar Ujala |date=23 November 2020 |language=hi}}</ref>
| Ayaan
| Nominated in Filmfare short film awards 2021
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Bekhudi (2021 film)|Bekhudi]]''<ref>{{cite news |title='Bekhudi' is a multilayered love story: Adhyayan Suman |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/oct/01/bekhudi-is-a-multilayered-love-storyadhyayan-suman-2365990.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=The New Indian Express |date=1 October 2021}}</ref>
| Abhishek Oberoi<ref>{{cite news |title=Bekhudi Cast List - Bekhudi Movie Star Cast |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bekhudi-2/cast/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Bollywood Hungama |language=en}}</ref>
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Chup: Revenge of the Artist]]''
|Purabh Kapoor
|
|-
| TBA
| ''Madrasi Gang''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bandyopadhyay |first1=Bohni |title=Adhyayan Suman: Aashram Gave Me a New Life, I'm Doing 14 Projects for OTT Platforms Now |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/adhyayan-suman-aashram-gave-me-a-new-life-im-doing-14-projects-for-ott-platforms-now-4033682.html |access-date=3 June 2023 |work=News18 |date=2 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
| Vikram Balaga
| Post-Production
|}

==Web series==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Series !! Role !! Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020-2022
|''[[Damaged (TV series)|Damaged 2]]''
|Akash Batra
|[[Hungama Play]]
|-
| ''[[Aashram]]'' || Tinka Singh || [[MX Player]]
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Inspector Avinash]]'' || Home Minister's Brother || [[JioCinema]]
|-
|2024 || ''[[Heeramandi]]<ref name="‘Heeramandi’ director Sanjay Leela Bhansali was moved to tears after witnessing Adhyayan Suman’s 5-minute monologue">{{cite news|last1=The Times of India|title=‘Heeramandi’ director Sanjay Leela Bhansali was moved to tears after witnessing Adhyayan Suman’s 5-minute monologue|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heeramandi-director-sanjay-leela-bhansali-was-moved-to-tears-after-witnessing-adhyayan-sumans-5-minute-monologue/articleshow/109661619.cms|accessdate=3 May 2024|date=30 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503120144/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heeramandi-director-sanjay-leela-bhansali-was-moved-to-tears-after-witnessing-adhyayan-sumans-5-minute-monologue/articleshow/109661619.cms|archivedate=3 May 2024}}</ref>'' || Zorawar / Young Zulfikar || [[Netflix]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{IMDb name|3057159}}
* {{Facebook|adhyayan.suman.1}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|129}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suman, Adhyayan}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

Amri-Nal culture

2026-03-12T05:56:21Z

Beefurb: new a details!

{{Short description|4th and 3rd millennia BC Pakistani culture}}
{{Infobox archaeological culture
| name =Amri–Nal
| map =
| mapcaption =
| mapalt =
| altnames =
| race =
| religion =
| language =
| horizon =
| region =[[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]], [[Pakistan]]
| period =
| dates =5000-3000 BCE
| typesite =
| majorsites =[[Amri, Sindh|Amri]], [[Sohr Damb]] area in [[Naal, Balochistan]]
| extra =
| precededby =
| followedby =
| collapse =
| definedby =
| antiquatedby =
| module =
}}
'''Amri–Nal culture''' is attributed to archaeological sites in [[Sindh]] and [[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]] provinces of [[Pakistan]]. It flourished in the 4th and 3rd millennia BC. The dual [[typesite]]s are [[Amri, Sindh|Amri]] and [[Sohr Damb]] area in [[Naal, Balochistan]].

==Location==

Several settlements attributed to the Amri culture have been discovered, mainly in lower [[Sindh]]. They are often distributed along the terraces of old and active river courses and consist of sites of different size and shape, which are sometimes stratified below settlements of later periods. Among these, that of the [[Tharro Hills]], near the town of [[Gujo]] (in [[Thatta District|Thatta district]]), is one of the most famous of lower Sindh.

==Cultural context ==
{{see also | Archaeological culture | Chronological dating | l2= Archaeological cultural dating | Phase (archaeology) | l3= Phases in archaeology | Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent#Signifiance | l4= Tools and technology of archaeology | Pottery in the Indian subcontinent | l5= Pottery culture in Indian subcontinent }}

[[Kot Diji]] and Amri are close to each other in Sindh. They earlier developed indigenous culture which had common elements, later they came in contact with Harappan culture and fully developed into mature phase of [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref name=dd1>Charles Keith Maisels, [https://books.google.com/books?id=I2dgI2ijww8C&pg=PA216 ''Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, The Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China.''] Routledge, 2003 {{ISBN|1134837305}}</ref><ref name="Higham2009">{{cite book|first=Charles |last=Higham|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Asian Civilizations|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=H1c1UIEVH9gC|page=9}}|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0996-1|pages=9–}}</ref><ref name=dd2>Sigfried J. de Laet, Ahmad Hasan Dani, eds. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BnY0KYbJC6wC&pg=PA674 ''History of Humanity: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C.''] UNESCO, 1996 {{ISBN|9231028111}} p.674</ref><ref name=tej1>Tejas Garge (2010), [http://www.ancient-asia-journal.com/articles/10.5334/aa.10203/ Sothi-Siswal Ceramic Assemblage: A Reappraisal.] Ancient Asia. 2, pp.15–40. {{doi|10.5334/aa.10203|doi-access=free}}</ref>

== Amri-Nal cultural artifacts==
{{see also | Pottery#Archaeology | l1= Archaeological analysis of pottery | Pottery#Fabric | l2= Fabric analysis of pottery }}

''Amri-Nal culture'': Based on the [[pottery]] found here, it is classified as a separate archaeological culture / subculture.<ref name=dis1>[https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/state-editions/the-harappan-civilisation-its-sub-cultures.html The Harappan Civilisation: Its Sub-cultures], Daily Pioneer, 10 May 2018.</ref>

The Amri culture is a characteristic Chalcolithic cultural aspect of Lower Sindh. It does not exist in Balochistan and also in the Las Bela province where, in contrast, are known many sites of the Nal culture. Unfortunately both these two cultural aspects are very insufficiently radiocarbon dated, though we suggest that they flourished around the middle of the fourth millennium cal BC. Amri is a stratified mound located in Upper Sindh, along the right (western) bank of the Indus. The Amri sequence is quite thick here, suggesting that the site was settled for a few centuries.

The Amri culture fine ware is light [[buff (color)|buff]] with linear geometric motifs painted in dark brown and black, while the coarse one, though not so coarse at all, is slipped in red (see Casal 1964). The knapped stone assemblage is also very typical and does not find parallels in that of the following early Bronze Age Kot Diji aspect. It is characterised by a blade assemblage, with implements detached by pressute flaking, with semi-abrupt retouch. The most typical tool is a triangle retouched along three sides, otherwise called "Amri Triangle" (see Biagi 2005). There are many sites of this cultural aspect in Sindh. The late Professor A.R. Khan discovered many, that are systematically weathered and very often fortified, like the Tharro Hills or Kot Raja Manjera (see Khan 1979)

==See also==

* [[Indus Valley civilization]]
* [[List of Indus Valley civilization sites]]
** [[Bhirrana]], 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
** [[Harappa]]
** [[Kalibanga]], an IVC town and fort with several phases starting from Early harappan phase
** [[Kunal, Haryana]] pre harappan cultural ancestor of [[Rehman Dheri]]
** [[Mohenjo-daro|Mohenjo Daro]]
** [[Rakhigarhi]], one of the largest IVC city with 4 phases of IVC with earliest dated to 8th-7th millennium BCE
* [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley civilization]]
** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley civilization]]
** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley civilisation]]
* [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation]]
* [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]

==References==
* Casal J.-M. 1964 - Fouilles d'Amri. Klincksieck, Paris (2 volumes)
* Biagi P. - The chipped stone assemblage of the Tharro Hills (Thatta, Sindh, Pakistan): a preliminary typological analysis. Rivista di Scienze Preistoriche, Supplemento 1: 553–566. Florence
* Khan A. R. 1979 - Studies in Geomorphology and Prehistory of Sind. Grassroots III (2), Special Issue. Jamshoro, University of Sind, Pakistan Studies Centre.
{{reflist}}

{{Indus Valley civilization}}
{{Tourism in India}}
{{Haryana}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Former populated places in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Amri-Nal culture]]

Progressive Writers' Movement

2026-03-12T03:32:11Z

Beefurb: quick update

{{Short description|Progressive literary movement in pre-partition British India}}
{{Progressive Writers' Movement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}

The '''Progressive Writers' Association''' or the '''Progressive Writers' Movement of India''' or '''''Anjuman Tarraqi Pasand Mussanafin-e-Hind''''' ({{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq| انجمن ترقی پسند مصنفینِ ہند}}}}) or '''''Akhil Bhartiya Pragatishil Lekhak Sangh''''' ([[Hindi]]: अखिल भारतीय प्रगतिशील लेखक संघ) was a [[progressivism|progressive]] literary movement in pre-partition [[British India]]. Some branches of this writers' group existed around the world besides in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=OpenU>[http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/progressive-writers-association Historical facts about the Progressive Writers Association listed on The Open University (UK) website] Retrieved 9 May 2018</ref>

These groups were [[anti-imperialist]]ic and [[leftist|left-oriented]], and sought to inspire people through their writings advocating equality among all humans and attacking social injustice and backwardness in the society.<ref name=IndianExpress>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/writers-on-the-left/ History of Progressive Writers' Movement on The Indian Express newspaper] Published 26 April 2014, Retrieved 9 May 2018</ref>

According to the ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]'' newspaper, the "Progressive Writers Movement in [[Urdu literature]] was the strongest movement after [[Sir Syed]]'s education movement. The progressives contributed to Urdu literature some of the finest pieces of fiction and poetry. Undoubtedly, they were the trend-setters for the coming generation of writers."<ref name=Dawn>[http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/01/letted.htm#7 The last of the Mohicans (Progressive writers)] [[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] newspaper, Published 1 October 2004, Retrieved 9 May 2018</ref>

==Organizations==
* The Indian Progressive Writers' Association was set up in London in 1935.<ref name=IndianExpress/>
* The Progressive Writers' Association was set up in [[Kolkata]] in July 1936.
* The ''All India Writers' Association'' was set up in [[Lucknow]] on 9 April 1936 under the leadership of [[Syed Sajjad Zahir]] and [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]] at the [[Rifa-e-Aam Club]] in [[Lucknow]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lucknowobserver.com/rifa-e-aam/ |title= Progressive Writing, Regressive Caretaking |work= Lucknow Observer |date=5 August 2015 |access-date=9 May 2018}}</ref> Both of them invited Syed Fakhruddin Balley (known as Balley Alig) to join. Syed Fakhruddin Balley then initiated work to promote the Association. Many writers and poets like [[Hameed Akhtar]], [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]], [[Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi]], [[Saadat Hasan Manto]] and [[Ismat Chughtai]] joined the Association.<ref name=IndianExpress/>
* The ''All Pakistan Progressive Writers' Association'' was set up in Pakistan in December 1947 after the [[Partition of India|creation of Pakistan]] in 1947.{{fact|date=January 2025}}

==History==
===Origin===
The origin of the Progressive Writers' Movement can be traced to the publication of ''[[Angarey]]'' (Embers or Burning Coals),{{refn|Also transliterated as ''Angaaray'', ''Angarey'', ''Angaarey'', or ''Anghare''. See {{cite web|url=http://www.sangatreview.org/angaarey/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111073341/http://www.sangatreview.org/angaarey/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=11 January 2017 |title=Angaarey |website=Sangat Review of South Asian Literature |date=25 November 2014 |access-date=9 May 2018}} and {{cite web|url=http://www.open.ac.uk/researchprojects/makingbritain/content/progressive-writers-association |title=Progressive Writers' Association |website=Making Britain |access-date=9 May 2018}}}} a collection of nine short stories and a one-act play by Ahmed Ali, Sajjad Zaheer, [[Rashid Jahan]] and Mahmud-uz-Zafar in 1932. The publication was met with outrage from civil and religious authorities and was banned by the government of United Provinces.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Ravi|first=S.|date=2014-05-09|title=Still simmering|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/still-simmering/article5993670.ece|access-date=2021-01-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> On 5 April 1933, Mahmud-uz-Zafar published a statement titled ''In Defence of Angare: Shall We Submit to Gagging?'' in ''[[The Leader (Allahabad newspaper)|The Leader]]'':

<blockquote>The authors of this book do not wish to make any apology for it. They leave it to float or sink of itself. They are not afraid of the consequences of having launched it. They only wish to defend 'the right of launching it and all other vessels like it' ... they stand for the right of free criticism and free expression in all matters of the highest importance to the human race in general and the Indian people in particular... Whatever happen to the book or to the authors, we hope that others will not be discouraged. Our practical proposal is the formation immediately of a League of Progressive Authors, which should bring forth similar collections from time to time both in English and the various vernaculars of our country. We appeal to all those who are interested in this idea to get in touch with us.{{sfn|Mahmud|1996a}}</blockquote>

The idea of forming a ''League of Progressive Authors'' was presented for the first time in this statement which later expanded itself and became 'Indian Progressive Writers' Association'.<ref name=britannica>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmed-Ali#ref845471 Writer 'Ahmed Ali' on Encyclopædia Britannica] Retrieved 9 May 2018</ref><ref name=IndianExpress/>

===Indian Progressive Writers' Association, London===
After the publication of ''Angarey'' and the furor that followed, Zaheer was sent to [[London]] by his father in March 1933 to study law.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=192}} In London he came in contact with the members of the Indian student community including [[M. D. Taseer|Muhammad Din Taseer]], [[Mulk Raj Anand]], Jyotirmoy Ghosh, [[Pramod Ranjan Sengupta]] and formed a literary circle of friends.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=196}} The group also included progressive women like [[Hajra Begum]].{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=199}} He also came into the contact of Communist revolutionary [[Ralph Winston Fox]] who encouraged him and Anand to form the Indian Progressive Writers’ Association in London. The association, composed mostly of Indian university students from Oxford, Cambridge and London, met for the first time on 24 November 1934 in a back room at the Nanking Restaurant, a Chinese restaurant in [[Denmark Street]].{{sfn|Coppola|1981|pp=63, 64}} Anand was elected as the president while Sengupta acted as the secretary of the association.{{sfn|Ramnath|2019}}

In 1935, he and Mulk Raj Anand went to [[Paris]] to attend the International Congress for Defense of Culture organised by [[André Gide]], [[Henri Barbusse]] and [[André Malraux]].{{sfn|Coppola|1981|p=64}} Influenced by the conference the group decided to solidify the association and draft a manifesto to formulate the aims and objectives of the association.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=200}}

The ''Manifesto'' of the Progressive Writers' Association was finally drafted in 1935 in London by Zaheer, Taseer, Anand, Sengupta, and Jyoti Ghosh.{{sfn|Malik|1967}} Zaheer sent the approved version of the manifesto to writers and friends in India, including [[K.M. Ashraf]], Abdul Alim, Mahmud-uz-Zafar, Rashid Jahan, [[Hiren Mukherjee]] and [[Premchand]].{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=201}} Premchand translated the manifesto into Hindi and published it in the October edition of ''[[Hans (magazine)|Hans]]'' in 1934 while the English version of the manifesto was published in the February 1936 issue of the ''[[Left Review]]''.{{sfn|Mir|Mir|2006a}}

The manifesto was widely circulated among Indian students with literary interests and the group began to meet once or twice a month to read and critique each other's works.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=203}}

===First all-India Progressive Writers' Conference===
In the summer of 1935 Zaheer returned to India and started working on setting up the All India Progressive Writers' Associated in India.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=204}} In order to garner support for the association he along with Ahmed Ali travelled to various cities in India and met with several writers including [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]], Ehtesham Husain, Shivdan Singh Chauhan, Narendra Sharma, [[Amarnath Jha]], and [[Tara Chand (archaeologist)|Tara Chand]].{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=220}} They also attended the conference of Hindi and Urdu writers in [[Allahabad]] in December 1935, organized by Tara Chand under the aegis of the [[Hindustani Academy]] and met Premchand, [[Maulvi Abdul Haq]], [[Josh Malihabadi]], Munshi Daya Narayan Nigam.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=220}}

In January 1936, Zaheer travelled to [[Amritsar]] to meet Rashid Jahan and Mahmuduzzafar where he also met Faiz Ahmed Faiz for the first time. The four of them travelled to [[Lahore]] to stay with [[Mian Iftikharuddin]] where they met various writers from Lahore including [[Sufi Ghulam Mustafa Tabassum]], [[Akhtar Sheerani]], Abdul Majeed Salik, [[Chiragh Hasan Hasrat]], [[Mian Bashir Ahmed|Mian Bashir]], and Firoz Din Mansoor, garnering support for setting up a branch in Lahore.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|pp=220, 221}} Sufi Tabassum was appointed its secretary.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=221}}

After the establishment of branches in various cities, it was decided to hold an All-India conference on the sidelines of the annual session of the [[Indian National Congress]] which was to meet in [[Lucknow]].{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=221}} The first All-India Progressive Writers' Conference was held in Lucknow on 10 April 1936 under the leadership of Sajjad Zaheer. Premchand was requested to preside over the conference.{{sfn|Mir|Mir|2006a}} The conference was held at the [[Rifa-e-Aam Club|Rifah-e-Aam Hall]], with [[Ale Ahmad Suroor]] as the convenor and Chaudhry Mohammed Ali Rudaulvi as chairman of the Reception Committee.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=222}} While Premchand delivered his presidential address titled ''Sahitya ka Udeshya'' (The Aim of Literature), papers were presented by Firaq Gorakhpuri, Mahmudazzafar, Ahmed Ali, and Surendra Nath Goswami.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|pp=224-227}} Other writers present were Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Mian Iftikharuddin, [[Yusuf Meherally]], [[Indulal Yagnik]], [[Jainendra Kumar]], and [[Saghar Nizami]].{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=228}} The conference was also attended by leftist leaders including [[Jai Prakash Narayan]], [[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay]], and was supported by Congress leaders like [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and [[Sarojini Naidu]].{{sfn|Malik|1967}}

The first conference laid down the basic organisational structure of the movement. A national body under the name All-India Progressive Writers' Association (''Anjuman Taraqqi Pasand Musannifin-e-Hind'') was established. An All-India Committee consisting of representatives of the various regional branches, a Publication Committee and an Executive Committee was also adopted.{{sfn|Ahmed|2009|p=32}} The Constitution of the Association, which was drafted by Mahmud-uz-Zafar, Sajjad Zaheer, and [[Abdul Aleem (professor)|Abdul Aleem]] was adopted by the conference. Zaheer was elected as the Secretary General of the All-India Progressive Writers Association (AIPWA).{{sfn|Malik|1967}} Important resolutions passed in the conference included a demand to the government for freedom of speech.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=228}} Zaheer had traced the account of its formation in his book ''Roshnai''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sajjad Zaheer's Progressive Ideas Live on in Writers' Dissent|url=https://thewire.in/books/sajjad-zaheer-progressive-writers-association-urdu-literature|access-date=2021-01-06|website=The Wire}}</ref>

In 1936, Sohail Azimabadi set up a branch of the PWA in [[Patna]] while [[Hasrat Mohani]] set up a similar branch in [[Kanpur]].{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=245}} Shyam Kumari Nehru organised a major conference of the Hindi and Urdu writers in 1937 in Allahabad which was attended by writers such as Maulvi Abdul Haq, Acharya Narendra Dev, Pandit Ram Naresh Tripathi, Shivdan Singh Chauhan, Narendra Sharma, Ramesh Chandra Sinha and Om Prakash Singhal among others. [[Bishambhar Nath Pande]] the then secretary of the Allahabad branch of the PWA organised another similar conference in 1938 in Allahabad.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=246}}

By the summer of 1938, when Anand returned to India after attending the international writers' conference held in Madrid and Barcelona, the association had already become an influential organisation with various regional and linguistic branches.{{sfn|Ramnath|2019}}

===Second all-India Progressive Writers' Conference===
The second conference of the association was held in [[Calcutta]] in 1938. The inaugural address of the conference was sent by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] who could not attend it due to ill health.{{sfn|Sahni|1986}} Abdul Aleem was elected as the new General Secretary succeeding Zaheer and a newly amended constitution was adopted in the conference. The PWA also launched a monthly bulletin and a quarterly English journal called ''New Indian Writing''.{{sfn|Ramnath|2019}}

===Third all-India Progressive Writers' Conference===
The third conference was organised at the Hardinge Library in [[Delhi]] in 1942.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=260}} [[Krishan Chander]], who was then working for the [[All India Radio|Delhi Radio Station]], was the convener of the conference.{{sfn|Zaheer|2006|p=186}}

===Fourth all-India Progressive Writers' Conference===
The fourth all-India conference was held in [[Bombay]] from 22 May to 25 May 1943 at the Marwari Vidyalaya Hall. A revised version of the Manifesto was adopted at this conference.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|p=251}} Zaheer was elected as the General Secretary of the association with [[Bishnu Dey]] and [[K. A. Abbas]] as joint secretaries and [[Bhargavaram Viththal Varerkar|Mama Varerkar]] as the treasurer. The central office of the association was also moved from Lucknow to Bombay.{{sfn|Jalil|2014|pp=252, 253}}

It could be said that the Urdu writers were in the forefront of 'Anjuman Taraqqi Pasand Musannifin', but later on almost all the writers of Indian languages had their own organisations with the same aims and objectives: struggle against British imperialism for the liberation of India from the foreign yoke; struggle against the henchmen of imperialism, land for the tillers of the soil. The organisation regarded socialism as the proper economic system, which could end exploitation.<ref name=IndianExpress/> Rabindranath Tagore, Maulvi [[Abdul Haq]], [[Chiragh Hasan Hasrat]], Abdul Majeed Salik, Maulana [[Hasrat Mohani]], [[Josh Malihabadi]], Professor [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]], Dr [[Akhtar Hussain Raipuri]], [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], Professor [[Majnun Gorakhpuri]], Rashid Jahan, Sahibzada Mahmood uz Zafar, Professor [[Manzoor Hussain Atif|Manzoor Hussain]] and Abdul Aleem were some of the stalwarts whose active or lukewarm support was with the '''Anjuman Taraqqi Pasand Musannifin'''.

The words "progress and progressive" have a history of their own. In 19th century England, the word "progressive" was the battle cry of all those who wanted a better deal for the underprivileged and wanted science and technology to spearhead the movement for social development. The 'movement for progress' touched all spheres of human development. It stood for liberation and democracy. It was a movement for the freedom-loving writers who were opposed to the status quo in the feudal-dominated Indian society. They thought that unless the Indian society was transformed and the common masses were in the driving seat, nothing could change. Writers like [[Krishan Chander]], [[Ismat Chugtai]], [[Saadat Hasan Manto]], [[Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi]], [[Ali Sardar Jafri]], [[Sibte Hassan]], Ehtesham Hussain, Mumtaz Hussain, [[Sahir Ludhianvi]], [[Kaifi Azmi]], Ali Abbas Hussaini, [[Makhdoom Mohiuddin]], Farigh Bukhari, Khatir Ghaznavi, Raza Hamdani, M.[[Ibrahim Joyo]], [[Sobho Gianchandani]], [[Shaikh Ayaz]], [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]], [[Amrita Pritam]], Ali Sikandar, [[Zoe Ansari]], [[Majaz Lucknawi]] made it the strongest literary movement.

=== Pre-independence period ===
Leading Progressive Writers of Urdu such as Majaz, Kaifi Azmi, Josh Malihabadi, Makhdoom and others strongly campaigned for Pakistan through their works viz. poem by Majaz, ''Pakistan ka Trana''; poem by Kaifi titled ''Ab Agli Id Ek Azad Pakistan Main Hogi'' and Josh Malihabadi’s epic poem projecting Mother India addressing Congress, League and the Communist Party.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ansari |first=Shaukatullah |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.544114 |title=Pakistan The Problem Of India |year=1944 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=8171694268 |pages=xxii}}</ref>

===Post-independence period===
====India====
After the independence of India in 1947, the movement lost its momentum in India. It further declined in growth after the split of the Communist Party in 1964.<ref name=IndiaToday>{{Cite web|date=15 May 1986|first=Mohammed |last=Aslam|title=Lucknow plays host to commemorate 1936 Progressive Writers Association conference|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/story/19860515-lucknow-plays-host-to-commemorate-1936-progressive-writers-association-conference-800840-1986-05-15|access-date=2021-01-05|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> In 1975, the Association was renamed as the ''National Federation of Progressive Writers''. Since then, the Federation has had four Conferences, at Gaya (1975), Jabalpur (1980), Jaipur (1982) and the Golden Jubilee Conference in Lucknow (1986). The Golden Jubilee Conference was inaugurated by Mulk Raj Anand. Sibte Hasan also attended the conference.{{sfn|Sahni|1986}}<ref name=IndiaToday />

Despite the absence of an institutional movement, the progressive movement remained vibrant in India, especially in Urdu poetry. Poets like Jan Nisar Akhtar, Ali Sardar Jafri, Kaifi Azmi, Sahir Ludhianvi and Makhdoom Mohiuddin wrote stirring poems celebrating the working class, condemning religious sectarianism and celebrating international figures such as Martin Luther King Jr., Patrice Lumumba, Jawaharlal Nehru (in the context of his international efforts) and Mao Zedong.{{sfn|Mir|Mir|2006a|pp=68-81}}

====Pakistan====
The ''All Pakistan Progressive Writers' Association'' was set up formally in December 1949 although several branches of the Progressive Writers Movement already existed in cities like Lahore and Karachi. The ''Progressive Papers Limited'', a company established by [[Mian Iftikharuddin]] served as the institutional platform of the association. The company published journals and newspapers like ''[[Pakistan Times]]'', ''[[Daily Imroze]]'' and ''Lail-o-Nihar'' which were edited by Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Ahmad Nadeem Qasmi and Sibte Hasan respectively.{{sfn|Mir|Mir|2006a}}

The partition of the sub-continent also portioned the movement and with the sway of the [[McCarthyism]] in the USA, the movement was declared illegal in 1954 in Pakistan. Then the martial law of 1958 saw its rank and file working under different banners. 'Awam Adbi Anjuman' was revived during the PPP Government in 1971. Rafiq Chaudhry, [[Shaukat Siddiqui]], [[Hasan Abidi]], Ateeq Ahmad, and [[Hamidi Kashmiri]] had supported it. However, in 2007, it was organised on a countrywide basis under an interim constitution. During this period [[Hameed Akhtar]] and Rahat Saeed worked very hard, and organised a general body meeting in [[Lahore]] in 2012 to elect another team of office-bearers with a mandate to get its new constitution passed by 4 March 2012. Dr [[Mohammad Ali Siddiqui]] was elected as its new President unopposed, Salim Raz was elected its Secretary General, Rasheed Misbah, its Deputy Secretary General, Dr [[Qazi Abid]] its joint secretary and Maqsood Khaliq, its deputy secretary co-ordinator. Soon after the election, South African Free Media Association (SAFMA) invited the new office-bearers at a dinner presided over by [[Munnu Bhai]], Dr [[Muhammad Ali Siddiqui]], newly elected president of PWA, and Rahat Saeed, the outgoing Acting Secretary General were the guests of honour. Replying to a question by the journalist Imtiaz Alam as to what challenges the PWA of today, considered relevant, as the previous contention of the PWA, 'the battle of ideas', had become irrelevant, the newly elected president PWA contended that the battle of ideas is still going on. And how could it be considered a closed chapter, when a few hundred multinationals in the world had in their coffers 50 percent of the world's GDP. He thought that, in Pakistan, the rate of poverty was rising alarmingly and even if the rate of illiteracy as a yardstick of poverty is taken into account, more than 50 percent of the people were not literate.

In their [[Karachi]] meeting in 2007, some of Pakistan's progressive writers planned to reactivate the Progressive Writers Association as a body again after a lapse of 53 years, and elected the veteran [[Hameed Akhtar]] as the secretary-general of the association.<ref name=PPF>[https://www.pakistanpressfoundation.org/?s=Progressive+writers+plan+to+reactivate+body Progressive Writers Association meeting in 2007 plans to reactivate body] Pakistan Press Foundation website, Published 3 May 2007, Retrieved 9 May 2018</ref>

==Writers==
Prominent members of the movement have included:

* [[Mirza Adeeb]]
* [[Bhupen Hazarika]]
* [[Hameed Akhtar]]<ref name=PPF/>
* [[Jan Nisar Akhtar]]
* [[Ahmed Ali (writer)|Ahmed Ali]]<ref name=OpenU/><ref name=britannica/>
* [[Sulaiman Areeb]]
* [[Idris Azad]]
* [[Kaifi Azmi]]
* [[Rajinder Singh Bedi]]
* [[Farigh Bukhari]]
* [[Krishan Chander]]
* [[Ismat Chughtai]]
* [[Vijaydan Detha]]
* [[Faiz Ahmad Faiz]]
* [[Ahmed Faraz]]
* [[Himayat Ali Shair]]
* [[Khatir Ghaznavi]]
* [[Firaq Gorakhpuri]]
* [[Majnun Gorakhpuri]]
* [[Sibt-e-Hassan]]
* [[Habib Jalib]]
* [[Ali Sardar Jafri]]<ref name=Dawn/>
* [[Rashid Jahan]]<ref name=OpenU/>
* [[Majaz Lucknawi]]
* [[Sahir Ludhianvi]]
* [[Zafar Mairaj]]
* [[Josh Malihabadi]]
* [[Sadat Hassan Manto]]<ref name=OpenU/>
* [[Makhdoom Mohiuddin]]
* [[Mir Gul Khan Nasir|Gul Khan Nasir]]
* [[Somen Chanda]]
* [[Prem Nath]]
* [[Munshi Premchand]]<ref name=OpenU/>
* [[Amrita Pritam]]
* [[Ahmed Nadeem Qasmi]]
* [[Saadat Saeed]]
* [[Bhisham Sahni]]
* [[Muhammad Ali Siddiqui]]
* [[Salma Siddiqui]]
* [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
* [[Gulam Rabbani Taban]]
* [[Habib Tanvir]]
* [[M. D. Taseer]]<ref name=OpenU/>
* [[Khagendra Thakur]]
* [[Sajjad Zaheer]]<ref name=OpenU/>
* [[Ali Jawad Zaidi]]
* [[Fikr Taunsvi]]
* [[Mulk Raj Anand]]<ref name=Dawn/>

==See also==
* [[Pak Tea House]]
* [[Communist Party of India]]
* [[Communist Party of Pakistan]]
* [[Islamic feminism]]
* [[Khilafat Movement]]
* [[Liberalism and progressivism within Islam]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Cited sources==
*{{Cite book|last=Jalil|first=Rakhshanda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_2HngEACAAJ|title=Liking Progress, Loving Change: A Literary History of the Progressive Writers' Movement in Urdu|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-809673-3|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ẓahir|first=Sajjād|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=41mPoAEACAAJ|title=Angarey: 9 Stories and a Play|date=2014|publisher=Rupa Publications India|isbn=978-81-291-3108-9|language=en}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Malik|first=Hafeez|date=1967|title=The Marxist Literary Movement in India and Pakistan|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2051241|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=26|issue=4|pages=649–664|doi=10.2307/2051241|jstor=2051241|issn=0021-9118|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Citation|last=Ramnath|first=Maia|title=The Progressive Writers Association|date=2019-04-26|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.337|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Asian History|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.013.337|isbn=978-0-19-027772-7|access-date=2021-09-30|url-access=subscription}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Coppola|first=Carlo|date=1981|title=The Angare Group: The Enfants Terribles of Urdu Literature|url=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/books/annualofurdustudies/pager.html?objectid=PK2151.A6152_1_070.gif|journal=Annual of Urdu Studies|volume=1|pages= 57–69}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Mir|first1=Ali Husain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYbGBgAAQBAJ|title=Anthems of Resistance: A Celebration of Progressive Urdu Poetry|last2=Mir|first2=Raza|date=2006a|publisher=Roli Books Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5194-065-4|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ahmed|first=Talat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c4hCAQAAIAAJ|title=Literature and Politics in the Age of Nationalism: The Progressive Writers' Movement in South Asia, 1932-56|date=2009|publisher=Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group|isbn=978-0-415-48064-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Mahmud|first=Shabana|date=1996a|title=Angāre and the Founding of the Progressive Writers' Association|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/313015|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=30|issue=2|pages=447–467|doi=10.1017/S0026749X0001653X|jstor=313015|issn=0026-749X|url-access=subscription}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Sahni|first=Bhisham|date=1986|title=The Progressive Writers' Movement|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24159089|journal=Indian Literature|volume=29|issue=6 (116)|pages=178–183|jstor=24159089|issn=0019-5804}}
*{{Cite book|last=Zaheer|first=Sajjad|translator-last=Afzar|translator-first=Amina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLRjAAAAMAAJ&q=the+light+a+history+of+the+movement|title=The Light: A History of the Movement for Progressive Literature in the Indo-Pakistan Subcontinent : a Translation of Roshnai|date=2006|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-547155-7|language=en}}

==Further reading==
* Ali, Ahmed, ''The Prison House: Collection of Short Stories'', Akrash Publishing, Karachi, 1985, see [[Afterword]]
* ''[http://www.urdupoetry.com/articles/art9.html Progressive Movement and Urdu Poetry]'', by [[Ali Sardar Jafri]]
* ''[http://www.dawn.com/2006/10/01/fea.htm Sajjad Zaheer and Progressive Writers’ Movement]''
* {{cite journal
| last = Zeno
| title = Professor Ahmed Ali and the Progressive Writers' Movement
| journal = Annual of Urdu Studies
| volume = 9
| pages = 39–43
| year = 1994
| publisher = University of Wisconsin—Madison
| url = http://www.urdustudies.com/pdf/09/10ZenoProfessor.pdf
| issn = 0734-5348}}

* Zeno (Safdar Mir), Cultural Notes: A Writer Committed to Progressivism (Ahmed Ali), Dawn, Karachi, 13 June 1986, p.iv.
* {{Cite book
|last= Ali
|given= Ahmed
|author-link= Ahmed Ali (writer)
|year= 1974
|chapter= The Progressive Writers Movement and Creative Writers in Urdu
|title= Marxist Influences and South Asian Literature
|editor= Carlo Coppola
|place= East Lansing
|publisher= Michigan State University
|pages= 36
|isbn= 81-7001-011-X}}

* 'The Journal of Indian Writing in English', ''A Tribute to Ahmed Ali'', Editor, G.S. Balarama Gupta, Vol. 23, January–July 1995, Nos. 1-2.
* Ali, Orooj Ahmed, ''Sajjad Zaheer'', Dawn-Letters, 15 January 2006.
* '''ahsaas 1,2,3''' a journal of progressive literary writings June 2013 peshawar.kpk province,Pakistan
* Alvi, Dr. Khalid. ''Angare Ka Tarikhi Pusmanzar aur Tarraqi Pasand Tahrik'', (Historical Perspective of Angare and The Progressive Writers' Movement), Educational Publishing House, Kucha Pandit, Delhi 1995.

==External links==
* [http://pwa.sapfonline.org/ Progressive Writers Association Pakistan]

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Progressive Writers' Movement}}
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Pakistani literature]]
[[Category:Progressivism]]
[[Category:Progressivism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Socialism in India]]
[[Category:Literary movements]]
[[Category:Urdu-language literature]]
[[Category:Socialism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social movements in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social movements in India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian literary movements]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1936]]
[[Category:Urdu-language literary movements]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India mass organisations]]

Goa Arts and Literature Festival

2026-03-09T12:53:34Z

Beefurb: improved article

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{primary sources|date=March 2017}}

{{Infobox recurring event
|name = Goa Arts and Literature Festival (GALF)
|logo = [[File:Logo of the Goa Arts and Literature Festival (GALF).jpg|frameless|upright=0.5]]
|image =
|caption =
|location = [[International Centre, Goa]] (ICG), [[Dona Paula]], [[Goa]], India
|years_active = 2010 – present
|Patrons =
|genre = [[Literary festival]] [[Arts festival]]
|website = {{URL|http://www.goaartlitfest.com}}
}}

The '''Goa Arts and Literature Festival (GALF)''' is an annual [[literary festival]] which takes place in the [[India]]n coastal state of [[Goa]], each December. It was founded in 2010.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/literary-festivals-in-and-around-india-you-can-vist-4938953/|title=Bookmark your calendar: Literary festivals in and around India you can visit|date=2017-11-15|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref>

The [[International Centre, Goa]] (ICG) serves as the main venue of the festival,<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/goa-art-and-literature-festival-2017-concludes-117121000463_1.html|title=Goa Art and Literature Festival 2017 concludes|date=2017-12-10|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref> with sessions held in the Zuari, Mandovi and Abolim Halls and throughout the gardens. The inaugural event is usually held at the [[Maquinez Palace]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/640987/goa-arts-literature-festival-panaji.html|title=Goa Arts and Literature Festival at Panaji from Dec 7|date=2017-11-04|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2018-11-25|language=en}}</ref>

The event is organized by ICG in association with the Goa Writers' Group, with support from the Directorate of Art and Culture, [[Government of Goa]].<ref name=":0" /> The event also features stalls, mainly put up by local bookstores and a few publishers.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/8th-edition-of-the-goa-arts-and-literature-festival-to-begin-on-december-7/|title=8th edition of the Goa Arts and Literature Festival to begin on December 7|website=The Navhind Times|date=3 November 2017 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref> All events at the festival are free and not ticketed and are open to all.

==History==

Over the years, GALF has hosted participants that include writers and artists of Goa, from the North-East and Kashmir, Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladesh, and has included themes like Dalit writing, poetry, graphic novels, and translations.<ref name="About">{{cite web|url=http://www.goaartlitfest.com/about.php|title=About Us|website=goaartlitfest.com|publisher=International Centre (Goa)|access-date=15 March 2017|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301092726/http://www.goaartlitfest.com/about.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Among its participants were [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]] (2010); [[Teju Cole]], Pakistani novelist Bilal Tanweer, [[Gulzar]] and [[Amitav Ghosh]] (2011);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://caravanmagazine.in/showcase/goa-arts-and-literary-festival|title=Goa Arts And Literary Festival|date=1 December 2011|website=Caravan Magazine|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref> [[Mridula Garg]] and [[Eunice de Souza]] (2012);<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3sTvqaooJ6AseJ5fPzwnnN/Open-season.html|title=Open season: A handy guide to this winter's literature festivals|last=Nair|first=Supriya|date=2012-11-16|work=LiveMint|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref> [[Meera Kosambi]], [[Mitra Phukan]] and [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]] (2013);<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goanews.com/news_disp.php?newsid=4673|title=Assam & Pakistani writers to be highlight of 4th Goa Lit Fest|date=2 December 2013|work=GoaNews.com}}</ref> [[Edwin Thumboo]] and [[Wendell Rodricks]] (2014).<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-edwin-thumboo-inaugurates-goa-arts-and-literature-fest-2041141|title=Edwin Thumboo inaugurates Goa Arts and Literature Fest|date=2014-12-05|work=DNA India|access-date=2018-11-25|language=en-US}}</ref> Samanth Subramaniam, French graphic novelist Nicolas Wild, the [[Bhand Pather]] theatre troupe directed by M K Raina, [[Uttar Kamalabari Satra]] led by Sri Sri Janardhan Deva Goswami, [[Naresh Fernandes]], the graphic novelist [[Amruta Patil]], [[Aditya Adhikari]], [[Mamang Dai]], [[Isabel de Santa Rita Vas]], Jerry Pinto, Shanta Gokhale (2018),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.thegoan.net/m5/1929334/The-Goan-Everyday/The-Goan-Everyday#page/6/1|title=GALF Ends; Showcases books, writers, new outlooks|date=9 December 2018|work=The Goan Everyday|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> Indian-American rappers [[Chee Malabar]] and [[Himanshu Suri]], Pakistani satirical musician [[Ali Aftab Saeed]], American artist [[Daisy Rockwell]], writers and artists from Australia, Nepal and Singapore, and some locals, including school and college students.<ref name="About" />

=== 2013 ===
GALF also claims to have "consistently hosted some of the best lineups of contemporary poets ever assembled in contemporary India".<ref name="About" /> In 2013, there was an "unprecedented reunion of the great 'Bombay School' of poets who emerged in the 1970's, including [[Eunice de Souza]], [[Gieve Patel]], [[Arvind Krishna Mehrotra]] and [[Manohar Shetty]]."<ref name="About" />

=== 2014 ===
GALF 2014 saw senior journalists discuss "the changing nature of the national media". These included [[Rajdeep Sardesai]], [[Sagarika Ghose]], [[Sreenivasan Jain]], [[Naresh Fernandes]], [[Samar Halarnkar]], Priya Ramani, [[Govindraj Ethiraj]], [[Sachin Kalbag]], [[Prashant Jha]], [[Cyril Almeida]]. Then Indian Defense Minister [[Manohar Parrikar]] released Sardesai's ''2014: The Election that Changed India''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Festival-season-Is-Panaji-the-new-culture-capital-of-India/articleshow/45341832.cms|title=Festival season: Is Panaji the new culture capital of India?|last=Menezes|first=Vivek|date=2 December 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/galf-2014-promises-goans-broad-literary-treat/|title=GALF 2014 promises Goans broad literary treat|website=The Navhind Times|date=27 September 2014 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref>

=== 2016 ===
GALF 2016 included some new partnerships with Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]] and North Eastern Council, Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region, Shillong Meghalaya. It featured speakers from around the world, like Landeg White (from [[Wales]]) and Angelica Freitas (from [[Brazil]]), and a host of Indians including [[Gerson da Cunha]], Nabina Das, [[Ranjit Hoskote]], [[K. Satchidanandan]], [[Mamang Dai]] and Mustansir Dalvi. It featured a book reading by Goan [[Manohar Shetty]] and had political activist from [[Tamil Nadu]], [[P. Sivakami|P Sivakami]], as a keynote speaker.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

Some of the books launched at the festival were ''Salt of the Earth'' (by [[Jayanti Naik]] and translated by Augusto Pinto), ''YugSanvar'' / ''Age of Frenzy'' (by Mahableshwar Sail and translated by Vidya Pai), ''Courage & Commitment'' (the memoirs of [[Margaret Alva]]), as well as other books in both [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and English including by Vincy Quadros, Kiran Budkuley, [[Odette Mascarenhas]], Hema Myer Sood, Bina Nayak, Aloysius D’souza, Ivan Arthur, Fernando Jorge Colaco and a showcase of a new book on Persian cuisines by award-winning food writer [[Naomi Duguid]].{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

The festival had a display of art by Delhi-based photographer and blogger Mayank Soofi and paintings by various Goa-based artists, led by Rajesh Salgaonkar.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

The event had a special focus on the art and literature from the North East states of India. It included special readings and discussions by literrateurs from the North-East. The inaugural evening featured a performance by [[Manipur]]-based folk rock band, [[Imphal Talkies and The Howlers|Imphal Talkies]]. The legendary rock musician from [[Meghalaya]], [[Lou Majaw]], honoured the reluctant [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize winner for Literature]], [[Bob Dylan]] with a special concert dedicated to him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goanobserver.in/2016/12/16/lit-fest-things-liberating-galf-16/|title=LIT FEST - ALL THINGS LIBERATING AT GALF '16!|date=2016-12-16|website=Goan Observer|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goastreets.com/galf-2016-greatest-literary-bonanza-in-goa-history/|title=GALF 2016: Greatest Literary Bonanza in Goa History|website=Goa Streets|access-date=2018-12-06|archive-date=6 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235416/http://goastreets.com/galf-2016-greatest-literary-bonanza-in-goa-history/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===2017===
The 2017 festival, the 8th edition, was held on 7–10 December 2017. GALF 2017 included [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] winners like [[Ganesh Devy]], [[Ramachandra Guha]], [[Jerry Pinto]] and [[Ranjit Hoskote]], along with the 2015 [[Man Booker Prize]] nominee [[Anuradha Roy (novelist)|Anuradha Roy]].<ref name=":2" />

=== 2018 ===
The ninth edition of the festival was held from 6 to 8 December 2018. The keynote addresses at the inaugural were given by Sahitya Akademi award-winning writers [[Shashi Deshpande]] and [[Jerry Pinto]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://englishnews.thegoan.net/story.php?id=47373|title=Hope idea of Hindutva is rejected in upcoming polls: Author who returned Sahitya Award|date=7 December 2018|work=The Goan Everyday|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/bulletins/182/a-life-with-full-access-to-everything-without-owning-anything|title=Jerry Pinto on fear, hate – and the magical power of words|last=Pinto|first=Jerry|date=8 December 2018|work=Scroll.in|access-date=11 December 2018}}</ref> The ninth edition was co-curated by Damodar Mauzo and Vivek Menezes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://epaper.thegoan.net/c/34758191|title=GALF Ends; Showcases books, writers, new outlooks|last=Abreu|first=Aliya|date=9 December 2018|work=The Goan Everyday|access-date=10 December 2018}}</ref> It featured book releases like ''Sita Valles: Revolutionary Until Death'' by [[Frederick Noronha]]'s Goa 1556.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/the-tale-of-an-unknown-revolutionary/|title=The tale of an unknown revolutionary|last=Machado|first=Christine|date=6 December 2018|website=The Navhind Times|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-10}}</ref>

==Response==
The online StageCulture.com said of GALF: "Hosted annually in December, this Fest has proven beyond doubt, that Goa is much more than just a hip beach destination and rave hotspot."<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mishra|first1=Gauri|title=7 Literary Festivals of India – Art & Culture Jamboree|url=http://blog.stageculture.com/others/7-literary-festivals-india-art-culture-jamboree/|website=blog.stageculture.com|access-date=16 March 2017}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Skyscanner.co.in said: "The Goa Arts and Literary festival ... is now in its fifth year, and is quickly establishing itself as one of the literary events of the year. In between attending literary events, readings and book launches, you’ll be able to visit the popular beaches of [G]oa for some sun, sand and seafood! ...Participation is free, with pre-registration."<ref>{{cite web|title=Literary Festivals in INdia|url=https://www.skyscanner.co.in/news/literary-festivals-india|website=skyscanner.co.in|publisher=Skyscanner|access-date=16 March 2017|date=2014-09-07}}</ref>

Writing in ''[[The Navhind Times]]'', one critical point of view commented: "Goa needs to create rooms of its own to spur on the creative process. But, now, just when writers from here have an enhanced chance of getting heard, we could be building new hierarchies. Local work needs to be validated by the tastes of someone in New Delhi or New York, before it can be deemed as significant and having value for Goa. This is a deeply disturbing idea, even if it is implemented subconsciously. There seems to be little consultation happening to source out potential participants. In the case of national and international participants, one can go by what is said about them, or reputations built in other literary festivals. How does one choose participation from Goa when we are still to understand the field of who’s doing what?"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/a-room-of-our-own/|title=A room of our own?|last1=Noronha|first1=Frederick|author-link=Frederick Noronha|website=navhindtimes.in|date=12 December 2015 |publisher=The Navhind Times|access-date=16 March 2017}}</ref>

Mridula Garg writes, "Sometimes, in a blink of an eye, we discover that the someone we thought lay at the extreme end of the margin is actually closest to us; in fact is our alter ego... That is the point when we begin to create literature or art. That’s why a Damodar Mauzo can write about a Goan boy’s life in East Africa in the last century with the same ease he can write about Goa now. It’s important to remember that the margin is not a homogeneous space. Within the margin lie a number of invisible margins peopled with dissenters. And each of them is a significant other because dissent is the life-blood of literature and social change."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tambdimati.com/article/goa-as-literature/|title=Goa as Literature|last=Garg|first=Mridula|website=Tambdi Mati|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506170100/http://www.tambdimati.com/article/goa-as-literature/|archive-date=2017-05-06|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-12-06}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Jaipur Literature Festival]]
* [[International Film Festival of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.internationalcentregoa.com/category/goa-arts-literary-festival/ GALF on ICG site]
*[https://www.youtube.com/user/icggoa/videos Videos from GALF (amidst other subjects)]

[[Category:2010 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:December]]
[[Category:Festivals established in 2010]]
[[Category:Festivals in Goa]]
[[Category:Literary festivals in India]]
[[Category:Arts festivals in India]]

Malik Meraj Khalid

2026-03-08T11:05:08Z

Beefurb: adding a bio

{{Short description|Pakistani politician (1916–2003)}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=May 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Malik Meraj Khalid
| image = Malik Meraj Khalid.jpg
| office = [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] {{small|Caretaker}}
| president = [[Farooq Leghari]]
| term_start = 5 November 1996
| term_end = 17 February 1997
| predecessor = [[Benazir Bhutto]]
| successor = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| office1 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the National Assembly]]
| deputy1 = [[Ashraf Khatoon Abbasi]]
| term_start1 = 3 December 1988
| term_end1 = 4 November 1990
| predecessor1 = [[Hamid Nasir Chattha]]
| successor1 = [[Gohar Ayub Khan]]
| deputy2 = [[Abul Fateh]]
| term_start2 = 27 March 1977
| term_end2 = 5 July 1977
| predecessor2 = [[Sahibzada Farooq Ali]]
| successor2 = [[Fakhar Imam]]
| office4 = [[Law Minister of Pakistan|Federal Minister for Law and Justice]]
| primeminister4 = [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]]
| term_start4 = 22 October 1974
| term_end4 = 5 February 1976
| predecessor4 = [[Meraj Muhammad Khan]]
| successor4 = [[Malik Muhammad Akhtar]]
| office5 = [[Ministry of National Food Security & Research|Federal Minister for Food, Agriculture]] [[Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives|and under Developed areas]]
| president5 = [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]
| term_start5 = 24 December 1971
| term_end5 = 1 May 1972
| predecessor5 = [[Mahmoud Haroon]] (as Minister of Agriculture and Works)
| successor5 = [[Ghous Bakhsh Raisani]]
| office3 = [[Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan|Chief Minister of Punjab]]
| governor3 = [[Ghulam Mustafa Khar]] [[Hanif Ramay]]
| term_start3 = 2 May 1972
| term_end3 = 12 November 1973
| predecessor3 = [[Abdul Hamid Khan Dasti]]
| successor3 = [[Ghulam Mustafa Khar]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1916|9|20}}
| birth_place = [[Lahore district|Dera Chahal]], [[Punjab (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2003|6|13|1915|9|20}}
| death_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| party = [[Pakistan Peoples Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Islamia College (Lahore)|Islamia College, Lahore]]
| native_name_lang = ur
| native_name = ملک معراج خالد
}}

'''Malik Meraj Khalid'''{{efn|{{langx|ur|ملک معراج خالد}}}} (1 February 1916 – 13 June 2003) was a Pakistani barrister, politician and [[Marxist philosophy|Marxist philosopher]] who served as the [[caretaker prime minister of Pakistan]] from 1996 to 1997. He also served as the [[Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan|chief minister of Punjab]] from 1972 to 1973.<ref name="Arif Azad, correspondent of The Guardian">{{cite news|last=Arif Azad|title=Obituary Malik Meraj Khalid|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/jul/31/guardianobituaries.pakistan|work=The Guardian (newspaper)|access-date=23 May 2020|location=London|date=31 July 2003}}</ref> He was one of the original philosophers and founders of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP).<ref name=Dawn/>

Born in 1916 to a poor farming family in [[British Punjab|Punjab]], he graduated in law from the [[Islamia College (Lahore)]] in 1942, starting his legal practice by establishing his own law firm in 1948. Inspired by the [[Marxist revisionism|communist literature]] published in the [[Soviet Union]], his initial public community work was aimed towards promoting [[Education in Pakistan|literacy]] in his native village. In 1967, he was one of the founders of the PPP and ascended towards holding the highly important public offices. Responsible for administering and maintaining the control of the [[Punjab Province (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]] after the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|war with India]] in 1971, Meraj Khalid was appointed [[Law Minister of Pakistan|law minister]] in 1974 and served as the [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker]] of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] in two non-consecutive terms.<ref name="Arif Azad, correspondent of The Guardian"/><ref name=Dawn>[https://www.dawn.com/news/106497/meraj-khalid-passes-away "Meraj Khalid passes away"]. ''Dawn'' (newspaper), 14 June 2003, retrieved 23 May 2020</ref>

However, his tough and rigorous [[Hard Left]] ideas led to developing political differences with [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minister]] [[Benazir Bhutto]] in the 1990s, by whom he was sacked in 1996 after levelling accusations against Benazir Bhutto's spouse [[Asif Zardari]] for the murder of [[Murtaza Bhutto]].<ref name="Arif Azad, correspondent of The Guardian"/> Being appointed caretaker prime minister, Meraj Khalid then worked to rally the anti–Benazir Bhutto forces, and his efforts contributed to [[Nawaz Sharif]] and the conservatives' landslide victory in the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 parliamentary elections]].

==Early life and career beginnings==
Malik Meraj Khalid was born in Dera [[Chahal, Kasur|Chahal]], a small village near Burki in Lahore district, to a poor farming family belonging to the [[Awan (tribe)|Awan]] [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] tribe.<ref>Ibrahim, M. (2009) Role of Biradari System in Power Politics of Lahore: Post-Independence Period. PhD Thesis. Bahauddin Zakariya University. Available at: http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1526/1/1234S.pdf (Accessed: 12 June 2023) In-text citation: (Ibrahim, 2009, p.175)</ref> During his early life, he saw his family struggle with hardship to survive in the [[feudalism]] spectrum where his family grew crops for a local feudal lord who paid less than the minimum wage set by the [[British Indian Empire]] government. However, Meraj Khalid did not abandon his school, and despite the hardship, Khalid completed his high-school and later went on to work for a feudal lord who agreed to finance his education.{{citation needed|date=June 2021}}

He was educated at [[Islamia College (Lahore)|Islamia College, Lahore]] and gained an LLB degree in 1944, from [[Punjab University Law College]], Lahore, followed by an [[Associate degree]] in public works.<ref name="StOP">[http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P026 Profile of Malik Meraj Khalid on The Story of Pakistan website] Published 1 June 2003, Retrieved 23 May 2020</ref> In 1948, he began to practice law. He was elected to the Provincial Assembly of West Pakistan for the first time in 1965.<ref name="StOP"/> In 1968, he joined the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]] (PPP) and was appointed President of its Lahore chapter. It was on the PPP ticket that he was successfully re-elected to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] in 1970.<ref name="Arif Azad, correspondent of The Guardian"/><ref name="StOP"/><ref name=Dawn/>

==Statesmanship==
Malik Meraj Khalid, famous for his gentleness and honesty, was a favourite of [[Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto]], the flamboyant Prime Minister of Pakistan during the 1970s. It was he who played a major role in the political career of Meraj Khalid by first appointing him as his Minister for Food and Agriculture and Under-Developed Areas in December 1971.<ref name="StOP"/> Afterwards he was appointed Chief of the Party's Parliamentary Affairs in November 1972, and Minister of Social Welfare, Local Government and Rural Development in 1975.<ref name="StOP"/><ref name=Dawn/>

==Member and Speaker of National Assembly==
After the execution of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto in April 1979, he was nominated member of the PPP's Central Committee, but he eventually resigned from this position in January 1988. After once more successfully returning to the National Assembly in 1988, he was once again appointed Speaker of the National Assembly in 1988. However, he lost the subsequent elections in 1993, and remained aloof from politics for some time. During this period of solitude, he served as the Rector of [[International Islamic University, Islamabad|International Islamic University]] in [[Islamabad]] in 1997.<ref name="Arif Azad, correspondent of The Guardian"/>

==Interim Prime Minister==
President [[Farooq Leghari]], using the powers granted him by the Eighth Amendment to the [[Constitution of Pakistan]], dismissed the government of Benazir Bhutto in November 1996 again, for corruption and politically motivated killings. Malik Meraj Khalid was asked to officiate the interim government before new elections,<ref name="Arif Azad, correspondent of The Guardian"/><ref name="StOP"/> but as prime minister Meraj Khalid continued to live his simple life and his Lahore home too remained as accessible as ever.<ref name="Arif Azad, correspondent of The Guardian"/>

==Death and legacy==
Malik Meraj Khalid peacefully died on 13 June 2003 at age 87 in his residence in Lahore, and was buried with full state honours in a local cemetery. He was survived by his widow and an adopted son.<ref name="Arif Azad, correspondent of The Guardian"/><ref name=Dawn/>

His obituary in ''The Guardian'' noted that "Meraj was perhaps the one Pakistani politician intensely engaged with community work while in high office, and whenever out of office, or out of favor with his party, he returned to grassroots activism, gaining respect and affection across the spectrum. Amid political extremists and Bonapartist generals, he was a model of reason".<ref name="Arif Azad, correspondent of The Guardian"/>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20090402114442/http://therepublicofrumi.com/47.htm Chronicles Of Pakistan]
# [https://archive.today/20130131085148/http://www.pakistaneconomist.com/database2/cover/c96-81.asp A profile of Malik Meraj Khalid]
# [http://www.dawn.com/2003/06/14/top12.htm Meraj Khalid passes away]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Abdul Hamid Khan Dasti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan|Chief Minister of Punjab]]|years=1972–1973}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ghulam Mustafa Khar]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sahibzada Farooq Ali]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of National Assembly]]|years=1977}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Fakhar Imam]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Hamid Nasir Chattha]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of National Assembly]]|years=1988–1990}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Gohar Ayub Khan]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Benazir Bhutto]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Pakistan]] {{small|Caretaker}}|years=1996–1997}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Nawaz Sharif]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Socialism in Pakistan}}
{{Caretaker Prime Ministers of Pakistan}}
{{Speaker National Assembly Pakistan}}
{{Chief Minister of Punjab, Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalid, Meraj}}
[[Category:1916 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Lawyers from Lahore]]
[[Category:Government Islamia College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani Marxists]]
[[Category:Pakistani communists]]
[[Category:Pakistani socialists]]
[[Category:Marxist writers]]
[[Category:Pakistan People's Party politicians]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Food ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Law ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Caretaker prime ministers of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Government of Benazir Bhutto staffers and personnel]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1988–1990]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1977]]
[[Category:Punjab MPAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:Central Model School, Lahore alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Pakistani lawyers]]

S. Suresh Babu

2026-03-08T06:23:58Z

Beefurb: creating some data w/ refs...

{{Short description|Indian atmospheric scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = S. Suresh Babu
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1976|3|14}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Atmospheric science]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]] | [[University of Kerala]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Aerosol#Atmospheric|Atmospheric aerosols]]
| awards = {{ublist| 2006 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] Young Scientist Award | 2009 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]] Young Scientist Platinum Jubilee Award | 2009 [[National Academy of Sciences, India|NASI]]-SCOPUS Young Scientist Award | 2017 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] }}
}}
'''S. Suresh Babu''' (born 14 March 1976) is an Indian atmospheric scientist and the head of the Aerosols, Trace gases and Radiative Forcing (ATRF) branch at the Space Physics Laboratory of [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]. Known for his studies on the [[Aerosol#Atmospheric|Atmospheric aerosols]], Babu is a recipient of the Young Scientist or Associate Award of all the three major Indian science academies namely, [[National Academy of Sciences, India]], [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and [[Indian National Science Academy]]. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences in 2017.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=535 |title=View Bhatnagar Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=11 November 2017}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Kerala University in 1940s.jpg|thumb|left|Kerala University in 1940s]]
Babu was born on 14 March 1976 in the south Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=529 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017-10-21 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=2017-10-21}}</ref> His undergraduate studies were at the [[University College Thiruvananthapuram]] of the [[University of Kerala]] from where he earned an MSc in physics in 1998 before continuing at the institution to obtain an MPhil in 2000.<ref name="Suresh Babu - Faculty Profile">{{Cite web |url=http://spl.gov.in/splh/biodata/ARFI-SBS.pdf |title=Suresh Babu - Faculty Profile |date=2017-11-09 |website=Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre |access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref> Enrolling at the same university for his doctoral studies, he did his research at [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]] (VSSC) to secure a PhD in 2005. Subsequently, he joined the Space Physics Laboratory of VSSC where he heads the ''Aerosols Trace gases and Radiative Forcing (ATRF)'' branch holding the position of a scientist grade SG.<ref name="Biographical Information - Suresh Babu">{{Cite web |url=http://spl.gov.in/biodata/ARFI-SSB.pdf |title=Biographical Information - Suresh Babu |date=2017-11-09 |website=Space Physics Laboratory |access-date=2017-11-09}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
[[File:Aerosol-India.jpg|thumb|235px|Aerosol pollution over Northern India and Bangladesh]]
Babu's research has been focused primarily on atmospheric aerosols and his works is reported to have assisted in a wider understanding of [[black carbon]] aerosols and their radiative impacts on climate changes and atmospheric stability.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf |title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners |date=2017-10-17 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles<ref name="Suresh Babu on Academia">{{Cite web |url=http://spl.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=299&Itemid=695&lang=en |title=Suresh Babu on Academia |date=2017-11-11 |publisher=Academia |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and [[ResearchGate]], an online article repository of scientific articles, has listed 169 of them.<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/S_Babu3 |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017-11-11 |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> Besides, he has contributed chapters to three books published by others and has edited thirty two proceedings.<ref name="Suresh Babu - Faculty Profile" /> The invited talks delivered by him include the one on ''Atmospheric aerosols and their characterization over the Arctic'' at the 2013 Joint Workshop on Polar Research jointly organized by the Ministry of Earth Sciences, [[National Centre for Antarctic and Ocean Research]] and [[Norwegian Research Council]].<ref name="Joint Workshop on Polar Research">{{Cite web |url=http://www.moes.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Polar%20Workshop%202013-%20Summaryandconclusions_No%208.pdf |title=Joint Workshop on Polar Research |date=2013 |website=Ministry of Earth Sciences |access-date=2017-11-11 |archive-date=13 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113003120/http://www.moes.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Polar%20Workshop%202013-%20Summaryandconclusions_No%208.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

When the [[Ministry of Earth Sciences]] constituted the National Facility for Airborne Research (NFAR) under the leadership of the then director of the [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]] in 2013, Babu was selected as a member of the technical expert committee.<ref name="SPL Honors">{{Cite web |url=http://spl.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=299&Itemid=695&lang=en |title=SPL Honors |date=2017-11-11 |website=Space Physics Laboratory, VSSC |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> He has served as the resource person for INSPIRE internship programs of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]] and as the reviewer of proposals for the funding programs of Ministry of Earth Sciences,
Department of Science and Technology and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. He is also an incumbent or former member of several government and institutional committees such as steering review committee of the Space Borne Lidar Project of VSSC, technical evaluation committee of CAIPEEX Program of the [[Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology]], critical design review committee of NEMO-AM satellites of [[Space Applications Centre]], expert committee for the project report preparation of [[Environmental monitoring]] satellite of [[Indian Space Research Organisation|Indian Space Research Organization]] and the national committee for the procurement of scientific instruments in C-130J atmospheric research aircraft.<ref name="Suresh Babu - Faculty Profile" /> He has also been an institutional member of two of VSSC research programs namely ''Investigations of atmospheric aerosols and their characterization over the Arctic during summer season'' which ended in 2012<ref name="Investigations of atmospheric aerosols and their characterization over the Arctic during summer season">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchinsvalbard.no/project/6689 |title=Investigations of atmospheric aerosols and their characterization over the Arctic during summer season |date=2012 |website=Svalbard Science Forum |access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> and ''Characterization of Polar Aerosols: Source processes and climate impacts'', which is scheduled to end in 2018.<ref name="Characterization of Polar Aerosols: Source processes and climate impacts">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchinsvalbard.no/project/6689 |title=Characterization of Polar Aerosols: Source processes and climate impacts |date=2015 |website=Svalbard Science Forum |access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Babu received the Young Scientist Award of the [[Indian National Science Academy]] in 2006<ref name="INSA Young Scientists Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |title=INSA Young Scientists Medal |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=11 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511084357/https://www.insaindia.res.in/youngmedal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a year later, the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] chose him as their Young Associate.<ref name="Associate profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/associate/Suresh_Babu,_Dr_S |title=Associate profile |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref> He was selected for the Young Scientist Platinum Jubilee Award of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]] in 2009;<ref name="NASI Young Scientist Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/yspja.htm |title=NASI Young Scientist Award |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=9 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109212436/http://www.nasi.org.in/yspja.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> he received another honor the same year in the form of NASI-SCOPUS Young Scientist Award from [[Elsevier]].<ref name="Biographical Information - Suresh Babu" /> When the Indian National Science Academy established Indian National Young Academy of Science (INYAS) in 2015,<ref name="Indian National Young Academy of Science (INYAS)">{{Cite web |url=https://insaindia.res.in/INYAS.php |title=Indian National Young Academy of Science (INYAS) |date=2017-11-12 |website=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=14 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114030817/http://www.insaindia.res.in/INYAS.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> he was elected as one of the founding members of the academy.<ref name="Founding members of INYAS">{{Cite web |url=https://insaindia.res.in/founding_members_inyas.php |title=Founding members of INYAS |date=2017-11-12 |website=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-11-12 |archive-date=20 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171120224925/http://www.insaindia.res.in/founding_members_inyas.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2015, he was also selected for the Swarna Jayanti Fellowship of Department of Science and Technology, the tenure of the fellowship running until 2020.<ref name="Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://dst.gov.in/scientific-programmes/scientific-engineering-research/human-resource-development-and-nurturing-young-talent-swarnajayanti-fellowships-scheme |title=Swarna Jayanthi Fellowship |date=2017-11-12 |publisher=Department of Science and Technology |access-date=2017-11-12}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|List available as separate downloadable link}} The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2017.<ref name="10 scientists receive Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/10-scientists-receive-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-prize/article19758442.ece |title=10 scientists receive Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |date=26 September 2017 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=2017-11-11}}</ref> In 2018, Babu became a laureate of the [[Asian Scientist 100]] by the ''[[Asian Scientist]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianscientist.com/as100/ |title=The Asian Scientist 100 |author=  |date= |website= |publisher= [[Asian Scientist]] |access-date= 13 March 2025 |quote= |language= }}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite journal |last=S. Suresh Babu |title=Aerosol Studies on and Around Antarctica |journal=Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad |date=2017 |volume=83 |issue=2 |pages=441–447 |doi=10.16943/ptinsa/2017/48952|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Suresh Babu, M. R. Manoj, K. Krishna Moorthy, Mukunda M. Gogoi, Vijayakumar S. Nair, Sobhan Kumar Kompalli, S. K. Satheesh, K. Niranjan, K. Ramagopal, P. K. Bhuyan, Darshan Singh |title=Trends in aerosol optical depth over Indian region: Potential causes and impact indicators |journal= Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres|date=2013 |volume=118 |issue=20 |pages=11794–11806 |doi=10.1002/2013JD020507|bibcode=2013JGRD..11811794B |s2cid=128498902 |doi-access= }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Krishna Moorthy, S. Suresh Babu, S. K. Satheesh, J. Srinivasan, C. B. S. Dutt |title=Dust absorption over the "Great Indian Desert" inferred using ground-based and satellite remote sensing |journal= Journal of Geophysical Research|date=2007 |volume=112 |issue=D9 |pages=D09206 |doi=10.1029/2006JD007690|bibcode=2007JGRD..112.9206M |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Particulates]]
* [[Deposition (aerosol physics)]]
* [[Acid rain]]
* [[Atmosphere of Earth]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Geology}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/31173179 |title=Atmospheric Haze |last=S. Suresh Babu, Vikram Srabhai Space Centre |date=2012 |publisher=Kavli Frontiers of Science |format=Vimeo video |access-date=2017-11-12}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.researchinsvalbard.no/admin/institution/2768 |title=VSSC Research Programs |date=2017-11-12 |website=Svalbard Science Forum |access-date=2017-11-12}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences}}
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Kerala}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, S. Suresh}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian climatologists]]
[[Category:Space physics]]
[[Category:Scientists from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Indian oceanographers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean & Planetary Sciences]]

Sadda Haq (film)

2026-03-08T02:56:10Z

Beefurb: fixed issues

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sadda Haq
| image =
| director = [[Mandeep Benipal]]
| writer = [[Kuljinder Singh Sidhu]]
| producer = Kuljinder Singh Sidhu Dinesh Sood Nidhi Sidhu
| starring = Kuljinder Singh Sidhu [[Himanshi Khurana]] [[Dhriti Saharan]] Gaurav Kakkar Parmod Moutho etc.
| cinematography = Rishi Singh
| music = [[Jatinder Shah]]
| studio = OXL Films Mumbai
| distributor = [[White Hill Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|2013|05|10|df=y|ref1=<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.saddahaqmovie.com |title= Sadda Haq Release date }}</ref>}}
| country = India
| language = Punjabi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Sadda Haq''''' (English translation: Our Right) is a 2013 Indian [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]-language film directed by [[Mandeep Benipal]] set in the late 1980s and early 1990s during the [[Punjab insurgency]]. It portrays filmmakers' perception of what prompted young men in the state to rise and fight against what was a corrupt police and government system. The film evoked polarising reactions even before it was released, with sections of the Sikh community saying that it depicted the real face of police atrocities. Critics on the other hand felt that the film was a mere "glorification" of terrorists.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://www.sunday-guardian.com/news/ban-on-sadda-haq-lifted-film-crew-elated | title = Ban on Sadda haq lifted, film crew elated | author = Jatinder Preet | publisher = Sunday Guardian | date = 27 April 2013 }}</ref>

==Plot==
The movie tells the story of Sharon Gill, a modern-day Canadian Sikh graduate student who travels to India as part of her thesis on minorities at war. Revelations about the past soon leave the student curious for more information, and Gill's awareness changes after manoeuvring into prison to interview Kartaar Singh. Singh is a hockey player whose life experiences lead him to fight against injustice, corruption and equal rights in the police and government systems. The film's central story is based around Kartaar Singh's journey as a Sikh fighter which is filled with courage, perseverance, and faith.

==Cast==
*Kuljinder Singh Sidhu as Kartar Singh Baaz
*[[Dhriti Saharan]] as Sharan Gill
*Gaurav Kakkar as Karan Randhawa
*[[Pramod Moutho]] as JPS Randhawa
*Yadd Grewal as Hansu Kadayanawala
*[[Dev Kharoud]] as Rajwant Singh Raja
*Dinesh Sood as Joravar Singh
*Amritpal Singh Billa as Baba Tarsem Singh
*Sudanshu Ghor as Prathamjit Singh
*Talwinder Singh Bhullar as Dr Lakhbir Singh Sabhi
*Neeraj Kaushik as Jailer
*Sandeep Kapoor CBI Officer Chetri
*Nidhi Sidhu
*Sunny Gill as Home Minister Baldev Singh
*Praveen Kumar as Santokha Kala
*Prince Kj Singh as Gopi
*[[Himanshi Khurana]] as Sukhpreet
* [[Parichay Sharma]]

==Release and reception==
The movie was released in Australia, United Kingdom, America and Canada but the release was postponed in India.<ref>[http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2013/04/06/sadda-haq-not-released-in-punjab-haryana-delhi-and-uttar-pardesh-screened-in-uk-usa-and-canada/ sikhsiyasat.net]</ref>

Originally, the film was to be released in December 2009{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} but was delayed due to the [[Central Board of Film Certification]]'s disapproval and was finally slated for worldwide release on 5 April 2013. The film was cleared by the [[Film Certification Appellate Tribunal]] (FCAT),<ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.cinemapunjabi.com/features/sadda-haq-banned-in-punjab |title= Sadda Haq banned in punjab }}</ref> but on 5 April, the movie was banned in Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Delhi and J&K. The ban was lifted 10 May 2013.

* The producer and lead actor Kuljinder Sidhu, termed the ban "shameful" and a "black spot on democracy".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406210021/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Chandigarh/Hry-UT-also-ban-Sadda-Haq-maker-terms-govts-impotent/SP-Article1-1037776.aspx Hindustan Times News]</ref> Kuljinder Sidhu has decided to move court to get the ban revoked. Sidhu said the ban was arbitrary because the censor board had cleared the film with a U/A certificate.
* Punjabi actor [[Gippy Grewal]] came forward to ask for the ban to be removed.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/punjabi/news-interviews/Gippy-Grewal-asks-for-Punjab-ban-on-Sadda-Haq-to-be-lifted/articleshow/19575461.cms timesofindia news]</ref>
* [[All India Sikh Students Federation]] president Karnail Singh Peermohammad condemned [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] (SGPC) for its u-turn on the issue. He said the SGPC has been misleading people as seen in the latest statement of committee president [[Avtar Singh Makkar]] which said it was wrong to support the film despite initially supporting it.<ref>[http://punjabnewsline.com/news/AISSF-condemns-SGPC-for-U_turn-on- ___Sadda-Haq___.html punjabnewsline.com]</ref>
* [[Shiv Sena]] demanded ban on the movie, as according to them it may impacts Hindu Sikh relations in [[Punjab]] and threatened to go on strike.<ref>[http://punjabnewsline.com/news/Shiv-Sena-demands-ban-on- ___Sadda-Haq___-movie_-threatens-protest.html punjabnewsline.com]</ref>
* A delegation of Punjab Mahila Congress (PMC) and Hindu organisations, led by the state vice-president of PMC, Nimisha Mehta, demanded a permanent ban on the Punjabi film Sadda Haq its trailers, songs, promos and promotional activities, which they alleged glorified the [[Khalistan]] movement.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mahila-congress-hindu-outfits-seek-permanent-ban-on-sadda-haq/1098847/ indianexpress.com]</ref> The film is being heavily promoted by [[Khalistani]] militant organisations in Canada<ref name="indianexpress1101324">[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/prokhalistani-group-distributes-sadda-haq-in-canada/1101324/ indian express news]</ref>
* The Canadian Sikh Coalition is batting for the film not only on its official website but also on its Facebook page where it projects itself as a "political organisation". The organisation promoted and distributed the movie in Canada.<ref name="indianexpress1101324"/>
* Chief Minister of Punjab, [[Parkash Singh Badal]] told reporters that "It is our priority to maintain peace and communal harmony in the state and we don't want that the movie should vitiate the communal atmosphere of the state".<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cm-justifies-ban-for-peace-harmony/1098512/ Indian express news]</ref>
* In Delhi, [[Lieutenant Governor of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor]] Tejinder Khanna issued a ban order under Section 13 of the Cinematograph Act to maintain communal harmony.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130406114347/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/Delhi-also-bans-Sadda-Haq/Article1-1038067.aspx Hindustan Times News - 5 April 2013]</ref>
* Senior Punjab BJP leader [[Manoranjan Kalia]] on Sunday lauded the Badal government for its timely action to ban the film in the interest of hard-earned peace in the state. Kalia said it was quite strange that the Central Board of Film Certification had failed to do its job (of banning the movie) despite the fact that the union ministry of information and broadcasting is headed by [[Manish Tewari]], "who himself belongs to a martyr's family as his father Prof [[V. N. Tiwari]] was among those whose sacrifices helped in bringing peace to Punjab".
* On 11 April 2013, the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] refused to lift the ban on the film in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and in many other places.<ref>[https://www.oneindia.com/2013/04/12/ban-on-punjabi-movie-sadda-haq-prevails-supreme-court-1192210.html One India news]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130417022600/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-12/india/38490795_1_sadda-haq-u-certificate-screening times of india news]</ref> It lifted the ban after proper screening of the film in court no. 15 on 26 April 2013.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130427113532/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Punjab/Amritsar/Sadda-Haq-makers-elated-over-SC-verdict/SP-Article1-1050881.aspx Lifting of Ban by SC]</ref> The movie will be released with an 'A' certification on 10 May.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}
* [[Om Puri]] said the ban should be lifted if the movie is about the true facts.<ref>[https://fbcdn-sphotos-b-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-ash3/547497_641128542570409_276128702_n.jpg Punjabi newspaper]</ref>
* Former censor board chief said I&B ministry headed by Manish Tewari wanted to ban this movie.<ref>[http://headlinestoday.intoday.in/programme/leela-samson-censor-board-resignation-msg-italian-marines-to-the-point-karan-thapar/1/414178.html I&B ministry wanted to ban]</ref>
* The Canadian Sikh Coalition (CSC) is the official distributor and representative of the ''Sadda Haq'' team across Canada.<ref>[http://www.canadiansikhcoalition.com/post/2013/04/10/Sadda-Haq-Unprecedented-Canadian-Support-Message-from-the-Producer!.aspx/ canadiansikhcoalition.com]</ref>

=== Awards ===
It received the [[PTC Award]] for [[PTC Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and Actress.

==Multilingual dubbing==
The producers are in the process of dubbing the film in Hindi and English, in order to make it accessible to a wider audience. "We got a lot of demand from overseas as well as different parts of India to dub the movie. The dubbing has already started and the DVD rights and satellite rights for the film will be given in both these languages. The translated version may also be screened in a few cinema halls," [[Kuljinder Singh Sidhu]] the producer of the film declared during a press conference.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2013/05/06/sadda-haq-to-be-released-on-may-10-its-being-dubbed-in-to-hindi-english-also/ |title=Sadda Haq to be released on May 10; It's being dubbed in to Hindi & English also | Sikh Siyasat News (In English) |website=www.sikhsiyasat.net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510022414/http://www.sikhsiyasat.net/2013/05/06/sadda-haq-to-be-released-on-may-10-its-being-dubbed-in-to-hindi-english-also/ |archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.facebook.com/saadahaqmovie Sadda Haq Facebook]
* [http://www.saddahaqmovie.com Sadda Haq Official Website]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2232428/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_3_tt_3_nm_0_q_Sadda%2520Haq%2520(film)]

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films about massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Fiction about the insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1980s]]
[[Category:Films set in the 1990s]]
[[Category:Central Bureau of Investigation in fiction]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Canada]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Sikhism-related controversies]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in film]]
[[Category:Religious controversies in India]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Films subject to a lawsuit]]
[[Category:2013 controversies]]

Manasi Subramaniam

2026-03-06T02:36:45Z

Beefurb: Started a info

{{Short description|Indian editor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manasi Subramaniam
| image = Manasi Subramaniam at the 2025 Jaipur Literature Festival.jpg
| education = [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] [[Renaissance literature|Renaissance Literature]], [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]] [[English literature|English Literature]]
| alma_mater = [[Yale University]], [[Stanford University]], [[University of York]], [[University of Madras]]
| occupation = Publisher
| employer =
| honours = [[Yale World Fellows]]hip, [[Young Global Leaders|WEF Young Global Leader]]
| website = https://www.manasisubramaniam.com/
}}

'''Manasi Subramaniam''' is an Indian publisher. Until December 2025, she served as Editor-in-Chief and Vice-President at [[Penguin Random House India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Manasi Subramaniam replaces Gokhale as the new Editor in Chief for Penguin Press. |url=https://scroll.in/article/1035569/milee-ashwarya-is-the-new-publisher-at-penguin-random-house-india-meru-gokhale-announces-departure |access-date=14 July 2024 |publisher=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Speakers 2025 |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/speaker/manasi-subramaniam-4799 |website=Jaipur Literature Festival |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramaniam |first=Manasi |date=2 April 2025 |title=World Economic Forum |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/manasi-subramaniam/ |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/authors/306391/manasi-subramaniam |access-date=2025-11-19 |website=www.penguin.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> She is a [[Yale World Fellows|Yale World Fellow]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Yale World Fellow |url=https://worldfellows.yale.edu/person/manasi-subramaniam/ |website=Yale Jackson School of Global Affairs |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Asmuth |first=Abby |date=2022-12-01 |title=Penguin Random House India chief talks South Asian Literature |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2022/12/01/penguin-random-house-india-chief-talks-south-asian-literature/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Yale Daily News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Silhouette E7: Manasi Subramaniam on South Asian Literature and Publishing |url=https://yaledailynews.com/blog/2023/03/22/silhouette-e7-manasi-subramaniam-on-south-asian-literature-and-publishing/ |website=Yale Daily News |date=22 March 2023 |publisher=Yale University |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> and a [[World Economic Forum]] [[Young Global Leaders|Young Global Leader]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Class {{!}} Young Global Leaders |url=https://www.younggloballeaders.org/2025-class |access-date=2025-04-15 |website=www.younggloballeaders.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=From Grammy-Award Winning Artist to Unicorn Founders: Meet the Young Global Leaders Class of 2025 |url=https://www.weforum.org/press/2025/04/from-grammy-award-winning-artist-to-unicorn-founders-meet-the-young-global-leaders-class-of-2025/ |access-date=15 April 2025 |work=World Economic Forum}}</ref> and is known for her work in literary publishing, translation and freedom of expression.

==Education and Fellowships==
Subramaniam has a B.A. in English Literature from [[Stella Maris College, Chennai|Stella Maris College]], [[University of Madras]], where she was awarded the university gold medal, and an M.A. in Renaissance Literature from the [[University of York]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-01-28 |title=York University awards its scholars |url=https://www.yorkpress.co.uk/news/4082682.york-university-awards-its-scholars/ |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=York Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=English student and graduate stories |url=https://www.york.ac.uk/english/study/undergraduate/stories/ |website=Department of English and Related Literature |publisher=University of York |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref>

Additionally, Subramaniam has to her credit the [[Frankfurt Buchmesse]] fellowship,<ref>{{cite web |title=2012 Frankfurt Fellows Named |url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/international/Frankfurt-Book-Fair/article/52894-2012-frankfurt-fellows-named.html |website=Publishers Weekly |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> the Bureau International de l'Édition Française fellowship,<ref>{{cite web |title=Programme Fellowship à Paris 2014 |url=https://www.bief.org/Operation-3787-Fellowship/Programme-Fellowship-a-Paris-2014.html |website=Bureau International de l'Edition Francaise |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> the [[Creative Australia|Australia Council for the Arts]] Visiting International Publishers fellowship,<ref>{{cite web |title=Visiting International Publishers (VIP) program |url=https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2015/05/27/33148/celebrity-books-and-global-markets-discussed-at-vip-industry-forum/ |website=Books + Publishing |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://vimeo.com/129739193 |website=Vimeo |date=4 June 2015 |publisher=Australia Council for the Arts |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> the [[Zev Birger]] fellowship<ref>{{cite news |last1=Anderson |first1=Porter |title=Jerusalem International Book Fair Announces Zev Birger Fellows |url=https://publishingperspectives.com/2017/04/jerusalem-international-book-fair-zev-birger-fellows-2017/ |publisher=Publishing Perspectives}}</ref> and a [[Pro Helvetia]] residency.

Subramaniam has also been a [[Yale World Fellows|Maurice R. Greenberg Yale World Fellow]] at the [[Yale Jackson School of Global Affairs|Jackson School of Global Affairs]] at [[Yale University]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Class of 2022 |url=https://worldfellows.yale.edu/class/class-of-2022/ |website=Jackson School of Global Affairs |publisher=Yale University |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> and a Fisher Family Summer Fellow at the [[Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law]] at the [[Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies]] at [[Stanford University]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Announcing the Inaugural Fisher Family Summer Fellows Cohort |url=https://cddrl.fsi.stanford.edu/news/announcing-inaugural-fisher-family-summer-fellows-cohort |website=Stanford CDDRL News |date=27 June 2023 |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> She was named to the [[World Economic Forum]]’s [[Young Global Leaders]] Class of 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2025 |title=A new generation of changemakers: Meet the YGL Class of 2025 |url=https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/04/new-generation-changemakers-meet-the-ygl-class-2025/ |website=World Economic Forum}}</ref>—an invite-only programme that brings together exceptional leaders under 40 from across sectors and geographies.

==Publishing career==

Subramaniam was Editor-in-Chief and Vice-President at [[Penguin Random House India]] until December 2025. In this role, she oversaw literary publishing across imprints including [[Allen Lane (imprint)|Allen Lane]], [[Viking Press|Viking]], [[Hamish Hamilton]], [[Penguin Books|Penguin]] and [[Penguin Classics]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Nayar |first1=Mandira |title=India's best literary editors spill the beans on what goes into a great book |url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/leisure/2021/12/19/indias-best-literary-editors-spill-the-beans-on-what-goes-into-a-great-book.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |publisher=The Week}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-27 |title=How an editor knows she's reading the next big book |url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com//relationships/it-s-complicated/how-an-editor-knows-she-s-reading-the-next-big-book-111645787127675.html |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=Mintlounge |language=en}}</ref> She has worked in the past with [[HarperCollins|HarperCollins Publishers India]].

Subramaniam has writers across [[South Asia]] who have received international literary recognition, including winners of the [[Booker Prize]] and the [[Pulitzer Prize]], and several winners and finalists of international awards including the [[National Book Award]]s, [[Folio Prize|Folio]], [[JCB Prize]], [[Andrew Carnegie Medals for Excellence in Fiction and Nonfiction|Andrew Carnegie Medal]], [[Women's Prize for Fiction|Women's Prize]], [[Desmond Elliott Prize]], among others.

She is known for publishing [[The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida]] by [[Shehan Karunatilaka]], which won the 2022 [[Booker Prize]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Booker prize winner Shehan Karunatilaka on writing, afterlife, cricket & more |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k1Cp_Pajfvc |website=Youtube |date=2 March 2023 |publisher=Penguin India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Goyal |first1=Sana |title=What does this year's double Booker win mean for south Asian literature? |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/dec/01/what-does-this-years-double-booker-win-mean-for-south-asian-literature |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> [[Tomb of Sand]] by [[Geetanjali Shree]], translated from the [[Hindi]] by [[Daisy Rockwell]], which won the 2022 [[International Booker Prize]],<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alter |first1=Alexandra |title=An Elegy to a Pluralistic, Polyglot India Wins Readers and Critics in the West |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/11/books/geetanjali-shree-tomb-sand.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=New York Times |date=11 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=International Booker winners Geetanjali Shree & Daisy Rockwell |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rP_9GmpzABY |website=Youtube | date=9 February 2023 |publisher=Penguin India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tomb of Sand : Translations & Transformations Daisy Rockwell in conversation with Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDv7CI3qKhY |website=Youtube | date=December 2022 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> Mother Mary Comes to Me by [[Arundhati Roy]], [[The Loneliness of Sonia and Sunny]] by Kiran Desai, which was shortlisted for the 2025 Booker Prize,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-25 |title=The Loneliness of Sonia and Sunny: Shortlisted for the Booker Prize 2025 {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-loneliness-of-sonia-and-sunny |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PENGUIN TITLE THE LONELINESS OF SONIA AND SUNNY BY KIRAN DESAI SHORTLISTED FOR THE 2025 BOOKER PRIZE |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/newsroom/penguin-title-the-loneliness-of-sonia-and-sunny-by-kiran-desai-shortlisted-for-the-2025-booker-prize/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref> [[A Passage North]] by [[Anuk Arudpragasam]], which was shortlisted for the 2021 Booker Prize,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-15 |title=A Passage North {{!}} The Booker Prizes |url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/a-passage-north |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=thebookerprizes.com |language=en}}</ref> [[A Burning]] by [[Megha Majumdar]], which won the 2022 [[Yuva Puraskar|Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar]],<ref>{{cite web |title=A Burning: Writing and Resistance Megha Majumdar in conversation with Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YFxr8nxkWr8 |website=Youtube |date=26 June 2020 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival}}</ref> [[Djinn Patrol on the Purple Line]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Interview with Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://global.penguinrandomhouse.com/in-depth-stories/interview-with-manasi-subramaniam-executive-editor-head-of-literary-rights-prh-india/ |website=Penguin Random House |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> by Deepa Anappara, which was nominated for the 2020 [[Women's Prize for Fiction]] and the 2020 [[JCB Prize|JCB Prize for Literature]], 3 Sections by [[Vijay Seshadri]], which won the 2014 [[Pulitzer Prize for Poetry]], among others.

She has worked with [[Arundhati Roy]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Booker Prize Winner Arundhati Roy's New Book Coming Out in September 2025 |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/newsroom/booker-prize-winner-arundhati-roys-new-book-coming-out-in-september-2025/#:~:text=Manasi%20Subramaniam,%20Editor-in-,bear%20witness%20to%20a%20remarkable |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Kiran Desai]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Penguin Random House to publish Major New Novel by Kiran Desai |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/newsroom/penguin-random-house-to-publish-major-new-novel-by-kiran-desai/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Neel Mukherjee (writer)|Neel Mukherjee]], [[Akhil Sharma]], [[Siddhartha Mukherjee]], [[Pico Iyer]], [[Sunjeev Sahota]], [[Tahmima Anam]], [[Manu S. Pillai|Manu Pillai]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2mOuUTKrRg |title=Gods, Guns and Missionaries |date=2024-12-29 |last=Bangalore Literature Festival (blrlitfest) |access-date=2025-02-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Zachariah |first=Preeti |date=2024-12-19 |title='In Hinduism, no matter how much you try to regiment, there are still elements of fluidity' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/in-hinduism-no-matter-how-much-you-try-to-regiment-there-are-still-elements-of-fluidity/article68999510.ece |access-date=2025-02-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2fVIo98J8OQ |title=Gods, Guns and Missionaries: Making of the Modern Hindu Identity {{!}} Manu S Pillai{{!}} Manasi Subramaniam |date=2025-05-13 |last=DC Books |access-date=2025-05-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Jeet Thayil]], [[Gurmehar Kaur]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Book Launch: Small Acts of Freedom |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BY9xt87R5uY |website=Youtube | date=February 2018 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival}}</ref> [[Meena Kandasamy]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Thousand Years of the Tirukkural: Poetry, Philosophy, Feminism |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iG5W2UoqmzA |website=Youtube | date=29 May 2023 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=This Poem Will Provoke You: Meena Kandasamy, Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wvOUeAbOKGw |website=Youtube | date=25 April 2022 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival}}</ref> [[Raj Kamal Jha]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTdlaiLGw5E |title=The Patient in Bed Number 12 & other novels {{!}} Raj Kamal Jha , Manasi Subramaniam {{!}} MBIFL 2024 |date=2024-12-07 |last=Mathrubhumi International Festival Of Letters |access-date=2025-02-14 |via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Harsh Mander]], [[Kalki Koechlin]], [[Srinath Raghavan]] and many others. She is the English-language publisher for several works of the Tamil writer [[Perumal Murugan]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Perumal Murugan and Kannan Sundaram in conversation with Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UL5zyfOevy4 |website=Youtube | date=11 March 2024 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil writer Perumal Murugan wins 2023 JCB Literary Prize for Fire Bird |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/tamil-writer-perumal-murugan-wins-2023-jcb-literary-prize-for-fire-bird-9032725/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |publisher=Indian Express}}</ref> and several other Indian writers in translation.

At Penguin Random House India, Subramaniam led initiatives focused on translation and linguistic diversity. She was a member of the company’s [[Diversity, equity, and inclusion|DEI]] Council<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inclusivity Matters : Embracing 'Diversity & Inclusion' at Penguin Random House India |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/newsroom/inclusivity-matters-embracing-diversity-inclusion-at-penguin-random-house-india/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref> and oversaw a significant expansion of translated literature across Indian languages, increasing the range of languages and regions represented on the literary list. Her work in this area emphasised translation as a central publishing strategy rather than a subsidiary programme, with a focus on cross-regional circulation and international visibility for translated works.

== Other Activities ==
Subramaniam has worked in academic research and amateur theatre.<ref>{{cite news |title=When the stage wooed her |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/Jan/08/when-the-stage-wooed-her-16305.html |access-date=14 July 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=16 May 2012}}</ref> She written about books for [[Scroll.in]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://scroll.in/author/10964 |website=Scroll.in |date=26 April 2020 |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://staging.thewire.in/author/manasi-subramaniam |website=Wire |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> [[The Hindu Business Line]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Paradise lost and regained |date=27 January 2017 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/read/paradise-lost-and-regained/article9504634.ece |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> [[The Hindu|The Hindu Literary Review]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.thehindu.com/profile/author/Manasi-Subramaniam/ |website=The Hindu Literary Review |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> The Asian Review of Books,<ref>{{cite web |title=Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://asianreviewofbooks.com/content/search-archives/?terms=manasi%20subramaniam&limit=50 |website=The Asian Review of Books Archive | date=20 January 2017 |publisher=The Asian Review of Books |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> [[Mint Lounge]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.livemint.com/authors/manasi-subramaniam |website=Mint Lounge |publisher=Mint |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Subramaniam |first1=Manasi |title=Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.livemint.com/authors/-manasi-subramaniam- |access-date=14 July 2024 |publisher=Mint Lounge}}</ref> and [[The Sunday Guardian]].

She has been invited to speak at international literary festivals including the Tata Literature Live! festival in [[Mumbai]], the Times Literature Festival in [[Bangalore]] and [[New Delhi]], the [https://bangaloreliteraturefestival.org/ Bangalore Literature Festival], the [[Mathrubhumi International Festival of Letters]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], the [[Kerala Literature Festival]] in [[Kozhikode]] where she has been in conversation with [[Abraham Verghese]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0159fGZaHcA |title=The Water that Binds Us: Conversations on The Covenant of Water{{!}} Abraham Verghese{{!}}Manasi Subramaniam |date=2025-05-12 |last=DC Books |access-date=2025-05-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Jenny Erpenbeck]], [[Georgi Gospodinov]] and [[Paul Lynch (writer)|Paul Lynch]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auKiY8uL-D4&t=125s |title=Can Literature Speak to Power? {{!}} Jenny Erpenbeck{{!}} Georgi Gospodinov{{!}} Paul Lynch {{!}} Manasi Subramaniam |date=2025-02-28 |last=DC Books |access-date=2025-03-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref> and the [[Jaipur Literature Festival]] in [[Jaipur]] and [[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]], where she has been in conversation with writers including [[Jenny Erpenbeck]] and [[Michael Hofmann|Michael Hoffman]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jmQPwsMu0Kk&pp=ygUSbWFuYXNpIHN1YnJhbWFuaWFt |title=Kairos: The Heart Divided {{!}}Jenny Erpenbeck & Michael Hofmann in conversation with Manasi Subramaniam |date=2025-04-21 |last=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=2025-05-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref> [[Arundhathi Subramaniam]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Women Who Wear Only Themselves Arundhathi Subramaniam in conversation with Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TxwE1VZ_ViY |website=Youtube | date=8 December 2022 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> [[Tiffany Tsao]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Tiffany Tsao in conversation with Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUTWEV9tDL4 |website=YouTube | date=27 June 2023 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> [[T. M. Krishna|T.M. Krishna]],<ref>{{cite web |title=The Edict Project: Music and Meaning For Our Times |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HkeQ9pC8qGQ |website=Youtube | date=March 2021 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival}}</ref> [[Mukesh Bansal]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Mukesh Bansal in conversation with Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T_fcpIiY7ts |website=Youtube | date=13 April 2023 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> Defne Suman,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Silence of Scheherazade: Defne Suman in conversation with Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vu8ZB0entQo |website=Youtube | date=14 October 2020 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref> [[Santiago Roncagliolo]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGvuyWuQ8-s |title=Red Summer Heat {{!}} Santiago Roncagliolo and Defne Suman in conversation with Manasi Subramaniam |date=2025-05-18 |last=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=2025-05-22 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Jamie O'Connell,<ref>{{cite web |title=Jamie O'Connell in Conversation with Manasi Subramaniam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFXQKShP7iI |website=Youtube | date=5 May 2022 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival}}</ref> [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-06 |title=When Gandhi met Tolstoy for the first time in Jaipur |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/great-grandson-mahatama-gandhi-leo-tolstoy-letters-jaipur-litreature-festival-9817128/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xOKnkivYE0w |title=Two Sages: Gandhi and Tolstoy {{!}} Gopalkrishna Gandhi and Daniil Tolstoy with Manasi Subramaniam |date=2025-03-02 |last=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=2025-03-03 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Daniil Tolstoy and [[Chigozie Obioma]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Road to the Country In the Words of Chigozie Obioma |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3s7XTmfo6c |website=Youtube | date=23 July 2023 |publisher=Jaipur Literature Festival |access-date=14 July 2024}}</ref>

Following her departure from Penguin Random House India in 2025, Subramaniam has worked independently across publishing, cultural institutions and international networks.

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramaniam, Manasi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of York]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Appudappudu

2026-03-03T21:58:29Z

Beefurb: new new article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Appudappudu
| image = Appudappudu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Chandra Siddhartha]]
| writer = Madhukar (dialogues)
| screenplay = Chandra Siddhartha
| story = Chandra Siddhartha
| based_on = 
| producer = A Ramesh Goud PT Giridhara Rao
| starring = [[Raja (Telugu actor)|Raja]] [[Sriya Reddy]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = KG Soman
| editing = Girish Lokesh
| music = [[R. P. Patnaik]] (songs) Madhukar
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|5|16}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Appudappudu''''' ({{Translation|Sometimes}}) is a 2003 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed by [[Chandra Siddhartha]] starring [[Raja (Telugu actor)|Raja]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/may/31raja.htm|title=Looking for Ms Right!|date=31 May 2006|last=Rajamani|first=Radhika|work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> and [[Sriya Reddy]], in her Telugu debut.

== Plot ==
Sundeep and Radhika get married. After realizing their differences, they break up. However, they later realize that they are made for each other and try to unite with each other again.<ref name="Idlebrain">{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/making/index.html|title=Making of ''Appudappudu'': In Love|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030608173713/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/making/index.html|archive-date=8 June 2003}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Raja (Telugu actor)|Raja]] as Sundeep
*[[Sriya Reddy]] as Radhika
*[[Jayasudha]] as Radhika's mother
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]
*[[Suman Setty]] as a servant
*[[Krishna Bhagawan]]
*[[Vizag Prasad]]
*[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]]
*[[Giribabu]]
*[[Banerjee (actor)|Benarjee]]
*[[Annapurna (actress)|Annapurna]]
*[[Ali (actor)|Ali]]
*[[M. S. Narayana]]
*[[L. B. Sriram]]
*[[Shankar Melkote]]
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
The songs were composed by [[R. P. Patnaik]] while Madhukar composed the score. The lyrices are written by Chaitanya Prasad and Peddada Murthy. In an audio review of the soundtrack, Sreya Sunil of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' wrote that "Over all, the album is a passable fare except for two songs (Nee Kalalu Kavali, Idigo Ippude), which are instant winners".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/appudappudu.html|title=Audio Review - Appudappudu|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|last=Sunil|first=Sreya|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031003173402/http://www.idlebrain.com/audio/areviews/appudappudu.html|archive-date=3 October 2003}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 = Wahwa Wahwa
| extra1 = Natasha Gulmohar
| lyrics1 = Chaitanya Prasad

| title2 = Nee Kalalu Kaavali
| extra2 = R. P. Patnaik, [[Sunitha Upadrashta|Sunitha]]
| lyrics2 = Chaitanya Prasad

| title3 = Neekem Telusu
| extra3 = R. P. Patnaik, [[Usha (Telugu singer)|Usha]]
| lyrics3 = Chaitanya Prasad

| title4 = Idigo Ipude
| extra4 = R. P. Patnaik, Usha
| lyrics4 = Peddada Murthy

| title5 = Gudugudu Gunchem
| extra5 = Usha, Lenina, Gayatri, R. P. Patnaik, Ravi Varma
| lyrics5 = Peddada Murthy

| title6 = Nandalala Nandalala
| extra6 = Usha, R. P. Patnaik
| lyrics6 = Peddada Murthy
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was initially scheduled to release on 1 April 2003.<ref name="Idlebrain"/>

Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' gave this film a rating of two out of five and opined that "The first half of the film is boring. Second half of the film is slightly better. The best things about this film are songs and photography. This film suffers from bad editing and slow screenplay".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-appudappudu.html|title=Movie review - Appudappdu|date=16 May 2003|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|author=Jeevi}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' gave the film a verdict of "Missable" and said that "The emotional scenes are a let down due to the lack of story. The only saving grace of this insipid film is the music of R.P. Patnaik and the camera of Soman".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.sify.com/movies/appudappudu-review-telugu-pcluVwicaibbd.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913021926/https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:jhp0-lWp-XUJ:https://m.sify.com/movies/appudappudu-review-telugu-pcluVwicaibbd.html&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 September 2022|title=Appudappudu|work=[[Sify]]|date=20 May 2003}}</ref> Mithun Verma from ''Full Hyderabad'' criticised the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.fullhyderabad.com/appudappudu/telugu/appudappudu-movie-reviews-902-2.html|title=Appudappudu Review|last=Verma|first=Mithun|work=Full Hyderabad}}</ref>

Although the film was a box office failure,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/aug/24shreya3.htm|title='I can never become a commercial actress'|date=25 August 2004|work=[[Rediff.com]]|last=Warrier|first=Shobha|author-link=Shobha Warrier}}</ref> Raja credits this film with giving him a wider reach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/raja.html|title=Interview with Raja|date=5 November 2006|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|1601802}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 Telugu-language films]]

Papam Pasivadu

2026-03-03T20:25:28Z

Beefurb: Content updated and refined

{{short description|1972 film by V. Ramachandra Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Papam Pasivadu
| image = Papam Pasivadu.jpg

| caption = Poster
| director = V. Ramachandra Rao
| writer = [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Lost in the Desert]]''|[[Jamie Uys]]}}
| producer = Atluri purnachandra Rao
| starring = [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] [[Nagesh]] Master Ramu [[Devika]]
| cinematography = M. Kannappa
| editing = Balu
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| studio = Sri Lakshmi Productions
| released = {{film date|df=y|1972|9|29}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Papam Pasivadu''''' ({{translation|The Innocent Child}}) is a 1972 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Adventure film|adventure drama film]]<ref name="telanganatoday" /> directed by V. Ramachandra Rao and written by [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]]. A remake of the [[Cinema of South Africa|South African]] film ''[[Lost in the Desert]]'' (1969), it stars [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Nagesh]], Master Ramu and [[Devika]]. The film revolves around a boy who gets lost in a desert, and his attempts to find his family. ''Papam Pasivadu'' released on 29 September 1972 and became a commercial success.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Plot ==
Venugopal and Janaki are a married couple. They soon have a baby boy named Gopi. During Gopi's childhood, he contracts [[tuberculosis]]. His family consults their doctor to obtain the best possible treatment for him and they decide to send him to [[Switzerland]] with Gopi's uncle Pathy as their pilot. During the journey, Pathy suffers a sudden heart attack, and the plane crashes in [[Thar Desert]]. Gopi, with only his dog Tommy accompanying him, has to face several obstacles and finally survives to reunite with his family.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Venugopal
*[[Nagesh]] as Pathy
*Master Ramu as Gopi
*[[M. Prabhakar Reddy]] as Chakrapani
*[[V. Nagayya]] as the doctor
*[[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Narasimham
*[[Devika]] as Janaki
*[[Suryakantham (actress)|Suryakantham]] as Durgamma<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Chhaya Devi]] as Subbamma<ref name="thehindu" />
*[[Visweswara Rao|Master Visweswara Rao]]
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
After the success of ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (1971 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagadu]]'' (1971), which was shot mostly in deserts, its producer Atluri Purnachandra Rao wanted his next venture to also be desert-based.<ref name="telanganatoday" /> [[Jamie Uys]]' South African film ''[[Lost in the Desert|Lost in The Desert]]'' (1969) had just been released in [[Andhra Pradesh]], and caught Rao's attention; he commissioned [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] to write a story based on this film, which became ''Papam Pasivadu''.<ref name="thehindu" /> The film was produced by Rao's brother Atluri Seshagiri Rao under their home company Sri Lakshmi Productions, V. Ramachandra Rao was hired as director, M. Kannappa for cinematography, Balu for editing and S. Krishna Rao for direction.<ref name="telanganatoday" /><ref name="thehindu" />

=== Casting and filming ===
When Chukkala Veera Venkata Rambabu or "Ramu" first auditioned for the role of Gopi, he was rejected as the makers felt he was too young for the role. However, he was signed on after several negotiations.<ref name="telanganatoday" /> A [[Pomeranian dog|Pomeranian]] named Tommy was cast as Ramu's dog of the same name.<ref name="thehindu" />

Principal photography took place in March 1972. The film was shot for 27 days in the [[Thar Desert]], during which Ramu and the dog playing Tommy were the only actors. It was shot near the villages in [[Sam, Jaisalmer|Sam Tehsil]] in [[Jaisalmer district]]. The film unit stayed in tents erected in open spaces outside the villages.<ref name="thehindu" /> The scenes involving Gopi's uncle Pathy ([[Nagesh]]), Gopi's father Venugopal ([[S. V. Ranga Rao]]), Gopi's mother Janaki ([[Devika]]), the airport official Chakrapani ([[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]) and Venugopal's brother Narasimham ([[Kaikala Satyanarayana]]) were shot at studio sets matching the actual location, and on beaches near Madras. The forest scenes were filmed at [[Mudumalai National Park|Mudumalai]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="thehindu" />

The makers bought an aircraft from Madras Flying Club which cost around {{Indian Rupee}}2 [[lakh]].<ref>{{cite web |date=5 April 2005 |title=TC Exclusive: Interview with star producer Atluri Purnachandra Rao |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/interview_atluripcr_2005.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119132923/http://www.telugucinema.com/tc/stars/interview_atluripcr_2005.php |archive-date=19 November 2006 |access-date=23 May 2024 |work=[[Telugucinema.com]]}}</ref> Due to difficulty in obtaining further dates for Nagesh, the makers chose [[K. Chakravarthy]] to dub his voice.<ref name="telanganatoday" /> The final length of the film was 139 minutes, longer than ''Lost in The Desert'' which was 90 minutes long.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Papam Pasivadu (1972)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CDQ/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240523150514/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CDQ/info |archive-date=23 May 2024 |access-date=2 April 2020 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Manchi Yannadhe Kaanaradhu Ee Manusula lona
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Kosaraju (poet)|Kosaraju]]
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Lakshmim Ksheera Samudra Raja
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[P. Susheela]]
| length2 =
| title3 = O Babu Maa Babu Nee Kanna Maku Pennidi Yevaru
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 = [[C. Narayana Reddy]]
| music3 =
| extra3 = P. Susheela
| length3 =
| title4 = Amma Chudali Ninnu Nannanu Chudali
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 = [[Acharya Aatreya|Aatreya]]
| music4 =
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 =
| title5 = Ayyo Pasivada Ayyo Papam Pasivada
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 = Aatreya
| music5 =
| extra5 = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| length5 =
}}

== Marketing ==
''Papam Pasivadu'' was publicised through publicity pamphlets of the film being thrown from helicopters in various towns, a first for Telugu cinema.<ref name="thehindu" />

== Release and reception ==
''Papam Pasivadu'' was released on 29 September 1972 and became a commercial success.<ref name="thehindu" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="telanganatoday">{{Cite news |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |url=https://telanganatoday.com/jewel-golden-era |title=A jewel in the golden era |date=31 March 2019 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |access-date=2 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200402074605/https://telanganatoday.com/jewel-golden-era |archive-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/directed-by-v-ramachandra-rao-papam-pasivadu-was-a-classic/article31082582.ece |title=Papam Pasivadu (1972): A fascinating adaptation of South African movie 'Lost in The Desert' |date=16 March 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 April 2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200402073251/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/directed-by-v-ramachandra-rao-papam-pasivadu-was-a-classic/article31082582.ece |archive-date=2 April 2020}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0265495}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:Films about aviation accidents or incidents]]
[[Category:Films about tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Ramachandra Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:Films set in deserts]]
[[Category:Films set in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Indian adventure drama films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of foreign films]]
[[Category:Indian survival films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

V (2021 film)

2026-03-03T02:34:36Z

Beefurb: created some post nd citations!

{{Short description|2021 horror drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = V
| image = V (2021 film).jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = DaVinci Saravanan
| producer = Roopesh Kumar
| writer =
| starring = [[Raaghav]] Luthiya
| music = Elango Kalaivanan
| cinematography = Anil K. Swami
| editing = V. T. Sreejith
| studio = True Soul Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|01|08}}
| runtime = 114 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''V''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language horror drama film directed by DaVinci Saravanan and starring [[Raaghav]] and Luthiya in the lead roles. Produced by Roopesh Kumar, it was released on 8 January 2021.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Raaghav]] as Madhav
*Luthiya as Kanika
*[[Sabitha Anand]]
*[[R. N. R. Manohar]]
*Rishi
*Ashwini
*Nima
*Sathya Das
*Filjiya
*Rineesh
*Divian
*Devasurya
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released across theatres in Tamil Nadu on 8 January 2021. National film critic Malini Mannath noted "surprisingly it managed to deliver much more than what one would have expected", adding "with hardly any lagging moments or wasted shots, the crisp story telling keeps one occupied for the most part".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=10 January 2021 |title=Review- V |url=https://malinimannath.wordpress.com/2021/01/10/review-v/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205045053/https://malinimannath.wordpress.com/2021/01/10/review-v/ |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=31 January 2021}}</ref> A reviewer from ''[[Maalai Malar]]'' noted that the film was "different".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2021 |title=மரணத்தைக் கண்டு பயப்படும் நண்பர்கள் - வி விமர்சனம் |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2021/01/08222955/2234907/We-Movie-review-in-tamil.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201192708/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2021/01/08222955/2234907/We-Movie-review-in-tamil.vpf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |access-date=31 January 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=ta}}</ref> A review from film portal [[Diamond Babu|Film News 24x7]] was also positive.<ref>{{Cite web |title=வி ( பட விமர்சனம்) |url=https://filmnews24x7.com/2021/01/10/v-movie-review/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205165653/https://filmnews24x7.com/2021/01/10/v-movie-review/ |archive-date=5 February 2021 |access-date=31 January 2021 |website=[[Diamond Babu|Film News 24x7]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14741864}}

[[Category:2020s horror drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
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2026 Pune Challenger – Doubles

2026-03-01T09:48:37Z

Beefurb: new new details!

{{Tennis events|2026|Pune Challenger|s
| champ = {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Nam Ji-sung]] {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Patrik Niklas-Salminen]]
| runner = {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pruchya Isaro]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
| score = 6–4, 6–7(1–7), [10–7]
| edition =
| type = singles doubles
}}

{{main|2026 Pune Challenger}}

[[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]] and [[Vijay Sundar Prashanth]] were the defending champions<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tennistourtalk.com/119363/svrcina-to-face-holt-for-maha-open-title|title=Svrcina To Face Holt For Maha Open Title|first=Florian|last=Heer|date=February 22, 2025}}</ref> but chose not to defend their title.

[[Nam Ji-sung]] and [[Patrik Niklas-Salminen]] won the title after defeating [[Pruchya Isaro]] and [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]] 6–4, 6–7(1–7), [10–7] in the final.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/pune-challenger-2026-tennis-atp-day-6-report|title=Maha Open 2026 tennis: Niki Poonacha-Pruchya Isaro edged out in doubles final|publisher=olympics.com|accessdate=1 March 2026}}</ref>

==Seeds==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
# {{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddhant Banthia]] / {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Alexander Donski]] ''(semifinals)''
# {{flagicon|THA}} [[Pruchya Isaro]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha]] ''(final)''
# {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Shimizu]] / {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Seita Watanabe]] ''(semifinals)''
# '''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Nam Ji-sung]] / {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Patrik Niklas-Salminen]] (champions)'''
}}

==Draw==
{{Draw key}}

{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-Byes
| RD1=First round
| RD2=Quarterfinals
| RD3=Semifinals
| RD4=Final

| RD1-seed01=1
| RD1-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddhant Banthia|S Banthia]] {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Alexander Donski|A Donski]]'''
| RD1-score01-1='''77'''
| RD1-score01-2='''6'''
| RD1-score01-3=
| RD1-seed02=
| RD1-team02={{flagicon|SUI}} [[Luca Castelnuovo|L Castelnuovo]] {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Park Ui-sung|U-s Park]]
| RD1-score02-1=65
| RD1-score02-2=2
| RD1-score02-3=

| RD1-seed03=
| RD1-team03={{flagicon|IND}} Adil Kalyanpur {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mukund Sasikumar|M Sasikumar]]
| RD1-score03-1=4
| RD1-score03-2=4
| RD1-score03-3=
| RD1-seed04=
| RD1-team04='''{{flagicon|}} [[Petr Bar Biryukov|P Bar Biryukov]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alexandr Binda|A Binda]]'''
| RD1-score04-1='''6'''
| RD1-score04-2='''6'''
| RD1-score04-3=

| RD1-seed05=4
| RD1-team05='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Nam Ji-sung|J-s Nam]] {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Patrik Niklas-Salminen|P Niklas-Salminen]]'''
| RD1-score05-1='''6'''
| RD1-score05-2='''6'''
| RD1-score05-3=
| RD1-seed06=WC
| RD1-team06={{flagicon|IND}} [[Manas Dhamne|M Dhamne]] {{flagicon|IND}} Aditya Vishal Balsekar
| RD1-score06-1=2
| RD1-score06-2=1
| RD1-score06-3=

| RD1-seed07=
| RD1-team07='''{{flagicon|JPN}} Ryuki Matsuda {{flagicon|}} [[Ilia Simakin|I Simakin]]'''
| RD1-score07-1='''77'''
| RD1-score07-2='''7'''
| RD1-score07-3=
| RD1-seed08=Alt
| RD1-team08={{flagicon|IND}} Aryan Lakshmanan {{flagicon|MAS}} Mitsuki Wei Kang Leong
| RD1-score08-1=63
| RD1-score08-2=5
| RD1-score08-3=

| RD1-seed09=WC
| RD1-team09='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} Digvijaypratap Singh'''
| RD1-score09-1='''6'''
| RD1-score09-2='''6'''
| RD1-score09-3=
| RD1-seed10=
| RD1-team10={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Masamichi Imamura|M Imamura]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kokoro Isomura|K Isomura]]
| RD1-score10-1=3
| RD1-score10-2=3
| RD1-score10-3=

| RD1-seed11=
| RD1-team11={{flagicon|IND}} [[S D Prajwal Dev|SDP Dev]] {{flagicon|IND}} Nitin Kumar Sinha
| RD1-score11-1=4
| RD1-score11-2=62
| RD1-score11-3=
| RD1-seed12=3
| RD1-team12='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Shimizu|Y Shimizu]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Seita Watanabe|S Watanabe]]'''
| RD1-score12-1='''6'''
| RD1-score12-2='''77'''
| RD1-score12-3=

| RD1-seed13=
| RD1-team13={{flagicon|JPN}} Takuya Kumasaka {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Rio Noguchi|R Noguchi]]
| RD1-score13-1=3
| RD1-score13-2=4
| RD1-score13-3=
| RD1-seed14=
| RD1-team14='''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|J Clarke]] {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Michael Geerts|M Geerts]]'''
| RD1-score14-1='''6'''
| RD1-score14-2='''6'''
| RD1-score14-3=

| RD1-seed15=PR
| RD1-team15={{flagicon|}} [[Egor Agafonov|E Agafonov]] {{flagicon|}} [[Ilya Ivashka|I Ivashka]]
| RD1-score15-1=
| RD1-score15-2=
| RD1-score15-3=
| RD1-seed16=2
| RD1-team16='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pruchya Isaro|P Isaro]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]'''
| RD1-score16-1=w/o
| RD1-score16-2=
| RD1-score16-3=

| RD2-seed01=1
| RD2-team01='''{{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddhant Banthia|S Banthia]] {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Alexander Donski|A Donski]]'''
| RD2-score01-1='''77'''
| RD2-score01-2='''6'''
| RD2-score01-3=
| RD2-seed02=
| RD2-team02={{flagicon|}} [[Petr Bar Biryukov|P Bar Biryukov]] {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alexandr Binda|A Binda]]
| RD2-score02-1=64
| RD2-score02-2=3
| RD2-score02-3=

| RD2-seed03=4
| RD2-team03='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Nam Ji-sung|J-s Nam]] {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Patrik Niklas-Salminen|P Niklas-Salminen]]'''
| RD2-score03-1='''6'''
| RD2-score03-2='''6'''
| RD2-score03-3=
| RD2-seed04=
| RD2-team04={{flagicon|JPN}} R Matsuda {{flagicon|}} [[Ilia Simakin|I Simakin]]
| RD2-score04-1=3
| RD2-score04-2=3
| RD2-score04-3=

| RD2-seed05=WC
| RD2-team05={{flagicon|IND}} [[Saketh Myneni|S Myneni]] {{flagicon|IND}} D Singh
| RD2-score05-1=4
| RD2-score05-2=4
| RD2-score05-3=
| RD2-seed06=3
| RD2-team06='''{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Shimizu|Y Shimizu]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Seita Watanabe|S Watanabe]]'''
| RD2-score06-1='''6'''
| RD2-score06-2='''6'''
| RD2-score06-3=

| RD2-seed07=
| RD2-team07={{flagicon|GBR}} [[Jay Clarke (tennis)|J Clarke]] {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Michael Geerts|M Geerts]]
| RD2-score07-1=0r
| RD2-score07-2=
| RD2-score07-3=
| RD2-seed08=2
| RD2-team08='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pruchya Isaro|P Isaro]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]'''
| RD2-score08-1=1
| RD2-score08-2=
| RD2-score08-3=

| RD3-seed01=1
| RD3-team01={{flagicon|IND}} [[Siddhant Banthia|S Banthia]] {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Alexander Donski|A Donski]]
| RD3-score01-1=2
| RD3-score01-2=4
| RD3-score01-3=
| RD3-seed02=4
| RD3-team02='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Nam Ji-sung|J-s Nam]] {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Patrik Niklas-Salminen|P Niklas-Salminen]]'''
| RD3-score02-1='''6'''
| RD3-score02-2='''6'''
| RD3-score02-3=

| RD3-seed03=3
| RD3-team03={{flagicon|JPN}} [[Yuta Shimizu|Y Shimizu]] {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Seita Watanabe|S Watanabe]]
| RD3-score03-1=5
| RD3-score03-2=64
| RD3-score03-3=
| RD3-seed04=2
| RD3-team04='''{{flagicon|THA}} [[Pruchya Isaro|P Isaro]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]'''
| RD3-score04-1='''7'''
| RD3-score04-2='''77'''
| RD3-score04-3=

| RD4-seed01=4
| RD4-team01='''{{flagicon|KOR}} [[Nam Ji-sung|J-s Nam]] {{flagicon|FIN}} [[Patrik Niklas-Salminen|P Niklas-Salminen]]'''
| RD4-score01-1='''6'''
| RD4-score01-2=61
| RD4-score01-3='''[10]'''
| RD4-seed02=2
| RD4-team02={{flagicon|THA}} [[Pruchya Isaro|P Isaro]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Niki Kaliyanda Poonacha|N Kaliyanda Poonacha]]
| RD4-score02-1=4
| RD4-score02-2='''77'''
| RD4-score02-3=[7]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.protennislive.com/posting/2026/7100/mdd.pdf Main draw]

{{DEFAULTSORT:2026 Pune Challenger - Doubles}}
[[Category:2026 ATP Challenger Tour|Pune Challenger - Doubles]]
[[Category:KPIT MSLTA Challenger|2026 Doubles]]

Dwarka Prasad Mishra

2026-02-24T18:22:54Z

Beefurb: cleanup

{{Short description|4th Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Dwarka Prasad Mishra
| image = Stamp_of_India_-_2001_-_Colnect_160764_-_Dwarka_Prasad_Mishra.jpeg
| order = 4th
| office = Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh
| term_start = 30 September 1963
| term_end = 29 July 1967
| predecessor = [[Bhagwantrao Mandloi]]
| successor = [[Govind Narayan Singh]]
| birth_date = 5 August 1901
| birth_place = [[Unnao district|Padari]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British India]] {{small|(now in Uttar Pradesh, India)}}
| death_date = 31 May 1988 (aged 86)<ref>{{Cite web | title=Ministry of Information and Broadcasting on Twitter: "Dwarka Prasad Mishra (5 August 1901 - 31 May 1988) Tribute to freedom fighter, author, journalist & former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, on his death anniversary. He was associated with the Non-Cooperation Movement & Quit India Movement. #AmritMahotsav | work=Twitter | url=https://mobile.twitter.com/MIB_India/status/1663857925331517441 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609005314/https://mobile.twitter.com/MIB_India/status/1663857925331517441 | access-date=2025-07-12 | archive-date=2023-06-09}}</ref>
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| known_for = [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]
| occupation = Politician
| children =
| relatives = [[Brajesh Mishra]] (Son)
[[Sudhir Mishra]] (Grandson)
| years_active =
}}
'''Dwarka Prasad Mishra''' (5 August 1901 – 31 May 1988) was an Indian politician, writer and journalist. He was a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] and served as the [[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]] for two terms during the 1960s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dwarka Prasad Mishra – Works |url=https://www.hindwi.org/authors/dwarka-prasad-mishra/all |publisher=Hindwi}}</ref>

An [[Indian freedom fighter]] and diplomat, he was from a [[Kanyakubja Brahmin]] family of Padari a village in [[Unnao]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Dwarka Prasad Mishra – Tribute |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/node/2825309 |publisher=Indian Culture Portal}}</ref> As a poet he composed the [[mahakavya]], ''Krishnayana'' ({{Translation|Journey of Krishna}}). He became the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh after [[Ravi Shankar Shukla]].<ref name="nic">[http://unnao.nic.in/Personali.ht Personalities]. ''unnao.nic.in''.</ref> {{Short description|Indian politician, writer and journalist (1901–1988)}}

== Early life and freedom movement ==
Mishra was born on 5 August 1901 in Padari village in Unnao district (present-day Uttar Pradesh). He became politically active at a young age and participated in the Non-Cooperation Movement and later in the Quit India Movement. He was imprisoned during the Indian freedom struggle.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dwarka Prasad Mishra – Tribute |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/node/2825309 |publisher=Indian Culture Portal}}</ref>

== Political career ==

=== Role in Congress politics ===
Dwarka Prasad Mishra emerged as an influential leader of the [[Indian National Congress]] in the Central Provinces and later in Madhya Pradesh following the reorganisation of states in 1956. He was active in national-level party deliberations during the Nehru era and maintained working relationships with senior leaders including [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Indira Gandhi]], and [[Morarji Desai]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Chief Minister Dwarka Prasad Mishra and his political journey |url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-former-chief-minister-dwarka-prasad-mishra-rajmata-vijayaraje-scindia-congress-jawaharlal-nehru-indira-gandhi-sanjay-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-pachmarhi-23560504.html |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Political commentaries frequently describe Mishra as a strategist within the Congress organization during the turbulent period following the 1967 general elections, when Congress dominance weakened in several states.<ref>{{cite news |title=Story of Indira Gandhi’s ‘Chanakya’ DP Mishra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/news/story-of-indira-gandhis-chanakya-dp-mishra-132064752.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> Following the 1967 elections, Mishra, along with [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]], was involved in intra-party negotiations that led to a power-sharing understanding between Indira Gandhi and Morarji Desai, under which Desai assumed the office of Deputy Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Political tale of Dwarka Prasad Mishra |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-dwarka-prasad-mishra-lost-chief-minister-post-for-only-250-rupees-know-interesting-political-tale-3779277.html |work=News18 Hindi |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dwarka Prasad Mishra lost CM post for Rs 250 |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/dwarka-prasad-mishra-had-lost-the-chief-minister-post-of-madhya-pradesh-for-rs-250/1851490/ |work=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref> The arrangement subsequently collapsed and contributed to the 1969 split in the Congress party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Story of Indira Gandhi’s ‘Chanakya’ DP Mishra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/news/story-of-indira-gandhis-chanakya-dp-mishra-132064752.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

Mishra’s political memoirs later revealed correspondence attributed to [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel]] concerning internal Congress matters in 1946. The publication of this material generated public and political debate, with some Congress leaders questioning the authenticity and timing of its disclosure.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mishra |first=Dwarka Prasad |title=The Nehru Epoch: From Democracy to Monocracy |publisher=Lok Mangal Prakashan}}</ref> The episode drew renewed attention to Mishra’s proximity to senior Congress leadership during the formative years of independent India.

Some political narratives and retrospective accounts have suggested that Mishra maintained channels of dialogue across ideological lines during the early decades of independence, including engagement with leaders associated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Story of Indira Gandhi’s ‘Chanakya’ DP Mishra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/news/story-of-indira-gandhis-chanakya-dp-mishra-132064752.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> However, his primary political affiliation throughout his career remained with the Congress party.

== Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh ==
Dwarka Prasad Mishra served two consecutive terms as Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh from 30 September 1963 to 8 March 1967 and from 9 March 1967 to 29 July 1967.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shri Dwarka Prasad Mishra – Former Chief Minister |url=https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in/13thvs/FormerCMinformation.htm |publisher=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}</ref> His tenure coincided with a politically transitional period marked by internal factionalism within the [[Indian National Congress]] and shifting electoral dynamics following the 1967 general elections.[[File:Indira Gandhi Dp Mishra Prakash chand sethi.jpg|left|thumb|290x290px|[[Indira Gandhi]], then Prime Minister of India; [[Dwarka Prasad Mishra]], former Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh; and [[Prakash Chandra Sethi]] at the residence of [[Narayan Prasad Shukla]].]]During his administration, Mishra was regarded as an assertive organizational leader within the state Congress. Contemporary political accounts describe him as playing a significant role in consolidating party structures in Madhya Pradesh after the reorganisation of states, and in navigating the emerging challenges posed by opposition mobilization during the mid-1960s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Chief Minister Dwarka Prasad Mishra and his political journey |url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-former-chief-minister-dwarka-prasad-mishra-rajmata-vijayaraje-scindia-congress-jawaharlal-nehru-indira-gandhi-sanjay-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-pachmarhi-23560504.html |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

At the national level, Mishra, along with [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]], was instrumental in facilitating negotiations within the Congress party following the 1967 elections, which resulted in a power-sharing understanding between [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Morarji Desai]]. Under this arrangement, Desai assumed the office of Deputy Prime Minister.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dwarka Prasad Mishra lost CM post for Rs 250 |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/dwarka-prasad-mishra-had-lost-the-chief-minister-post-of-madhya-pradesh-for-rs-250/1851490/ |work=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Political tale of Dwarka Prasad Mishra |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-dwarka-prasad-mishra-lost-chief-minister-post-for-only-250-rupees-know-interesting-political-tale-3779277.html |work=News18 Hindi |language=hi}}</ref> The arrangement later deteriorated and contributed to the 1969 split in the Congress party.<ref>{{cite news |title=Story of Indira Gandhi’s ‘Chanakya’ DP Mishra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/news/story-of-indira-gandhis-chanakya-dp-mishra-132064752.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

Political retrospectives frequently characterize Mishra as a strategist during this phase of Congress politics, particularly in relation to intra-party negotiations and leadership alignments in the late 1960s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Story of Indira Gandhi’s ‘Chanakya’ DP Mishra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/news/story-of-indira-gandhis-chanakya-dp-mishra-132064752.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> His chief ministership is often viewed within the broader context of a shifting national political landscape that preceded the fragmentation of Congress dominance in several states.

== Political associations and family ==
Dwarka Prasad Mishra’s son, [[Brajesh Mishra]], later became a prominent diplomat and strategic policymaker. A member of the Indian Foreign Service, he served as Principal Secretary to Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] and concurrently as National Security Adviser from 1998 to 2004.<ref>{{cite news |title=Brajesh Mishra: Vajpayee’s Principal Secretary and NSA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/brajesh-mishra-vajpayees-principal-secretary-and-nsa/article313741.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> While Dwarka Prasad Mishra’s political career was rooted in the Congress tradition and closely associated with the Indira Gandhi era, Brajesh Mishra played a central role in governance during the Vajpayee-led National Democratic Alliance government, reflecting a continuity of public service across differing political contexts in independent India.

Dwarka Prasad Mishra maintained long-standing political associations within the Madhya Pradesh unit of the [[Indian National Congress]], among whom [[Narayan Prasad Shukla]] occupied a prominent position. Shukla, who later served as Mayor of Indore and held ministerial office, was active in state Congress politics both during and beyond Mishra’s tenure as Chief Minister. Contemporary accounts of the period place Shukla within Mishra’s close political circle, noting their sustained coordination in party organization and state governance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former Chief Minister Dwarka Prasad Mishra and his political journey |url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-former-chief-minister-dwarka-prasad-mishra-rajmata-vijayaraje-scindia-congress-jawaharlal-nehru-indira-gandhi-sanjay-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-pachmarhi-23560504.html |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Story of Indira Gandhi’s ‘Chanakya’ DP Mishra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/news/story-of-indira-gandhis-chanakya-dp-mishra-132064752.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref> Political narratives frequently describe Shukla as one of the leaders who enjoyed Mishra’s enduring confidence and guidance, reflecting a relationship that extended beyond formal office and continued across different phases of state politics.

Mishra’s family included his grandson, [[Sudhir Mishra]], who later became an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his contributions to Hindi cinema.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sudhir Mishra |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sudhir-Mishra |access-date=24 February 2026 |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref>

== Legacy and influence ==
[[File:DP MISHRA.jpg|thumb|256x256px|Chief Minister Dwarka Prasad Mishra (left) with [[Narayan Prasad Shukla]], Mayor of Indore, during a public function in Madhya Pradesh, c. 1960s.]]
Dwarka Prasad Mishra is remembered in Madhya Pradesh political history as a strategist and organizational leader within the [[Indian National Congress]]. Political accounts of the period describe him as an influential figure during a transitional phase in state and national politics, particularly in the years surrounding the 1967 elections and subsequent intra-party developments.<ref>{{cite news |title=Story of Indira Gandhi’s ‘Chanakya’ DP Mishra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/news/story-of-indira-gandhis-chanakya-dp-mishra-132064752.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Former Chief Minister Dwarka Prasad Mishra and his political journey |url=https://www.jagran.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-former-chief-minister-dwarka-prasad-mishra-rajmata-vijayaraje-scindia-congress-jawaharlal-nehru-indira-gandhi-sanjay-gandhi-rajiv-gandhi-pachmarhi-23560504.html |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Beyond his tenure as Chief Minister (1963–1967), his influence continued within party structures in Madhya Pradesh. Leaders associated with him, including [[Narayan Prasad Shukla]], remained active in public life and are often regarded in political narratives as part of the broader circle shaped by Mishra’s leadership within the state Congress.<ref>{{cite news |title=Dwarka Prasad Mishra lost CM post for Rs 250 |url=https://www.jansatta.com/national/dwarka-prasad-mishra-had-lost-the-chief-minister-post-of-madhya-pradesh-for-rs-250/1851490/ |work=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Political tale of Dwarka Prasad Mishra |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-dwarka-prasad-mishra-lost-chief-minister-post-for-only-250-rupees-know-interesting-political-tale-3779277.html |work=News18 Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>

At the national level, Mishra’s memoirs — ''Living an Era: India’s March to Freedom'', ''The Nehru Epoch: From Democracy to Monocracy'', and ''The Post Nehru Era'' — contributed to contemporary political discourse by offering detailed reflections on the functioning of the Congress party and the evolution of Indian democracy.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Post Nehru Era |publisher=Lok Mangal Prakashan |year=1993 |isbn=978-81-241-0023-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dwarka Prasad Mishra – Works |url=https://www.hindwi.org/authors/dwarka-prasad-mishra/all |publisher=Hindwi}}</ref> His political and intellectual legacy is frequently discussed in retrospective accounts of Congress politics during the 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dwarka Prasad Mishra – Political Profile |url=https://vinayaklohani.in/dwarka-prasad-mishra/}}</ref>

==Writings==
His writings include:
*''Living an Era: India's March to Freedom'' (part one of memoirs, covering the period up to 1947)
*''The Nehru Epoch: From Democracy to Monocracy'' (part two of memoirs, critiquing the time from 1947 to 1964)
*''The Post Nehru Era: Political Memoirs'' (third and concluding part of memoirs, showing India in the post Nehru era up till the 1980s)<ref>{{cite news |title=Political tale of Dwarka Prasad Mishra |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/madhya-pradesh/bhopal-dwarka-prasad-mishra-lost-chief-minister-post-for-only-250-rupees-know-interesting-political-tale-3779277.html |work=News18 Hindi |language=hi}}</ref>
*''The search for Lanka'' (famous for proposing the thesis that [[Ramayana]]'s [[Lanka]] was in Madhya Pradesh instead of Sri Lanka)
*Krishnayan <ref>{{cite news |title=Story of Indira Gandhi’s ‘Chanakya’ DP Mishra |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/news/story-of-indira-gandhis-chanakya-dp-mishra-132064752.html |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref>

His memoirs became controversial as they included a letter from [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] to Mishra dated to July 1946 criticising Nehru for "Juvenile Mistakes". Congress members questioned the authenticity of the letter as well as Mishra's motives and timing of revelation.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

He was also active in the struggle for [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]] and went to jail for the cause, for the first time aged 19 in 1920.{{Citation needed|date= May 2022}}

== Personal life and death ==
Dwarka Prasad Mishra died on 31 May 1988. Later media reports noted that certain personal wishes expressed by him prior to his death were reportedly not fulfilled at the time of his cremation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Former MP CM Dwarka Prasad Mishra did not get coffin for his cremation |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/madhya-pradesh/news/former-mp-cm-dwarka-prasad-mishra-did-not-get-coffin-for-his-cremation-his-last-wish-remained-unfulfilled/articleshow/102205245.cms |work=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

* {{Official website|https://mpvidhansabha.nic.in}}
* [https://www.hindwi.org/authors/dwarka-prasad-mishra/all Works on Hindwi]

* {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091027173636/http://geocities.com/dakshina_kan_pa/art24/aug.htm |date=27 October 2009 |title=DKPA : Stamp Calendar - Stamps Issued by India in August 2001 }}
{{Chief Ministers of Madhya Pradesh}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Dwarka Prasad}}
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1988 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Unnao]]
[[Category:Journalists from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Leaders of the opposition in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Indian political journalists]]
[[Category:People from Bhopal]]

Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-22T06:30:59Z

Beefurb: added references

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Otomops wroughtoni.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Critically endangered]] [[Wroughton's Free-tailed Bat]] near Bhimagad Wildlife Sanctuary
| map = India Karnataka#India
| relief = 1
| mapframe = Yes
| coordinates = {{coord|15|32|39|N|74|21|03|E|display=inline,title}}
| location = [[Belgavi]], [[Karnataka]], India
| area_km2 = 190.4
| elevation = {{cvt|800|m}}
| nearest_city = [[Belagavi]], [[Karnataka]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[Wildlife sanctuaries of India|protected area]] in the [[Western Ghats]], in [[Khanapur]] Taluk of [[Belagavi district|Belgavi District]] near Jamboti Village, [[Karnataka|Karnataka state]], [[India]]. This {{convert|19042.58|ha|mi2|abbr=on}} of [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] forest area was long awaiting to be a wild life sanctuary and finally declared in December 2011.<ref name="IBN">
{{citation
|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/state-notifies-bhimgad-as-wildlife-sanctuary/207893-60-115.html
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126040643/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/state-notifies-bhimgad-as-wildlife-sanctuary/207893-60-115.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=26 January 2013
|title=State notifies Bhimgad as wildlife sanctuary
|work=IBN Live Saoth, Karnataka
|publisher=IBN Live
|date=1 December 2011
|place=Belgavi
|access-date=14 January 2012
}}</ref>

The Bhimgad forests are notable for the Barapede caves, the only known breeding area of the [[Otomops wroughtoni|Wroughton's free-tailed bat]], a [[threatened species]] on the verge of extinction. The sanctuary is also home to other rare species of flora and fauna.<ref name="RK">
{{citation
|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Bhimgad-gives-Goas-greens-hope/articleshow/10975841.cms
|title=Bhimgad gives Goa's greens hope
|author=Rajendra Kerkar, TNN
|work=The Times of India
|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd
|date=1 May 2011
|place=Keri
|access-date=13 January 2011
}}</ref>

==Etymology==

The area takes its name from the [[Bhimgad Fort]] which was built and commanded by [[Shivaji]] in the 17th century. It is located in the heart of the forest valley, Built by Shivaji to defend from the Portuguese troops who controlled Goa that time, rises 1800 ft near vertically above the plains. The fort occupied the summit of an extraordinary rock, with sides about {{convert|300|ft|m|abbr=on}} in perpendicular height. The defenses were almost entirely natural, requiring little additional construction. The ruins of the 380-ft high and 825-ft broad Bhimgad fort are located right in the heart of the Mahadayi forest, and is of great historical significance.<ref name="Babasaheb Purandare">{{Cite journal|title=Raja Shivachhatrapati (Marathi: राजा शिवछत्रपती)|first=Babasaheb |last=Purandare|author-link = Babasaheb Purandare|publisher=Purandare Prakashan| date=August 2003 |location=[[Pune]]|edition=15}}</ref>

==Geography==

The sanctuary is about {{convert|35|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest from [[Belgaum]] city.and 10 km from volpoi(goa) town It is contiguous to the east of [[Mhadei Wildlife Sanctuary]], north-west of the [[Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park]] and north of [[Netravali Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Goa and north of [[Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary]] in Karnataka.<ref name="RK"/> The western border areas encompasses several geomorphological limestone formations with several caves.<ref name="Uppar">{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/hubli/30467037_1_forest-mahaveer-wildlife-sanctuary-anshi-national-par
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103122118/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-02/hubli/30467037_1_forest-mahaveer-wildlife-sanctuary-anshi-national-par
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 January 2013
|title=Bhimagad forest is now wildlife sanctuary
|author= Ravi Uppar, TNN
|date=2 December 2011
|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=3 December 2011
}}</ref>

==Rivers==

This area is the headwaters of several rivers including the Mhadei, Malaprabha and Tillari and hundreds of perennial streams. The Mhadei originates in the Bhimgad forests with a cluster of 30 springs forming the river Mahadayi, which is joined by two other streams Marcidha nala and Pannera nala. The waters flow down in the valley and over the {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Vajrapoha falls]]. The evening sun falling on the veil gives a glittering touch thus the name ''vajra''. The Mhadei river goes on to be the important [[Mandovi river]] in Goa.<ref name="Pai">{{citation
|url=http://www.veabgoa.org/VEAB/images/File/Mahadayi%20Article%20III.pdf
|title=Mahadayi/Mandovi River Valley
|pages=6–9
|author=Mohan Pai
|place=Bangalore
|year=2008
|access-date=2011-08-17
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402224036/http://www.veabgoa.org/VEAB/images/File/Mahadayi%20Article%20III.pdf
|archive-date=2 April 2012}}</ref>
Notification of this area as a wildlife sanctuary has given protection to Goa's water resources.<ref name="RK"/>
{{Wildlife of India}}

==Fauna==

The application states: "''This section of Bhimgad that lies in Karnataka reflects the bewildering complexity in plant, animal and bird life. It represents an area having a unique ecosystem that has significant biological and ecological importance. The region has numerous endemic plants and animals and also provides a critically important tiger corridor between Karnataka and Goa.''"

The sanctuary, with beautiful mosaic of woodlands and grass lands, is home to [[Bengal tiger|tigers]], [[Indian leopard|leopards]], [[gaur]], [[sloth bear]]s, [[Sambar (deer)|sambar]], [[spotted deer]], [[chital]]s, [[fox]]es, [[dhole|wild dogs]], [[king cobra]]s [[Indian elephant|elephants]], and other [[threatened species]] of mammals, birds and reptiles. The forests are a part of vital [[Wildlife corridor|tiger corridors]] – one linking the Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary and [[Radhanagri Wildlife Sanctuary]] in [[Maharashtra]] and the other linking Dandeli and the Molem Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref name="RK"/><ref name="SA">{{citation
|url=http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=693:bhimgad-awaits-protection&catid=119:campaigns-archive
|title=Bhimgad awaits protection
|publisher=Sanctuary Asia
|date=June 2006
|access-date=13 January 2011
|archive-date=26 June 2013
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626125858/http://www.sanctuaryasia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=693:bhimgad-awaits-protection&catid=119:campaigns-archive
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>

==Flora==
The sanctuary is a mosaic of [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests]] and [[grassland]]s. It is rich in [[medicinal plants]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External sources==
[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ar8MAAAAIAAJ&dq=wolf+Bhimgad&pg=PA9 Bhimgad]

{{Western Ghats}}
{{Protected areas of Karnataka}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Geography of Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Belagavi district]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2011]]

Jadumani Besra

2026-02-12T22:17:17Z

Beefurb: Put Up A Article

{{Short description|Santali poet and Sahitya Akademi Award winner (1964–2022)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}

{{Infobox person
| name = Jadumani Besra
| other_names = Jadumani Beshra
| birth_date = 1964
| death_date = {{death date and age|2022|06|23|1964}}
| occupation = Poet, writer
| notable_works = ''Bhabna''
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (Santali), 2005
}}

'''Jadumani Besra''' (also spelled '''Jadumani Beshra'''; 1964 – 23 June 2022) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Santal people|Santali]] poet and writer. He won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 2005 for his Santali poetry collection ''Bhabna'', becoming the first recipient of the award in the Santali language category since its introduction.<ref name="SA-awards">{{cite web |title=Akademi Awards – Sant(h)ali (Since 2005): 2005 – ''Bhabna'' (Poetry) – Jadumani Besra |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |website=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="SA-tribute">{{cite web |title=Jadumani Besra (1964–2022): Condolence Meeting (virtual) |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Tribute-Jadumani-Beshra_29-06-2022.pdf |website=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>

Besra was recognised as a leading figure in modern Santali literature and frequently participated in national-level literary programmes organised by the Sahitya Akademi. His work and public literary engagements were covered in mainstream media and official Akademi publications.<ref name="SA-newsletter2013" /><ref name="TOI-2016" />

In 2016, Besra served as the president of the All India Santhali Writers Association (AISWA) during an AISWA conference held in Jamshedpur.<ref name="SA-newsletter2013">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi e-newsletter (July–September 2013): events featuring Jadumani Besra |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-Septmber_2013_Nesletter.pdf |website=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="TOI-2016">{{cite news |title=Our responsibility to enrich language |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jamshedpur/our-responsibility-to-enrich-language/articleshow/55010176.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 October 2016 |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>
== Literary work ==
Besra wrote primarily in Santali and was associated with modern Santali poetry. Sahitya Akademi programmes and publications document his role as a prominent poet and public reader of his work, including appearances at Akademi events where he read multiple poems to audiences.<ref name="SA-newsletter2013" />

His award-winning collection ''Bhabna'' is recognised as a significant Santali poetry work through its receipt of the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2005.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Dr. Sudharani C |title=The Study of Adivasi Literature |journal=International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering Technology |date=September 2021 |volume=9 |issue=ix |page=3 |via=www.ijraset.com |issn=2321-9653}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (Santali), 2005 – for ''Bhabna'' (Poetry).<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi awards announced |url=https://www.rediff.com/news/report/poet/20051223.htm |access-date=12 February 2026 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=23 December 2005 |language=en}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
Besra is listed among prominent Santali writers in the [[Union Public Service Commission]]’s (UPSC) [[Civil Services Examination]] notification (Santali literature), reflecting his standing in the modern Santali literary canon for exam syllabus purposes.<ref name="UPSC-2024">{{cite web |title=UPSC Civil Services (Preliminary) Examination, 2024 – Notification (Santali syllabus: prominent writers list includes Jadumani Beshra) |url=https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/Notif-CSP-24-engl-140224.pdf |website=Union Public Service Commission |date=14 February 2024 |access-date=19 January 2026}}</ref>

== Death ==
Jadumani Besra died on 23 June 2022.<ref name="SA-tribute" />

== See also ==
* [[Santali literature]]
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Santali]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|Sahitya Akademi – Akademi Awards list (Santali)}}

[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Santali]]
[[Category:Santali people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]

Jakhanikhal

2026-02-08T06:18:41Z

Beefurb: Put Up Article!

{{Short description|Administrative division of Pauri Garhwal district in Uttarakhand, India}}
Jakhnikhal is a [[tehsil]], or administrative division, in the [[Pauri Garhwal]] district of the state of [[Uttarakhand]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pauri.nic.in/tehsil/ |title=Tehsil | District Pauri Garhwal, Government of Uttarakhand | India |publisher=Pauri.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2022-12-25}}</ref> It contains 109 revenue villages<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.viewvillage.in/villages-of-tehsil/jakhanikhal-6373 |title=Full list of villages of Jakhanikhal sub-district in Pauri Garhwal district |publisher=Viewvillage.in |date= |accessdate=2022-12-25}}</ref> taken out of Yamkeshwar and Lansdowne tehsils in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/dehradun/jakhnikhal-deval-tahsil-sankri-and-varnigad-became-sub-tahsil |title=जाखणीखाल व देवाल तहसील, सांकरी, वर्नीगाड बनी उप तहसील - Jakhnikhal Deval Tahsil Sankri And Varnigad Became Sub Tahsil. - Amar Ujala Hindi News Live |publisher=Amarujala.com |date=2017-01-05 |accessdate=2022-12-25}}</ref>

The economy of Jakhnikhal is primarily agricultural, with rice, wheat, and other crops being the main sources of income for the local population. There are also a number of small businesses, such as shops, hotels and restaurants, in the area. The tehsil is part of [[Yamkeshwar]] assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form21E/36.pdf |title=Election 2022 |access-date=2022-12-24 |archive-date=2022-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701050433/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form21E/36.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tehsils of Uttarakhand]]

Archier Gallery

2026-02-05T18:06:42Z

Beefurb: new new details!

{{Short description|2023 Indian Bengali film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Archier Gallery
| image = Archier Gallery.PNG
| caption = Digital release poster
| director = Promita Bhattacharya
| producer = Shyamsundar Dey
| writer = Arnab Bhaumik
| screenplay =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Rajatabha Dutta]] [[Bonny Sengupta]] [[Ayoshi Talukdar]]
| music = [[Aneek Dhar]]
| cinematography =
| editing = Subhajit Singha
| studio =
| distributor = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|03|10}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''Archier Gallery''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by Promita Bhattacharya and produced by Shyamsundar Dey.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-20 |title=আর্চির প্রেম ফোনে নয়, আছে মনে, মুক্তি পেল রজতাভ-বনির নতুন ছবির ট্রেলার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/archier-gallery-starring-rajatava-dutta-bonny-sengupta-trailer-is-out-31676876506358.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227081621/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/archier-gallery-starring-rajatava-dutta-bonny-sengupta-trailer-is-out-31676876506358.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2023 |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tár to Archie'r Gallery: Films releasing in theatres this Friday |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/tar-to-archier-gallery-films-releasing-in-theatres-this-friday/cid/1921546 |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> It features [[Bonny Sengupta]], [[Rajatabha Dutta]], [[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]], and [[Sudeshna Roy]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-13 |title='Archie'r Gallery': Bonny-Ayoshi's film evokes the nostalgia of old-school romance |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/archier-gallery-bonny-ayoshis-film-evokes-the-nostalgia-of-old-school-romance/articleshow/98538251.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bonny Sengupta- Ayoshi Talukdar: শহরের অলিগলিতে চুটিয়ে প্রেম করছেন বনি- আয়ুষী! প্রকাশ্যে ছবি... |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/photo/bonny-sengupta-ayoshi-talukdar-starrer-archier-gallery-new-bangla-film-first-look-see-photos-soc-373427-2022-05-13 |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web | agency=ABP |date=2022-04-13 |title=বড়পর্দায় ফের বনি-আয়ুষী জুটি, আসছে 'আর্চির গ্যালারি' |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/new-bengali-movie-update-bonny-sengupta-and-ayushi-talukdar-to-star-in-movie-again-named-archier-gallery-880699 |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref> The film had its theatrical release on 10 March 2023, followed by its digital release on 7 July 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=বক্স অফিয়াসে মুখ থুবড়ে পড়ল 'লিডিং মোস্ট অ্যাক্টর' বনির 'আর্চির গ্যালারি' |url=https://bongtrend.com/bonny-sengupta-latest-movie-archier-gallery-also-flop-at-box-office-sp |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Bong Trend |date=21 March 2023 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Archier Gallery tells the story of Archie, portrayed by [[Bonny Sengupta]], a young man who grew up without his mother and was raised by his father and aunt. Archie becomes heavily reliant on his father, played by [[Rajatava Dutta|Rajatabha Dutta]], who acts as his primary support system. The film is set in the modern world but captures the nostalgic essence of the 90s. Archie longs for a time before cell phones and is deeply attached to that era. His father's love story with his mother serves as a constant reminder of that time. Niharika, played by [[Ayoshi Talukdar]], enters Archie's life, and with his father's guidance, he embarks on a journey of love and self-discovery.

== Cast ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Cast
! Character
|-
| [[Bonny Sengupta]]
| Archie
|-
|[[Ayoshi Talukdar]]
|Niharika<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-14 |title=Ayoshi Talukdar: Old-school romance still stands a chance in today's world |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/ayoshi-talukdar-old-school-romance-still-stands-a-chance-in-todays-world/articleshow/98622022.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-06-17 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rajatava Dutta|Rajatabha Dutta]]
|Archie's father
|-
|[[Abhijit Guha (director)|Abhijit Guha]]
|
|-
|[[Sudeshna Roy]]
|
|}

== Production ==
Archier Gallery marks the third collaboration between [[Ayoshi Talukdar]] and [[Bonny Sengupta]], who previously appeared together in the films ''Amrapali'' directed by [[Raja Chanda]] and ''Hirakgorer Hire'' directed by [[Sayantan Ghosal]]. The film is directed by Pramita Bhattacharya, a debutant director and a graduate of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]] (FTII).<ref>{{Cite web |last=আনন্দ |first=ওয়েব ডেস্ক, এবিপি |date=2023-02-14 |title='প্রিয় মানুষের ছবি একবার মনে গেঁথে গেলে...' ভালবাসার দিনে কার জন্য় এই পোস্ট আয়ুশীর? |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/ayushi-talukder-and-boney-sengupta-s-film-archier-gallery-is-going-to-release-next-month-956450 |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref> Shyamsundar Dey serves as the producer of the film under the banner of Shadow Films. The music for <nowiki>''Archie'r Gallery''</nowiki> is composed by [[Aneek Dhar]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bonny -Ayoshi: ফের বড় পর্দায় জুটিতে বনি- আয়ুষী! আসছে 'আর্চি'র গ্যালারি' |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/cinema-and-tv-serial-news/tollywood-bengali-cinema/story/bonny-sengupta-ayoshi-talukdar-pair-again-archier-gallery-new-bangla-film-shooting-starts-soon-soc-363353-2022-04-12 |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Aaj Tak বাংলা |language=bn}}</ref>

== Release and reception ==
Archier Gallery had its theatrical release on 10 March 2023, garnering attention for its nostalgic storytelling and the chemistry between the lead actors, [[Bonny Sengupta]] and [[Ayoshi Talukdar]]. The film premiered at [[INOX Leisure|INOX South City]] in the presence of the cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Glimpses from the premier of the Bengali film Archie'r Gallery |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2023/mar/16/glimpses-from-the-premier-of-the-bengali-film-archier-gallery-1726.html |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |date=16 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ডাহা ফ্লপ 'লিডিং মোস্ট অ্যাক্টর' বনির নতুন ছবি, নেপথ্যে কি ইডির পরশ? |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/cinema/bonny-sengupta-new-movie-archier-gallery-flops-in-box-office-amid-he-was-summoned-by-ed-in-recruitment-scam-case/articleshow/98816351.cms |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref> The digital rights of the film were acquired by ZEE5 and It will be released on the platform on 7 July 2023. The film's trailer was released on 20 January 2023. The shooting took place in various locations in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Photos, Photo Gallery, Latest Pictures, News in Bengali, পিকচার্স, বাংলা নিউজ – HT Bangla |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bangla/photos |access-date=2023-06-17 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|26898676}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/movies/details/archier-gallery/0-0-1z5379561 Archier Gallery] on [[ZEE5]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Archier Gallery}}
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy television series]]
[[Category:Romantic comedy television series]]

Muktainagar

2026-01-26T16:21:16Z

Beefurb: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Muktainagar
| official_name =
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = mr
| other_name = Edlabad
| settlement_type = Town
| translit_lang1 =
| translit_lang1_info = Marathi
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2/2
| image2= Architchture on the Changdev Temple walls Muktainagar Dist Jalgaon P1220210 (22).JPG
| image3 = Purna river.jpg
| image1 = Changdev Temple Muktainagar Dist Jalgaon P1220210 (2).JPG
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Changdeva Temple]] and art on exterior walls, [[Purna River (tributary of Tapti) |Purna river]] (bottom)
| image_flag =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = #Maharashtra #India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt = Jalgaon district
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|21|3|8|N|76|3|18|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalgaon district|Jalgaon]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Muktabai]]
| government_type = [[nagar panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[nagar panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 230
| population_total = 23970
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = 258
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone2 =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 425306
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-02583
| registration_plate = MH-19
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 = Bhusawal
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Raver (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raver]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Muktainagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Muktainagar]]
| blank1_info_sec2 =
| website =
| footnotes =
| length_km = 3.53
| width_km = 1.74
| elevation_max_point = Hill
| elevation_max_m = 244
| elevation_min_point = Purna river bank
| elevation_min_m = 214
| area_total_ha = 2,197
}}
'''Muktainagar''' (formerly '''Edlabad''') is a town in [[Jalgaon district]], Maharashtra, India. It is the administrative headquarter of its [[Muktainagar taluka|eponymous]] [[taluka]]. It is located in [[North Maharashtra]] region. <ref>{{Cite news|last=Dasgupta|first=Rajan|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nashik/donebjp-replaces-khadse-with-daughter-in-muktainagar/articleshow/71447788.cms|title=Muktainagar is in Jalgaon district of Maharashtra|date=5 October 2019|work=Times Of India|access-date=30 March 2020}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in |title=District census handbook Jalgaon |publisher=Directorate of census operations Maharashtra |year=2014 |location=Mumbai |language=en |format=PDF }}</ref>

It is located near the bank of [[Purna River (tributary of Tapti)|Purna river]] and is the highest populated town in Muktainagar taluka.<ref name=":1" />

== History ==
During British rule, Muktainagar taluka was known as Edlabad petha and was part of the [[Khandesh district|East Khandesh district]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koppikar |first1=Devrao Vithalrao |title=The Bombay Forest Manual, Revised ...: Forest law and policy, and constitution, protection, management and working of forests |date=1950 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7tJDAAAAIAAJ |access-date=8 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Around 1880, Muktainagar taluka was made part of [[Khandesh district]]'s Bhusaval subdivision.<ref>{{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency |date=1880 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://archive.org/details/gazetteer05pregoog |access-date=8 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Muktainagar taluka (then known as Edlabad mahal) was part of Bhusaval taluka.<ref>{{cite web |website=Census India |date=1961 |title=CENSUS OF INDIA 1961: district census handbook Jalgaon |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2703_PART_B_DCHB_JALGAON.pdf}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Muktainagar had 5,352 households and a population of 23,970, of which 12,433 were males and 11,537 females. The population of children below six years of age was 3,201, making up 13.35% of the total population of the village. The sex ratio of Muktainagar village is 928, which is close to the Maharashtra state average of 929. The child sex ratio is 820, lower than the [[Maharashtra]] average of 894. In 2011, the literacy rate of Muktainagar village was 84.41% compared to an average of 82.34% in Maharashtra. In Muktainagar male literacy stands at 88.86% and female literacy at 79.70%. Members of [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]] (SC) constituted 10.75% of the population of Muktainagar village, while [[scheduled tribes]] (ST) made up 5.25%.<ref name="Census2011">{{cite web|title=Census of India: Search Details|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=592162|access-date=5 January 2018|website=Census of India 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>

==Education facilities==
[[G.G. Khadse college|G.G. Khadse College]] is a college offering undergraduate and postgraduate courses. A [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary college]] is expected to start in 2020.

==Politics==
The former [[President of India]] [[Pratibha Patil]] started her political career in Muktainagar in the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pratibhapatil.info/profile/|title=PERSONAL PROFILE|last=|first=|date=|website=pratibhapatil.info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011030/http://www.pratibhapatil.info/profile/|archive-date=2 July 2018|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref> The former revenue minister of Maharashtra, [[Eknath Khadse]], was [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from Muktainagar from 1989 to 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/people/rise-and-fall-of-former-bjp-minister-eknath-khadse/tryst-with-power/slideshow/52600771.cms|title=Rise and fall of former BJP minister Eknath Khadse|last=|first=|date=5 June 2016|website=The Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702014009/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/people/rise-and-fall-of-former-bjp-minister-eknath-khadse/tryst-with-power/slideshow/52600771.cms|archive-date=2 July 2018|access-date=|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena's]] [[Chandrakant Nimba Patil]] is the current [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Muktainagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Muktainagar Vidhan Sabha constituency]]. He narrowly defeated Rohini Eknath Khadse of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in the [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/maharashtra-election-result-2019-rohini-khadse-daughter-of-bjp-leader-eknath-khadse-trails-in-muktai-2121795%3famp=1&akamai-rum=off|title=Maharashta election 2019 : Rohini Khadse daughter BJP leader Eknath Khadse losses in Muktainagar.|last=Shrinivas|first=Chandrashekhar|date=24 October 2019|website=NDTV|access-date=}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Muktainagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Jalgaon district topics}}

[[Category:Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Jalgaon district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]

Baghari

2026-01-21T13:39:09Z

Beefurb: new a post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{no footnotes|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Baghari
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Bihar
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 12943
| population_as_of = 2014
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 843323
| registration_plate =
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-BR]]
| footnotes =
}}

'''Baghari''' is a village and a [[Gram Panchayat]] in [[Sitamarhi district]] in the state of [[Bihar]], [[India]]. The village is covered with trees.

==Demographics==

{{Empty section|date=February 2015}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://liko.in/schools-in-india/school-id-142069]

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sitamarhi district]]

{{Sitamarhi-geo-stub}}