https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=BeckyK8455 2026-08-05T14:32:00Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udharbond_Assembly_constituency&diff=542361 2026-05-05T14:41:09Z

<p>BeckyK8455: creating some stub basic info...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Udharbond<br /> | image = <br /> | mla = [[Rajdeep Goala]]<br /> | party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]<br /> | alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance]]<br /> | latest_election_year = 2026<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | district = [[Cachar district|Cachar]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]<br /> | established = 1957<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Rajdeep Goala Assam Politicians.jpg<br /> | electors = <br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 115<br /> | map_image = Udharbond Assembly constituency map 2023.svg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Udharbond Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 [[Assam Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in [[Northeast India|North Eastern]] India. It is also one of the seven state legislative assembly constituencies included in the [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Political Party<br /> ! Tenure<br /> |-<br /> | 2026<br /> | [[Rajdeep Goala]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> | 2026 - ''[[Incumbent]]''<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Mihir Kanti Shome]]<br /> |rowspan=2|2016-2026<br /> |-<br /> |2016<br /> |-<br /> |2011<br /> |rowspan=4|[[Ajit Singh (Assam politician)|Ajit Singh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |rowspan=4|1998-16<br /> |-<br /> |2006<br /> |-<br /> |2001<br /> |-<br /> |1998<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}<br /> |-<br /> |1996<br /> |[[Jagannath Sinha]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |1996-98<br /> |-<br /> |1991<br /> |[[Jagannath Singh (Assam politician)|Jagannath Singh]]<br /> |1991-96<br /> |-<br /> |1985<br /> |[[Joy Prakash Tewari]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |1985-91<br /> |-<br /> |1983<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Jagannath Singh (Assam politician)|Jagannath Singh]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |rowspan=2|1978-85<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |1972<br /> |rowspan=2|[[Jagannath Sinha]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |rowspan=2|1967-78<br /> |-<br /> |1967<br /> |-<br /> |1962<br /> |[[Dwarika Nath Tewari]]<br /> |1962-67<br /> |-<br /> |1957<br /> |[[Tazamulali Barlaskar]]<br /> |1957-62<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Udharbond}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= [[Rajdeep Goala]]<br /> |party=National Democratic Alliance|votes=103331 |percentage= 66.08|change= {{increase}}18.74}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Ajit Singh (Assam politician)|Ajit Singh]]|party=Indian National Congress |votes= 47867|percentage= 30.61|change={{decrease}}14.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= 1837|percentage=1.17 |change={{decrease}}0.91 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= 55464 |percentage=35.47 |change={{increase}}33.39}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=156372 |percentage= 83.27|change={{increase}}4.25}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =187789 |change ={{increase}}45.63 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=BJP|loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]] : Udharbond&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://ceoassam.nic.in/assembly/2021/form21E_2021.html |title=AC_Wise Final Result as per Form 21E |work=CEO Assam |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Mihir Kanti Shome]]|votes=61,745|percentage=47.34%|change=-0.98}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ajit Singh (Assam politician)|Ajit Singh]]|votes=59,060|percentage=45.28%|change=+4.63}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Rahul Roy (politician)|Rahul Roy]]|votes=5,796|percentage=4.44%|change=''N/A''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,494|percentage=1.15%|change=-0.41}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory|<br /> |votes = 2,685<br /> |percentage = 2.08%<br /> |change = -5.59<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=128,947|percentage=79.02%|change=-0.74}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing =-0.98<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2016 ===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam Legislative Assembly Election, 2016]]: [[Udharbond]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Mihir Kanti Shome]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=54,204|percentage=48.32|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Ajit Singh (Assam politician)|Ajit Singh]]|votes=45,598|percentage=40.65|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Liakat Ali Laskar|party=All India United Democratic Front|votes=8,715|percentage=7.77|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sadik Husain Barlaskar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=882|percentage=0.78|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Aparna Tewari|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=542|percentage=0.48|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Moninul Hoque Laskar|party=Independent (politician)|votes=474|percentage=0.42|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the above|party=None of the above|votes=1,745|percentage=1.56|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=8,606|percentage=7.67|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,12,160|percentage=79.76|change=}}<br /> {{Election box Registered electors|<br /> |reg. electors = 1,40,607<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link|<br /> |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Udharbond]]<br /> * [[Cachar District]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cachar district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]<br /> [[Category:1957 establishments in Assam]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaurav_Gautam&diff=500037 2026-04-24T18:42:34Z

<p>BeckyK8455: starting data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | office1 = [[Minister of State]], Government of Haryana<br /> | term_start1 = 17 October 2024<br /> | term_end1 =<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | governor1 = [[Bandaru Dattatreya]]<br /> | 1blankname1 = Chief Minister<br /> | 1namedata1 = [[Nayab Singh Saini]]<br /> | subterm1 = '''Cabinet'''<br /> | suboffice1 = <br /> | 2blankname1 = [[Second Saini ministry|Ministry and Departments]]<br /> | 2namedata1 = * Youth Empowerment &amp; Entrepreneurship (IC) <br /> * Sports (IC)<br /> * Law &amp; Legislative (Attached)<br /> | office2 = Member of [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency2 = [[Palwal Assembly constituency]]<br /> | term_start2 = 8 October 2024<br /> | term_end2 = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | predecessor2 = [[Deepak Mangla]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | spouse = Rinki Gautam <br /> }}<br /> '''Gaurav Gautam''' is an Indian politician from Haryana. He is currently serving as a [[minister of state]] Youth Empowerment &amp; Entrepreneurship (IC) Sports (IC) Law &amp; Legislative (Attached) Department, [[Government of Haryana]]. He is member of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] from [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]], representing [[Palwal Assembly constituency]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Palwal, Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Gaurav Gautam wins Palwal with 109118 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/palwal-haryana-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-aelb-2612860-2024-10-08 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-10-08 |title=Palwal Election Result 2024 LIVE Update: BJP's Gaurav Gautam Wins Comfortably Against Congress' Karan Singh Dalal |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/palwal-election-result-2024-live-update-9077371.html |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;A look at Haryana’s 40 first-time MLAs&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=A look at Haryana's 40 first-time MLAs|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|accessdate=4 July 2025|publisher=The Indian Express|date=2 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704171938/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/haryana-first-time-mlas-9702131/|archivedate=4 July 2025|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and background ==<br /> Born in 1988, Gaurav Gautam comes from a middle-class family in Haryana. His father, Shri Hari Prakash Gautam, was a vice chairman in the Labor Department of the Haryana government. His mother, Ratan gautam, initially worked as an Anganwadi worker in the Women and Child Development Department of Haryana before becoming a homemaker.<br /> <br /> === Education ===<br /> Gautam holds a PhD in journalism, demonstrating his academic commitment to understanding communication and social dynamics.[[File:Gaurav Gautam file photo.jpg|thumb]]<br /> <br /> == Political career ==<br /> <br /> === Early Political Involvement ===<br /> Gautam's political journey began in 2014 when he started working as a representative of Member of Parliament [[Krishan Pal Gurjar]] from the Faridabad parliamentary constituency. During this period, he gained significant recognition for addressing local issues and connecting with the public.<br /> <br /> ==== Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Leadership ====<br /> His leadership capabilities led to his appointment as the in-charge of the Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM) in several states, including:<br /> <br /> - Chhattisgarh<br /> <br /> - Maharashtra<br /> <br /> - Gujarat<br /> <br /> In these roles, he was instrumental in connecting youth to the party's ideology and expanding the party's grassroots support.<br /> <br /> === Mentorship ===<br /> Rajya Sabha MP [[Anil Jain (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anil Jain]] was Gautam's political mentor, who significantly influenced his political approach and organizational skills.<br /> <br /> === 2024 Legislative Assembly Elections ===<br /> In the 2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly elections, Gautam contested from the Palwal constituency. He won a historic victory against five-time MLA [[Karan Singh Dalal|Chaudhary Karan Singh Dalal]], who was considered a prominent leader in South Haryana.<br /> <br /> === Ministerial Position ===<br /> Following his electoral success, Gautam was appointed a minister of state (independent charge) in the Haryana government under Chief Minister Nayab Singh Saini, handling the portfolios of Sports, Youth Affairs, and Law.<br /> <br /> Gaurav Gautam's political journey made him an emerging leader in Haryana's political landscape.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]<br /> * [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Palwal Assembly constituency|Palwal Assembly Constituency]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gautam, Gaurav}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Haryana MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> {{Haryana-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peddireddy_Dwarakanatha_Reddy&diff=525054 2026-04-24T13:10:05Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Made a entry - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Peddireddy Dwarakanatha Reddy<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | party = [[YSR Congress Party]]<br /> | born = <br /> | office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly &lt;br&gt; Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> | term_start = 23 May 2019<br /> | term_end = <br /> | predecessor = [[G. Shankar]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | constituency = [[Thamballapalle Assembly constituency|Thamballapalle]]<br /> | relatives = * [[Peddireddy Ramachandra Reddy]] (Brother)<br /> * [[Peddireddy Venkata Midhun Reddy|P. V. Midhun Reddy]] (Nephew) <br /> }}<br /> '''Peddireddy Dwarakanatha Reddy''' (born 1970) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Thamballapalle Assembly constituency]] in the erstwhile [[Chittoor district]] which is presently renamed as [[Annamayya district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] representing [[YSR Congress Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thamballapalle Constituency Election Results 2019: Thamballapalle Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates &amp; Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/thamballapalle |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thamballapalle Election 2024: Get Latest News Updates of the Thamballapalle Constituency Seat in Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2024. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/thamballapalle-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has been nominated again by YSRCP to contest the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024 Assembly election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vennelakanti |first=Pradeep |date=2024-05-25 |title=Tirupati: Sitting MLA has edge over novice from TDP |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/tirupati-sitting-mla-has-edge-over-novice-from-tdp-880673 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=A. D. |date=2024-02-18 |title=NRI techie among contenders for TDP nominee in Thamballapalle Assembly seat in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/nri-techie-among-contenders-for-tdp-nominee-in-thamballapalle-assembly-seat-in-andhra-pradesh/article67860902.ece |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-05-01 |title=TDP picks up momentum at Peddireddy's bastion Punganur, dairy farmers distress could become a major poll issue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/amaravati/tdp-picks-up-momentum-at-peddireddys-bastion-punganur-dairy-farmers-distress-could-become-a-major-poll-issue/articleshow/109747056.cms |access-date=2024-05-27 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Reddy was born in Yerrathivaripalle village, Sodam mandal. His father Peddi Reddy Lakshmana Reddy was a farmer. He completed his schooling from ZP High School Sadum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-16 |title=Peddireddy Dwarakanatha Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} Thamballapalle {{!}} Chittoor |url=https://theleaderspage.com/peddireddi-dwarakanatha-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Basically, he hails from an agricultural family in Punganur.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Reddy started his political career with [[YSR Congress Party]] and won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Thamballapalle Assembly constituency]] defeating G. Shankar of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 46,938 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thamballapalle Assembly Election 2024: Thamballapalle Election Winning Candidates List, Election Date, Results, Vote Share New-IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/thamballapalle-constituency-result-1162 |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dwarakanatha Reddy, Peddireddy}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:1970 births]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Chittoor district]]<br /> [[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seraj_Assembly_constituency&diff=534082 2026-04-19T19:34:51Z

<p>BeckyK8455: creating basic info initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Seraj<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 29<br /> | map_image = 29-Seraj constituency.svg<br /> | mla = [[Jai Ram Thakur]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Mandi district|Mandi]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency|Mandi]]<br /> | established = 2008<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:84315}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|1}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Seraj Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] a northern state of [[India]]. Seraj is also part of [[Mandi Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Seraj Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/seraj.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Member of Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !Picture<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Jai Ram Thakur]] || rowspan=3 | [[File:JRThakur.jpg|50px]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]&lt;ref name=election2022/&gt; <br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Seraj}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Ram Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=53,562 |percentage=75.70% |change={{increase}}20.12 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chet Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,379 |percentage=21.74% |change={{decrease}}16.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Rana |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=818 |percentage=1.16% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gita Nand |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=339 |percentage=0.48% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=292 |percentage=0.41% |change={{decrease}}0.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Indra Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=264 |percentage=0.37% |change={{decrease}}0.15 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=98 |percentage=0.14% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=38,183 |percentage=53.97% |change= {{increase}}36.36 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,752 |percentage=83.91% |change= {{decrease}}1.49 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,315 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.68 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}20.12 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Seraj&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Ram Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,519 |percentage=55.59% |change={{increase}}2.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chet Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,265 |percentage=37.97% |change={{decrease}}5.36 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dile Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,214 |percentage=3.46% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narender Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=412 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=378 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=332 |percentage=0.52% |change={{decrease}}0.79 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,254 |percentage=17.61% |change= {{increase}}7.68 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=63,900 |percentage=85.40% |change= {{increase}}0.21 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,825 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.11 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Seraj}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Ram Thakur]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=30,837 |percentage=53.27% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tara Thakur |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,085 |percentage=43.33% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Kumar |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,094 |percentage=1.89% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunder Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=756 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,752 |percentage=9.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=57,890 |percentage=85.19% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,952 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Seraj]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh}}<br /> {{Mandi district}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|31.6|77.3|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Mandi district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahadevapura_Assembly_constituency&diff=514694 2026-04-19T19:30:09Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Creating a post basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> |name = Mahadevapura<br /> |state = [[Karnataka]]<br /> |type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 174<br /> | map_image = 174-Mahadevapura constituency.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> |mla = Manjula Aravind Limbavali<br /> |party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br /> |preceded_by = [[Arvind Limbavali]]<br /> |district = [[Bangalore Urban district|Bangalore Urban]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bangalore Central]]<br /> |established = 2008<br /> |electors = {{formatnum:607255}} (2023)&lt;ref name=election2023&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|7}}<br /> |reservation = SC<br /> }}<br /> '''Mahadevapura Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. It is also part of [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; The constituency is represented by [[P. C. Mohan|PC Mohan]], Member of Parliament from the [[Bangalore Central Lok Sabha constituency]].<br /> <br /> ==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Arvind Limbavali]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Manjula S]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> === Assembly Election 2023 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahadevapura &lt;ref name=election2023/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Mahadevapura&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Mahadevapura |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10174.htm?ac=174 |accessdate=22 February 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222053901/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10174.htm?ac=174 |archivedate=22 February 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Manjula S]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 181,731 |percentage = 54.31% |change = {{increase}}4.48 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Nagesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 137,230 |percentage = 41.01% |change = {{decrease}}2.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 4,775 |percentage = 1.43% |change = {{increase}}0.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. R. Nataraj |party = Aam Aadmi Party |votes = 4,551 |percentage = 1.36% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagaraj. R |party = Uttama Prajaakeeya Party |votes = 2,627 |percentage = 0.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 44,501 |percentage = 13.30% |change = {{increase}}7.05 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 334,671 |percentage = 55.11% |change = {{decrease}}1.23 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 334,616}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 607,255 |ref = |change = {{increase}}20.27 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.48 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2018 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahadevapura &lt;ref name=election2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=7 September 2021 |url-access=limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=karCeoResults2018&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arvind Limbavali]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 141,682 |percentage = 49.83% |change = {{decrease}}13.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. C. Srinivasa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 123,898 |percentage = 43.57% |change = {{decrease}}16.00 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sathish. K |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,391 |percentage = 2.25% |change = {{decrease}}0.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nagesh. T |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,852 |percentage = 1.35% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 3,482 |percentage = 1.22% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,784 |percentage = 6.25% |change = {{increase}}2.73 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 284,474 |percentage = 56.34% |change = {{decrease}}5.20 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 284,352}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 504,890 |ref = |change = {{increase}}37.01 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}13.26 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2013 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahadevapura &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arvind Limbavali]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 110,244 |percentage = 63.09% |change = {{increase}}10.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[A. C. Srinivasa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 104,095 |percentage = 59.57% |change = {{increase}}16.53 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. Govardhan |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 5,604 |percentage = 3.21% |change = {{increase}}1.77 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. L. Srinivasa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,729 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mayur Patel |party = Badavara Shramikara Raitara Congress |votes = 1,532 |percentage = 0.88% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniyappa. R |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,393 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,149 |percentage = 3.52% |change = {{decrease}}5.60 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 226,797 |percentage = 61.54% |change = {{increase}}8.37 }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 174,734}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 368,511 |ref = |change = {{increase}}33.83 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.93 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Mahadevapura &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Arvind Limbavali]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 76,376 |percentage = 52.16% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. Shivanna |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 63,018 |percentage = 43.04% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Muniraju |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 2,107 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Muniyappa. R |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,274 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Shankar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,077 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,358 |percentage = 9.12% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes = 146,414 |percentage = 53.17% |change = }}<br /> {{Election box total valid |votes= 146,414}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,355 |ref = |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Bangalore Urban district]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] <br /> * [[2025 Indian electoral controversy]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}<br /> {{coord|12.992|77.687|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Bengaluru]]<br /> [[Category:2008 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khundrakpam_Assembly_constituency&diff=509839 2026-04-16T04:34:41Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Created Initial Entry Initial Version</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Khundrakpam<br /> | mla = [[Thokchom Lokeshwar Singh]]<br /> | party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = [[Manipur]]<br /> | district = [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]<br /> | established = 1972<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = File:Thokchom Lokeshwar Singh.jpg<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:27777}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2027|6}}<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 1<br /> | map_image = File:Map of Khundrakpam AC.png<br /> }}<br /> '''Khundrakpam''' is one of the 60 [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituencies in the Indian state of [[Manipur]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |title=Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005180821/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |archive-date=5 October 2010 |access-date=13 October 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Extent ==<br /> In terms of sequence of Manipur state assembly constituencies, Khundrakpam Assembly constituency is numbered first among the 60 constituencies of Manipur. It has 41 parts, namely: 1-Matakhong, 2-Hangoipat (A), 3-Hangoipat (B), 4-Ikou, 5-Sadu Yenkhuman, 6-Leitanpokpi, 7-Pukhao Terapur, 8-Pukhao Naharup, 9-Pukhao Khabam, 10-Pukhao Laipham, 11-Khewa Company, 12-Sagolmang, 13-Yumnam Patlou, 14-Sinam, 15-Yumnam Khunou (A), 16-Yumnam Khunou (B), 17-Haraorou, 18-Shambei, 19-Tangkham, 20-Chingkhu, 21-Sarouthel, 22-Khundrakpam Awang Leikai, 23-Khundrakpam, 24-Khundrakpam Makha Leikai, 25-Khundrakpam Maning Leikai, 26-Pangei Yangdong (A), 27-Pangei Yangdong (B), 28-Pangei Meiteikhul, 29-Uyumpok Maning Leikai, 30. Wakhong, 31-Uyumpok, 32-Tiger Camp, 33-Keibi Taret Khul (A), 34-Chanung, 35-Keibi Taret Khul (B), 36-Keibi, 37-Keibi Heikak Mapal, 38-Waiton Makha Leikai, 39-Waiton Awang Leikai, 40-Chingarel Tejpur, 41-Pourabi, and 42-Wairi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral |first=Officer Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Winner<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |- <br /> | [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Thokchom Kunjo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || Maibam Hera Lairellakpam || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Yumlembam Kulla || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]] || Lairellakpam Lala || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Konjengbam Binoy || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1998 elections in India#Manipur|1998 by-election]] || Lairellakpam Lala || {{Full party name with color|Manipur State Congress Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Konsam Tomba || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]] || Lairellakpam Lala || {{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]] || [[Thokchom Navakumar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]] || rowspan=3 | [[Thokchom Lokeshwar Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br /> |- <br /> | [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]] <br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> {{bar box<br /> |float=right<br /> |title= Vote share of winning candidates<br /> |titlebar=#ddd<br /> |width=300px<br /> |barwidth=275px<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.02}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|56.12}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.37}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|17.31}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Samata Party}}|19.10}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|22.21}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly By-election 1998|1998 by-election]]|{{party color|Manipur State Congress Party}}|18.09}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|40.61}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|23.73}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|20.08}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India}}|41.53}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|25.66}}<br /> <br /> }}<br /> <br /> === 2022 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2022 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615102703/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2022/Form20/form20_2022.htm|archive-date=15 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Lokeshwar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,211 |percentage=49.02% |change={{decrease}}7.10 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thangjam Mohendro Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=11,996|percentage=48.16%|change={{increase}}5.40}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Elangbam Sovid Singh|party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|votes=497|percentage=2.00%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=167|percentage=0.67%|change={{increase}}0.27}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=215 |percentage=0.86% |change= {{decrease}}12.50 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=24,911|percentage=89.68%|change={{decrease}}0.11}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,777 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.93 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.10 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2017 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2017 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630093109/https://election.uk.gov.in/CEO-Website/VidhanSabha2017/Form_20/form20_2017.htm|archive-date=30 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Lokeshwar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,849 |percentage=56.12% |change={{increase}}6.75 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Thangjam Mohendro Singh|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=9,790|percentage=42.76%|change={{increase}}22.98}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Yumlembam Jogendro|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=129|percentage=0.56%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=92|percentage=0.40%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,059 |percentage=13.36% |change= {{decrease}}16.23 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=22,896|percentage=89.79%|change={{increase}}6.43}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,500 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.29 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}6.75 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2012 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttarakhand|title=Uttarakhand State General Assembly Elections 2012 - AC-Wise Detailed Result (Form-20) |url=https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929115647/https://election.uk.gov.in/Vidhan_sabha2012/form20_2012_PDF/form20_2012.htm|archive-date=29 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Lokeshwar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,182 |percentage=49.37% |change={{increase}}35.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=I. Mangiton|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=3,678|percentage=19.78%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=L. Premchandra|party=Communist Party of India|votes=2,096|percentage=11.27%|change={{decrease}}2.99}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Konsam Tomba|party=All India Trinamool Congress|votes=1,577|percentage=8.48%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Namoijam Singhajit Singh|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=1,435|percentage=7.72%|change={{decrease}}9.59}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=R. Michael Koireng|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=419|percentage=2.25%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=L. Lala Singh|party=Manipur State Congress Party|votes=211|percentage=1.13%|change=''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,504 |percentage=29.59% |change= {{increase}}26.55 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|votes=18,598|percentage=83.35%|change={{increase}}1.07}}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,312 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.87 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}32.07 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2007 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2007 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114082304/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/Stat_rept_2007_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Navakumar Singh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,305 |percentage=17.31% |change={{increase}}4.20 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Premchandra Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=2,723 |percentage=14.26% |change={{increase}}9.97 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konsam Tomba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,711 |percentage=14.20% |change={{increase}}2.56 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjam Shyam |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=2,286 |percentage=11.97% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Longjam Tomchou Meitei |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=2,159 |percentage=11.30% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairellakpam Lala |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,817 |percentage=9.51% |change={{increase}}6.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairenlakpam Sharatchandra Singh |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,794 |percentage=9.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Namoijam Singhajit Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,232 |percentage=6.45% |change={{increase}}4.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Sharat Singh |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=503 |percentage=2.63% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irom Mangiton |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=491 |percentage=2.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=582 |percentage=3.05% |change= {{increase}}0.50 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=19,098 |percentage=82.28% |change= {{decrease}}4.05 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 23,210 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.50 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Samata Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.80 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2002 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Uttarakhand |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114065248/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_2002_UT.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairellakpam Lala |party=Samata Party |votes=3,258 |percentage=19.10% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konsam Tomba |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=2,824 |percentage=16.56% |change={{increase}}10.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjam Shyam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,614 |percentage=15.33% |change={{increase}}7.49 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moirangthem Sharat Singh |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,235 |percentage=13.11% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Navakumar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,984 |percentage=11.63% |change={{increase}}0.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sorokhaibam Saratchandra |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=1,155 |percentage=6.77% |change={{decrease}}12.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairenlakpam Sharatchandra Singh |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=1,061 |percentage=6.22% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Premchandra Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=732 |percentage=4.29% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irom Mangiton Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=555 |percentage=3.25% |change={{decrease}}18.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Nilakamal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=340 |percentage=1.99% |change={{decrease}}3.01 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=434 |percentage=2.54% |change= {{increase}}0.00 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=17,054 |percentage=86.34% |change= {{decrease}}28.39 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,753 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.63 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Samata Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.11 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 2000 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Konsam Tomba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=4,279 |percentage=22.21% |change={{increase}}5.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairellakpam Lala |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=3,789 |percentage=19.67% |change={{increase}}1.58 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Thokchom Navakumar Singh]] |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=2,422 |percentage=12.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjam Shyam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,129 |percentage=11.05% |change={{decrease}}4.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waikhom Shiamkishore |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,509 |percentage=7.83% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairenlakpam Sharatchandra Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=1,142 |percentage=5.93% |change={{decrease}}4.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Ratan |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=963 |percentage=5.00% |change={{decrease}}7.79 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=490 |percentage=2.54% |change= {{increase}}1.23 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=16,792 |percentage=87.16% |change= {{increase}}31.59 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =19,264 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.38 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Manipur State Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}4.13 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1998 Assembly by-election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 elections in India#Manipur|1998 Manipur Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Khundrakpam&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - Feb. 1998, Election Commission of India |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208134047/http://www.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeFeb1998/Bye-Feb1998.htm |archive-date=8 February 2005 |access-date=18 January 2023 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairellakpam Lala |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=2,817 |percentage=18.09% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konsam Tomba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=2,613 |percentage=16.78% |change={{decrease}}23.84 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjam Shyam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,349 |percentage=15.08% |change={{increase}}5.23 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Waikhom Shiamkishore |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,127 |percentage=13.66% |change={{increase}}9.54 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Nilakamal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,992 |percentage=12.79% |change={{increase}}0.42 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Y. Rajen |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=1,652 |percentage=10.61% |change={{decrease}}10.46 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Nabakumar |party=Samata Party |votes=1,101 |percentage=7.07% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=N. Jila |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=839 |percentage=5.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Th. Biren |party=Independent politician |votes=86 |percentage=0.55% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=204 |percentage=1.31% |change= {{decrease}}18.23 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=15,576 |percentage=84.44% |change= {{decrease}}4.25 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,736 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.25 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur State Congress Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= {{decrease}}22.53 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1995 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Konjengbam Binoy |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,440 |percentage=40.61% |change={{increase}}29.02 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairellakpam Lala |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=3,341 |percentage=21.07% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoudam Nilakamal |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,961 |percentage=12.37% |change={{increase}}6.69 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tonjam Shyamkishwor |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,629 |percentage=10.27% |change={{decrease}}2.00 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjam Shyam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,562 |percentage=9.85% |change={{decrease}}9.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nongthombam Jila |party=Janata Dal |votes=652 |percentage=4.11% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,099 |percentage=19.54% |change= {{increase}}15.01 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=15,857 |percentage=87.39% |change= {{increase}}9.44 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,146 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.01 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}16.88 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1984 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairellakpam Lala |party=Independent politician |votes=2,797 |percentage=23.73% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konsam Tomba |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,263 |percentage=19.20% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Langoljam Tikendra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,764 |percentage=14.97% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tonjam Shyamkishwor |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,446 |percentage=12.27% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairellakpam Gourahari |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,366 |percentage=11.59% |change={{decrease}}3.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumlembam Kulla |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=669 |percentage=5.68% |change={{decrease}}14.41 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Gouranityai |party=Independent politician |votes=590 |percentage=5.01% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leitanthem Sagor |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=437 |percentage=3.71% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=534 |percentage=4.53% |change= {{decrease}}0.81 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,786 |percentage=77.95% |change= {{increase}}6.92 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,120 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}3.76 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}3.65 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1980 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumlembam Kulla |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,241 |percentage=20.08% |change={{increase}}6.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Langonjan Tikendra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,645 |percentage=14.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairellakpam Lala |party=Independent politician |votes=1,645 |percentage=14.74% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Konsam Tomba |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,637 |percentage=14.67% |change={{decrease}}5.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Saikhom Brajagopal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,095 |percentage=9.81% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairellakpam Gourahari |party=Janata Party |votes=1,063 |percentage=9.53% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Hera Lairellakpam |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=565 |percentage=5.06% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Leitanthem Sagor |party=Independent politician |votes=498 |percentage=4.46% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Darshan |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telem Bira |party=Independent politician |votes=82 |percentage=0.73% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=596 |percentage=5.34% |change= {{decrease}}15.85 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=11,159 |percentage=71.03% |change= {{decrease}}6.08 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,710 |ref = |change= {{increase}}41.05 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India |swing= {{decrease}}21.45 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1974 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Hera Lairellakpam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,567 |percentage=41.53% |change={{increase}}18.82 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gourahari Singh |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,747 |percentage=20.34% |change={{decrease}}1.32 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laitonjam Jatra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,664 |percentage=19.37% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumlembam Kulla |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,189 |percentage=13.84% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Telem Bira |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=236 |percentage=2.75% |change={{decrease}}17.55 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,820 |percentage=21.19% |change= {{increase}}18.24 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=8,589 |percentage=77.11% |change= {{decrease}}8.19 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,138 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.85 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.87 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === 1972 Assembly election ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Khundrakpam}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Kunjo Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,863 |percentage=25.66% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maibam Hera Lairellakpam |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,649 |percentage=22.71% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salam Tombi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,573 |percentage=21.66% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lourembam Birchandra |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=1,474 |percentage=20.30% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Senjam Damudor Singh |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=538 |percentage=7.41% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=214 |percentage=2.95% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=7,261 |percentage=85.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,512 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]<br /> * [[Imphal East district]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|24.89|93.98|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Imphal East district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Manipur]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br /> [[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ghumarwin_Assembly_constituency&diff=500469 2026-04-15T23:40:22Z

<p>BeckyK8455: starting a data.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Ghumarwin<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 47<br /> | map_image = 47-Ghumarwin constituency.svg<br /> | mla = [[Rajesh Dharmani]]<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> | state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> | district = [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | electors = {{formatnum:90144}}&lt;ref name=election2022&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update after|2028|1}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Ghumarwin Assembly constituency''' is one of the 68 constituencies in the [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]], a northern state of [[India]]. [[Ghumarwin]] is also part of [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Ghumarwin Assembly constituency |url=https://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/ghumarwin.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= November 2, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]] <br /> | K. Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]] <br /> | Sita Ram<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]] <br /> |rowspan=2| Narayan Singh Swami <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1982]] <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]] <br /> | Kashmir Singh <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]] <br /> | Karam Dev Dharmani<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Kashmir Singh<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]] <br /> | Karam Dev Dharmani<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Rajesh Dharmani]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]] <br /> | [[Rajinder Garg]]&lt;ref name=election2017/&gt; <br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<br /> |[[Rajesh Dharmani]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2022 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Dharmani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=35,378 |percentage=51.96% |change={{increase}}12.20 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajinder Garg]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,767 |percentage=43.72% |change={{decrease}}13.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar Chopra |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,633 |percentage=2.40% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogesh Thakur |party=Rashtriya Devbhumi Party |votes=467 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Lal Banga |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=319 |percentage=0.47% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=242 |percentage=0.36% |change={{decrease}}0.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=0.19% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varun Kumar Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=89 |percentage=0.13% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=69 |percentage=0.10% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,611 |percentage=8.24% |change= {{decrease}}8.76 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=68,092 |percentage=75.54% |change= {{increase}}0.17 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,144 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.66 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}4.80 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2017 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin&lt;ref name=election2017&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajinder Garg]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,846 |percentage=56.76% |change={{increase}}19.68 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Dharmani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,411 |percentage=39.76% |change={{decrease}}3.43 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=475 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=390 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,435 |percentage=17.00% |change= {{increase}}10.88 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=61,395 |percentage=75.37% |change= {{increase}}5.77 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,460 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.02 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}13.56 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2012 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Dharmani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,672 |percentage=43.19% |change={{decrease}}6.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajinder Garg]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=19,464 |percentage=37.08% |change={{decrease}}8.73 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar Chopra |party=Independent politician |votes=6,664 |percentage=12.70% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,603 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Dev Dharmani |party=Himachal Lokhit Party |votes=983 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=433 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jitender |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=408 |percentage=0.78% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,208 |percentage=6.11% |change= {{increase}}2.14 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=52,491 |percentage=69.60% |change= {{increase}}4.05 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,415 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.72 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.59 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2007 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Dharmani |party=Indian National Congress |votes=24,194 |percentage=49.78% |change={{increase}}13.81 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Dev Dharmani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,263 |percentage=45.81% |change={{increase}}2.72 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naveen Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,135 |percentage=2.34% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Budhi Singh Chauhan |party=Independent politician |votes=446 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shri Ram |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=350 |percentage=0.72% |change={{decrease}}0.85 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,931 |percentage=3.97% |change= {{decrease}}3.15 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=48,597 |percentage=65.55% |change= {{decrease}}6.73 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 74,139 |ref = |change= {{increase}}12.05 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}6.69 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2003 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Dev Dharmani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,609 |percentage=43.10% |change={{increase}}2.30 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,202 |percentage=35.97% |change={{decrease}}8.63 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand Rattan |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=8,736 |percentage=18.27% |change={{increase}}5.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=749 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=525 |percentage=1.10% |change={{increase}}0.42 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,407 |percentage=7.12% |change= {{increase}}3.33 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=47,821 |percentage=72.34% |change= {{increase}}1.61 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 66,165 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.42 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.50 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1998 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111191922/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-HP98.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,066 |percentage=44.60% |change={{decrease}}11.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Dev Dharmani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,527 |percentage=40.80% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gian Chand Rattan |party=Himachal Vikas Congress |votes=5,105 |percentage=12.60% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pavna |party=Independent politician |votes=536 |percentage=1.32% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jamnadevi Alias Meera Devi |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=273 |percentage=0.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,539 |percentage=3.80% |change= {{decrease}}11.50 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=40,507 |percentage=71.41% |change= {{decrease}}1.46 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,326 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.29 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.85 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1993 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111133700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,603 |percentage=56.45% |change={{increase}}21.70 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Dev Dharmani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,019 |percentage=41.15% |change={{decrease}}11.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |party=Communist Party of India |votes=725 |percentage=1.99% |change={{decrease}}1.08 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,584 |percentage=15.30% |change= {{decrease}}2.31 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=36,496 |percentage=72.53% |change= {{increase}}4.76 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,602 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.25 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1990 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114181905/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/Statisticall%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201990.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Karam Dev Dharmani |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,336 |percentage=52.36% |change={{increase}}10.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,843 |percentage=34.75% |change={{decrease}}19.16 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naryana Singh Swami |party=Independent politician |votes=1,795 |percentage=5.75% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zulfikar Ali Bhutto |party=Communist Party of India |votes=957 |percentage=3.07% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gorakh Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=761 |percentage=2.44% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramnath Shastri |party=Independent politician |votes=293 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,493 |percentage=17.61% |change= {{increase}}5.14 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=31,200 |percentage=68.01% |change= {{decrease}}5.29 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 46,318 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.47 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}1.55 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1985 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1985 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114090530/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/StatisticalReport%201985%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kashmir Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,694 |percentage=53.91% |change={{increase}}6.93 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagdish Ram Sharma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,528 |percentage=41.45% |change={{decrease}}7.55 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roop Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=469 |percentage=1.85% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Singh Swami |party=Independent politician |votes=425 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gorkh Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=162 |percentage=0.64% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,166 |percentage=12.46% |change= {{increase}}10.45 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=25,402 |percentage=73.19% |change= {{decrease}}0.88 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 34,964 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.41 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}4.92 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1982 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117041754/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1982/Statistical%20Report%201982%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf|access-date=16 December 2023|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Singh Swami |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=11,836 |percentage=48.99% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sita Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,350 |percentage=46.98% |change={{increase}}7.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=321 |percentage=1.33% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narottam Dutt |party=Janata Party |votes=250 |percentage=1.03% |change={{decrease}}56.11 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahant Ram |party=Lokdal |votes=172 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=486 |percentage=2.01% |change= {{decrease}}15.66 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=24,159 |percentage=74.33% |change= {{increase}}8.89 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 32,857 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.47 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.15 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319174923/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Himachal%20Pradesh.pdf|archive-date=19 March 2016|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Narayan Singh Swami |party=Janata Party |votes=11,188 |percentage=57.14% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sita Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,728 |percentage=39.47% |change={{decrease}}25.97 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daya Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=664 |percentage=3.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,460 |percentage=17.67% |change= {{decrease}}22.22 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=19,580 |percentage=65.58% |change= {{increase}}19.61 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,292 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.64 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.30 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3802-himachal-pradesh-1972/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=10 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sita Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,370 |percentage=65.44% |change={{increase}}19.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,267 |percentage=25.54% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jeet Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=575 |percentage=4.50% |change={{decrease}}37.85 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Garditu |party=Independent politician |votes=301 |percentage=2.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Independent politician |votes=278 |percentage=2.17% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,103 |percentage=39.90% |change= {{increase}}36.38 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=12,791 |percentage=46.44% |change= {{increase}}0.25 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 28,405 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}4.20 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}19.57 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Ghumarwin&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,090 |percentage=45.87% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,623 |percentage=42.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,416 |percentage=10.66% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Nand |party=Independent politician |votes=149 |percentage=1.12% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=467 |percentage=3.52% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=13,278 |percentage=48.42% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,649 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Ghumarwin]]<br /> * [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}<br /> {{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|31.45|76.7|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadamtala_Assembly_constituency&diff=507299 2026-04-15T23:29:29Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Created Initial Data Needs Work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Tripura legislative assembly in India}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Kadamtala<br /> | type= SLA<br /> | state = [[Tripura]]<br /> | established = 1963<br /> | abolished = 2008<br /> | electors = 31,852<br /> | mla = Bijita Nath<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> | constituency_no =<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br /> | district =<br /> | loksabha_cons =<br /> | reservation =<br /> }}<br /> '''Kadamtala Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tripura]].<br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Member<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || A. Wazid || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Benoy Bhushan Banerjee<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || Umesh Chandra Nath || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Samir Kumar Nath<br /> |-<br /> | [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Jyotirmoy Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || rowspan=2 | Umesh Chandra Nath || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Jyotirmoy Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Bijita Nath || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}<br /> |}<br /> == Election results ==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2008 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kadamtala&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bijita Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=12,656 |percentage=45.16% |change={{increase}}2.92 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotirmoy Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,528 |percentage=44.70% |change={{increase}}2.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sukanta Nath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,044 |percentage=3.72% |change={{decrease}}9.71 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hachib |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=985 |percentage=3.51% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Apurba Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=322 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fazlur Rahaman |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=264 |percentage=0.94% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mozir Uddin |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=228 |percentage=0.81% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=128 |percentage=0.46% |change= {{increase}}0.23 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=28,027 |percentage=88.07% |change= {{increase}}10.19 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 31,852 |ref = |change= {{increase}}6.86 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}2.69 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 2003 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kadamtala&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2003 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165918/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2003.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotirmoy Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,847 |percentage=42.46% |change={{increase}}10.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subodh Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,795 |percentage=42.24% |change={{increase}}6.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranajoy Kumar Deb |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,115 |percentage=13.43% |change={{decrease}}2.77 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rafik |party=Independent politician |votes=237 |percentage=1.02% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subirjit Sinha |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=196 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=52 |percentage=0.22% |change= {{decrease}}3.57 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=23,190 |percentage=77.89% |change= {{increase}}0.93 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 29,807 |ref = |change= {{increase}}14.38 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}6.49 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1998 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kadamtala&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006160344/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-TRI98.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Chandra Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=7,207 |percentage=35.98% |change={{increase}}0.77 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotirmoy Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,447 |percentage=32.18% |change={{increase}}6.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ronajoy Kumar Deb |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,246 |percentage=16.20% |change={{increase}}3.18 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Md. Fakaruddin |party=Janata Dal |votes=3,083 |percentage=15.39% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=760 |percentage=3.79% |change= {{decrease}}5.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=20,033 |percentage=78.91% |change= {{increase}}2.57 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,060 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}0.77 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1993 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kadamtala&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006065326/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/Statistical%20Report%201993%20Tripura.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Chandra Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,792 |percentage=35.20% |change={{decrease}}4.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotirmoy Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,909 |percentage=25.44% |change={{decrease}}17.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fazlur Rahaman |party=Independent politician |votes=3,814 |percentage=19.77% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranajoy Kumar Deb |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,512 |percentage=13.02% |change={{increase}}11.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundar Mukherjee |party=Independent politician |votes=850 |percentage=4.41% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subirjit Sinha |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Krishna Deb |party=Amra Bangali |votes=97 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,883 |percentage=9.76% |change= {{increase}}6.98 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=19,294 |percentage=75.37% |change= {{decrease}}6.22 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,968 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}7.29 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1988 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kadamtala&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006100546/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201988.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotirmoy Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,759 |percentage=42.49% |change={{increase}}4.38 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samir Kumar Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=6,317 |percentage=39.71% |change={{decrease}}1.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundar Mukharjee |party=Independent politician |votes=2,414 |percentage=15.18% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranajoy Kumar Deb |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=249 |percentage=1.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kantilal Majumder |party=Independent politician |votes=167 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=442 |percentage=2.78% |change= {{increase}}0.09 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=15,906 |percentage=81.80% |change= {{increase}}5.34 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,754 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.74 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}1.69 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1983 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kadamtala&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006044341/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport%20Tripura%201983.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Samir Kumar Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,061 |percentage=40.81% |change={{decrease}}15.25 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jyotirmoy Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,727 |percentage=38.11% |change={{increase}}31.88 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundar Mukherjee |party=Independent politician |votes=1,967 |percentage=15.86% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Moulana Abdur Rahim |party=Independent politician |votes=487 |percentage=3.93% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kumud Ranajan Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=1.29% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=334 |percentage=2.69% |change= {{decrease}}35.96 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=12,402 |percentage=76.63% |change= {{increase}}3.76 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,497 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.47 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}15.25 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kadamtala&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613130016/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport%201977%20Tripura.pdf|archive-date=13 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Chandra Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,575 |percentage=56.06% |change={{increase}}36.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Luthfur Rahaman Chowdhury |party=Janata Party |votes=1,731 |percentage=17.41% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Wazid |party=Tripura Pradesh Congress Committee |votes=1,325 |percentage=13.32% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sundar Mukherjee |party=Independent politician |votes=694 |percentage=6.98% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Radha Raman Nath |party=Indian National Congress |votes=620 |percentage=6.23% |change={{decrease}}34.51 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,844 |percentage=38.65% |change= {{increase}}23.97 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=9,945 |percentage=73.02% |change= {{increase}}11.20 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,925 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.29 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kadamtala&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006023438/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_TP_72.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Benoy Bhushan Banerjee |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,684 |percentage=40.74% |change={{decrease}}6.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Rup |party=Independent politician |votes=1,717 |percentage=26.06% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Umesh Chandra Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=1,304 |percentage=19.79% |change={{decrease}}27.28 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Krishna Sarma |party=Independent politician |votes=591 |percentage=8.97% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arun Kanti Nath |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=292 |percentage=4.43% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=967 |percentage=14.68% |change= {{increase}}14.40 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=6,588 |percentage=61.99% |change= {{decrease}}5.78 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,940 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}41.95 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.61 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]] : Kadamtala&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Tripura |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006135955/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Tripura%201967.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Wazid |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,890 |percentage=47.35% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. D. Nath |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=5,856 |percentage=47.08% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. R. Nath |party=Independent politician |votes=693 |percentage=5.57% |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=34 |percentage=0.27% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=12,439 |percentage=68.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,847 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1963]]<br /> [[Category:1963 establishments in Tripura]]<br /> [[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]<br /> [[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kimneo_Haokip_Hangshing&diff=509950 2026-04-05T10:26:00Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Created The Details Basic Info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Kimneo Haokip Hangshing<br /> | office = Member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Saikul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saikul]]<br /> | term_start = 2022<br /> | predecessor = [[Yamthong Haokip]]<br /> | party = [[Kuki People's Alliance]]<br /> | image = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kimneo Haokip Hangshing''' is an Indian politician and a member of [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Saikul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saikul]] representing [[Kuki People's Alliance]] since March 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Saikul Election Result 2022 LIVE: Kimneo Haokip Hangshing of Kuki People's Alliance wins |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/saikul-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-saikul-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12752642.htm |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=cnbctv18.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kimneo Haokip Hangshing in Manipur Assembly Elections 2022 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/manipur/kimneo-haokip-hangshing-saikul-(st)-candidate-s14a046c06/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Saikul Election Result 2022LIVE: OTHERS के KIMNEO HAOKIP HANGSHING की हुई जीत, BJP के रहें दूसरे नंबर पर |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/saikul-election-2022-results-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-winner-loser-tally-who-will-win-bjp-congress-sp-bsp-aap-manipur-assembly-election-2022-latest-news-2078035 |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=ABP News |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Kimneo Haokip Hangshing is the daughter of [[Ngamthang Haokip]], former [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] MLA and Minister from [[Saitu (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saitu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ngamthang vows to work for people |newspaper=Chronicle News Service |via=e-pao.net |date=15 March 2022 |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=28..160322.mar22}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is married to David Hangshing, chairman of the militant group [[Kuki Revolutionary Army]] that has been under Suspension of Operations agreement with the Government of India since 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=KRA chief and hubby of new MLA among people held for firing |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/3/15/OSR-CorrespondentIMP-KPI-Mar-14-Kuki-Revolutionary-Army-KRA-chief-David-Hangshing-and-two-cadr.html |date=15 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her political party, Kuki People's Alliance, is allegedly associated with [[Kuki National Organisation]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://thefrontiermanipur.com/shady-role-of-eci-in-manipurs-electoral-process-a-systemic-failure-of-government/ Role of ECI in Manipur’s Electoral Process: A Systemic Failure of Government], The Frontier Manipur, 27 September 2023.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Hangshing, Kimneo Haokip}}<br /> [[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> <br /> {{Manipur-politician-stub}}</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2003_invasion_of_Iraq&diff=453981 2026-03-29T12:10:37Z

<p>BeckyK8455: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|United States–led military invasion}}<br /> {{redirect|Invasion of Iraq|the American-led invasion in 1991|Gulf War|the conflict triggered by this international invasion in 2003|Iraq War|other uses|Invasion of Iraq (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use American English|date=November 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> <br /> {{very long|date=August 2025|words=21,100}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox military conflict<br /> | conflict = 2003 invasion of Iraq<br /> | partof = the [[war on terror]] and the [[Iraq War]]&lt;ref name=&quot;GlobalKansas&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title= President Discusses Global War on Terror at Kansas State University |publisher= White House |date= 23 January 2006 |url= https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060123-4.html |access-date= 29 October 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111028200751/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/01/20060123-4.html |archive-date= 28 October 2011 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = {{Multiple image<br /> | perrow = 2/2/2<br /> | total_width = 320<br /> | border=infobox<br /> | image1= U.S. Marines with Iraqi POWs - March 21, 2003.jpg<br /> | image2= Iraqi Sandstorm.jpg<br /> | image3= US soldiers watch Iraqi paramilitary headquarter's burn Samawah, Iraq April 2003.jpg<br /> | image4= SaddamStatue.jpg<br /> | footer_align = center<br /> | footer = '''Clockwise from top-left''':&lt;br /&gt;American troops from the [[2nd Battalion, 1st Marine Regiment]], escort Iraqi prisoners of war to a holding area in the desert; American convoy of [[Humvee]]s in northern Iraq during a sandstorm; Iraqi civilians cheer as American soldiers [[Saddam Hussein statue destruction|topple Saddam Hussein's statue in Baghdad's Firdos Square]]; American troops from the [[2nd Battalion, 325th Airborne Infantry Regiment]], watch an Iraqi paramilitary's headquarters burn in [[Samawah]]<br /> }}<br /> | date = 20 March – 1 May 2003&lt;br /&gt;({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1= 3|day1= 20|year1= 2003|month2= 5|day2= 1|year2= 2003}})<br /> | place = [[Ba'athist Iraq|Iraq]], [[Kuwait]] and the [[Persian Gulf]]{{efn|The conflict occasionally spilled over into Kuwait due to the Iraqi military firing missiles across the international border to attack American and Kuwaiti targets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CNN.com – U.S.: Patriots down Iraqi missiles – Mar. 20, 2003 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/20/sprj.irq.kuwait.rockets/index.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=CNN |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905122941/https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/20/sprj.irq.kuwait.rockets/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Missile hits Kuwait City mall |date=March 28, 2003 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/28/sprj.irq.war.main/index.html |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=CNN |archive-date=5 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230905122939/https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/28/sprj.irq.war.main/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Iraq launches Scud missiles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/20/iraq6 |access-date=2023-09-05 |website=The Guardian |date=20 March 2003 |archive-date=27 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827002143/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/20/iraq6 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|name=b|group=}}<br /> | result = Coalition victory<br /> | combatant1 = {{flag|United States}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|United Kingdom}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Australia}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flag|Poland}}&lt;br/&gt;{{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Kurdistan Region]]{{blist<br /> | {{flagicon image|Flag of the KDP.svg}} [[Kurdistan Democratic Party|KDP]]<br /> | {{flagicon image|Flag of PUK.svg}} [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan|PUK]]}}<br /> {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Iraqi National Congress flag (2003).svg}} [[Iraqi National Congress]]}}{{blist<br /> | {{flagicon image|FIF flag.svg}} [[Free Iraqi Forces]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42859-2003Apr6.html |title= U.S. Airlifts Iraqi Exile Force For Duties Near Nasiriyah |newspaper= The Washington Post |date= 7 April 2003 |access-date= 13 September 2009 |first= Bradley |last= Graham |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070808031321/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A42859-2003Apr6.html |archive-date= 8 August 2007 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USNewsandworldreport&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> | combatant2 = {{plainlist}}<br /> * {{flag|Ba'athist Iraq|1991|name=Iraq}}<br /> * {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg}} [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran|MEK]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The A to Z of Middle Eastern Intelligence|url=https://archive.org/details/tozmiddleeastern00kaha|url-access=limited|isbn=978-0-8108-7070-3|author1=Ephraim Kahana |author2=Muhammad Suwaed |year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/tozmiddleeastern00kaha/page/n252 208]|quote=Coalition aircraft bombed MEK bases during Operation Iraqi Freedom, forcing MEK forces to surrender in May 2003.}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{endplainlist}}<br /> | commander1 = {{ubli|{{flagicon|United States}} [[George W. Bush]]|{{flagicon|United States}} [[Dick Cheney]]|{{flagicon|United States}} [[Donald Rumsfeld]]|{{flagicon|United States}} [[Colin Powell]]|{{flagicon|United States}} [[Tommy Franks]]|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Tony Blair]]|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Geoff Hoon]]|{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Brian Burridge]]|{{flagicon|Australia}} [[John Howard]]}}<br /> | commander2 = {{ubli|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} [[Saddam Hussein]]|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} [[Qusay Hussein]]|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} [[Uday Hussein]]|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} [[Abid Hamid Mahmud]]|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} [[Ali Hassan al-Majid]]|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} [[Barzan Ibrahim al-Tikriti]]|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} [[Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri]]|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} [[Ra'ad al-Hamdani]]|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} [[Taha Yassin Ramadan]]|{{flagicon|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} [[Tariq Aziz]]}}<br /> | strength1 = '''Total:&lt;br /&gt;589,799'''&lt;hr&gt;<br /> {{ubli|{{flagdeco|United States|1960}} 466,985 personnel&lt;ref name=&quot;carter2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Iraq: Summary of U.S. Forces |date=28 November 2005 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL31763.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511071715/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL31763.pdf |archive-date=11 May 2009 |url-status=live |access-date=19 July 2009 |first=Linwood B. |last=Carter }}&lt;/ref&gt;|{{flagdeco|United Kingdom}} 50,000 troops|{{flagdeco|Australia}} 2,000 troops|{{flagdeco|Poland}} 194 special forces&lt;ref name=&quot;PolishSpecialForces&quot;/&gt;|{{flagdeco|Iraqi Kurdistan}} 70,000 troops&lt;ref name=&quot;MajPeltier&quot;/&gt;|{{flagicon image|Iraqi National Congress flag (2003).svg}} 620 troops}}<br /> | strength2 = '''Total:&lt;br /&gt;1,311,000'''&lt;hr&gt;<br /> {{ubli|{{flagdeco|Ba'athist Iraq|1991}} '''[[Iraqi Armed Forces]]''': 538,000 active |650,000 reserves&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Anthony H. Cordesman |date=28 June 2002 |title=If We Fight Iraq: Iraq and The Conventional Military Balance |publisher=Center for Strategic and International Studies |url=http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/csis-military_balance-062802.pdf |access-date= 18 July 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110807072316/http://www.iraqwatch.org/perspectives/csis-military_balance-062802.pdf |archive-date= 7 August 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author= Toby Dodge |url= https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/16/iraq |title= Iraqi army is tougher than US believes |work= The Guardian |date= 16 November 2002 |access-date= 10 November 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170305032828/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/nov/16/iraq |archive-date= 5 March 2017 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; |4,000 tanks&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ricks |first1=Thomas E. |title=Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq |date=2006 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-59420-103-5 |page=117 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7s-uIICROyYC |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;|3,700 APCs and IFVs|2,300 artillery pieces|300 combat aircraft&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-iraqs-prewar-military-capabilities|title=IRAQ: Iraq's Prewar Military Capabilities|website=Council on Foreign Relations|date=3 February 2005 |access-date=14 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214164158/https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/iraq-iraqs-prewar-military-capabilities|archive-date=14 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[File:Iraqi Republican Guard Symbol.svg|20px]] [[Special Republican Guard (Iraq)|SRG]]: 12,000| [[File:Iraqi Republican Guard Symbol.svg|20px]] [[Republican Guard (Iraq)|RG]]: 75,000|[[File:Fedayeen Saddam SSI.svg|20px]] [[Fedayeen Saddam]]: 30,000|[[Arab]] volunteers: 6,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/foreign-irregulars-in-iraq-the-next-jihad|title=Foreign Irregulars in Iraq|website=Washington Institute|date=10 April 2003|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403161600/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/foreign-irregulars-in-iraq-the-next-jihad|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | casualties1 = {{blist<br /> |196+ killed<br /> |551+ wounded}}&lt;hr&gt;{{blist<br /> |'''Coalition:'''{{blist<br /> |172 killed&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icasualties.org/Iraq/ByMonth.aspx &quot;Iraq Coalition Casualties: Fatalities by Year and Month&quot;]. ''iCasualties.org''. {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160206184540/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/ByMonth.aspx |date= 6 February 2016 }}. {{Retrieved |access-date=1 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{blist<br /> |{{flagicon|United States}} 139<br /> |{{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 33}}<br /> |{{flagicon|United States}} 551 wounded&lt;ref&gt;[http://icasualties.org/Iraq/USCasualtiesByState.aspx &quot;Iraq Coalition Casualties: U.S. Wounded Totals&quot;]. ''iCasualties.org''. {{webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111224184502/http://icasualties.org/Iraq/USCasualtiesByState.aspx |date= 24 December 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> |'''Peshmerga:'''&lt;br /&gt;24+ killed&lt;ref name=&quot;fsu&quot;&gt;Michael G. Lortz. [http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf &quot;Willing to face Death: A History of Kurdish Military Forces – the Peshmerga – from the Ottoman Empire to Present-Day Iraq&quot;]. {{webarchive |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191132/http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-11142005-144616/unrestricted/003Manuscript.pdf |date= 29 October 2013 }}. p. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> | casualties2 = {{blist<br /> |11,000–45,000 killed<br /> |Unknown wounded}}&lt;hr&gt;<br /> *11,000 (4,895–6,370 observed and reported) (Project on Defense Alternatives study)&lt;ref name=&quot;pda&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html |title= The Wages of War: Iraqi Combatant and Noncombatant Fatalities in the 2003 Conflict |publisher= Commonwealth Institute of Cambridge |access-date= 13 September 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090902070831/http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8.html|archive-date= 2 September 2009 |url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8ap1.html#10.%20Karbala,%20Karbala%20gap,%20and%20north%20to%20Baghdad |title= Wages of War – Appendix 1. Survey of reported Iraqi combatant fatalities in the 2003 war |publisher= Commonwealth Institute of Cambridge |access-date= 13 September 2009|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090902092036/http://www.comw.org/pda/0310rm8ap1.html|archive-date= 2 September 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *13,500–45,000 (extrapolated from fatality rates of units serving around Baghdad)&lt;ref&gt;[[Jonathan Steele (journalist)|Steele, Jonathan]] (28 May 2003). [https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,12271,965235,00.html &quot;Body counts&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306081240/https://www.theguardian.com/usa/story/0,12271,965235,00.html |date=6 March 2023 }}. ''[[The Guardian]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | casualties3 = Estimated [[Casualties of the Iraq War#Iraqi invasion casualties|Iraqi civilian fatalities]]:{{ubl<br /> |7,400 (''Iraq Body Count'')&lt;ref name=&quot;IBC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/year-four/ |title=Year Four: Simply the worst |website=Iraq Body Count |date=18 March 2007 |access-date=23 April 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250305042732/http://www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/year-four/ |archive-date=2025-03-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |3,200–4,300 (Project on Defense Alternatives study)&lt;ref name=&quot;pda&quot; /&gt;}}<br /> | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Iraq War}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Persian Gulf Wars}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Kurdish–Iraqi conflict}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Saddam Hussein series}}<br /> {{George W. Bush series}}<br /> The '''2003 invasion of Iraq'''{{efn|The invasion was codenamed '''Operation Iraqi Freedom''' (OIF) by the United States,&lt;ref name=OIF-name&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=July 19, 2025|url=https://dcas.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/app/conflictCasualties/oif|title=Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)|work=Conflict Casualties|publisher=Defense Conflict Analysis System, Office of the Secretary of Defense|archive-date=16 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250916083913/https://dcas.dmdc.osd.mil/dcas/app/conflictCasualties/oif|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; while Iraqi officials named it the '''Decisive War''' ({{langx|ar|معركة الحواسم}}).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ow8oDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=%22toward+the+decisive+war%22&amp;pg=PT498|title=Wars of Modern Babylon: A History of the Iraqi Army from 1921 to 2003 |first=Pesach |last=Malovany |date=21 July 2017 |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |isbn=9780813169453 |via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date=January 2026}}|name=a|group=}} was the first stage of the [[Iraq War]]. The invasion began on 20 March 2003 and lasted just over one month,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=U.S. Periods of War and Dates of Recent Conflicts |date=29 November 2022 |publisher=Congressional Research Service |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS21405.pdf |access-date=4 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328222039/http://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RS21405.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; including 26 days of major combat operations. The invasion was conducted by a [[Coalition of the willing (Iraq War)|United States-led coalition]] of mainly American, British, Australian, and Polish troops. <br /> <br /> According to U.S. president [[George W. Bush]] and UK prime minister [[Tony Blair]], the coalition aimed to disarm Iraq of [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|weapons of mass destruction]] (WMDs)—nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons—and &quot;free the Iraqi people&quot; by deposing president [[Saddam Hussein]], in turn ending his &quot;[[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations|support for terrorism]]&quot;. Before the invasion, [[United Nations]] (UN) [[United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission|inspectors in Iraq]] had found no evidence of Iraqi WMDs;&lt;ref name=&quot;beginning1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=UN inspectors found no evidence of prohibited weapons programmes as of 18 March withdrawal, Hans Blix tells Security Council |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2003/sc7777.doc.htm|access-date=2022-02-15|publisher=United Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; U.S. and British officials claimed they were still hidden, and posed an immediate threat to world peace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030131-23.html |title= President Bush Meets with Prime Minister Blair |publisher=The White House |date=31 January 2003 |access-date= 13 September 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110312120342/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/01/20030131-23.html |archive-date= 12 March 2011 |url-status= live |df= dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> The invasion was strongly opposed by some long-standing U.S. allies, including [[Canada]], [[France]], [[Germany]], and [[New Zealand]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release |url=https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/editorial/actual/ael2/bulletin.gb.asp?liste=20030211.gb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512001853/https://pastel.diplomatie.gouv.fr/editorial/actual/ael2/bulletin.gb.asp?liste=20030211.gb.html |archive-date=2011-05-12 |title=Joint Declaration by Russia, Germany and France on Iraq |publisher=[[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs]] |location=France |date=10 February 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/751538 |title=NZ praised for 'steering clear of Iraq war' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515154445/http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/751538 |archive-date=15 May 2011 |work=The Dominion Post |via=[[Stuff.co.nz]] |date=7 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|first= Julian |last= Beltrame |title= Canada to Stay out of Iraq War |magazine= Maclean's |date= 31 March 2003 |access-date= 19 January 2009 |url= http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&amp;Params=M1ARTM0012457 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080518123104/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&amp;Params=M1ARTM0012457 |archive-date= 18 May 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, [[United Nations Secretary-General|UN Secretary-General]] [[Kofi Annan]] called the invasion illegal under [[international law]], as a breach of the [[UN Charter]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/16/iraq.iraq|title=Iraq war was illegal and breached UN charter, says Annan|first1=Ewen|last1=MacAskill|first2=Julian|last2=Borger|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=15 September 2004|access-date=3 November 2022|archive-date=28 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828073847/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/16/iraq.iraq|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 15 February 2003, there were worldwide [[protests against the Iraq War|protests against the anticipated invasion of Iraq]], including a rally of three million people in [[Rome]] which was the largest [[anti-war]] rally in history. <br /> <br /> The invasion began with an [[airstrike]] on the Presidential Palace in Baghdad on 20 March 2003. The following day, coalition forces launched an incursion into [[Basra Governorate]] from their massing point close to the [[Iraq–Kuwait border|Iraqi–Kuwaiti border]]. While [[special forces]] launched an amphibious assault from the [[Persian Gulf]] to secure [[Basra]] and the surrounding petroleum fields, the main invasion army occupied southern Iraq, engaging in the [[Battle of Nasiriyah]] on 23 March. Massive air strikes across the country and against Iraqi [[command and control]] threw the defending army into chaos and prevented an effective resistance. On 26 March, the [[173rd Airborne Brigade]] was [[Operation Northern Delay|airdropped]] near the northern city of [[Kirkuk]], where they joined forces with [[Kurds|Kurdish]] rebels and fought several actions against the [[Iraqi Army]], to secure the northern part of the country.<br /> <br /> The main body of coalition forces continued their drive into the heart of Iraq and were met with little resistance. Most of the Iraqi military was quickly defeated. On 9 April 2003, 22 days after the first day of the invasion, the capital city of [[Baghdad]] was captured by coalition forces after the six-day-long [[Battle of Baghdad (2003)|Battle of Baghdad]]. Other operations included the capture and occupation of Kirkuk on 10 April and the attack on and capture of [[Tikrit]] on 15 April. Saddam and the Iraqi central leadership went into hiding, as the coalition forces finished occupying the country. On 1 May, Bush declared the &quot;[[Mission Accomplished speech|end of major combat operations]]&quot; in Iraq; this began the [[Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)|occupation]] phase of the Iraq War, in which coalition forces fought the [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)|Iraqi insurgency]]. Saddam [[Capture of Saddam Hussein|was captured by U.S. forces]] on 13 December 2003.<br /> <br /> ==Prelude to the invasion==<br /> {{Main|Prelude to the Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> === Pre-9/11 ===<br /> The [[Gulf War]] began in 1990, and ended in 1991 with a ceasefire between the [[United Nations]] coalition and Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/timeline/content/1991/april.html|title=Gulf War Timeline|year=2001|publisher=CNN|access-date=22 December 2008 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20050428175318/http://edition.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/gulf.war/timeline/content/1991/april.html |archive-date =28 April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. and its allies tried to keep Saddam Hussein in check with military actions such as [[Operation Southern Watch]], by monitoring and controlling some Iraqi airspace, as well as using economic sanctions. Violating the [[Biological Weapons Convention]], Iraq's [[biological weapons]] (BW) program began in the early 1980s, with help from the U.S. and European countries reportedly unaware of Iraq's intentions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=September 20, 2002 |title=A U.S. Gift to Iraq: Deadly Viruses |url=http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/sep2002/nf20020920_3025.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117141303/http://www.businessweek.com/bwdaily/dnflash/sep2002/nf20020920_3025.htm |archive-date=January 17, 2010 |access-date=May 7, 2022 |publisher=[[Businessweek]] |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=October 1, 2002 |title=Iraq got seeds for bioweapons from U.S. |work=[[Baltimore Sun]] |url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.bioweapons01oct01,0,4635016.story?coll=bal%2Dhome%2Dheadlines |access-date=2006-06-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130014156/http://www.baltimoresun.com/news/nationworld/bal-te.bioweapons01oct01%2C0%2C4635016.story?coll=bal-home-headlines |archive-date=November 30, 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Details of Iraqi biological and chemical weapons program surfaced after the Gulf War, following investigations by the [[United Nations Special Commission|UN Special Commission]] (UNSCOM), which had been charged with the post-war disarmament of Iraq. The investigation concluded that the program had not continued after the war. The U.S. and its allies then maintained a policy of &quot;[[containment]]&quot; towards Iraq, involving numerous [[Iraq sanctions|economic sanctions]] by the [[UN Security Council]] (UNSC); the enforcement of [[Iraqi no-fly zones]] declared by the U.S. and the UK to protect the [[Kurds]] in Iraqi Kurdistan and [[Shia]]s in the south from aerial attacks by the Iraqi government; and ongoing inspections. Iraqi military helicopters and planes regularly contested the no-fly zones.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-20060525&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9901/04/iraq.no.fly/|title=Iraq tests no-fly zone|date=4 January 1999|publisher=CNN|access-date=25 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910094243/http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/meast/9901/04/iraq.no.fly/|archive-date=10 September 2006|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-20021128&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/11/28/sproject.irq.nofly.zone/index.html|title=Coalition planes hit Iraq sites in no-fly zone|date=28 November 2002|publisher=CNN|access-date=25 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040811021410/http://www.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/11/28/sproject.irq.nofly.zone/index.html|archive-date=11 August 2004|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:WeaponsInspector.JPG|thumb|A [[United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission|UN weapons inspector]] in Iraq, 2002.]]<br /> In 1998, regime change in Iraq became official [[U.S. foreign policy]] with enactment of the [[Iraq Liberation Act]], enacted following the expulsion of [[UN weapons inspectors]] months earlier (some had been accused of spying for the U.S.). The act provided $97&amp;nbsp;million for Iraqi &quot;democratic opposition organizations&quot; to &quot;establish a program to support a transition to democracy in Iraq.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105:H.R.4655.ENR: |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080711034008/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c105%3AH.R.4655.ENR%3A |archive-date=11 July 2008 |title=Iraq Liberation Act of 1998 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate) |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=25 May 2006 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; This legislation contrasted with the terms set out in [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 687|UNSC Resolution 687]], which focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of regime change.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/news/un/iraq/sres/sres0687.htm |title=RESOLUTION 687 (1991) |access-date=25 May 2006 |date=8 April 1991 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523015627/https://fas.org/news/un/iraq/sres/sres0687.htm |archive-date=23 May 2006 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; One month later, the U.S. and UK bombed Iraq during [[Operation Desert Fox]], their rationale being to hamper Iraq's ability to produce chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons, but U.S. intelligence personnel also hoped it would help weaken Saddam's grip on power.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Arkin |last=William |title=The Difference Was in the Details |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=17 January 1999 |page=B1 |url=https://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/irqtar.htm |access-date=23 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060909055202/http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/irqtar.htm |archive-date=9 September 2006|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:F-16s Southern Watch.jpg|thumb|Two U.S. [[F-16 Fighting Falcon]]s about to depart [[Prince Sultan Air Base]] in Saudi Arabia during [[Operation Southern Watch]] in 2000]]<br /> With George W. Bush's inauguration in January 2001, the U.S. moved towards a more aggressive policy toward Iraq. The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party's]] 2000 campaign platform called for the U.S. to &quot;remove&quot; Saddam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/conventions/republican/features/platform.00/|title=REPUBLICAN PLATFORM 2000|publisher=CNN|access-date=25 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060421063832/http://www.cnn.com/ELECTION/2000/conventions/republican/features/platform.00/|archive-date=21 April 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; After leaving the [[George W. Bush administration|Bush administration]], Treasury Secretary [[Paul O'Neill (businessman)|Paul O'Neill]] said that an attack on Iraq had been planned since Bush's inauguration, and that the first [[United States National Security Council|U.S. National Security Council]] meeting involved discussion of an invasion. O'Neill later backtracked, saying that these discussions were part of a continuation of foreign policy first put into place by the [[Clinton administration]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/01/13/oneill.bush/|title=O'Neill: 'Frenzy' distorted war plans account|date=14 January 2004|publisher=CNN|access-date=26 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060815123731/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/01/13/oneill.bush/|archive-date=15 August 2006|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the Bush administration's stated interest in invading Iraq, little formal movement towards an invasion occurred until the [[11 September attacks]] (9/11).<br /> <br /> === 9/11 and immediate response ===<br /> {{Main|Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|September 11 attacks|Office of Special Plans|Iraqi National Congress}}<br /> <br /> On the morning of 11 September 2001, the [[al-Qaeda]] militant organization, led by [[Osama bin Laden]], committed four coordinated [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks]] on the U.S., using hijacked commercial airliners to crash into major symbols of American [[World Trade Center (1973–2001)|economic]] and [[The Pentagon|military]] power. Nearly 3,000 people were killed. Messages intercepted by the [[National Security Agency]] during the attacks pointed to al-Qaeda's responsibility for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; By mid-afternoon, however, Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]] ordered the Pentagon to prepare plans for attacking Iraq.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Richard Aldrich, 'An extra copy for Mr Philby,' in ''[[Times Literary Supplement]]'', 19 February 2010 pp.7–8, p.7&lt;/ref&gt; According to aides near him that day, Rumsfeld messaged: &quot;Best info fast. Judge whether good enough hit S.H. [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Saddam Hussein]]] at same time. Not only UBL [Usama bin Laden]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/plans-for-iraq-attack-began-on-9-11/|title=Plans For Iraq Attack Began On 9/11|work=CBS News|date=4 September 2002|access-date=26 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525035205/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/09/04/september11/main520830.shtml|archive-date=25 May 2006 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''[[9/11 Commission Report]]'', &quot;Rumsfeld later explained that at the time, he had been considering either one of them, or perhaps someone else, as the responsible party.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States 2004&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 12 September, Bush ordered White House counter-terrorism coordinator [[Richard A. Clarke]] to investigate possible Iraqi involvement in 9/11. Shocked by the sophistication of the attacks, the administration wondered whether a state sponsor was involved.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/ Frontline: The Dark Side] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715204159/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/ |date=15 July 2023 }},&quot; PBS, aired June 20, 2006<br /> <br /> [COLL]. ...a lot of the Republicans in Bush's administration hadn't been in government effectively since the Cold War period, ... and so in the Cabinet, there was a natural inclination to think that an attack of this scale, this power, this sophistication, had to have roots in state sponsorship, not only because there was a natural willingness to believe that Iraq would be interested in carrying out such an attack, but also because this was a group of people whose experience of terrorism led them to believe that it was almost always state-sponsored in some sense.<br /> <br /> [SCHEUER]. Mr. Wolfowitz, Mr. Rumsfeld and Mr. Cheney all cut their teeth in the Cold War, in the contest between nation-states. They're not comfortable with thinking that the world's greatest power can be threatened by a couple of Arabs with long beards, squatting around a desert campfire in Afghanistan. It doesn't register.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Clarke's office issued a memo on 18 September that noted wide ideological gaps between Iraq and al-Qaeda, and that only weak anecdotal evidence linked the two.&lt;ref name=&quot;National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States 2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |url=https://archive.org/details/911commissionrep00nati |title=The 9/11 Commission Report |publisher=W.W. Norton &amp; Company |year=2004 |isbn=0-393-32671-3 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|334}} A 21 September briefing to Bush indicated that U.S. intelligence had no evidence linking Saddam to the attacks, and there was &quot;scant credible evidence that Iraq had any significant collaborative ties with al-Qaeda.&quot; The PDB wrote off the few contacts that existed between Saddam's government and al-Qaeda as attempts to monitor the group, not work with it.&lt;ref name=&quot;waas&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Key Bush Intelligence Briefing Kept from Hill Panel - Murray Waas - NationalJournal.com |url=http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/key-bush-intelligence-briefing-kept-from-hill-panel-20051122 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710231520/http://www.nationaljournal.com/whitehouse/key-bush-intelligence-briefing-kept-from-hill-panel-20051122 |archive-date=10 July 2012 |access-date=13 January 2022 |website=www.nationaljournal.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, U.S. vice president [[Dick Cheney]] and Rumsfeld expressed skepticism toward's the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]]'s intelligence. They questioned whether the CIA were competent enough to produce accurate information as the agency underestimated threats and failed to accurately predict events such as the 1979 [[Iranian Revolution]], the 1990 [[Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait|Iraqi invasion of Kuwait]], and the 1991 [[collapse of the Soviet Union]]. They instead preferred outside analysis, of which information was supplied by the [[Iraqi National Congress]] as well as unvetted pieces of intelligence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline: The Dark Side,&quot;&gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/ &quot;Frontline: The Dark Side,&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715204159/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/ |date=15 July 2023 }} PBS, aired June 20, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; This information alleged that a highly secretive relationship existed between Saddam and al-Qaeda from 1992, specifically through a series of meetings reportedly involving the [[Iraqi Intelligence Service]] (IIS).&lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline: The Dark Side,&quot;/&gt; The rationale for invading Iraq as a response to 9/11 has been widely questioned, as there was no cooperation between [[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda|Saddam and al-Qaeda]].&lt;ref&gt;Smith, Jeffrey R. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/05/AR2007040502263.html &quot;Hussein's Prewar Ties To Al-Qaeda Discounted&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070411103726/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/05/AR2007040502263.html|date=11 April 2007}}. ''The Washington Post'', Friday, 6 April 2007; Page A01. Retrieved 23 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 September 2001, Bush addressed a [[joint session of Congress]] (telecast live to the world), and announced his new &quot;[[war on terror]]&quot;. This announcement was accompanied by the doctrine of &quot;pre-emptive&quot; military action, later termed the [[Bush Doctrine]]. On 21 November, Bush spoke with Rumsfeld and instructed him to conduct a confidential review of [[U.S. Central Command OPLAN 1003-98|OPLAN 1003]], the war plan for invading Iraq. Rumsfeld met with General [[Tommy Franks]], the commander of [[US Central Command|U.S. Central Command]] (CENTCOM), on 27 November to go over the plans. A record of the meeting includes the question &quot;How start?&quot;, listing multiple possible justifications for a U.S.–Iraq War.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Michael Isikoff |date=16 March 2013 |title='Building momentum for regime change': Rumsfeld's secret memos |url=http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/02/16/building-momentum-for-regime-change-rumsfelds-secret-memos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322001534/http://tv.msnbc.com/2013/02/16/building-momentum-for-regime-change-rumsfelds-secret-memos/ |archive-date=22 March 2013 |access-date=31 March 2013 |publisher=[[MSNBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some Bush advisers favored an immediate invasion of Iraq, while others advocated building an international coalition and obtaining UN authorization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Gause |first=F. Gregory III |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/international-relations-of-the-persian-gulf/8EBF94318CEA36DA9E07B37CE3269DAA |title=The International Relations of the Persian Gulf |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-511-81826-4 |location=Cambridge |page=196 |doi=10.1017/cbo9780511818264.007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bush eventually decided to seek UN authorization, while still reserving the option of invading without it.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/iraq/etc/cron.html &quot;Chronology of the Bush Doctrine&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822204037/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/iraq/etc/cron.html |date=22 August 2017 }}. ''[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline.org]]''. Retrieved 23 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> General [[David Petraeus]] recalled in an interview his experience during the time before the invasion, stating that &quot;When we were getting ready for what became the invasion of Iraq, the prevailing wisdom was that we were going to have a long, hard fight to Baghdad, and it was really going to be hard to take Baghdad. The road to deployment, which was a very compressed road for the 101st Airborne Division, started with a seminar on military operations in urban terrain, because that was viewed as the decisive event in the takedown of the regime in Iraq — that and finding and destroying the weapons of mass destruction.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Petraeus |first=David |date=September 14, 2017 |title=Reflections on Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan |url=https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/2031326/reflections-on-wars-in-iraq-and-afghanistan/ |website=ndupress.ndu.edu |access-date=24 April 2024 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424140612/https://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/2031326/reflections-on-wars-in-iraq-and-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Political preparations for war===<br /> {{main|Preparations for the 2003 invasion of Iraq|Azores Summit}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Bush 2002 UNGA.jpg|thumb|[[George W. Bush]] addressing the [[General Assembly of the United Nations|UN General Assembly]] on 12 September 2002, outline the U.S.' case against Iraq]]<br /> [[File:Chirac Bush Blair Berlusconi.jpg|thumb|From left: leaders [[Jacques Chirac]] (France), Bush, [[Tony Blair]] (UK) and [[Silvio Berlusconi]] (Italy) at the G8 Summit at Evian, France. Chirac opposed the invasion; the other three leaders supported it.]]<br /> While there had been some earlier talk of action against Iraq, the Bush administration waited until September 2002 to call for action, with White House Chief of Staff [[Andrew Card]] saying, &quot;From a marketing point of view, you don't introduce new products in August.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/09/12/schneider.iraq/ |title=Marketing Iraq: Why now? |author=William Schneider |access-date=4 September 2006 |publisher=CNN |date=9 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507171618/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/ALLPOLITICS/09/12/schneider.iraq/ |archive-date=7 May 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bush began formally making his case to the international community for an invasion of Iraq in his 12 September address to the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]].&lt;ref&gt;George W. Bush, [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html &quot;President's Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902071830/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html |date=2 September 2017 }} Remarks by the President in Address to the United Nations General Assembly, New York City&quot;, official transcript, press release, [[The White House]], 12 September 2002. Retrieved 24 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Also that day, Benjamin Netanyahu testified before the U.S. Congress, using expert testimony to encourage an invasion, and stating there was &quot;no question&quot; that Saddam was working on WMDs.&lt;ref name=&quot;cspan2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=User Clip: Netanyahu says 'no question' Saddam working on nuclear weapons {{!}} Video {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/clip/house-committee/user-clip-netanyahu-says-no-question-saddam-working-on-nuclear-weapons/4927483 |website=www.c-span.org |access-date=12 January 2025 |language=en-us |archive-date=24 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224111558/https://www.c-span.org/clip/house-committee/user-clip-netanyahu-says-no-question-saddam-working-on-nuclear-weapons/4927483 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cspan1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=User Clip: Netanyahu's Expert Testimony on Iraq in 2002 {{!}} Video {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/clip/house-committee/user-clip-netanyahus-expert-testimony-on-iraq-in-2002/4529120 |website=www.c-span.org |access-date=12 January 2025 |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The UK agreed with the U.S. actions, while France and Germany were critical of plans to invade Iraq, arguing instead for continued diplomacy and weapons inspections. After considerable debate, the UNSC adopted a compromise resolution, [[UN Security Council Resolution 1441|UNSC Resolution 1441]], which authorized the resumption of weapons inspections and promised &quot;serious consequences&quot; for non-compliance. UNSC members France and Russia made clear that they did not consider these consequences to include the use of force to overthrow the Iraqi government.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2364203.stm &quot;France threatens rival UN Iraq draft&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308081555/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2364203.stm |date=8 March 2008 }}. [[BBC News]], 26 October 2002. Retrieved 23 April 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Both the U.S. ambassador to the UN, [[John Negroponte]], and the UK ambassador, [[Jeremy Greenstock]], publicly confirmed this reading of the resolution, assuring that Resolution 1441 provided no &quot;automaticity&quot; or &quot;hidden triggers&quot; for an invasion without further consultation of the UNSC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://manila.usembassy.gov/wwwhira3.html|title=U.S. Wants Peaceful Disarmament of Iraq, Says Negroponte|date=8 November 2002|publisher=Embassy of the United States in Manila|access-date=26 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103230014/http://manila.usembassy.gov/wwwhira3.html |archive-date=3 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Resolution 1441 gave Iraq &quot;a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations&quot; and set up inspections by the [[United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission|UN Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission]] (UNMOVIC) and the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA). Saddam accepted the resolution on 13 November and inspectors returned to Iraq under the direction of UNMOVIC chairman [[Hans Blix]] and IAEA Director-General [[Mohamed ElBaradei]]. As of February 2003, the IAEA &quot;found no evidence or plausible indication of the revival of a nuclear weapons program in Iraq&quot;; the IAEA concluded that certain items which could have been used in nuclear enrichment centrifuges, such as aluminum tubes, were in fact intended for other uses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statements of the Director General|url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2003/ebsp2003n006.shtml|publisher=IAEA|date=6 March 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903185204/http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2003/ebsp2003n006.shtml|archive-date=3 September 2006 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; UNMOVIC &quot;did not find evidence of the continuation or resumption&quot; of WMD programs, or significant quantities of proscribed items. UNMOVIC did supervise the destruction of a small number of empty chemical rocket warheads, 50&amp;nbsp;liters of mustard gas that had been declared by Iraq and sealed by UNSCOM in 1998, and laboratory quantities of a mustard gas precursor, along with about 50 Al-Samoud missiles of a design that Iraq stated did not exceed the permitted 150&amp;nbsp;km range, but which had traveled up to 183&amp;nbsp;km in tests. Shortly before the invasion, UNMOVIC stated that it would take &quot;months&quot; to verify Iraqi compliance with resolution 1441.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|author=Blix, Hans|title=Thirteenth quarterly report of the Executive Chairman of the United Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission in accordance with paragraph 12 of Security council resolution 1284 (1999)|publisher=UNMOVIC|date=13 May 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Selected Security Council Briefings|url=http://www.unmovic.org/|publisher=UNMOVIC|access-date=7 September 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020928160417/http://www.unmovic.org/|archive-date=28 September 2002 |url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,895882,00.html Hans Blix's briefing to the security council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528040709/https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,895882,00.html |date=28 May 2022 }}. Retrieved 30 January 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2002, the U.S. Congress passed the [[Iraq Resolution]], which authorized the President to &quot;use any means necessary&quot; against Iraq. Americans polled in January 2003 widely favored further diplomacy over an invasion. Later that year, however, Americans began to agree with Bush's plan. The U.S. government engaged in an elaborate [[Public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq|domestic public relations campaign]] to market the war to its citizens. Americans overwhelmingly believed Saddam did have WMDs: 85% said so, even though the inspectors had not uncovered those weapons. Of those who thought Iraq had weapons sequestered somewhere, about half responded that said weapons would not be found in combat. By February 2003, 64% of Americans supported taking military action to remove Saddam from power.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBSnews-20030124&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/poll-talk-first-fight-later/ |first=Bootie |last=Cosgrove-Mather |title=Poll: Talk First, Fight Later |work=CBS News |date=24 January 2003 |access-date=23 April 2007 |archive-date=30 March 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330062908/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/01/23/opinion/polls/main537739.shtml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Raised Fist at antiwar demo.jpg|thumb|upright|60,000–200,000 protesters of various ages demonstrated in San Francisco, 15 February 2003]]<br /> In the [[2003 State of the Union address]], Bush said &quot;we know that Iraq, in the late 1990s, had several mobile biological weapons labs&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[s:George W. Bush's Third State of the Union Address]]&lt;/ref&gt; On 5 February, U.S. Secretary of State [[Colin Powell]] addressed the UNSC, continuing U.S. efforts to gain UN authorization for an invasion. [[Colin Powell's presentation to the United Nations Security Council|His presentation]] contained a computer-generated image of a &quot;mobile biological weapons laboratory&quot;. However, this information was based on claims of Rafid Ahmed Alwan al-Janabi, codenamed [[Curveball (informant)|&quot;Curveball&quot;]], an Iraqi emigrant living in Germany who later admitted that his claims had been false.<br /> <br /> Powell falsely alleged that Iraq had ties to al-Qaeda. As a follow-up to the presentation, the U.S., UK, Poland, Italy, Australia, Denmark, Japan, and Spain proposed a resolution authorizing the use of force in Iraq, but Canada, France, Germany, and Russia strongly urged continued diplomacy. Facing a losing vote as well as a likely veto from France and Russia; the aforementioned countries eventually withdrew their resolution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=US, Britain and Spain Abandon Resolution |url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/attack/armtwist/2003/0317usbritspain.htm |agency=Associated Press |date=17 March 2003 |access-date=6 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060802194357/http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/attack/armtwist/2003/0317usbritspain.htm |archive-date=2 August 2006 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/06/sprj.irq.main/index.html |title=Bush: Iraq is playing 'willful charade' |publisher=CNN |date=7 March 2003 |access-date=6 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041226024913/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/06/sprj.irq.main/index.html |archive-date=26 December 2004 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Opposition to the invasion coalesced in the worldwide [[15 February 2003 anti-war protest]] that attracted between six and ten million people in more than 800 cities, the largest such protest in human history.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guinness&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Largest Anti-War Rally |url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54365 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040904214302/http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/content_pages/record.asp?recordid=54365 |archive-date=4 September 2004 |access-date=11 January 2007 |publisher=Guinness World Records}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Bush, Barroso, Blair, Aznar at Azores.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[José Manuel Durão Barroso]], Blair, Bush, and [[José María Aznar]] on 16 March 2003 at the [[Azores Summit]]]]<br /> On 16 March 2003, Spanish Prime Minister [[José María Aznar]], UK Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]], Bush, and Prime Minister of Portugal [[José Manuel Durão Barroso]] as host met in [[Azores Summit|the Azores]] to discuss the invasion of Iraq and Spain's potential involvement in the war, as well as the beginning of the invasion. This encounter was extremely controversial in Spain, even now remaining a very sensitive point for the Aznar government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1760526/0/foto-azores/aznar/guerra-irak/|title=Azores: el día que Aznar puso a España al frente de la invasión de Irak por unas armas inexistentes|date=16 March 2013|website=20minutos.es – Últimas Noticias|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403174812/https://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1760526/0/foto-azores/aznar/guerra-irak/|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, [[Madrid]] suffered the [[2004 Madrid train bombings|worst terrorist attack]] in Europe since the [[Lockerbie bombing]], motivated by Spain's decision to participate in the war, prompting some Spaniards to accuse the Prime Minister of being responsible.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2004/04/15/actualidad/1081980002_850215.html|title=Bin Laden: &quot;El 11-M es el castigo a España por sus acciones en Irak, Afganistán y Palestina&quot;|date=15 April 2004|access-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403210116/https://elpais.com/internacional/2004/04/15/actualidad/1081980002_850215.html|archive-date=3 April 2019|url-status=live|newspaper=El País}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2003, the U.S., UK, Poland, Australia, Spain, Denmark, and Italy began [[preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq|preparing for the invasion of Iraq]], with a host of [[public relations preparations for 2003 invasion of Iraq|public relations]] and military moves. In his 17 March address to the nation, Bush demanded that Saddam and his two sons, [[Uday Hussein|Uday]] and [[Qusay Hussein|Qusay]], surrender and leave Iraq, giving them a 48-hour deadline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030317-7.html|title=President Says Saddam Hussein Must Leave Iraq Within 48 Hours|date=17 March 2003|publisher=[[White House Office of the Press Secretary]]|access-date=28 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506075201/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030317-7.html|archive-date=6 May 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The UK [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] held a debate on going to war on 18 March where the [[British Parliamentary approval for the invasion of Iraq|government motion was approved 412 to 149]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030318/debtext/30318-47.htm |journal=Hansard |date=18 March 2003 |volume=401 |issue=365 |title=Division No. 117 (Iraq) |publisher=[[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123101047/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200203/cmhansrd/vo030318/debtext/30318-47.htm |archive-date=23 November 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The vote was a key moment in the history of the [[Premiership of Tony Blair|Blair administration]], as the number of government MPs who rebelled against the vote was the greatest since the repeal of the [[Corn Laws]] in 1846. Three government ministers resigned in protest at the war, [[John Denham (politician)|John Denham]], [[Lord Hunt of Kings Heath]], and the then Leader of the House of Commons [[Robin Cook]]. In a passionate speech to the House of Commons after his resignation, he said, &quot;What has come to trouble me is the suspicion that if the 'hanging chads' of Florida had gone the other way and Al Gore had been elected, we would not now be about to commit British troops to action in Iraq.&quot; During the debate, it was stated that the [[Peter Goldsmith, Baron Goldsmith|Attorney General]] had advised that the war was legal under previous UN Resolutions.<br /> <br /> ==Attempts to avoid war==<br /> {{main|Failed Iraqi peace initiatives}}<br /> <br /> In December 2002, a representative of Iraqi General [[Tahir Jalil Habbush al-Tikriti]], contacted former CIA Counterterrorism Department head [[Vincent Cannistraro]], and stated that Saddam &quot;knew there was a campaign to link him to 11 September and prove he had [WMDs]&quot;. Cannistraro added that &quot;the Iraqis were prepared to satisfy these concerns. I reported the conversation to senior levels of the state department and I was told to stand aside and they would handle it.&quot; Cannistraro stated that the offers made were all &quot;killed&quot; by the Bush administration because they allowed Saddam to remain in power, an outcome viewed as unacceptable. It has been suggested that Saddam was prepared to go into exile if allowed to keep U.S.$1&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;WaPo&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iraq-bush-spain-idUSL2683831120070926 |title=Bush thought Saddam was prepared to flee: report |author=Jason Webb |agency=Reuters |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=26 September 2007 |access-date=27 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610042137/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/09/26/us-iraq-bush-spain-idUSL2683831120070926 |archive-date=10 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Egyptian president [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s national security advisor, [[Osama El-Baz]], sent a message to the [[U.S. State Department]] that the Iraqis wanted to discuss the accusations that the country had WMDs and ties with al-Qaeda. Iraq also attempted to reach the U.S. through the Syrian, French, German, and Russian intelligence services.<br /> <br /> In January 2003, [[Lebanese-American]] Imad Hage met with [[U.S. Department of Defense]] official Michael Maloof. Hage, a resident of [[Beirut]], had been recruited by the department to assist in the [[war on terror]]. He reported that Mohammed Nassif, a close aide to Syrian president [[Bashar al-Assad]], had expressed frustrations about the difficulties of Syria contacting the U.S., and had attempted to use him as an intermediary. Maloof arranged for Hage to meet with [[Richard Perle]], then head of the [[Defense Policy Board]].&lt;ref name=&quot;transcripts.cnn.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0311/06/i_ins.01.html |publisher=CNN |title=Could War Have Been Avoided |access-date=1 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629034635/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0311/06/i_ins.01.html|archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/11/world/a-region-inflamed-back-channels-us-opens-firearms-charge-against-iraq-us-contact.html?pagewanted=1 |work=The New York Times |title=A REGION INFLAMED: BACK CHANNELS; U.S. Opens Firearms Charge Against Iraq-U.S. Contact |first1=James |last1=Risen |first2=Eric |last2=Lichtblau |date=11 December 2003 |access-date=29 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905175846/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/12/11/world/a-region-inflamed-back-channels-us-opens-firearms-charge-against-iraq-us-contact.html?pagewanted=1 |archive-date=5 September 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2003, Hage met with Iraqi intelligence official Hassan al-Obeidi. Al-Obeidi told Hage that Baghdad did not understand why they were targeted and that they had no WMDs. He then made the offer for Washington to send in 2000 FBI agents to confirm this. He additionally offered petroleum concessions but stopped short of having Saddam give up power, instead suggesting that elections could be held in two years. Later, al-Obeidi suggested that Hage travel to Baghdad for talks; he accepted.&lt;ref name=&quot;transcripts.cnn.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Later that month, Hage met with General Habbush and Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister [[Tariq Aziz]]. He was offered top priority to U.S. firms in oil and mining rights, UN-supervised elections, U.S. inspections (with up to 5,000 inspectors), to have al-Qaeda agent [[Abdul Rahman Yasin]] (in Iraqi custody since 1994) handed over as a sign of good faith, and to give &quot;full support for any U.S. plan&quot; in the [[Israeli–Palestinian peace process]]. They also wished to meet with high-ranking U.S. officials. On 19 February, Hage faxed Maloof his report of the trip. Maloof reports having brought the proposal to Jaymie Duran. [[The Pentagon]] denies that either Wolfowitz or Rumsfeld, Duran's bosses, were aware of the plan.&lt;ref name=&quot;transcripts.cnn.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 21 February, Maloof informed Duran in an email that [[Richard Perle]] wished to meet with Hage and the Iraqis if the Pentagon would clear it. Duran responded &quot;Mike, working this. Keep this close hold.&quot; On 7 March, Perle met with Hage in Knightsbridge, and stated that he wanted to pursue the matter further with people in Washington, D.C. (both have acknowledged the meeting). A few days later, he informed Hage that Washington refused to let him meet with Habbush to discuss the offer (Hage stated that Perle's response was &quot;that the consensus in Washington was it was a no-go&quot;). Perle told ''[[The Times]]'', &quot;The message was 'Tell them that we will see them in Baghdad.′&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTimes&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/06/world/struggle-for-iraq-diplomacy-iraq-said-have-tried-reach-last-minute-deal-avert.html |title=THE STRUGGLE FOR IRAQ: DIPLOMACY; Iraq Said to Have Tried to Reach Last-Minute Deal to Avert War |author=James Risen |work=The New York Times |date=6 November 2003 |access-date=22 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915040815/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/06/world/struggle-for-iraq-diplomacy-iraq-said-have-tried-reach-last-minute-deal-avert.html |archive-date=15 September 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rationale==<br /> {{Main|Rationale for the Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> According to Tommy Franks, the objectives of the invasion were to:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Sale |first=Michelle |url=http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2003/04/11/missions-accomplished |title=Missions Accomplished? |work=The New York Times |date=11 April 2003 |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630004014/http://learning.blogs.nytimes.com/2003/04/11/missions-accomplished/ |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * Depose's Saddam government<br /> * Identify, isolate, and eliminate Iraqi WMDs<br /> * Find, capture, and drive out terrorists from Iraq<br /> * Collect intelligence related to terrorist networks, and to &quot;the global network&quot; of WMDs<br /> * End sanctions<br /> * Deliver humanitarian support to the Iraqi people, including the displaced<br /> * Secure Iraq's oil fields and resources, &quot;which belong to the Iraqi people&quot;<br /> * Help the Iraqi people &quot;create conditions for a transition to a representative self-government&quot;<br /> <br /> Throughout 2002, the Bush administration insisted that removing Saddam from power to restore international peace and security was a major goal. The principal stated justifications for this policy of &quot;regime change&quot; were that Iraq's [[Iraq and weapons of mass destruction|continuing production of WMDs]] and [[Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda link allegations|known ties to terrorist organizations]], as well as Iraq's continued violations of UNSC resolutions, amounted to a threat to the U.S. and the world community.<br /> <br /> Bush, speaking in October 2002, said that &quot;The stated policy of the United States is regime change. ... However, if Saddam were to meet all the conditions of the United Nations, the conditions that I have described very clearly in terms that everybody can understand, that in itself will signal the regime has changed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_23-10-2002_pg4_1 |author=Bob Kemper |title=Saddam can keep rule if he complies: Bush |work=Daily Times |date=23 October 2002 |access-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825024139/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_23-10-2002_pg4_1 |archive-date=25 August 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Citing reports from certain intelligence sources, Bush stated on 6 March 2003 that he believed that Saddam was not complying with [[UN Resolution 1441]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030306-8.html|title=News Release|publisher=White House|access-date=1 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708202824/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030306-8.html|archive-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Weapons of mass destruction===<br /> <br /> The main allegations were: that Saddam possessed or was attempting to produce WMDs, which he had used in places such as [[Halabja]],&lt;ref name=&quot;die&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_4304000/4304853.stm |title=BBC ON THIS DAY; 1988: Thousands die in Halabja gas attack |work=BBC News |date=16 March 1988 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100331034232/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/16/newsid_4304000/4304853.stm |archive-date=31 March 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article6991512.ece |title=Halabja, the massacre the West tried to ignore – Times Online |archive-url=https://swap.stanford.edu/20100128200211/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/iraq/article6991512.ece |archive-date=28 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; possessed, and made efforts to acquire, particularly considering two previous attacks on Baghdad nuclear weapons production facilities by both Iran and Israel which were alleged to have postponed weapons development progress; and, further, that he had ties to terrorists, specifically al-Qaeda.<br /> <br /> [[File:Colin Powell anthrax vial. 5 Feb 2003 at the UN.jpg|thumb|[[Colin Powell]] holding a model vial of [[anthrax]] during his presentation to the UN Security Council on 5 February 2003]]<br /> <br /> {{Wikisource|Colin Powell's February 5, 2003 address to The United Nations Security Council}}<br /> The Bush administration's overall rationale for the invasion of Iraq was presented in detail by Powell to the UNSC. In summary, he stated,<br /> {{blockquote|We know that Saddam Hussein is determined to keep his weapons of mass destruction; he's determined to make more. Given Saddam Hussein's history of aggression ... given what we know of his terrorist associations and given his determination to exact revenge on those who oppose him, should we take the risk that he will not some day use these weapons at a time and the place and in the manner of his choosing at a time when the world is in a much weaker position to respond? The United States will not and cannot run that risk to the American people. Leaving Saddam Hussein in possession of weapons of mass destruction for a few more months or years is not an option, not in a post–September 11 world.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNNtranscript&quot;&gt;[http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/02/05/sprj.irq.powell.transcript/index.html &quot;Transcript of Powell's U.N. Presentation:] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208074448/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/02/05/sprj.irq.powell.transcript/index.html |date=8 February 2007 }}... a Transcript of U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell's Presentation to the U.N. Security Council on the U.S. Case Against Iraq&quot;. ''[[CNN News|cnn.com]]'', 6 February 2003. Retrieved 24 May 2007. (Part 5 on &quot;Iraq's Biological Weapons Program&quot; inc. still photo of Powell with sample anthrax vial from Powell's presentation of 5 February 2003.) Cf.[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030205-1.v.html Press release] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711150635/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/02/20030205-1.v.html |date=11 July 2017 }} and [[The White House]] video clip of full presentation, 5 February 2003. Retrieved 24 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> In September 2002, Blair stated that &quot;Regime change in Iraq would be a wonderful thing. That is not the purpose of our action; our purpose is to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020924/debtext/20924-05.htm|title=Tony Blair: Answer to Parliamentary Question|work=Hansard|access-date=1 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629085841/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020924/debtext/20924-05.htm|archive-date=29 June 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November of that year, Blair further stated that, &quot;So far as our objective, it is disarmament, not regime change – that is our objective. Now I happen to believe the regime of Saddam is a very brutal and repressive regime, I think it does enormous damage to the Iraqi people ... so I have got no doubt Saddam is very bad for Iraq, but on the other hand I have got no doubt either that the purpose of our challenge from the United Nations is the disarmament of weapons of mass destruction, it is not regime change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=PM gives interview to Radio Monte Carlo |url=http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page1299.asp |access-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020622220253/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/page1299.asp |archive-date=22 June 2002 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 31 January 2003, Bush again reiterated that the single trigger for the invasion would be Iraq's failure to disarm, &quot;Saddam Hussein must understand that if he does not disarm, for the sake of peace, we, along with others, will go disarm Saddam Hussein.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/01/31/sprj.irq.bush.blair.topics/|title=Bush, Blair: Time running out for Saddam|publisher=CNN|date=31 January 2003|access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114081424/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/01/31/sprj.irq.bush.blair.topics/|archive-date=14 January 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; As late as 25 February, it was still the official line that the only cause of invasion would be a failure to disarm. As Blair made clear in a statement to the House of Commons, &quot;I detest his regime. But even now he can save it by complying with the UN's demand. Even now, we are prepared to go the extra step to achieve disarmament peacefully.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page3088.asp |title=Tony Blair: Parliamentary Statement |work=Hansard |access-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040213200626/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page3088.asp |archive-date=13 February 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2002, the Bush administration said attempts by Iraq to acquire thousands of high-strength [[Iraqi aluminum tubes|aluminum tubes]] pointed to a clandestine program to make [[enriched uranium]] for nuclear bombs. Powell referred to the tubes in his UNSC presentation. A report released by the [[Institute for Science and International Security]] in 2002, however, reported that it was highly unlikely that the tubes could be used to enrich uranium. Powell later admitted that his presentation had inaccuracies, based on sourcing that was wrong, and in some cases &quot;deliberately misleading.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080704112113/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A36348-2002Sep18 &quot;Evidence on Iraq Challenged,&quot;] Joby Warrick, ''The Washington Post'', 19 September 2002&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/transcripts/powelltext_020503.html Colin Powell's speech to the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040113022550/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/transcripts/powelltext_020503.html |date=13 January 2004 }}, 5 February 2003&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4992558 Meet the Press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226164758/https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna4992558 |date=26 December 2024 }}, NBC, 16 May 2004&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Bush administration asserted that the Saddam government had sought to purchase [[Niger uranium forgeries|yellowcake uranium from Niger]].&lt;ref&gt;Lichtblau, Eric. &quot;[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/18/politics/18niger.html?ex=1295240400&amp;en=e12e8081c771c1c0&amp;ei=5090&amp;partner=rssuserland&amp;emc=rss 2002 Memo Doubted Uranium Sale Claim&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017063114/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/18/politics/18niger.html?ex=1295240400&amp;en=e12e8081c771c1c0&amp;ei=5090&amp;partner=rssuserland&amp;emc=rss |date=17 October 2015 }}, ''[[The New York Times]]'', 18 January 2006. Retrieved 10 May 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 March 2003, the U.S. submitted intelligence documents as evidence to the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]. These documents were dismissed by the IAEA as forgeries, with the concurrence in that judgment of outside experts. At the time, an American official stated that the evidence was submitted to the IAEA without knowledge of its provenance and characterized any mistakes as &quot;more likely due to incompetence not malice&quot;.<br /> <br /> Since the invasion, the U.S. government statements concerning Iraqi weapons programs and links to al-Qaeda have been discredited,&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Marquis, Christopher|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/09/politics/09POWE.html?ex=1388984400&amp;en=6bb5457574b8ec1d&amp;ei=5007&amp;partner=USERLAND|title=Powell Admits No Hard Proof in Linking Iraq to Al Qaeda|work=The New York Times|date=9 January 2004|access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109145936/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/09/politics/09POWE.html?ex=1388984400&amp;en=6bb5457574b8ec1d&amp;ei=5007&amp;partner=USERLAND|archive-date=9 January 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; though chemical weapons were found in Iraq during the occupation period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Chivers |first=C.J. |date=14 October 2014 |title=The Secret Casualties of Iraq's Abandoned Chemical Weapons |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/10/14/world/middleeast/us-casualties-of-iraq-chemical-weapons.html |work=The New York Times |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TVYqgsp2?url=http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/10/14/world/middleeast/us-casualties-of-iraq-chemical-weapons.html?hp&amp;action=click&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;version=Banner&amp;module=span-ab-top-region&amp;region=top-news&amp;WT.nav=top-news&amp;_r=1 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news |last=Ford |first=Dana |date=15 October 2014 |title=Report: United States kept secret its chemical weapons finds in Iraq |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/15/us/iraq-chemical-weapons/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072850/https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/15/us/iraq-chemical-weapons/index.html |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news |last=Schwarz |first=Jon |date=10 April 2015 |title=Twelve Years Later, US Media Still Can't Get Iraqi WMD Story Right |url=https://theintercept.com/2015/04/10/twelve-years-later-u-s-media-still-cant-get-iraqi-wmd-story-right/ |work=[[The Intercept]] |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221060104/https://theintercept.com/2015/04/10/twelve-years-later-u-s-media-still-cant-get-iraqi-wmd-story-right/ |archive-date=21 February 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news |last=Mathis-Lilley |first=Ben |date=15 October 2014 |title=U.S. Covered Up Evidence of Long-Abandoned Chemical Weapons Program in Iraq |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/10/chemical-weapons-iraq-u-s-covered-up-evidence-of-defunct-sarin-mustard-gas-manufacturing.html |work=Slate |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130045/https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2014/10/chemical-weapons-iraq-u-s-covered-up-evidence-of-defunct-sarin-mustard-gas-manufacturing.html |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news |last=Withnall |first=Adam |date=15 October 2014 |title=Iraq's 'hidden' chemical weapons: US 'covered up' discovery of chemical weapons after 2003 invasion – with many are now in Isis's hands |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/iraqs-hidden-chemical-weapons-us-covered-up-discovery-of-chemical-weapons-after-2003-invasion-and-9795485.html |work=Independent |location=United Kingdom |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015914/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/iraqs-hidden-chemical-weapons-us-covered-up-discovery-of-chemical-weapons-after-2003-invasion-and-9795485.html |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news |last=Neuman |first=Scott |date=15 October 2014 |title=Pentagon Reportedly Hushed Up Chemical Weapons Finds In Iraq |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/10/15/356360949/pentagon-reportedly-hushed-up-chemical-weapons-finds-in-iraq |publisher=NPR |location=United States |access-date=18 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219020156/https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/10/15/356360949/pentagon-reportedly-hushed-up-chemical-weapons-finds-in-iraq |archive-date=19 February 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; While the debate of whether Iraq intended to develop chemical, biological, and nuclear weapons in the future remains open, no WMDs have been found in Iraq since the invasion despite comprehensive inspections lasting more than 18 months.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7634313 |title=CIA's final report: No WMD found in Iraq |work=NBC News |date=25 April 2005 |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130305122359/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/7634313 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Cairo, on 24 February 2001, Powell had predicted as much, saying, &quot;[Saddam] has not developed any significant capability with respect to weapons of mass destruction. He is unable to project conventional power against his neighbours.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|agency=Australian Associated Press|url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/23/1064082978207.html|title=Pilger claims White House knew Saddam was no threat|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=23 September 2003|access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206195957/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/09/23/1064082978207.html|archive-date=6 December 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Connection to terrorists===<br /> <br /> Another justification included the alleged connection between Saddam's and that of terrorist organizations such as al-Qaeda.<br /> <br /> While it never made an explicit connection between Iraq and 9/11, the Bush administration repeatedly insinuated a link, thereby creating a false impression for the U.S. public. Grand jury testimony from al-Qaeda's [[1993 World Trade Center bombing]] trials cited numerous direct connections between the bombers to Hussein's government. The Iraqi National Congress alleged that Saddam had been collaborating with al-Qaeda since 1992 via the Iraqi Intelligence Service (IIS).&lt;ref name=&quot;Frontline: The Dark Side,&quot; /&gt; For example, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' has noted that,<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|While not explicitly declaring Iraqi culpability in [9/11], administration officials did, at various times, imply a link. In late 2001, Cheney said it was &quot;pretty well confirmed&quot; that attack mastermind Mohamed Atta had met with a senior Iraqi intelligence official. Later, Cheney called Iraq the &quot;geographic base of the terrorists who had us under assault now for many years, but most especially on 9/11.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Dana |last=Milbank |title=Bush Defends Assertions of Iraq-Al Qaeda Relationship |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=18 June 2004 |page=A09 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A50679-2004Jun17.html |access-date=22 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516102207/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A50679-2004Jun17.html |archive-date=16 May 2008 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Steven Kull, director of the [[Program on International Policy Attitudes]] (PIPA), observed in March 2003 that the administration &quot;has succeeded in creating a sense that there is some connection&quot; between 9/11 and Saddam. This was after a ''[[New York Times]]''/[[CBS]] poll showed that 45% of Americans believed Saddam was &quot;personally involved&quot; in the attacks. ''[[The Christian Science Monitor]]'' observed at the time, while &quot;[s]ources knowledgeable about U.S. intelligence say there is no evidence that Saddam played a role in 9/11, nor that he has been or is currently aiding al-Qaeda. ... the White House appears to be encouraging this false impression, as it seeks to maintain American support for a possible war against Iraq and demonstrate seriousness of purpose to Saddam's regime.&quot; The CSM went on to report that, while polling data collected &quot;right after&quot; 9/11 showed that only 3% mentioned Iraq or Saddam, attitudes &quot;had been transformed&quot; by January 2003, with a Knight Ridder poll showing that 44% of Americans believed &quot;most&quot; or &quot;some&quot; of the [[Hijackers in the September 11 attacks|9/11 hijackers]] were Iraqi citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Linda |last=Feldmann |title=The impact of Bush linking 9/11 and Iraq |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=14 March 2003 |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0314/p02s01-woiq.html |access-date=22 October 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930032450/http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0314/p02s01-woiq.html|archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[BBC]] writes that, while Bush &quot;never directly accused the former Iraqi leader of having a hand in&quot; 9/11, he &quot;repeatedly associated the two in keynote addresses&quot; delivered since 9/11, adding that &quot;senior members of his administration have similarly conflated the two.&quot; For instance, Powell in February 2003 stated that &quot;We've learned that Iraq has trained al-Qaeda members in bomb-making and poisons and deadly gases. And we know that after September 11, Saddam Hussein's regime gleefully celebrated the terrorist attacks on America.&quot; The BBC noted the results of a recent poll which suggested that 70% of Americans believe Saddam &quot;was personally involved&quot; in 9/11.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=Bush administration on Iraq 9/11 link |date=18 September 2003 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3119676.stm |access-date=22 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903161802/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3119676.stm |archive-date=3 September 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2003, ''The Boston Globe'' reported that &quot;Cheney, anxious to defend the White House foreign policy amid ongoing violence in Iraq, stunned intelligence analysts and even members of his own administration this week by failing to dismiss a widely discredited claim: that Saddam Hussein might have played a role&quot; in 9/11.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Anne E. |last1=Kornblut |first2=Bryan |last2=Bender |title=Cheney link of Iraq, 9/11 challenged |date=16 September 2003 |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/09/16/cheney_link_of_iraq_911_challenged/ |access-date=21 May 2023 |work=[[The Boston Globe]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181826/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2003/09/16/cheney_link_of_iraq_911_challenged/|archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, U.S. presidential candidate [[John Kerry]] alleged that Cheney was continuing &quot;to intentionally mislead the American public&quot; by linking between Saddam and 9/11 &quot;in an attempt to make the invasion of Iraq part of the global war on terror.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kerry challenges Bush on Iraq-9/11 connection |publisher=CNN |date=13 September 2004 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/09/12/kerry.powell.iraq/index.html |access-date=22 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417183626/http://www.cnn.com/2004/ALLPOLITICS/09/12/kerry.powell.iraq/index.html |archive-date=17 April 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Since the invasion, assertions of operational links between Iraq and al-Qaeda have largely been discredited by the intelligence community, and Powell himself later admitted he had no proof of it.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Iraqi drones===<br /> In October 2002, a few days before the [[US Senate|U.S. Senate]] vote on the [[Legality of the Iraq War#United States|Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution]], about 75 senators were told in [[closed session]] that Iraq had the means of delivering [[biological weapon|biological]] and [[chemical weapons|chemical]] WMDs by [[unmanned aerial vehicle]] (UAV) drones that could be launched from ships off the U.S.' East Coast to attack cities on the coast. Powell suggested in his 2003 UN presentation that UAVs were transported out of Iraq and could be launched against the U.S.<br /> <br /> In actuality, Iraq had no offensive UAV fleet or any capability of putting UAVs on ships.&lt;ref&gt;Senator [[Bill Nelson]] (28 January 2004) [https://fas.org/irp/congress/2004_cr/s012804b.html &quot;New Information on Iraq's Possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction&quot;], {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420112938/https://fas.org/irp/congress/2004_cr/s012804b.html |date=20 April 2016 }} ''Congressional Record''&lt;/ref&gt; Iraq's UAV fleet consisted of less than a handful of outdated Czech training drones.&lt;ref&gt;Lowe, C. (16 December 2003) [http://www.turks.us/article.php?story=20030730114304428 &quot;Senator: White House Warned of UAV Attack,&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919032805/http://www.turks.us/article.php?story=20030730114304428 |date=19 September 2011 }} ''Defense Tech''&lt;/ref&gt; At the time, there was a large dispute within the intelligence community whether the CIA's conclusions about the UAV fleet were accurate. The [[US Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] denied outright that Iraq had any offensive UAV capabilities.&lt;ref&gt;Hammond, J. (14 November 2005) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070128143930/http://www.yirmeyahureview.com/articles/iraq_uavs.htm &quot;The U.S. 'intelligence failure' and Iraq's UAVs&quot;] ''The Yirmeyahu Review''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Human rights===<br /> <br /> Additional justifications used at various times included Iraqi violation of UN resolutions, the Iraqi government's repression of its citizens, and Iraqi violations of the 1991 ceasefire.&lt;ref name=&quot;beginning1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030322.html|title=President Discusses Beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom|access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031010540/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030322.html|archive-date=31 October 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> As evidence supporting American and British claims about Iraqi WMDs and links to terrorism weakened, some supporters of the invasion have increasingly shifted their justification to the [[Human rights in Saddam Hussein's Iraq|human rights violations of the Saddam government]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.turks.us/article.php?story=20030730114304428 Senators Slam Shifting Iraq War Justification.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919032805/http://www.turks.us/article.php?story=20030730114304428 |date=19 September 2011 }} Islamonline. 30 July 2003.&lt;/ref&gt; Leading human rights groups such as [[Human Rights Watch]] have argued, however, that they believe human rights concerns were never a central justification for the invasion, nor do they believe that military intervention was justifiable on humanitarian grounds, most significantly because &quot;the killing in Iraq at the time was not of the exceptional nature that would justify such intervention.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Roth, Ken. [https://hrw.org/wr2k4/3.htm &quot;War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404145739/http://hrw.org/wr2k4/3.htm |date=4 April 2007 }} Human Rights Watch. January 2004. Retrieved 6 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Legality of invasion==<br /> <br /> {{Main|Legality of the Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> {{See also|Legitimacy of the 2003 invasion of Iraq|Views on the 2003 invasion of Iraq|Opposition to the Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Bush auth jbc.jpg|thumb|Bush next to leaders of the House and Senate on 2 October 2002, announcing the [[Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq|Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution]]]]<br /> <br /> === U.S. domestic law ===<br /> The [[Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002]] was passed by [[United States Congress|Congress]] with [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] voting 98% in favor in the [[United States Senate|Senate]], and 97% in favor in the House. Democrats supported the [[joint resolution]] 58% and 39% in the Senate and House respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;House of Representatives Roll call&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2002/roll455.xml |title=107th Congress-2nd Session 455th Roll Call Vote of by members of the House of Representatives |publisher=Clerk.house.gov |date=10 October 2002 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110105235420/http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2002/roll455.xml |archive-date= 5 January 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Senate Roll call&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&amp;session=2&amp;vote=00237 |title=107th Congress-2nd Session 237th Roll Call Vote by members of the Senate |publisher=Senate.gov |access-date=15 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110115183231/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&amp;session=2&amp;vote=00237|archive-date=15 January 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The resolution asserted the authorization by the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]] and Congress for Bush to fight anti-American terrorism. Citing the Iraq Liberation Act, the resolution reiterated that it should be the policy of the U.S. to depose Saddam's government and promote a democratic replacement.<br /> <br /> The resolution &quot;supported&quot; and &quot;encouraged&quot; diplomatic efforts by Bush to &quot;strictly enforce, through the UN Security Council, all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq&quot; and &quot;obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion, and noncompliance, and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions regarding Iraq.&quot; It authorized Bush to use the [[Armed Forces of the United States|U.S. Armed Forces]] &quot;as he determines to be necessary and appropriate&quot;, to &quot;defend [American] national security ... against the continuing threat posed by Iraq&quot;.<br /> <br /> === International law ===<br /> The legality of the invasion of Iraq under international law has been challenged since its inception on a number of fronts, and several prominent supporters of the invasion in all the invading states have publicly and privately cast doubt on its legality. It has been argued by the U.S. and UK that the invasion was fully legal because authorization was implied by the UNSC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/decade/sect2.html |title=Saddam Hussein's Defiance of UNSCRs |publisher=Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov |access-date=10 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711150828/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/infocus/iraq/decade/sect2.html |archive-date=11 July 2017 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; International legal experts, including the [[International Commission of Jurists]], a group of 31 leading Canadian law professors, and the U.S.-based Lawyers Committee on Nuclear Policy, have denounced this rationale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.robincmiller.com/ir-legal.htm |title=Links to Opinions of Legality of War Against Iraq |publisher=Robincmiller.com |access-date=13 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331191202/http://www.robincmiller.com/ir-legal.htm |archive-date=31 March 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0321-10.htm |title=Law Groups Say U.S. Invasion Illegal |publisher=Commondreams.org |date=21 March 2003 |access-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040215193958/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0321-10.htm |archive-date=15 February 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.icj.org/news.php3?id_article=2770&amp;lang=en |title=International Commission of Jurists |publisher=Icj.org |date=18 March 2003 |access-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030407232423/http://www.icj.org/news.php3?id_article=2770&amp;lang=en |archive-date=7 April 2003 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 November 2003, ''[[The Guardian]]'' alleged that [[Richard Perle]], a senior member of the administration's [[Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee]], conceded that the invasion was illegal, but still justified.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/20/1069027255087.html|title=Invasion right but 'illegal', says US hawk|first=Oliver|last=Burkeman|work=The Age|date=21 November 2003|access-date=26 May 2006|location=Melbourne|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715014401/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/11/20/1069027255087.html|archive-date=15 July 2006|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,1089158,00.html |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=War critics astonished as US hawk admits invasion was illegal |author1=Oliver Burkeman |author2=Julian Borger |date=20 November 2003 |access-date=26 May 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508041000/http://www.guardian.co.uk/Iraq/Story/0%2C2763%2C1089158%2C00.html |archive-date= 8 May 2006 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The UNSC passed nearly 60 resolutions on Iraq and Kuwait since Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. The most relevant to this issue is 1990's Resolution [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 678|678]], authorizing &quot;member states co-operating with the Government of Kuwait ... to use all necessary means&quot; to (1) implement UNSC Resolution [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 660|660]] and other resolutions calling for the end of Iraq's occupation of Kuwait, and withdrawal of Iraqi forces from Kuwaiti territory and (2) &quot;restore international peace and security in the area.&quot; Resolution 678 has not been rescinded or nullified by succeeding resolutions. and Iraq was not alleged after 1991 to invade Kuwait or to threaten to do so.<br /> <br /> Resolution [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1441|1441]] was most prominent during the run-up to the war and formed the main backdrop for Powell's UNSC address.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/02/05/sprj.irq.powell.transcript/index.html Transcript of Powell's U.N. Presentation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208074448/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/02/05/sprj.irq.powell.transcript/index.html |date=8 February 2007 }}. CNN.&lt;/ref&gt; According to an independent commission created the Netherlands, Resolution 1441 &quot;cannot reasonably be interpreted as authorising individual member states to use military force to compel Iraq to comply with the Security Council's resolutions.&quot;{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}} Accordingly, the Dutch commission concluded that the 2003 invasion violated international law.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|work=The Guardian|date=12 January 2010|title=Iraq Invasion Violated International Law, Dutch Inquiry Finds: Investigation into the Netherlands' Support for 2003 War Finds Military Action was Not Justified under UN Resolutions|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/12/iraq-invasion-violated-interational-law-dutch-inquiry-finds|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221134933/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/12/iraq-invasion-violated-interational-law-dutch-inquiry-finds|archive-date=21 December 2016|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Bush announces Operation Iraqi Freedom 2003.jpg|thumb|Bush addresses the American public on 19 March 2003, announcing the beginning of Operation Iraqi Freedom.]]<br /> <br /> At the same time, U.S. officials advanced a parallel legal argument using the earlier resolutions, which authorized force in response to Iraq's 1990 [[invasion of Kuwait]]. Under this reasoning, by failing to disarm and submit to weapons inspections, Iraq was in violation of UNSC Resolutions 660 and 678, and the U.S. could legally compel Iraq's compliance through military means.<br /> <br /> Critics and proponents of the legal rationale based on the UN resolutions argue that the legal right to determine how to enforce its resolutions lies with the UNSC alone, not with individual nations and therefore the invasion of Iraq was not legal under international law, and in direct violation of Article 2(4) of the UN Charter.<br /> <br /> In 2006, [[Luis Moreno Ocampo]], the lead prosecutor for the [[International Criminal Court]], reported that he had received 240 separate communications regarding the legality of the war, many of which concerned British participation in the invasion.&lt;ref&gt;Richard Norton-Taylor, [https://www.theguardian.com/print/0,3858,5187283-111289,00.html &quot;International court hears anti-war claims&quot;], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 6 May 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; In a letter addressed to the complainants, Moreno Ocampo explained that he could only consider issues related to conduct during the war and not to its underlying legality as a possible crime of aggression because no provision had yet been adopted which &quot;defines the crime and sets out the conditions under which the Court may exercise jurisdiction with respect to it.&quot; In 2007, Moreno Ocampo encouraged Iraq to sign up with the court so that it could bring cases related to alleged war crimes.&lt;ref&gt;Chamberlin, Gethin. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2007/03/18/nirq118.xml &quot;Court 'can envisage' Blair prosecution&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420163356/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=%2Fnews%2F2007%2F03%2F18%2Fnirq118.xml |date=20 April 2008 }}. ''The Sunday Telegraph'', 17 March 2003. Retrieved 25 May 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2007, U.S. Congressman [[Dennis Kucinich]] announced [[US House Resolution 333|U.S. House Resolution 333]] and three articles of impeachment against Cheney. He charged Cheney with manipulatingevidence for Iraqi WMDs, deceiving the public about Iraq's connection to al-Qaeda, and threatening aggression against Iran in violation of the [[United Nations Charter|UN Charter]].<br /> <br /> ==Military aspects==<br /> ===Multilateral support===<br /> {{Further|British involvement in the Iraq War|Australia in the Iraq War|Polish involvement in the Iraq War}}{{See also|Coalition of the willing (Iraq War)}}[[File:Bush and Blair at Camp David.jpg|thumb|Blair and Bush at [[Camp David]] in March 2003, during the build-up to the invasion of Iraq]]<br /> In November 2002, Bush declared that, &quot;should [Saddam] choose not to disarm, the United States will lead a coalition of the willing to disarm him.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bush: Join 'coalition of willing' |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/11/20/prague.bush.nato/ |date=20 November 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809215353/http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/europe/11/20/prague.bush.nato/ |archive-date=9 August 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Thereafter, the Bush administration briefly used the term ''[[coalition of the willing]]'' to refer to the countries who supported, militarily or verbally, the military action in Iraq and subsequent military presence in [[Occupation of Iraq (2003–2011)|post-invasion Iraq since 2003]]. The original list prepared in March 2003 included 49 members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Coalition Members |publisher=The White House |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030327-10.html |date=27 March 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125233438/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030327-10.html |archive-date=25 January 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Of those 49, only six besides the U.S. contributed troops to the invasion force (the UK, Australia, Poland, Spain, Portugal, and Denmark), and 33 provided some number of troops to support the occupation after the invasion was complete. Six members have no military, meaning that they withheld troops completely.<br /> <br /> ===Invasion force===<br /> A CENTCOM report indicated that as of 30 April 2003, 466,985 U.S. personnel were deployed for the invasion:&lt;ref name=&quot;carter2005&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> * '''Ground forces''': 336,797 <br /> ** [[U.S. Army|Army]], 233,342<br /> ** [[U.S. Army Reserve|Army Reserve]], 10,683<br /> ** [[Army National Guard]], 8,866<br /> ** [[U.S. Marines|Marines]], 74,405<br /> ** [[USMC Reserve|Marine Reserve]], 9,501<br /> <br /> * '''Air forces''': 64,246 <br /> ** [[U.S. Air Force|Air Force]], 54,955<br /> ** [[U.S. Air Force Reserve|Air Force Reserve]], 2,084<br /> ** [[Air National Guard]], 7,207<br /> <br /> * '''Naval forces''': 63,352 <br /> ** [[U.S. Navy|Navy]], 61,296<br /> *** [[U.S. Coast Guard|Coast Guard]]: 681<br /> ** [[U.S. Navy Reserve|Navy Reserve]], 2,056<br /> <br /> Approximately 200,194 troops—148,000 American, 50,000 British, 2,000 Australian, and 194 Polish ([[GROM]] special forces)—were sent to Kuwait for the invasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;PolishSpecialForces&quot;&gt;Australian Department of Defence (2004). [http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/lessons.pdf ''The War in Iraq. ADF Operations in the Middle East in 2003''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009194711/http://www.defence.gov.au/publications/lessons.pdf |date=9 October 2016 }}. Page 11.&lt;/ref&gt; The invasion force was also supported by Iraqi [[Kurd]]ish [[Peshmerga]] fighters, estimated to number upwards of 70,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;MajPeltier&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jezail.org/03_archive/manuals_monogrms/Surrogate_war_UW.pdf |title=Surrogate Warfare: The Role of U.S. Army Special Forces |author1=Isaac J. Peltier |page=2 |access-date=21 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130524131505/http://www.jezail.org/03_archive/manuals_monogrms/Surrogate_war_UW.pdf |archive-date=24 May 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the latter stages of the invasion, 620 troops of the Iraqi National Congress opposition group were deployed to southern Iraq.&lt;ref name=&quot;USNewsandworldreport&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/iraq/articles/fiff030407.htm |title=Deploying the Free Iraqi Forces – U.S. News &amp; World Report |publisher=Usnews.com |date=7 April 2003 |access-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040204044320/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/iraq/articles/fiff030407.htm |archive-date=4 February 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Canada discreetly [[Canada and the Iraq War|contributed some military resources]] towards the campaign, such as personnel from the [[Royal Canadian Air Force]] who crewed American planes on missions in Iraq to train with the platforms, and eleven Canadian aircrew who manned [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=3 September 2012|title=Common Ground – Feb 08|url=http://www.commonground.ca/iss/199/cg199_iraq.shtml|access-date=24 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120903083506/http://www.commonground.ca/iss/199/cg199_iraq.shtml|archive-date=3 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|work=National Defence Canada|date=11 December 2018|title=Operation IRAQI FREEDOM|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/military-history/history-heritage/past-operations/middle-east/iraqi-freedom.html|access-date=24 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Canadian Armed Forces]] had ships, planes, and 1,200 [[Royal Canadian Navy]] personnel at the mouth of the [[Persian Gulf]] to help support [[Operation Enduring Freedom]], and a secret U.S. briefing cable noted that despite public promises by Canadian officials that these assets would not be used in support of the war in Iraq, &quot;they will also be available to provide escort services in the Straits and will otherwise be discreetly useful to the military effort.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Weston|first=Greg|date=15 May 2011|title=WESTON: Canada offered to aid Iraq invasion: WikiLeaks|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/weston-canada-offered-to-aid-iraq-invasion-wikileaks-1.1062501|access-date=24 September 2020|website=CBC News|archive-date=4 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104143059/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/weston-canada-offered-to-aid-iraq-invasion-wikileaks-1.1062501|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the [[Department of National Defence (Canada)|Department of National Defence]] issued an order to naval commanders to not do anything in support of the American-led operation, and it is not known whether this order was ever broken.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Canadian official [[Eugene Lang (author)|Eugene Lang]] stated that it was &quot;quite possible&quot; that Canadian forces indirectly supported the American operation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; According to Lang, Canada's military strongly advocated to be involved in the Iraq War instead of the war in Afghanistan, and Canada mainly decided to keep its assets in the Gulf to maintain good relations with America.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; After the invasion, Canadian Brigadier General [[Walter Natynczyk]] served as Deputy Commanding General of the [[Multi-National Corps – Iraq|Multi-National Corps]] in occupied Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Governor General announces awarding of Meritorious Service Decorations|url=https://archive.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&amp;DocID=4653|access-date=24 September 2020|website=archive.gg.ca|archive-date=17 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201117205157/https://archive.gg.ca/media/doc.asp?lang=e&amp;DocID=4653|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Plans to open a second front in the north were severely hampered when Turkey refused the use of its territory for such purposes.&lt;ref&gt;for more information about Turkey's policy during the invasion look, Ali Balci and Murat Yesiltas, &quot;Turkey's New Middle East Policy: The Case of the Meeting of the Foreign Ministers of Iraq's Neighboring Countries&quot;, ''Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies'', XXIX (4), Summer 2006, pp. 18–38&lt;/ref&gt; In response to Turkey's decision, the U.S. dropped several thousand paratroopers from the [[173rd Airborne Brigade]] into northern Iraq, a number significantly less than the 15,000-strong [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] that the U.S. originally planned to deploy to the northern front.&lt;ref&gt;Ford, Peter. [https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0403/p09s02-woiq.html &quot;A weak northern front could lengthen Iraq War&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227235335/http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0403/p09s02-woiq.html |date=27 February 2008 }}. ''Christian Science Monitor'', 3 April 2003. Retrieved 7 May 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Defending force===<br /> [[File:T-72-Fort Hood.jpg|thumb|[[T-72]] [[Lion of Babylon (tank)|Lion of Babylon]] (''Asad Babil'')]]<br /> <br /> The number of personnel in the [[Iraqi military]] before the war was uncertain, but it was believed to have been poorly equipped.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=26 March 2003 |title=Saddam's Last Line of Defense |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/saddams-last-line-of-defense/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050912201215/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/03/26/iraq/main546241.shtml |archive-date=12 September 2005 |access-date=6 August 2006 |publisher=CBS}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Burgess |first=Mark |date=12 November 2002 |title=CDI Primer: Iraqi Military Effectiveness |url=http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=607 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051130093446/http://www.cdi.org/friendlyversion/printversion.cfm?documentID=607 |archive-date=30 November 2005 |access-date=6 August 2006 |publisher=[[Center for Defense Information]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[International Institute for Strategic Studies]] estimated the numbers: the [[Iraqi Armed Forces]] at 389,000 ([[Iraqi Army|Ground Forces]] 350,000, [[Iraqi Air Force|Air Force]] 20,000, [[Iraqi Air Defence Command|Air Defense]] 17,000, and [[Iraqi Navy|Navy]] 2,000), the paramilitary [[Fedayeen Saddam]] at 44,000, [[Republican Guard (Iraq)|Republican Guard]] at 80,000, and reserves at 650,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;mm&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Windle |first=David |date=29 January 2003 |title=Military muscle |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3325 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104144544/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn3325 |archive-date=4 January 2006 |access-date=6 August 2006 |work=[[New Scientist]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another estimate numbers the Army at 280,000 to 350,000, the Republican Guard at 50,000 to 80,000,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report |url=https://media.defense.gov/2023/May/02/2003213280/-1/-1/0/3106%20-%20Network%20Centric%20Warfare%20Case%20Study%20-%20Vol%20III.PDF |title=Network Centric Warfare Case Study |date=2006 |publisher=[[U.S. Army War College]] |volume=III |access-date=8 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Fedayeen Saddam at 20,000 and 40,000.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} There were an estimated thirteen [[infantry]] divisions, ten [[mechanized infantry|mechanized]] and [[Armoured forces|armored]] divisions, as well as some [[special forces]] units. The Iraqi Air Force and Navy played a negligible role in the conflict.<br /> <br /> During the invasion, foreign volunteers traveled to Iraq from Syria and took part in the fighting, usually commanded by the Fedayeen Saddam. It is not known for certain how many foreign fighters fought in Iraq in 2003, however, intelligence officers of the U.S. First Marine Division estimated that 50% of all Iraqi combatants in central Iraq were foreigners.&lt;ref name=&quot;Generation1&quot;&gt;[[Evan Wright]], ''Generation Kill'', page 249. Berkley Publishing Group, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-399-15193-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zucchino1&quot;&gt;David Zucchino, ''Thunder Run'', page 189. Grove Press, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-8021-4179-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In addition, the Kurdish Islamist militant group [[Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan|Ansar al-Islam]] controlled a small section of northern Iraq in an area outside Saddam's control. Ansar al-Islam had been fighting against secular Kurdish forces since 2001. At the time of the invasion they fielded about 600 to 800 fighters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Peterson |first=Scott |date=16 October 2003 |title=The rise and fall of Ansar al-Islam |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1016/p12s01-woiq.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920145616/http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1016/p12s01-woiq.html |archive-date=20 September 2011 |access-date=29 October 2011 |work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ansar al-Islam was led by the Jordanian-born militant [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]], who would later become an important leader in the [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Iraqi insurgency]]. Ansar al-Islam was driven out of Iraq in late March by a joint American-Kurdish force during [[Operation Viking Hammer]].<br /> <br /> ===Military equipment===<br /> ====Depleted uranium====<br /> According to information provided to the [[Dutch Ministry of Defence]] by American forces, it is estimated that more than 300,000 [[depleted uranium]] rounds were fired during the invasion, many in or near populated areas of Iraq, including [[Samawah]], Nasiriyah, and Basra, the vast majority by American forces. In the information, the American forces provided the Dutch Ministry of Defense with the GPS coordinates of the DU rounds, along with a list of targets and numbers fired. Then, the Dutch Ministry of Defence released the data to Dutch peace group Pax under the [[Freedom of Information Act]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Hastings, Deborah |date=12 August 2006 |title=Is an Armament Sickening U.S. Soldiers? |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0812-06.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703032800/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines06/0812-06.htm |archive-date=3 July 2014 |access-date=30 March 2015 |agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Edwards |first1=Rob |date=19 June 2014 |title=US fired depleted uranium at civilian areas in 2003 Iraq war, report finds |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/19/us-depleted-uranium-weapons-civilian-areas-iraq |website=theguardian |access-date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=8 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808054118/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jun/19/us-depleted-uranium-weapons-civilian-areas-iraq |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Cluster munitions ====<br /> Coalition forces used 61,000 [[cluster munition]]s containing 20 million submunitions during the Gulf War, and 13,000 cluster munitions containing two million submunitions during the 2003 invasion and subsequent insurgency.&lt;ref name=&quot;cluster bombs&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=10 July 2023 |title=Timeline: Use of controversial cluster bombs in past conflicts |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/10/timeline-use-of-controversial-cluster-bombs-in-past-conflicts |website=aljazeera |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=27 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827235343/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/10/timeline-use-of-controversial-cluster-bombs-in-past-conflicts |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Use of cluster bombs |url=http://www.stopclustermunitions.org/en-gb/cluster-bombs/use-of-cluster-bombs/a-timeline-of-cluster-bomb-use.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thousands of unexploded munitions from the invasion and previous wars, including cluster munitions, mines and other unexploded ordnance, still posed a threat to civilians as of 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Losh |first1=Jack |date=12 February 2022 |title=In Iraq, the Bitter Legacy of War Still Lies Hidden Underground |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/02/12/iraq-explosives-landmines-war-legacy-of-war-infratructure-economy/ |website=[[Foreign policy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Military preparations===<br /> [[File:Kurdish-inhabited area by CIA (1992).jpg|thumb|[[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] areas in Northern Iraq]]<br /> <br /> [[File:US Navy 030215-N-2972R-045 M1A1 tank off-loads from LCAC.jpg|thumb|U.S. Marine M1A1 tank is off-loaded from a U.S. Navy [[Landing Craft, Air Cushioned|LCAC]] in Kuwait in February 2003]]<br /> <br /> ==== Special operations forces ====<br /> CIA [[Special Activities Division]] (SAD) and MI6 ([[E Squadron]]) paramilitary teams entered Iraq in July 2002 before the 2003 invasion. Once on the ground they prepared for the subsequent arrival of American and British military forces. SAD teams then combined with [[U.S. Army Special Forces]] to organize the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] [[Peshmerga]]. This joint team combined to defeat [[Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan|Ansar al-Islam]], an ally of Al Qaeda, in a battle in the northeast corner of Iraq. A [[chemical warfare|chemical weapons]] facility at Sargat was also captured. Sargat was the only facility of its type discovered in the Iraq war. The U.S. side was carried out by Paramilitary Officers from SAD and the Army's [[10th Special Forces Group]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Attack, Bob Woodward 2004&quot;&gt;''Plan of Attack'', Bob Woodward, Simon and Schuster, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Tucker 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Tucker |first=Mike |url=https://archive.org/details/operationhotelca00tuck |title=Operation Hotel California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq |author2=Charles Faddis |publisher=The Lyons Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-59921-366-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;charles-faddis-interview&quot;&gt;{{cite episode |title=Charles Faddis 'Operation Hotel California' (Lyons Press) |url=http://wamu.org/audio/dr/08/10/r2081007-22101.asx |series=[[The Diane Rehm Show]] |network=[[WAMU]] |airdate=17 October 2008 |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930081326/http://wamu.org/audio/dr/08/10/r2081007-22101.asx |archive-date=30 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> SAD teams also conducted high-risk special reconnaissance missions behind Iraqi lines to identify senior leadership targets. These missions led to the initial strikes against Saddam Hussein and his key generals. Although the initial strikes against Saddam were unsuccessful in killing the dictator or his generals, they were successful in effectively ending the ability to command and control Iraqi forces. Other strikes against key generals were successful and significantly degraded the command's ability to react to and maneuver against the U.S.-led invasion force coming from the south.&lt;ref name=&quot;Attack, Bob Woodward 2004&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;charles-faddis-interview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;unseen-war&quot;&gt;&quot;Behind lines, an unseen war,&quot; Faye Bowers, ''The Christian Science Monitor'', April 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> SAD operations officers were also successful in convincing key Iraqi army officers to surrender their units once the fighting started or not to oppose the invasion force.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tucker 2008&quot; /&gt; NATO member [[Turkey]] refused to allow its territory to be used for the invasion. As a result, the SAD/SOG and U.S. Army Special Forces joint teams and the Kurdish Peshmerga constituted the entire northern force against government forces during the invasion. Their efforts kept the 5th Corps of the Iraqi army in place to defend against the Kurds rather than moving to contest the coalition force in the south.&lt;ref name=&quot;plan&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Woodward |first=Bob |author-link=Bob Woodward |title=Plan of Attack |title-link=Plan of Attack |publisher=[[Simon &amp; Schuster|Simon &amp; Schuster, Inc]] |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-7432-5547-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Four of these CIA officers were awarded the [[Intelligence Star]] for their actions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tucker 2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;charles-faddis-interview&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> MI6 conducted [[Operation Mass Appeal]] which was a campaign to plant stories about Iraq's WMDs in the media and boost support for the invasion. MI6 also went on to bribe many of Saddam's closest allies to turn over information and intelligence.<br /> <br /> According to Tommy Franks, &quot;April Fool&quot;, an American officer working [[undercover]] as a diplomat, was approached by an Iraqi [[intelligence agent]]. April Fool then sold the Iraqi false &quot;top secret&quot; invasion plans provided by Franks' team. This deception misled the Iraqi military into deploying major forces in northern and western Iraq in anticipation of attacks by way of Turkey or [[Jordan]], which never took place. This greatly reduced the defensive capacity in the rest of Iraq, and facilitated the actual attacks via Kuwait and the [[Persian Gulf]] in the southeast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Allen-Mills|first1=Tony|date=2004-08-01|title=Agent April Fool tricked Saddam|newspaper=The Times|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article464330.ece|archive-date=2008-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016220934/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article464330.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=American 'double agent' sold Baghdad false war plans |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iraq/1468478/American-double-agent-sold-Baghdad-false-war-plans.html |access-date=2023-06-28 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk |date=2 August 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== No-fly zones ====<br /> [[File:Iraq NO FLY ZONES.PNG|thumb]]<br /> Since the Gulf War, the U.S. and UK had been attacked by Iraqi air defenses while enforcing [[Iraqi no-fly zones]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-20060525&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN-20021128&quot; /&gt; These zones, and the attacks to enforce them, were described as illegal by the former UN Secretary-General [[Boutros Boutros-Ghali]], and the French foreign minister [[Hubert Vedrine]]. Other countries, notably Russia and China, also condemned the zones as a violation of Iraqi sovereignty.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=23 February 2003 |title=A People Betrayed, John Pilger |url=http://www.znetwork.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=3106 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114173549/http://www.znetwork.org/content/showarticle.cfm?ItemID=3106 |archive-date=14 November 2007 |access-date=13 September 2009 |publisher=znetwork.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=7 August 2000 |title=Labour claims its actions are lawful while it bombs Iraq, starves its people and sells arms to corrupt states, John Pilger |url=http://www.johnpilger.com/articles/labour-claims-its-actions-are-lawful-while-it-bombs-iraq-strarves-its-people-and-sells-arms-to-corrupt-states |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101115120651/http://www.johnpilger.com/articles/labour-claims-its-actions-are-lawful-while-it-bombs-iraq-strarves-its-people-and-sells-arms-to-corrupt-states |archive-date=15 November 2010 |access-date=13 September 2009 |publisher=Johnpilger.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=19 February 2001 |title=No-fly zones: The legal position |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1175950.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090929234116/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1175950.stm |archive-date=29 September 2009 |access-date=13 September 2009 |work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; In mid-2002, the U.S. began more carefully selecting targets in the southern part of the country to disrupt the military command structure in Iraq. A change in enforcement tactics was acknowledged at the time, but it was not made public that this was part of a plan known as [[Operation Southern Focus]].<br /> <br /> The amount of [[Aircraft ordnance|ordnance]] dropped on Iraqi positions by coalition aircraft in 2001 and 2002 was less than in 1999 and 2000 which was during the Clinton administration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=House of Commons Department of the Official Report (Hansard) |title=UK Parliamentary transcript |url=http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020206/text/20206w16.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720182138/http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020206/text/20206w16.htm |archive-date=20 July 2008 |access-date=13 September 2009 |publisher=Parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, information obtained by the UK [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] showed that the UK dropped twice as many bombs on Iraq in the second half of 2002 as they did during the whole of 2001. The tonnage of UK bombs dropped increased from 0 in March 2002 and 0.3 in April 2002 to between 7 and 14&amp;nbsp;tons per month in May–August, reaching a pre-war peak of 54.6&amp;nbsp;tons in September – before the U.S. Congress' 11 October [[Iraq Resolution|authorization of the invasion]].<br /> <br /> The 5 September attacks included a 100+ aircraft attack on the main air defense site in western Iraq. According to an editorial in ''[[New Statesman]]'' this was &quot;located at the furthest extreme of the southern no-fly zone, far away from the areas that needed to be patrolled to prevent attacks on the Shias. It was destroyed not because it was a threat to the patrols, but to allow allied special forces operating from Jordan to enter Iraq undetected.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;newstatebomb&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Michael |date=30 May 2005 |title=The war before the war |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/200505300013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061210040821/http://www.newstatesman.com/200505300013 |archive-date=10 December 2006 |access-date=6 August 2006 |work=New Statesman |location=UK}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Prewar-meeting.jpg|thumb|left|U.S. President George W. Bush meets with his top advisors on 19 March 2003 just before the invasion]]Tommy Franks, who commanded the invasion, has since admitted that the bombing was designed to &quot;degrade&quot; Iraqi air defences in the same way as the air attacks that began the Gulf War. These &quot;spikes of activity&quot; were, in the words of then-British Defence Secretary, [[Geoff Hoon]], designed to 'put pressure on the Iraqi regime' or, as ''[[The Times]]'' reported, to &quot;provoke Saddam Hussein into giving the allies an excuse for war&quot;. In this respect, as provocations designed to start a war, leaked British Foreign Office legal advice concluded that such attacks were illegal under international law.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Michael |date=29 May 2005 |title=RAF bombing raids tried to goad Saddam into war |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article527701.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727015416/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article527701.ece |archive-date=27 July 2008 |access-date=1 September 2008 |work=The Times |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Michael |date=19 June 2005 |title=British bombing raids were illegal, says Foreign Office – Times Online |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article535045.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326183855/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article535045.ece |archive-date=26 March 2007 |access-date=1 September 2008 |work=The Times |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Another attempt at provoking the war was mentioned in a leaked memo from a meeting between Bush and Blair on 31 January 2003, in which Bush allegedly told Blair that &quot;The U.S. was thinking of flying [[Lockheed U-2|U2]] reconnaissance aircraft with fighter cover over Iraq, painted in UN colours. If Saddam fired on them, he would be in breach.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=McSmith |first=Andy |date=3 February 2006 |title=Bush 'plotted to lure Saddam into war with fake UN plane' |url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article342859.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017153359/http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article342859.ece |archive-date=17 October 2007 |access-date=13 September 2009 |work=The Independent |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 March, Bush gave Saddam 48 hours to leave the country, along with his sons Uday and Qusay, or face war.&lt;ref&gt;Address to the Nation on Iraq, [https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/WCPD-2003-03-24/WCPD-2003-03-24-Pg338-2 39 WCPD 338] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706232314/https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/WCPD-2003-03-24/WCPD-2003-03-24-Pg338-2 |date=6 July 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Invasion==<br /> {{See also|2003 invasion of Iraq order of battle}}<br /> [[File:Iraq War 2003 Map1.PNG|thumb|right|Coalition movement from 20 to 28 March 2003]]<br /> [[File:Iraq War 2003 Map2.PNG|thumb|right|Coalition movements from 29 March to 7 April]]<br /> [[File:Iraq-War-Map.png|thumb|Routes and major battles fought by the coalition]]<br /> [[File:US Navy 030321-N-4142G-020 Pilots assigned to Carrier Air Wing Two (CVW-2) listen to a pre-flight brief in one of the squadron ready rooms aboard USS Constellation (CV 64).jpg|thumb|right|[[Carrier Air Wing Two]] (CVW-2) mission briefing aboard {{USS|Constellation|CV-64|3}}, 21 March 2003.]]<br /> <br /> ===Preceding special forces mission in al-Qa'im===<br /> On the night of 17 March 2003, the majority of B and D squadron [[Special Air Service|British 22nd SAS Regiment]], designated as Task Force 14, crossed the border from Jordan to conduct a ground assault on a suspected chemical munitions site at a water-treatment plant in the city of [[Al-Qa'im (town)|al-Qa'im]]. It had been reported that the site might have been a [[SCUD missile]] launch site or a depot; an SAS officer was quoted by author Mark Nicol as saying &quot;it was a location where missiles had been fired at Israel in the past, and a site of strategic importance for WMD material.&quot; The 60 members of D squadron, along with their 'Pinkie' [[Desert Patrol Vehicle]]s (the last time the vehicles were used before their retirement), were flown {{Convert|120|km|mi|abbr=in}} into Iraq in 6 [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook#MH-47D|MH-47Ds]] in 3 waves. Following their insertion, D squadron established a [[Wagon fort|patrol laager]] at a remote location outside al-Qa'im and awaited the arrival of B squadron, who had driven overland from Jordan. Their approach to the plant was compromised, and a firefight developed which ended in one 'pinkie' having to be abandoned and destroyed. Repeated attempts to assault the plant were halted, leading the SAS to call in an air strike which silenced the opposition.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, ''The SAS 1983–2014 (Elite)'', Osprey Publishing, 2016, {{ISBN|1472814037}} {{ISBN|978-1472814036}}, p.34, p.36&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Opening salvo: the Dora Farms strike===<br /> In the early morning of 19 March, U.S. forces abandoned the plan for initial, non-nuclear [[decapitation strike]]s against 55 top Iraqi officials, in light of reports that Saddam was visiting Uday and Qusay at Dora Farms, in the [[Dora (Baghdad)|Dora]] farming community in southern [[Baghdad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS-20040226&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/cron/ |title=A chronology of the six-week invasion of Iraq |date=26 February 2004 |publisher=[[PBS]] |access-date=19 March 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331235432/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/cron/|archive-date=31 March 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; At approximately 04:42 Baghdad time,&lt;ref name=&quot;cbsnews.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ex-cia-officer-on-the-strike-that-could-have-averted-iraq-war/ | title=Ex-CIA officer on the strike that could have averted Iraq War | website=[[CBS News]] | date=19 March 2013 | access-date=19 June 2022 | archive-date=19 June 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619061628/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ex-cia-officer-on-the-strike-that-could-have-averted-iraq-war/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; two [[F-117 Nighthawk]] [[stealth fighter]]s from the [[8th Fighter Squadron|8th Expeditionary Fighter Squadron]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.af.mil/News/airman/0703/air/ |title=The First Shot |work=Airman Magazine |access-date=18 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517050321/http://www.af.mil/news/airman/0703/air.html |archive-date=17 May 2008 |url-status=live |date=July 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; dropped four enhanced, satellite-guided 2,000-pound [[GBU-27]] '[[Bunker Buster]]s' on the compound. Complementing the aerial bombardment were nearly 40 [[Tomahawk cruise missiles]] fired from several ships, including the {{sclass|Ticonderoga|cruiser}} {{USS|Cowpens|CG-63|6}}, credited with the first to strike,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://home.nps.gov/cowp/learn/historyculture/uss-cowpens.htm |title=USS Cowpens |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=23 April 2013 |work=National Park Service |publisher=United States Department of Interior |access-date=27 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415051529/http://www.nps.gov/cowp/historyculture/uss-cowpens.htm |archive-date=15 April 2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; {{sclass|Arleigh Burke|destroyer}}s {{USS|Donald Cook}} and {{USS|Porter|DDG-78|6}}, as well as two submarines in the [[Red Sea]] and [[Persian Gulf]].&lt;ref name=&quot;frantic&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/international/middleeast/12escape.html |title=Iraqi Leader, in Frantic Flight, Eluded U.S. Strikes |date=12 March 2006 |author1=Gordon, Michael R. |author2=Trainor, Bernard E. |work=The New York Times |access-date=19 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224030822/http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/03/12/international/middleeast/12escape.html |archive-date=24 February 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> One bomb missed the compound entirely, while the other three impacted the site on the other side of an electrified wall surrounding the main palace building, damaging it and destroying every other structure in the compound.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/at-saddams-bombed-palace/ |title=At Saddam's Bombed Palace: New Details About The First Strike On Saddam |date=28 May 2003 |work=[[CBS Evening News]] |access-date=19 March 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129010236/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/05/28/eveningnews/main555948.shtml |archive-date=29 January 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saddam was not present, nor were any members of the Iraqi leadership.&lt;ref name=&quot;PBS-20040226&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/etc/script.html|access-date=5 June 2011|title=Transcript: The Invasion of Iraq|website=[[PBS]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026072610/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/etc/script.html|archive-date=26 October 2012|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Baghdad-area hospitals reported that the attack killed one civilian and injured fourteen others, including four men, nine women and one child.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/21/1047749942956.html |title=Decapitation attempt was worth a try, George |date=23 March 2003 |author=Wilkinson, Marian |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=9 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805170438/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/21/1047749942956.html |archive-date=5 August 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Later sources indicated that Saddam had not visited the farm since 1995,&lt;ref name=&quot;frantic&quot; /&gt; while others claimed that Saddam ''had'' been at the compound that morning, but had left before the strike, which Bush had ordered delayed until the 48-hour deadline had expired.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbsnews.com&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Opening attack===<br /> On 19 March at 21:00, the first strike of the operation was carried out by members of the [[160th SOAR]]: a flight of [[Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk#Variants|MH-60L DAPs]] (Direct Action Penetrators) and four 'Black Swarm' flights – each consisting of a pair of [[MD Helicopters MH-6 Little Bird|AH-6M Little Birds]] and a [[FLIR]] equipped MH-6M to identify targets for the AH-6s (each Black swarm flight was assigned a pair of [[A-10B|A-10As]])—engaged Iraqi visual observation posts along the southern and western borders of Iraq. Within seven hours, more than 70 sites were destroyed, effectively depriving the Iraqi military of any early warning of the coming invasion. As the sites were eliminated, the first heliborne [[Special forces|SOF]] teams launched from [[Prince Hassan Air Base|H-5 air base]] in Jordan, including vehicle-mounted patrols from the British and Australian components transported by the [[Boeing CH-47 Chinook#MH-47D|MH-47Ds]] of the 160th SOAR. Ground elements of Task Force Dagger, Task Force 20, Task Force 14, and Task Force 64 breached the sand berms along the Iraqi border with Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Kuwait in the early morning hours and drove into Iraq. Unofficially, the British, Australians, and Task Force 20 had been in Iraq weeks prior.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, ''The SAS 1983–2014 (Elite)'', Osprey Publishing, 2016, {{ISBN|1472814037}} {{ISBN|978-1472814036}}, p.34,&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p. 97&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 20 March at approximately 02:30 [[UTC]], at 05:34 local time, explosions were heard in Baghdad. Special operations commandos from the CIA's [[Special Activities Division]] from the Northern Iraq Liaison Element infiltrated throughout Iraq and called in the early air strikes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Attack, Bob Woodward 2004&quot; /&gt; At 03:16 UTC, or 10:16&amp;nbsp;pm EST, Bush announced that he had ordered an attack against &quot;selected targets of military importance&quot; in Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=President Bush Addresses the Nation|publisher=Office of the [[White House Press Secretary]]|date=19 March 2003|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030319-17.html|access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130529111824/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030319-17.html|archive-date=29 May 2013|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Address to the Nation on Iraq, [https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/WCPD-2003-03-24/WCPD-2003-03-24-Pg342-4 39 WCPD 342] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706232940/https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/WCPD-2003-03-24/WCPD-2003-03-24-Pg342-4 |date=6 July 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt; When this word was given, the troops on standby crossed the border into Iraq.<br /> <br /> [[File:F-15 wingtip vortices.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Wingtip vortices are visible trailing from an [[F-15E]] as it disengages from midair refueling with a [[KC-10]] during Operation Iraqi Freedom]]<br /> <br /> Before the invasion, many observers had expected a longer campaign of aerial bombing before any ground action, taking as examples the Gulf War or the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|2001 invasion of Afghanistan]]. In practice, U.S. plans envisioned simultaneous air and ground assaults to incapacitate the Iraqi forces quickly which resulted in the [[shock and awe]] military campaign attempting to bypass Iraqi military units and cities in most cases. The assumption was that superior mobility and coordination of coalition forces would allow them to attack the heart of the Iraqi command structure and destroy it in a short time, and that this would minimize civilian deaths and damage to infrastructure. It was expected that the elimination of the leadership would lead to the collapse of Iraq's military and government, and that much of the population would support the invaders once the government had been weakened. Occupation of cities and attacks on peripheral military units were viewed as undesirable distractions.<br /> <br /> Following Turkey's decision to deny any official use of its territory, the coalition was forced to modify the planned simultaneous attack from north and south.&lt;ref&gt;''Operation Hotel California: The Clandestine War inside Iraq'', Mike Tucker, Charles Faddis, 2008, The Lyons Press.&lt;/ref&gt; Special Operations forces from the CIA and U.S. Army managed to build and lead the Kurdish Peshmerga into an effective force and assault for the North. The primary bases for the invasion were in [[Kuwait]] and other [[Persian Gulf]] states. One result of this was that one of the divisions intended for the invasion was forced to relocate and was unable to take part in the invasion until well into the war.<br /> <br /> The Iraqis immediately adapted to the invasion, and began using unconventional tactics. On 22 March, American troops first encountered the insurgency tactics that would later define the war. Sgt. 1st Class Anthony Broadhead, a platoon sergeant in the Crazy Horse troop of the 3rd Infantry Division's cavalry unit, was in a tank heading towards a bridge in [[Samawah]] on the invasion route. He waved at a group of Iraqis, but instead of waving back, they began attacking the American tanks with AK-47 rifles, rocket-propelled grenades, and mortars. Because these types of paramilitary forces were well-armed, but indistinguishable from civilians, they would come to pose a significant challenge for U.S. forces throughout Iraq War.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ricks |first1=Thomas E. |title=Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq |date=3 May 2007 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-190230-2 |page=118 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLWJWJ0qXEAC&amp;q=ricks+fiasco+iraq |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Baghdad etm 2003092 lrg.jpg|thumb|upright|[[NASA]] [[Landsat 7]] image of [[Baghdad]], 2 April 2003. The dark streaks are smoke from oil well fires set in an attempt to hinder attacking air forces]]<br /> <br /> The invasion itself was swift, leading to the collapse of the Iraqi government and the [[military of Iraq]] in about three weeks. The oil infrastructure of Iraq was rapidly seized and secured with limited damage in that time. Securing the oil infrastructure was considered of great importance. Before the invasion, Iraqi forces had mined some 400 oil wells around [[Basra]] and the [[Al-Faw peninsula]] with explosives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Markus |first1=William |title=Boots &amp; Coots tames Iraq's oil well fires during war |url=https://www.iadc.org/dcpi/dc-novdec03/Nov3-Boots.pdf |publisher=DRILLING CONTRACTOR |access-date=29 December 2020 |date=2003 |archive-date=26 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226205551/http://www.iadc.org/dcpi/dc-novdec03/Nov3-Boots.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/21/sprj.irq.oil.wells/index.html|title=CNN.com – UK: Iraq torches seven oil wells – Mar. 21, 2003|publisher=CNN|access-date=6 May 2025|archive-date=4 April 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030404015608/http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/21/sprj.irq.oil.wells/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://kockw.com/sites/EN/Pages/Profile/History/OilFires.aspx|title=Kuwait Oil Company|date=19 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519003256/http://kockw.com/sites/EN/Pages/Profile/History/OilFires.aspx|archive-date=19 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Coalition troops launched an air and [[amphibious assault]] on the [[Al-Faw peninsula]] during the closing hours of 19 March to secure the oil fields there; the amphibious assault was supported by warships of the [[Royal Navy]], [[Polish Navy]], and [[Royal Australian Navy]].<br /> <br /> In the meantime, British [[Royal Air Force]] (RAF) Tornados from 9 and 617 Squadrons attacked the radar defence systems protecting Baghdad, but lost a Tornado on 22 March along with the pilot and navigator (Flight Lieutenant Kevin Main and Flight Lieutenant Dave Williams), shot down by an American Patriot missile as they returned to their air base in Kuwait.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/31/military.iraq|title=Coroner condemns 'glaring failures' that led to US missile killing RAF crew|newspaper=The Guardian|date=31 October 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305033041/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/oct/31/military.iraq|archive-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 April, an F-14 from USS ''Kitty Hawk'' crashed in southern Iraq reportedly due to engine failure,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/f-14.htm|title=f-14|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626124822/http://www.ejection-history.org.uk/Aircraft_by_Type/f-14.htm|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a S-3B Viking plunged off the deck of the USS ''Constellation'' after a malfunction and an AV-8B Harrier jump jet went into the Gulf while it was trying to land on the USS ''Nassau''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pjsinnam.com/war_on_terror/IF/April_2_F-14_SAR.htm|title=The following was received from a PJ in Operation Iraqi Freedom|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924073741/http://www.pjsinnam.com/war_on_terror/IF/April_2_F-14_SAR.htm|archive-date=24 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The British [[3 Commando Brigade]], with the [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]]'s Special Boat Team 22, Task Unit Two,&lt;ref&gt;Gray, J.D., Garn, P.G., ''WARBOATS 55 Years of Naval Special Warfare Combatant Craft History''. Blossom Books. 2019. p. 408-413&lt;/ref&gt; as well as the [[United States Marine Corps|U.S. Marine Corps]]' [[15th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] and the Polish Special Forces unit [[GROM]] attached, attacked the port of [[Umm Qasr]]. There they met with heavy resistance by Iraqi troops. A total of 14 coalition troops and 30–40 Iraqi troops were killed, and 450 Iraqis taken prisoner. The [[British Army]]'s [[16 Air Assault Brigade]] alongside elements of the [[Royal Air Force Regiment|RAF Regiment]] also secured the oil fields in southern Iraq in places like [[Rumaila Field|Rumaila]] while the Polish commandos captured offshore oil platforms near the port, preventing their destruction. Despite the rapid advance of the invasion forces, some 44 oil wells were destroyed and set ablaze by Iraqi explosives or by incidental fire. However, the wells were quickly capped and the fires put out, preventing the ecological damage and loss of oil production capacity that had occurred at the end of the Gulf War.<br /> <br /> In keeping with the rapid advance plan, the [[U.S. 3rd Infantry Division]] moved westward and then northward through the western desert toward Baghdad, while the [[1st Marine Expeditionary Force]] moved along Highway 1 through the center of the country, and [[1 (UK) Armoured Division]] moved northward through the eastern marshland.<br /> <br /> During the first week of the war, Iraqi forces fired a [[Scud]] missile at the American Battlefield Update Assessment center in [[Camp Doha]], Kuwait. The missile was intercepted and shot down by a [[Patriot missile]] seconds before hitting the complex. Subsequently, two [[A-10 Warthog]]s attacked the missile launcher.<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Nasiriyah====<br /> {{Main|Battle of Nasiriyah}}<br /> <br /> Initially, the U.S.' [[1st Marine Division (United States)|1st Marine Division]] fought through the [[Rumaila oil field]]s, and moved north to [[Nasiriyah]]—a moderate-sized, Shi'ite-dominated city with important strategic significance as a major road junction and its proximity to nearby [[Ali Air Base|Tallil Airfield]]. It was also situated near a number of strategically important bridges over the [[Euphrates River]]. The city was defended by a mix of regular Iraqi army units, Ba'ath loyalists, and Fedayeen from both Iraq and abroad. The U.S. Army 3rd Infantry Division defeated Iraqi forces entrenched in and around the airfield and bypassed the city to the west.<br /> <br /> [[File:AAV-Nsry.jpg|thumb|left|A U.S. amphibious fighting vehicle destroyed near Nasiriyah]]<br /> <br /> On 23 March, a convoy from the 3rd Infantry Division, including the female American soldiers [[Jessica Lynch]], [[Shoshana Johnson]], and [[Lori Piestewa]], was ambushed after taking a wrong turn into the city. Eleven U.S. soldiers were killed, and seven, including Lynch and Johnson, were captured.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.Army.mil/features/507thMaintCmpy |title=Attack on the 507th Maintenance Company |publisher=[[The United States Army]] |date=17 July 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810130257/http://www.army.mil/features/507thMaintCmpy/ |archive-date=10 August 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Piestewa died of wounds shortly after capture, while the remaining five prisoners of war were later rescued. Piestewa, who was from [[Tuba City]], [[Arizona]], and an enrolled member of the [[Hopi]] Tribe, was believed to have been the first [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] woman killed in combat in a foreign war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.azcentral.com/news/specials/veterans/articles/piestewa-1.html |title=Mom, Hopi, hero: Piestewa an icon |author1=Billy House |author2=Mark Shaffer |work=[[Arizona Republic]] |date=10 April 2003 |access-date=20 February 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210848/http://www.azcentral.com/news/specials/veterans/articles/piestewa-1.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the same day, U.S. Marines from the [[2nd Marine Division]] entered Nasiriyah in force, facing heavy resistance as they moved to secure two major bridges in the city. Several marines were killed during a firefight with [[Fedayeen]] in the urban fighting. At the Saddam Canal, another 18 marines were killed in heavy fighting with Iraqi soldiers. An [[A-10 Thunderbolt II|Air Force A-10]] was involved in a case of [[friendly fire]] that resulted in the death of six Marines when it accidentally attacked an American amphibious vehicle. Two other vehicles were destroyed when a barrage of RPG and small arms fire killed most of the Marines inside.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/086ykhgk.asp |title=Stopping Blue-on-Blue |work=[[The Weekly Standard|The Daily Standard]] |first=Christian |last=Lowe |date=8 September 2003 |access-date=7 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061023022108/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/003/086ykhgk.asp |archive-date=23 October 2006 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A Marine from [[Marine Air Control Group 28]] was killed by enemy fire, and two Marine engineers drowned in the Saddam Canal. The bridges were secured and the Second Marine division set up a perimeter around the city.<br /> <br /> [[File:US Navy 030402-N-5362A-004 U.S. Army Sgt. Mark Phiffer stands guard duty near a burning oil well in the Rumaylah Oil Fields in Southern Iraq.jpg|thumb|A U.S. soldier stands guard duty near a burning oil well in the [[Rumaila oil field]], 2 April 2003]]<br /> On the evening of 24 March, the [[2nd Light Armored Reconnaissance Battalion]], which was attached to [[1st Marine Regiment (United States)|Regimental Combat Team One (RCT-1)]], pushed through Nasiriyah and established a perimeter {{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=in}} north of the city. Iraqi reinforcements from [[Kut]] launched several counterattacks. The Marines managed to repel them using indirect fire and close air support. The last Iraqi attack was beaten off at dawn. The battalion estimated that 200–300 Iraqi soldiers were killed, without a single U.S. casualty. Nasiriyah was declared secure, but attacks by Iraqi Fedayeen continued. These attacks were uncoordinated, and resulted in firefights that killed many Fedayeen. Because of Nasiriyah's strategic position as a road junction, significant gridlock occurred as U.S. forces moving north converged on the city's surrounding highways.<br /> <br /> With the Nasiriyah and Tallil Airfields secured, coalition forces gained an important logistical center in southern Iraq and established FOB/EAF Jalibah, some {{convert|10|mi|km}} outside Nasiriyah. Additional troops and supplies were soon brought through this forward operating base. The [[101st Airborne Division]] continued its attack north in support of the 3rd Infantry Division.<br /> <br /> By 28 March, a severe sandstorm slowed the coalition advance as the 3rd Infantry Division halted its northward drive halfway between Najaf and Karbala. Air operations by helicopters, poised to bring reinforcements from the 101st Airborne, were blocked for three days. There was particularly heavy fighting in and around the bridge near the town of Kufl.<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Najaf====<br /> {{Main|Battle of Najaf (2003)}}<br /> <br /> [[File:DestroyedT-72outsidenajaf.jpg|thumb|Destroyed Iraqi [[T-72]] tank on Highway 9 outside [[Najaf]]]]<br /> <br /> Another fierce battle was at [[Najaf]], where U.S. airborne and armored units with British air support fought an intense battle with Iraqi Regulars, Republican Guard units, and paramilitary forces. It started with U.S. [[AH-64 Apache]] helicopter gunships setting out on a mission to attack Republican Guard armored units; while flying low the Apaches came under heavy anti-aircraft, small arms, and RPG fire which heavily damaged many helicopters and shot one down, frustrating the attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2003/03/25/2003-03-25_iraqis_bash_choppers__one_u_.html |location=New York |work=Daily News |title=IRAQIS BASH CHOPPERS One U.S. copter downed, crew captured by Saddam's guards |date=25 March 2003 |url-status=dead |access-date=9 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605020114/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/news/2003/03/25/2003-03-25_iraqis_bash_choppers__one_u_.html |archive-date=5 June 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They attacked again successfully on 26 March, this time after a pre-mission artillery barrage and with support from [[F/A-18 Hornet]] jets, with no gunships lost.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;On Point - The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The 1st Brigade Combat Team's air defense battery supported by a COLT (combat observation<br /> lasing team) and the Brigade Recon Troop moved in to secure the bridge at Al Kifl late on 24 March. When the ADA company was unable to secure the western bank of the bridge the commander called for reinforcements. Col. Grimsley order LTC Marcone Task Force 3-69 Armor to send a quick reaction force to support the ADA company. LTC Marcone sent B 3-7 Infantry to clear and secure the bridge. Bravo Company was made up of two infantry platoons with M2A2 Bradley Fighting Vehicles and one platoon of M1A2 Abrams tanks. Bravo 3-7 Infantry secured the bridge and fought for 36 hours through a sandstorm. During that time, the soldiers fought against Iraqi Military and Fedayeen forces. After 36 hours, B co 3-7 Infantry was relieved on 26 March.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}<br /> <br /> The [[101st Airborne Division]] on 29 March, supported by a battalion from the [[1st Armored Division (United States)|1st Armored Division]], attacked Iraqi forces in the southern part of the city, near the [[Imam Ali Shrine|Imam Ali Mosque]] and captured Najaf's airfield.&lt;ref name=&quot;valorstudios&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.valorstudios.com/AnNajaf.htm |title=&quot;The Battle for An Najaf&quot; by James Dietz |publisher=Valorstudios.com |access-date=9 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703135456/http://www.valorstudios.com/AnNajaf.htm |archive-date=3 July 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Four Americans were killed by a [[suicide bomber]]. On 31 March, the 101st made a reconnaissance-in-force into Najaf. On 1 April, elements of the [[70th Armor Regiment (United States)|70th Armored Regiment]] launched a &quot;Thunder Run&quot;, an armored thrust through Najaf's city center, and, with air support, defeated the Iraqi forces after several days of heavy fighting. The city was secured by 4 April.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Basra====<br /> {{Main|Battle of Basra (2003)}}<br /> <br /> [[File:1 RRF engage Iraqi Army positions with their 81mm Mortars. Iraq. 26-03-2003 MOD 45142764.jpg|thumb|British soldiers engage Iraqi Army positions with their 81mm Mortars south of [[Basra]], 26 March 2003.]]<br /> The Iraqi port city of [[Umm Qasr]] was the first British obstacle. A joint Polish-British-American force ran into unexpectedly stiff resistance, and it took several days to clear the Iraqi forces out. Farther north, the [[British 7 Armoured Brigade]], fought their way into Iraq's second-largest city, [[Basra]], on 6 April, coming under constant attack by regulars and Fedayeen, while 3rd Battalion, [[Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)|The Parachute Regiment]] cleared the 'old quarter' of the city that was inaccessible to vehicles. Entering Basra was achieved after two weeks of fierce fighting, including a tank battle when the [[Royal Scots Dragoon Guards]] destroyed 14 Iraqi tanks on 27 March. A few members of D Squadron, British SAS, were deployed to southern Iraq to support the coalition advance on Basra. The team conducted forward route reconnaissance and infiltrated the city and brought in strikes on the Ba'athist loyalist leadership.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Urban|first=Mark|title=Task Force Black: The Explosive True Story of the Secret Special Forces War in Iraq|location=St. Martin's|publisher=Griffin|year=2012|isbn=978-1250006967|page=9}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Neville, Leigh 2016&quot;&gt;Neville, Leigh, ''The SAS 1983-2014 (Elite)'', Osprey Publishing, 2016, {{ISBN|1472814037}} {{ISBN|978-1472814036}}, p.36,&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Elements of [[1 (UK) Armoured Division]] began to advance north towards U.S. positions around [[Al Amarah]] on 9 April. Pre-existing electrical and water shortages continued throughout the conflict and looting began as Iraqi forces collapsed. While coalition forces began working with local Iraqi Police to enforce order, a joint team composed of [[Royal Engineers]] and the [[Royal Logistic Corps]] of the British Army rapidly set up and repaired dockyard facilities to allow humanitarian aid to begin to arrive from ships arriving in the port city of [[Umm Qasr]].<br /> <br /> After a rapid initial advance, the first major pause occurred near [[Karbala]]. There, U.S. Army elements met resistance from Iraqi troops defending cities and key bridges along the Euphrates River. These forces threatened to interdict supply routes as American forces moved north. Eventually, troops from the 101st Airborne Division of the U.S. Army secured the cities of Najaf and Karbala to prevent any Iraqi counterattacks on the 3rd Infantry Division's lines of communication as the division pressed its advance toward Baghdad.<br /> <br /> Eleven British soldiers were killed, while 395–515 Iraqi soldiers, irregulars, and Fedayeen were killed.<br /> <br /> The efforts of the British Army facilitated the re-establishment of the rail lines from the port to Baghdad.<br /> <br /> ===Battle of Karbala===<br /> {{Main|Battle of Karbala (2003)}}<br /> <br /> [[File:DerelictAsadBabil.JPEG|thumb|A [[Lion of Babylon (tank)|Lion of Babylon]] tank abandoned after facing the final U.S. push into Baghdad]]<br /> The Karbala Gap was a 20–25-mile wide strip of land with the Euphrates River to the east and [[Lake Razazah]] to the west. This strip of land was recognized by Iraqi commanders as a key approach to [[Baghdad]], and was defended by some of the best units of the [[Iraqi Republican Guard]]. The Iraqi high command had originally positioned two [[Republican Guard (Iraq)|Republican Guard]] divisions blocking the Karbala Gap.&lt;ref name=&quot;stripes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&amp;article=13572&amp;archive=true |title=Battle through, around Karbala Gap likely to be 'hell of a fight' |work=Stars and Stripes |date=1 April 2003 |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030418111708/http://stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&amp;article=13572&amp;archive=true |archive-date=18 April 2003 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Here these forces suffered heavy coalition air attacks. However, the coalition had since the beginning of March been conducting a strategic deception operation to convince the Iraqis that the U.S. [[4th Infantry Division (United States)|4th Infantry Division]] would be mounting a major assault into northern Iraq from Turkey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishworldreview.com/michael/kelly1.asp#3.%20Across |title=Across the Euphrates |author=Michael Kelly |work=Jewish World Review |date=3 April 2003 |access-date=15 January 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223093046/http://jewishworldreview.com/michael/kelly1.asp#3.%20Across |archive-date=23 December 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Special operations===<br /> [[File:Iraq invasion northern front.gif|thumb|upright|The northern front during March and April 2003]]<br /> <br /> ====Initial infiltration====<br /> B Squadron, [[Delta Force]] (known as &quot;Wolverines&quot;), accompanied by several Air Force Special Tactics teams, a Delta intelligence and Target Acquisition{{Clarify|date=August 2021}}, several military working dog teams and two Iraqi-American interpreters, was the first American SOF unit to enter western Iraq, crossing the border from [[Arar, Saudi Arabia]] in 15 customized [[Pinzgauer High-Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle|Pinzgauer]] 6x6 Special Operations Vehicles and several armed Toyota Hilux pick up trucks. As part of Task Force 20, their formal role was to conduct selected high-priority [[site exploitation]] on suspected chemical weapon facilities before heading for the Haditha Dam complex. Along the way, Delta supported the seizure of H-3 Air Base and also conducted numerous deception operations to confuse the Iraqis as to the disposition of coalition forces in the west. From the south, a week before the invasion began, two members of Special Boat Team 22's Delta Detachment and the Commanding Officer of the 539th Assault Squadron Royal Marine Commandos, were infiltrated into southern Iraq by Kuwait intelligence operatives to gather critical intelligence for the upcoming assault on the port of Um Qasr.&lt;ref name=&quot;Neville, Leigh p.93&quot;&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.93, p.127-128&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gray, J.D., Garn, P.G., ''WARBOATS 55 Years of Naval Special Warfare Combatant Craft History''. Blossom Books. 2019. p. 411-412&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Operation Row and Falconer====<br /> On 18 March 2003, B and D Squadrons of the British 22nd SAS Regiment had now infiltrated Iraq in full strength (D Squadron by air and B Squadron by ground) along with 1 Squadron [[Special Air Service Regiment|Australian SASR]] and headed for [[H-2 Air Base|H-2]] and [[H-3 Air Base]]. They set up observation posts and called in airstrikes that defeated the Iraqi defenders. The combined British and Australian Squadrons took H-2 virtually unopposed. H-3 was secured on 25 March with the assistance of members of Delta Force and by Green Beret ODAs from Bravo company, 1st Battalion 5th SFG; a company of Rangers and Royal Marines from [[45 Commando]] flew from Jordan to the bases and the base was handed over to them. The SAS teams moved to the next objective – the intersection of the two main highways linking Baghdad with Syria and Jordan,&lt;ref&gt;Urban, Mark, ''Task Force Black: The Explosive True Story of the Secret Special Forces War in Iraq'', St. Martin's Griffin, 2012, {{ISBN|978-1-250-00696-7}}, p.10&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, ''Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.118-119&lt;/ref&gt; where both squadrons were involved in conducting interdictions of fleeing Iraqi leadership targets heading for Syria.&lt;ref name=&quot;Neville, Leigh 2016&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Previously, 16 (Air) Troop of D squadron conducted mounted reconnaissance of an Iraqi army facility near the Syrian border, followed by a harassing attack on the site, two other troops had conducted mobile ambushes on Iraqi units in the area, although they themselves were being hunted by a large Fedayeen Saddam unit mounted in [[technical (vehicle)|technicals]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Neville, Leigh 2016&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In northern Iraq in early March, a small reconnaissance team from M Squadron of the [[British Special Boat Service]] mounted on Honda ATVs inserted into Iraq from Jordan. Its first mission was to conduct reconnaissance of an Iraqi air base at al-Sahara. The team was compromised by an anti-special forces Fedayeen unit and barely escaped thanks to a U.S. F-15E that flew air cover for the team and an RAF Chinook that extracted the team from out under the Fedayeen's &quot;noses&quot;. A second larger SBS operation was launched by M Squadron in full strength in a mix of land rovers and ATVs into northern Iraq from H-2 air base, the objective was to locate, make contact and take the surrender of the Iraqi 5th Army Corps somewhere past Tikrit and to survey and mark viable temporary landing zones for follow-on forces. However the Squadron was compromised by a [[goat herder]]; the SBS drove for several days while unknown to them anti-special forces Fedayeen units followed them. At an overnight position near Mosul, the Fedayeen ambushed the Squadron with DShK heavy machine guns and RPGs, the SBS returned fire and began taking fire from a [[T-72]], the Squadron scattered and escaped the well-constructed trap. A number of Land Rovers became bogged down in a nearby wadi, so they mined the vehicles and abandoned them – though several did not detonate and were captured and exhibited on Iraqi television. The SBS was now in three distinct groups: one with several operational Land Rovers was being pursued by the Iraqi hunter force, a second mainly equipped with ATVs was hunkered down and trying to arrange extraction, the third with just 2 operators on an ATV raced for the Syrian border. The first group tried to call in coalition strike aircraft but the aircraft could not identify friendly forces because the SBS were not equipped with infra-red strobes – although their vehicles did have Blue Force Tracker units, they eventually made it to an emergency rendezvous point and were extracted by an RAF Chinook. The second group was also extracted by an RAF Chinook and the third group made it to Syria and was held there until their release was negotiated, there were no SBS casualties.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, ''Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.121-123&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Operation Viking Hammer====<br /> [[File:Operation Viking Hammer 16.jpg|thumb|left|Aftermath of Battle]]<br /> In the early hours of 21 March 2003, as part of [[Operation Viking Hammer]], 64 [[Tomahawk cruise missiles]] struck the Ansar al-Islam camp and the surrounding sites, the terrorist group – numbering around 700 – had inhabited a valley near [[Halabja]] Iraqi Kurdistan, along with a small [[Kurdistan Islamic Group|Kurdish splinter faction]]; they had prepared a number of defensive positions including anti-aircraft machine guns and maintained a facility, that American intelligence suspected, at which chemical and biological agents may have been developed and stored for future terrorist attacks. Viking Hammer was set to begin on 21 March, however, the ground component of the operation was set back several days owing to the issues around infiltrating most of the 3rd Battalion 10th SFG into Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.98, p.100&lt;/ref&gt; The Islamic Group of Kurdistan surrendered after having suffered 100 men killed in the 21 March strikes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Masters of Chaos, Chapter 13&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.spirit.tau.ac.il/government/robinson1_Ch13.pdf |title=Masters of Chaos, Chapter 13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214133920/http://www.spirit.tau.ac.il/government/robinson1_Ch13.pdf |archive-date=14 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 28 March, the ground element of Operation Viking Hammer was finally launched with a six-pronged advance, each prong was composed of several ODAs from 3rd Battalion, 10th SFG and upwards of 1,000 Kurdish Peshmerga fighters. The main advance set off towards Sargat – the location of the suspected chemical and biological weapons site; the force was soon pinned down by DShK heavy machine-gun fire from the surrounding hills. A pair of [[US Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet|F/A-18s]] responded to an urgent [[Close air support|CAS]] request from the force and dropped two [[Joint Direct Attack Munition|500lb JDAMs]] on the Ansar al-Islam machine gun nests and strafed the positions with 20&amp;nbsp;mm cannon before departing due to being low on fuel. The advance began again only to be halted once more by fire from prepared DShK and PKM machine gun nests, Green Berets from ODA 081 deployed a [[Mk 19 grenade launcher]] from the back of a [[Toyota Tacoma]] and suppressed the gun positions allowing the Peshmerga to assault and wipe out the terrorists. After capturing the town of Gulp, the force continued onto the village of Sargat; the village was heavily defended by fortified fighting positions mounting DShKs and mortars along with several [[BM-21 Grad]]. Unable to call in airstrikes due to the close proximity of the Peshmerga, a Green Beret sergeant used a dismounted [[M2 Browning|M2 HMG]] to suppress the entrenched terrorists, his actions allowed the Peshmerga to bring forward their own 82&amp;nbsp;mm Mortars and Grads which forced the Ansar al-Islam fighters to retreat. Task Force Viking advanced to secure the Daramar Gorge – which was surrounded by caves in the rock walls – the Peshmerga were again engaged by small arms fire and RPGs which it and the ODAs returned fire with heavy weapons, however, it became obvious that they could not advance any further without air support. To dislodge the terrorists, the [[Combat Controllers]] attached to the ODAs vectored in U.S. Navy F/A-18s which dropped six 500&amp;nbsp;lb JDAMs that shut down any further resistance. During the night, four [[AC-130 gunships]] maintained the pressure on the retreating Ansar al-Islam terrorists as they pulled back toward the Iranian border; the next day, Task Force Viking seized the high ground and pushed down through the valley – surrounding and killing small pockets of remnants from Ansar al-Islam. With their objectives completed, the 3rd Battalion and their Peshmerga returned to the green line to assist the push on Kirkuk and Mosul. A specialist [[Site Exploitation|SSE]] team was brought in to document the find at Sargat, the team recovered traces of several chemicals including [[Ricin]] along with stocks of [[CBRN defense|NBC protective suits]], atropine injectors and Arabic manuals on chemical weapons and [[Improvised explosive device|IED]] construction. Estimates of Ansar al-Islam dead number over 300, many of them foreign fighters, while only 22 Peshmerga fighters were killed.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.100-101&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Special operations in northern Iraq====<br /> [[File:Operation Viking Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|Peshmerga, U.S. Special Operations]]<br /> In the north, the [[10th Special Forces Group]] (10th SFG) and CIA paramilitary officers from their [[Special Activities Division]] had the mission of aiding the [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan]] and the [[Kurdistan Democratic Party]], ''de facto'' rulers of [[Iraqi Kurdistan]], and employing them against the 13 Iraqi divisions located near Kirkuk and Mosul.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Anthony H. Cordesman|title=The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cU8Kpzu9osC&amp;pg=PA59|year=2003|publisher=CSIS|isbn=978-0-89206-432-8|page=59|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919064133/https://books.google.com/books?id=7cU8Kpzu9osC&amp;pg=PA59|archive-date=19 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peltier2005&quot; /&gt; Turkey had officially prohibited any coalition troops from using their bases or airspace, so lead elements of the 10th SFG had to make a detour infiltration; their flight was supposed to take four hours but instead took ten.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peltier2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA436109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130707001729/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA436109 |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 July 2013 |title=Surrogate Warfare: The Role of U.S. Army SpecialForces |last1=Peltier |first1=Issac J. |date=26 May 2005 |website=School of Advanced Military Studies |publisher=United States Army Command and General Staff College |access-date=18 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 22 March, the majority of 2nd and 3rd Battalions 10th SFG, from Task Force Viking flew from their forward staging area in [[Constanta]], Romania to a location near [[Irbil]] aboard six [[MC-130H Combat Talon II|MC-130H Combat Talons]]. Several were engaged by Iraqi air defences on the flight into northern Iraq (one was sufficiently damaged enough that it was forced to make an emergency landing at Incirlik Air Base). The initial lift had deployed 19 Green Beret ODAs and four ODBs into northern Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p. 97-98&lt;/ref&gt; Hours after the first of such flights, Turkey did allow the use of its air space and the rest of the 10th SFG infiltrated in. The preliminary mission was to destroy the base of the Kurdish terrorist group [[Ansar al-Islam in Kurdistan|Ansar al-Islam]], believed to be linked to al-Qaeda. Concurrent and follow-on missions involved attacking and fixing Iraqi forces in the north, thus preventing their deployment to the southern front and the main effort of the invasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Peltier2005&quot; /&gt; Eventually Task Force Viking would number 51 ODAs and ODBs alongside some 60,000 Kurdish Peshmerga militia of the [[Patriotic Union of Kurdistan]] (PUK).&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, ''Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.98&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 26 March, the [[173rd Airborne Brigade]] augmented the invasion's northern front by parachuting into northern Iraq onto Bashur Airfield, controlled at the time by elements of 10th SFG and Kurdish peshmerga. The fall of Kirkuk on 10 April to the 10th SFG, CIA Paramilitary Teams and Kurdish peshmerga precipitated the 173rd's planned assault, preventing the unit's involvement in combat against Iraqi forces during the invasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;10thSFGand173rdAbnBde&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Gregory Fontenot|author2=E. J. Degen|author3=David Tohn|title=On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7x8U4t-oJvcC&amp;pg=PA222|year=2004|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-59114-279-9|pages=222–232|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918233344/https://books.google.com/books?id=7x8U4t-oJvcC&amp;pg=PA222|archive-date=18 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following the Battle of Haditha Dam, Delta Force handed the dam over to the Rangers and headed north to conduct ambushes along the highway above Tikrit, tying up Iraqi forces in the region and attempting to capture fleeing high-value targets trying to escape to Syria.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.128-130&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 2 April, Delta was engaged by half a dozen armed technicals from the same anti-special forces Fedayeen that had previously fought the SBS. Two Delta operators were wounded (one serious); the squadron requested an urgent aeromedical evacuation and immediate close-air support as a company of truck-borne Iraqi reinforcements arrived. Two MH-60K Blackhawks carrying a para jumper medical team and two MH-60L DAPs of the 160th SOAR responded and engaged the Iraqis, which allowed the Delta operators to move their casualties to an emergency HLZ and they were medevaced to H-1 escorted by a pair of A-10As, however [[Master Sergeant]] George Fernandez died. The DAPs stayed on station and continued to engage the Iraqis, destroying a truck carrying a mortar and several infantry squads, while Delta snipers killed Iraqi infantryman firing on the DAPs, another pair of A-10As arrived and dropped airburst 500&amp;nbsp;lb bombs within 20m of Delta positions and killed a large number of Iraqi infantry gathering in a wadi. The DAPs spotted several Iraqi units and engaged them until they were dangerously low on fuel.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.93, p.130&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Task Force Viking launched an operation to seize the town of [[Ain Sifni]]. The town was strategically important because it straddles the main highway into [[Mosul]]. Once the town fell, it would be clear for the coalition to advance on Mosul. ODAs from the 3rd and 10th SFG called in airstrikes on the Iraqi garrisons in and around the town, causing many of the Iraqi conscripts to flee. By 5 April 2003, there appeared to be only two Iraqi platoons left in the town. On 6 April, ODAs 051, 055, and 056 assaulted the town – ODAs 055 and 056 provided fire support along with Peshmerga heavy weapons teams, while ODA 51 made the actual assault on the town. As ODA 51 cautiously advanced on the village, it came under intense fire – the two platoons of Iraqis turned out to be closer to battalion strength and equipped with heavy weapons like 82&amp;nbsp;mm mortars, anti-aircraft guns, and an artillery piece. After four hours of F/A-18 airstrikes and constant heavy weapons fire from ODA 055 and 056, the assault force entered Ain Sifni; soon afterward, Iraqi infantry counterattacked, supported by several mortars, attempting to retake the town, but it was beaten back by ODA 51 and the Kurds.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.102&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 6 April, ODA 391 and ODA 392 from the 3rd SFG and ODA 044 from 10th SFG with about 150 Kurdish fighters were the main force involved in the [[Battle of Debecka Pass]].&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.102-105&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 9 April, nine ODAs from FOB 103 encircled [[Kirkuk]] after fierce fighting to capture the ridges overlooking the approaches to the city. The earlier capture of the nearby city of [[Tuz Khormato|Tuz]] had largely broken the will of the Iraqi Army and only the Fedayeen remained in Kirkuk. The first ODA units entered the city the next day; a week later the 173rd Airborne took over responsibility for the city. After some minor skirmishes the Fedayeen fled.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.105&lt;/ref&gt; Staging out of MSS Grizzly, Delta mounted operations to interdict Ba'ath Party HVTs on Highway 1 (Highway 2 and 4 in western Iraq had been secured by British SAS and Australian SAS teams), on 9 April, the combined team seized an airfield near Tikrit.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.93, p.130-131&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The successful occupation of Kirkuk came after approximately two weeks of fighting that included the Battle of the Green Line (the unofficial border of the Kurdish autonomous zone) and the subsequent Battle of Kani Domlan Ridge (the ridgeline running northwest to southeast of Kirkuk), the latter fought exclusively by 3rd Battalion, 10th SFG and Kurdish peshmerga against the Iraqi [[1st Corps (Iraq)|1st Corps]]. The 173rd Brigade would eventually take responsibility for Kirkuk days later, becoming involved in the counterinsurgency fight and remain there until redeploying a year later.&lt;ref name=&quot;10thSFGand173rdAbnBde&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 11 April, an advanced element from FOB 102, numbering no more than thirty Green Berets, advanced into Mosul. The advance had followed several days of heavy airstrikes on three Iraqi divisions defending Mosul. On 13 April, 3rd Battalion 3rd SFG and a battalion from the [[10th Mountain Division]] were ordered to Mosul to relieve the 10th SFG and their Peshmerga allies.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.102, p.105&lt;/ref&gt; Further reinforcing operations in northern Iraq, the [[26th Marine Expeditionary Unit]] (Special Operations Capable), serving as Landing Force Sixth Fleet, deployed in April to Erbil and subsequently Mosul via Marine [[KC-130]] flights.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.26thmeu.marines.mil/About/History.aspx |title=26th MEU History |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=26th Marine Expeditionary Unit, United States Marine Corps |access-date=18 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320232030/http://www.26thmeu.marines.mil/About/History.aspx |archive-date=20 March 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 26 MEU (SOC) maintained security of the Mosul airfield and surrounding area until relief by the 101st Airborne Division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=After Saddam: Prewar Planning and the Occupation of Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWgP_DiGKRUC&amp;pg=PA85|year=2008|publisher=Rand Corporation|isbn=978-0-8330-4458-7|page=85|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150918234547/https://books.google.com/books?id=nWgP_DiGKRUC&amp;pg=PA85|archive-date=18 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Special operations in southern Iraq====<br /> [[File:030323-M-3692W-014 Sgt. Jeff Seabaugh, a squad leader with the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) (15th MEU (SOC)), moves his Marines to their objective during a mission in the Iraq War.jpg|thumb|left|A squad leader with the 15th Marine Expeditionary Unit (Special Operations Capable) (15th MEU (SOC))]]On 21 March, ODA 554 of Bravo Company, 2nd Battalion [[5th SFG]] crossed the border with the U.S. Marines to support the seizure of the Rumaylah oil fields which was later secured by UK forces; half the team later drove to the outskirts of Basra and successfully picked up four Iraqi oil industry technicians who had been recruited by the CIA to assist in safeguarding the oil fields from destruction. They later rejoined the other half of the team and fought roving bands of Fedayeen. The ODAs next mission was to work with a CIA-recruited Sheikh and assist British forces in identifying targets around Basra. The ODA soon established an informant network, they eventually assisted the British in rounding up some 170 Fedayeen in the city; they were eventually replaced by members of G Squadron 22nd SAS Regiment.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.116&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Battle of Haditha Dam====<br /> The [[Battle of Haditha Dam]] occurred on 24 March 2003, Rangers from [[3rd Ranger Battalion (United States)|3rd Battalion]], [[75th Ranger Regiment]], conducted a combat parachute drop onto [[H-1 Air Base]], securing the site as a staging area for operations in the west. Delta Force recce operators drove through Iraqi lines around the [[Haditha Dam]] on customised ATVs, marking targets for coalition airstrikes resulting in the eventual destruction of a large number of Iraqi armoured vehicles and anti aircraft systems. Delta's reconnaissance of the dam indicated that a larger force would be needed to seize it, so a request was made and approved for a second Delta squadron from Fort Bragg to be dispatched with a further Ranger battalion, along with M1A1 Abrams tanks from C Company, 2nd Battalion [[70th Armor Regiment|70th Armor]]. C-17 flew the company from Tallil to H-1 and then to MSS (Mission Support Site) Grizzly – a desert strip established by Delta Force located between Haditha and Tikrit; C Squadron, Delta Force was flown directly to MSS Grizzly.&lt;ref name=&quot;Neville, Leigh p.93&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> On 1 April, C squadron, Delta Force and 3/75th Ranger Regiment conducted a night-time ground assault in their [[Pinzgauer High-Mobility All-Terrain Vehicle|Pinzgauers]] and GMVs against the Haditha Dam complex. Three platoons of Rangers seized the dams' administrative buildings with little initial opposition, while a pair of AH-6M Six Guns orbited overhead. After daybreak, a Ranger sniper shot and killed 3 Iraqis carrying RPGs on the western side of the dam and Rangers on the eastern side engaged a truck carrying infantry, which led to an hour-long contract. South of the dam, another Ranger platoon was securing the dam's power station and electricity transformer against sabotage, another platoon was occupied establishing blocking positions on the main road into the dam complex. The blocking positions came under the sporadic mortar fire, resulting in the AH-6Ms flying multiple gun runs to silence the mortar positions, another mortar team, firing from a small island was engaged and silenced by a Ranger Javelin team. For five days, Iraqi forces continued to harass the Rangers at the dam, principally with episodic artillery and mortar fire along with several infantry counterattacks against the blocking positions; the [[HIMARS]] rocket system saw its first combat deployment at the dam – firing counter-battery missions, 3 Rangers were killed on 3 April by a [[VBIED]] at the blocking positions, the car was driven by a pregnant Iraqi woman acting distressed and asking for water. Rangers captured an Iraqi forward observer dressed as a civilian after sinking his kayak with .50cal fire, the observer had maps of the Rangers positions.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.93, p.128-130&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Objective Beaver====<br /> Intelligence indicated that chemical and biological weapons stocks may have been located at a complex known as al Qadisiyah Research Centre along the shore of the [[Lake Qadisiyah|al Qadisiyah reservoir]] among government and residential buildings, on the evening of 26 March, a [[DEVGRU]] assault element supported by B Company, [[2nd Ranger Battalion (United States)|2nd Battalion]], 75th Ranger Regiment assaulted the complex (codenamed Objective Beaver). While the first of four MH-60Ks inserted the Rangers into their blocking positions, it was engaged by small arms fire from a nearby building, an AH-6M spotted the muzzle flashes and fired a 2.75-inch rocket into the location silencing the small arms fire, the second MH-60K was also struck by small arms fire but its door gunner suppressed it. A-10As engaged nearby electricity transformers successfully blacking out the area, but it resulted in a series of explosions and a resulting fire at the stations that dramatically lit the sky – pinpointing the orbiting helicopters for enemy gunmen. Small arms fire increased as the final two MH-60Ks inserted their blocking teams, one Ranger was wounded, the two pairs of AH-6Ms and MH-60L DAPs supporting the mission continued to suppress targets as the four MH-47Es carrying the DEVGRU main assault force inserted under heavy enemy small arms fire while DEVGRU sniper teams aboard a pair of MH-6Ms engaged numerous gunmen and vehicles, one Nightstalker crew was wounded as the MH-47Es lifted off. The SEALs conducted a hasty SSE while the Ranger blocking positions received and returned fire, the AH-6Ms and the aerial snipers continued to engage enemy gunmen while the DAPs pushed further out to ensure no reinforcements approached – engaging and destroying numerous Fedayeen armed technicals. The SSE took longer than expected owing to the size and maze-like structure of the building, the mission completed after 45 minutes, later tests of the material recovered by DEVGRU showed no evidence of chemical or biological weapons at the Objective Beaver.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.133-134&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Operations in western Iraq====<br /> Bravo and Charlie companies of 1st Battalion [[5th SFG]] crossed the Kuwait border at H-Hour with ODA 531 using breaching demolition charges to clear a path through the sand berms. Charlie company's seven ODAs in 35 vehicles took the southeastern operation box of the western desert heading towards the towns of [[Nukhayb|Nukyab]], Habbariya and Mudyasis, ODA's 534 and 532 split off to head for the area surrounding Nukyab searching for mobile Scud-B TEL launch sites. ODA 532 also inserted a mobile weather station that provided planners with vital real time weather updates of the battle space. Bravo company set out for the central town of [[Ar Rutba]] and [[H-3 Air Base]] with six ODAs and a support ODB (Operational Detachment Bravo). ODAs 523 and 524 searched a suspected Scud-B storage facility while ODAs 521 and 525 were tasked with clearing several abandoned airfields, with no sign of Scud launchers, ODA 525 deployed a Special Reconnaissance team to conduct pattern of life surveillance on the town of Ar Rutba. A two-man team called in a pair of nearby F-16C Fighting Falcons to destroy an Iraqi Army radio direction-finding facility they had identified. A second reconnaissance team from ODA 525 deployed to cover the two highways leading to Ar Rutbah, however as the team was compromised by roving Bedouins who informed the Iraqi Army garrison at Ar Rutbah of the teams presence and location, armed Iraqi technicals crewed by the Fedayeen drove out to search for them, so the Green Berets mounted their GMVs, left their hide and found a position to ambush the Fedayeen, under the weight of fire the Fedayeen retreated. ODA 525 attempted to link up with the two-man reconnaissance team and extract it to safety but large numbers of Iraqi vehicles began driving out of the town to them, the ODAs called in immediate air support. While waiting, the reconnaissance team and Target Acquisition Marines fired on the Fedayeen leaders with their suppressed MK12 sniper rifle and contacted ODA 521 (who were clearing suspects east of the town) and they reinforced ODA 525. Within minutes, F-16Cs arrived and engaged the Fedayeen vehicles, another Fedayeen convoy attempted to outflank ODA 525 but ran into the guns of ODA 524, after 4 hours of constant and punishing airstrikes on the encircling Fedayeen, eight GMVs of ODA 521 and 525 managed to extract the exposed reconnaissance team under the cover of a B-1B strategic bomber, the vehicles withdrew to ODB 520s staging area south of Ar Rutbah. Over 100 Fedayeen fighters were killed and four armed technicals were destroyed. To the west ODA 523 reinforced ODA 524, but ran into a pair of armed technicals on the highway, both were destroyed by the GMVs, the Green Berets ceased fire when a civilian station wagon full of Iraqi children drove into the middle of the firefight. ODA 522 also identified two Fedayeen armed technicals proceeding down the highway toward ODA 523, they set an ambush for them, destroying the vehicles and killing 15 Fedayeen.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.108-111&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The strategic intent of the US Army Special Forces ODAs had been to shut down the main supply routes and deny access around Ar Rutbah and the strategically important H-3 air base, which was defended by a battalion of Iraqi troops and significant numbers of mobile and static anti aircraft guns. On 24 March, the surrounding ODAs supported by Task Force 7 (British [[Special Air Service]]) and Task Force 64 (Australian Special Air Service Regiment) called in constant 24 hours of precision airstrikes on H-3 using SOFLAM target designators, the aerial bombardment forced the Iraqi military vehicles to leave the base and headed towards Baghdad. ODA 521 over watching the highway they were travelling on ambushed the convoy destroying a truck mounted [[ZU-23]], the convoy was thrown into disarray, a sandstorm prevented the ODA calling in airstrikes and the convoy scattered into the desert. Bravo company 5th SFG and the coalition SOF secured the airfield, finding a [[Roland (missile)|Roland surface-to-air missile system]], around 80 assorted anti aircraft cannon guns including [[ZSU-23-4 Shilka]], [[9K32 Strela-2|SA-7 grail handheld SAMs]] and an enormous amount of ammunition. H-3 was established as an Advanced Operating Base for Bravo company, with supplies delivered by C-130s and MH-47Es; ODA 581 vehicle checkpoint managed to capture the Iraqi general in command of H-3 as he was trying to escape in civilian attire, he was secured and flown by an unmarked CIA SAD Air Branch Little Bird on 28 March for further interrogation. Additionally, ODA 523 discovered what may have been chemical weapons samples in a laboratory on the grounds of H-3.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.111-112&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bravo company turned its attention to Ar Rutbah, signals intercepts by SOT-A (Support Operations Team – Alpha) and an informer network among the Bedouins as well as inhabitants of the town indicated that around 800 Fedayeen remained in the town; Fedayeen patrols from the town were engaged by surrounding Green Berets and captured. ODAs guided precision airstrikes on Fedayeen anti aircraft guns on the outskirts of the town and on top of the airstrikes, they also struck large groups of Fedayeen militia with Javelin missiles. On 9 April, nine ODAs secured the main roads into the town and commenced a day of near continuous final airstrikes from fix-wing aircraft and Apache helicopters. Civilians from the town approached the Green Berets asking them to stop the bombing, the Green Berets struck a deal with the civilians and they entered the town the next day. A B-52 and 2 F-16Cs flew show of force flights over the town as the Green Berets entered, the Fedayeen blended in with the population. Within days, the Green Berets helped the town to elect a mayor and set up markets, get sixty percent of the electricity grid working and repair water supplies. ODA 521 and 525 continued to operate in the region, stopping several trucks carrying foreign fighters, they disarmed them, took their details and warned them not to come back before sending them to Syria; in late May, the teams were replaced by the [[3rd Armoured Cavalry Regiment]].&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.113-114&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Other special operations====<br /> [[File:T-54s, T-55s, Type 59s or Type 69s at Diwaniyah, Iraq.jpg|thumb|The destroyed remains of Iraqi tanks and other armored vehicles litter an Iraqi military complex west of [[Diwaniyah]]]]<br /> The 2nd [[Battalion]] of the U.S. [[5th Special Forces Group]], [[United States Army Special Forces|U.S. Army Special Forces]] (Green Berets) conducted reconnaissance in the cities of [[Basra]], [[Karbala]] and various other locations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.groups.sfahq.com/5th/03_04_29_before_war_sf.htm |title=SF in Iraq Long Before War Began |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=U.S. Army Special Forces Groups (Airborne) |access-date=18 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321015110/http://www.groups.sfahq.com/5th/03_04_29_before_war_sf.htm |archive-date=21 March 2015 }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=US Special Forces in Iraq Long Before War Began – 2003-04-29 |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/a-13-a-2003-04-29-32-us-67306707/381196.html |publisher=Voice of America |date=28 April 2003 |access-date=18 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320200358/http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-a-2003-04-29-32-us-67306707/381196.html |archive-date=20 March 2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After Sargat was taken, Bravo Company, 3rd Battalion, 10th SFG and CIA paramilitary officers along with their Kurdish allies pushed south towards [[Tikrit]] and the surrounding towns of Northern Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Leigh Neville|title=Special Operations Forces in Iraq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cqi3yVGkDZ8C&amp;pg=PA12|date=1 January 2012|publisher=Osprey Publishing|isbn=978-1-84908-826-8|pages=12–13|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914235907/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cqi3yVGkDZ8C&amp;pg=PA12|archive-date=14 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Previously, during the Battle of the Green Line, Bravo Company, 3/10 with their Kurdish allies pushed back, destroyed, or routed the 13th Iraqi Infantry Division.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Frank Antenori|author2=Hans Halberstadt|title=Roughneck Nine-One|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3rcU3nBOFO4C&amp;pg=PA133|date=24 May 2011|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-0-312-54414-0|pages=133–136|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915001924/https://books.google.com/books?id=3rcU3nBOFO4C&amp;pg=PA133|archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same company took Tikrit. Iraq was the largest deployment of the U.S. Special Forces since [[Vietnam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Alexander Stillwell|title=Special Forces in Action: Elite Forces Operations, 1991–2011|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHyIzfpCFycC&amp;pg=PT199|date=1 December 2012|publisher=Amber Books Ltd|isbn=978-1-909160-42-2|page=199|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919045517/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHyIzfpCFycC&amp;pg=PT199|archive-date=19 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ODA 563 worked in support of the US Marines around [[Al Diwaniyah]] with local Sheikhs and their militias supported by AV-8Bs and F/A-18s; managing to capture the city of Qwam al Hamza. The following day ODA 563, their local Sheikh and his militia and a small Force Recon team captured the bridge leading to Diwaniyah and the militia attacked Iraqi positions over the bridge, forcing the Iraqi army and Fedayeen to flee toward Baghdad while being harassed by Marine Corps aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.117-118&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Jessica Lynch rescue====<br /> [[File:JessicaLynch02.jpeg|thumb|A combat camera video shows the 1 April 2003 footage of PFC Jessica Lynch on a stretcher during her rescue from Iraq.]]<br /> [[Private first class]] [[Jessica Lynch]] of the [[507th Maintenance Company]] was seriously injured and captured after her convoy was ambushed by Iraqi forces during the Battle of Nasiriyah. Initial intelligence that led to her rescue was provided by an informant who approached ODA 553 when it was working in Nasiriyah, the intelligence was passed on and Task Force 20 planned a rescue mission.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} Launching from the recently captured airfield at Tallil, the rescue force consisted of 290 Rangers from [[1st Ranger Battalion (United States)|1st]] and [[2nd Ranger Battalion (United States)|2nd battalion]], 75th Ranger Regiment, around 60 SEALs from [[DEVGRU]] along with [[United States Air Force Pararescue|Pararescue Jumpers]] and [[Combat Controllers]] from the [[24th Special Tactics Squadron]] conventional Marines from Task Force Tarawa then currently fighting through the city and aviators from the Army, Marines and Air Force.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The plan called for Task Force Tarawa to conduct a deception mission by seizing the bridges across the Euphrates to draw attention away from the hospital Lynch was held at, an airstrike by U.S. Marine AV-8 Harriers would be conducted against one of the bridges to confuse the opposition further and U.S. Marine AH-1W Cobras were tasked to fly over the area to conceal the sound of incoming SOF helicopters. Air cover was provided by an AC-130 Spectre and a Marine EA-6B Prowler to jam any enemy SAM systems that might be present. With the deception mission underway, the SEAL and select Ranger elements would be inserted by MH-60K Blackhawks and four MH-6 Little Birds, supported by four AH-6 attack helicopters and two MH-60L DAPs, the other Rangers would be flown in by Marine CH-46s and CH-53 transport helicopters to establish a cordon around the hospital grounds. The main assault force of SEALs would arrive by a ground convoy of [[Pandur I|AGMS Pandur]] forearmed vehicles and GMV trucks while the hostage rescue element landed directly on the objective in MH-6 Little Birds.&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.131&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At 0100 on 1 April 2003, TF Tarawa commenced their deception mission, CIA elements cut the city's power as the helicopters approached their objective, the AH-6s led the way, behind them the MH-6s dropped off Task Force 20 sniper teams at strategic locations around and on the hospital. The DAPs and the AH-6s covered the MH-60Ks as they dropped off assault teams on the hospital roof and another by the front door, the ground assault convoy arrived and the assaulters raced inside and onto the second floor where Lynch was located. 13 minutes later, a MH-60K touched down near the hospital entrance with a team of PJs and SOAR medics on board and transported Lynch to Tallil where it rendezvoused with a standby medical flight and then onto Kuwait, and finally the U.S.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The hospital was devoid of any Fedayeen,{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} although evidence suggested they were using it as a base; the Ranger blocking teams experienced some sporadic direct fire, the SEALs and the Rangers eventually recovered the remains of eight members of Lynch's unit that had been killed or died of their wounds. Task Force 20 carried out one of the first successful U.S. [[prisoner of war]] rescue missions since [[World War II]].&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.132&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Fall of Baghdad (April 2003)===<br /> {{Main|Battle of Baghdad (2003)}}<br /> <br /> [[File:DerelictAsadBabil.JPEG|thumb|left|A T72 ''Asad Babil'' abandoned after facing the final U.S. thrust into Baghdad]]<br /> <br /> Three weeks into the invasion, the Army's [[3rd Infantry Division (United States)|3rd Infantry Division]], with the [[1st Marine Division]] also present, moved into Baghdad.&lt;ref name=&quot;forces&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&amp;contentId=A33016-2003Apr5&amp;notFound=true |title = U.S. Forces Enter the Heart of Baghdad |newspaper = The Washington Post |access-date = 19 November 2006 |first = Alan |last = Sipress |date = 5 April 2003 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180821114627/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/?pagename=article&amp;contentId=A33016-2003Apr5&amp;notFound=true |archive-date = 21 August 2018 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Units of the Iraqi [[Special Republican Guard]] led the defence of the city. The rest of the defenders were a mixture of Republican Guard units, regular army units, Fedayeen Saddam, and non-Iraqi Arab volunteers. Initial plans were for coalition units to surround the city and gradually move in, forcing Iraqi armor and ground units to cluster into a central pocket in the city, and then attack with air and artillery forces.<br /> [[File:UStanks baghdad 2003.JPEG|thumb|U.S. Army [[M1 Abrams#M1A1|M1A1 Abrams]] tanks and their crews pose for a photo in front of the &quot;[[Victory Arch]]&quot; monument at [[Baghdad]]'s Ceremony Square in November 2003.]]<br /> This plan soon became unnecessary, as an initial engagement of armored units south of the city saw most of the Republican Guard's assets destroyed and routes in the southern outskirts of the city occupied. On 5 April, Task Force [[64th Armor Regiment|1–64 Armor]] of the U.S. Army's 3rd Infantry Division executed a raid, later called the &quot;Thunder Run&quot;, to test remaining Iraqi defenses, with 29 tanks and 14 Bradley armored fighting vehicles advancing to the [[Baghdad airport]]. They met significant resistance, but were successful in reaching the airport, and eventually secured it after heavy fighting.<br /> <br /> [[File:IrakKriegM1A1USA.jpg|thumb|An American M1 Abrams tank destroyed in Baghdad]]<br /> <br /> The next day, another brigade of the 3rd Infantry Division attacked downtown Baghdad and occupied one of the palaces of Saddam Hussein in fierce fighting. U.S. Marines also faced heavy shelling from Iraqi artillery as they attempted to cross a river bridge, but the river crossing was successful. The Iraqis managed to inflict some casualties on the U.S. forces near the airport from defensive positions but suffered severe casualties from air bombardment. Within hours of the palace seizure and with television coverage of this spreading through Iraq, U.S. forces ordered Iraqi forces within Baghdad to surrender, or the city would face a full-scale assault. Iraqi government officials had either disappeared or had conceded defeat.<br /> <br /> On 9 April 2003, Baghdad was formally occupied by coalition forces,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/466623/iraqis-mark-10-year-anniversary-of-fall-of-baghdad-with-grief-and-relief/|title=Iraqis mark 10-year anniversary of fall of Baghdad with grief, relief|website=Global News|date=9 April 2013|access-date=5 January 2026|archive-date=16 January 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116085057/https://globalnews.ca/news/466623/iraqis-mark-10-year-anniversary-of-fall-of-baghdad-with-grief-and-relief/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/saddam-statue|title=Then and Now: What Replaced the Toppled Saddam Statue?|date=26 August 2010|website=PBS News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20130409-iraq-war-10-years-fall-anniversary-baghdad-saddam|title=Iraqis mark 10 years since the fall of Baghdad|date=9 April 2013|website=France 24|access-date=5 January 2026|archive-date=14 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814121723/https://www.france24.com/en/20130409-iraq-war-10-years-fall-anniversary-baghdad-saddam|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a statue of Saddam was toppled.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/08/toppling-saddam-hussein-statue-iraq-us-victory-myth|title=The toppling of Saddam's statue: how the US military made a myth|first=Alex|last=von Tunzelmann|work=The Guardian |date=8 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Much of Baghdad remained unsecured, however, and fighting continued within the city and its outskirts well into the period of occupation. Saddam had vanished, and his whereabouts were unknown.<br /> <br /> [[File:Marines in Saddams palace DM-SD-04-12222.jpg|left|alt=photograph of three Marines entering a partially destroyed stone palace with a mural of Arabic script|thumb|Marines from [[1st Battalion 7th Marines]] enter a palace during the [[Battle of Baghdad (2003)|Battle of Baghdad]]]]<br /> <br /> On 10 April, a rumor emerged that Saddam Hussein and his top aides were in a mosque complex in the Al Az'Amiyah District of Baghdad. Three companies of Marines were sent to capture him and came under heavy fire from rocket-propelled grenades, mortars, and assault rifles. One Marine was killed and 20 were wounded, but neither Saddam or any of his top aides were found. U.S. forces supported by mortars, artillery, and aircraft continued to attack Iraqi forces still loyal to Saddam Hussein and non-Iraqi Arab volunteers. U.S. aircraft flying in support were met with Iraqi anti-aircraft fire. On 12 April, by late afternoon, all fighting had ceased. A total of 34 American soldiers and 2,320 Iraqi fighters were killed.<br /> <br /> Many Iraqis celebrated the downfall of Saddam by vandalizing the many portraits and statues of him together with other pieces of his [[cult of personality]]. One widely publicized event was the dramatic toppling of a large statue of Saddam in Baghdad's [[Firdos Square]]. This attracted considerable media coverage at the time. As the British ''[[Daily Mirror]]'' reported, [[File:SaddamStatue.jpg|thumb|upright|The April 2003 [[Firdos Square statue destruction|toppling of Saddam Hussein's statue]] in [[Firdos Square]] in Baghdad shortly after the [[Battle of Baghdad (2003)|capture of the city]]]]{{blockquote|For an oppressed people this final act in the fading daylight, the wrenching down of this ghastly symbol of the regime, is their [[Berlin Wall]] moment. Big Moustache has had his day.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Anton Antonowicz, &quot;Toppling Saddam's Statue Is The Final Triumph For These Oppressed People&quot;, ''The Mirror'', 10 April 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The fall of Baghdad saw the outbreak of regional, sectarian violence throughout the country, as Iraqi tribes and cities began to fight each other over old grudges. The Iraqi cities of [[Al-Kut]] and [[Nasiriyah]] launched attacks on each other immediately following the fall of Baghdad to establish dominance in the new country, and the U.S.-led coalition quickly found themselves embroiled in a potential civil war. U.S.-led coalition forces ordered the cities to cease hostilities immediately, explaining that Baghdad would remain the capital of the new Iraqi government. Nasiriyah responded favorably and quickly backed down; however, Al-Kut placed snipers on the main roadways into town, with orders that invading forces were not to enter the city. After several minor skirmishes, the snipers were removed, but tensions and violence between regional, city, tribal, and familial groups continued.<br /> [[File:Grateful Iraqis welcome American Marines during the 2003 Invasion of Iraq.ogg|alt=video of US Marines entering the city|U.S. Marines being welcomed while entering Baghdad in April 2003|right|thumb]]<br /> Tommy Franks assumed control of Iraq as the supreme commander of the coalition occupation forces. Shortly after the sudden collapse of the defense of Baghdad, rumors were circulating in Iraq and elsewhere that there had been a deal struck (a &quot;safqua&quot;) wherein the U.S.-led coalition had bribed key members of the Iraqi military elite and/or the Ba'ath party itself to stand down. In May 2003, Franks retired, and confirmed in an interview that the U.S.-led coalition had paid Iraqi military leaders to defect. The extent of the defections and their effect on the war are unclear.<br /> <br /> U.S.-led coalition troops promptly began searching for the key members of Saddam's government. These individuals were identified by a variety of means, most famously through sets of [[most-wanted Iraqi playing cards]]. Later during the [[military occupation]] period after the invasion, on 22 July during a raid by the U.S. 101st Airborne Division and men from [[Task Force 20]], Uday and Qusay Hussein, as well as one of Saddam's grandsons were killed in a massive fire-fight. Saddam himself was [[Capture of Saddam Hussein|captured on 13 December]].<br /> <br /> ===Other areas===<br /> <br /> U.S. special forces had also been involved in the extreme south of Iraq, attempting to occupy key roads to Syria and air bases. In one case two armored platoons were used to convince Iraqi leadership that an entire armored battalion was entrenched in the west of Iraq.{{citation needed|date=April 2023}}<br /> <br /> On 15 April, U.S. forces took control of [[Tikrit]], the last major outpost in central Iraq, with an attack led by the Marines' [[Task Force Tripoli]]. About a week later, the Marines were relieved in place by the Army's 4th Infantry Division.<br /> <br /> Coalition aircraft flew over 41,000 sorties,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.afhso.af.mil/topics/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=18635 |title=Operation Iraqi Freedom |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=16 October 2014 |website=Air Force Historical Support Division |publisher=United States Air Force |access-date=16 March 2015 |quote=n the first six weeks, coalition air forces flew more than 41,000 sorties and the USAF accounted for more than 24,000 of the total. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313040611/http://www.afhso.af.mil/topics/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=18635 |archive-date=13 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book|author=Benjamin Benjamin Lambeth|title=The Unseen War: Allied Air Power and the Takedown of Saddam Hussein|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L_5mAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT135|date=15 October 2013|publisher=Naval Institute Press|isbn=978-1-61251-312-6|page=135}}&lt;/ref&gt; of which over 9,000 were tanker sorties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Anthony H. Cordesman|title=The Iraq War: Strategy, Tactics, and Military Lessons|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7cU8Kpzu9osC&amp;pg=PA204|year=2003|publisher=CSIS|isbn=978-0-89206-432-8|page=204}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Aftermath of the invasion==<br /> {{Main|Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> After the invasion, several factors contributed to the destabilization of Iraq. On 23 May, [[L. Paul Bremer]] issued [[Coalition Provisional Authority Order Number 2]], dissolving the Iraqi Army and other entities of the Ba'athist state. Ba'athists were excluded from the newly formed Iraqi government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=L. Paul Bremer |title=Coalition Provisonal Suthority[''sic''] Order Number 2: Dissoulution[''sic''] of Entities |date=23 May 2003 |url=http://www.iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20030823_CPAORD_2_Dissolution_of_Entities_with_Annex_A.pdf |access-date=9 December 2008 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040701202042/http://iraqcoalition.org/regulations/20030823_CPAORD_2_Dissolution_of_Entities_with_Annex_A.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The first postwar election was won by the [[United Iraqi Alliance]], an electoral coalition composed of mainly Shi’ite groups, which proceeded to ostracize Sunnis. [[Shia]] militia groups pushed [[Sunnis]] out of several areas, even emptying entire Sunni neighborhoods in [[Baghdad]] during the [[2007 troop surge]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sjursen |first1=Danny |title=I Was Part of the Iraq War Surge. It Was a Disaster. |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/i-was-part-of-the-iraq-war-surge-it-was-an-utter-disaster/ |access-date=9 April 2020 |date=9 March 2017 |archive-date=8 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408185355/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/i-was-part-of-the-iraq-war-surge-it-was-an-utter-disaster/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kingsbury |first1=Alex |title=Why the 2007 surge in Iraq actually failed – The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/11/17/why-surge-iraq-actually-failed-and-what-that-means-today/0NaI9JrbtSs1pAZvgzGtaL/story.html |website=Boston Globe |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=11 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411143422/https://www.bostonglobe.com/opinion/2014/11/17/why-surge-iraq-actually-failed-and-what-that-means-today/0NaI9JrbtSs1pAZvgzGtaL/story.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Beaumont |first1=Peter |title=Sects slice up Iraq as US troops 'surge' misfires |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/04/usa.iraq |website=The Guardian |access-date=9 April 2020 |date=4 March 2007 |archive-date=21 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221004238/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/mar/04/usa.iraq |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Cole1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cole |first1=Juan |title=A Social History of the Surge |url=https://www.juancole.com/2008/07/social-history-of-surge.html |website=Informed Comment |access-date=9 April 2020 |date=24 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. military established prison camps where disgruntled Iraqis, former Ba'athists, and jihadists met. [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], future leader of the [[Islamic State]], joined [[al-Qaeda in Iraq]] (AQI) while detained at [[Camp Bucca]] in 2004. AQI member [[Ahmed al-Sharaa]], the future leader of [[al-Nusra Front]] and [[Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham]], and future [[President of Syria|Syrian president]], was also held there and released in 2008. All these factors contributed to Iraq's sectarian violence and the formation and spread of terrorist organizations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Stern |first1=Jessica |last2=McBride |first2=Megan |title=Terrorism after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq |url=https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2013/Terrorism%20after%20the%202003%20Invasion%20of%20Iraq.pdf |publisher=Brown University |access-date=9 April 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303173249/https://watson.brown.edu/costsofwar/files/cow/imce/papers/2013/Terrorism%20after%20the%202003%20Invasion%20of%20Iraq.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brookings1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Byman |first1=Daniel L. |title=Iraq and the Global War on Terrorism |url=https://www.brookings.edu/articles/iraq-and-the-global-war-on-terrorism/ |website=Brookings |access-date=9 April 2020 |year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=McCoy|first1=Terrence|title=How the Islamic State evolved in an American prison|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/11/04/how-an-american-prison-helped-ignite-the-islamic-state/|access-date=5 November 2014|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=4 November 2014|archive-date=6 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141106155125/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/11/04/how-an-american-prison-helped-ignite-the-islamic-state/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Soufan&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Richard Barrett|title=The Islamic State|url=http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf|website=soufangroup.com|publisher=The Soufan Group|access-date=12 December 2014|date=November 2014|quote=The alliance between members of AQI and ex-Ba’athist was also strengthened by many of them finding themselves thrown together in United States detention centers in Iraq such as Camp Bucca.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713102203/http://soufangroup.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/TSG-The-Islamic-State-Nov14.pdf|archive-date=13 July 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian121114&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author1=Martin Chulov|title=Isis: the inside story|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/11/-sp-isis-the-inside-story|access-date=11 December 2014|work=The Guardian|date=11 December 2014|quote=We could never have all got together like this in Baghdad, or anywhere else,&quot; he told me. &quot;It would have been impossibly dangerous. Here, we were not only safe, but we were only a few hundred metres away from the entire al-Qaida leadership|archive-date=12 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412155616/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/11/-sp-isis-the-inside-story|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TOI20131104&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title = Elusive Al-Qaeda leader in Syria stays in shadows| url = http://www.timesofisrael.com/elusive-al-qaeda-leader-in-syria-stays-in-shadows/| website = The Times of Israel| date = 4 November 2013| access-date = 15 June 2015| archive-date = 24 December 2018| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224195240/http://www.timesofisrael.com/elusive-al-qaeda-leader-in-syria-stays-in-shadows/| url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Bush declares an end to major combat operations (May 2003)===<br /> <br /> {{Main|Mission Accomplished speech}}<br /> <br /> [[File:USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) Mission Accomplished.jpg|thumb|left|USS ''Abraham Lincoln'' returning to port carrying its ''[[2003 Mission Accomplished Speech|Mission Accomplished]]'' banner]]<br /> On 1 May 2003, Bush gave a speech on the aircraft carrier {{USS|Abraham Lincoln|CVN-72|6}}, announcing the end of major combat operations in the Iraq war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Political Circus: 'Mission Accomplished' finds a home |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/11/18/political.circus/index.html |access-date=24 February 2022 |work=CNN |language=en |archive-date=28 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328104529/https://edition.cnn.com/2010/POLITICS/11/18/political.circus/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; While he gave the speech, there was a banner hanging behind him that wrote &quot;Mission Accomplished&quot;. The banner, made by [[White House]] staff at the request of the U.S. Navy,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/10/28/mission.accomplished/ |title=White House pressed on 'mission accomplished' sign |last=Bash |first=Dana |publisher=CNN |date=29 October 2003 |access-date =21 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060715123158/http://www.cnn.com/2003/ALLPOLITICS/10/28/mission.accomplished/|archive-date=15 July 2006 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; was criticized as premature. The White House subsequently released a statement that the sign and Bush's visit referred to the initial invasion of Iraq, and disputing the charge of theatrics. The speech itself noted: &quot;We have difficult work to do in Iraq. We are bringing order to parts of that country that remain dangerous.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/text-of-bush-speech-01-05-2003/ |title=Text of Bush Speech |agency=Associated Press |date=1 May 2003 |access-date=21 July 2006 |work=CBS News |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412050435/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2003/05/01/iraq/main551946.shtml |archive-date=12 April 2008 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Post-invasion Iraq]] was marked by a long conflict between U.S.-led forces and [[Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)|Iraqi insurgents]].<br /> {{clear}}<br /> <br /> ==Coalition and Allied contingent involvement==<br /> [[File:Coalition of the willing.svg|thumb|right|250px|The &quot;[[coalition of the willing]]&quot; named by the [[US State Department]] in 2003.]]<br /> Members of the coalition included Australia: 2,000 invasion, Poland: 200 invasion—2,500 peak, Spain: 1,300 invasion, UK: 46,000 invasion, U.S.: 150,000 to 250,000 invasion. Other members of the coalition were Afghanistan, Albania, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, [[Dancon/Irak|Denmark]], Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, [[Georgian involvement in the Iraq War|Georgia]], Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, [[Italian involvement in the Iraq War|Italy]], [[Japanese Iraq Reconstruction and Support Group|Japan]], Kuwait, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Mongolia, the Netherlands, Nicaragua, Palau, Panama, the Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Singapore, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, [[Zaytun Division|South Korea]], Tonga, Turkey, Uganda, [[Ukrainian involvement in the Iraq War|Ukraine]], and Uzbekistan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://c21.maxwell.af.mil/iraq.htm#willing |title=Operation Iraqi Freedom |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=13 March 2006 |website=Conflict 21 |publisher=United States Air Force |access-date=12 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819113655/http://c21.maxwell.af.mil/iraq.htm#willing |archive-date=19 August 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fifteen other countries were &quot;providing assistance, such as over-flight rights, but which do not want to declare support.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2862343.stm|author=Steve Schifferes|title=US names 'coalition of the willing'|work=BBC News|date=18 March 2003|access-date=17 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225062850/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2862343.stm|archive-date=25 February 2008|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Australia ===<br /> [[File:US Navy 030321-N-4655M-028 Coalition Navy Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) team members inspect camouflaged mines hidden inside oil barrels on the deck of an Iraqi shipping barge.jpg|thumb|Members of the [[Royal Australian Navy|RAN]] Clearance Diving Team Three and an [[Australian Army]] [[LCM-8]] inspecting camouflaged mines, 21 March 2003.]]<br /> {{main|Australian involvement in the Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> Australia contributed approximately 2,000 [[Australian Defence Force]] personnel, including a special forces task group, three warships and 14 [[F/A-18 Hornet]] aircraft.&lt;ref&gt;Dennis et al. (2008), p. 248.&lt;/ref&gt; On 16 April 2003, [[Australian contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq#Forces committed|Australian special operations]] forces captured the undefended [[Al Asad air base]] west of Baghdad. The base would later become the second largest coalition facility post-invasion.<br /> <br /> === Poland ===<br /> {{main|Polish involvement in the Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> [[File:GROM DN-SD-04-01612.JPEG|thumb|left|Polish [[GROM]] troops immediately after the port's capture during the [[Battle of Umm Qasr]]]]<br /> The [[Battle of Umm Qasr]] was the first military confrontation in the Iraq War, with its objective the capture of the port. Polish [[GROM]] troops supported the amphibious assault on Umm Qasr with the British [[3 Commando Brigade]] of the [[Royal Marines]], and the U.S. [[15th Marine Expeditionary Unit]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,920580,00.html Fierce battle around port] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418212555/https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,920580,00.html |date=18 April 2023 }},&quot; ''The Guardian'', 24 March 2003&lt;/ref&gt; After the waterway was de-mined by a Detachment from [[HM-14]] and Naval Special Clearance Team ONE of the U.S. Navy and reopened, Umm Qasr played an important role in the shipment of humanitarian supplies to Iraqi civilians.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Iraq aid confined to south&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 2 April 2003&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === United Kingdom ===<br /> {{main|British involvement in the Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> In Operation TELIC, British troops participated in the invasion. The 1st Armoured Division was deployed to the [[Persian Gulf]] and commanded British forces in the area, securing areas in southern Iraq, including the city of [[Basra]] during the invasion. A total of 46,000 troops of all the British services were committed to the operation at its start, including some 5,000 [[Royal Navy]] and [[Royal Fleet Auxiliary]] sailors and 4,000 [[Royal Marines]], 26,000 [[British Army]] soldiers, and 8,100 RAF airmen. The British special forces deployment was codenamed Operation Row and were known as Task Force 7 under Combined Joint Special Operations Task Force-West (Task Force Dagger).&lt;ref&gt;Neville, Leigh, '' Special Forces in the War on Terror (General Military)'', Osprey Publishing, 2015 {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0790-8}}, p.90&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Summary of the invasion==<br /> [[File:AirForce over Iraq.jpg|thumb|upright|American, British, and Australian counterparts stationed together at [[Al Udeid Air Base]], Qatar, flying on 14 April 2003]]<br /> <br /> The U.S.-led coalition forces toppled the government and captured the key cities of a large nation in only 26 days. The invasion did require a large army build-up like the 1991 Gulf War, but many did not see combat and many were withdrawn after the invasion ended. This proved to be short-sighted, however, due to the requirement for a much larger force to combat the irregular Iraqi forces in the [[Iraqi insurgency (2003–11)|Iraqi insurgency]]. General [[Eric Shinseki]], U.S. Army Chief of Staff, recommended &quot;several hundred thousand&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dave Moniz, ''USA Today'', 2 June 2003&lt;/ref&gt; troops be used to maintain post-war order, but then Rumsfeld—and especially his deputy, civilian [[Paul Wolfowitz]]—strongly disagreed. [[General Abizaid]] later said General Shinseki had been right.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/15/world/americas/15iht-cong.3553734.html |title=Top U.S. general resists calls for pullout from Iraq |work=International Herald Tribune |date=15 November 2006 |first=Brian |last=Knowlton |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919012551/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/15/world/americas/15iht-cong.3553734.html |archive-date=19 September 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Iraqi army, armed mainly with older Soviet and Eastern European built equipment,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Thomas C. Bruneau|author2=Florina Cristiana Matei|title=The Routledge Handbook of Civil-Military Relations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=opJKzPZiADkC&amp;pg=PA139|date=12 November 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-25320-1|pages=139–140|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915004029/https://books.google.com/books?id=opJKzPZiADkC&amp;pg=PA139|archive-date=15 September 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; was overall ill-equipped in comparison to the American and British forces. Attacks on U.S. [[Main Supply Route|supply routes]] by Fedayeen militiamen were repulsed. The Iraqis' artillery proved largely ineffective, and they were unable to mobilize their air force to attempt a defense. The Iraqi [[T-72]] tanks, the most powerful armored vehicles in the Iraqi army, were both outdated and ill-maintained, and when they were mobilized they were rapidly destroyed, thanks in part to the coalition [[air supremacy]]. The U.S. Air Force, Marine Corps and Naval Aviation, and RAF operated with impunity throughout the country, pinpointing heavily defended resistance targets and destroying them before ground troops arrived. The [[main battle tank]]s of American and British forces, the U.S. [[M1 Abrams]] and British [[Challenger 2]], functioned well in the rapid advance across the country. Despite the many [[Rocket-propelled grenade|RPG]] attacks by irregular Iraqi forces, few U.S. and UK tanks were lost, and no tank crew-members were killed by hostile fire, although nearly 40 M1 Abrams were damaged in the attacks.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;During Operation Iraqi Freedom, as many as 40 Abrams tanks were damaged by RPGs. Most were repaired.&quot; ''Battle Tanks: Power in the Field'', Page 33, Enslow Publishers, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; The only tank loss sustained by the British Army was a Challenger 2 of the [[Queen's Royal Lancers]] that was hit by another Challenger 2, killing two crew members.<br /> <br /> The Iraqi army suffered from poor [[morale]], even among the elite Republican Guard. Entire units disbanded into the crowds upon the approach of invading troops, or actually sought out American and British forces to surrender to. Many Iraqi commanding officers were bribed by the CIA or coerced into surrendering. The leadership of the Iraqi army was incompetent – reports state that [[Qusay Hussein]], charged with the defense of Baghdad, dramatically shifted the positions of the two main divisions protecting Baghdad several times in the days before the arrival of U.S. forces, and as a result the units were confused, and further demoralized when American forces attacked. The invasion force did not see the entire Iraqi military thrown against it; American and British units had orders to move to and seize objective target points rather than seek to engage Iraqi units. This resulted in most regular Iraqi military units emerging from the war without having been engaged, and fully intact, especially in southern Iraq. It is assumed that most units disintegrated to return to their homes.<br /> <br /> According to a declassified [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]] report, &quot;The largest contributing factor to the complete defeat of Iraq's military forces was the continued interference by Saddam.&quot; The report, designed to help American officials understand in hindsight how Saddam and his military commanders prepared for and fought the invasion, paints a picture of an Iraqi government blind to the threat it faced, hampered by Saddam's inept military leadership and deceived by its own propaganda and inability to believe an invasion was imminent without further Iraqi provocation. The report portrays Saddam Hussein as &quot;chronically out of touch with reality&amp;nbsp;– preoccupied with the prevention of domestic unrest and with the threat posed by Iran.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4843394.stm |title=Russia denies Iraq secrets claim |work=BBC News |date=25 March 2006 |access-date=7 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061223055637/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4843394.stm |archive-date=23 December 2006 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Casualties==<br /> {{Main|Casualties of the Iraq War|Humanitarian crises of the Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> ===Death toll===<br /> Estimates on the number of casualties during the invasion in Iraq vary widely. Estimates on civilian casualties are more variable than those for military personnel. Approximately 7,500 civilians were killed during the invasion phase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iraqbodycount.org/press/pr12.php |title=Iraq Body Count: A Dossier of Civilian Casualties in Iraq, 2003–2005. |access-date=2 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109215135/http://www.iraqbodycount.org/ |archive-date=9 November 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Project on Defense Alternatives study estimated that 3,200–4,300 civilians died during the invasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;pda&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===War crimes and allegations===<br /> {{See also|International Criminal Court and the 2003 invasion of Iraq}}<br /> <br /> Fedayeen Saddam militia, Republican Guard, and Iraqi security forces were reported to have executed Iraqi soldiers who tried to surrender on multiple occasions, as well as threatening the families of those who refused to fight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://warchronicle.com/Exclusive/NatHelms/ThunderingThird.htm |title=ThunderingThird |publisher=Warchronicle.com |access-date=1 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121083623/http://www.warchronicle.com/Exclusive/NatHelms/ThunderingThird.htm |archive-date=21 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1004595,00.html |title=We Are Slaughtering Them |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |first1=Jim |last1=Lacey |first2=Brian |last2=Bennett |first3=Michael |last3=Ware |first4=Alex |last4=Perry |first5=Simon |last5=Robinson |first6=Sanjay |last6=Gupta |date=7 April 2003 |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120130090922/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1004595,00.html |archive-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0303/28/se.22.html |title=Pentagon Briefing |publisher=CNN |access-date=1 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522061815/http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0303/28/se.22.html |archive-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; One such incident was directly observed during the [[Battle of Debecka Pass]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/feature/javelin_warfighters/battle/index.html |title=Raytheon Company: Special Interest Stories: The Battle of Debecka Pass Iraq |publisher=Raytheon.com |access-date=1 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081108024624/http://www.raytheon.com/newsroom/feature/javelin_warfighters/battle/index.html |archive-date=8 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Many incidents of Fedayeen fighters using [[human shield]]s were reported from various towns in Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1203/5.htm#_Toc57442265 |publisher=Human Rights Watch |title=Iraqi use of human shields |access-date=13 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727123719/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1203/5.htm#_Toc57442265 |archive-date=27 July 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraqi Republican Guard units were also reported to be using human shields.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage1&quot; /&gt; Some reports indicate that the Fedayeen used ambulances to deliver messages and transport fighters into combat. On 31 March, Fedayeen in a [[Red Crescent]]-marked ambulance attacked American soldiers outside Nasiriyah, wounding three.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1203/5.htm#_Toc57442266 |title=Human Rights Watch Iraqi abuse of Red Cross and Red Crescent emblems |publisher=Human Rights Watch |access-date=13 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727123719/http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1203/5.htm#_Toc57442266 |archive-date=27 July 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; During the [[Battle of Basra (2003)|Battle of Basra]], British forces of the [[Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)|Black Watch]] reported that on 28 March, Fedayeen forces opened fire on thousands of civilian refugees fleeing the city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/mar/28/iraq.ashleydavies1 |title=Iraqi militia 'fired on fleeing civilians' |work=The Guardian |location=London |access-date=13 September 2009 |first=Mark |last=Oliver |date=28 March 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826165316/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/mar/28/iraq.ashleydavies1|archive-date=26 August 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/03/28/819229.htm |title=Civilians fired on in Basra: UK |work=ABC News |location=Australia |date=28 March 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123111818/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2003/03/28/819229.htm |archive-date=23 November 2010 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> After the ambush of the [[507th Maintenance Company]] during the [[Battle of Nasiriyah]] on 23 March, the bodies of several Americans soldiers who had been killed in the ambush were shown on Iraqi television. Some of these soldiers had visible gunshot wounds to the head, leading to speculation that they had been executed. Except for Sgt. Donald Walters, no evidence has since surfaced to support this scenario and it is generally accepted that the soldiers were killed in action. Five live prisoners of war were also interviewed on the air, a violation of the [[Third Geneva Convention]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/24/1048354495010.html |title=Iraqi TV shows US dead and POWs |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=24 March 2003 |access-date=13 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112090142/http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/24/1048354495010.html |archive-date=12 November 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/press_box/2003/03/pow_tv.single.html|title=How POW TV violates the Geneva Conventions|work=Slate|access-date=9 September 2015|date=March 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017063114/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/press_box/2003/03/pow_tv.single.html|archive-date=17 October 2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sergeant Walters was initially reported to have been killed in the ambush after killing several Fedayeen before running out of ammunition. However, an eyewitness later reported that he had seen Walters being guarded by several Fedayeen in front of a building. Forensics work later found Walters' blood in front of the building and blood spatter suggesting he died from two gunshot wounds to the back at close range. This led the Army to conclude that Walters had been executed after being captured, and he was posthumously awarded the [[Prisoner of War Medal]] in 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Mike Mount|url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/05/27/iraq.pow/index.html |title=Status changed for soldier killed in Iraq: Investigation shows POW was murdered |publisher=CNN |date=28 May 2004 |access-date=13 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424201701/http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/05/27/iraq.pow/index.html |archive-date=24 April 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2004-05-28-soldier-ambush_x.htm |title=U.S. military: Iraqis captured, murdered soldier in the 507th |work=USA Today |date=28 May 2004 |access-date=13 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325041222/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2004-05-28-soldier-ambush_x.htm |archive-date=25 March 2009 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It was alleged in the authorized biography of Pfc. [[Jessica Lynch]] that she was raped by her captors after her capture, based on medical reports and the pattern of her injuries, though this is not supported by Lynch.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-11-06-lynch_x.htm|title=Lynch book tells of rape by captors|author=Rick Hampson|work=USA Today|access-date=24 April 2007|date=7 November 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427042218/http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2003-11-06-lynch_x.htm|archive-date=27 April 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mohammed Odeh al-Rehaief]], who later helped American forces rescue Lynch, stated that he saw an Iraqi Colonel slap Lynch while she was in her hospital bed.&lt;ref name=&quot;MohammedStory&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=3 April 2003|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2003-04-03-jessica-inside-usat_x.htm|title=Iraqi lawyer's courage leads Marines to Lynch|work=USA Today|access-date=20 April 2015|author=Lynch, David J.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417043034/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/2003-04-03-jessica-inside-usat_x.htm|archive-date=17 April 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The staff at the hospital where Lynch was held later denied both stories, saying that Lynch was well cared for.&lt;ref name=&quot;Cnn20070410&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/04/10/congress.probes/ |title=House panel to probe reports on Tillman, Jessica Lynch |date=10 April 2007 |publisher=CNN |access-date=24 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601215308/http://edition.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/04/10/congress.probes/ |archive-date=1 June 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; While Lynch suffers from [[amnesia]] due to her injuries, she denied any mistreatment while in captivity.<br /> <br /> Also on 23 March, a British Army engineering unit made a wrong turn near the town of [[Az Zubayr]], which was still held by Iraqi forces. The unit was ambushed and Sapper Luke Allsopp and Staff Sergeant Simon Cullingworth became separated from the rest. Both were captured and executed by Iraqi irregular forces. In 2006, a video of Allsopp lying on the ground surrounded by Iraqi irregular forces was discovered.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Payne |first=Stewart |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530205/Soldier-killed-in-convoy-ambush-%27was-alive-for-four-hours-surrounded-by-mob%27.html |title=Soldier killed in convoy ambush 'was alive for four hours surrounded by mob' |work=The Telegraph |date=30 September 2006 |access-date=13 September 2009 |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204002718/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1530205/Soldier-killed-in-convoy-ambush-%27was-alive-for-four-hours-surrounded-by-mob%27.html |archive-date=4 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During the Battle of Nasiriyah, Iraqi irregulars [[perfidy|feigned surrender]] to approach an American unit securing a bridge. After getting close to the soldiers, the Iraqis suddenly opened fire, killing 10 soldiers and wounding 40.&lt;ref name=&quot;heritage1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/Research/Iraq/wm260.cfm|title=Saddam Hussein's Violations of the Geneva Convention|publisher=Heritage Foundation|access-date=13 September 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926225448/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Iraq/wm260.cfm|archive-date=26 September 2009|url-status=unfit}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, American forces reinforced security procedures for dealing with prisoners of war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sfchronicle.us/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/03/24/MN236623.DTL |archive-url=https://archive.today/20111110184640/http://sfchronicle.us/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2003/03/24/MN236623.DTL |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 November 2011 |title=U.S. troops' 'blood is up' over fake surrender |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=24 March 2003 |access-date=13 September 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Marine Sergeant Fernando Padilla-Ramirez was reported missing from his supply unit after an ambush north of Nasiriyah on 28 March. His body was later dragged through the streets of [[Ash-Shatrah]] and hung in the town square, and later taken down and buried by sympathetic locals. The corpse was discovered by U.S. forces on 10 April.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.azcentral.com/specials/special45/articles/profiles-part1.html |title=Invasion: Into the breach |work=The Arizona Republic |access-date=1 September 2008 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525035557/http://www.azcentral.com/specials/special45/articles/profiles-part1.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=3750 |title=Defenselink News Release: Dod Announces Change In Marine Casualty Status |publisher=Defenselink.mil |access-date=1 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910142414/http://www.defenselink.mil/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=3750|archive-date=10 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Evan Wright]], ''Generation Kill'', page 228. Berkley Publishing Group, 2004. {{ISBN|978-0-399-15193-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, [[Amnesty International]] released a report calling for accountability and reparations for human rights violations perpetrated by the coalition during the invasion and subsequent occupation between 2003 and 2011. They cited violations of international humanitarian law including secret prisons, torture and other cruel treatment of detainees, indiscriminate attacks that killed and injured civilians, and forced disappearances.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amnesty&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Iraq: 20 years since the US-led coalition invaded Iraq, impunity reigns supreme |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/03/iraq-20-years-since-the-us-led-coalition-invaded-iraq-impunity-reigns-supreme/ |website=Amnesty International |date=20 March 2023 |access-date=28 August 2023 |archive-date=1 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250201130744/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/03/iraq-20-years-since-the-us-led-coalition-invaded-iraq-impunity-reigns-supreme/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The report stated that both Bush&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Messerschmidt |first1=James W. |title=Masculinities and Crime |date=6 August 2018 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |isbn=978-1442220386 |edition=25 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xo0gTQg5oi8C}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Rumsfeld&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Donald Rumsfeld |url=https://archive.globalpolicy.org/international-justice/rogues-gallery/donald-rumsfeld.html |website=[[Global Policy]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; had publicly confessed to involvement in secret detentions and faced no criminal accountability. The report also noted that despite the conclusions of the International Criminal Court in 2020 that British forces had committed war crimes in Iraq, including deliberate killings, rape and torture, no senior British officials have been held criminally accountable.&lt;ref name=&quot;Amnesty&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Security, looting and war damage==<br /> Massive [[looting]] took place in the days following the 2003 invasion.&lt;ref&gt;Johnson, I.M. &quot;The impact on libraries and archives in Iraq of war and looting in 2003 – a preliminary assessment of the damage and subsequent reconstruction efforts&quot;. ''International Information and Library Review'', 37 (3), 2005, 209–271.&lt;/ref&gt; According to U.S. officials, the &quot;reality of the situation on the ground&quot; was that hospitals, water plants, and ministries with vital intelligence needed security more than other sites. There were only enough U.S. troops on the ground to guard a certain number of the many sites that ideally needed protection, and so, apparently, some &quot;hard choices&quot; were made.<br /> <br /> It was reported that [[The Iraq Museum]] was among the looted sites.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; The director at the time was archaeologist [[Nawala Al-Mutawalli]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003-06-30 |title=Details of National Museum of Iraq looting emerge |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2003/07/01/details-of-national-museum-of-iraq-looting-emerge |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events |language=en |archive-date=23 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323125018/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2003/07/01/details-of-national-museum-of-iraq-looting-emerge |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[FBI]] was soon called into Iraq to track down the stolen items. It was found that the initial allegations of looting of substantial portions of the collection were heavily exaggerated. Initial reports asserted a near-total looting of the museum, estimated at upwards of 170,000 inventory lots, or about 501,000 pieces. The more recent estimate places the number of stolen pieces at around 15,000, and about 10,000 of them probably were taken in an &quot;inside job&quot; before U.S. troops arrived, according to Bogdanos. Over 5,000 looted items have since been recovered.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/040415/oi.shtml |title=Archaeologists review loss of valuable artifacts one year after looting |first=William |last=Harms |publisher=The University of Chicago Chronicle |date=15 April 2004 |access-date=7 August 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430095329/http://chronicle.uchicago.edu/040415/oi.shtml |archive-date=30 April 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; An assertion that U.S. forces did not guard the museum because they were guarding the Ministry of Oil and Ministry of Interior is disputed by investigator Colonel [[Matthew Bogdanos]] in his 2005 book ''Thieves of Baghdad''. Bogdanos notes that the Ministry of Oil building was bombed, but the museum complex, which took some fire, was not bombed. He also writes that Saddam Hussein's troops set up sniper's nests inside and on top of the museum, and nevertheless U.S. Marines and soldiers stayed close enough to prevent wholesale looting.<br /> <br /> &quot;Two great libraries, with priceless ancient collections&quot;—the Awqaf Library (Library of the Ministry of Religious Endowments) and the [[Iraq National Library and Archive|National Library of Iraq and National Centre for Archives]] (the House of Wisdom)—&quot;have been burned,&quot; ''The Boston Globe'' reported in 2003, adding that the libraries at the University of Mosul and University of Basra had been looted. András Riedlmayer, a specialist in Islamic architecture at Harvard University,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://library.harvard.edu/staff/andras-riedlmayer|title=András Riedlmayer|website=Harvard Library|access-date=23 March 2020|archive-date=23 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323211408/https://library.harvard.edu/staff/andras-riedlmayer|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; said the U.S. State Department had asked him for advice before the invasion, and that &quot;everybody warned them that the greatest danger was not from Tomahawk missiles but from looting.&quot; [[Keith David Watenpaugh|Keith D. Waterpaugh]], a specialist in Ottoman history, said, &quot;If we are going to help the Iraqi people build a new nation, we don't do it by letting their past be destroyed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mehegan |first=David |date=21 April 2003 |title=Reconstruction time again |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-reconstruction-time-aga/171749347/ |url-access=subscription |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |page=B7 and B11 |quote=The Awqaf Library (Library of the Ministry of Religious En- dowments), which contained 8,500 Islamic manuscript codices (an ancient type of book) in Ara-bic, as well as hundreds of manu-scripts in Persian and Ottoman Turkish. It also contained ancient illuminated Korans. Its oldest work was a scriptural commen-tary by the ninth-century scholar Ibn Qutayba, copied in 1079. The National Library of Iraq and National Centre for Archives, known as the House of Wisdom, comparable to the US Library of Congress. It held 417,000 books, 2,618 periodicals from the late Ottoman era and modern times, and a collection of 4,412 rare books and manuscripts. |archive-date=5 May 2025 |access-date=5 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250505150154/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-boston-globe-reconstruction-time-aga/171749347/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> More serious for the post-war state of Iraq was the looting of cached weaponry and ordnance which fueled the subsequent insurgency. As many as 250,000&amp;nbsp;tons of explosives were unaccounted for by October 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6323933 |title=Pentagon: Some explosives possibly destroyed |agency=Associated Press |date=29 October 2004 |access-date=7 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Disputes within the [[US Defense Department|U.S. Defense Department]] led to delays in the post-invasion assessment and protection of Iraqi nuclear facilities. [[Tuwaitha]], the Iraqi site most scrutinized by UN inspectors since 1991, was left unguarded and was looted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/analysis-of-greenpeace-materia.pdf |title=Video and Other Material and Data acquired by Greenpeace International at and around the Iraq Tuwaitha Nuclear Site During 2003 |first=John H. |last=Large |publisher=Greenpeace |year=2004 |access-date=23 July 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920074706/http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/analysis-of-greenpeace-materia.pdf |archive-date=20 September 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A35498-2003Apr24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405180713/http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A35498-2003Apr24 |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 April 2004 |title=U.S. Has Not Inspected Iraqi Nuclear Facility |newspaper=The Washington Post |first=Barton |last=Gellman|date=25 April 2003 |page=A14 |access-date=7 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ancient history professor [[Zainab Bahrani]] reported that a helicopter landing pad was constructed in the center of the ancient city of [[Babylon]], and &quot;removed layers of archeological earth from the site. The daily flights of the helicopters rattle the ancient walls and the winds created by their rotors blast sand against the fragile bricks. When my colleague [and] I asked military personnel in charge that the helipad be shut down, the response was that it had to remain open for security reasons, for the safety of the troops.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahrani&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Days of plunder |url=https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,1293931,00.html |work=The Guardian |location=London |first=Zainab |last=Bahrani|date=31 August 2004 |access-date=7 August 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bahrani also reported that in the summer of 2004, &quot;the wall of the Temple of Nabu and the roof of the Temple of Ninmah, both sixth century BC, collapsed as a result of the movement of helicopters.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahrani&quot; /&gt; Electrical power was scarce in post-war Iraq, Bahrani reported, and some fragile artifacts, including the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Archive, would not survive the loss of refrigeration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bahrani&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Media coverage==<br /> {{Main|Media coverage of the Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> ===U.S. media coverage===<br /> [[File:Iraq War Media Sources Opinion Percentage.svg|upright=1.5|thumb|A study found that in the lead up to the Iraq War, most U.S. sources were overwhelmingly in favor of the invasion.]]<br /> <br /> As of 2007, the invasion was the most widely and closely reported war in military history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/15_mediatwar.shtml |title=Reporters, commentators conduct an in-depth postmortem of Iraq war's media coverage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609211247/http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/15_mediatwar.shtml |archive-date=9 June 2007 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Television network coverage was largely pro-war and viewers were six times more likely to see a pro-war source as one who was anti-war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1145|title=Amplifying Officials, Squelching Dissent|access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016223032/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1145|archive-date=16 October 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The New York Times]]'' ran a number of articles describing Saddam Hussein's attempts to build weapons of mass destruction. The 8 September 2002 article titled &quot;U.S. Says Hussein Intensifies Quest for A-Bomb Parts&quot; was later discredited, leading ''The New York Times'' to issue a public statement admitting it was not as rigorous as it should have been.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/26/international/middleeast/26FTE_NOTE.html?ex=1400990400&amp;en=94c17fcffad92ca9&amp;ei=5007&amp;partner=USERLAND |title=The Times and Iraq |work=The New York Times |date=26 May 2004 |access-date=29 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608193512/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/26/international/middleeast/26FTE_NOTE.html?ex=1400990400&amp;en=94c17fcffad92ca9&amp;ei=5007&amp;partner=USERLAND |archive-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the start of the war, as many as 775 reporters and photographers were traveling as [[embedded journalists]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/15_mediatwar.shtml |title=Reporters, commentators visit Berkeley to conduct in-depth postmortem of Iraq war coverage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609211247/http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/15_mediatwar.shtml |archive-date=9 June 2007 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; These reporters signed contracts with the military that limited what they were allowed to report on.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june03/embed_3-27.html |title=Pros and Cons of Embedded Journalism |website=[[PBS]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704012907/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/features/jan-june03/embed_3-27.html |archive-date=4 July 2007 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; When asked why the military decided to embed journalists with the troops, Lt. Col. Rick Long of the U.S. Marine Corps replied, &quot;Frankly, our job is to win the war. Part of that is [[information warfare]]. So we are going to attempt to dominate the information environment.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/18_iraqmedia.shtml |title=Postmortem: Iraq war media coverage dazzled but it also obscured |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610000158/http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/03/18_iraqmedia.shtml |archive-date=10 June 2007 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2003, a study released by [[Fairness &amp; Accuracy in Reporting]] stated the network news disproportionately focused on pro-war sources and left out many [[anti-war]] sources. According to the study, 64% of total sources supported the war, while total anti-war sources made up 10% of the media (only 3% of U.S. sources were anti-war). The study looked only at six American news networks after 20 March for three weeks. The study stated that &quot;viewers were more than six times as likely to see a pro-war source as one who was anti-war; with U.S. guests alone, the ratio increases to 25 to 1.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Steve Rendall |author2=Tara Broughel |year=2003 |title=Amplifying Officials, Squelching Dissent |journal=Extra! |publisher=[[Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting]] |url=http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1145 |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111016223032/http://www.fair.org/index.php?page=1145 |archive-date=16 October 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A September 2003 poll revealed that 70% of Americans believed Saddam was involved in 9/11.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-09-06-poll-iraq_x.htm |title=Poll: 70% believe Saddam, 9-11 link |work=USA Today |date=6 September 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070518142828/http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2003-09-06-poll-iraq_x.htm |archive-date=18 May 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; 80% of [[Fox News]] viewers were found to hold at least one such belief about the invasion, compared to 23% of [[PBS]] viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/102.php?nid=&amp;id=&amp;pnt=102&amp;lb=brus |title=Misperceptions, the Media and the Iraq War |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928113422/http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/international_security_bt/102.php?nid=&amp;id=&amp;pnt=102&amp;lb=brus |archive-date=28 September 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Ted Turner]], founder of [[CNN]], charged that [[Rupert Murdoch]] was using Fox News to advocate an invasion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3132.htm|title=Murdoch helped start war on Iraq, says Turner|access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223112742/http://www.informationclearinghouse.info/article3132.htm|archive-date=23 December 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics argued that this statistic is indicative of misleading coverage by the U.S. media, since viewers in other countries were less likely to have these beliefs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.commondreams.org/views03/1201-13.htm |title=Bush and Iraq: Mass Media, Mass Ignorance |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111073100/http://www.commondreams.org/views03/1201-13.htm |archive-date=11 January 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A post-2008 election poll by [[FactCheck.org]] found that 48% of Americans believed Saddam played a role in 9/11, the group concluded that &quot;voters, once deceived, tend to stay that way despite all evidence.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.factcheck.org/specialreports/our_disinformed_electorate.html Our Disinformed Electorate]. By Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Brooks Jackson. [[FactCheck.org]] Published 12 December 2008. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217050615/http://www.factcheck.org/specialreports/our_disinformed_electorate.html |date=17 December 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Independent media coverage===<br /> [[Independent media]] also played a prominent role in covering the invasion. The [[Indymedia]] network, among many other independent networks including many journalists from the invading countries, provided reports on the Iraq war. In the U.S., the radio program ''[[Democracy Now]]'' was critical of the invasion, and crimes committed by the U.S. in Iraq.<br /> <br /> The [[Israeli Military Censor]] have released gag orders to Fresh and Rotter news platforms preventing them releasing any information about events and action related to the invasion.&lt;ref&gt;[https://fas.org/sgp/news/2003/03/is031903.html Censorship instructions – American Attack on Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017063114/http://www.fas.org/sgp/news/2003/03/is031903.html |date=17 October 2015 }}, fas.org&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the other side, among media not opposing to the invasion, ''[[The Economist]]'' reported that &quot;the normal diplomatic tools—sanctions, persuasion, pressure, UN resolutions—have all been tried, during 12 deadly but failed years&quot; then giving a mild conditional support to the war, stating that if Saddam &quot;refuses to disarm, it would be right to go to war&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=1592539 |title=Dealing with Saddam Hussein&amp;nbsp;– Why war would be justified |newspaper=The Economist |date=20 February 2003 |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014225926/http://www.economist.com/opinion/displaystory.cfm?story_id=1592539 |archive-date=14 October 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Australian [[war artist]] [[George Gittoes]] collected independent interviews with soldiers while producing his documentary ''[[Soundtrack To War]]''. The Iraq War provided the first time in history that military on the front lines were able to provide direct, uncensored reportage themselves, thanks to blogging software and the reach of the internet. Dozens of such reporting sites, known as [[Warblog|soldier blogs]] or milblogs, were started during the war. These blogs were more often than not largely pro-war and stated various reasons why the soldiers and Marines felt they were doing the right thing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1543658,00.html |title=The Secret Letter From Iraq |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=6 October 2006 |access-date=1 September 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907022521/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0%2C8599%2C1543658%2C00.html |archive-date= 7 September 2008 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===International media coverage===<br /> International coverage of the war differed from coverage in the U.S. in a number of ways. Arab-language news channel [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al Jazeera]] and the German satellite channel [[Deutsche Welle]] featured almost twice as much information on the political background of the war.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.agendasetting.com/newsletter/ICA.pdf International comparison of TV news coverage of Iraq]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229191158/http://www.agendasetting.com/newsletter/ICA.pdf |date=29 February 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Al Jazeera also showed scenes of civilian casualties and insurgent attacks rarely seen in the U.S. media.<br /> <br /> ==Criticism==<br /> {{Main|Criticism of the Iraq War}}<br /> <br /> [[File:London anti-war protest banners.jpg|thumb|upright|Anti war protest in London, 2002]]Opponents of the invasion criticized it by referring the human cost of war; by arguing that the war was [[#Legality of invasion|illegal]], that little evidence could justify it, that Iraq could still negotiated with, or that the U.S. had more pressing security priorities (i.e., [[Afghanistan]] and [[North Korea]]); and by predicting that it would destabilize the Middle East.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Yamada|first1=Seiji|last2=Fawzi|first2=Mary C. Smith|last3=Maskarinec|first3=Gregory G.|last4=Farmer|first4=Paul E.|s2cid=26895631|year=2006|title=Casualties: narrative and images of the war on Iraq|journal=International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation|volume=36|issue=2|pages=401–415|doi=10.2190/6PXW-LQ3B-DWN6-XD97|issn=0020-7314|pmid=16878399}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Rationale based on faulty evidence===<br /> The central U.S. justification for launching the war was that Saddam's alleged development of nuclear and biological weapons and purported ties to al-Qaeda made his regime a &quot;grave and growing&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html|title=President's Remarks at the United Nations General Assembly, 12 September 2002|access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026165139/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/09/20020912-1.html|archive-date=26 October 2011|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; threat to the U.S. and international community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/02/05/sprj.irq.powell.transcript/index.html |title=Transcript of Powell's U.N. presentation |publisher=CNN |date=6 February 2003 |access-date=6 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208074448/http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/02/05/sprj.irq.powell.transcript/index.html |archive-date=8 February 2007 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; During the lead-up to the war and the aftermath of the invasion, critics cast doubt on the evidence supporting this rationale. Concerning Iraq's weapons programs, prominent critics included [[Scott Ritter]], a former UN weapons inspector who argued in 2002 that inspections had eliminated the nuclear and chemical weapons programs, and that evidence of their reconstitution would &quot;have been eminently detectable by intelligence services ...&quot; Although it is popularly believed{{Citation needed|date=February 2014}} that Saddam had forced the IAEA weapons inspectors to leave Iraq, they were withdrawn at the request of the U.S. before Operation Desert Fox. After the build-up of U.S. troops in neighboring states, Saddam welcomed them back and promised complete cooperation with their demands. Experienced IAEA inspection teams were already back in Iraq and had made some interim reports on its search for various forms of WMD.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=7 March 2003 |title=Mission Possible: Nuclear Weapons Inspections in Iraq |url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2003/ebWSJ20030307.shtml |first=Dr. Mohamed |last=ElBaradei |author-link=Mohamed ElBaradei |publisher=[[IAEA]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803153513/http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2003/ebWSJ20030307.shtml |archive-date=3 August 2009 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=14 February 2003 |title=The Status of Nuclear Inspections in Iraq: 14 February 2003 Update |url=https://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Statements/2003/ebsp2003n005.shtml |first=Dr. Mohamed |last=ElBaradei |author-link=Mohamed ElBaradei |publisher=[[IAEA]] |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120191119/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/statements/2003/ebsp2003n005.shtml |archive-date=20 November 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first1=Hans |last1=Blix |author-link1=Hans Blix |first2=Dr. Mohamed |last2=ElBaradei |author-link2=Mohamed ElBaradei |title=Transcript of Hans Blix Feb. 9, 2003, press conference |url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaIraq/pressconf_09022003.pdf |date=9 February 2003 |publisher=[[IAEA]] |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107164040/http://iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/IaeaIraq/pressconf_09022003.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=IAEA Media Advisory 2003/1003 |date=10 March 2003 |url=https://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/MediaAdvisory/2003/ma_iraq_1003.shtml |publisher=[[IAEA]] |access-date=29 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223113340/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/mediaadvisory/2003/ma_iraq_1003.shtml |archive-date=23 December 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |work=[[The Capital Times]] |title=Media Miss War Dissent in Congress |date=6 February 2003 |url=http://www.madison.com/archives/read.php?ref=/tct/2003/02/06/0302060078.php |page=12A |first=John |last=Nichols |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130128021701/http://www.madison.com/archives/read.php?ref=/tct/2003/02/06/0302060078.php |archive-date=28 January 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=19 July 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; American diplomat [[Joseph C. Wilson]] investigated the contention that Iraq had sought uranium for nuclear weapons in [[Niger uranium forgeries|Niger]] and reported that the contention had no substance.&lt;ref&gt;Pitt, William R. ''War On Iraq: What Team Bush Doesn't Want You to Know''. 2002, Context Books, New York. {{ISBN|978-1-893956-38-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Wilson |first=Joseph C. |title=What I Didn't Find in Africa |work=The New York Times |date=6 July 2003 |url=http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0706-02.htm |access-date=17 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607024519/http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0706-02.htm |archive-date=7 June 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Similarly, alleged links between Iraq and al-Qaeda were called into question during the lead-up to the war, and were discredited by a 2004 report from U.S. Senator [[Carl Levin]], which was later corroborated by a 2006 report from the Defense Department's inspector general.&lt;ref&gt;Jehl, Douglas. [http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/21/news/intel.php &quot;Pentagon official distorted intelligence, report says&quot;]. ''International Herald Tribune'', 22 October 2004. Retrieved 18 April 2007. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724045615/http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/10/21/news/intel.php |date=24 July 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; These reports further alleged that Bush administration officials, particularly former undersecretary of defense [[Douglas J. Feith]], manipulated evidence to support links between al-Qaeda and Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;Pincus, Walter and R. Jeffrey Smith. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802387.html &quot;Official's Key Report on Iraq is Faulted&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802164813/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/08/AR2007020802387.html |date=2 August 2017 }}. ''The Washington Post'', Friday, 9 February 2007; Page A01&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During his 2003–2004 interrogation, Saddam asserted that the majority of Iraq's WMD stockpiles had been destroyed in the 1990s by UN inspectors, and the remainder were destroyed unilaterally by Iraq; the illusion of maintaining a WMD program and WMDs was maintained as a deterrent against possible Iranian invasion.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/interrogator-shares-saddams-confessions/4/|title=Interrogator Shares Saddam's Confessions|website=cbsnews.com|date=24 January 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An FBI agent who interrogated Saddam at this time stated in 2008 that while Iraq may not have possessed WMDs after the 1990s, Saddam likely intended to restart the WMD program if given the opportunity to do so.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Lack of a United Nations mandate===<br /> One of the main questions in the lead-up to the war was whether the UNSC would authorize military intervention in Iraq. It became increasingly clear that this authorization would require significant further weapons inspections. Many criticized their effort as unwise, immoral, and illegal. [[Robin Cook]], then-leader of the [[United Kingdom House of Commons|UK House of Commons]] and a former foreign secretary, resigned from Blair's cabinet in protest over the UK's decision to invade without UN authorization. Cook said at the time that: &quot;In principle, I believe it is wrong to embark on military action without broad international support. In practice, I believe it is against Britain's interests to create a precedent for unilateral military action.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Tempest, Matthew. [https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2003/mar/17/labour.uk &quot;Cook resigns from cabinet over Iraq&quot;] . ''The Guardian'', 17 March 2003. Retrieved 17 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, senior government legal advisor [[Elizabeth Wilmshurst]] resigned, stating her legal opinion that an invasion would be illegal.{{Citation needed|date=January 2013}}<br /> <br /> [[United Nations Secretary-General|UN Secretary-General]] [[Kofi Annan]] said in September 2004, &quot;[F]rom our point of view, and from the Charter point of view, [the war] was illegal.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661640.stm|title=Excerpts: Annan interview|date=16 September 2004|work=BBC News|access-date=7 August 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301061157/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661640.stm|archive-date=1 March 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; This drew immediate criticism from the U.S., and was immediately played down.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25685-2004Sep16.html|title=U.S., Allies Dispute Annan on Iraq War|first=Colum|last=Lynch|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=17 September 2004|page=A18|access-date=25 May 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808052057/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A25685-2004Sep16.html|archive-date=8 August 2007|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; His annual report to the [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] for 2003 included no more than the statement: &quot;Following the end of major hostilities which resulted in the occupation of Iraq...&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;UN_A581&quot;&gt;{{UN document |docid=A-58-1 |type=Document |body=General Assembly |session=58 |page=9 |access-date=8 August 2007|date=28 August 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; A similar report from the UNSC was similarly terse in its reference to the event: &quot;Following the cessation of hostilities in Iraq in April 2003 ... [we have] passed nearly 60 resolutions on Iraq and Kuwait since Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990. The most relevant to this issue is Resolution 678&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN_A582&quot;&gt;{{UN document |docid=A-58-2 |type=Document |body=General Assembly |session=58 |page=20 |access-date=8 August 2007|date=23 September 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Military intervention vs. diplomatic solution===<br /> {{Wikisource|French address on Iraq at the UN Security Council}}<br /> Criticisms about the evidence used to justify the war notwithstanding, many opponents of military intervention objected, saying that a diplomatic solution would be preferable, and that war should be reserved as a truly last resort. This position was exemplified by French Foreign Minister [[Dominique de Villepin]], who responded to Powell's UNSC presentation by saying that: &quot;Given the choice between military intervention and an inspections regime that is inadequate because of a failure to cooperate on Iraq's part, we must choose the decisive reinforcement of the means of inspections.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/02/05/sprj.irq.powell.world.reax/ &quot;Nations take sides after Powell's speech&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308161802/http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/02/05/sprj.irq.powell.world.reax/ |date=8 March 2008 }}. CNN, 6 February 2003. Retrieved 17 April 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; In response to Rumsfeld's reference to European countries that did not support the invasion of Iraq as 'Old Europe',&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://video.msnbc.msn.com/msnbc/4017033#4017033 |title=Old Europe |publisher=MSNBC |date=22 January 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130606002456/http://video.msnbc.msn.com/msnbc/4017033#4017033 |archive-date=6 June 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dominique de Villepin replied: &quot;This message comes to you today from an old country, France, from a continent like mine, Europe, that has known wars, occupation and barbarity. (...) Faithful to its values, it wishes resolutely to act with all the members of the international community. It believes in our ability to build together a better world.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.org.tr/documents/villepin_140203_p.htm |title=Statement by Dominique de Villepin to the UNSC |publisher=Foreignpolicy.org.tr |date=14 February 2003 |access-date=5 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224193413/http://foreignpolicy.org.tr/documents/villepin_140203_p.htm |archive-date=24 December 2010 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The direct opposition between diplomatic solution and military intervention involving France and the U.S. which was personified by Chirac versus Bush, and later Powell versus de Villepin, became a milestone in the [[Franco-American relations|U.S.–France relations]]. [[Francophobia|Anti-French propaganda]] exploiting Francophobic clichés immediately ensued in the [[Anti-French sentiment in the United States|U.S.]] and UK. A call for a boycott on French wine was launched in the U.S. The ''[[New York Post]]'' claimed that France had forgotten the American &quot;sacrifice&quot; in 1944 France. On 20 February 2003, British newspaper ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'' published a special issue entitled &quot;Chirac is a worm&quot;, which said that &quot;Chirac has become the shame of Europe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ina.fr-20030220&quot;&gt;[http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&amp;from=fulltext&amp;full=ankara&amp;num_notice=3&amp;total_notices=12 20 heures le journal : émission du 20 février 2003 (National Audiovisual Institute archives)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116053141/http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&amp;from=fulltext&amp;full=ankara&amp;num_notice=3&amp;total_notices=12|date=16 January 2009}}, French news national edition, France 2 French public channel, 20 February 2003&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Guardian]]'' wrote that both papers expressed the opinion of their owner, [[Rupert Murdoch]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ina.fr-20030220&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/Iraq/Story/0,2763,897015,00.html|title=Their master's voice |author=Roy Greenslade |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=17 February 2003 |access-date=29 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Distraction from the war on terrorism and other priorities===<br /> Both supporters and opponents of the Iraq War widely viewed it within the context of a post–9/11 world, where the U.S. has sought to make terrorism the defining international security paradigm. Bush often described the war as a &quot;central front in the [[war on terror]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Office of the Press Secretary. [https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/06/20050628-7.html &quot;President Addresses Nation, Discusses Iraq, War on Terror&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711145020/https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/06/20050628-7.html |date=11 July 2017 }}. White House Press Release, 28 June 2005. Retrieved 17 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Some critics of the war, particularly within the U.S. military community, argued pointedly against the conflation of Iraq and the war on terror, and criticized Bush for losing focus on the more important objective of fighting al-Qaeda. As Marine Lieutenant General [[Greg Newbold]], the Pentagon's former top operations officer, wrote in a 2006, &quot;I now regret that I did not more openly challenge those who were determined to invade a country whose actions were peripheral to the real threat—al-Qaeda.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Newbold, Greg. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1181629,00.html &quot;Why Iraq Was a Mistake&quot;.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827215013/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C1181629%2C00.html |date=27 August 2013 }} ''Time'', 9 April 2006. Retrieved 16 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Critics within this vein have further argued that containment would have been an effective strategy for the Saddam government, and that the top U.S. priorities in the Middle East should be encouraging a solution to the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]], working for the moderation of [[Iran]], and solidifying gains made in [[War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)|Afghanistan]] and Central Asia. In an October 2002 speech, Retired Marine Gen. [[Anthony Zinni]], former head of [[United States Central Command|Central Command]] for U.S. forces in the Middle East and State Department's envoy to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, called Iraq &quot;maybe six or seven,&quot; in terms of U.S. Middle East priorities, adding that &quot;the affordability line may be drawn around five.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Boehlert, Eric. [http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2002/10/17/zinni/index.html?pn=1 &quot;I'm not sure which planet they live on&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090203194940/http://dir.salon.com/story/news/feature/2002/10/17/zinni/index.html|date=3 February 2009 }}. ''Salon'', 17 October 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; However, while commander of CENTCOM, Zinni held a very different opinion concerning the threat posed by Iraq. In testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee in February 2000, Zinni said: &quot;Iraq remains the most significant near-term threat to U.S. interests in the Persian Gulf region. This is primarily due to its large conventional military force, pursuit of WMD, oppressive treatment of Iraqi citizens, refusal to comply with [UNSC resolutions], persistent threats to enforcement of the No Fly Zones (NFZ), and continued efforts to violate UN Security Council sanctions through oil smuggling.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://armed-services.senate.gov/statemnt/2000/000229az.pdf |title=Statement of General Anthony C. Zinni, Commander in Chief, US Central Command, before the U.S. Senate Committee on the Armed Services |access-date=13 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090902080051/http://armed-services.senate.gov/statemnt/2000/000229az.pdf |archive-date=2 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, it is important to note that Zinni specifically referred to &quot;the Persian Gulf region&quot; in his Senate testimony, which is a significantly smaller region of the world than the &quot;Middle East&quot;, which he referred to in 2007.<br /> <br /> ===Potential to destabilize the region===<br /> Besides arguing that Iraq was not the top strategic priority in the war on terrorism or in the Middle East, critics of the war also suggested that it could potentially destabilize the surrounding region. Prominent among such critics was [[Brent Scowcroft]], who served as [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] to [[George H. W. Bush]]. In a 15 August 2002 ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' editorial entitled &quot;Don't attack [[Saddam]]&quot;, Scowcroft wrote that, &quot;Possibly the most dire consequences would be the effect in the region ... there would be an explosion of outrage against us ... the results could well destabilize Arab regimes&quot;, and, &quot;could even swell the ranks of the terrorists.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Scowcroft, Brent. [http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110002133 &quot;Don't attack Saddam&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419130010/http://www.opinionjournal.com/editorial/feature.html?id=110002133 |date=19 April 2010 }}. ''The Wall Street Journal'', 15 August 2002. Retrieved 17 April 2007. By A.k. Singh&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, Blair apologized for his &quot;mistakes&quot; over Iraq War and admitted there were &quot;elements of truth&quot; to the view that the invasion helped promote the rise of [[ISIS]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/tony-blair-apologises-for-mistakes-over-iraq-war-and-admits-elements-of-truth-to-view-that-invasion-a6707776.html Tony Blair apologises for 'mistakes' over Iraq War and admits 'elements of truth' to view that invasion helped rise of Isis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722050116/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/tony-blair-apologises-for-mistakes-over-iraq-war-and-admits-elements-of-truth-to-view-that-invasion-a6707776.html |date=22 July 2017 }}, ''[[The Independent]]'', Richard Osley, 25 October 2015 Retrieved 28 October 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; In the opinion of Hayder al-Khoei, Iraq was already &quot;destined for chaos&quot; before 2003.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=al-Khoei |first=Hayder |title=Iraq was destined for chaos – with or without Britain's intervention |date=6 July 2016|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jul/06/iraq-war-saddam-monster-chaos-britain-chilcot-report |work= The Guardian |access-date= 18 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Public opinion==<br /> In a March 2003 [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] poll, the day after the invasion, 76% of Americans supported the military action against Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Seventy-Two Percent of Americans Support War Against Iraq |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/8038/seventytwo-percent-americans-support-war-against-iraq.aspx |work=Gallup |date=24 March 2003 |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723093243/https://news.gallup.com/poll/8038/seventytwo-percent-americans-support-war-against-iraq.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a March [[YouGov]] poll, 54% of Britons had approved of military action against Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Surveys reveal how we remember opposing the Iraq war – but at the time we supported it |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/surveys-reveal-how-we-remember-not-supporting-war-in-iraq-but-at-the-time-we-did-support-it-10300854.html |work=The Independent |date=5 June 2015 |access-date=23 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723131052/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/surveys-reveal-how-we-remember-not-supporting-war-in-iraq-but-at-the-time-we-did-support-it-10300854.html |archive-date=23 July 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> By 2007, opposition to the Iraq War had increased to 62% among Americans in a [[USA Today]]\Gallup poll.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bush approval lowest ever |last=Page |first=Susan |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-californian-bush-approval-lowest-eve/133484670/ |newspaper=The Californian |date=July 10, 2007 |access-date=October 15, 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, a Gallup poll found that 53 percent of Americans surveyed believed the Iraq War was a mistake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/161399/10th-anniversary-iraq-war-mistake.aspx|title=On 10th Anniversary, 53% in U.S. See Iraq War as Mistake|date=18 March 2013|website=Gallup.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2023, an [[Axios (website)|Axios]]/[[Ipsos]] poll found that 61% of Americans believed the U.S made a wrong decision by invading Iraq.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.axios.com/2023/03/18/iraq-invasion-anniversary-american-poll-bush-mistake|title=20 years on, most Americans say Iraq invasion was the wrong decision|first=Lawler|last=Dave|date=18 March 2023|website=Axios}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Related phrases==<br /> [[File:Wojsko Polskie Irak DF-SD-04-16534.JPEG|thumb|Poland was part of the &quot;coalition of the willing&quot;]]<br /> This campaign featured a variety of new terminology, much of it initially coined by the U.S. government or military. The military official name for the invasion was Operation Iraqi Freedom. Also notable was the usage &quot;[[death squad]]s&quot; to refer to Fedayeen paramilitary forces. Iraqi officials were given derogatory nicknames – e.g., &quot;Chemical Ali&quot; ([[Ali Hassan al-Majid]]), &quot;Baghdad Bob&quot; or &quot;Comical Ali&quot; ([[Muhammed Saeed al-Sahaf]]), and &quot;Mrs. Anthrax&quot; or &quot;Chemical Sally&quot; ([[Huda Salih Mahdi Ammash]]).<br /> <br /> Terminology introduced or popularized during the war include:<br /> * &quot;[[Axis of evil]]&quot;, originally used by Bush in his [[2002 State of the Union]] speech on 29 January 2002 to refer to the countries of Iran, Iraq, and North Korea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html |title=The President's State of the Union Address |date=29 January 2002 |access-date=21 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090502151928/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020129-11.html |archive-date=2 May 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * &quot;[[Coalition of the willing]]&quot;, a term that originated in the Clinton era, and used by the Bush administration for the countries contributing troops in the invasion, of which the U.S. and UK were the primary members.<br /> * &quot;[[Decapitation strike|Decapitating]] the regime&quot;, a euphemism for killing Saddam Hussein.<br /> * &quot;[[Embedded journalist|Embedding]]&quot;, the American practice of assigning civilian journalists to U.S. military units.<br /> * &quot;[[Freedom fries]]&quot;, a euphemism for [[French fries]] invented to protest the non-participation of France.<br /> * &quot;[[Mother of all bombs]]&quot;, a bomb developed and produced to support Operation Iraqi Freedom. Its name echoed Saddam's phrase &quot;[[Mother of all battles]]&quot; to describe the Gulf War.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2003/03/meet-the-air-force-s-palace-buster.html |title=Meet the Air Force's 'palace buster.' |access-date=21 September 2009 |last=Kaplan |first=Fred |date=13 March 2003 |publisher=MSN |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826002400/http://slate.msn.com/id/2080106/ |archive-date=26 August 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * &quot;[[Old Europe (politics)|Old Europe]]&quot;, Rumsfeld's term for European governments not supporting the war: &quot;You're thinking of Europe as Germany and France. I don't. I think that's old Europe.&quot;<br /> * &quot;[[Regime change]]&quot;, a euphemism for overthrowing a government.<br /> * &quot;[[Shock and awe]]&quot;, the strategy of reducing an enemy's will to fight through displays of overwhelming force.<br /> <br /> Many slogans and terms coined came to be used by Bush's political opponents, or those opposed to the war. For example, in April 2003 John Kerry said at a campaign rally: &quot;What we need now is not just a regime change in Saddam Hussein and Iraq, but we need a regime change in the United States.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A23490-2003Apr3 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523050648/https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A23490-2003Apr3/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2019 |last=Balz |first=Dan |title=Kerry Angers GOP in Calling For 'Regime Change' in U.S. |newspaper=The Washington Post |page=A10|date=3 April 2003 |access-date=21 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bush's press secretary [[Ari Fleischer]] talked about &quot;Operation Iraqi Liberation&quot; in a 2003 press briefing,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleischer-OIL&quot;&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030324-4.html<br /> |title=Press Briefing by Ari Fleischer <br /> |last1=Ari<br /> |first1=Fleischer <br /> |date=2003-03-24<br /> |publisher=The White House<br /> |access-date=2022-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;Operation Iraqi Liberation (OIL)&quot; was also used by [[David Rovics]], a popular folk protest singer.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|2000s|Iraq}}<br /> * [[International reactions to the prelude to the Iraq War]]<br /> * [[Timeline of the Iraq War]]<br /> * [[Protests against the Iraq War]]<br /> * [[Public opinion in the United States on the invasion of Iraq]]<br /> <br /> * [[Iraq disarmament crisis]]<br /> * [[United Nations Security Council and the Iraq War]]<br /> * [[2003 invasion of Iraq order of battle]]<br /> * [[Operation Telic order of battle]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Works cited==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * Allen, Mike and Juliet Eilperin. Monday, 26 August 2002. Page A01 ''[[The Washington Post]]'' ''&quot;Bush Aides Say Iraq War Needs No Hill Vote&quot;''. Retrieved 2008-05-21.<br /> * CNN.com/Inside Politics (2002-10-11). &quot;Senate approves Iraq war resolution&quot;. Retrieved 6 June 2005.<br /> * {{cite book|last=Donnelly |first=Thomas |title=Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources For a New Century. |url=http://newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=[[Project for the New American Century]] |year=2000 |oclc=223661155 |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808162833/http://newamericancentury.org/RebuildingAmericasDefenses.pdf |archive-date= 8 August 2007 }}<br /> * {{cite magazine|url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0704iraq/|title=Finishing the Job in Iraq|last=McCain|first=John|date=April 2004|author-link=John McCain|magazine=[[Air &amp; Space Forces Magazine]]|volume=87|issue=7|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520222339/https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0704iraq/|archive-date=20 May 2025|url-status=live|access-date=1 December 2005}}<br /> * Office of U.S. Representative [[Ron Paul]] (2002). &quot;Paul Calls for Congressional Declaration of War with Iraq&quot;. Retrieved 6 June 2005.<br /> * {{cite book |last=Reynolds |first=Nicholas E. |title=Basrah, Baghdad, and Beyond: U.S. Marine Corps in the Second Iraq War |date=1 May 2005 |publisher=[[United States Naval Institute|Naval Institute Press]] |isbn=978-1-59114-717-6 |url=https://archive.org/details/basrahbaghdadbey00reyn }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Ricks |first=Thomas E. |author-link=Thomas E. Ricks (journalist) |title=Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq|year=2006|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-59420-103-5|title-link=Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Woods |first=Kevin M |title=Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam's Senior Leadership |url=http://www.99tarbox.com/Media/ipp.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=[[United States Joint Forces Command]], Joint Center for Operational Analysis |isbn=978-0-9762550-1-7 |access-date=29 October 2011 }}<br /> * Wright, Steven. ''The United States and Persian Gulf Security: The Foundations of the War on Terror''. [[Ithaca Press]]: 2007. {{ISBN|978-0-86372-321-6}}.<br /> * {{cite book |last=Zucchino |first=David |title=Thunder Run: The Armored Strike to Capture Baghdad |year=2004 |publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-87113-911-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/thunderrunarmore00zucc }}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * Petraeus, D., Collins, J., White, N. (2017) Reflections by General David Petraeus, USA (ret.) on the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Vol. 1, pp.&amp;nbsp;150–167)<br /> * Mortenson, Christopher R., and Paul J. Springer. ''Daily Life of U.S. Soldiers from the American Revolution to the Iraq War''. [[Greenwood Publishing Group|Greenwood]], an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2019. 3 vols.<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * Stieb, Michael. 2021. ''[http://services.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/history/american-history-after-1945/regime-change-consensus-iraq-american-politics-1990-2003?format=HB&amp;isbn=9781108838245 The Regime Change Consensus: Iraq in American Politics, 1990–2003]''. Cambridge University Press.<br /> * [http://www.gsn-online.com/The-Gulf-in-2003-GSN-archive &quot;The Gulf in 2003&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131229235921/http://www.gsn-online.com/The-Gulf-in-2003-GSN-archive |date=29 December 2013 }} ''Gulf States Newsletter'', complete 2003 PDF archive<br /> * ''[[The Three Trillion Dollar War]]'' by Nobel Prize laureate [[Joseph Stiglitz]] and Harvard professor [[Linda Bilmes]]<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Shadow_Warriors.html?id=s-yMBH2ofLoC Shadow Warriors: The Untold Story of Traitors, Saboteurs, and the Party of Surrender]'' by Kenneth R. Timmerman. Three Rivers Press. 2008. {{ISBN|978-0-307-35209-5|}} (Paperback edition)<br /> * ''[https://www.jstor.org/stable/48597293 Lessons on Political Violence from America's Post–9/11 Wars]'' by Christoph Mikulaschek and Jacob Shapiro (2018). Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(1): p.&amp;nbsp;174–202. {{JSTOR|48597293}}<br /> * Spring 2007 [[Dissent (American magazine)|''Dissent'']], &quot;Exporting Democracy: Lessons from Iraq,&quot; a symposium featuring [[Paul Berman]], Mitchell Cohen, [[Seyla Benhabib]] and others.<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Masters_of_Chaos.html?id=eQg4DgAAQBAJ Masters of Chaos: The Secret History of the Special Forces]'' by Linda Robinson (2009) Public Affairs {{ISBN|9780786738151}}<br /> * ''[[Heavy Metal a Tank Company's Battle to Baghdad (book)|Heavy Metal a Tank Company's Battle to Baghdad]]'' by Captain Jason Conroy and Ron Martz<br /> * ''[[Cobra II|Cobra II : The Inside Story of the Invasion and Occupation of Iraq]]'' by [[Michael R. Gordon]] and [[Bernard E. Trainor]]<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/Iraq_and_the_Evolution_of_American_Strat.html?id=3ClTRWIz Iraq and the Evolution of American Strategy]'' by [[Steven Metz]]. {{ISBN|978-1-59797-196-6|}}<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Iraq_War.html?id=JD7zY6sv7NkC The Iraq War]'' by Williamson Murray and Robert H. Scales, Jr. (2003) [[Harvard University Press]] {{ISBN|9780674012806}}<br /> * ''[https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Iraq_War.html?id=fx0MYRujFGEC The Iraq War]'' by [[John Keegan]] (2010) [[Random House]] {{ISBN|9781407064383}}<br /> * [[Hans Köchler]], ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yITOy6Hua64C The Iraq Crisis and the United Nations. Power Politics vs. the International Rule of Law]'' Studies in International Relations, XXVIII. Vienna: I.P.O., 2004, {{ISBN|978-3-900704-22-3}}, <br /> * [https://www.clemson.edu/caah/history/FacultyPages/EdMoise/iraqbib.html#2war Bibliography: The Second U.S.–Iraq War (2003–)] by Edwin Moise<br /> * {{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=C |year=2011 |title=Learning to redress preemptive deceit: The &quot;Iraq Dossier |journal=SAGE Open |volume=1 |issue=3 |doi=10.1177/2158244011427060 |doi-access=free |issn=2158-2440}} Based on analysis submitted to the Iraq Inquiry. See: Jones, Brian (2009) 'Dossier demolished', ''Iraq Digest'' www.iraqinquirydigest.org/?p=5355<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=107&amp;vote=00237&amp;session=2 H.J.Res. 114] U.S. Senate results to authorize the use of U.S. Armed Forces against Iraq.<br /> * {{cite web | title=Operation Iraqi Freedom – The Invasion of Iraq | url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/invasion/cron/ | work=PBS Frontline | access-date=28 October 2011}} Chronology of invasion.<br /> * [http://www.historycommons.org/project.jsp?project=us_occupation_of_iraq Occupation of Iraq] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100117161221/http://www.historycommons.org/project.jsp?project=us_occupation_of_iraq |date=17 January 2010 }} Timeline at the History Commons<br /> * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2002/conflict_with_iraq/day_by_day_coverage/default.stm War in Iraq: Day by Day Guide]<br /> * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/darkside/ ''Frontline'': &quot;The Dark Side&quot;] PBS documentary on Cheney's remaking of the Executive and infighting leading up to the war in Iraq<br /> * [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB207/index.htm 1999 Desert Crossing War Game to Plan Invasion of Iraq and to Unseat Saddam Hussein]<br /> * {{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=May 2003 |title=War in Iraq |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2003/iraq/ |publisher=CNN}}<br /> * {{cite web |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference/military/war-in-iraq.html |title=Military Resources: War in Iraq |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |publisher=The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration|date=15 August 2016 }}<br /> <br /> {{Iraq War}}<br /> {{Iraq topics}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> |list1=<br /> {{Polish wars and conflicts}}<br /> {{Armed Iraqi groups in the Iraq War and the Iraq Civil War}}<br /> {{Asia in topic|Terrorism in|IL=Timeline of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:2003 Invasion Of Iraq}}<br /> [[Category:2003 invasion of Iraq| ]]<br /> [[Category:Conflicts in 2003]]<br /> [[Category:2003 in military history]]<br /> [[Category:March 2003 in Iraq]]<br /> [[Category:April 2003 in Iraq]]<br /> [[Category:May 2003 in Iraq]]<br /> [[Category:War on terror]]<br /> [[Category:George W. Bush administration controversies]]<br /> [[Category:United States involvement in regime change]]<br /> [[Category:Presidency of George W. Bush]]<br /> [[Category:Premiership of Tony Blair]]<br /> [[Category:Invasions of Iraq|Iraq 2003]]<br /> [[Category:Invasions by Australia|Iraq 2003]]<br /> [[Category:Invasions by Poland|Iraq 2003]]<br /> [[Category:Invasions by the United Kingdom|Iraq 2003]]<br /> [[Category:Invasions by the United States|Iraq 2003]]<br /> [[Category:Iraq–United States relations]]<br /> [[Category:Operations involving special forces|Operation Iraqi Freedom]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving the United States|Iraq 2003]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom|Iraq 2003]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving Denmark|Iraq 2003]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving Australia|Iraq 2003]]<br /> [[Category:Wars involving the Kurdistan Region (Iraq)|Iraq 2003]]<br /> [[Category:United States Marine Corps in the Iraq War]]<br /> [[Category:Campaigns of the Iraq War]]<br /> [[Category:Articles containing video clips]]<br /> [[Category:Labour Party (UK) scandals]]<br /> [[Category:Iraq War]]<br /> [[Category:2003 in Iraq]]<br /> [[Category:War crimes in the Iraq War]]<br /> [[Category:Military operations of the Iraq War]]<br /> [[Category:Military operations involving the United States]]<br /> [[Category:American military occupations]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_privatizations_by_country&diff=473490 2026-03-29T00:22:43Z

<p>BeckyK8455: updated page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}<br /> {{incomplete list|date=March 2013}}<br /> <br /> This '''list of privatizations''' provides links to notable and/or major privatizations.<br /> <br /> {{TOC right}}<br /> <br /> == Privatisation by country ==<br /> <br /> == Argentina ==<br /> {{see also|Railway privatisation in Argentina|Water privatization in Argentina}}<br /> <br /> * [[Aerolíneas Argentina]] (1990) – former national carrier; renationalized in 2009.<br /> * Agua y Energía Eléctrica (1992–95) – national electricity production company; partitioned and sold.<br /> * [[Buenos Aires Underground]] (1994) – given under concession but still owned by the State.<br /> * Empresa Nacional de Correos y Telégrafos (ENCoTel, 1997) – given under concession as [[Correo Argentino]]. Re-[[nationalization|nationalized]] in 2003.<br /> * [[ENTel]] (national telecommunications company, 1990) – partitioned and sold to [[Orange S.A.|France Télécom]] and to Spanish [[Telefónica]].<br /> * [[FAdeA|Fábrica Militar de Aviones]] (FMA, 1995) – sold to [[Lockheed Martin]].<br /> * [[Ferrocarriles Argentinos]] (1991–95) – railway lines all over the country (partially re-nationalized).<br /> * [[Gas del Estado]] (1992) – national gas company partitioned and sold, among others, to the Spanish Gas Natural company [[Naturgy]].<br /> * [[Obras Sanitarias de la Nación]] (water company, 1992–93) - given under concession to the French conglomerate [[Suez (company, 1997–2008)|Suez]], which operated it under the name Aguas Argentinas; re-nationalized in 2006 as [[Agua y Saneamientos Argentinos|Aguas y Saneamientos Argentinos]] (AySA).<br /> * [[Servicios Eléctricos del Gran Buenos Aires|Segba]] (1992) - partitioned and given under concession to Edesur, Edenor and Edelap.<br /> * [[YPF|Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales]] (YPF, 1991–92) – national oil-company sold to the Spanish [[Repsol]]. The Argentinian government in 2004 set up a new state oil company ([[Enarsa]]) from scratch, which proved of no use. In 2012, the [[Government of Argentina|Argentine Government]] expropriated 51% of the shares of [[YPF]] owned by [[Repsol]].<br /> <br /> == Australia ==<br /> <br /> * [[Commonwealth Oil Refineries]] 1952 Under Liberal<br /> * [[Optus]] 1985 Under Labor<br /> * [[Commonwealth Bank]] of Australia 1991 Under Labor<br /> * [[Qantas]] 1993 Under labor<br /> * [[CSL Limited|Commonwealth Serum Laboratories]] 1994 Under Labor<br /> * [[State Electricity Commission of Victoria|Electricity]] and [[Gas and Fuel Corporation of Victoria|natural gas]] supply companies in [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] 1995 Under Liberal<br /> * [[Telstra]] 1997 Under Liberal<br /> * [[Metlink|Public transport]] in [[Melbourne]] 1999 Under Liberal<br /> * [[Electricity Trust of South Australia]] 1999 Under Liberal<br /> * [[Sydney Airport]] 2002 Under Liberal<br /> * [[Medibank]] 2014 Under Liberal<br /> * [[Commonwealth Industrial Gases]]<br /> * [[Government Cleaning Service]] in New South Wales<br /> * [[Government Insurance Office]] in New South Wales<br /> * [[Government Printing Service]] in [[New South Wales]]<br /> * State-owned betting-agencies in most states Under Liberal and Labor<br /> * Many long-distance and urban passenger railway services Under Liberal and Labor<br /> * All freight railway services Under Liberal and Labor<br /> * Most State-owned banks Under Liberal and Labor<br /> <br /> == Austria ==<br /> {{see also|Österreichische Industrieholding}}<br /> Source:&lt;ref&gt;[https://newsv2.orf.at/stories/2260950/2260960/]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1950s ===<br /> * Soviet Mineral Oil Administration (1955; ''partial privatization — a small portion of oil companies returned to Western owners; the majority transferred to the newly established state-owned [[OMV]]'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Weber | first1=Fritz | title=Verstaatlichung und Privatisierung in Österreich 1946-1986 | journal=Zeitschrift für Öffentliche und Gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen | date=2011 | volume=34 | issue=2 | pages=126–147 | doi=10.5771/0344-9777-2011-2-126 | url=https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0344-9777-2011-2-126.pdf?download_full_pdf=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Creditanstalt]] (1956–1997)<br /> * [[Länderbank]] (1957; ''partial privatization — 40% of shares sold to private investors: 30% were non-voting preference shares, while the 10% voting shares were allocated to institutions affiliated with the SPÖ and ÖVP'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Weber | first1=Fritz | title=Verstaatlichung und Privatisierung in Österreich 1946-1986 | journal=Zeitschrift für Öffentliche und Gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen | date=2011 | volume=34 | issue=2 | pages=126–147 | doi=10.5771/0344-9777-2011-2-126 | url=https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0344-9777-2011-2-126.pdf?download_full_pdf=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1970s ===<br /> * Siemens AG Österreich (1972; ''partial privatization — majority stake of 56.4% transferred to German parent company [[Siemens]]; Austrian state holding [[Österreichische Beteiligungs AG|ÖIAG]] retained 43.6%)'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1=Weber | first1=Fritz | title=Verstaatlichung und Privatisierung in Österreich 1946-1986 | journal=Zeitschrift für Öffentliche und Gemeinwirtschaftliche Unternehmen | date=2011 | volume=34 | issue=2 | pages=126–147 | doi=10.5771/0344-9777-2011-2-126 | url=https://www.nomos-elibrary.de/10.5771/0344-9777-2011-2-126.pdf?download_full_pdf=1&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1980s ===<br /> * [[Lenzing AG]] (1985–1990s; ''the privatization process began with its listing on the Vienna Stock Exchange — full state ownership was phased out during the 1990s'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lenzing.com/de/ueber-uns/geschichte/]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[OMV]] (1987-96; ''government retains 31.5%'')<br /> * [[:de:Berndorfer Metallwarenfabrik|Berndorfer Metallwarenfabrik]] (1988; ''fully privatised through a [[management buyout]]'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20180924_OTS0070/schritt-fuer-schritt-an-ein-ungeahntes-ziel-seit-der-privatisierung-1988-wuchs-die-berndorf-ag-auf-zwanzigfache-groesse]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Verbund]] (1988; ''partial privatization through IPO — 49% of shares were listed on the Vienna Stock Exchange, the government retained 51%'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.verbund.com/de/konzern/investor-relations/aktienkurs-und-information?utm_source=chatgpt.com]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1990s ===<br /> * [[Simmering-Graz-Pauker]] (1992–1994; ''the company is now part of [[Siemens]]'')<br /> * [[voestalpine]] (1992-2005)<br /> **Voest-Alpine Eisenbahntechnik (1992–94; ''privatized in stages — became VAE, which was jointly acquired by voestalpine and Vossloh in 1998; fully owned by voestalpine by 2003 and now operates as voestalpine Railway Systems'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=VAE South Africa - History | url=http://www.voestalpine.com/vaesa/en/company/history.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131163824/http://www.voestalpine.com/vaesa/en/company/history.html | archive-date=31 January 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[:de:VA Technologie|VA Technologie]] (1994-2005; ''partial privatisation began with IPO in 1994 — additional shares sold in 2003 and 2005; acquired by Siemens in 2005 and later integrated into [[Primetals Technologies]]'')<br /> **[[Böhler-Uddeholm]] (1995–2003; ''IPO in 1995 — gradual reduction of state stake until full privatization by 2003'')<br /> **Voest-Alpine Stahl AG (1995-2003; ''initial tranche of 31.7% sold in 1995 — further shares were divested in 2001 and 2003, completing full privatization'')<br /> ** VA Bergtechnik (1996)<br /> ** Voest-Alpine Erzberg (2004)<br /> * Austria Mikro Systeme International (1993–94; ''now operates as [[AMS-Osram]]'')<br /> * A.S.A. Abfall Service (1993; ''fully privatized through sale to [[Électricité de France]] — acquired by [[FCC Group]] in 2005 and now operates as [[:de:FCC Austria|FCC Austria]]'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fcc-group.eu/osterreich/unternehmen/historie]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[AT&amp;S]] (1994)<br /> * [[Schoeller-Bleckmann Oilfield Equipment]] (1995)<br /> * Schoeller-Bleckmann Edelstahlrohr GesmbH (1995)<br /> * Bernhard Steinel Werkzeugmaschinen GmbH (1995)<br /> * Weiler Werkzeugmaschinen (1995)<br /> * GIWOG-Wohnbaugruppe (1996)<br /> * [[:de:Vamed|Vamed]] (1996; ''government retained 13% until 2024'')<br /> * [[AMAG Austria Metall AG]] (1996)<br /> * Salinen Austria (1997)<br /> * Mobilkom Austria (1997)<br /> * [[Wiener Boerse]] (1999)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wienerborse.at/marktdaten/aktien-sonstige/unternehmensprofil/?ISIN=AT0000816301&amp;ID_NOTATION=92568&amp;c2093%5Bfile%5D=GhnF9zvVk9bpunqwUvNKsw&amp;cHash=a5a5dfc28dcf2106ed8fe617ae56eb6c|title=UNTERNEHMENS INVEST AG Unternehmensprofil auf wienerborse.at}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Bank Austria]] (1997–98)<br /> * [[Gallaher Group|Austria Tabak]] (1997, 1999, 2001)<br /> <br /> === 2000s ===<br /> * [[BAWAG P.S.K.|Österreichische Postsparkasse]] (2000)<br /> * [[A1 Telekom Austria Group|Telekom Austria]] (2000–2006; ''privatisation began with an IPO in 2000 — additional tranches were sold over the following years, and the state retained a minority stake of 28.42% after 2006'')<br /> * [[Vienna International Airport]] (2000, 2001; ''regional governments of [[Vienna]] and [[Lower Austria]] retain 40%'')<br /> * Österreichische Staatsdruckerei (2000)<br /> * [[Dorotheum]] (2001)<br /> * [[:de:Österreichischer Bundesverlag|Österreichischer Bundesverlag]] (2002; ''was a formerly state-owned educational publisher, responsible for producing school textbooks and other educational materials; today it's part of [[:de:Klett_Gruppe#Bildungsmedien_im_deutschsprachigen_Raum|Klett Gruppe]].'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.oebv.at/ueber-uns]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.presseportal.ch/de/pm/100003846/100458961]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Strohal Rotations Druck (2002)<br /> * BMG Metall und Recycling (2004)<br /> * [[:de:BUWOG|BUWOG]] (2004; ''privatised through sale to [[Immofinanz]] — later spun off and acquired by [[Vonovia]], becoming part of the largest residential property group in Europe'')<br /> * [[Austrian Post]] (2006; ''government retains 52.8%'')<br /> * [[:de:Bank Burgenland|Bank Burgenland]] (2006; ''the regional state bank owned by the [[Federal states of Austria|state]] of [[Burgenland]] was sold to [[Grazer Wechselseitige Versicherung|GRAWE]]'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://kurier.at/wirtschaft/burgenland-muss-beihilfe-zurueckfordern/32.399.958?utm_source=chatgpt.com]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Austrian Airlines]] (2009; ''acquired by [[Lufthansa|Lufthansa Group]]'')<br /> <br /> === 2010s ===<br /> * [[:de:Funkhaus Wien|Funkhaus Wien]] (2016)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2780125/|title = ORF-Funkhaus geht an Baugruppe Rhomberg|date = 14 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2020s ===<br /> * EuroTeleSites (2023; ''partial privatization through IPO - [[A1 Telekom Austria Group]] spun off its radio tower division and listed it on the Vienna Stock Exchange ; the state retains an indirect stake via ÖBAG'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/TELEKOM-AUSTRIA-AG-6492023/news/A1-Telekom-Austria-s-radio-towers-division-debuts-below-reference-price-44903108/ | title=A1 Telekom Austria's radio towers division debuts below reference price - MarketScreener | date=22 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[:de:Vamed|Vamed]] (2024; ''government sold its remaining 13% to [[Fresenius (company)|Fresenius]]'')&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://industriemagazin.at/news/oebag-und-b-c-gruppe-verkaufen-anteile-an-vamed-ag-an-fresenius/ | title=ÖBAG und B&amp;C-Gruppe verkaufen Anteile an Vamed AG an Fresenius | date=4 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Wiener_Lokalbahnen#Wiener_Lokalbahnen_Cargo_(WLC)|Wiener Lokalbahnen Cargo]] (since 2025; ''ongoing divestment process — [[:de:Wiener Stadtwerke|Wiener Stadtwerke]] announced in 2025 that it intends to sell its freight transport subsidiary WLC to [[:de:CER Cargo|CER Cargo]]'')&lt;ref&gt;[https://aviation.direct/en/Vienna-public-utilities-divest-freight-transport-division-Vienna-Local-Railways-Cargo]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Bahrain ==<br /> <br /> * [[Bahrain Telecommunications Co.]] (Q1 2005, $800 million)<br /> <br /> == Bolivia ==<br /> {{see also|Water privatization in Bolivia}}<br /> <br /> == Brazil ==<br /> {{see also|Water privatization in Brazil}}<br /> <br /> * [[Banco do Estado do Maranhão S.A]]<br /> * [[Banespa]]<br /> * [[BB Turismo]]<br /> * [[CEDAE]]<br /> * [[CELMA]]<br /> * [[Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional|CSN]]<br /> * [[Eletrobras]]<br /> * [[Embraer]]<br /> * [[Embratel]]<br /> * Light<br /> * [[Petrobras Distribuidora]]<br /> * [[RFFSA]]<br /> * [[Sabesp]]<br /> * [[Terminal Pesqueiro de Manaus]]<br /> * [[Terminal Pesqueiro de Vitória]]<br /> * [[Telebrás]]<br /> * [[Usiminas]]<br /> * [[Vale (mining company)|Vale do Rio Doce]]<br /> * [[VASP]]<br /> <br /> == Canada ==<br /> {{see also|Crown corporations of Canada}}<br /> <br /> * [[Teleglobe]] (1987) – an international telco carrier<br /> * [[Air Canada]] (1988)<br /> * [[Potash Corporation of Saskatchewan]] (1989)<br /> * [[Telus Communications|Telus]] (1991), formerly [[Alberta Government Telephones]]<br /> * [[Petro-Canada]] (1991)<br /> * [[Nova Scotia Power]] (1992)<br /> * [[Canadian National Railway]] (1995)<br /> * [[Saskatchewan Wheat Pool]] (1996)<br /> * [[Manitoba Telecom Services]] or MTS (1996)<br /> * [[Ontario Highway 407|Highway 407]] (1999) – leased to private operators<br /> * [[Ontario Hydro]] (1999) – only partially privatized with [[Hydro One]] and [[Ontario Power Generation]], a publicly owned company and [[Crown corporations of Canada|crown corporation]] respectively<br /> * [[Uranium]] industry in Saskatchewan<br /> <br /> == Chile ==<br /> {{see also|Water privatization in Chile}}<br /> <br /> * [[CAP S.A.]]<br /> * [[Chilectra]]<br /> * [[Colbún S.A.]]<br /> * [[Movistar|CTC]]<br /> * [[Enaex]]<br /> * [[Empremar]]<br /> * [[Endesa (Chile)|Endesa]]<br /> * [[Entel (Chile)|Entel]]<br /> * [[ESVAL|Esval]]<br /> * [[IANSA (company)|IANSA]]<br /> * [[Lan Airlines]]<br /> * [[Pensions in Chile|Pension Funds (AFP)]]<br /> * [[Sociedad Química y Minera|Soquimich]]<br /> <br /> == Czechoslovakia ==<br /> * Virtually everything after the [[Velvet Revolution]] in 1989; see [[voucher privatization]] for details.<br /> <br /> == Egypt ==<br /> <br /> [[Abt Associates Inc.]]; sponsored by Government of Egypt, [[Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation]] and [[United States Agency for International Development]]; November 2000.<br /> Retrieved 20 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, STIA, also known as El Nasr Wool &amp; Selected Textiles, of [[Alexandria]], remained &quot;one of the largest public sector textiles companies.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.stiaco.com/home.htm STIA Home], company website. Retrieved 20 April 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Finland ==<br /> * [[Finnair]]<br /> * [[Sonera]] (former Telecom Finland)<br /> <br /> == France ==<br /> <br /> === 1980s ===<br /> <br /> * [[Compagnie Générale d'Electricité]] became [[Alcatel-Lucent|Alcatel]] (1987)<br /> * [[Havas]] (1987)<br /> * [[IN Groupe]] (1993)<br /> * [[Matra]] (1988)<br /> * [[Paribas]] – privatized in 1987 and merged with BNP to form BNP Paribas<br /> * [[Saint-Gobain]] – created in 1665 by minister of Finance Jean-Baptiste Colbert; privatized in 1986<br /> * [[Société Générale]] privatized in 1987<br /> * [[Suez (company, 1997–2008)|Suez]] – privatized and merged with the stated-owned [[Gaz de France]] (GDF) in 2008 to form [[GDF SUEZ|GDF Suez]]<br /> * [[TF1]] – first TV channel of France, privatized in 1987<br /> <br /> === 1990s ===<br /> * [[Orange Group|France Télécom]] (1998)<br /> * [[Arcelor]] (1995)<br /> * [[Assurances Générales de France]] (1996)<br /> * [[Groupe Bull]] (1997)<br /> * [[CNP Assurances]] (1998)<br /> * [[Compagnie générale transatlantique]] (1996) – merged with CMA to form [[CMA CGM]]<br /> * [[Crédit Industriel et Commercial]] (1998)<br /> * [[Dexia|Crédit local de France]] (1991)<br /> * [[Le Crédit Lyonnais]] (1999)<br /> * [[Elf Aquitaine]] – privatized in 1994; absorbed by [[TotalEnergies|Total]]<br /> * [[Eramet]] (1999)<br /> * [[Groupama|Gan]] (1998)<br /> * [[Pechiney]] (1995)<br /> * [[Renault]] (1996) – the French state still have 15.01% of the shareholding<br /> * [[SEITA]] (1995) – now [[Altadis]]<br /> * [[TotalEnergies|Total]]<br /> * [[Union des Assurances de Paris]] (1994)<br /> <br /> === 2000s ===<br /> <br /> * [[Aéroports de Paris]] – the French State remains the major shareholder: 52%<br /> * [[Air France]] – opening shareholding open in 1999. Merged with [[KLM]] and merged to form: [[Air France–KLM|Air France-KLM]] (as 2004, the French State remain 44%). As of 2012, the French State remains 15.8%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.airfranceklm-finance.com/en/Shares/Capital-structure-and-equity-threshold-declarations |title=Air France - KLM : Capital structure and equity threshold declarations – Shares |access-date=2 June 2012 |archive-date=1 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601061501/http://www.airfranceklm-finance.com/en/Shares/Capital-structure-and-equity-threshold-declarations |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Credit Lyonnais]] (a bank ;– privatized in 2001)<br /> * [[Électricité de France]] (EDF) (in December 2005 France sold 30% of EDF)<br /> * [[French Highway Concession]]<br /> ** [[A'lienor]] – sold to [[Eiffage]] (65%) and [[Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France]] (35%)<br /> ** [[Alis (entreprise)|Alis]] – sold to [[Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France]]<br /> ** [[Société des Autoroutes de Paris Normandie]] – sold to [[Vinci (construction)|Vinci]]<br /> ** [[Société des Autoroutes du Nord et de l'Est de la France]] – sold to Abertis (52,5%); the rest is owned by other investors<br /> ** [[Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-Rhône]] – sold to [[Eiffage]]<br /> ** [[Autoroutes du Sud de la France]] – sold to Vinci<br /> ** [[Arcour]] – sold to Vinci<br /> ** [[Atlandes]] – sold to [[Colas Group]] (subsidiaries of [[Bouygues]]) and other investors<br /> ** [[Cofiroute]] – sold to Vinci<br /> * [[Gaz de France]] (GDF) – Prime minister [[Dominique de Villepin]] announced a merger between GDF and [[Suez (company, 1997–2008)|Suez]]; since the state owns 80% of GDF, a privatization of GDF would require the passing of a new law; the state would control only 34% of the capital of the new group: see [https://web.archive.org/web/20060624065945/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2006-02-28/2006-02-28-825123 commentary].<br /> * [[Orange S.A.]] (formerly France Télécom) (the French State has owned under 50% of Orange since September 2004) – the French State remains (including [[Entreprise de recherches et d'activités pétrolières|ERAP]]): 26,94%<br /> * [[Pages Jaunes]] ([[Yellow Pages]]) (in 2004 France sold 32% of Pages Jaunes for €1.25 billion)<br /> * [[Snecma]] (in 2004 France sold 35% of Snecma for €1.45 billion)<br /> * [[Société nationale industrielle aérospatiale]] (2000) – merged with [[DaimlerChrysler Aerospace|DASA]] and [[EADS CASA|CASA]] to form the [[European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company]]<br /> * [[Thomson Multimédia]]<br /> ** [[Thomson Multimédia]] – now [[Technicolor]]<br /> ** [[Thomson-CSF]] – now [[Thales Group]]; the French State remains 27%<br /> * [[SNCM]] (Société Nationale Maritime Corse Méditerranée) – ferry-company; privatized at the end of 2005; the French State remains 25% in SNCM<br /> <br /> === 2010s ===<br /> * [[Française des Jeux (lottery)|Française des Jeux]] (FDJ) – in 2019 the French State sold off around 50% of its shares retaining 20%&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://igamingbusiness.com/legal-compliance/legal/european-commission-launches-investigation-into-fdj-remuneration/ | title=European Commission launches investigation into FDJ monopoly | date=27 July 2021 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-france-privatisation-fdj-idUSKBN1XH1WL | title=France gambles on privatization drive with lottery stake sale | newspaper=Reuters | date=7 November 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Germany ==<br /> {{see also|Treuhandanstalt}}<br /> <br /> * 1921: [[Universum Film AG|UFA]]<br /> * 1960: [[Volkswagen Group]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bild.de/news/topics/bundestag-beschliesst-privatisierung-von-vw-7910062.bild.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com]&lt;/ref&gt; (the [[State of Lower Saxony|Lower Saxony]] still retains an 11.8% stake&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.volkswagen-group.com/en/shareholder-structure-15951]&lt;/ref&gt;)<br /> * 1965-87: [[VEBA]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/2076/3_Kap3_Privatisierung_in_Deutschland.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=4&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com]&lt;/ref&gt; (now part of [[E.ON]])<br /> * 1966-97: [[Lufthansa]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aerotelegraph.com/wie-lufthansa-privatisiert-wurdem]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * 1986-88: [[:de:VIAG|VIAG]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/2076/3_Kap3_Privatisierung_in_Deutschland.pdf?isAllowed=y&amp;sequence=4&amp;utm_source=chatgpt.com]&lt;/ref&gt; (now part of [[E.ON]])<br /> &lt;br&gt;<br /> * [[Deutsche Bundespost]] became in January 1995:<br /> ** [[Deutsche Post]] – the state owns 16.45% through the [[KfW]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dpdhl.com/de/investoren/aktie/aktionaersstruktur.html |title=Deutsche Post DHL Group {{!}} Aktionärsstruktur |website=www.dpdhl.com |language=de |access-date=17 February 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[Deutsche Telekom]] – the state still owns 27.8%, partly direct and partly through the [[KfW]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/telekom-aktien-bund-100.html |title=Staat verkauft Telekom-Aktien - Geld soll in Bahn fließen |last=AG |first=Deutsche Telekom |language=de |access-date=4 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** [[Deutsche Postbank]] – in 2004 the state floated a minority stake for €2.5 billion<br /> <br /> == Ghana ==<br /> {{see also|Water privatisation in Ghana}}<br /> <br /> == Guinea ==<br /> {{see also|Water privatization in Guinea}}<br /> <br /> == Greece ==<br /> {{see also|Hellenic Republic Asset Development Fund}}<br /> <br /> * [[DESFA]] – On 20 December 2018, a consortium formed by [[Snam]] (60%), [[Enagás]] (20%) and [[Fluxys]] (20%) completed the acquisition of a 66% stake in DESFA for an amount of €535 million.<br /> * [[Hellenic Petroleum]] – Starting from the 1990s, the Greek Government gradually sold its shares in the company, and currently owns only 35.5% of the shares.<br /> * [[Hellenic Vehicle Industry]] (ELVO) – In December 2020, 79% of the shares were acquired by an Israeli consortium formed by [[Plasan]] and [[SK Group (Israel)|SK Group]]. The Hellenic state continues to retains 21% of the shares.<br /> * [[Olympic Airways]] – at first, then Olympic Airlines; the Hellenic State attempted to privatise the ailing airlines five times, more or less, from 2004 onwards. The company was folded and re-created in 2009, and privatized in 2012, under the supervision of the EU and IMF, as it was part of the debt-restructuring process of 2012.<br /> * [[OPAP]] (Lottery and Betting Monopoly) – privatization completed in 2013, when the last remaining government-owned stock was sold&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-greece-opap-idUSBRE97B0BF20130812 |title=Greece completes privatization of gambling monopoly OPAP |newspaper=Reuters |date=12 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[OTE]] (Οργανισμός Τηλεπικοινωνιών Ελλάδος / Hellenic Telecommunications Company) – became partly privatised in the 1990s, when its only shareholder at the time, the Hellenic State, reduced its share of the company to 36%. Since May 2018, [[Deutsche Telekom]] owns 45% of the shares, and the Hellenic State has retained 5%.<br /> * [[Piraeus Port Authority]] – In April 2016, HRADF sold 51% of [[Piraeus Port Authority]] to the [[COSCO Group]].<br /> * [[Public Power Corporation]] – In 2001, PPC carried out a share flotation on the Athens Stock Exchange and consequently was no longer wholly owned by the government, although it was still controlled by it with a 51.12% stake until 2021. The company was privatised in November 2021, when the Greek government decreased its shareholding to 34.12% and transferred it to the Greek sovereign wealth fund, the Hellenic Corporation of Assets and Participations (HCAP).<br /> * [[Thessaloniki Port Authority]] – In March 2018, an international consortium acquired 67% of the shares, with the Hellenic State retaining 7.27%.<br /> * [[TrainOSE]] – It was acquired in September 2017 by the Italian railway company, [[Ferrovie dello Stato Italiane]].<br /> <br /> == Hong Kong ==<br /> * Hong Kong Mail Service<br /> * [[Link REIT]]<br /> * [[MTR Corporation]]<br /> <br /> == Honduras ==<br /> {{see also|Water privatization in Honduras}}<br /> <br /> == Iceland ==<br /> {{main|List of privatisations in Iceland}}<br /> <br /> * [[Kaupthing Bank|Búnaðarbanki Íslands hf]] – privatized in 1999–2003<br /> * [[Landsbanki]] Íslands hf – privatized in 1999–2003<br /> * [[Síminn|Landssími Íslands hf]] – privatized in 2005<br /> * [[Advania|Skýrr hf]] – privatized in 1997–1998<br /> <br /> == India ==<br /> <br /> * [[Air India]] – sold to [[Tata Group]] in 2020<br /> * [[Bharat Aluminium Company]] – sold to [[Vedanta Limited]] in 2000<br /> * [[CMC Limited]] – sold to [[Tata Consultancy Services]] in 2001<br /> * Lagan Engineering – in 2001<br /> * [[Hindustan Zinc|Hindustan Zinc Limited]] – sold to [[Vedanta Limited]] in 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-20/india-business/27263364_1_public-sector-privatisation-labour-unions |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103165120/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-02-20/india-business/27263364_1_public-sector-privatisation-labour-unions |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Winners and losers of HZL privatisation}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Udyog Limited]] later became a joint venture between [[Suzuki]] and [[Government of India]], now known as [[Maruti Suzuki]]<br /> * [[Modern Food Industries]] – sold to [[Hindustan Unilever]] in 2000<br /> * [[Tata Communications|Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited]] – sold to [[Tata Group]] in 2002<br /> * [[Jessop &amp; Company]] – sold to Ruia Group in 2003<br /> * [[Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited]] – sold to [[Reliance Industries]]<br /> * [[Hindustan Petroleum]] - sold to [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation]] in 2017<br /> * [[IDBI Bank]] - 51% majority sold to [[Life Insurance Corporation|LIC]] in 2019<br /> * Following Airports:<br /> ** [[Jaipur International Airport]] – owned and operated by [[Public–private partnership|public–private]] consortium led by [[Adani Group]]<br /> ** [[Cochin International Airport]]<br /> ** [[Mangalore International Airport]] – owned and operated by [[Public–private partnership|public–private]] consortium led by [[Adani Group]]<br /> ** [[Thiruvananthapuram International Airport]] – owned and operated by [[Public–private partnership|public–private]] consortium led by [[Adani Group]]<br /> ** [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indira Gandhi International Airport - Delhi]] – owned and operated by [[Public–private partnership|public–private]] consortium led by [[GMR Group]]<br /> ** [[Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport|Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport - Lucknow]] – owned and operated by [[Public–private partnership|public–private]] consortium led by [[Adani Group]]<br /> ** [[Rajiv Gandhi International Airport|Rajiv Gandhi International Airport - Hyderabad]] – owned and operated by [[Public–private partnership|public–private]] consortium led by [[GMR Group]]<br /> ** [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport|Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport - Mumbai]] – owned and operated by [[Public–private partnership|public–private]] consortium led by [[Adani Group]]<br /> ** [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport - Ahmedabad]] – owned and operated by [[Public–private partnership|public–private]] consortium led by [[Adani Group]]<br /> ** [[Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport|Lokpriya Gopinath Bordoloi International Airport - Guwahati]] – owned and operated by [[Public–private partnership|public–private]] consortium led by [[Adani Group]]<br /> <br /> == Indonesia ==<br /> {{see also|Water privatization in Jakarta}}<br /> <br /> * Aneka Gas Industri (partially sold to [[Messer Group]] and PT Tira Austenite in 1996, fully sold to Samator Gas in 2004)<br /> * [[Indosat]] (sold to Temasek Holdings in 2002–2003)<br /> <br /> == Iran ==<br /> {{see also|Privatization in Iran}}<br /> <br /> == Iraq ==<br /> * (planned) most industries except oil, at the behest of the [[United States]]-sponsored government<br /> <br /> == Ireland ==<br /> * [[ACCBank]] – sold to [[Rabobank]]<br /> * [[Aer Lingus]] – floated on the stock market<br /> * [[Irish Life and Permanent|AIB]] – after the [[2008 financial crisis]], the bank was nationalised; the Irish Government still retains a 12.5 % stake.[https://www.msn.com/en-gb/money/other/irish-state-cuts-aib-stake-in-further-move-towards-privatisation/ar-AA1xZfe9]<br /> * [[British and Irish Steampacket Company Limited]] – sold to [[Irish Continental Group]]<br /> * [[Cablelink]] – sold to [[NTL Ireland]]; formerly held 50/50 by [[Telecom Éireann]] and [[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]], both state-owned at the time<br /> * [[ICC Bank]] – sold to [[Bank of Scotland]]<br /> * [[Irish Life]] – sold to [[Irish Permanent]]<br /> * [[Irish National Petroleum Corporation]] – all assets sold to [[ConocoPhillips]], still exists in law<br /> * [[Irish Steel]] – acquired by affiliates of [[Ispat Steel]]<br /> * [[Irish Sugar]] – floated on stock market as [[Greencore]]; state retains one share for veto purposes<br /> * [[Nítrigin Éireann]] – sold to its other shareholder in [[Irish Fertiliser Industries]], Richardsons, final firm called IFI, no longer exists<br /> * [[Telecom Éireann]] – floated on the stock market<br /> * [[Irish Life and Permanent|TSB Bank]] – bought by Irish Life and Permanent from the Government of Ireland in 2001<br /> <br /> == Israel ==<br /> {{see also|Privatization in Israel}}<br /> * [[Bezeq]]<br /> * [[El Al]]<br /> * [[Bank Hapoalim]]<br /> * [[Bank Leumi]] (partial)<br /> * [[Israel Chemicals]]<br /> * [[Israel Discount Bank]] (partial)<br /> * [[RAFAEL Armament Development Authority]] (partial)<br /> * [[Zim Integrated Shipping Services]]<br /> <br /> == Italy ==<br /> * [[INA Assitalia]]<br /> * [[ITA Airways]] acquired by [[Lufthansa|Lufthansa Group]]<br /> * [[Enel S.p.A.]] (1999 32% €16.6 billion, 2003 6.6% €2.2 billion, 2004 20% €7.5 billion)&lt;ref&gt;http://pepei.pennnet.com/News/Display_News_Story.cfm?Section=WireNews&amp;Category=HOME&amp;NewsID=109120 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050430104701/http://pepei.pennnet.com/News/Display_News_Story.cfm?Section=WireNews&amp;Category=HOME&amp;NewsID=109120 |date=30 April 2005 }}]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Eni]]<br /> * [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale|IRI]] (among which are [[Atlantia (company)|Autostrade s.p.a.]], [[Credito Italiano]])<br /> * [[Telecom Italia]]<br /> * [[Terna (company)|Terna]] (Enel sold 43.5% for €1.48 billion in June 2004)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://investmentsmagazine.com/ManageArticle.asp?C=20&amp;A=7578 |title=Enel Raises Eu1.48 Billion |access-date=20 December 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050430100132/http://investmentsmagazine.com/ManageArticle.asp?C=20&amp;A=7578 |archive-date=30 April 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Japan ==<br /> {{seealso|Division and privatization of Japanese National Railways}}<br /> * [[Japan Airlines]]<br /> * [[Japan Highway Public Corporation]] (only converted into three regional [[kabushiki gaisha|joint-stock companies]] which are all remaining wholly state-owned)<br /> * [[Japan Post]] (half-privatized; the state must by law own one-third)<br /> * [[Japan Railways Group]] (formerly [[Japanese National Railways]])<br /> * [[Japan Tobacco]] (the state must by law own one-third)<br /> * [[Narita International Airport Corporation|New Tokyo International Airport Authority]] ([[Narita Airport]]) (only converted into joint-stock company which remains wholly state-owned)<br /> * [[Nippon Express]]<br /> * [[Nippon Telegraph and Telephone]] (the state must by law own one-third)<br /> <br /> == Jordan ==<br /> * Aramex International (Q1 2005, 75% for $150–200 million)<br /> * [[Jordan Telecom]]<br /> * [[Queen Alia International Airport]]<br /> <br /> == South Korea ==<br /> * [[Korea Electric Power]] (KEPCO; half-privatized)<br /> * [[Korea Telecom]]<br /> * [[KOGAS]]<br /> * [[KT&amp;G]] (Korea Tobacco &amp; Ginseng)<br /> * [[POSCO]] (Pohang Iron &amp; Steel)<br /> <br /> == Kuwait ==<br /> * [[Kuwait Finance House]] (November 2004, 25% of the company for $1 billion)<br /> <br /> == Malaysia ==<br /> * [[Johor Water Corporation]]<br /> * [[Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad]] – national railway company<br /> * [[Malaysia Airlines]]<br /> * [[Malaysia Airports Holdings]]<br /> * [[Pasir Gudang]] Local Authority<br /> * [[Pos Malaysia]] – national postal services<br /> * [[Senai International Airport]]<br /> * [[Telekom Malaysia]]<br /> * [[Tenaga Nasional|Tenaga National Berhad]] – national electricity-generation and distribution<br /> <br /> == Mexico ==<br /> 1,150 public companies, including banks, railroads, the telephone company, mines, roads, TV stations, ports, airports, airlines, sugar mills, and retirement funds.<br /> <br /> == Morocco ==<br /> {{see also|Privatization in Morocco|Water privatization in Morocco}}<br /> <br /> == Netherlands ==<br /> <br /> * [[Posterijen, Telegrafie en Telefonie (Nederland)|PTT]], the mail and telecom company<br /> <br /> == New Zealand ==<br /> {{see also|State-Owned Enterprises of New Zealand|Rogernomics|Rail privatisation in New Zealand}}<br /> * [[Air New Zealand]] – privatized in 1989, subsequently rescued by the [[Government of New Zealand]] in 2001<br /> * [[Auckland Airport]]<br /> * [[Bank of New Zealand]] – semi-privatized in 1987; rescued by the [[The Crown|Crown]] in 1990; sold off in 1992<br /> * [[Electricity Corporation of New Zealand]] (ECNZ) – part of which became privatized as [[Contact Energy]] in the period 1995–1998<br /> * [[Government Print]]<br /> * [[New Zealand Ministry of Works|Ministry of Works and Development]]<br /> * Natural Gas Corporation (NGC), ultimately absorbed into Vector Limited<br /> * [[New Zealand Steel]] – privatized from 1987, now part of [[BlueScope]]<br /> * The [[PostBank|Post Office Savings Bank]] (POSB) – bought by the [[ANZ Bank New Zealand|ANZ Bank]] in 1989<br /> * [[Spark New Zealand|Telecom New Zealand]] – privatized in 1990<br /> * [[Tranz Rail|New Zealand Rail Limited]] – privatized in 1993, became [[Tranz Rail]] Limited in 1995; the government subsequently repurchased the track lease<br /> * various [[council-controlled organisations]] formerly owned by [[Territorial Authorities of New Zealand|territorial authorities]]: see also [[Local Authority Trading Enterprise]]s (LATEs)<br /> <br /> == Norway ==<br /> * [[Arcus AS|Arcus]] (sold to [[Sucra]] in 2001)<br /> * [[Christiania Bank]] og Kreditkasse (sold to [[Nordea]] in 2000)<br /> * [[DnB NOR]] (floated on the stock market in 1995, government retains 34%)<br /> * [[Finnmark Fylkesrederi og Ruteselskap]] (sold to [[Veolia Transport Norge]] in 2003)<br /> * [[Fredrikstad Energi]] (49% sold to [[Fortum]])<br /> * [[Kongsberg Gruppen]] (floated on the stock market in 1993, government retains 50%)<br /> * [[Norsk Medisinaldepot]] (sold to [[Celesio]] in 2001)<br /> * [[CargoNet|NSB Gods]] (now CargoNet, partially sold to [[Green Cargo]] in 2002, NSB retains 55%)<br /> * [[Oslo Energi]] (parts merged with [[Hafslund ASA|Hafslund]])<br /> * [[Postbanken]] (merged with [[DnB NOR]] in 1999)<br /> * [[Cermaq|Statkorn]] (floated on the stock market as Cermaq in 2000, government retains 44%)<br /> * [[Statoil]] (floated on the stock market in 2001, government retains 71%)<br /> * [[Telenor]] (floated on the stock market in 2000, government retains 54%)<br /> * [[TrønderBilene]] (66% sold to [[Fosen Trafikklag]] in 1999)<br /> * [[Østfold Energi]] (parts sold to [[Fortum]] in 2001)<br /> * [[Årdal og Sunndal Verk]] (merged with [[Norsk Hydro]] in 1986)<br /> <br /> == Pakistan ==<br /> {{main|Privatisation in Pakistan}}<br /> <br /> * [[National Refinery Limited]] (acquired by [[Attock Group of Companies]] in July 2005)<br /> * [[PTCL|Pakistan Telecom]] sold out to [[Etisalat|Eitisalat]] in 2006.<br /> <br /> == Peru ==<br /> <br /> * [[Aeroperú|AeroPeru – Peruvian Air Transport Enterprise]] (sold to [[Aeroméxico]] in 1993, closed in 1999)<br /> * [[ENATRU]] – National Urban Transport Enterprise (sold to the employees)<br /> * Empresa Regional de Servicio Público de Electricidad del Sur Medio – ELECTRODUNAS (Sold to HICA)<br /> * [[SIDERPERU]] (Sold to Sider Corporation S.A)<br /> * PESCAPERU – Fishing National Enterprise<br /> * MINEROPERU – Peruvian National Mining Company<br /> * Tintaya (sold to Magma Copper Corporation)<br /> * Ilo Mining (sold to [[Southern Copper Corporation|Southern Peru Copper Corporation]], and since 2018 is part of [[Grupo México|Grupo Mexico]])<br /> * [[Volcan (mining company)|Centromin – Mining of Central Peru]]<br /> * Hierro Peru (Sold to [[Shougang Group]])<br /> * National Company of Gas – SOL GAS (sold to [[Repsol]])<br /> * [[Enel Generación Perú|EDEGEL]] (sold to [[Endesa]] in 1996, since 2016 is part of [[Enel]])<br /> * [[Empresa Nacional de Ferrocarriles del Peru|ENAFER]] (Parts of [[PeruRail|Peru Rail]], Fetransa and [[Ferrocarril Central Andino|FCCA]])<br /> * [[Movistar|CPT – ENTEL]] (Sold to [[Telefónica|Telefonica]] in 1994)<br /> * EDELNOR (sold to [[Endesa]] in 1994, since 2016 is part of [[Enel]])<br /> * [[Luz del Sur|EDELSUR]] (sold to [[Sempra Energy]] in 1994, since 2019 is part of [[China Three Gorges Corporation|CTG]])<br /> * [[BBVA Perú|Banco Continental del Peru]] (Sold to [[Banco Bilbao Vizcaya|BBV]] and since 1999 part of [[Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria|BBVA]])<br /> * [[Interbank|Inter bank]] (Part of Banco Internacional del Peru)<br /> <br /> == Philippines ==<br /> {{see also|Water privatization in Metro Manila}}<br /> *[[Manila Hotel]] – was acquired by the [[Insular Government of the Philippine Islands|Insular Government]] through the [[Manila Railroad Company]] in 1919, re-privatized in 1995.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Unpaid Manila Hotel loans soar to P17B|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20090506-203379/Unpaid-Manila-Hotel-loans-soar-to-P17B|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|date=2009-05-06|access-date=2013-09-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Metro Manila Transit Corporation]] – split into four private companies in the 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|title=Transportation History Of The Philippines|url=https://docu.tips/documents/transportation-history-of-the-philippines-5c15caff39560|access-date=March 7, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *National Sugar Trading Corporation (NASUTRA) – Former [[state monopoly]], split in 1986 into its [[Sugar industry of the Philippines|various predecessors]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sra.gov.ph/about-us/history/|title=Sugar Industry History|publisher=Sugar Regulatory Administration |access-date=May 31, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Philippine National Bank]] – 1989–2005&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pnb.com.ph/wp-content/uploads/docs/2007-PR-2ndQuarter.pdf|title=POST-REHAB INCOME SURGES; ASSET QUALITY FORTIFIED|work=PNB Press Release|access-date=2023-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Radio Philippines Network]] – 80% privatized since 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://business.inquirer.net/177106/cabangon-chua-group-set-to-take-over-rpn-9 |title=Cabangon-Chua group set to take over RPN-9 |date=August 21, 2014 |access-date=August 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Poland ==<br /> {{see also|Balcerowicz Plan}}<br /> * [[Telekomunikacja Polska S.A.]]<br /> <br /> == Portugal ==<br /> * [[ANA Aeroportos de Portugal|ANA]] – Aeroportos de Portugal (Portuguese airports)<br /> * [[CIMPOR]]<br /> * [[CTT Correios de Portugal, S.A.|CTT]] – Portuguese post<br /> * [[Energias de Portugal|EDP]] – Energia de Portugal<br /> * Fidelidade – the insurance part of the [[Caixa Geral de Depósitos|CGD]] public bank<br /> * [[Galp Energia]] – national petroleum company<br /> * [[Portugal Telecom]] – national telecommunications company<br /> * [[Redes Energéticas Nacionais|REN]] – Rede Eléctrica Nacional<br /> * [[TAP Portugal|TAP]] – airline<br /> <br /> == Qatar ==<br /> * Qatargas (now [[QatarEnergy LNG]]) – liquefied natural gas company (Q1 2005, 50% for $600 million)<br /> <br /> == Romania ==<br /> * [[Rompetrol]] – petroleum company (1993 &amp; 1998)<br /> * [[Ursus Breweries]] – beer brewer and distributor (1996)<br /> * Romcim (now [[Lafarge (company)|Lafarge Romania]]) – industrial materials company (1997)<br /> * Casial Hunedoara (now [[HeidelbergCement]] Romania) – industrial materials company (1997)<br /> * [[Romtelecom]] (now Telekom Romania) – telecommunications company (1998 &amp; 2003)<br /> * [[BRD – Groupe Société Générale]] – bank (1999)<br /> * [[Automobile Dacia]] – car manufacturer (1999)<br /> * [[Astra Rail Industries]] – rail vehicle manufacturer (1999 &amp; 2000)<br /> * [[Petromidia Refinery]] – oil refinery (2000)<br /> * [[Galați steel works|Sidex]] (now [[ArcelorMittal]] Galați) – steelworks (2001)<br /> * [[Alro Slatina|Alro]] – aluminium company (2002)<br /> * [[Petrom]] – petroleum company (2004)<br /> * [[Banca Comercială Română]] – bank (2003 &amp; 2006)<br /> * [[Electrica]] – electricity distributor (2006, 2008 &amp; 2014)<br /> * [[Automobile Craiova]] (now [[Ford Romania]]) – car manufacturer (2007)<br /> <br /> == Russia ==<br /> {{see also|Privatization in Russia}}<br /> <br /> A wide-scale [[Privatization in Russia|privatization program]] was launched in 1992–1994, using a [[voucher privatization]] scheme; from 1995, a monetary scheme was used.<br /> * [[Gazprom]] (1994)<br /> * [[LUKoil]] (1995)<br /> * [[Mechel]] (1995)<br /> * [[MMC Norilsk Nickel]] (1995)<br /> * [[Novolipetsk Steel]] (1995)<br /> * [[Surgutneftegaz]] (1995)<br /> * [[YUKOS]] (1995)<br /> <br /> == Saudi Arabia ==<br /> * [[Al-Bilad Bank]] (2008, 50%)<br /> * [[Bank Al-Inma]] (2008, 70%)<br /> * [[Government Hotels]] (2005, 100% of [[King Abdullah International Convention Centre]] in [[Jeddah]] and [[Ritz Carlton]] in [[Riyadh]])<br /> * [[Maaden (company)|Maaden]] (2008, 50%)<br /> * [[National Commercial Bank (Saudi Arabia)|National Commercial Bank]] (2014, 25%)<br /> * [[Riyad Bank]] (2008, 58%)<br /> * [[SABIC]] (1984, 30%)<br /> * [[Saudi Arabian Airlines]] (2006, split into 10 business units, 5 of which were privatized)<br /> * [[Saudi Electric Company]] (2000, 26%)<br /> * [[Saudi Ports]] (1997, 27 management contracts were given out to various ports around the Kingdom)<br /> * [[Saudi Real Estate Company]] (2003, 50%)<br /> * [[Saudi Telecom Company]] (2002, 30%)<br /> <br /> == Singapore ==<br /> * [[Port of Singapore Authority]] (1997)<br /> * [[POSB Bank|Post Office Savings Bank]] (bought by [[DBS Bank]] in 1998 and rebranded as [[POSBank]])<br /> * [[Singapore Broadcasting Corporation]] (1994, as the [[Television Corporation of Singapore]]; later renamed [[MediaCorp]] in 2001) – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms<br /> * [[Singapore Post]] – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms<br /> * [[Singapore Power]] – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms<br /> * [[Singapore Telecommunications]] (1992) – owned by the government through government-owned investment firms<br /> <br /> == Slovakia ==<br /> {{see also|Privatization in Slovakia}}<br /> <br /> == South Africa ==<br /> {{see also|Water privatisation in South Africa}}<br /> * [[Mittal Steel South Africa|Iscor]] – Now known as ArcelorMittal South Africa, the company was privatised in 1989.<br /> * [[Telkom (South Africa)|Telkom]] – Gradually privatised starting with the IPO in 2003. The government currently holds 39%, and is planning on selling its entire stake.<br /> <br /> == Spain ==<br /> * [[Aceralia]]<br /> * [[Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria|Argentaria]]<br /> * [[Endesa (Spain)|ENDESA]] (1988–1998)<br /> * [[Gas Natural]]<br /> * [[Iberia Airlines]] (2001)<br /> * [[Indra Sistemas|Indra]]<br /> * [[Red Electrica de España]]<br /> * [[Repsol]] (1989–1997)<br /> * [[Retevision]]<br /> * [[SEAT]] (1986)<br /> * [[Tabacalera]]<br /> <br /> == Sweden ==<br /> <br /> === 1980s ===<br /> * [[ASEA]]-ATOM (1981) -<br /> * [[Luxor AB]] (1984)<br /> * [[SSAB]] (1986–1994)<br /> * UV Shipping (1988)<br /> <br /> === 1990s ===<br /> * AssiDomän<br /> * Celsius<br /> * Cementa<br /> * Enator<br /> * Företagskapital<br /> * Industrikredit AB<br /> * Lantbrukskredit AB<br /> * [[Nordbanken]] (partial)<br /> * [[OK Petroleum]]<br /> * [[Pharmacia]]<br /> * [[Pharmacia &amp; Upjohn]]<br /> * SAKAB<br /> * SAQ Kontrol<br /> * SBL Vaccin<br /> * [[ETL SEMKO|SEMKO]]<br /> * [[SSAB]] (wholly privatised in 1994)<br /> * Stadshypotek AB<br /> * [[Svalöf Weibull AB]]<br /> * Svensk Fastighetsvärdering<br /> * Svenska Statens Språkresor AB<br /> * Swedish Real Estate Valuation Corp<br /> * VPC AB<br /> <br /> === 2000s ===<br /> * Celsius AB<br /> * Grängesbergs Gruvor<br /> * Kurortsverksamhet<br /> * [[Nordbanken]]<br /> * [[OMX]] – [[stock exchange]] – shares sold to [[Borse Dubai]] for 2.1 billion SEK.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://di.se/Nyheter/?page=/Avdelningar/Artikel.aspx%3FO%3DRSS%26ArticleId%3D2008%255c02%255c15%255c270677 |title=Regeringen har sålt hela OMX-innehavet |access-date=2 May 2008 |publisher=Dagens Industri |date=15 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * SAKAB<br /> * SGAB<br /> * Svenska Lagerhus<br /> * Svenska<br /> * [[Vin &amp; Sprit]] – sold to [[Pernod Ricard]] for 5.626 billion [[euro]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thelocal.se/10800/20080331/ |title=Pernod wins auction for Vin &amp; Sprit |access-date=31 March 2008 |publisher=The Local |date=31 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404034300/http://www.thelocal.se/10800/20080331/ |archive-date=4 April 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 2010s ===<br /> * [[Nordea]] (19.5% owned by Swedish government)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-nordea-sale/sweden-sells-remaining-stake-in-nordea-for-3-4-billion-idUSBRE98O06C20130925 |title=Sweden sells remaining stake in Nordea for $3.4 billion |access-date=7 November 2017 |publisher=reuters |date=25 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Planned privatisations ===<br /> * [[Apoteket]] (partial, 2009)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1042&amp;a=735532&amp;rss=554 Regeringen överens om att sälja apotek&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214114637/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=1042&amp;a=735532&amp;rss=554 |date=14 February 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[SBAB]]<br /> * [[Scandinavian Airlines System|SAS]] (50% owned by Swedish, Danish, Norwegian governments)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scandinavian.net/EC/Appl/Home/FrontDoor/0,3479,LNG%253Dsv%2526SO%253D3F835E583CA54419_8E54125940D43A6B%2526MKT%253DSE,00.html Scandinavian Airlines&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Telia Sonera]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.privataaffarer.se/newsText.asp?src=pa&amp;a=20780 Privata Affärer – Staten fick 18 miljarder för aktierna i Teliasonera&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927152313/http://www.privataaffarer.se/newsText.asp?src=pa&amp;a=20780 |date=27 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; (37.3% owned by the Swedish government)<br /> &lt;ref&gt;Munkhammar, J. &quot;Försäljning av statliga bolag under tre decennier&quot;, Timbro, 2007, {{cite web |url=http://www.timbro.se/bokhandel/pdf/000022.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=25 January 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020020110/http://www.timbro.se/bokhandel/pdf/000022.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Tanzania ==<br /> {{see also|Water privatization in Dar es Salaam}}<br /> <br /> == Turkey ==<br /> {{further|Privatization Board of Turkey}}<br /> (Listing Scope &gt;US $10 M.)&lt;ref&gt;Privatization in Turkey, Republic Of Turkey Prime Ministry Privatization Administration, 2010, http://www.oib.gov.tr/program/uygulamalar/privatization_in_turkey.htm&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === 1980s ===<br /> * Ankara Çimento<br /> * Ansan-Meda<br /> * Balikesi̇r Çimento<br /> * Pinarhi̇sar Çimento<br /> * Söke Çimento<br /> <br /> === 1990s ===<br /> * Adiyaman Çimento<br /> * Anadolubank<br /> * Aşkale Çimento<br /> * Bartin Çimento<br /> * Bozüyük Seramik<br /> * Çİnkur<br /> * Çorum Çimento<br /> * Denİzbank<br /> * Denİzlİ Çimento<br /> * Elaziğ Çimento<br /> * Erganİ Çimento<br /> * Etİbank<br /> * Fİlyos<br /> * Gazİantep Çimento<br /> * [[Güneş Sigorta Spor Kulübü]]<br /> * Havaş<br /> * Ipragaz<br /> * İskenderun Çimento<br /> * Kars Çimento<br /> * Konya Krom Man.A.Ş.<br /> * Kümaş<br /> * Kurtalan Çimento<br /> * Ladİk Çimento<br /> * Lalapaşa Çimento<br /> * Metaş<br /> * [[Petlas]]<br /> * Ray Sigorta<br /> * Şanliurfa Çimento<br /> * Sİvas Çimento<br /> * [[Sümerbank]]<br /> * Trabzon Çimento<br /> * Türk Kablo<br /> * [[Tofaş S.K.]]<br /> * [[Van Çimento Sanayii]]<br /> * Yarimca Porselen T.A.Ş.<br /> <br /> === 2000s ===<br /> * Adapazarı Sugar Fac.<br /> * Asİl Çelİk<br /> * Ataköy Hotel<br /> * [[Ataköy Marina]]<br /> * Ataköy Tourism<br /> * Başak Insurance<br /> * Başak Retirement Fund<br /> * Bet Kütahya Şeker<br /> * [[Bursagaz]]<br /> * Çayelİ Bakir İşl.A.Ş.<br /> * [[Cyprus Turkish Airlines]]<br /> * Denİz Naklİyati T.A.Ş.<br /> * Esgaz<br /> * Eti Aluminium<br /> * Etİ Bakir<br /> * Etİ Elektrometalurji<br /> * Etİ Gümüş A.Ş.<br /> * Etİ Krom A.Ş.<br /> * Güven Sİgorta<br /> * Dİv-Han<br /> * Taksan<br /> * [[Türk Telekom]]<br /> <br /> == Ukraine ==<br /> * [[Kryvorizhstal]]<br /> <br /> == United Arab Emirates ==<br /> * [[Damas Jewelry]] (November 2004, 55% of the company for $224 million)<br /> <br /> == United Kingdom ==<br /> {{see also|Privatisation of London bus services|Water privatisation in England and Wales}}<br /> <br /> === 1970s ===<br /> * [[BP|British Petroleum]] (1977, 1979, 1981, 1983, 1987)<br /> * [[British Sugar]] (1977, 1982)<br /> * [[Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company|Cambridge Instrument Company]] (1979)<br /> * [[International Computers Limited]] (1979)<br /> * [[Lunn Poly]] (1971)<br /> * [[Rolls-Royce Motors]] (1973)<br /> * [[Sinclair Radionics]] (1979)<br /> * [[State Management Scheme]] (1973)<br /> * [[Thomas Cook and Son|Thomas Cook]] (1972)<br /> <br /> === 1980s ===<br /> * [[Alfred Herbert (company)|Alfred Herbert]] (1980)<br /> * [[Amersham International]] (1982)<br /> * [[Associated British Ports]] (1983, 1984)<br /> * [[British Aerospace]] (1981, 1985)<br /> * [[BAA Limited|British Airports Authority]] (1987)<br /> * [[British Airways]] (1987)<br /> * [[British Airways Helicopters]] (1986)<br /> * [[British Gas plc|British Gas]] (1986)<br /> * [[British Leyland]]<br /> ** [[Alvis plc|Alvis]] (1981)<br /> ** [[Coventry Climax]] (1982)<br /> ** [[Danish Automobile Building]] (1987)<br /> ** [[ISTEL]] (1987)<br /> ** [[Jaguar Cars|Jaguar]] (1984)<br /> ** [[Leyland Bus]] (1987)<br /> ** [[Leyland Tractors]] (1982)<br /> ** [[Leyland Trucks]] (1987)<br /> ** [[Rover Group]] (1988)<br /> ** [[Unipart]] (1987)<br /> * [[British Rail Engineering Limited]] (1989)<br /> * [[British Shipbuilders]] (1985–1989, shipbuilder companies sold individually)<br /> * [[British Steel (1967-1999)|British Steel]] (1988)<br /> * [[BT Group|British Telecom]] (1984, 1991, 1993)<br /> * [[British Transport Hotels]] (1983)<br /> * [[Britoil]] (1982, 1985)<br /> * [[Cable &amp; Wireless plc|Cable &amp; Wireless]] (1981, 1983, 1985)<br /> * [[Council house]]s (1980–present, over two million sold to their tenants) – ''see main article [[Right to buy scheme]]''<br /> * [[Post Office Limited|Crown post offices]] (1989–2025, branches sold individually as franchises)<br /> * [[Enterprise Oil]] (1984)<br /> * [[Fairey Aviation Company|Fairey]] (1980)<br /> * [[Ferranti]] (1982)<br /> * [[Harland &amp; Wolff]] (1989)<br /> * [[Inmos]] (1984)<br /> * [[Johnson Matthey|Johnson Matthey Bankers]] (1986)<br /> * [[Municipal bus company|Municipal bus companies]] (1988–present, bus companies sold individually) – ''see main article [[Bus deregulation in Great Britain]]''<br /> * [[National Bus Company (UK)|National Bus Company]] (1986–1988, bus companies sold individually)<br /> * [[Mobico Group|National Express]] (1988)<br /> * [[National Freight Corporation]] (1982)<br /> * [[Passenger transport executive]] bus companies (1988–1994, bus companies sold individually)<br /> * [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]] (1987)<br /> * [[Royal Ordnance]] (1987)<br /> * [[Sealink]] (1984)<br /> * [[Short Brothers]] (1989)<br /> * [[Travellers Fare]] (1988)<br /> * [[Trustee Savings Bank]] (1985)<br /> * [[Vale of Rheidol Railway]] (1989)<br /> * [[United Kingdom water companies|Water companies]] – ''see main article [[Water privatisation in England and Wales]]''<br /> ** [[Anglian Water]] (1989)<br /> ** [[North West Water]] (1989)<br /> ** [[Northumbrian Water]] (1989)<br /> ** [[Severn Trent]] (1989)<br /> ** [[South West Water]] (1989)<br /> ** [[Southern Water]] (1989)<br /> ** [[Thames Water]] (1989)<br /> ** [[Welsh Water]] (1989)<br /> ** [[Wessex Water]] (1989)<br /> ** [[Yorkshire Water]] (1989)<br /> <br /> === 1990s ===<br /> * [[AEA Technology]] (1996)<br /> * [[ADAS (company)|Agricultural Development and Advisory Service]] (1997)<br /> * [[Belfast International Airport]] (1994)<br /> * [[Birmingham Airport]] (1993 – 51%)<br /> * [[Bournemouth Airport]] (1995)<br /> * [[Bristol Airport]] (1997, 2001)<br /> * [[British Coal]] (1994)<br /> * [[British Energy]] (1996, 2007, 2009)<br /> * [[British Rail]] – ''see main article [[Privatisation of British Rail]]''<br /> ** 3 rolling stock companies:<br /> *** [[Angel Trains]] (1996)<br /> *** [[Eversholt Rail Group|Eversholt Leasing]] (1996)<br /> *** [[Porterbrook]] (1996)<br /> ** 6 design office units (1995–1997, sold individually)<br /> ** 6 freight operating companies<br /> *** [[Freightliner Group|Freightliner]] (1995)<br /> *** [[Loadhaul]] (1996)<br /> *** [[Mainline Freight]] (1996)<br /> *** [[Rail Express Systems]] (1996)<br /> *** [[Railfreight Distribution]] (1997)<br /> *** [[Transrail Freight]] (1996)<br /> ** 6 track renewal units (1995–1997, sold individually)<br /> ** 7 infrastructure maintenance units (1995–1997, sold individually)<br /> ** 25 [[train operating company|train operating companies]] (1996, operations contracted out as franchises)<br /> ** [[British Rail Research Division|British Rail Research]] (1996)<br /> ** [[British Rail Telecommunications]] (1995)<br /> ** [[Eurostar International Limited|European Passenger Services]] (1996)<br /> ** [[Railtrack]] (1996) (18 October 2002 went into voluntary liquidation), now in public ownership as [[Network Rail]]<br /> ** [[Red Star Parcels]] (1995)<br /> ** [[London and Continental Railways|Union Railways]] (1996)<br /> * [[BTG plc|British Technology Group]] (1992)<br /> * [[Building Research Establishment]] (1997)<br /> * [[Cardiff Airport]] (1995)<br /> * [[Central Electricity Generating Board]]<br /> ** [[National Grid plc|National Grid]] (1990)<br /> ** [[National Power]] (1991, 1995)<br /> ** [[Powergen]] (1991, 1995)<br /> * [[Chessington Computer Centre]] (1996)<br /> * [[Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)|Civil Aviation Authority]] (1996, Flight Calibration Services business)<br /> * [[Crown Agents]] (1997)<br /> * [[Saputo Dairy UK|Dairy Crest]] (1996)<br /> * [[East Midlands Airport]] (1993)<br /> * [[UK Export Finance|Export Credits Guarantee Department]] (1991, short term credit business)<br /> * [[Girobank]] (1990)<br /> * [[Humberside Airport]] (1999 – 82%)<br /> * [[KCOM Group|Kingston Communications]] (1999, 2007)<br /> * [[LGC Ltd|Laboratory of the Government Chemist]] (1996)<br /> * [[Liverpool Airport]] (1990, 2001)<br /> * [[London Buses]] (1994, bus companies sold individually) – ''see main article [[Privatisation of London bus services]]''<br /> * [[London Luton Airport]] (1997)<br /> * [[London Southend Airport]] (1993)<br /> * [[Mersey Docks and Harbour Company]] (1998)<br /> * [[Annington Homes|Military houses]] (1996)<br /> * [[National Engineering Laboratory]] (1995)<br /> * [[National Savings and Investments|National Savings Bank]] (1999, back office functions contracted out)<br /> * [[Arqiva|National Transcommunications Limited]] (1990)<br /> * [[University of Greenwich|Natural Resources Institute]] (1996)<br /> * [[Northern Ireland Electricity]] (1993)<br /> ** [[Ballylumford power station]] (1992)<br /> ** [[Belfast Harbour|Belfast West power station]] (1992)<br /> ** [[Coolkeeragh power station]] (1992)<br /> ** [[Kilroot power station]] (1992)<br /> * [[Property Services Agency]] (1994)<br /> * [[Public electricity supplier|Regional electricity companies]]<br /> ** [[East Midlands Electricity]] (1990)<br /> ** [[Eastern Electricity]] (1990)<br /> ** [[London Electricity Board|London Electricity]] (1990)<br /> ** [[MANWEB]] (1990)<br /> ** [[Midlands Electricity]] (1990)<br /> ** [[Northern Electric]] (1990)<br /> ** [[NORWEB]] (1990)<br /> ** [[SEEBOARD]] (1990)<br /> ** [[Southern Electric]] (1990)<br /> ** [[SWALEC]] (1990)<br /> ** [[SWEB Energy]] (1990)<br /> ** [[Yorkshire Electricity]] (1990)<br /> * [[Royal Navy Dockyard|Royal Dockyards]]<br /> ** [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport Dockyard]] (1993)<br /> ** [[HMNB Portsmouth|Portsmouth Dockyard]] (1998)<br /> ** [[Rosyth Dockyard]] (1997)<br /> * [[Scottish Bus Group]] (1991, bus companies sold individually)<br /> * [[Scottish Hydro-Electric]] (1991)<br /> * [[Scottish Power]] (1991)<br /> * [[Severn Bridge]] (1992)<br /> * [[The Stationery Office]] (1996)<br /> * [[Student Loans Company|Student Loans]] (1998, 1999, 2013, mortgage–style loans)<br /> * [[Transport Research Laboratory]] (1996)<br /> * [[Trust port|Trust Ports]]<br /> ** [[Clyde Port Authority|Clyde]] (1992)<br /> ** [[Forth Ports|Dundee]] (1995)<br /> ** [[Forth Ports|Forth]] (1992)<br /> ** [[Ipswich Docks|Ipswich]] (1997)<br /> ** [[Medway Ports|Medway]] (1992)<br /> ** [[Teesport|Tees and Hartlepool]] (1992)<br /> ** [[Port of Tilbury|Tilbury]] (1992)<br /> <br /> === 2000s ===<br /> * [[Actis Capital|Actis]] (2004, 2012)<br /> * [[BBC Books]] (2006 – 85%)<br /> * [[Red Bee Media|BBC Broadcast]] (2005)<br /> * [[Angels Costumes|BBC Costumes and Wigs]] (2008)<br /> * [[Satellite Information Services|BBC Outside Broadcasts]] (2008)<br /> * [[BBC Technology]] (2004)<br /> * [[BNFL|British Nuclear Fuels Limited]]<br /> ** [[Atomic Weapons Establishment|AWE Management Limited]] (2008)<br /> ** [[EnergySolutions|BNG America]] (2007)<br /> ** [[VT Group|BNG Project Services]] (2008)<br /> ** [[Magnox Ltd|Reactor Sites Management Company]] (2007)<br /> ** [[Westinghouse Electric Company]] (2006)<br /> * [[East Thames Buses]] (2009)<br /> * [[Leeds Bradford International Airport]] (2007)<br /> * [[London Underground]] (2003, sale of concession to maintain infrastructure for 30 years)<br /> * [[NATS Holdings|National Air Traffic Services]] (2001 – 51%)<br /> * [[Newcastle International Airport|Newcastle Airport]] (2001 – 49%)<br /> * [[Partnerships UK]] (2000, 2011)<br /> * [[Qinetiq]] (2002, 2006, 2008)<br /> * [[South Eastern Trains]] (2006)<br /> * [[Teesside International Airport]] (2003 – 75%)<br /> * [[United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority|UKAEA Limited]] (2009)<br /> <br /> === 2010s ===<br /> * [[AudioGO|BBC Audiobooks]] (2010, 2014)<br /> * [[BBC Magazines]] (2011)<br /> * [[Behavioural Insights Team]] (2014, 2021)<br /> * [[Bio Products Laboratory]] (2013, 2016)<br /> * [[British Waterways]] (2012)<br /> * [[Constructionline]] (2015)<br /> * [[Defence Support Group]] (2015)<br /> * [[Dr Foster Intelligence]] (2015)<br /> * [[East Coast (train operating company)|East Coast Trains]] (2015)<br /> * [[Eurostar International Limited]] (2015 – 40%)<br /> * [[Fire Service College]] (2013)<br /> * [[Fera Science|Food and Environment Research Agency]] (2015 – 75%)<br /> * [[CLH Pipeline System|Government Pipelines and Storage System]] (2015)<br /> * [[High Speed 1]] (2010; sale of concession to operate for 30 years)<br /> * [[Lloyds Banking Group]] (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017)<br /> * [[Manchester Airports Group]] (2013 – 35%)<br /> * [[Marchwood Military Port]] (2016; sale of concession to operate for 35 years)<br /> * [[NEC Group]] (2015)<br /> * [[Network Rail]] (2019, commercial property business)<br /> * [[Northern Rock]] (2012)<br /> * [[Landmark Mortgages|Northern Rock (Asset Management)]] (2016)<br /> * [[Remploy]] (2012, 2013, 2015, factory businesses sold individually)<br /> * [[Royal Bank of Scotland Group]] (2015, 2018)<br /> * [[Royal Mail]] (2013, 2015)<br /> * [[Student Loans Company|Student Loans]] (2017, 2018, income–contingent loans)<br /> * [[The Tote]] (2011)<br /> * [[Green Investment Group|UK Green Investment Bank]] (2017)<br /> * [[Working Links]] (2016)<br /> <br /> === 2020s ===<br /> * [[Bradford &amp; Bingley]] (2021)<br /> * [[NatWest Group]] (2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025)<br /> * [[UK Asset Resolution|NRAM Limited]] (2021)<br /> * [[Wave Hub]] (2021)<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> |+'''Privatisations by share offer, 1981–91''' From Nigel Lawson, ''The View from No. 11'' (Bantam, 1992).<br /> |-<br /> | ''Date''|| ''Company'' || ''% of equity initially sold'' || ''Proceeds £m''<br /> |-<br /> | Feb 1981 || British Aerospace || 51.6 || 150<br /> |-<br /> | Oct 1981 || Cable &amp; Wireless || 50 || 224<br /> |-<br /> | Feb 1982 || Amersham International || 100 || 71<br /> |-<br /> | Nov 1982 || Britoil || 51 || 549<br /> |-<br /> | Feb 1983 || Associated British Ports || 51.5 || 22<br /> |-<br /> | June 1984 || Enterprise Oil || 100 || 392<br /> |-<br /> | July 1984 || Jaguar || 99 || 294<br /> |-<br /> | Nov 1984 || British Telecom || 50.2 || 3,916<br /> |-<br /> | Dec 1986 || British Gas || 97 || 5,434<br /> |-<br /> | Feb 1987 || British Airways || 100 || 900<br /> |-<br /> | May 1987 || Rolls-Royce || 100 || 1,363<br /> |-<br /> | July 1987 || British Airports Authority || 100 || 1,281<br /> |-<br /> | Dec 1988 || British Steel || 100 || 2,500<br /> |-<br /> | Dec 1989 || Regional Water Companies || 100 || 5,110<br /> |-<br /> | Dec 1990 || Electricity Distribution Companies || 100 || 5,092<br /> |-<br /> | Mar 1991 || National Power and PowerGen || 60 || 2,230<br /> |-<br /> | May 1991 || Scottish Power and Scottish Hydro Electric || 100 || 2,880<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == United States ==<br /> {{see also|Privatization in the United States}}<br /> * [[Conrail]]<br /> * [[Federal National Mortgage Association]] (Fannie Mae)<br /> * [[Railway Express Agency]]<br /> * [[Student Loan Marketing Association]] (SLM Corporation) (Sallie Mae)<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Nationalization]]<br /> ** [[List of nationalizations by country]]<br /> * [[Privatization]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Parker |first=David |title=The Official History of Privatisation Vol. I: The Formative Years, 1970–1987 |publisher=Routledge |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-415-46916-6}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Parker |first=David |title=The Official History of Privatisation, Vol. II: Popular Capitalism, 1987–97 |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-415-69221-2}}<br /> * {{cite report |last1=Kim |first1=Kunmin |last2=Panchanatham |first2=N. |title=Reform and Privatization of State-Owned Enterprises in India |date=16 December 2019 |url=https://www.adb.org/publications/reform-and-privatization-state-owned-enterprises-india |publisher=Asian Development Bank |access-date=26 August 2021 |type=Working paper |format=PDF |language=en}}<br /> * {{cite news |last1=Suyi |first1=Kim |title=India is making the right moves with its mega privatization plan |url=https://www.livemint.com/opinion/columns/india-is-making-the-right-moves-with-its-mega-privatization-plan-11619028273985.html |work=mint |date=21 April 2021 |access-date=26 August 2021 |language=en}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040506213902/http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/M/William.L.Megginson-1/samplebill.pdf Sample Firms Privatized Through Public Share Offerings, 1961-August 2000] – Appendix to Juliet D'Souza, William L. Megginson (1999), [http://faculty-staff.ou.edu/M/William.L.Megginson-1/prv90pap.pdf &quot;The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatized Firms during the 1990s&quot;], ''Journal of Finance'' August 1999<br /> * [http://www.imaa-institute.org/ Institute of Mergers, Acquisitions and Alliances (IMAA) M&amp;A] – Academic research institute on mergers &amp; acquisitions, including privatization<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Privatizations}}<br /> [[Category:Business-related lists]]<br /> [[Category:Privatization| Country]]<br /> [[Category:Privatization by country| ]]<br /> [[Category:Political history-related lists]]<br /> [[Category:Economics lists by country]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khemchand_Prakash&diff=457624 2026-03-27T18:19:04Z

<p>BeckyK8455: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Film music composer (1907-1950)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist &lt;!-- See Bharatpedia:WikiProject --&gt;<br /> | name = Khemchand Prakash<br /> | image = Khemchand Prakash.jpg<br /> | caption = Khemchand Prakash<br /> | image_size = <br /> | background = non_performing_personnel<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1907|12|12}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Sujangarh]], [[Bikaner State]], [[Rajputana]], [[British India]]<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1950|08|10|1907|12|12}} &lt;br&gt;{{small|due to [[Cirrhosis|Liver Cirrhosis]]}}<br /> | spouse = Kanhi Bai and Shreedevi<br /> | genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[Filmi|Indian film music]]<br /> | occupation = [[composer]], [[music director]]<br /> | years_active = 1935 {{endash}} 1949<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Khemchand Prakash''' (12 December 1907 – 10 August 1950) was a music composer in the Hindi film industry. He had few peers in 1940s, the decade for Indian film music which started with Saigal very active on the scene and ended with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] firmly established in the industry. Lata had fruitful association with him (in films ''Asha, [[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]] (1948), [[Mahal (1949 film)|Mahal]]''(1949)) when she started making a name for herself.&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt; Khemchand introduced [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Kishore Kumar]] to music industry.<br /> <br /> Many years after Khemchand Prakash's death, the composer [[Kamal Dasgupta]] rated him the best composer.<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Born in [[Sujangarh]] on 12 December 1907, then located in [[Bikaner State]] of the [[Rajputana]] of [[British India]] (now in the [[Churu district]] of [[Rajasthan]]).&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt; he got his first training in music and dance from his father, who was a [[dhrupad]] singer and a [[Kathak]] dancer in the royal court.&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt; In his teens, he joined the royal court of Bikaner as a singer and later moved to the royal court of [[Nepal]]. But his destiny landed him in Kolkata and he joined the legendary New Theaters. He was assistant to composer Timir Baran in ''[[Devdas (1935 film)]]'', and he sang a comedy song 'lo kha lo madam khaanaa' (लो खा लो मॅडम खाना) in ''[[Street Singer (film)|Street Singer]]'' (1938). He then moved to Mumbai and made his debut as music director in 1939 with Supreme Pictures' films ''Meri Aankhein'' and ''Ghazi Salauddin'' and was soon signed up by ''[[Ranjit Studios|Ranjit Movietone]]'' Film Studio.&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;<br /> <br /> His initial years with Ranjit Movietone produced significant films like ''Diwali'', ''Holi'', ''Pardesi'', ''[[Fariyaad]]''. [[Khursheed Bano|Khursheed]] was his leading singer and both of them gave many hits of the early 1940s. His biggest hit with Ranjit Studio was the film ''[[Tansen (film)|Tansen]]'' in 1943. Songs like &quot;Diya jalaao jagmag jagmag&quot;, &quot;Rumjhum rumjhum chal tihari&quot;, &quot;More balpan ke saathi&quot;, &quot;Sapt suran teen gram&quot;, &quot;Hath sine pe jo rakh do to karara aa jaaye&quot; were big hits. In a radio programme, famous composer [[Anil Biswas (composer)|Anil Biswas]] credited Khamchand Prakash for sticking to historical perspective and musical traditions by making [[K.L. Saigal]] sing the song 'Sapt Suran Teen Gram' in the [[Dhrupad]] style, instead of the [[Khayal]] genre, which was done in other films on [[Tansen]], as he knew well that during the life and times of Tansen, the [[Khayal]] genre did not exist.&lt;ref&gt;Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/lEtjqtvFAVc Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210218100134/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEtjqtvFAVc Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEtjqtvFAVc&amp;list=PLduXREgbUJjho3PJkvcklhyE3CuNSWr79&amp;index=14&amp;t=0s| title = Anil Biswas remembers Khemchand Prakash |website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;<br /> <br /> 1948 marked yet another significant film of his career, [[Bombay Talkies]]’s ''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]''. He gave first major break to [[Kishore Kumar]] as a singer for the song &quot;Marne ki duaaen kyun maangu&quot;.&lt;ref name=Centenary&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/prs/iffi2007/birth.pdf |title=Birth Centenaries - Profile of Khemchand Prakash| publisher=pib.nic.in. Press Information Bureau, Government of India website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202142941/http://pib.nic.in/prs/iffi2007/birth.pdf|archive-date=2 February 2014 | access-date=26 March 2024|page=3}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]'' (1948) featured a beautiful song of [[Lata Mangeshkar]] ''Chanda re ja re ja re''.&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;<br /> <br /> But what followed ''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]'' was another hit film ''[[Mahal (1949 film)]]''. ''Mahal'' made Lata Mangeshkar a popular name. Prior to ''Mahal'', the records used to feature only the character name on the record. Hence the first lot of records had &quot;Aayega aane wala&quot; credited to Kamini. The first time when the song was played on [[All India Radio]] many letters and calls were received by AIR to know the singer's name. AIR had to, in turn, ask the record company and announce Lata Mangeshkar's name on air.&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Khemchand Prakash died at an early age of 42 on 10 August 1950 due to liver [[Cirrhosis]].&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Kamal Amrohi]], film Mahal's director and story writer, wrote the opening lines of the film song 'Khaamosh hai zamaana..' while Naqshab completed the rest of the song.&lt;ref name=millennium&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/sundaypost/inland/khemchand-prakash-khemchand-prakash-creator-of-haunting-melodies-274467|title=Khemchand Prakash: Khemchand Prakash: Creator of Haunting Melodies|last=Dutt|first=Sharad|date=2017-12-09|website=Millenniumpost (India) website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203193316/https://www.millenniumpost.in/sundaypost/inland/khemchand-prakash-khemchand-prakash-creator-of-haunting-melodies-274467?infinitescroll=1|archive-date=3 December 2022|language=en|access-date=2024-03-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first tune that composer Khemchand Prakash played on the harmonium was approved by Kamal Amrohi. Sadly Khemchand died at the Harikisondas Hospital two months before film 'Mahal' released and his creation '[[Aayega Aanewala]]' became a sensation.&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Javed Akhtar]] quoted Khemchand Prakash's name in his maiden speech in [[Rajya Sabha]] on 17 May 2012 by mentioning that Khemchand Prakash's second wife Shreedevi had to beg on a railway station to be able to survive in her last days. Shreedevi's daughter (Chandrakala Khemchand Prakash) was also a kathak dancer, she graduated from Bharatiya Kala Kendra, Delhi and was married to film and theatre actor director [[Ram Gopal Bajaj]] (Padmashree Awardee and former Director of National School Of Drama, Delhi).&lt;ref name=IndianExpress&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-song-lives-on/|title=The Song Lives On|date=2012-06-08|newspaper=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=2024-03-27|archive-date=19 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819162046/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/the-song-lives-on/ |url-status=dead|author=Dipti D'souza}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Partial filmography as Composer==<br /> {{colbegin|colwidth=28em}}<br /> * 1939 ''Ghazi Salauddin'' (young [[Naushad]] was his music assistant in this film).&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall/&gt;<br /> * 1939 ''Meri Aankhen'' (Debut film of singer [[Khursheed Bano]])&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall/&gt;<br /> * 1940 ''Aaj Ka Hindustan''<br /> * 1940 ''Diwali''<br /> * 1940 ''Holi''<br /> * 1940 ''Pagal''&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;<br /> * 1941 ''[[Bambai Ki Sair]]''<br /> * 1941 ''Pardesi''&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall/&gt;<br /> * 1941 ''Pyaas''<br /> * 1941 ''Shaadi''&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;<br /> * 1942 ''[[Fariyaad]]''<br /> * 1942 ''[[Khilona (1942 film)|Khilona]]''<br /> * 1942 ''[[Maheman]]''<br /> * 1942 ''Chandni''<br /> * 1942 ''Dukh Sukh''&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;<br /> * 1943 ''Chirag''<br /> * 1943 ''Gauri''<br /> * 1943 ''Kurbani''<br /> * 1943 ''[[Tansen (film)|Tansen]]'' (Composer [[Bulo C Rani]] was his assistant in this film)&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall/&gt;<br /> * 1944 ''Bhartrahari''<br /> * 1944 ''Mumtaz Mahal''&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;<br /> * 1944 ''Shahenshah Babar''&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall/&gt;<br /> * 1945 ''Dhanna Bhagat''<br /> * 1945 ''Prabhu Ka Ghar''<br /> * 1947 ''[[Samaj Ko Badal Dalo (1947 film)|Samaj Ko Badal Dalo]]''&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall/&gt;<br /> * 1947 ''[[Sindoor (1947 film)|Sindoor]]''&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall/&gt;<br /> * 1947 ''Chalte Chalte''<br /> * 1947 ''Gaon''<br /> * 1947 ''Mera Suhaag''<br /> * 1948 ''Aasha''<br /> * 1948 ''[[Ziddi (1948 film)|Ziddi]]'' ([[Kishore Kumar]] got his first break in this film)&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall/&gt;<br /> * 1949 ''[[Mahal (1949 film)|Mahal]]''&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall/&gt;<br /> * 1949 ''Rimjhim''<br /> * 1949 ''[[Sawan Aya Re]]''&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;<br /> * 1950 ''Jan Pahchan''&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall/&gt;<br /> * 1950 ''Sati Narmada''<br /> * 1951 ''Jai Shankar''<br /> * 1951 ''Shri Ganesh Janma''<br /> * 1952 ''Tamasha''&lt;ref name=Centenary/&gt;&lt;ref name=millennium/&gt;&lt;ref name=upperstall&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.upperstall.com/people/khemchand-prakash|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 November 2011|access-date=27 March 2024|title=Filmography of Khemchand Prakash|website=Upperstall.com website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121172606/http://www.upperstall.com/people/khemchand-prakash}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=0695166|name=Khemchand Prakash}}<br /> * [https://members.tripod.com/oldies_club/KCParkash.htm Khemchand Prakash film songs review]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, Khemchand}}<br /> [[Category:Indian film score composers]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthani people]]<br /> [[Category:1907 births]]<br /> [[Category:1950 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century composers]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agriculture_Insurance_Company_of_India&diff=472530 2026-03-27T08:06:55Z

<p>BeckyK8455: typo fix</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian public sector insurer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2014}}<br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = &quot;Agriculture Insurance Company of India Ltd. (AIC)&quot;<br /> | logo = Agriculture Insurance Company of India.svg<br /> | type = [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|Central Public Sector Undertaking]]<br /> | industry = Agricultural Insurance<br /> | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2002|12|20}}&lt;ref name = &quot;About AIC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aicofindia.com/AICEng/Pages/default.aspx |title=About Us - AIC |website=aicofindia.com |publisher=AIC of India |access-date=23 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | hq_location = Plate B &amp; C, 5th Floor, Block 1, East Kidwai Nagar, New Delhi - 110023<br /> | hq_location_country = India<br /> | key_people = Ms. Girija Subramanian&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicofindia.com/AICEng/Pages/Chairman_cum_MD.aspx|title=Aic of India Ltd}}&lt;/ref&gt; (Chairman &amp; Managing Director)<br /> | products = <br /> | services = Crop insurance<br /> | revenue = <br /> | revenue_year = <br /> | operating_income = <br /> | income_year = <br /> | net_income = {{increase}} {{INRConvert|766|c}}<br /> | net_income_year = 2022-23<br /> | aum = <br /> | assets = <br /> | assets_year = <br /> | equity = <br /> | equity_year = <br /> | owner = [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]]<br /> | num_employees = 377 &lt;ref&gt; {{cite web |url=https://www.aicofindia.com/annual-reports|title=Annual Reports - Agriculture Insurance Company of India|date= March 2025 |website=aicofindia.com|publisher=AIC of India|access-date=27 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | num_employees_year = <br /> | website = {{URL|https://www.aicofindia.com}}<br /> | footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aicofindia.com/AICEng/General_Documents/Final%20AIC%20Annual%20Report-English%20(1)%20(1).pdf |title=Annual Report, 2022-23 - Agriculture Insurance Company of India |date=6 September 2023 |website=aicofindia.com |publisher=AIC of India |access-date=23 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Agriculture Insurance Company of India Limited''' ('''AIC''') is an Indian [[Public Sector Undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] headquartered in [[New Delhi]]. It is a government-owned agricultural insurer under [[ownership]] of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], [[Government of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Agriculture Insurance Company launches new insurance product ‘Fal Suraksha Bima' |url=https://www.indianchemicalnews.com/general/agriculture-insurance-company-launches-new-insurance-product-fal-suraksha-bima-24595 |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=Indianchemicalnews}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> AIC was incorporated on 20 December 2002 with an authorized capital of Rs. 1500 crore. The initial paid-up capital was Rs. 200 crores, which was subscribed by the promoting companies, [[General Insurance Corporation of India]] GIC (35%), [[National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development|NABARD]] (30%) and the four public-sector general insurance companies (8.75%) each, viz., [[National Insurance Company|National Insurance]] Co. Ltd., [[The Oriental Insurance Company|Oriental Insurance]] Co. Ltd., [[New India Assurance]] Co. Ltd., and [[United India Insurance Company|United India Insurance]] Co. Ltd.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.aicofindia.com/AICEng/Pages/AICAboutUs.aspx |title=About Us }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Agriculture Insurance Company of India Ltd|url=http://business.mapsofindia.com/india-company/a/agriculture-insurance-company-of-india-ltd.html|publisher=Business Maps of India.Com|access-date=2 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> AIC is under the administrative control of [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]], Government of India, and under the operational supervision of [[Ministry of Agriculture &amp; Farmers Welfare|Ministry of Agriculture]], Government of India. [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority]] (IRDA), Hyderabad, India, is the regulatory body governing AIC.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bhatla |first=Prabhjeet |date=2020-10-20 |title=Agriculture Insurance Co. Joins Hands with IPPB For Distribution Of Crop Insurance Schemes |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/leadership/agriculture-insurance-co-joins-hands-with-ippb-for/358095 |access-date=2023-08-21 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Government of India]] designated AIC as the sole implementing agency for the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS), a crop insurance programme.<br /> <br /> From Kharif 2016, the Government has launched a new Crop Insurance Scheme – Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-13 |title=Centre’s crop insurance scheme finds more takers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/centre-crop-insurance-scheme-finds-more-takers-9108232/ |access-date=2025-08-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; AIC is the leading Implementing Agency of this Scheme.<br /> <br /> Since its inception, AIC has participated in crop insurance schemes in India and has insured farmers under these programmes. According to available data, it accounts for over 50% of the crop insurance market in the country.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Agricultural insurance in India]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|https://www.aicofindia.com/}}<br /> * https://financialservices.gov.in/beta/en/public-sector-insurers<br /> <br /> {{Insurance in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Financial services companies established in 2002]]<br /> [[Category:Insurance companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Agriculture companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Companies based in New Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Agricultural insurance in India]]<br /> [[Category:Public sector in India]]<br /> [[Category:Government-owned insurance companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:India government-related lists]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acyuta_Pi%E1%B9%A3%C4%81ra%E1%B9%ADi&diff=484508 2026-03-26T09:26:11Z

<p>BeckyK8455: New</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian scholar (1550–1621)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> '''Acyuta Piṣāraṭi''' (c. 1550 at [[Thrikkandiyoor|Thrikkandiyur]] (aka Kundapura), [[Tirur]], [[Kerala]], [[India]] &amp;ndash; 7 July 1621 in Kerala), also known as '''Achyuta Pisharati''' or '''Achyutha Pisharadi''', was a [[Sanskrit grammar]]ian, [[Jyotiṣa|astrologer]], [[Indian astronomy|astronomer]] and [[Indian mathematics|mathematician]] who studied under [[Jyeṣṭhadeva]] and was a member of [[Madhava of Sangamagrama]]'s [[Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]].&lt;ref name=Sarma&gt;{{cite book |last1=K. V. Sarma |title=A History of the Kerala School of Hindu Astronomy |date=1972 |publisher=Vishveshvaranand Institute of Sanskrit and Indological Studies, Panjab University, Hoshiarpur|page=64 |url=https://archive.org/details/KeralaSchoolOfAstronomy|access-date=28 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> He discovered the techniques of 'the reduction of the [[ecliptic]]'. He authored ''Sphuta-nirnaya'', ''Raasi-gola-sphuta-neeti'' (''raasi'' meaning [[zodiac]], ''gola'' meaning ''sphere'' and ''neeti'' roughly meaning ''rule''), Karanottama (1593) and a four- chapter treatise ''Uparagakriyakrama'' on lunar and solar [[eclipse]]s.&lt;ref name=Sarma/&gt;<br /> <br /> # ''Praveśaka'': An introduction to Sanskrit grammar.<br /> # ''Karaṇottama'': Astronomical work dealing with the computation of the mean and true longitudes of the planets, with eclipses, and with the [[vyatipāta]]s of the sun and moon.<br /> # ''Uparāgakriyākrama'' (1593): Treatise on lunar and solar eclipses.<br /> # ''Sphuṭanirṇaya'': Astronomical text.<br /> # ''Chāyāṣṭaka'': Astronomical text.<br /> # ''Uparāgaviṃśati'': Manual on the computation of eclipses.<br /> # ''Rāśigolasphuṭānīti'': Work concerned with the reduction of the moon's true longitude in its own orbit to the ecliptic.<br /> # ''Veṇvārohavyākhyā'': Malayalam commentary on the ''Veṇvāroha'' of [[Mādhava of Saṅgamagrāma]] (ca. 1340–1425) written at the request of the [[Azhvanchery Thamprakkal|Azhvanchery Thambrakkal]].<br /> # Horāsāroccaya: An adaptation of the ''Jātakapaddhati'' of [[Śrīpati]].<br /> <br /> ==Narayaneeyam==<br /> Pisharati is known to have scolded and provoked an errant [[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri|Narayana]] to take up the Brahmin's duties of prayer and religious practices. He accepted Narayana as his student. Later when Pisharati was struck with paralysis (or rheumatism by another account), Narayana, unable to bear the pain of his dear guru, by way of [[Gurudakshina]] took the disease upon himself. As a result, Pisharati is said to have been cured, but no medicine could cure Narayana. As a last resort, Narayana went to Guruvayur and requested [[Thunchaththu Ramanujan Ezhuthachan]], a great devotee of [[Guruvayoorappan]], to suggest a remedy for his disease. Ramajunan Ezhuthachan advised him to compose a poetical work on the Avatars (incarnations) of Lord Vishnu beginning with that of Matsya (Fish). Narayana composed beautiful slokas in praise of Lord Guruvayurappan and recited them before the deity. He was soon cured of his disease.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Eck |first=Diana L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNlJOSf__xYC&amp;pg=PA388 |title=India: A Sacred Geography |date=2012-03-27 |publisher=Harmony/Rodale |isbn=978-0-385-53191-7 |pages=388 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The book of ''slokas'' written by Narayana were named [[Narayaneeyam]]. The day on which Narayana dedicated his Narayaneeyam to Sri Guruvayurappan is celebrated as &quot;Narayaneeyam Dinam&quot; every year at [[Guruvayur]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Narayaneeyam Day: Its history and significance |url=https://indicsense.medium.com/narayaneeyam-day-its-history-and-significance-577ebf58b82c |website=indicsense.medium.com |publisher=Medium |access-date=4 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri]]<br /> *[[Narayaneeyam]]<br /> *[[Indian mathematics]]<br /> *[[List of astronomers and mathematicians of the Kerala school]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Additional reading==<br /> <br /> * [[David Pingree]]. &quot;[https://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830900038.html Acyuta Piṣāraṭi]&quot;. ''[[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]''.<br /> * S. Venkitasubramonia Iyer. &quot;Acyuta Piṣāroṭi; His Date and Works&quot; in ''JOR Madras''', 22 (1952–1953), 40–46.<br /> * [[K. V. Sarma]] (2008), &quot;Acyuta Pisarati&quot;, [[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]] (2nd edition) edited by [[Helaine Selin]], p.&amp;nbsp;19, Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4020-4559-2}}.<br /> * K. Kunjunni Raja. ''The Contribution of Kerala to Sanskrit Literature'' (Madras, 1958), pp.&amp;nbsp;122–125.<br /> * &quot;Astronomy and Mathematics in Kerala&quot; in ''Brahmavidyā'', 27 (1963), 158–162.<br /> <br /> {{Kerala School}}<br /> {{Indian mathematics}}<br /> {{Scientific Research in Kerala |state=collapsed}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Pisarati, Acyuta}}<br /> [[Category:1550s births]]<br /> [[Category:1621 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Indian astronomers]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Indian astronomers]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Indian mathematicians]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Indian mathematicians]]<br /> [[Category:People from Malappuram district]]<br /> [[Category:16th-century Indian linguists]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Sanskrit writers]]<br /> [[Category:17th-century Indian linguists]]<br /> [[Category:People from Guruvayur]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._J._Rao&diff=488635 2026-03-24T18:12:39Z

<p>BeckyK8455: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian biologist (born 1956)}}<br /> {{use Indian English|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox scientist<br /> | name = B. J. Rao<br /> | image = Basuthkar_Rao.jpg<br /> | image_size = 200px<br /> | birth_name = Basuthkar Jagadeeshwar Rao <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|03|13|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Yale School of Medicine]],|[[Indian Institute of Sciences]],|[[Osmania University]]}}<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/BJ_Rao.html}}<br /> | field = [[Biological science]]<br /> | work_institution = [[University of Hyderabad]], [[IISER Tirupati]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]],<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Basuthkar Jagadeeshwar Rao''' (born 13 March 1956) is an Indian biologist who served as the [[Vice-Chancellor]] of [[University of Hyderabad]], Telangana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iisertirupati.ac.in/people/faculty/|title = IISER Tirupati}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to this, he was a senior professor at the Department of Biological Sciences at [[IISER Tirupati]] before that he served at [[TIFR]], Mumbai&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/BJ_Rao.html|title=BJ Rao, Department of Biological Sciences, TIFR, Mumbai|last=Webmaster|website=www.tifr.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the head of Mechanism of Genome Dynamics and Cellular Adaptations Laboratory, TIFR.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/bjr/|title=TIFR|website=www.tifr.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; His areas of specialisations are molecular basis of genome dynamics, [[computational biology]] of genomes and protein active sites, cellular physiology and metabolism, to which he made fundamental contributions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://syntalk.wordpress.com/episodes/turn-one/twap/|title=#TWAP|date=11 April 2015|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from his fundamental research in the domain of biology, he is also interested in dissemination of scientific knowledge and outreach activities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/rajkot/Scientists-to-share-new-discoveries-with-students/articleshow/55843286.cms|title=Scientists to share new discoveries with students - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 December 2016 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hbcse.tifr.res.in/publications/year-wise-annual-reports/ar-2015-16{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ias.ac.in/public/Resources/Other_Publications/Patrika/patrika_57.pdf{{full citation needed|date=September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> <br /> Rao obtained his BSc from [[Nizam College]] and his MSc from [[Osmania University]], Hyderabad. He then obtained PhD from [[Indian Institute of Sciences]], Bangalore in the domain of [[Biochemistry]]. He then went on to do his post-doctoral work at [[Yale Medical School]] where he served as research scientist for about seven years.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} He then returned to India and started working at TIFR in various capacities, from being a reader to associate professor and a chairperson.Thereafter, in 2018 he became a senior Professor at [[IISER Tirupati]]. Following that, in July 2021 he became Vice- Chancellor at [[University of Hyderabad]] until March 2026.<br /> <br /> ==Research==<br /> <br /> He is primarily interested in:&lt;ref name=&quot;tifr.res.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/bjr/publications.html|title=TIFR|website=www.tifr.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4CaQ3-x3LXMC&amp;q=BJ+Rao+tifr&amp;pg=PA413|title=From Physiology and Chemistry to Biochemistry|first1=D. P.|last1=Burma|first2=Maharani|last2=Chakravorty|date=6 July 2018|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131732205|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Mechanisms Genome instability-Repairs &amp; Spatial dynamics of Chromosomal Territories vis-à- vis Genome Repair. <br /> * [[Cellular signalling]] &amp; Tissue [[homeostasis]] vis-à- vis Genome repair.<br /> * Biophysics of [[genome repair]]. <br /> * [[Computational Biology]]: Computational Genomics of [[organellar genome]]s; Computational analyses of [[protein active site]] geometry, evolution and [[promiscuity]] rules.<br /> * Cell Biology of [[Chlamydomonas reinhardtii]] (a green yeast): cellular adaptive responses, metabolic and [[circadian rhythm]]icity, metabolic plasticity regulation by in cell NMR.<br /> <br /> ==Collaborations and genome dynamics Lab==<br /> <br /> . <br /> .<br /> <br /> Rao and his collaborators of Genome Dynamics Lab&lt;ref name=&quot;tifr.res.in&quot;/&gt; are interested in mapping and understanding the promiscuity scores of protein active sites with the help of computational approaches. They are also dissecting the biochemical mechanism of regulation of homologous recombination by tumour suppressors such as P53 and BRCA2 proteins.<br /> <br /> Other activities include:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~dbs/faculty/bjr/research.html|title=TIFR|website=www.tifr.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * Chromosome territory movements associated with DNA damage response events in mammalian cells; Circadian control of UV-sensitivity in Chlamydomonas reinhardii<br /> * Cell biology and metabolism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during adaptive stress responses.<br /> The Lab is also involved in collaborative projects with chemists and physicists at TIFR to seek answers, for instance how “soft electrons” (≈10eV) intersect and change biomolecules etc., along with many other interdisciplinary research proposals.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tifr.res.in/~dcs/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=92:basuthkar-j-rao&amp;catid=2|title=TIFR|website=www.tifr.res.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Recognition and outreach==<br /> <br /> He is a Fellow of all three National Academies in India, and is also the Sir JC Bose Fellow of Department of Science &amp; Technology, India. He is also serving as a chief member and an advisor for various committees and has won many awards and fellowships.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/IISc.-TIFR-scientists-receive-Thathachari-Award/article16014173.ece|title=IISc., TIFR scientists receive Thathachari Award|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 April 2010|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He worked as a DST-inspire teacher by articulating the current excitements of basic biology to a large number of undergraduate students across India. He perceives biology as a complex manifestation of physics-chemistry of a dynamically evolving system and emphasise on design principles in Biology. He has given numerous technical as well as public lectures&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQAzrD5uBGM|title=BJ Rao|last=CarciKNOW|date=4 April 2013|publisher=|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt; for varied audiences at conferences as well as at research centers.<br /> <br /> ==Selected publications==<br /> <br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1021/bi015743r |pmid=11888282 |title=ATP Hydrolysis Induces Expansion of MutS Contacts on Heteroduplex: A Case for MutS Treadmilling? |journal=Biochemistry |volume=41 |issue=11 |pages=3654–66 |year=2002 |last1=Joshi |first1=Amita |last2=Rao |first2=Basuthkar J }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jmb.2007.08.065 |pmid=17919654 |title=Altered Dynamics of DNA Bases Adjacent to a Mismatch: A Cue for Mismatch Recognition by MutS |journal=Journal of Molecular Biology |volume=374 |issue=1 |pages=39–53 |year=2007 |last1=Nag |first1=Nabanita |last2=Rao |first2=B.J |last3=Krishnamoorthy |first3=G }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2164-10-237 |pmid=19457260 |pmc=2695485 |title=A comparative approach to elucidate chloroplast genome replication |journal=BMC Genomics |volume=10 |pages=237 |year=2009 |last1=Krishnan |first1=Neeraja M |last2=Rao |first2=Basuthkar J |doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/gb-2013-14-12-r135 |pmid=24330859 |pmc=4062845 |title=Chromosome territories reposition during DNA damage-repair response |journal=Genome Biology |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=R135 |year=2013 |last1=Mehta |first1=Ishita S |last2=Kulashreshtha |first2=Mugdha |last3=Chakraborty |first3=Sandeep |last4=Kolthur-Seetharam |first4=Ullas |last5=Rao |first5=Basuthkar J |doi-access=free }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11103-014-0183-z |pmid=24590314 |title=Regulation of CCM genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii during conditions of light–dark cycles in synchronous cultures |journal=Plant Molecular Biology |volume=85 |issue=3 |pages=277–86 |year=2014 |last1=Tirumani |first1=Srikanth |last2=Kokkanti |first2=Mallikarjuna |last3=Chaudhari |first3=Vishal |last4=Shukla |first4=Manish |last5=Rao |first5=Basuthkar J |bibcode=2014PMolB..85..277T |s2cid=8316514 }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/nar/gkw573 |pmid=27365048 |pmc=5041470 |title=Chromosome territory relocation during DNA repair requires nuclear myosin 1 recruitment to chromatin mediated by ϒ-H2AX signaling |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=44 |issue=17 |pages=8272–91 |year=2016 |last1=Kulashreshtha |first1=Mugdha |last2=Mehta |first2=Ishita S |last3=Kumar |first3=Pradeep |last4=Rao |first4=Basuthkar J }}<br /> *{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.algal.2016.05.028 |title=Regulation of starch, lipids and amino acids upon nitrogen sensing in ''Chlamydomonas reinhardtii'' |journal=Algal Research |volume=18 |pages=33–44 |year=2016 |last1=Himanshu |first1=Singh |last2=Manish |first2=R. Shukla |last3=Basuthkar |first3=J. Rao |last4=Kandala |first4=V.R. Chary |bibcode=2016AlgRe..18...33H }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, B. J.}}<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br /> [[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br /> [[Category:1956 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Osmania University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Institute of Science alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Yale University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Academic staff of the University of Hyderabad]]<br /> [[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nyay_Mandir&diff=457071 2026-03-22T21:21:08Z

<p>BeckyK8455: small changes</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = Nyay Mandir<br /> | image = Chimnabai Nyaya Mandir (front gate) in Baroda in the 1890s.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | image_alt = &lt;!-- or |alt= --&gt;<br /> | image_caption = The Nyaya Mandir in the 1890s<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.2966|73.2015|type:landmark_region:IN_source:enwiki|display=title, inline}}<br /> | architectural_style = [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]]<br /> | address = <br /> | location_city = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]]<br /> | location_country = India<br /> | years_built = <br /> | groundbreaking_date = <br /> | construction_start_date = <br /> | construction_stop_date = <br /> | topped_out_date = <br /> | completion_date = &lt;!-- or |est_completion= --&gt;<br /> | opened_date = 30 November 1896<br /> | inauguration_date = <br /> | relocated_date = <br /> | renovation_date = <br /> | closing_date = <br /> | demolished_date = <br /> | cost = {{INR|744000}}<br /> | owner = <br /> | client = [[Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III]]<br /> | height = <br /> | material = Brick, mortar, stone<br /> | size = <br /> | floor_count = <br /> | floor_area = <br /> | architect = [[Robert Chisholm (architect)|Robert Chisholm]]<br /> | architecture_firm = <br /> | parking = <br /> | public_transit = <br /> | website = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;<br /> | references = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''Nyay Mandir''', {{lit|Temple of Justice}}, is a court building in [[Vadodara]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], western [[India]].<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> {{quote box<br /> | quote = &quot;I wish to commemorate the virtues of Her Late Highness and the admiration I entertained for her-the mild, charitable, amiable woman, the devoted mother and loving wife.&quot;<br /> | source = —Words by [[Sayajirao Gaekwad III]] as he laid the foundation stone for ‘The Maharani Chimnabai Market’ in memory of his queen.&lt;ref name=&quot;HoV Nyay Mandir&quot;/&gt;<br /> | align = right<br /> | width = 26em<br /> | bgcolor = #CCDDFF<br /> }}<br /> Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III, ruler of Baroda State, opened the building on 30 November 1896 and named it after his deceased wife [[Chimnabai I]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Divya Bhaskar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Nishant |first1=Dave |date=19 June 2023 |title=મહારાણી ચિમણાબાઇની મૂર્તિ માટે 17 વર્ષથી રાજવી પરિવારનો સંઘર્ષ |trans-title=The royal family's struggle for 17 years for the statue of Maharani Chimnabai |newspaper=Divya Bhaskar |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/vadodara/news/royal-family-struggle-for-17-years-for-maharani-chimanabai-idol-131422856.html |access-date=24 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then this vegetable market building near [[Sursagar Lake]] was named 'The Maharani Chimnabai Market'. It was later used as a town hall. The building was then converted in an imperial court named 'Maharani Chimnabai Nyay Mandir'.{{sfn|Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II|p=349}}&lt;ref name=&quot;HoV Nyay Mandir&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Nyay Mandir |url=https://historyofvadodara.in/nyay-mandir/ |access-date=24 June 2023 |website=History of Vadodara}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XpKAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=Chimnabai |title=Souvenir |date=1999 |publisher=Reception Committee, All India Library Conference, the University of California |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=District Court Vadodara, Gujarat ઇતિહાસ |url=https://vadodara.dcourts.gov.in/gu/about-department/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE-%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%AF-%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%87/ |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=vadodara.dcourts.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-11-28 |title=ન્યાયમંદિર ઐતિહાસિક ઈમારતની ૩૦મીએ ૧૨૬મી વર્ષગાંઠ |url=https://www.loksattanews.co.in/news/30th-126th-anniversary-of-nyayamandir-historic-building |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=Loksatta News |language=gu}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> When Baroda State was merged with the Union of India, the last ruler Pratapsinhrao Gaekwad delivered his last public speech from the building.&lt;ref name=&quot;Divya Bhaskar&quot; /&gt; It used to house the District Court of Vadodara city.<br /> <br /> It was built at the cost of {{INRconvert|7.44|l|year=1896}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-06-02 |title=Vadodara marvel gave justice for 120 years |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/city-marvel-gave-justice-for-120-years/articleshow/58952419.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Architecture==<br /> [[File:Chimnabai Nyaya Mandir (south-east view) in Baroda in the 1890s.jpg|thumb|South-east view of the Nyaya Mandir in the 1890s.]]<br /> It is a piece of [[Indo-Saracenic architecture]] style. It was designed by [[Robert Chisholm (architect)|Robert Chisholm]], the state architect of Baroda. There was a large central hall measuring 115 feet by 86 feet with galleries on both sides and decorated with mosaic work.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Gokhale |first=S.A. |date=1987 |title=Public Buildings in Princely State of Baroda, 1875-1939 : A Study in Urbanization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141752 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=48 |pages=544–551 |issn=2249-1937}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2015-01-17 |title=Architect who gave Vadodara its character |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/architect-who-gave-vadodara-its-character/articleshow/45918797.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Jinisha |date=2023-03-04 |title=Architectural analyses of 19th century Indo-Saracenic structures designed by British Architect Robert Chisholm in Vadodara |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13467581.2022.2064472 |journal=Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering |language=en |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=861–874 |doi=10.1080/13467581.2022.2064472 |issn=1346-7581|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is a clock on front side of the building.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2016-05-30 |title=Baroda's Big Bens to chime again |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vadodara/barodas-big-bens-to-chime-again/articleshow/52499192.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A white marble statue of Chimnabai I is placed in the main room of the Nyay Mandir.{{sfn|Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II|p=467}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Divya Bhaskar&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> ===Sources===<br /> * {{cite book |title=Gazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II, Administration |date=1923 |publisher=G. H. Desai |location=Baroda |page= |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.94278/page/n481/mode/1up?view=theater |access-date=22 June 2023|ref=CITEREFGazetteer of the Baroda State: Volume II}}<br /> {{commonscat|Nyay Mandir}}<br /> <br /> {{Vadodara topics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Vadodara]]<br /> [[Category:Baroda State]]<br /> [[Category:Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture]]<br /> [[Category:Government buildings completed in 1896]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zahidiyya&diff=546412 2026-03-21T07:52:18Z

<p>BeckyK8455: creating some details basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sufi order}}<br /> {{Infobox organization<br /> | name = Zahidiyya<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | founder = Shihabuddin Kabir Zahidi (Imam of [[Kaaba]])<br /> | founded = 13th century CE<br /> | founding_location = [[Mecca]]<br /> | type = [[Sufi order]]<br /> | region_served = [[India]] ([[Meerut]], [[Delhi]], [[Bihar]], [[Bengal]])<br /> | key_people = Badruddin Badre Alam Zahidi, Fakhruddin Khudadad Zahidi, Shihabuddin Haqq-go Shahid Zahidi, Shah Sultan Zahidi<br /> | language = Arabic, Persian, Urdu<br /> | affiliations = [[Sunni Islam]], [[Sufism]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Zāhidiyya''' ({{Langx|ur|زاہدیہ}}) or the '''Zahidi order''' ({{Langx|ur|سلسلۂ زاہدیہ}}) is a [[Sufi order]] and hereditary spiritual lineage that traces its silsila (spiritual chain) from [[Abu Ishaq of Kazerun]] to [[Junayd of Baghdad]]. The order was introduced into the [[Indian subcontinent]] by Shihabuddin Kabir Zahidi (d. 658 AH / 1260 CE), known as the ''Imam of the Kaaba'' in Mecca, who later migrated to [[Meerut]] along with his son Fakhruddin Khudadad Zahidi.{{Sfn|Ahmad|1963|p=358}}<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> According to the ''[[Ma'arif]]'' journal (Azamgarh, 1963), Fakhruddin Khudadad Zahidi was among the early preachers of Islam in northern India. His son, Shihabuddin Haqq-go Shahid Zahidi, was invited to Delhi by Sultan [[Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah]] Khalji, who built a [[Khanqah]] for him. Both Sultan Qutbuddin and Sultan [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] were among his devotees.&lt;ref name=&quot;maarif&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |editor1-last=Nadvi|editor1-first=Moinuddin Ahmad|editor1-link=Moinuddin Ahmad Nadwi|last=Ahmad|first=Syed Shamim|title=Zāhidiyya |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/maarif-shumara-number-005-shah-moinuddin-ahmad-nadvi-magazines-29#38 |journal=[[Ma'arif]] |date=December 1963 |volume=92 |issue=5 |pages=358–359 |publisher=[[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]] |location=Azamgarh |language=ur |trans-title=The Zahidiyya Order}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the Persian text of ''Akhbar al-Akhyar'' by [[Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi]], Shihabuddin Haqq-go (son of Fakhruddin Khudadad Zahidi) was called “Haqq-go” (“truth-speaker”) because when Sultan [[Muhammad bin Tughluq]] ordered that people address him as “Muhammad ʿĀdil” (the Just), the Shaykh refused and replied, &quot;We cannot call oppressors just.&quot; The Sultan ordered that he be thrown from the [[Delhi Fort]], where he died. His grave is said to be below the fort.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dehlawi |first=Abd al-Haqq |author-link=Abd al-Haqq al-Dehlawi |date=December 1866 |title=Akhbar al-Akhyar |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/akhbar-ul-akhyar-fi-asraril-abrar-abdul-haq-mohaddis-dehlavi-ebooks#125 |publisher=Matba‘-e-Mohammadi |location=Delhi |pages=127 |language=fa |trans-title=Biographies of the Pious}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Expansion in Bengal and Bihar ==<br /> In [[Bengal]] and [[Bihar]], the Zahidiyya spread through '''Badruddin Badre Alam Zahidi''', a contemporary of [[Makhdoom-ul-Mulk Bihari]]. He arrived in Bengal around 740 AH during the reign of Sultan [[Fakhruddin Mubarak Shah]] and later settled in [[Chittagong]], from where he propagated Islam across eastern [[Bengal]], [[Arakan]], [[Burma]], and [[Tripura]].{{Sfn|Ahmad|1963|p=359}} According to Muhammad Ishaq's 1962 article in the ''[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh|Journal of the Asiatic Society of Pakistan]]'' (Dhaka), Badr Alam was respected by Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus, who built places of worship called &quot;Badr Makān&quot; in his name.{{Sfn|Ahmad|1963|p=359}}<br /> <br /> Badr Alam’s descendants included Shah Shihabuddin Qital Zahidi, Shah Abu Sa‘id Zahidi, and Shah Sultan Zahidi, who are buried in [[Bihar]]. The family remained influential in [[Bihar Sharif]] and its surrounding regions.&lt;ref name=&quot;maarif&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Later development ==<br /> During the reigns of the [[Delhi Sultanate rulers|Delhi Sultans]], several members of the Zahidiyya lineage were respected. [[Sikandar Lodi]] was impressed by Fakhruddin Zahidi of Bihar and reportedly said that &quot;no contemporary equals him.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;maarif&quot; /&gt; In [[Bengal]], Sultan [[Alauddin Husain Shah]] was a disciple of the Zahidi family, while his son Sultan [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]] adopted the epithet ‘Abd al-Badr’ in honor of Badruddin Badre Alam Zahidi and inscribed it on his coins.&lt;ref name=&quot;maarif&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> According to ''[[Nuzhat al-Khawatir]]'', members of the family such as Fakhruddin Zahidi, Shihabuddin Haqq-go Zahidi, and Badruddin Bihari were scholars and Sufis active in [[Delhi]], [[Meerut]], and [[Bihar]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hasani |first1=Abdul Hai |author1-link=Abdul Hai Hasani |title=[[Nuzhat al-Khawatir]] |year=1999 |publisher=Dar Ibn Hazm |location=[[Beirut, Lebanon]] |edition=1st |pages=113, 166–167, 187, 238 |chapter=Zahidis |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/20200621_20200621_1558/page/n165/mode/1up |language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Bibi Abdal Zahidi, daughter of Badr Alam, was also known for piety, and her descendants were called &quot;Abdalis.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;maarif&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legacy ==<br /> The Zahidiyya established khanqahs in [[Meerut]], [[Bihar Sharif]], [[Saran district]], and [[Ballia district]]. The shrines at [[Bihar Sharif]] (''Chhoti Dargah''), [[Saran district|Saran]] (''Chauki Qital''), and [[Sheikhupur]] (''Ruknuddin Zahidi'') remain sites of veneration.&lt;ref name=&quot;maarif&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Abdali |first1=Muhammad Tayyib |title=Jada-e-Irfān |date=January 1978 |publisher=Maktaba Sūfiyya, Khanqah-e-Islampur |location=[[Nalanda district]] |volume=1 |pages=199–205 |chapter=Silsila-e-Zāhidiyya |chapter-url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/jada-e-irfan-dr-taiyab-abdali-ebooks#207 |language=ur |trans-chapter=The Zahidiyya Sufi Order}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Sufism in India]]<br /> * [[Chittagong]]<br /> * [[Bihar Sharif]]<br /> * [[Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Motiur Rahman|first1=Muhammad |title=Āyina-e-Waisi |date=March 1976 |publisher=Label Litho Press |location=[[Patna]] |pages=10–33 |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/aaina-e-waisi-mohammad-mutiurrahman-ebooks#43 |language=ur}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Haque|first1=Inamul |title=Muslim Bangāli Adab |date=April 1957 |publisher=Idara Matbū'āt-e-Pakistan |location=[[Karachi]] |pages=31–34 |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/muslim-bangali-adab-inam-ul-haq-ebooks#36 |language=ur |trans-title=Muslim Bengali Literature}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Moradabadi|first1=Muhammad Hussain|title=Anwār-ul-Ārifeen |year=1873 |publisher=Siddiqui Press |location=[[Bareilly]] |pages=532–533 |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/anwar-ul-aarifeen-hafiz-muhammad-husain-moradaabadi-ebooks#552 |language=fa |trans-title=Lights of the Gnostics}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Sufi orders]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]<br /> [[Category:Sufism in India]]<br /> [[Category:History of Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Bengal Sultanate]]<br /> [[Category:Sunni Sufi orders]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=LIC_Building,_Visakhapatnam&diff=511452 2026-03-17T02:00:40Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Created New Info From Scratch</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox building<br /> | name = LIC Building<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = Lic building vizag.jpg<br /> | image_size = 150px<br /> | caption = The LIC building view from [[Telugu Thalli Flyover]]<br /> | alternate_names = <br /> | location = [[Dwaraka Nagar]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[India]]<br /> | address = PB No.411, Jeevitha Bima Road, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530 004, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|17.722624|83.303545|display=inline,title}}<br /> | highest_prev = <br /> | highest_next = <br /> | construction_start_date = <br /> | completion_date = {{start date and age|1970}} <br /> | inauguration_date = {{start date and age|1970}} <br /> | building_type = Commercial offices&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = LIC Building | work = | publisher = Emporis.com | date = | url = http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&amp;id=licbuilding-chennai-india&amp;lng=3 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130409034731/http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&amp;id=licbuilding-chennai-india&amp;lng=3 | url-status = usurped | archive-date = 9 April 2013 | format = | doi = | accessdate = 8 Oct 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | antenna_spire = <br /> | roof = <br /> | top_floor =<br /> | floor_count = 11<br /> | elevator_count = <br /> | architectural_style= [[Modernism]] (RCC-framed construction)<br /> | cost = <br /> | floor_area = <br /> | architect = <br /> | structural_engineer= <br /> | main_contractor = <br /> | developer = <br /> | owner = [[Life Insurance Corporation of India]]<br /> | operator = <br /> | references = &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.emporis.com/buildings/104430 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306091014/https://www.emporis.com/buildings/104430 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=6 March 2016 |title=Emporis building ID 104430 |work=[[Emporis]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> '''LIC Building, Visakhapatnam''' is an 11-storied commercial building in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[India]]. It is located on the Jeevitha Bima Road, opposite to the [[City Central Park]]. It was one of the tallest buildings in the city.&lt;ref name=&quot;Builing_InLICS&quot;&gt;{{Cite news <br /> | last = Building <br /> | first = LIC. <br /> | title = about LIC Building <br /> | newspaper = LIC India<br /> | location = Visakhapatanam<br /> | pages = <br /> | language = <br /> | publisher = LIC India<br /> | date = 6 June 2012 <br /> | url = http://www.licindia.in/LOCATOR/Branch?State=Andhra%20Pradesh&amp;City=Visakhapatnam&amp;lang=en-US<br /> | accessdate = 29 Sep 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==About==<br /> The LIC Building was one of the first tall structures in Visakhapatnam in the 1970s. At that time, it resembled a light house which was visible from the four corners of the city. Back then, it was a wonder of the city. Many central government offices are located near this building.&lt;ref name=&quot;VSriram_Incharm&quot;&gt;{{Cite news <br /> | last = Sriram <br /> | first = V. <br /> | title = history of lic building<br /> | newspaper = The Hindu<br /> | location = Visakhapatnam<br /> | pages = <br /> | language = <br /> | publisher = Kasturi &amp; Sons<br /> | date = 20 June 2013 <br /> | url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/in-lic-buildings-shadow/article3496023.ece<br /> | accessdate = 29 Sep 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Visakhapatnam}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures in Visakhapatnam]]<br /> [[Category:Uttarandhra]]<br /> [[Category:Life Insurance Corporation]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hinduism_in_Meghalaya&diff=470635 2026-03-16T16:11:57Z

<p>BeckyK8455: minor edit</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Hinduism in the Indian state}}<br /> {{Cleanup|reason=Confusing and in need of more copy-editing|date=April 2020}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox ethnic group<br /> | group = Meghalayan Hindus <br /> | image = File:Nartiang Durga temple.jpg<br /> | image_caption = Nartiang Durga Temple<br /> | population = 342,078 &lt;br /&gt;('''11.53%''' of the Meghalaya's population) {{decrease}}<br /> | region1 = [[East Khasi Hills]]<br /> | pop1 = 144,949 (17.55%)<br /> | region2 = [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]<br /> | pop2 = 90,294 (19.11%)<br /> | region3 = [[Ri Bhoi district|Ri Bhoi]]<br /> | pop3 = 30,957 (11.96%)<br /> | langs = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Nepali language|Nepali]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Koch language|Koch]], [[Hajong language|Hajong]], [[Rabha language|Rabha]], &lt;br /&gt; [[Pnar language|Pnar]]<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[Hinduism]] is a minority religion in the [[Meghalaya]] state of [[India]] constituting 12% of the state's population.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Nartiang Durga Temple]] in Meghalaya is one of the 51 [[Shakta pithas]] on Earth and is considered by Hindus of Meghalaya as the permanent abode of Goddess Durga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Das|first=Manosh|date=15 October 2010 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Lofty-Himalayas-notwithstanding-the-tribal-people-of-Nartiang-in-the-Jaintia-Hills-of-Meghalaya-truly-believe-that-their-scenic-little-hamlet-is-the-permanent-abode-of-Goddess-Durga-Perched-atop-a-hillock-is-the-more-than-600-year-old-and-ancient-Durgabari-a-simple-house-made-of-stones-and-wood-complete-with-tin-roofing-Revered-as-one-of-the-51-Shakti-Peethas-the-temple-has-been-drawing-a-large-number-of-pilgrims-from-all-over-the-country-on-occasion-of-Durga-Puja-/articleshow/6754889.cms|title=Lofty Himalayas notwithstanding, the tribal people of Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya truly believe that their scenic little hamlet is the &quot;permanent abode&quot; of Goddess Durga. Perched atop a hillock is the more than 600-year old and ancient Durgabari - a simple house made of stones and wood complete with tin roofing. Revered as one of the 51 Shakta pithas, the temple has been drawing a large number of pilgrims from all over the country on occasion of Durga Puja. - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=20 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hinduism is a popular religion practice by Rabhas, Hajongs, Kochs, Rajbongshis, Mikirs, Bengalis, Nepalis, Biharis etc.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Excavations conducted by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] at Vadagokugiri in Meghalaya’s West Garo Hills during 1991-92 revealed the remains of a major ancient township and religious centre dating from the 2nd century BCE. The township was a well-fortified urban settlement and shows the evidence of a blend of Buddhism and Hinduism. The site features extensive fortifications with bastions, gateways and a moat, enclosing temples, tanks, and habitation zones. Excavations also revealed the first stupa in Meghalaya. Nearly 20 burnt-brick temples have also been discovered displaying advanced architectural features like garbhagriha, antarala and mandapa, richly embellished with terracotta depictions of deities such as Ganesha, Durga, Sarasvati, and Kali. An octagonal Shiva temple was also discovered in this region.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Purbasha |date=2025-10-27 |title=ASI Reveals 2nd Century BCE Township in Meghalaya’s West Garo Hills |url=https://meghalayanews24.in/asi-reveals-2nd-century-bce-township-in-meghalayas-west-garo-hills/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Meghalaya News 24 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Archaeology: Department of Arts and Culture, Government of Meghalaya |url=https://www.megartsculture.gov.in/arch.htm |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.megartsculture.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> During medieval period of 17th century, Meghalaya's [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills|Khasi, Jaintia]] and neighbouring tribes hill areas came under the [[Jaintia kingdom]]. The Jaintia king [[Jaintia kingdom|Jaso Manik]] (1606–1641 A.D.) had married [[Lakshmi Narayana]], the daughter of the Hindu Koch king [[Nara Narayan]] of neighbouring [[Kamata Kingdom]]. It is believed that it was his wife Lakshmi Narayana who have influenced the Jaintia Royalty King Jaso Manik and his [[jaintia people|tribe]] to embrace [[Shaktism|Shakti]] sect of Hinduism as she herself was an ardent devotee of Goddess [[Durga]]. Jaintia King [[Jaintia kingdom|Dhan Manik]] had made Nartiang the summer capital of the Khasi-Jaintia Kingdom about 6 centuries ago. One night, the goddess appeared in his dream and informed him of the significance of this place and told him to build a temple in her honour. Following this, the [[Nartiang Durga Temple|Jainteshwari temple]] in Nartiang was established.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-09-12 |title=History lessons from Nartiang |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2020/09/13/history-lessons-from-nartiang/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;club&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Hindu Jaintias of Meghalaya &amp; Worship of Ma Jayanteswári - The Verandah Club |url=https://theverandahclub.com/article/hindu-jaintias-of-meghalaya-worship-of-ma-jayanteswari-591 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=theverandahclub.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The temple's strategic location and presence of weapons like [[cannons]] suggests that it must have been a fort of the Jaintia Kings in the past. According to legends, Devi's left thigh is believed to have fallen at Nartiang in the Jaintia Hills. It is one of the holiest sites for devotees of the Shaktism sect of Hinduism across the world. The Goddess came to be known as &quot;Jainteshwari devi&quot; in native [[Pnar language]].&lt;ref name=&quot;club&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Nature made Shivalinga in Mawjymbuin Cave Mawsynram Meghalaya India.jpg|thumb|Naturally made Shivalinga in Mawjymbuin Cave, [[Mawsynram]], Meghalaya]]<br /> <br /> Before 20th Century, the majority of [[Khasi people|Khasi]], [[Jaintia people|Jaintia]] and [[Garo people|Garo]] tribes of [[Khasi and Jaintia Hills|Khasi-Jaintia]] and [[Garo hills]] of Meghalaya were primarily the followers of their native tribal religions which bears some similarities with that of [[Hindu religion]] specially the ethnic religion of [[Austro-Asiatic]] Khasi-Pnar people, known by the name ([[Jaintia people|Ka Niamtre]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/feature/missionary-is-not-a-popular-word-in-india-but-in-the-khasi-hills-it-holds-a-different-meaning/751501/|title= Khasi leader stated that, &quot;We are not Hindus though some of our practices are similar.&quot;|website=ThePrint|date= 16 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Khasi festival Behdeinkhlam, Lukhmi have strong links with larger [[Vedic Civilization]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Behdienkhlam Festival |url=https://meghalaya.gov.in/behdienkhlam |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Meghalaya Government Portal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Khasi tribal goddess Lukhmi/Lukhimai is believed to be “tribalised” form of Hindu goddess [[Lakshmi]]. Also during that festival, the rot (which was basically made up of Bamboo and wood and are tall tower like structures) cast away after the religious festivities are over which bears some similarities with the worship of the Hindu deity [[Jagannath]] which also involves similar structures which are called rath ([[chariot]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Khasis as Hindus &amp;#124; Economic and Political Weekly | date=March 2016 | url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2016/9/web-exclusives/khasis-hindus.html }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-08-03 |title=Niamtre, Hinduism and Ram Temple in Ayodhya |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2020/08/03/niamtre-hinduism-and-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Syndai, a large [[Ganesha]] sculpture have been found carved out on a large rock, the local Khasi-Jaintia villagers call it “U Khmi” and revered it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Historical Syndai hamlet in ruins - Archaeological remains of buildings of Jaintia kings suffer from government neglect |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/historical-syndai-hamlet-in-ruins-archaeological-remains-of-buildings-of-jaintia-kings-suffer-from-government-neglect/cid/339084 |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Mawjymbuin Cave of [[Mawsynram]] resembles the '[[Lingam|Shivalinga]]' similar to that of [[Amarnath Temple|Amarnath cave]]. It is one of the holiest site in [[Shaivism]]. The Local [[Khasi people|villagers]] have preserved the Shivalinga for years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2019-11-10 |title=In Meghalaya, Christians care for Shivalingams |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/in-meghalaya-christians-care-for-shivalingams/article29939614.ece |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the time of [[Kanwar Yatra]] (An annual pilgrimage of devotees of Lord [[Shiva]]), utmost spiritual fervour is seen among the people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-08-12 |title=Pilgrims throng Mawjymbuin Cave in Meghalaya |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shillong/pilgrims-throng-mawjymbuin-cave-in-meghalaya/articleshow/70640918.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | title=Mawjymbuin caves emerge as tourist hotspot in Meghalaya | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/travel/mawjymbuin-caves-emerge-as-tourist-hotspot-in-meghalaya20190811020632/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810230544/https://www.aninews.in/news/lifestyle/travel/mawjymbuin-caves-emerge-as-tourist-hotspot-in-meghalaya20190811020632/ | access-date=2026-02-08 | archive-date=2019-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-02 |title=The Walk of the Faithful |url=https://themeghalayan.com/the-walk-of-the-faithful/ |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=The Meghalayan |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Tradition==<br /> <br /> ===Festivals===<br /> Hinduism is practiced by different groups of [[Meghalaya]]. Hindus celebrate many festivals in Meghalya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hinduscriptures.com/vedic-culture/5474-2/5474/|title=Cultural festival of Meghalaya {{!}} Vedic Culture|date=2018-02-18|website=Hindu Scriptures {{!}} Vedic lifestyle, Scriptures, Vedas, Upanishads, Itihaas, Smrutis, Sanskrit.|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Diwali]], [[Behdienkhlam]], [[Navaratri]], etc. are celebrated by people. Navaratri and other Goddess Pujas are celebrated mainly by Bengali people. [[Diwali]] is celebrated by almost all Hindus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/meghalaya/behdienkhlam-festival/amp_poishow/51795371.cms|title=Behdienkhlam festival {{!}} Culture in Meghalaya {{!}} Times of India Travel|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2020-04-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Behdienkhlam Festival.png|thumb|Behdienkhlam is festival celebrated by the pnars in Jowai, Meghalaya]]<br /> In [[Jowai]], [[Behdienkhlam]] is a harvest festival celebrate by the Niamtre believers. This festival is popular among non-Christian [[Pnar people]].<br /> <br /> Many other Hindu festivals celebrate Hindus like [[Makar Sankranti]], [[Diwali]], [[Holi]], [[Navaratri]], etc.<br /> <br /> ===Important Temples and Shrines===<br /> In Meghalaya, there is a [[Shakta pithas|Shakta pitha]] at Jaintia hills in [[Nartiang]]. Here, [[Shakti]] is worshipped as Jayanti and [[Bhairava]] is worshipped as Kamadishwar. There many native Brahmins who caretakes temple and organises ritual programs. According to people, this Shakta pitha is only one on Earth which is abode of [[Durga]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}<br /> <br /> ===Hajong Tradition===<br /> Hajong people practice Hinduism from long time.{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}} They worship specific [[Avatar|avatars]] (equivalent to Hindu deities). Ex.-<br /> *Lakshmi-Lukkhi Dyao<br /> *Vishnu-Bishnu Dyao<br /> *Shiv-Shib Dyao<br /> *Kartikeya-Katka Dyao<br /> Dyao is derived from Sanskrit word- (देव Deva, modern Indian languages- Dev/Deo).<br /> <br /> ===Rabha people===<br /> Rabha people's religious world is pervaded with various spirits and natural objects. The main deity of the Rabhas is called Rishi. Rishi, for the forest Rabhas as well as village Rabhas, is a male deity. He is also known as Mahakal. Forest Rabhas worship him in all important social and religious ceremonies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Karlsson |first=Bengt G. |title=Contested Belonging: An Indigenous People's Struggle for Forest and Identity in Sub-Himalayan Bengal |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-7007-1179-6|author-link=Bengt G. Karlsson}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> {{Historical populations<br /> |title = Hindu Population in Meghalaya<br /> |type = <br /> |footnote = <br /> |align = right<br /> |width = <br /> |state = <br /> |shading = <br /> |pop_name =<br /> |percentages = <br /> |source = [[census of India]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://gbpihedenvis.nic.in/District%20wise%20Religious%20Population%20%20of%20Meghalaya-2001.html | title=Districts Religious Population-2001, Meghalaya }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://lsi.gov.in Religion, Part IV-B (ii), Series-16, Meghalaya]{{Nonspecific | date=February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://megplanning.gov.in Planning Department, Government of Meghalaya]{{Nonspecific | date=February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |1971 | 187,140<br /> |1981 | 240,831 <br /> |1991 | 260,306<br /> |2001 | 207,822<br /> |2011 | 342,078}}<br /> Hinduism constituted 13.27 percent of Meghalaya's population in 2001 and it decreased to 11.53 percent in 2011. Hindus are mainly found in [[West Garo Hills district]] with 19%, [[East Khasi Hills District]] with 17.50% and the [[Ri-Bhoi District]] with 12%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/hindu-population-comes-down-in-meghalaya/|title=Hindu population comes down in Meghalaya|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=18 March 2021|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831091207/https://thenortheasttoday.com/archive/hindu-population-comes-down-in-meghalaya/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hinduism is followed by 42% of the population of [[Shillong]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Shillong Metropolitan Urban Region Population 2011 Census|url=http://www.census2011.com/census/metropolitan/176-shillong.html|website=www.census2011.com}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Trends===<br /> '''Percentage of Hindus in Meghalaya by Decades'''&lt;ref name=&quot;cpsindia.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.cpsindia.org | title=Web results - The Christianisation of the Northeast - Centre for Policy Studies | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518174007/http://www.cpsindia.org/ | archive-date=18 May 2021 }}{{Nonspecific | date=February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! '''Year'''<br /> ! '''Percent'''<br /> ! '''Decrease'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''2011'''<br /> | '''11.53%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: red&quot; |'''-4.07%'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''2001'''<br /> | '''15.60%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: red&quot; |<br /> '''-3.23%'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1991'''<br /> | '''18.83%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: red&quot; |<br /> '''-4.17%'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1981'''<br /> | '''23.71%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: lightgreen&quot; |<br /> '''+6.52%''' <br /> |-<br /> | '''1971'''<br /> | '''17.19%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: red&quot; |<br /> '''-15.48%'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1961'''<br /> | '''32.67%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: red&quot; |<br /> '''-8.54%'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1951'''<br /> | '''41.21%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: red&quot; | '''-9.77%'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1941'''<br /> | '''50.98%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: red&quot; | '''-7.64%'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1931'''<br /> | '''58.62%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: red&quot; | '''-9.96%'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1921'''<br /> | '''68.58%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: red&quot; | '''-7.67%'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1911'''<br /> | '''76.25%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: red&quot; | '''-8.34%'''<br /> |-<br /> | '''1901'''<br /> | '''84.59%'''<br /> | style=&quot;background: lightgreen&quot; |<br /> '''+1.03%''' <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Percentage in Groups===<br /> According to 2011 census there are 342,078 Hindus living in Meghalaya accounting constituting 11.53% of the state population after Christianity.&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot;/&gt; Meghalaya Scheduled Tribe Population is 2,555,861 (86% of the state population), out of which 122,141 people among them follow Hinduism, while Non-ST population is 411,028, out of which 219,937 of them follow Hindu faith.&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxx-st.html?m=1 | title=Religion Data of Census 2011: XXX ST Meghalaya }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Hinduism is practiced by these following groups:- <br /> *[[Hajong people]] (38,576 – Of which 98.65% Hindu),&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Koch people]] (22,716 – Of which 99.02% Hindu),&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Rajbongshi people]],<br /> *[[Rabha tribe]] (32,662 – Of which 94.95% Hindu),&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Karbi People]] (Mikir people) (19,289 – Of which 79% Christian and 21% Hindu),&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Nepali people]] (54,834 - Of which 90% Hindu and 10% Buddhist),<br /> *[[Bengali people]] (190,882 - Of which 60% Hindu and 40% Muslim),<br /> *[[Punjabi people]] (4,540 - Of which 70% Sikh and 30% Hindu), <br /> *[[Marwari people]] (17,405 - Of which 80% Hindu and 20% Jain),<br /> *[[Bihari people]] (30,611 - Of which 85% Hindu and 15% Muslim),<br /> *[[Jaintia people]] (316,852 - Of which 60% [[Christian]] and 40% following tribal religion &quot;Ka Niamtre&quot; with some elements of Hinduism in it),&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Khasi people]] (1,411,775, of which only 10,302, 0.73% of the ethnic's population follows Hindu religion),&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> *[[Garo people]] (821,026, of which only 4,776, 0.58% of the ethnic's population follows Hindu religion)&lt;ref name=&quot;census&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Hindu population by district===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ District-wise Hindu population — Meghalaya (Census 2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011: Population by Religious Community (Meghalaya) |publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! District<br /> ! Hindu population (2011)<br /> ! Hindu (% of district population)<br /> |-<br /> | East Khasi Hills<br /> | 144,949<br /> | 17.55<br /> |-<br /> | West Garo Hills<br /> | 122,933<br /> | 19.11<br /> |-<br /> | Jaintia Hills<br /> | 12,446<br /> | 3.15<br /> |-<br /> | West Khasi Hills<br /> | 6,480<br /> | 1.69<br /> |-<br /> | Ri Bhoi<br /> | 30,957<br /> | 11.96<br /> |-<br /> | East Garo Hills<br /> | 17,263<br /> | 5.43<br /> |-<br /> | South Garo Hills<br /> | 7,031<br /> | 4.94<br /> |}<br /> ''Note: Data is based strictly on the 2011 Census of India. Only districts that existed at the time of the 2011 census are included. Districts created after 2011 are not covered.''<br /> == Persecution ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Percentage of Hindus in Meghalaya by decades&lt;ref&gt;[https://censusindia.gov.in 1991 Census religion]{{Nonspecific | date=February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://censusindia.gov.in Catalog C-01: Population by religious community, Meghalaya - 2001]{{Nonspecific | date=February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://censusindia.gov.in Catalog C-01: Population by religious community, Meghalaya - 2011]{{Nonspecific | date=February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2015/09/18/muslim-population-up-hindus-dip/# | title=Muslim population up; Hindus dip | date=18 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Percent<br /> ! Increase<br /> |-<br /> | 1971<br /> | {{percentage bar|18.49}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 1981<br /> | {{percentage bar|18.03}}<br /> | {{decrease}} -0.46%<br /> |-<br /> | 1991<br /> | {{percentage bar|14.67}}<br /> | {{decrease}} -3.36%<br /> |-<br /> | 2001<br /> | {{percentage bar|13.27}}<br /> | {{decrease}} -1.4% <br /> |-<br /> | 2011<br /> | {{percentage bar|11.53}}<br /> | {{decrease}} -1.74%<br /> |}<br /> <br /> Hindu percentage in Meghalaya have declined from 18.49% in 1971 to 11.53% in 2011 census (A decline of -6.96% in four decades).<br /> <br /> The Non-ST Hindu minority are being targeted, attacked and murdered by Christian tribals since from the time of the creation of Meghalaya in 1972. The Hindu minority of the state do not enjoy equal rights and there is widespread hatred, discrimination and intolerance against them which were perpetrated by local [[Seng Khasi Movement|Khasi Students Union]]. The [[Bengali Hindus]] in Meghalaya are often treated as Bangladeshis or outsiders ([[Dkhar]]). They have been running away, leaving the state in large numbers since from 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Shivani |date=2020-11-20 |title=Oppression of non-tribals by the Tribals |url=https://democracynewslive.com/editorial/oppression-of-non-tribals-by-the-tribals-689188 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=democracynewslive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2020-03-02 |title=Meghalaya extremists ask non-tribal group to leave |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meghalaya-extremists-ask-non-tribal-group-to-leave/article61968102.ece |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-06 |title=Explained: Behind Meghalaya violence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/citizenship-amendment-act-caa-meghalaya-violence-simply-put-6301430/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en|last=Saha|first=Abhishek}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Three ethnic-religious riots between the indigenous Christian tribes and the non- tribals mostly Hindus have taken place in the year 1979, 1987 and 1992 respectively. In 1979 almost 20 thousands Hindu Bengalis were displaced from Meghalaya following attacks by local Khasis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Soumyadip |date=2019-10-22 |title=A riot that changed a city: 40 years of 79'er gondogul - the 1979 Shillong anti-Bengali riots |url=https://www.cuttingthechai.com/2019/10/8567/a-riot-that-changed-a-city-40-years-of-79er-gondogul-the-1979-shillong-anti-bengali-riots/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Cutting the Chai |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1987, almost 2.7 thousand [[Nepalis]] and [[Biharis]] were displaced from Meghalaya following land disputes with Christian tribals. Again in 1992, around 3 thousand [[Nepalis]] quit Meghalaya following clashes between Khasis and non-tribals during [[Dusherra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-05-29 |title=`Nepalis living in terror in Meghalaya` |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/nepalis-living-in-terror-in-meghalaya_630043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025212310/https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/nepalis-living-in-terror-in-meghalaya_630043.html |archive-date=2022-10-25 |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=Zee News |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2018-06-09 |title=Why did riots erupt in Shillong? |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/why-did-riots-erupt-in-shillong/article24123209.ece |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, there were repeatedly violence against [[Mazhabi Sikh]] which were perpetrated by local Khasis and [[Seng Khasi Movement|Khasi Students Union]] members in around [[Shillong]] city.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Now, Christians attack Dalit Sikhs in Shillong. Pray tell, where is the outrage? |url=https://www.dailyo.in/voices/dalit-sikhs-attacked-shillong-by-northeast-christians-khasis-meghalaya-majority-violence-india-24647 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=www.dailyo.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-06-03 |title=Khasi-Punjabi clashes: Why there is unrest in Meghalaya capital |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/meghalaya/shillong-violence-meghalaya-khasi-punjabi-clash-conrad-sangma-police-curfew-5202012/ |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Dutta |first=Prabhash K. |date=2018-06-04 |title=How Shillong got a separate Punjabi colony and why it’s a problem now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/how-shillong-got-a-separate-punjabi-colony-and-why-it-s-a-problem-now-1250294-2018-06-04 |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2020, The [[Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council]] (HNLC) has issued an ultimatum to all the Hindu-Bengalis to leave Ichamati and Majai areas at Shella in [[East Khasi Hills]] within one month which have ultimately lead to clashes between Hindu Bengalis and Khasi Christian tribals resulting in one death and several injuries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-03-01 |title=Meghalaya: HNLC issues ‘leave Ichamati, Majai’ notice to Hindu-Bengalis |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/meghalaya/meghalaya-hnlc-issues-leave-ichamati-majai-notice-to-hindu-bengalis.html |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> <br /> * [[Hinduism in Arunachal Pradesh]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Hinduism in India by region}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hinduism in India|Meghalaya]]<br /> [[Category:Religion in Meghalaya]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gemini_Shankaran&diff=500194 2026-03-12T20:59:01Z

<p>BeckyK8455: starting details.</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian businessperson (1924–2023)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | honorific_prefix = <br /> | name = Gemini Shankaran<br /> | honorific_suffix = <br /> | image = &lt;!-- filename only, no &quot;File:&quot; or &quot;Image:&quot; prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --&gt;<br /> | image_upright = <br /> | birth_name = Moorkkoth Vengakkandi Sankaran<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1924|6|13|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = Kolassery, [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Kannur district]], [[Kerala]], India)<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|4|23|1924|6|13|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = <br /> | death_cause = <br /> | education = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = Circus owner, businessperson<br /> | years_active = <br /> | era = <br /> | employer = <br /> | organization = <br /> | known_for = Pioneering circus industry in India<br /> | notable_works = <br /> | spouse = Shobhana<br /> | children = 3<br /> | parents = &lt;!-- overrides mother and father parameters --&gt;<br /> | mother = Moorkoth Kalyaniyamma<br /> | father = Kavinisheri Raman Nair<br /> | relatives = <br /> | awards = Government of India Lifetime Achievement Award<br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_size = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Moorkkoth Vengakkandi Sankaran''' (13 June 1924 – 23 April 2023), popularly known as '''Gemini Shankaran''', was an Indian circus owner, businessperson and one of the pioneers of the [[History of Indian circus|circus industry in India]]. Sankaran was a recipient of the Lifetime Achievement Award from the [[Government of India]].<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Shankaran was born to Kavinisheri Raman Nair and Moorkoth Kalyaniyamma on 13 June 1924, in Kolassery, a village in Kannur district, in the south Indian state of Kerala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Circus patriarch Gemini Shankaran passed away - News8Plus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=News8Plus |date=24 April 2023 |title=Circus patriarch Gemini Shankaran passed away - News8Plus |url=https://news8plus.com/circus-patriarch-gemini-shankaran-passed-away/ |access-date=24 April 2023 |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; His schooling was limited to 7th standard, after which he studied [[Kalaripayattu]] and [[circus]] from [[Keeleri Kunhikannan]] before starting a small time grocery store. The grocery business failed and Sankaran joined the [[Indian Army]] where he worked until the end of [[World War II]]. After leaving the military, he joined the ''Boss Lion Circus'' as a [[Trapeze|trapeze artist]]. In 1951, he purchased ''Vijaya Circus'' for a sum of INR 6000 and renamed it as ''Gemini Circus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary: Gemini Sankaran, the Malayali who founded the famous Gemini Circus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Obituary: Gemini Sankaran, the Malayali who founded the famous Gemini Circus |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/kerala/2023/04/24/gemini-sankaran-founder-gemini-jumbo-circuses-dies.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=OnManorama}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later purchased ''Jumbo Circus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemini Shankaran, pioneer of Indian circus, passes away&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=Gemini Shankaran, pioneer of Indian circus, passes away |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/gemini-shankaran-pioneer-of-indian-circus-passes-away-1.8502682 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=English.Mathrubhumi |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Malayali artists bid adieu to circus rings in India&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=Malayali artists bid adieu to circus rings in India |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/060919/malayali-artists-bid-adieu-to-circus-rings-in-india.html |access-date=24 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The show can’t go on, circus ready for final bow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 August 2017 |title=The show can't go on, circus ready for final bow |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/the-show-cant-go-on-circus-ready-for-final-bow/articleshow/60148939.cms |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sankaran, as one of the pioneers of the [[History of Indian circus|India circus industry]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Circus legend Gemini Sankaran gets Covid-19 Vaccine in &quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Circus legend Gemini Sankaran gets Covid-19 Vaccine in |url=https://world360news.com/en/circus-legend-gemini-sankaran-gets-covid-19-vaccine |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=world360news.com |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424035229/https://world360news.com/en/circus-legend-gemini-sankaran-gets-covid-19-vaccine |url-status=usurped }}&lt;/ref&gt; wrote his autobiography, ''Malakkam Mariyunna Jeevitham'', which was published in 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tree of Compassion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tree of Compassion |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-24-04-2023/1087616 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Malakkam Mariyunna Jeevitham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gemini Sankaran |date=24 April 2023 |title=Malakkam Mariyunna Jeevitham |url=https://www.amazon.in/Books-GEMINI-SANKARAN/s?rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3AGEMINI+SANKARAN |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=www.amazon.in |language=en-in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemini Sankaran - Speaker in Kerala Architectural Festival KAF –2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gemini Sankaran - Speaker in Kerala Architectural Festival KAF –2019 |url=http://www.keralaarchitecturefestival.com/speakers_more.aspx?id=MTE4 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=www.keralaarchitecturefestival.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; His life is also recorded in another biography, ''Gemini Shankaran and the Legacy of Indian Circus''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemini Shankaran and the legacy of Indian circus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Shrihari Nair |date=2013 |title=Gemini Shankaran and the legacy of Indian circus |url=http://libopac.kannuruniversity.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=65951 |access-date=24 April 2023 |publisher=Gayathri designs }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Government of India]] honoured him with a Lifetime Achievement Award.&lt;ref name=&quot;emini Sankaran Passed Away: സർക്കസ് കുലപതി ജെമിനി ശങ്കരൻ അന്തരിച്ചു&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=24 April 2023 |title=Gemini Sankaran Passed Away: സർക്കസ് കുലപതി ജെമിനി ശങ്കരൻ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/kerala/circus-legend-gemini-sankaran-passes-away-136486 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Sankaran was married to Shobhana, and the couple had two sons, Ajay Shankar and Ashok Shankar, and a daughter, Renu Shankar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gemini Shankaran, pioneer of Indian circus, passes away&quot; /&gt; He died on 23 April 2023, at the age of 98.&lt;ref name=&quot;emini Sankaran Passed Away: സർക്കസ് കുലപതി ജെമിനി ശങ്കരൻ അന്തരിച്ചു&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ഇന്ത്യൻ സർക്കസിന്റെ കുലപതി ജെമിനി ശങ്കരൻ അന്തരിച്ചു&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=24 April 2023 |title=ഇന്ത്യൻ സർക്കസിന്റെ കുലപതി ജെമിനി ശങ്കരൻ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/gemini-shankaran-passed-away-2n15802 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[Keeleri Kunhikannan]]<br /> * [[History of Indian circus]]<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> {{portal|India}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> * {{Cite web |last=Gemini Sankaran |date=24 April 2023 |title=Malakkam Mariyunna Jeevitham |url=https://www.amazon.in/Books-GEMINI-SANKARAN/s?rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3AGEMINI+SANKARAN |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Amazon}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Cite web |title=Malakkam Mariyunna Jeevitham |url=https://dcbookstore.com/books/malakkam-mariyunna-jeevitham |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=dcbookstore.com}}<br /> * {{Cite web |last=Pavithra D |title=Gemini Sankaran, Doyen of Circus, Opens Out |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/video/onapathippu/interview-with-gemini-sankaran-pxgig0 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}<br /> * {{Cite web |title=പുള്ളിപ്പുലിയെ കറിവച്ച നാട്ടിൽ സ്വന്തം ‌എസ്റ്റേറ്റിൽ പുലിയെ വളർത്തിയ ഒരാൾ! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2021/01/26/gemini-sankaran-feeds-lions-and-leopards-in-his-estate.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}<br /> * {{Cite web |title=നന്മയുടെ പൂമരം |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-kerala-24-04-2023/1087616 |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Deshabhimani |language=ml}}<br /> * {{Cite web |title=സര്‍ക്കസ് കുലപതിയെ വീട്ടിലെത്തി കണ്ട് മുഖ്യമന്ത്രി; നൂറാംപിറന്നാളിലേക്ക് കടന്ന് ജമിനി ശങ്കരൻ |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/kerala/2023/03/24/chief-minister-pinarayi-vijayan-came-to-meet-circus-patriarch-jamini-shankaran.html |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Manoramanews |language=en}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Shankaran, Gemini}}<br /> [[Category:1924 births]]<br /> [[Category:2023 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]<br /> [[Category:Circus owners]]<br /> [[Category:Malayali people]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goutham_Nanda&diff=463614 2026-03-10T21:08:06Z

<p>BeckyK8455: reworked citations and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2017 Indian Telugu-language action drama film}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Goutham Nanda<br /> | image = Goutham_Nanda.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical Release Poster<br /> | writer = Sampath Nandi &lt;br /&gt;{{small| }}<br /> | producer = J. Bhagavan&lt;br /&gt;J. Pulla Rao<br /> | director = [[Sampath Nandi]]<br /> | starring = [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Hansika Motwani]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Catherine Tresa]]<br /> | music = [[S. Thaman]]<br /> | cinematography = [[Soundararajan (cinematographer)|Sounder Rajan]]<br /> | editing = Gautham Raju<br /> | studio = Sri Balaji Cine Media&lt;ref name=&quot;filmibeat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/gautham-nanda.html|title=Goutham Nanda (Overview)|work=Filmibeat|access-date=22 April 2017|archive-date=23 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170423062504/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/movies/gautham-nanda.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|07|28}}<br /> | runtime = 156 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = {{INR}}26 [[crore]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/goutham-nanda-box-office-collection-gopichand-starrer-fails-to-make-it-big-in-india-and-us/articleshow/59862445.cms|title=Goutham Nanda Budget|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 August 2017|archive-date=4 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804162112/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/box-office/goutham-nanda-box-office-collection-gopichand-starrer-fails-to-make-it-big-in-india-and-us/articleshow/59862445.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | gross = {{INR}}30 crore&lt;ref name=&quot;ibtimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hooli|first=Shekhar H.|date=2017-12-31|title=Tollywood in 2017: 10 flop Telugu movies that incurred huge losses to distributors|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-2017-10-worst-flop-telugu-movies-that-incurred-huge-losses-distributors-754982|access-date=2021-01-04|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en|archive-date=25 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525012327/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/tollywood-2017-10-worst-flop-telugu-movies-that-incurred-huge-losses-distributors-754982|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hans&quot; /&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Goutham Nanda''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] written and directed by [[Sampath Nandi]]. The film is an adaptation of the [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao|ANR]] starrer 1961 film ''[[Iddaru Mitrulu (1961 film)|Iddaru Mitrulu]]'', which itself is a remake of [[Uttam Kumar]]'s [[Bengali language|Bengali]] film ''[[Tasher Ghar]]'' (1957), also influenced by [[Daphne du Maurier|Daphne Du Maurier]]’s famous novel [[The Scapegoat (Du Maurier novel)|''The Scapegoat'']]. It stars [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] in a [[dual role]] as hero and villain along with [[Hansika Motwani]] and [[Catherine Tresa]] while [[Mukesh Rishi]], [[Sachin Khedekar]], and [[Nikitin Dheer]] appear in supporting roles. <br /> <br /> The film has music composed by [[S. Thaman]]. The plot follows two lookalikes, Goutham and Nanda, who meet while trying to end their lives. Goutham is a billionaire's spoiled son who wants to feel emotions and Nanda is a poverty-stricken [[software engineer]] who wants to become a billionaire. They decide to swap their identities for a month and eventually face challenges from each other as they both start savoring the lives they wanted to live. <br /> <br /> The film was released theatrically on 28 July 2017 where it received positive reviews with praise for the production values, action sequences, performances, soundtrack and dialogues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/goutham-nanda-movie-review-ratings-by-audience-live-update-gopichand-hansika-catherine-sampath-nandi-736310|title=Goutham Nanda movie review and rating by audience - Live updates|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=28 July 2017|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021152429/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/goutham-nanda-movie-review-ratings-by-audience-live-update-gopichand-hansika-catherine-sampath-nandi-736310|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite [[box office bomb|failing commercially]], over the years it has found more acceptance and became more popular, especially receiving accolades from audience regarding films theme and message of the movie and thrill elements. Now it is considered a [[cult classic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gautham-nanda-biggest-grossing-film-in-gopichand-s-career-117080600268_1.html|title='Gautham Nanda' biggest grossing film in Gopichand's career|website=[[Business Standard]]|date=6 August 2017|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021152430/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/gautham-nanda-biggest-grossing-film-in-gopichand-s-career-117080600268_1.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;hans&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-09/Gopichand-is-happy-yet-unhappy/317811|title=Gopichand is happy yet unhappy|website=[[The Hans India]]|date=9 August 2017|access-date=21 October 2019|archive-date=21 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191021154321/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-08-09/Gopichand-is-happy-yet-unhappy/317811|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Goutham Ghattamaneni is the only son of Ghattamaneni Vishnu Prasad, the 50th [[billionaire|richest billionaire]] in the world. He does not have any emotions and leads a luxurious life in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. Mugdha, the daughter of Vishnu Prasad's business partner Mudra, is deeply in love with Goutham. At a party, a waiter spills food on his jeans, making Goutham slap and insult him. The waiter calls him a spoiled brat who doesn't know himself, leading Goutham to realize that he does not have any individual identity without his father. In an attempt to end his life, he crashes his car into another person, who turns out to be his doppelganger Nanda Kishore. Both of them reveal their stories to each other. Nanda hails from a lower-middle-class family, living in a slum in Hyderabad with his parents and sister, along with Spoorthi, who is in love with him. Nanda's aspiration to develop an [[mobile application|app]] fails, due to which his father sends him to Bangalore to get a job. However, he chooses to end his life which would enable his family to claim insurance. Now, Goutham is also fed-up with an opulent lifestyle and wants to feel the emotions of living in poverty. Both of them decide to exchange their lives for a month, which would expose them to experience the lifestyle that they have been craving for, after which Goutham would be introduced to the world as the sole heir of his father's wealth. They spend a night in a hotel learning about each other and fitting into each other’s shoes to begin their new lives.<br /> <br /> Goutham starts rough, but with some words from Nanda's father for not taking up a job and returning home but living with Nanda's family, he experiences all the emotions that he has been longing for and helps them by being a better son than Nanda could ever be. On the other hand, Nanda has the perfect beginning, except for a few questions from his staff. Goutham starts to fall for Spoorthi and Nanda for Mugdha. Meanwhile, Mudra and Goutham's [[Chief security officer|CSO]] Gowda plan to kill Goutham. After a failed attempt to kill Nanda (who they think is Goutham), they realize that Goutham had switched places with Nanda and plan to finish him off in [[Hyderabad]]. They make several attempts at killing Goutham, though they fail. Goutham realizes that even Nanda is trying to kill him when he found out an imprint of one of his exercise shoes on the mud, even though his family (Nanda’s) is [[collateral damage]]. When confronted about the same, Nanda confesses that he did all this for money and so he had joined hands with Mudra and Gowda when he found out that the duo was trying to kill him.<br /> <br /> Soon, Nanda frames Goutham by publicly murdering their slum corporator's son Bujji, but Goutham escapes the cops and confronts Nanda in the presence of his family (Goutham’s), who were manipulated by Nanda (whom they think is Goutham). They fail to recognize that Nanda is in Goutham’s place, and they hand Goutham over to the cops. Goutham escapes the cops with the help of Mugdha, who knows that he is Goutham. They arrive at the spot where Spoorthi has been held hostage by Nanda, who also kills Mudra. A fight breaks out between Goutham, Nanda, and Gowda which leads to the death of Gowda followed by another fight on the helipad in which Nanda ends up dead by falling off. Later, Goutham is introduced as the legal heir to his father’s wealth but he announces his venturing towards the path of humanity and donates the entire wealth to a charity, and when asked for an autograph he signs ''Goutham Nanda''. Mugdha is made the CEO of the company, and Goutham shares his life with Nanda's parents and Spoorthi. The film ends with [[Gautama Buddha]]'s saying ''Greed for money is the root of all evil.''<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{colbegin}}<br /> *[[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] in a [[dual role]] as<br /> **Goutham Ghattamaneni, main protagonist<br /> **Nanda Kishore, main antagonist <br /> *[[Hansika]] as Spoorthi<br /> *[[Catherine Tresa]] as Mugdha<br /> *[[Mukesh Rishi]] as Mudra, Mugdha's father<br /> *[[Sachin Khedekar]] as Ghattamaneni Vishnu Prasad, Goutham's father<br /> *[[Nikitin Dheer]] as Gowda<br /> *[[Paruchuri Venkateswara Rao]] as Venkatachalam, Spoorthi's father<br /> *[[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Chandram, Nanda's father<br /> *[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Satya, Nanda's mother<br /> *[[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Borabanda Bujji Yadav<br /> *[[Vennela Kishore]] as Kishore<br /> *[[Sudha (actress)|Sudha]] as Rajyalakshmi, Spoorthi's mother<br /> *[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]] as Janaki, Mugdha's mother<br /> *[[Anupama Kumar]] as Bharathi, Goutham's mother<br /> *[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Waiter<br /> *[[Annapoorna (actress)|Annapurna]] as Lakshmamma <br /> *[[Vidyullekha Raman]] as Pandu, Spoorthi's friend<br /> *Shreeradhe Khanduja as Nanda's sister<br /> *[[Jaya Prakash Reddy]] as JP Gowda<br /> *[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as Duvvasi<br /> *[[Karate Kalyani]]<br /> *Thotapalli Madhu as Kishore's father<br /> *Ranam Venu <br /> *Chanti<br /> *Temper Vamsi as Goon<br /> *[[Bithiri Sathi]] as Sathi<br /> {{colend}}<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> Music composed by [[S. Thaman]]. The soundtrack was released by [[Zee Music Company]].{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}<br /> {{Track listing<br /> | collapsed =<br /> | headline =<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 21:02<br /> | all_writing =<br /> | all_lyrics =<br /> | all_music =<br /> | title1 = Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara <br /> | lyrics1 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], Neeraja Kona<br /> | extra1 = S. Thaman, [[Yazin Nizar]]<br /> | length1 = 6:03<br /> <br /> | title2 = Black &amp; White <br /> | lyrics2 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br /> | extra2 = [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]]<br /> | length2 = 3:31<br /> <br /> | title3 = Basthi Dorasani<br /> | lyrics3 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br /> | extra3 = [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Ramya Behara]], Sony <br /> | length3 = 4:35<br /> <br /> | title4 = Bole Ram Bole Ram<br /> | lyrics4 = Ramajogayya Sastry<br /> | extra4 = [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], M. L. Sruthi <br /> | length4 = 4:58<br /> <br /> | title5 = Goutham Nanda<br /> | lyrics5 = SS Thaman <br /> | extra5 = Theme Music<br /> | length5 = 1:55<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Sowmya Sruthi of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote &quot;Goutham Nanda is definitely worth a watch and a treat for fans of Gopichand, who will get to see two of him&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=GAUTHAM NANDA MOVIE REVIEW|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gautham-nanda/movie-review/59807184.cms|website=[[The Times Of India]]|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=7 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907152130/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/gautham-nanda/movie-review/59807184.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hemanth Kumar of ''Firstpost'' gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote &quot;There’s barely anything dramatic in the film’s first half and save for a chuckle or two, thanks to Vennela Kishore and Bithri Sathi, Goutham Nanda is quite dull for most part of its run-time&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Goutham Nanda movie review: Gopichand, Hansika, Catherine Tresa in an uninspiring tale of greed|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gautham-nanda-movie-review-gopichand-hansika-catherine-tresa-in-an-uninspiring-tale-of-greed-3867711.html/amp|website=Firstpost|date=28 July 2017|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308174100/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/gautham-nanda-movie-review-gopichand-hansika-catherine-tresa-in-an-uninspiring-tale-of-greed-3867711.html/amp|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Manoj Kumar R of ''[[Indian Express]]'' gave the film a rating of 1/5 and wrote &quot;Goutham Nanda exposes director-writer Sampath, who seems incapable of creativity and logical thinking&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Goutham Nanda movie review: This Gopichand film insults the intelligence of the audience|url=https://www.indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/goutham-nanda-movie-review-this-gopichand-film-insults-the-intelligence-of-the-audience-4771314/lite/|website=[[Indian Express]]|date=28 July 2017|access-date=23 March 2022|archive-date=10 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910022903/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/goutham-nanda-movie-review-this-gopichand-film-insults-the-intelligence-of-the-audience-4771314/lite/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt7128254}}<br /> <br /> {{Sampath Nandi}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2017 films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Telugu-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action films]]<br /> [[Category:2017 masala films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Dubai]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]<br /> [[Category:Films about poverty in India]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]<br /> [[Category:Films about lookalikes]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Sampath Nandi]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in slums]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Janani_(1993_film)&diff=446357 2026-03-07T06:15:26Z

<p>BeckyK8455: updated</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Janani (1993 film)<br /> | image = File:Roopa Ganguly in Janani (1993).jpeg<br /> | caption = [[Roopa Ganguly]] in a still from the film<br /> | director = Sanat Dasgupta&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-05-29|title=Roopa Ganguly on playing Draupadi in Mahabharat: I made double the effort, reported to sets at 5 am|url=https://topleadindia.com/2020/05/29/roopa-ganguly-on-playing-draupadi-in-mahabharat-i-made-double-the-effort-reported-to-sets-at-5-am/|access-date=2021-10-16|website=Top Lead India|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | producer = Sanat Dasgupta&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reader.magzter.com/reader/14yiqphkh42dlmg9b8azjp42524614464055/425246#page/26|title=হারিয়ে যাওয়া সেই ছবির কথা|website=reader.magzter.com|publisher=[[Anandalok]]|access-date=19 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = Partha Banerjee&lt;br/&gt;Ashutosh Sarkar&lt;br/&gt;Sanat Dasgupta<br /> | story = [[Mahasweta Devi]]<br /> | starring = {{ubl|[[Roopa Ganguly]]|Debesh Roy Chowdhury|Shuvojit Dasgupta|[[Gyanesh Mukherjee]]}}<br /> | music = Partha Sengupta<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editing = Prosanto Dey<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|1993}}<br /> | runtime = 130 minutes<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Janani'''''{{efn|title=pronounciation|Pronounced as 'Jononee'.}} ({{lit|Mother}}) is a 1993 Bengali film directed and produced by Sanat Dasgupta{{efn|Sanat Dasgupta is an Indian director and producer who has received three National Awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sanatdasgupta.weebly.com/media-gallery.html|title=Media Gallery -|website=sanatdasgupta.weebly.com|access-date=2017-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} with a financial assistance from [[National Film Development Corporation of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Janani (1993)|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/janani/movieshow/66145869.cms|website=The Times of India|access-date=29 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/supplements/marquee/mahasweta-devi-celluloid-1502785177.html|title=Mahasweta Devi on celluloid|last=|first=|date=2019-08-03|website=The Statesman|language=en-US|access-date=9 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film narrates the life of a little boy and his ostracized mother who is isolated from him as she is believed to be a witch in the village she lives in.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sol.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=1474&amp;chapterid=1383|title=SM2-Gender: LESSON 2 GENDER, CULTURE AND HISTORY|website=sol.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2017-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://chasingcinema.wordpress.com/category/bengali-films/page/6/|title=Bengali films {{!}} Talking about cinema {{!}} Page 6|website=chasingcinema.wordpress.com|language=en|access-date=2017-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is based on a Bengali short story named ''Bayen'' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: বাঁয়েন){{efn|{{Translation|A witch who breastfeeds a dead infant.}}}} written by the renowned Bengali author [[Mahasweta Devi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7ef9f5ac|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820000101/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7ef9f5ac|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2017|title=JANANI (1994)|work=BFI|access-date=2017-05-30|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Chatterji |first=Shoma A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NutkAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=janani+sanat+dasgupta |title=Parama and Other Outsiders: The Cinema of Aparna Sen |date=2002 |publisher=Parumita Publications |isbn=978-81-87867-03-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was scripted by Partha Banerjee, Ashutosh Sarkar and Sanat Dasgupta himself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sanatdasgupta.weebly.com/media-gallery.html|title=Media Gallery -|website=sanatdasgupta.weebly.com|access-date=2017-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The music of the film was scored by Partha Sengupta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sanatdasgupta.weebly.com/media-gallery.html|title=Media Gallery -|website=sanatdasgupta.weebly.com|access-date=2017-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars [[Roopa Ganguly]] in the central role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Watch video: BJP MP Roopa Ganguly sings at farewell ceremony as she retires from membership of Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/watch-video-bjp-mp-roopa-ganguly-sings-at-farewell-ceremony-as-she-retires-from-membership-of-rajya-sabha |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Janani|url=https://m.filmweb.pl/film/Janani-1993-377874|language=pl|access-date=2017-06-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues]] in 1993 for its delicate portrayal of an obscurantist practice like witchcraft, prevalent in certain parts of the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf|title=Directorate of Film Festival|website=iffi.nic.in|access-date=2017-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072259/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/9/national-film-awards-1993|title=National Film Awards (1993)|website=gomolo.com|access-date=2019-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was internationally screened under the title ''Mother''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kviff.com/en/programme/film/3616491-mother/|title=KVIFF {{!}} Mother|website=www.kviff.com|access-date=2017-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; For its social issues, the film attracted attention at several international film festivals.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |title=চলচ্চিত্র উৎসব '৯8 কিছু প্রশ্ন কর্তা ব্যক্তিরা 'নট ইয়েট' রেডি? |url=https://onedrive.live.com/?redeem=aHR0cHM6Ly8xZHJ2Lm1zL2IvYy84MGVkMGI0NmQ4ZDVlYWZkL0VUQUxkVDFEYTMxTWdQYUt4NzBVclJNQnN6QXpkYjZWSXEwZndoZGdpNEhqYkE%5FZT1xaHczWFQ&amp;cid=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD&amp;id=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21s3d750b306b434c7d80f68ac7bd14ad13&amp;parId=80ED0B46D8D5EAFD%21109&amp;o=OneUp |journal=Nandan |language=Bn |issue=February 1994 |pages=54 |access-date=12 September 2025 |via=Dhulokhela}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIRDAAAAYAAJ&amp;q=janani+sanat+dasgupta |title=Data India |date=1994 |publisher=Press Institute of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was nominated for the [[Crystal Globe (Karlovy Vary International Film Festival)|Crystal Globe]] Award but lost to [[Mariano Barroso]]'s film ''My Soul Brother'' (1994).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spainisculture.com/en/peliculas/mi_hermano_del_alma.html|title=My Soul Brother: a film by Mariano Barroso. Film at Spain is culture.|website=www.spainisculture.com|access-date=2019-07-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; It won the [[Prize of the Ecumenical Jury]] - Special Mention at the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]], 1994.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kar&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://old.gep.de/interfilm/englisch/interfilm3850_15207.htm|title=Interfilm - Das Netzwerk kirchlicher Filmarbeit!|last=Visarius|first=Karsten|website=old.gep.de|access-date=2017-07-23|archive-date=22 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522111641/http://old.gep.de/interfilm/englisch/interfilm3850_15207.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also screened in the category &quot;Cinema of Today : Reflections of Our Time&quot; at the [[Montreal World Film Festival]], 1994.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sanatdasgupta.weebly.com/awards--achievements.html|title=Awards &amp; Achievements -|website=sanatdasgupta.weebly.com|access-date=2017-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was also screened at several other international film festivals including [[Cairo International Film Festival]], 1994 and [[Dhaka International Film Festival]], 1994 as closing film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sanatdasgupta.weebly.com/awards--achievements.html|title=Awards &amp; Achievements -|website=sanatdasgupta.weebly.com|access-date=2017-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was not theatrically released in [[India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-01-11 |title=Draupadi was a mediocre performance of mine |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/draupadi-was-a-mediocre-performance-of-mine/articleshow/11019454.cms |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Malindar and his wife Chandi work as village [[Doma (caste)|domas]]. Chandi intends to quit her job as she is overpowered with consternation each time she is appointed to bury the corpse of an infant. She repulses at the thought that scavengers would dig the burial and feed on the corpse of the infant. She is affectionate towards her son Bhagirath and an infant nephew of Bhagirath. When the nephew died of pox, Chandi is accused of having done witchcraft to the infant. Anyway, both Malindar and Chandi refuse to accept such blame. Once Chandi is spotted hovering at the burial of an infant, with a sickle in her hand. The villagers claim that she is a witch who breastfeeds corpses of infants. When Malindar is summoned, he too falls under the conviction of the villagers that Chandi is a witch who is supposed to be ostracised at this point. Even after she is expelled, she craves for her son Bhagirath's company. Despite his empathy for her, Malindar keeps Bhagirath away from her.<br /> <br /> Once Chandi comes across several perpetrators who attempt to rob an oncoming train by accumulating bamboos on the track. They evade at the sight of Chandi. A helpless Chandi runs along the track to stop the train. The train stops hitting Chandi to her death. Next day, the local officer-in-charge and the BDO come to Malindar's place to confer the honorary medal in Chandi's name. A weeping Bhagirath now steps forward and asserts himself to be Chandi's son.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Roopa Ganguly]] as Chandi<br /> * Debesh Roy Chowdhury as Malindar, Chandi's husband<br /> * Suvojit Dasgupta{{efn|Son of Sanat Dasgupta}} as Bhagirath, Chandi's son<br /> * [[Gyanesh Mukherjee]]<br /> * Nemai Ghosh<br /> * Ramen Roy Chowdhury<br /> * Rajat Sen Gupta<br /> * Simanta Chatterjee<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Award<br /> !Category<br /> !Result<br /> !{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[41st National Film Awards|1993]]<br /> ![[National Film Award]]<br /> |[[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf|title=Directorate of Film Festival|website=iffi.nic.in|access-date=2017-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928072259/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm41thNFAAward.aspx?PdfName=41NFA.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1994<br /> ![[Prize of the Ecumenical Jury]] at [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]]<br /> | Special Mention<br /> |{{Won}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Kar&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000384/1994|title=Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (1994)|website=[[IMDb]] |access-date=2017-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZYHAQAAIAAJ&amp;q=mother+sanat+dasgupta |title=German Film &amp; Literature |date=1992 |publisher=D. Holloway |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> !bgcolor|[[Crystal Globe (Karlovy Vary International Film Festival)|Crystal Globe]]<br /> |Best Feature Film<br /> |{{Nom}}<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;Kar&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDB title|id=0359497}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1993 films]]<br /> [[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award winners]]<br /> [[Category:1993 Bengali-language films]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dasharatha_Maurya&diff=452800 2026-02-26T11:37:11Z

<p>BeckyK8455: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Mauryan emperor from 232 to 224 BCE}}<br /> {{about|Mauryan king|character from Hindu Epic Ramayana|Dasharatha}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox royalty<br /> | succession = [[List of Maurya emperors|Maurya Emperor]]<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | reign = {{circa|232|224 BCE}}<br /> | coronation = <br /> | religion = [[Buddhism]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Ashoka]]<br /> | successor = [[Samprati]]<br /> | spouse = <br /> | issue = <br /> | dynasty = [[Mauryan Empire|Maurya]]<br /> | father = <br /> | mother = <br /> | birth_date = {{circa|252 BCE}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Maurya Empire]] (Present day [[Bihar]], [[India]])<br /> | death_date = {{circa|224 BCE}}<br /> (Aged 28)<br /> | death_place = [[Pataliputra]], [[Maurya Empire]] (Present-day [[Bihar]], [[India]])<br /> | burial_date = <br /> | burial_place = <br /> | title = [[Devanampriya]]<br /> }}<br /> {{Maurya}}<br /> '''Dasharatha Maurya''' ({{IAST3|Daśaratha}}) was the 4th [[Mauryan Empire|Mauryan]] emperor from 232 to 224 BCE. He was a grandson of [[Ashoka the Great]] and is commonly held to have succeeded him as the Emperor of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. Dasharatha presided over a declining imperium and several territories of the empire broke away from central rule during his reign. He had continued the religious and social policies of Ashoka. Dasharatha was the last Mauryan emperor to have issued imperial inscriptions—thus the last Mauryan emperor to be known from epigraphical sources.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}<br /> <br /> Dasharatha died in 224 BCE and was succeeded by his cousin [[Samprati]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> Dasharatha was a grandson of the Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ML&quot;&gt;Asha Vishnu; ''Material Life of Northern India: Based on an Archaeological Study, 3rd Century B.C. to 1st Century B.C. Mittal Publications''. 1993. {{ISBN|978-8170994107}}. pg 3.&lt;/ref&gt; He is commonly held to have succeeded his grandfather as Emperor of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] although some sources including the [[Vayu Purana]] have given different names and numbers of Maurya Emperors after Ashoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;ML&quot;/&gt; Of the grandsons of Ashoka, the two most frequently mentioned are [[Samprati]] and Dasharatha.&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;&gt;Sailendra Nath Sen; ''Ancient Indian History And Civilization''. New Age International. 1999. {{ISBN|978-8122411980}}. pg 152-154.&lt;/ref&gt; The latter is described in the [[Vishnu Purana]] as the son and imperial successor of Suyashas (a son of Ashoka).&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;/&gt; It has been suggested that Suyash was an alternative name of Ashoka's son and presumptive heir [[Kunala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Administration==<br /> Historians [[Vincent Arthur Smith|Vincent Smith]] and [[Romila Thapar]] advanced the popular theory of a division of the Mauryan Empire amongst Kunala and Dasharatha after the death of Ashoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;SII&quot;&gt;Buddha Prakash; ''Studies in Indian history and civilization''. Shiva Lal Agarwala. 1962. pg 148-154.&lt;/ref&gt; In some of the sources the division is recorded as having been between Samprati and Dasharatha, the latter holding the eastern parts with the capital at [[Pataliputra]] and the former the western imperium with the capital at [[Ujjain]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HO&quot;&gt;Rama Shankar Tripathi; ''History Of Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers''. 1942. pg 179.&lt;/ref&gt; However, Smith also wrote that &quot;there is no clear evidence to support [the] hypothesis.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;TE&quot;&gt;Vincent A. Smith; ''The Early History of India''. Atlantic Publishers &amp; Dist. 1999. {{ISBN|978-8171566181}}. pg 193-207.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Vayu and [[Brahmanda Purana|Brahmanda]] Puranas mention three Mauryan rulers—Bandhupalita, Indrapalita and Dasona—whose identification is rather difficult.&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;/&gt; It has been suggested that they may have been members of a branch line of the Maurya dynasty whom Dasharatha had appointed as [[Uparaja|viceroys]] for the convenience of administration.&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The political unity of the Mauryan Empire did not long survive Ashoka's death.&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;/&gt; One of Dasharatha's uncles, [[Jalauka]], set up an independent kingdom in [[Kashmir]]. According to [[Taranatha]], another Mauryan prince, Virasena declared himself king in [[Gandhara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;/&gt; [[Vidarbha]] also seceded. Evidence from [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] sources confirm the loss of the north-western provinces which was then ruled by the Mauryan ruler [[Sophagasenus]] (Subhagasena, probably a successor of Virasena).&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;/&gt; There is also much modern speculation about a possible east–west division of the empire involving Dasharatha and another Mauryan ruler.&lt;ref name=&quot;SII&quot;/&gt; Epigraphic evidence indicates that Dasharatha retained imperial power in [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]].&lt;ref name=&quot;THO&quot;&gt;Kenneth Pletcher; ''The History of India''. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2010. {{ISBN|978-1615302017}}. pg 70.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Various dynasties of the [[South India|south]] including the [[Satavahana dynasty|Satavahana]] had been vassals of the Mauryan Empire. These kingdoms are mentioned in Ashoka's edicts (256 BCE) and were considered part of the outer circle of the imperium—subject to the rule of the Mauryan Emperor, although doubtless enjoying a considerable degree of autonomy under their local rulers.&lt;ref name=&quot;TE&quot;/&gt; The death of Ashoka began the decline of imperial power in the south. Dasharatha was able to maintain some command of the home provinces, but the distant governments, including areas in the south, broke away from imperial rule and reasserted their independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;TE&quot;/&gt; The [[Mahameghavahana dynasty]] of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] in central-eastern India also broke away from imperial rule after the death of Ashoka.&lt;ref name=&quot;TE&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to a [[Jain]] text, the provinces of [[Kathiawar|Saurashtra]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] and [[Mysore]] broke away from the empire shortly after Ashoka's death, but were reconquered by Dasharatha's successor, [[Samprati]] (who supposedly deployed soldiers disguised as Jain monks).&lt;ref name=&quot;Chandra1977&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Moti Chandra|title=Trade and Trade Routes in Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDL4kA7SWkEC&amp;pg=PA75|year=1977|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-055-6|pages=75–}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Religion==<br /> [[File:Barabar Caves - Cave Entrance with Dorjee (9227649922).jpg|left|thumb|Entrance corridor of the [[Barabar Caves|Gopika Cave]], with polished [[granite]] walls, built and dedicated by Dasharatha Maurya]]<br /> Ashoka had displayed divine support in his [[Ashoka inscriptions|inscriptions]]; although a [[Buddhist]] ruler, he was called [[Devanampriya]], which means &quot;Beloved of the Gods&quot; in [[Pali]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PI&quot;&gt;Ram Sharan Sharma; ''Perspectives in social and economic history of early India''. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. 1995. {{ISBN|978-8121506724}}. pg 107.&lt;/ref&gt; The title of Devanampiya and religious adherence of the Mauryan ruler to Buddhism was continued by Dasharatha.&lt;ref name=&quot;PI&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SI&quot;&gt;Lal Mani Joshi; ''Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India During the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.'' Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. 1977. {{ISBN|978-8120802810}}. pg 362.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dasharatha is known to have dedicated three caves in the [[Barabar Caves|Nagarjuni Hills]] to the [[Ajivikas]]. Three inscriptions at the caves refer to him as &quot;''Devanampiya''&quot; and state that the caves were dedicated by him shortly after his accession.&lt;ref&gt;Romila Thapar; ''{{IAST|Aśoka}} and the Decline of the Maurya''. Oxford University Press. 2001. {{ISBN|0-19-564445-X}}. pg 186.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Nagarjuni caves inscriptions by Dasaratha Maurya===<br /> [[File: Dasaratha Maurya inscription on entrance of Vadathika cave.jpg|thumb|Dedicatory inscription of Dasaratha Maurya above the entrance of the Vadathika cave]]<br /> [[Dasaratha Maurya]], Ashoka's grandson and regnal successor, wrote dedicatory inscriptions in the three forming the Nagarjuni group (Gopika, Vadathi and Vapiya caves) of the [[Barabar Caves]].&lt;ref name=&quot;HP&quot;&gt;Buddhist Architecture par Huu Phuoc Le [https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&amp;pg=PA102 p.102]&lt;/ref&gt; It is generally considered that their construction dates from his reign.&lt;ref name = &quot;HP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The three caves were offered to the [[Ajivikas]] upon the accession to the throne of Dasaratha, confirming that these were still active around 230 BCE, and that [[Buddhism]] was not the exclusive religion of the Mauryas at that time.&lt;ref name = &quot;HP&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> The three caves are also characterized by an extremely advanced finish of the granite walls inside, which again confirms that the technique of &quot;Mauryan polish&quot; did not die out with the reign of Ashoka.&lt;ref name = &quot;HP&quot;/&gt;<br /> {{Clr}}<br /> {| class = &quot;wikitable center&quot;<br /> |+ Inscriptions of Dasaratha (grandson of Ashoka)<br /> |-<br /> ! scope = &quot;col&quot; align = center | English translation !! [[Prakrit]] in [[Brahmi]] script&lt;br&gt; &lt;small&gt; (original text of the Nagarjuni Caves) &lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | align = left |<br /> {{Block quote | Inscription of [[Barabar Caves|Gopika cave]]: &lt;br&gt; '' &quot;The cave of Gopika, a refuge that will last as long as the sun and the moon, was dug by Devanampiya (beloved of the gods) Dasaratha at from his elevation to the throne, to make it a hermitage for the most pious Ajivikas&quot;''.&lt;ref name = &quot;HP&quot; /&gt; [[File: Dasaratha_Maurya_inscription_on_entrance_of_Gopika_cave.jpg | 30px]]<br /> <br /> Inscription of [[Barabar Caves|Vapiyaka Cave]]: &lt;br&gt; '' &quot;Vadathi Cave, a refuge that will last as long as the sun and the moon, was dug by Devanampiya (beloved of the gods) Dasaratha during his elevation to the throne, to make it a hermitage for the most pious Ajivikas &quot;''.&lt;ref name =&quot; HP &quot;/&gt; [[File:Vapiyaka inscription of emperor Dasaratha Maurya.jpg|30px]]<br /> <br /> Inscription of [[Barabar Caves|Vadathika Cave]]: &lt;br&gt; '' &quot;Vadathi Cave, a refuge that will last as long as the sun and the moon, was dug by Devanampiya (beloved of the gods) Dasaratha during his elevation to the throne, to make it a hermitage for the most pious Ajivikas &quot;''.&lt;ref name =&quot; HP &quot;/&gt; [[File:Dasaratha Maurya inscription on entrance of Vadathika cave.jpg|30px]]<br /> }}<br /> | align = center width = &quot;30%&quot; |<br /> [[File:Dasaratha Maurya Nagarjuni caves inscriptions in Barabar.jpg|200px]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Succession==<br /> Samprati, who succeeded Dasharatha, was according to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Puranas]],&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;/&gt; the latter's son and according to the Buddhist and [[Jain]] sources,&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;/&gt; Kunala's son (making him possibly a brother of Dasharatha). The familial relationship between the two is thus not clear although evidently they were closely related members of the imperial family.&lt;ref name=&quot;AI&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|History|India}}<br /> *[[Mauryan art]]<br /> *[[Devavarman (Maurya)]]<br /> *[[Samprati]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> {{s-start}}<br /> {{s-hou|[[Maurya Dynasty]]||||}}<br /> {{s-bef|before=[[Ashoka]]}}<br /> {{s-ttl|title=[[Maurya Dynasty|Maurya Emperor]]|years=232–224 BCE}}<br /> {{s-aft|after=[[Samprati]]}}<br /> {{s-end}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Emperors of Magadha]]<br /> [[Category:Mauryan dynasty]]<br /> [[Category:3rd-century BC Indian monarchs]]<br /> [[Category:220s BC deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Buddhists]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Buddhist monarchs]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samkhya&diff=452247 2026-02-24T22:25:39Z

<p>BeckyK8455: General cleanup and content improvements</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Āstika school of Hindu philosophy}}<br /> {{about|a school of philosophy|the statistics journal|Sankhya (journal)|the chapter of the Bhagavad Gita|Samkhya Yoga (Bhagavad Gita)|the Russian novel|Sankya (novel)}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}<br /> <br /> '''Samkhya''' or '''Sankhya''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɑː|ŋ|k|j|ə}}; {{langx|sa|सांख्य|Sāṅkhya}}) is a [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualistic]] [[Āstika and nāstika|orthodox school]] of [[Hindu philosophy]].&lt;ref&gt;[[Knut A. Jacobsen]], ''Theory and Practice of Yoga,'' Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pages 100–101.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Samkhya&quot;, ''American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language,'' Fifth Edition (2011), Quote: &quot;Samkhya is a system of Hindu philosophy based on a dualism involving the ultimate principles of soul and matter.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Samkhya&quot;, ''Webster's College Dictionary'' (2010), Random House, {{ISBN|978-0375407413}}, Quote: &quot;Samkhya is a system of Hindu philosophy stressing the reality and duality of spirit and matter.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; It views [[reality]] as composed of two independent principles, ''[[purusha|Puruṣa]]'' ('[[consciousness]]' or spirit) and ''[[Prakṛti]]'' (nature or matter, including the human mind and emotions).{{sfn|Lusthaus|2018}}<br /> <br /> ''Puruṣa'' is the witness-consciousness. It is absolute, independent, free, beyond perception, above any experience by mind or senses, and impossible to describe in words.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|pages=155–7}}{{sfn|Chapple|2008|p=21}}{{sfn|Osto|2018|p=203}}<br /> <br /> ''Prakṛti'' is matter or nature. It is active, unconscious, and is a balance of the three ''[[guṇa]]s'' (qualities or innate tendencies),{{sfn|Osto|2018|p=204–205}}&lt;ref&gt;Gerald James Larson (2011), ''Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning,'' Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805033}}, pages 154–206.&lt;/ref&gt; namely ''[[Sattva]]'', ''[[Rajas]]'', and ''[[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]]''. When ''Prakṛti'' comes into contact with ''Puruṣa'' this balance is disturbed, and ''Prakṛti'' becomes manifest, evolving twenty-three [[tattva]]s,{{sfn|Osto|2018|p=204}} namely intellect (''[[buddhi]]'', ''mahat''), I-principle (''[[ahamkara]]''), mind (''[[Manas (early Buddhism)|manas]]''); the five sensory capacities known as ears, skin, eyes, tongue and nose; the five action capacities known as hands (''hasta''), feet (''pada''), speech (''vak''), anus (''guda''), and genitals (''upastha''); and the five &quot;subtle elements&quot; or &quot;modes of sensory content&quot; (''[[tanmatras]]''), from which the five &quot;gross elements&quot; or &quot;forms of perceptual objects&quot; (earth, water, fire, air and space) emerge,{{Sfn|Osto|2018|p=204–205}}{{sfn|Haney|2002|page=42}} in turn giving rise to the manifestation of sensory experience and cognition.{{sfn|Osto|2018|p=205}}{{sfn|Larson|1998|page=11}}<br /> <br /> ''[[Jiva]]'' ('a living being') is the state in which ''Puruṣa'' is bonded to ''Prakṛti''.&lt;ref name=sambri/&gt; Human experience is an interplay of the two, ''Puruṣa'' being conscious of the various combinations of cognitive activities.&lt;ref name=sambri&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia = [[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |title = Samkhya |date = 2015-05-05 |orig-date = 1998-07-20 |url = https://www.britannica.com/topic/Samkhya |access-date = 2023-06-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; The end of the bondage of ''Puruṣa'' to ''Prakṛti'' is called ''[[Moksha]]'' (Liberation) or ''[[Kaivalya]]'' (Isolation).&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerald James Larson 2011 pages 36-47&quot;&gt;[[Gerald James Larson]] (2011), ''Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning,'' Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805033}}, pages 36–47.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Samkhya's [[epistemology]] accepts three of six ''[[Pramana|Pramaṇa]]s'' (proofs) as the only reliable means of gaining knowledge, as does [[yoga]]. <br /> <br /> These are P''ratyakṣa'' ([[perception]]), A''numāṇa'' ([[inference]]) and ''Śabda'' (''āptavacana'', meaning, 'word/testimony of reliable sources').&lt;ref name=&quot;Lpage9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eliottjag&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;jag&quot;&gt;John A. Grimes, ''A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English,'' State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791430675}}, page 238.&lt;/ref&gt; Sometimes described as one of the [[rationalism|rationalist]] schools of [[Indian philosophy]], it relies exclusively on reason.&lt;ref&gt;[[Mikel Burley]] (2012), ''Classical Samkhya and Yoga – An Indian Metaphysics of Experience,'' Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415648875}}, pages 43–46.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David Kalupahana (1995), ''Ethics in Early Buddhism,'' University of Hawaii Press, {{ISBN|978-0824817022}}, page 8, Quote: The rational argument is identified with the method of '''Samkhya, a rationalist school''', upholding the view that &quot;nothing comes out of nothing&quot; or that &quot;being cannot be non-being.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> While Samkhya-like speculations can be found in the Rig Veda and some of the older Upanishads, some western scholars have proposed that Samkhya may have non-Vedic origins,{{sfn|Zimmer|1951|p=217, 314}}{{refn|group=note|name=&quot;Zimmer&quot;}} developing in ascetic milieus. Proto-Samkhya ideas developed c. 8th/7th BC and onwards, as evidenced in the middle Upanishads, the ''[[Buddhacharita]]'', the ''Bhagavad Gita'', and the ''Mokshadharma''-section of the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=4}} It was related to the early ascetic traditions and meditation, spiritual practices, and religious cosmology,{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=5}} and methods of reasoning that result in liberating knowledge (''vidya'', ''jnana'', ''viveka'') that end the cycle of ''[[Duḥkha]]'' (suffering) and rebirth{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=4–5}} allowing for &quot;a great variety of philosophical formulations&quot;.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=5}} Pre-''Karika'' systematic Samkhya existed around the beginning of the first millennium CE.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=9–11}} The defining method of Samkhya was established with the [[Samkhyakarika]] (4th c. CE).<br /> <br /> Samkhya might have been theistic or nontheistic, but with its classical systematization in the early first millennium CE, the existence of a deity became irrelevant.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Michaels|2004|page=264}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sen Gupta|1986|page=6}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Radhakrishnan|Moore|1957|page=89}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;andrew&quot;&gt;Andrew J. Nicholson (2013), ''[[Unifying Hinduism|Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History]]'', Columbia University Press, {{ISBN|978-0231149877}}, chapter 4, page 77.&lt;/ref&gt; Samkhya is strongly related to the [[Yoga (philosophy)|Yoga]] school of [[Hinduism]], for which it forms the theoretical foundation, and it has influenced other schools of Indian philosophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;royper&quot;&gt;Roy Perrett, ''Indian Ethics: Classical Traditions and Contemporary Challenges,'' Volume 1 (Editor: P Bilimoria et al.), Ashgate, {{ISBN|978-0754633013}}, pages 149–158.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> {{Quote box |width=20em | bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote=&quot;Samkhya is not ''one'' of the systems of Indian philosophy. Samkhya ''is'' the philosophy of India!&quot; | salign = right|source =[[Gopinath Kaviraj]]{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=xi}}}}<br /> {{Hindu philosophy}}<br /> <br /> ''Sāṃkhya'' (सांख्य) or ''sāṅkhya'', also transliterated as ''samkhya'' and ''sankhya'', respectively, is a [[Sanskrit grammar|Sanskrit word]] that, depending on the context, means 'to reckon, count, enumerate, calculate, deliberate, reason, reasoning by numeric enumeration, relating to number, rational'.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/tamil/index.html saMkhya] ''Monier-Williams' Sanskrit-English Dictionary,'' Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon, Germany&lt;/ref&gt; In the context of ancient Indian philosophies, ''Samkhya'' refers to the philosophical school in Hinduism based on systematic enumeration and rational examination.&lt;ref&gt;[[Mikel Burley]] (2012), ''Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience,'' Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415648875}}, pages 47-48&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The word ''samkhya'' means 'empirical' or 'relating to numbers'.&lt;ref name=&quot;harvnb|Apte|1957|page=1664&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Apte|1957|page=1664}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although the term had been used in the general sense of metaphysical knowledge before,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bhattacharyya|1975|pages=419–20}}&lt;/ref&gt; in technical usage it refers to the Samkhya school of thought that evolved into a cohesive philosophical system in early centuries CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Larson|1998|pages=4, 38, 288}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Samkhya system is called so because 'it &quot;enumerates'&quot; twenty five ''Tattvas'' or true principles; and its chief object is to effect the final emancipation of the twenty-fifth Tattva, i.e. the Puruṣa or soul'.&lt;ref name=&quot;harvnb|Apte|1957|page=1664&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Philosophy==<br /> <br /> ===''Puruṣa'' and ''Prakṛti''===<br /> Samkhya makes a distinction between two &quot;irreducible, innate and independent realities&quot;,{{sfn|Sharma|1997|pages=149–168}} ''[[Purusha|Puruṣa]]'', the witness-consciousness, and ''[[Prakṛti]]'', &quot;matter&quot;, the activities of mind and perception.{{sfn|Lusthaus|2018}}{{sfn|Haney|2002|page=17}}{{sfn|Isaac|Dangwal|1997|page=339}} According to Dan Lusthaus,<br /> {{blockquote|In Sāṃkhya puruṣa signifies the observer, the 'witness'. Prakṛti includes all the cognitive, moral, psychological, emotional, sensorial and physical aspects of reality. It is often mistranslated as 'matter' or 'nature' – in non-Sāṃkhyan usage it does mean 'essential nature' – but that distracts from the heavy Sāṃkhyan stress on prakṛti's cognitive, mental, psychological and sensorial activities. Moreover, subtle and gross matter are its most derivative byproducts, not its core. Only prakṛti acts.{{sfn|Lusthaus|2018}}}}<br /> <br /> ''Puruṣa'' is considered as the conscious principle, a passive enjoyer (''bhokta'') and the ''Prakṛti'' is the enjoyed (''bhogya''). Samkhya believes that the puruṣa cannot be regarded as the source of inanimate world, because an intelligent principle cannot transform itself into the unconscious world. It is a pluralistic spiritualism, atheistic realism and uncompromising dualism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sharma|1997|pages=149–168}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====''Puruṣa'' – witness-consciousness====<br /> [[File:Purusha-Pakriti.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Purusha-prakriti]]<br /> <br /> ''[[Purusha|Puruṣa]]'' is the witness-consciousness. It is absolute, independent, free, imperceptible, unknowable through other agencies, above any experience by mind or senses and beyond any words or explanations. It remains pure, &quot;nonattributive consciousness&quot;. ''Puruṣa'' is neither produced nor does it produce.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|pages=155–7}} No appellations can qualify ''Puruṣa'', nor can it be substantialized or objectified.{{sfn|Chapple|2008|p=21}} It &quot;cannot be reduced, can't be 'settled'&quot;. Any designation of ''Puruṣa'' comes from ''Prakṛti'', and is a limitation.{{sfn|Osto|2018|p=203}} Unlike [[Advaita Vedanta]], and like [[Mīmāṃsā|Purva-Mīmāṃsā]], Samkhya believes in plurality of the ''Puruṣas''.{{sfn|Sharma|1997|pages=155–7}} However, while being multiple, ''Puruṣas'' are considered non-different because their essential attributes are the same.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Nicholson |first=Andrew J. |date=2007-08-01 |title=Reconciling dualism and non-dualism: three arguments in Vijñānabhikṣu’s Bhedābheda Vedānta |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10781-007-9016-6 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |language=en |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=383 |doi=10.1007/s10781-007-9016-6 |issn=1573-0395|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====''Prakṛti'' - cognitive processes====<br /> [[File:Evolution in Samkhya.jpg|thumb|160px|Elements in Samkhya philosophy]]<br /> {{Main|Prakṛti}}<br /> <br /> ''Prakṛti'' is the first cause of the world of our experiences.{{sfn|Osto|2018|p=204}} Since it is the first principle (''tattva'') of the universe, it is called the ''pradhāna'' (chief principle), but, as it is the unconscious and unintelligent principle, it is also called the ''jaḍa'' (unintelligent). It is composed of three essential characteristics (''triguna''s). These are:<br /> * ''[[Sattva]]'' – poise, fineness, lightness, illumination, and joy;<br /> * ''[[Rajas]]'' – dynamism, activity, excitation, and pain;<br /> * ''[[Tamas (philosophy)|Tamas]]'' – inertia, coarseness, heaviness, obstruction, and sloth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma&quot; /&gt;{{sfn|Hiriyanna|1993|pages=270–272}}{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|1986|pages=109–110}}<br /> <br /> Unmanifested ''Prakṛti'' is infinite, inactive, and unconscious, with the three gunas in a state of equilibrium. When this equilibrium of the ''guṇas'' is disturbed then unmanifest ''Prakṛti'', along with the omnipresent witness-consciousness, ''Puruṣa'', gives rise to the manifest world of experience.{{sfn|Osto|2018|p=205}}{{sfn|Larson|1998|page=11}} ''Prakṛti'' becomes manifest as twenty-three ''[[tattva]]s'':{{Sfn|Osto|2018|p=204}} intellect ([[Buddhi]], mahat), ego ([[ahamkara]]) mind (''[[Manas (early Buddhism)|manas]]''); the five sensory capacities; the five action capacities; and the five &quot;subtle elements&quot; or &quot;modes of sensory content&quot; (''tanmatras'': form (''[[rūpa]]''), sound (''shabda''), smell (''gandha''), taste (''rasa''), touch (''sparsha'')), from which the five &quot;gross elements&quot; or &quot;forms of perceptual objects&quot; emerge (earth (prithivi), water (jala), fire (Agni), air (Vāyu), ether (Ākāsha)).{{Sfn|Osto|2018|p=204-205}}{{sfn|Haney|2002|page=42}} ''Prakṛti'' is the source of our experience; it is not &quot;the evolution of a series of material entities,&quot; but &quot;the emergence of experience itself&quot;.{{Sfn|Osto|2018|p=205}} It is description of experience and the relations between its elements, not an explanation of the origin of the universe.{{Sfn|Osto|2018|p=205}}<br /> <br /> All ''Prakṛti'' has these three ''guṇas'' in different proportions. Each ''guṇa'' is dominant at specific times of day. The interplay of these ''guṇa'' defines the character of someone or something, of nature and determines the progress of life.&lt;ref name=jamesg&gt;James G. Lochtefeld, Guna, in ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M,'' Vol. 1, Rosen Publishing, {{ISBN|9780823931798}}, page 265&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;T Bernard (1999), ''Hindu Philosophy'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1373-1}}, pages 74–76&lt;/ref&gt; The Samkhya theory of ''guṇa'' was widely discussed, developed and refined by various schools of Indian philosophies. Samkhya's philosophical treatises also influenced the development of various theories of Hindu ethics.&lt;ref name=royper/&gt;<br /> <br /> Thought processes and mental events are conscious only to the extent they receive illumination from ''Puruṣa''. In Samkhya, consciousness is compared to light which illuminates the material configurations or 'shapes' assumed by the mind. So intellect, after receiving cognitive structures from the mind and illumination from pure consciousness, creates thought structures that appear to be conscious.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isaac&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Isaac|Dangwal|1997|page=342}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahamkara, the ego or the phenomenal self, appropriates all mental experiences to itself and thus, personalizes the objective activities of mind and intellect by assuming possession of them.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Leaman|2000|page=68}}&lt;/ref&gt; But consciousness is itself independent of the thought structures it illuminates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Isaac&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Liberation or ''mokṣa''===<br /> {{Quote box |width=20em | bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote=The Supreme Good is mokṣa which consists in the permanent impossibility of the incidence of pain... in the realisation of the Self as Self pure and simple. |salign = right<br /> |source =—Samkhyakarika I.3&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sinha|2012|page=App. VI,1}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> Samkhya school considers ''[[moksha]]'' as a natural quest of every jiva. The [[Samkhyakarika]] states,<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|<br /> &lt;poem&gt;<br /> As the unconscious milk functions for the sake of nourishment of the calf,<br /> so the Prakriti functions for the sake of moksha of the spirit.<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> |Samkhya karika|Verse 57&lt;ref&gt;Gerald James Larson (2011), ''Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning,'' Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805033}}, page 273&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=colebrookesktrans&gt;Original Sanskrit: [http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_major_works/IshvarakRiShNasAnkyakArikA.pdf Samkhya karika] Compiled and indexed by Ferenc Ruzsa (2015), Sanskrit Documents Archives;&lt;br /&gt;[http://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/transclusions/18/37/1837_SankhyaKarikaHTColebrook.pdf Samkhya karika] by Iswara Krishna, Henry Colebrooke (Translator), Oxford University Press, page 169&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> Samkhya regards ignorance ([[Avidyā (Hinduism)|Avidyā]]) as the root cause of suffering and bondage (''[[Saṃsāra|Samsara]]''). Samkhya states that the way out of this suffering is through knowledge (viveka). ''Mokṣa'' (liberation), states Samkhya school, results from knowing the difference between ''Prakṛti'' (avyakta-vyakta) and ''Puruṣa'' (jña).&lt;ref name=&quot;Lpage9&quot; /&gt; More specifically, the ''Puruṣa'' that has attained liberation is to be distinguished from a ''Puruṣa'' that is still bound on account of the liberated ''Puruṣa'' being free from its subtle body (synonymous with buddhi), in which is located the mental dispositions that individuates it and causes it to experience bondage.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sāṁkhya thought in the Brahmanical systems of Indian philosophy {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/613798605 |access-date=2023-02-16 |website=www.worldcat.org |page= |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|58}}<br /> <br /> ''Puruṣa'', the eternal pure consciousness, due to ignorance, identifies itself with products of ''Prakṛti'' such as intellect (buddhi) and ego (ahamkara). This results in endless transmigration and suffering. However, once the realization arises that ''Puruṣa'' is distinct from ''Prakṛti'', is more than empirical ego, and that puruṣa is deepest conscious self within, the [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Self]] gains isolation (''kaivalya'') and freedom (''moksha'').&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Larson|1998|page=13}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Though in conventional terms the bondage is ascribed to the ''Puruṣa'', this is ultimately a mistake. This is because the Samkhya school (Samkhya karika Verse 63) maintains that it is actually ''Prakṛti'' that binds itself, and thus bondage should in reality be ascribed to ''Prakṛti'', not to the ''Puruṣa'':&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Colebrooke |first=Henry Thomas |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/61647186 |title=The Sānkhya kārika : or, Memorial verses on the Sānkhya philosophy |date=1887 |publisher=Chatterjea |pages=178 |oclc=61647186}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|text=By seven modes nature binds herself by herself: by one, she releases (herself), for the soul's wish (Samkhya karika Verse 63) ·}}<br /> <br /> Vacaspati gave a metaphorical example to elaborate the position that the ''Puruṣa'' is only mistakenly ascribed bondage: although the king is ascribed victory or defeat, it is actually the soldiers that experience it.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Dasti |first=Matthew R., Bryant, Edwin F. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/852227561 |title=Free will, agency, and selfhood in Indian philosophy |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-992275-8 |pages=28 |publisher=Oup USA |oclc=852227561}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is then not merely that bondage is only mistakenly ascribed to the ''Puruṣa'', but that liberation is like bondage, wrongly ascribed to the ''Puruṣa'' and should be ascribed to ''Prakṛti'' alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot; /&gt;{{rp|60}}<br /> <br /> Other forms of Samkhya teach that ''Mokṣa'' is attained by one's own development of the higher faculties of discrimination achieved by meditation and other yogic practices. ''Moksha'' is described by Samkhya scholars as a state of liberation, where ''sattva guṇa'' predominates.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerald James Larson 2011 pages 36-47&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Epistemology ===<br /> [[File:3 Pramana Epistemology Samkhya Yoga Hindu schools.svg|thumb|The Samkhya school considers perception, inference and reliable testimony as three reliable means to knowledge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lpage9&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=eliottjag/&gt;]]<br /> Samkhya considered ''Pratyakṣa'' or ''Dṛṣṭam'' (direct sense perception), ''Anumāna'' (inference), and ''Śabda'' or ''Āptavacana'' (verbal testimony of the sages or shāstras) to be the only valid means of knowledge or ''pramana''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lpage9&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Larson|1998|page=9}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Unlike some other schools, Samkhya did not consider the following three ''pramanas'' to be epistemically proper: ''Upamāṇa'' (comparison and analogy), ''Arthāpatti'' (postulation, deriving from circumstances) or ''Anupalabdi'' (non-perception, negative/cognitive proof).&lt;ref name=eliottjag/&gt;<br /> * '''''Pratyakṣa''''' (प्रत्यक्ष) means perception. It is of two types in Hindu texts: external and internal. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of five senses and worldly objects, while internal perception is described by this school as that of inner sense, the mind.&lt;ref name=kamal&gt;MM Kamal (1998), The Epistemology of the Carvaka Philosophy, Journal of Indian and Buddhist Studies, 46(2): 13-16&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;B Matilal (1992), Perception: An Essay in Indian Theories of Knowledge, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0198239765}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ancient and medieval Indian texts identify four requirements for correct perception:&lt;ref name=kpmat/&gt; ''Indriyarthasannikarsa'' (direct experience by one's sensory organ(s) with the object, whatever is being studied), ''Avyapadesya'' (non-verbal; correct perception is not through [[hearsay]], according to ancient Indian scholars, where one's sensory organ relies on accepting or rejecting someone else's perception), ''Avyabhicara'' (does not wander; correct perception does not change, nor is it the result of deception because one's sensory organ or means of observation is drifting, defective, suspect) and ''Vyavasayatmaka'' (definite; correct perception excludes judgments of doubt, either because of one's failure to observe all the details, or because one is mixing inference with observation and observing what one wants to observe, or not observing what one does not want to observe).&lt;ref name=kpmat&gt;Karl Potter (1977), &quot;Meaning and Truth,&quot; in ''Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies'', Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0309-4}}, pages 160-168&lt;/ref&gt; Some ancient scholars proposed &quot;unusual perception&quot; as ''pramana'' and called it internal perception, a proposal contested by other Indian scholars. The internal perception concepts included ''pratibha'' (intuition), ''samanyalaksanapratyaksa'' (a form of induction from perceived specifics to a universal), and ''jnanalaksanapratyaksa'' (a form of perception of prior processes and previous states of a 'topic of study' by observing its current state).&lt;ref&gt;Karl Potter (1977), Meaning and Truth, in Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0309-4}}, pages 168-169&lt;/ref&gt; Further, some schools considered and refined rules of accepting uncertain knowledge from ''Pratyakṣa-pranama'', so as to contrast ''nirnaya'' (definite judgment, conclusion) from ''anadhyavasaya'' (indefinite judgment).&lt;ref&gt;Karl Potter (1977), &quot;Meaning and Truth,&quot; in ''Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies,'' Volume 2, Princeton University Press, Reprinted in 1995 by Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0309-4}}, pages 170-172&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''''Anumāna''''' (अनुमान) means inference. It is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason.&lt;ref&gt;W Halbfass (1991), Tradition and Reflection, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|0-7914-0362-9}}, page 26-27&lt;/ref&gt; Observing smoke and inferring fire is an example of ''Anumana''.&lt;ref name=kamal/&gt; In all except one Hindu philosophies,&lt;ref&gt;Carvaka school is the exception&lt;/ref&gt; this is a valid and useful means to knowledge. The method of inference is explained by Indian texts as consisting of three parts: ''pratijna'' (hypothesis), ''hetu'' (a reason), and ''drshtanta'' (examples).&lt;ref name=jl4647&gt;James Lochtefeld, &quot;Anumana&quot; in The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A-M, Rosen Publishing. {{ISBN|0-8239-2287-1}}, page 46-47&lt;/ref&gt; The hypothesis must further be broken down into two parts, state the ancient Indian scholars: ''sadhya'' (that idea which needs to proven or disproven) and ''paksha'' (the object on which the ''sadhya'' is predicated). The inference is conditionally true if ''sapaksha'' (positive examples as evidence) are present, and if ''vipaksha'' (negative examples as counter-evidence) are absent. For rigor, the Indian philosophies also state further epistemic steps. For example, they demand ''Vyapti'' - the requirement that the ''hetu'' (reason) must necessarily and separately account for the inference in &quot;all&quot; cases, in both ''sapaksha'' and ''vipaksha''.&lt;ref name=jl4647/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Karl Potter (2002), Presuppositions of India's Philosophies, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|81-208-0779-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; A conditionally proven hypothesis is called a ''nigamana'' (conclusion).&lt;ref&gt;Monier Williams (1893), Indian Wisdom - Religious, Philosophical and Ethical Doctrines of the Hindus, Luzac &amp; Co, London, page 61&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * '''''Śabda''''' (शब्द) means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts.&lt;ref name=&quot;eliottjag&quot;&gt;* Eliott Deutsche (2000), in ''Philosophy of Religion: Indian Philosophy,'' Volume 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0815336112}}, pages 245–248.<br /> * John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791430675}}, page 238.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=dpsb&gt;DPS Bhawuk (2011), Spirituality and Indian Psychology (Editor: [[Anthony J. Marsella]]), Springer, {{ISBN|978-1-4419-8109-7}}, page 172&lt;/ref&gt; Hiriyanna explains ''Sabda-pramana'' as a concept which means reliable expert testimony. The schools which consider it epistemically valid suggest that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly.&lt;ref name=mhir&gt;M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120813304}}, page 43&lt;/ref&gt; He must cooperate with others to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining proper knowledge is either spoken or written, but through ''Sabda'' (words).&lt;ref name=mhir/&gt; The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the ''Sabda'' of [[Vedas]].&lt;ref name=eliottjag/&gt;&lt;ref name=mhir/&gt; The disagreement between the schools has been on how to establish reliability. Some schools, such as [[Carvaka]], state that this is never possible, and therefore ''Sabda'' is not a proper ''pramana''. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.&lt;ref&gt;P. Billimoria (1988), ''Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India,'' Volume 10, Springer, {{ISBN|978-94-010-7810-8}}, pages 1-30&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Causality ===<br /> {{unreferenced section|date=July 2012}}<br /> The Samkhya system is based on [[Satkaryavada|Sat-kārya-vāda]] or the theory of causation. According to Satkāryavāda, the effect is pre-existent in the cause. There is only an apparent or illusory change in the makeup of the cause and not a material one, when it becomes effect. Since, effects cannot come from nothing, the original cause or ground of everything is seen as ''Prakṛti''.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Larson|1998|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> More specifically, Samkhya system follows the ''Prakṛti-Parināma Vāda''. ''Parināma'' denotes that the effect is a real transformation of the cause. The cause under consideration here is ''Prakṛti'' or more precisely ''Moola-Prakṛti'' (&quot;Primordial Matter&quot;). The Samkhya system is therefore an exponent of an evolutionary theory of matter beginning with primordial matter. In evolution, ''Prakṛti'' is transformed and differentiated into multiplicity of objects. Evolution is followed by dissolution. In dissolution the physical existence, all the worldly objects mingle back into ''Prakṛti'', which now remains as the undifferentiated, primordial substance. This is how the cycles of evolution and dissolution follow each other. But this theory is very different from the modern theories of science in the sense that ''Prakṛti'' evolves for each Jiva separately, giving individual bodies and minds to each and after liberation these elements of ''Prakṛti'' merges into the ''Moola-Prakṛti''. Another uniqueness of Sāmkhya is that not only physical entities but even mind, ego and intelligence are regarded as forms of Unconsciousness, quite distinct from pure consciousness.<br /> <br /> Samkhya theorizes that ''Prakṛti'' is the source of the perceived world of becoming. It is pure potentiality that evolves itself successively into twenty four ''[[tattva]]s'' or principles. The evolution itself is possible because ''Prakṛti'' is always in a state of tension among its constituent strands or gunas – ''sattva'', ''rajas'' and ''tamas''. In a state of equilibrium of three gunas, when the three together are one, &quot;unmanifest&quot; ''Prakṛti'' which is unknowable. A ''guṇa'' is an entity that can change, either increase or decrease, therefore, pure consciousness is called nirguna or without any modification.<br /> <br /> The evolution obeys [[causality]] relationships, with primal Nature itself being the material cause of all physical creation. The cause and effect theory of Samkhya is called &quot;''Satkārya-vāda''&quot; (&quot;theory of existent causes&quot;), and holds that nothing can really be created from or destroyed into nothingness – all evolution is simply the transformation of primal Nature from one form to another.<br /> <br /> Samkhya [[Religious cosmology|cosmology]] describes how life emerges in the universe; the relationship between ''Puruṣa'' and ''Prakṛti'' is crucial to [[Patanjali]]'s yoga system. The strands of Samkhya thought can be traced back to the [[Vedas|Vedic]] speculation of creation. It is also frequently mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''[[Yoga Vasistha|Yogavasishta]]''.<br /> <br /> == Historical development ==<br /> Larson (1969) discerns four basic periods in the development of Sankhya:{{sfn|Larson|1998|p=75}}<br /> # 8/9th c. BCE - 5th c. BCE: &quot;ancient speculations,&quot; including speculative Vedic hymns and the oldest prose Upanishads<br /> # 4th.c. BCE-1st c. CE: proto-Sankhya speculations, as found in the middle Upanishads, the [[Buddhacarita]], the Bhagavad Gita, and the Mahabharata<br /> # 1st-10/11th c. CE: classical Sankhya<br /> # 15th-17th c.: renaissance of later Sankhya<br /> <br /> Larson (1987) discerns three phases of development of the term ''Sankhya'', relating to three different meanings:{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=3}}<br /> # [[Vedic period]] and the Mauryan Empire, {{Circa|1500 BCE}} until the 4th and 3rd c. BCE:{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=3}} &quot;relating to number, enumeration or calculation.&quot;{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=3}} Intellectual inquiry was &quot;frequently cast in the format of elaborate enumerations;{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=3}} references to ''samkhya'' do not denote integrated systems of thought.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=4}}<br /> # 8th/7th c. BCE - first centuries CE:{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=4}} as a masculine noun, referring to &quot;someone who calculates, enumerates, or discriminates properly or correctly.&quot;{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=3}} Proto-samkhya,{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=9}} related to the early ascetic traditions,reflected in the ''Moksadharma'' section of the Mahabharata, the Bhagavad Gita, and the cosmological speculations of the Puranas.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=4}} The notion of ''samkhya'' becomes related to methods of reasoning that result in liberating knowledge (''vidya'', ''jnana'', ''viveka'') that end the cycle of ''dukkha'' and rebirth.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=4-5}} During this period, ''Sankhya'' becomes explicitly related to meditation, spiritual practices, and religious cosmology,{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=5}} and is &quot;primarily a methodology for attaining liberation and appears to allow for a great variety of philosophical formulations.&quot;{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=5}} According to Larson, &quot;Sankhya means in the Upanishads and the Epic simply the way of salvation by knowledge.&quot;{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=5}} As such, it contains &quot;psychological analyses of experience&quot; that &quot;become dominant motifs in Jain and Buddhist meditation contexts.&quot;{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=6}} Typical Samkhya terminology and issues develop.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=6}} While yoga emphasizes ''asanas'' breathing, and ascetic practices, ''samkhya'' is concerned with intellectual analyses and proper discernment,{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=6}} but ''samkhya''-reasonong is not really differentiated from yoga.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=9}} According to Van Buitenen, these ideas developed in the interaction between various ''sramanas'' and ascetic groups.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=6-7}} Numerous ancient teachers are named in the various texts, including Kapila and Pancasikha.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=7}}<br /> # 1st c. BCE - first centuries CE:{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=9}} as a neuter term, referring to the beginning of a technical philosophical system.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=3, 9}} Pre-''karika-''Sankhya (ca. 100 BCE – 200 CE).{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=14-18}} This period ends with [[Ishvara Krishna]]'s (Iśvarakṛṣṇa, 350 CE) ''[[Samkhyakarika]]''.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=9}} According to Larson, the shift of Samkhya from speculations to the normative conceptualization hints—but does not conclusively prove—that Samkhya may be the oldest of the Indian technical philosophical schools (e.g. [[Nyaya]], [[Vaisheshika]] and Buddhist ontology), one that evolved over time and influenced the technical aspects of Buddhism and [[Jainism]].{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=3-11}}{{refn|group=note|With the publication of previously unknown editions of ''Yuktidipika'' about mid 20th century, Larson{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=10-11}} has suggested what he calls as &quot;a tempting hypothesis&quot;, but uncertain, that Samkhya tradition may be the oldest of the Indian technical philosophical schools (Nyaya, Vaisheshika).{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=10-11}}}}<br /> <br /> ===Ancient speculations===<br /> {{Quote box |width=20em | bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote=In the beginning this was Self alone, in the shape of a person (puruṣa). He looking around saw nothing but his Self ([[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]). He first said, &quot;This is I&quot;, therefore he became I by name.|salign = right<br /> |source =—Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 1.4.1&lt;ref&gt;Max Muller, [https://archive.org/details/SacredBooksEastVariousOrientalScholarsWithIndex.50VolsMaxMuller Brihadaranyaka Upanishad], Oxford University Press, page 85&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Radhakrishnan|1953|page=163}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The early, speculative phase took place in the first half of the first millennium BCE,{{sfn|Larson|1998|p=75}} when ascetic spirituality and monastic (''sramana'' and ''yati'') traditions came into vogue in India, and ancient scholars combined &quot;enumerated set[s] of principles&quot; with &quot;a methodology of reasoning that results in spiritual knowledge (''vidya, jnana, viveka'').&quot;{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=4-5}} These early non-Samkhya speculations and proto-Samkhya ideas are visible in earlier Hindu scriptures such as the Vedas,{{refn|group=note|Early speculations such as Rg Veda 1.164, 10.90 and 10.129; see {{harvtxt|Larson|2014|p=5}}.}} early [[Upanishads]] such as the [[Chandogya Upanishad]],{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=4-5}}&lt;!-- **START OF NOTE** --&gt;{{refn|group=note|name=&quot;Upanishads&quot;|Older authors have noted the references to ''samkhya'' in the Upanishads. [[Surendranath Dasgupta]] stated in 1922 that Samkhya can be traced to Upanishads such as [[Katha Upanishad]], [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]] and [[Maitrayaniya Upanishad]], and that the 'extant Samkhya' is a system that unites the doctrine of permanence of the Upanishads with the doctrine of momentariness of Buddhism and the doctrine of relativism of Jainism.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dasgupta1975&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Surendranath Dasgupta|title=A History of Indian Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC|year=1975|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0412-8|page = 212}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arthur Keith in 1925 said, '[That] Samkhya owes its origin to the Vedic-Upanisadic-epic heritage is quite evident',&lt;ref&gt;Gerald Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805033}}, pages 31-32&lt;/ref&gt; and 'Samkhya is most naturally derived out of the speculations in the Vedas, Brahmanas and the Upanishads'.&lt;ref&gt;Gerald Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805033}}, page 29&lt;/ref&gt; Johnston in 1937 analyzed then available Hindu and Buddhist texts for the origins of Samkhya and wrote, '[T]he origin lay in the analysis of the individual undertaken in the [[Brahmanas]] and earliest Upanishads, at first with a view to assuring the efficacy of the sacrificial rites and later in order to discover the meaning of salvation in the religious sense and the methods of attaining it. Here – in [[Kaushitaki Upanishad]] and [[Chandogya Upanishad]] – the germs are to be found (of) two of the main ideas of classical Samkhya'.&lt;ref&gt;EH Johnston (1937), Early Samkhya: An Essay on its Historical Development according to the Texts, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume XV, pages 80-81&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;!-- **END OF NOTE** --&gt; and the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.{{sfn|Burley|2006|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Larson|1998|p=75}} However, these early speculations and proto-Samkhya ideas had not distilled and congealed into a distinct, complete philosophy.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=3-4}}<br /> <br /> ====Ascetic origins====<br /> While some earlier scholars have argued for Upanishadic origins of the Sankhya-tradition,{{refn|group=note|name=&quot;Upanishads&quot;}} and the Upanishads contain dualistic speculations which may have influenced proto-sankhya,{{sfn|Burley|2006|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Larson|1998|pages=82–90}} other scholars have noted the dissimilarities of Samkhya with the Vedic tradition. As early as 1898, [[Richard Karl von Garbe]], a German professor of philosophy and Indologist, wrote in 1898,<br /> {{blockquote|The origin of the Sankhya system appears in the proper light only when we understand that in those regions of India which were little influenced by Brahmanism [political connotation given by the Christian missionary] the first attempt had been made to solve the riddles of the world and of our existence merely by means of reason. For the Sankhya philosophy is, in its essence, not only atheistic but also inimical to the Veda'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Aniruddha's Commentary and the original parts of Vedantin Mahadeva's commentary on the Sankhya Sutras Translated, with an introduction to the age and origin of the Sankhya system|author=Richard Garbe|pages=xx-xxi|year=1892}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> [[Ramchandra Narayan Dandekar|Dandekar]], similarly wrote in 1968, 'The origin of the Sankhya is to be traced to the pre-Vedic non-Aryan thought complex'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title='God in Indian Philosophy' in Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|author=R.N. Dandekar|pages=444|year=1968|jstor=41694270 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/41694270}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Heinrich Zimmer]] states that Samkhya has non-Aryan origins.{{sfn|Zimmer|1951|p=217, 314}}{{refn|group=note|name=&quot;Zimmer&quot;|Zimmer: &quot;[Jainism] does not derive from Brahman-Aryan sources, but reflects the cosmology and anthropology of a much older pre-Aryan upper class of northeastern India - being rooted in the same subsoil of archaic metaphysical speculation as Yoga, Sankhya, and Buddhism, the other non-Vedic Indian systems.&quot;{{sfn|Zimmer|1951|p=217}}}}<br /> <br /> [[A. K. Warder|Anthony Warder]] (1994; first ed. 1967) writes that the Sankhya and [[Mīmāṃsā]] schools appear to have been established before the Sramana traditions in India ({{circa}}500 BCE), and he finds that &quot;Samkhya represents a relatively free development of speculation among the Brahmans, independent of the Vedic revelation.&quot;{{sfn|Warder|2009|p=63}} Warder writes, '[Sankhya] has indeed been suggested to be non-Brahmanical and even anti-Vedic in origin, but there is no tangible evidence for that except that it is very different than most Vedic speculation – but that is (itself) quite inconclusive. Speculations in the direction of the Samkhya can be found in the early Upanishads.&quot;{{sfn|Warder|2009|pp=63–65}}<br /> <br /> According to Ruzsa in 2006, &quot;Sāṅkhya has a very long history. Its roots go deeper than textual traditions allow us to see,&quot;{{sfn|Ruzsa|2006}} stating that &quot;Sāṅkhya likely grew out of speculations rooted in cosmic dualism and introspective meditational practice.&quot;{{sfn|Ruzsa|2006}} The dualism is rooted in agricultural concepts of the union of the male sky-god and the female earth-goddess, the union of &quot;the spiritual, immaterial, lordly, immobile fertilizer (represented as the Śiva-liṅgam, or phallus) and of the active, fertile, powerful but subservient material principle (Śakti or Power, often as the horrible Dark Lady, Kālī).&quot;{{sfn|Ruzsa|2006}} In contrast,<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|The ascetic and meditative yoga practice, in contrast, aimed at overcoming the limitations of the natural body and achieving perfect stillness of the mind. A combination of these views may have resulted in the concept of the ''Puruṣa'', the unchanging immaterial conscious essence, contrasted with ''Prakṛti'', the material principle that produces not only the external world and the body but also the changing and externally determined aspects of the human mind (such as the intellect, ego, internal and external perceptual organs).{{sfn|Ruzsa|2006}}}}<br /> <br /> According to Ruzsa,<br /> {{blockquote|Both the agrarian theology of Śiva-Śakti/Sky-Earth and the tradition of yoga (meditation) do not appear to be rooted in the Vedas. Not surprisingly, classical Sāṅkhya is remarkably independent of orthodox Brahmanic traditions, including the Vedas. Sāṅkhya is silent about the Vedas, about their guardians (the Brahmins) and for that matter about the whole caste system, and about the Vedic gods; and it is slightly unfavorable towards the animal sacrifices that characterized the ancient Vedic religion. But all our early sources for the history of Sāṅkhya belong to the Vedic tradition, and it is thus reasonable to suppose that we do not see in them the full development of the Sāṅkhya system, but rather occasional glimpses of its development as it gained gradual acceptance in the Brahmanic fold.{{sfn|Ruzsa|2006}}}}<br /> <br /> Burley argues for an [[Ontogeny|ontegenetic]] or incremental development of Samkhya, instead of being established by one historical founder.&lt;ref&gt;[[Mikel Burley]] (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415648875}}, pages 37-38&lt;/ref&gt; Burley states that India's religio-cultural heritage is complicated and likely experienced a non-linear development.&lt;ref name=burleyorigins/&gt; Sankhya is not necessarily non-Vedic nor pre-Vedic nor a 'reaction to Brahmanic hegemony', states Burley.&lt;ref name=burleyorigins/&gt; It is most plausibly in its origins a lineage that grew and evolved from a combination of ascetic traditions and Vedic ''guru'' (teacher) and disciples. Burley suggests the link between Samkhya and Yoga as likely the root of this evolutionary origin during the Vedic era of India.&lt;ref name=burleyorigins&gt;[[Mikel Burley]] (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415648875}}, pages 37-39&lt;/ref&gt; According to Van Buitenen, various ideas on yoga and meditation developed in the interaction between various ''sramanas'' and ascetic groups.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=6-7}}<br /> <br /> ====Rig Vedic speculations====<br /> The earliest mention of [[Dualism (Indian philosophy)|dualism]] is in the ''[[Rigveda]]'', a text that was compiled in the late second millennium BCE.,{{sfn|Singh|2008|page=185}} in various chapters.<br /> <br /> &lt;!-- **START OF QUOTEBOX** --&gt;{{Quote box |width=26em | bgcolor=#FFE0BB |align=right |salign = right<br /> |quote=[[Nasadiya Sukta]] (Hymn of non-Eternity, origin of universe):<br /> <br /> There was neither non-existence nor existence then;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Neither the realm of space, nor the sky which is beyond;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> What stirred? Where? In whose protection?<br /> <br /> There was neither death nor immortality then;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> No distinguishing sign of night nor of day;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> That One breathed, windless, by its own impulse;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Other than that there was nothing beyond.<br /> <br /> Darkness there was at first, by darkness hidden;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Without distinctive marks, this all was water;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> That which, becoming, by the void was covered;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> That One by force of heat came into being;<br /> <br /> Who really knows? Who will here proclaim it?&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Whence was it produced? Whence is this creation?&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Gods came afterwards, with the creation of this universe.&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Who then knows whence it has arisen?<br /> <br /> Whether God's will created it, or whether He was mute;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Perhaps it formed itself, or perhaps it did not;&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Only He who is its overseer in highest heaven knows,&lt;br /&gt;<br /> Only He knows, or perhaps He does not know.<br /> |source =—''[[Rigveda]]'' 10.129 (Abridged, Tr: Kramer / Christian)&lt;ref name=3translations&gt;<br /> * Original Sanskrit: [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१२९ Rigveda 10.129] Wikisource;<br /> * '''Translation 1''': {{cite book|author=[[Max Muller]]|title=A History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature|date=1859|publisher=Williams and Norgate, London|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00mluoft#page/564/mode/2up|pages=559–565}}<br /> * '''Translation 2''': {{cite book|author=Kenneth Kramer|title=World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/worldscripturesi0000kram|url-access=registration|date=1986|publisher=Paulist Press|isbn=0-8091-2781-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldscripturesi0000kram/page/21 21]}}<br /> * '''Translation 3''': {{cite book|author=David Christian|title=Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History|url=https://archive.org/details/mapstimeintroduc00chri_515|url-access=limited|date=2011|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95067-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mapstimeintroduc00chri_515/page/n45 17]–18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The hymn, as [[Mandala 10]] in general, is late within the Rigveda Samhita, and expresses thought more typical of later [[Satkaryavada|Vedantic philosophy]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Although, no doubt, of high antiquity, the hymn appears to be less of a primary than of a secondary origin, being in fact a controversial composition levelled especially against the ''{{IAST|Sāṃkhya}}'' theory.&quot; Ravi Prakash Arya and K. L. Joshi. ''{{IAST|Ṛgveda Saṃhitā}}: Sanskrit Text, English Translation, Notes &amp; Index of Verses''. (Parimal Publications: Delhi, 2001) {{Listed Invalid ISBN|81-7110-138-7}} (Set of four volumes). Parimal Sanskrit Series No. 45; 2003 reprint: 81-7020-070-9, Volume 4, p. 519.&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;!-- **END OF QUOTEBOX** --&gt;<br /> <br /> At a mythical level, dualism is found in the [[Indra]]–[[Vritra]] myth of [[Rigveda 1.32|chapter 1.32 of the Rigveda]].{{sfn|Larson|1998|page=79}} Enumeration, the etymological root of the word ''samkhya'', is found in numerous chapters of the Rigveda, such as 1.164, 10.90 and 10.129.{{sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|Potter|2014|p=5-6, 109-110, 180}} According to Larson, it is likely that in the oldest period these enumerations were occasionally also applied in the context of meditation themes and religious cosmology, such as in the hymns of 1.164 (Riddle Hymns) and 10.129 (Nasadiya Hymns).{{sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|Potter|2014|p=5}} However, these hymns present only the outline of ideas, not specific Samkhya theories and these theories developed in a much later period.{{sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|Potter|2014|p=5}}<br /> <br /> The Riddle hymns of the Rigveda, famous for their numerous enumerations, structural language symmetry within the verses and the chapter, enigmatic word play with [[anagram]]s that symbolically portray parallelism in rituals and the cosmos, nature and the inner life of man.&lt;ref name=jamison1164&gt;Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton (2014), The Rigveda, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199370184}}, pages 349-359&lt;/ref&gt; This hymn includes enumeration (counting) as well as a series of dual concepts cited by early Upanishads . For example, the hymns 1.164.2 - 1.164-3 mention &quot;seven&quot; multiple times, which in the context of other chapters of Rigveda have been interpreted as referring to both seven priests at a ritual and seven constellations in the sky, the entire hymn is a riddle that paints a ritual as well as the sun, moon, earth, three seasons, the transitory nature of living beings, the passage of time and spirit.&lt;ref name=jamison1164/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;William Mahony (1997), The Artful Universe: An Introduction to the Vedic Religious Imagination, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791435809}}, pages 245-250&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|<br /> &lt;poem&gt;<br /> Seven to the one-wheeled chariot yoke the Courser; bearing seven names the single Courser draws it.<br /> Three-naved the wheel is, sound and undecaying, whereon are resting all these worlds of being.<br /> The seven [priests] who on the seven-wheeled car are mounted have horses, seven in tale, who draw them onward.<br /> Seven Sisters utter songs of praise together, in whom the names of the seven Cows are treasured.<br /> Who hath beheld him as he [Sun/Agni] sprang to being, seen how the boneless One [spirit] supports the bony [body]?<br /> Where is the blood of earth, the life, the spirit? Who will approach the one who knows, to ask this?<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> |Rigveda 1.164.2 - 1.164.4|<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;Rigveda 1.164&quot;&gt;<br /> * Original Sanskrit: {{cite wikisource |title = ऋग्वेदः सूक्तं १.१६४ |trans-title = Rigveda Sukta |language = sa |wslink = ऋग्वेदः_सूक्तं_१.१६४ |sa}}<br /> * '''Translation 1''': {{cite book |translator-last1 = Jamison |translator-first1 = Stephanie W. |translator-link = Stephanie W. Jamison |translator-last2 = Brereton |translator-first2 = Joel P. |date = 2014 |orig-date = c. 1500–1000 BCE |title = The Rigveda |publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] |pages = 349–359 |isbn = 978-0-19-937018-4}}<br /> * '''Translation 2''': {{cite wikisource |translator-last = Griffith |translator-first = Ralph T. H. |translator-link = Ralph T. H. Griffith |title = The Rig Veda: Mandala 1, Hymn 164 |date = 1896 |orig-date = c. 1500–1000 BCE |wslink = The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 164}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The chapter 1.164 asks a number of metaphysical questions, such as &quot;what is the One in the form of the Unborn that created the six realms of the world?&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton (2014), The Rigveda, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199370184}}, pages 349-355&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[s:The Rig Veda/Mandala 1/Hymn 164|Rigveda 1.164.6]] Ralph Griffith (Translator), Wikisource&lt;/ref&gt; Dualistic philosophical speculations then follow in chapter 1.164 of the Rigveda, particularly in the well studied &quot;allegory of two birds&quot; hymn (1.164.20 - 1.164.22), a hymn that is referred to in the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] and other texts .&lt;ref name=jamison1164/&gt;{{sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|Potter|2014|p=295-296}}&lt;ref&gt;Ram Nidumolu (2013), Two Birds in a Tree, Berrett-Koehler Publishers, {{ISBN|978-1609945770}}, page 189&lt;/ref&gt; The two birds in this hymn have been interpreted to mean various forms of dualism: &quot;the sun and the moon&quot;, the &quot;two seekers of different kinds of knowledge&quot;, and &quot;the body and the atman&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Stephanie Jamison and Joel Brereton (2014), The Rigveda, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0199370184}}, page 352&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (2005), Logos of Phenomenology and Phenomenology of The Logos, Springer, {{ISBN|978-1402037061}}, pages 186-193 with footnote 7&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|<br /> &lt;poem&gt;<br /> Two Birds with fair wings, knit with bonds of friendship, embrace the same tree.<br /> One of the twain eats the sweet fig; the other not eating keeps watch.<br /> Where those fine Birds hymn ceaselessly their portion of life eternal, and the sacred synods,<br /> There is the Universe's mighty Keeper, who, wise, hath entered into me the simple.<br /> The tree on which the fine Birds eat the sweetness, where they all rest and procreate their offspring,<br /> Upon its top they say the fig is sweetest, he who does not know the Father will not reach it.<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> |Rigveda 1.164.20 - 1.164.22|&lt;ref name=&quot;Rigveda 1.164&quot;/&gt;}}<br /> The emphasis of duality between existence (sat) and non-existence (asat) in the [[Nasadiya Sukta]] of the ''Rigveda'' is similar to the vyakta–[[avyakta]] (manifest–unmanifest) polarity in Samkhya. The hymns about Puruṣa may also have had some influence on Samkhya.{{sfn|Larson|1998|pp=59, 79–81}} The Samkhya notion of buddhi or mahat is similar to the notion of [[hiranyagarbha]], which appears in both the ''Rigveda'' and the ''[[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]]''.{{sfn|Larson|1998|p=82}}<br /> <br /> ====Early Upanishads====<br /> {{Quote box |width=20em | bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote=Higher than the senses, stand the objects of senses. Higher than objects of senses, stands mind. Higher than mind, stands intellect. Higher than intellect, stands the great self. Higher than the great self, stands ''Avyaktam''(unmenifested or indistinctive). Higher than ''Avyaktam'', stands Purusha. Higher than this, there is nothing. He is the final goal and the highest point. In all beings, dwells this Purusha, as Atman (essence), invisible, concealed. He is only seen by the keenest thought, by the sublest of those thinkers who see into the subtle.|salign = right<br /> |source =—Katha Upanishad 3.10-13&lt;ref&gt;[[Paul Deussen]], Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 288-289&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Michele Marie Desmarais (2008), Changing minds: Mind, Consciousness and Identity in Patanjali's Yoga Sutra, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120833364}}, page 25&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The oldest of the [[Mukhya Upanishads|major Upanishads]] (c. 900–600 BCE) contain speculations along the lines of classical Samkhya philosophy.{{sfn|Burley|2006|pp=15–16}} The concept of [[ahamkara]] was traced back by Van Buitenen to chapters 1.2 and 1.4 of the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] and chapter 7.25 of the ''[[Chāndogya Upaniṣad]]'', where it is a &quot;cosmic entity,&quot; and not a psychological notion.{{sfn|Burley|2006|pp=15–16}}{{sfn|Larson|1998|p=82}} Satkaryavada, the theory of causation in Samkhya, may in part be traced to the verses in sixth chapter which emphasize the primacy of sat (being) and describe creation from it. The idea that the three gunas or attributes influence creation is found in both Chandogya and [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]]s.{{sfn|Larson|1998|pages=82–84}}<br /> <br /> [[Yajnavalkya]]'s exposition on the Self in the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'', and the dialogue between [[Uddalaka Aruni]] and his son Svetaketu in the ''[[Chandogya Upanishad]]'' represent a more developed notion of the essence of man (''Atman'') as &quot;pure subjectivity - i.e., the knower who is himself unknowable, the seer who cannot be seen,&quot; and as &quot;pure conscious,&quot; discovered by means of speculations, or enumerations.{{sfn|Larson|1998|pages=88–89}} According to Larson, &quot;it seems quite likely that both the monistic trends in Indian thought and the dualistic samkhya could have developed out of these ancient speculations.&quot;{{sfn|Larson|1998|pages=89}} According to Larson, the enumeration of [[tattva]]s in Samkhya is also found in [[Taittiriya Upanishad]], [[Aitareya Upanishad]] and Yajnavalkya–Maitri dialogue in the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad.{{sfn|Larson|1998|pages=88–90}}<br /> <br /> ===Proto classical samkhya===<br /> <br /> ====Buddhist and Jainist influences====<br /> [[Jainism]] was re-organised in 9th century BCE and [[Buddhism]] had developed in eastern India by the 5th century BCE. It is probable that these schools of thought and the earliest schools of Samkhya influenced each other.&lt;ref name=larson9193/&gt; According to Burely, there is no evidence that a systematic samkhya-philosophy existed prior to the founding of Buddhism and Jainism, sometime in the 5th or 4th century BCE.{{sfn|Burley|2006|pp=16}} A prominent similarity between Buddhism and Samkhya is the greater emphasis on suffering ([[dukkha]]) as the foundation for their respective [[soteriological]] theories, than other Indian philosophies.&lt;ref name=larson9193/&gt; However, suffering appears central to Samkhya in its later literature, which likely suggests a Buddhist influence. [[Eliade]], however, presents the alternate theory that Samkhya and Buddhism developed their soteriological theories over time, benefiting from their mutual influence.&lt;ref name=larson9193/&gt;<br /> <br /> Likewise, the Jain doctrine of plurality of individual souls ([[jiva]]) could have influenced the concept of multiple purushas in Samkhya. However Hermann Jacobi, an Indologist, thinks that there is little reason to assume that Samkhya notion of Purushas was solely dependent on the notion of jiva in Jainism. It is more likely, that Samkhya was moulded by many ancient theories of soul in various Vedic and non-Vedic schools.&lt;ref name=larson9193&gt;{{harvnb|Larson|1998|pages=91–93}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Quote box |width=20em | bgcolor=#c6dbf7 |align=right |quote=This declared to you is the Yoga of the wisdom of Samkhya. Hear, now, of the integrated wisdom with which, Partha, you will cast off the bonds of karma. |salign = right<br /> |source =—Bhagavad Gita 2.39&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fowler|2012|page=39}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> Larson, Bhattacharya and Potter state it to be likely that early Samkhya doctrines found in oldest Upanishads ({{circa}}700-800 BCE) provided the contextual foundations and influenced Buddhist and Jaina doctrines, and these became contemporaneous, sibling intellectual movements with Samkhya and other schools of Hindu philosophy.&lt;ref&gt;GJ Larson, RS Bhattacharya and K Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691604411}}, pages 2-8, 114-116&lt;/ref&gt; This is evidenced, for example, by the references to Samkhya in ancient and medieval era Jaina literature.&lt;ref&gt;GJ Larson, RS Bhattacharya and K Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691604411}}, pages 6-7, 74-88, 113-122, 315-318&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Middle upanishads====<br /> Samkhya and [[Yoga]] are mentioned together for first time in chapter 6.13 of the Shvetashvatra Upanishad,&lt;ref name=&quot;Burley2&quot;/&gt; as ''samkhya-yoga-adhigamya'' (literally, &quot;to be understood by proper reasoning and spiritual discipline&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;GJ Larson, RS Bhattacharya and K Potter (2014), ''The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies'', Volume 4, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691604411}}, pages 6–7&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Katha Upanishad]] (5th-1st c. BCE) in verses 3.10–13 and 6.7–11 describes a concept of puruṣa, and other concepts also found in later Samkhya.&lt;ref name=pauldeussen&gt;[[Paul Deussen]], ''Sixty Upanishads of the Veda'', Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 273, 288–289, 298–299&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Shvetashvatara Upanishad'' in chapter 6.13 describes samkhya with Yoga philosophy, and Bhagavad Gita in book 2 provides axiological implications of Samkhya, therewith providing textual evidence of samkhyan terminology and concepts.&lt;ref name=&quot;Burley2&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Burley|2006|pages=15–18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katha Upanishad conceives the ''Puruṣa'' (cosmic spirit, consciousness) as same as the individual soul ([[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]], Self).&lt;ref name=pauldeussen /&gt;{{sfn|Larson|1998|page=96}}<br /> <br /> ====Bhagavad Gita and Mahabharata====<br /> The [[Bhagavad Gita]] identifies Samkhya with understanding or knowledge.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fowler|2012|page=34}}&lt;/ref&gt; The three gunas are also mentioned in the Gita, though they are not used in the same sense as in classical Samkhya.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Fowler|2012|page=37}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Gita integrates Samkhya thought with the devotion ([[bhakti]]) of theistic schools and the impersonal [[Brahman]] of [[Vedanta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;King1&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|King|1999|page=63}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The ''Mokshadharma'' chapter of [[Shanti Parva]] (Book of Peace) in the Mahabharata epic, composed between 400 BCE to 400 CE, explains Samkhya ideas along with other extant philosophies, and then lists numerous scholars in recognition of their philosophical contributions to various Indian traditions, and therein at least three Samkhya scholars can be recognized – [[Kapila]], [[Asuri (Samkhya)|Asuri]] and [[Panchashikha|Pancasikha]].{{sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|Potter|2014|p=3-11}}&lt;ref&gt;Mircea Eliade et al. (2009), ''Yoga: Immortality and Freedom'', Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691142036}}, pages 392–393&lt;/ref&gt; The 12th chapter of the ''[[Buddhacarita]]'', a buddhist text composed in the early second century CE,&lt;ref&gt;Willemen, Charles, transl. (2009), Buddhacarita: In Praise of Buddha's Acts, Berkeley, Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research, p. XIII.&lt;/ref&gt; suggests Samkhya philosophical tools of reliable reasoning were well formed by about 5th century BCE.{{sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|Potter|2014|p=3-11}} According to Rusza, &quot;The ancient Buddhist [[Aśvaghoṣa]] (in his [[Buddhacarita|Buddha-Carita]]) describes [[Āḷāra Kālāma]], the teacher of the young Buddha (ca. 420 B.C.E.) as following an archaic form of Sāṅkhya.&quot;{{sfn|Ruzsa|2006}}<br /> <br /> ===Classical Samkhya===<br /> According to Ruzsa, about 2,000 years ago &quot;Sāṅkhya became the representative philosophy of Hindu thought in Hindu circles&quot;,{{sfn|Ruzsa|2006}} influencing all strands of the Hindu tradition and Hindu texts.{{sfn|Ruzsa|2006}}<br /> <br /> ====Traditional credited founders====<br /> Sage [[Kapila]] is traditionally credited as a founder of the Samkhya school.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Sharma|1997|page=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is unclear in which century of the 1st millennium BCE Kapila lived.&lt;ref name=geraldl&gt;Gerald James Larson and Ram Shankar Bhattacharya, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0691604411}}, pages 107-109&lt;/ref&gt; Kapila appears in [[Rigveda]], but context suggests that the word means 'reddish-brown color'. Both Kapila as a 'seer' and the term ''Samkhya'' appear in hymns of section 5.2 in [[Shvetashvatara Upanishad]] ({{circa}}300 BCE), suggesting Kapila's and Samkhya philosophy's origins may predate it. Numerous other ancient Indian texts mention Kapila; for example, Baudhayana Grhyasutra in chapter IV.16.1 describes a system of rules for ascetic life credited to Kapila called ''Kapila Sannyasa Vidha''.&lt;ref name=geraldl/&gt; A 6th century CE Chinese translation and other texts consistently note Kapila as an [[Sannyasa|ascetic]] and the founder of the school, mention Asuri as the inheritor of the teaching and a much later scholar named Pancasikha&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sreenivasaraos.com/2012/10/03/samkhya-part-two-samkhya-teachers/|title=Samkhya: Part Two: Samkhya Teachers|date=2012-10-03|website=sreenivasarao's blogs|language=en|access-date=2019-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; as the scholar who systematized it and then helped widely disseminate its ideas.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bilimoria |first=Purushottama |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781317356189 |title=History of Indian Philosophy: Routledge history of world philosophies |last2=Mohanty |first2=J. N. |last3=Rayner |first3=Amy |last4=Powers |first4=John |last5=Phillips |first5=Stephen |last6=King |first6=Richard |last7=Chapple |first7=Christopher Key |date=2017-11-22 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-315-66679-2 |editor-last=Bilimoria |editor-first=Purushottama |edition=1 |location=1 [edition]. {{!}} New York : Routledge, 2017. {{!}} |pages=131-132 |language=en |doi=10.4324/9781315666792}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Isvarakrsna]] is identified in these texts as the one who summarized and simplified Samkhya theories of Pancasikha, many centuries later (roughly 4th or 5th century CE), in the form that was then translated into Chinese by [[Paramartha]] in the 6th century CE.&lt;ref name=geraldl/&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Samkhyakarika====<br /> {{Main|Samkhyakarika}}<br /> <br /> The earliest surviving authoritative text on classical Samkhya philosophy is the ''[[Samkhyakarika|Samkhya Karika]]'' (c. 200 CE{{sfn|Bagchi|1989}} or 350–450 CE&lt;ref name=&quot;King1&quot;/&gt;) of Īśvarakṛṣṇa.&lt;ref name=&quot;King1&quot;/&gt; There were probably other texts in early centuries CE, however none of them are available today.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Larson|1998|page=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iśvarakṛṣṇa in his ''Kārikā'' describes a succession of the disciples from Kapila, through ''Āsuri and ''Pañcaśikha to himself. The text also refers to an earlier work of Samkhya philosophy called Ṣaṣṭitantra (science of sixty topics) which is now lost.&lt;ref name=&quot;King1&quot;/&gt; The text was imported and translated into Chinese about the middle of the 6th century CE.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Larson|1998|pages=147–149}}&lt;/ref&gt; The records of [[Al Biruni]], the Persian visitor to India in the early 11th century, suggests Samkhyakarika was an established and definitive text in India in his times.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Larson|1998|pages=150–151}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ''Samkhyakarika'' includes distilled statements on epistemology, metaphysics and soteriology of the Samkhya school. For example, the fourth to sixth verses of the text states it epistemic premises,&lt;ref name=henrysamkhya/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Blockquote|Perception, inference and right affirmation are admitted to be threefold proof; for they (are by all acknowledged, and) comprise every mode of demonstration. It is from proof that belief of that which is to be proven results.<br /> <br /> Perception is ascertainment of particular objects. Inference, which is of three sorts, premises an argument, and deduces that which is argued by it. Right affirmation is true revelation (''Apta vacana'' and ''Sruti'', testimony of reliable source and the Vedas).<br /> <br /> Sensible objects become known by perception; but it is by inference or reasoning that acquaintance with things transcending the senses is obtained. A truth which is neither to be directly perceived, nor to be inferred from reasoning, is deduced from ''Apta vacana'' and ''Sruti''.<br /> |Samkhya Karika Verse 4–6|&lt;ref name=henrysamkhya&gt;[http://www.kouroo.info/kouroo/transclusions/18/37/1837_SankhyaKarikaHTColebrook.pdf Samkhyakarika of Iswara Krishna] Henry Colebrook (Translator), Oxford University Press, pages 18-27;&lt;br /&gt; Sanskrit Original [https://archive.org/stream/SamkhyaKarikaGaudapada/sankhya_karika_gaudapada#page/n0/mode/2up Samkhya karika with Gaudapada Bhasya], Ashubodh Vidyabushanam, Kozhikode, Kerala&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> <br /> The most popular commentary on the Samkhyakarika was the Gauḍapāda Bhāṣya attributed to [[Gaudapada|Gauḍapāda]], the proponent of [[Advaita Vedanta]] school of philosophy. Other important commentaries on the karika were ''Yuktidīpīka'' (c. 6th century CE) and [[Vachaspati Misra|''Vācaspati''’s]] ''Sāṁkhyatattvakaumudī'' (c. 10th century CE).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|King|1999|page=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Yuktidipika====<br /> Between 1938 and 1967, two previously unknown manuscript editions of ''Yuktidipika'' (ca. 600–700 CE) were discovered and published.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=9-11}} ''Yuktidipika'' is an ancient review by an unknown author and has emerged as the most important commentary on the ''[[Samkhyakarika]]'', itself an ancient key text of the Samkhya school.{{sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|Potter|2014|p=3-4}}{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=3-4}} This commentary as well as the reconstruction of pre-''karika'' epistemology and Samkhya emanation text (containing cosmology-ontology) from the earliest Puranas and ''Mokshadharma'' suggest that Samkhya as a technical philosophical system existed from about the last century BCE to the early centuries of the Common Era. ''Yuktidipika'' suggests that many more ancient scholars contributed to the origins of Samkhya in ancient India than were previously known and that Samkhya was a polemical philosophical system. However, almost nothing is preserved from the centuries when these ancient Samkhya scholars lived.{{sfn|Larson|2014|p=9-11}}<br /> <br /> ===Samkhya revival===<br /> <br /> The 13th century text ''[[Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha|Sarvadarsanasangraha]]'' contains 16 chapters, each devoted to a separate school of Indian philosophy. The 13th chapter in this book contains a description of the Samkhya philosophy.{{Sfn|Cowell|Gough|1882|p=22}}<br /> <br /> The ''[[Samkhyapravachana Sutra|Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra]]'' (c. 14th century CE) renewed interest in Samkhya in the medieval era. It is considered the second most important work of Samkhya after the karika.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Eliade|Trask|White|2009|page=370}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commentaries on this text were written by Anirruddha (''Sāṁkhyasūtravṛtti'', c. 15th century CE), Vijñānabhikṣu (''Sāṁkhyapravacanabhāṣya'', c. 16th century CE), Mahādeva (vṛttisāra, c. 17th century CE) and Nāgeśa (''Laghusāṁkhyasūtravṛtti'').&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Radhakrishnan|1923|pages=253–56}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his introduction, the commentator Vijnana Bhiksu stated that only a sixteenth part of the original Samkhya Sastra remained, and that the rest had been lost to time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Nandalal |title=The Samkhya Philosophy |date=1915 |publisher=Mushiram Manoharlal |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-215-1097-X |page=3 |edition=2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; While the commentary itself is no doubt medieval, the age of the underlying sutras is unknown and perhaps much older. According to [[Surendranath Dasgupta]], scholar of Indian philosophy, [[Charaka Samhita]], an ancient Indian medical treatise, also contains thoughts from an early Samkhya school.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Dasgupta|1922|pages=213–7}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Views on God ==<br /> {{Atheism sidebar}}<br /> <br /> Burley and Gopal suggest distinguishing between theistic and non-theistic streams of Samkhya traditions as &quot;seśvara ('with lord')&quot; and &quot;nirīśvara ('without lord')&quot; respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gopal |first=Lallanji |title=Retrieving Sāṁkhya history: an ascent from dawn to meridian |date=2000 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0143-3 |series=Contemporary researches in Hindu philosophy and religion |location=New Delhi |pages=301-317}}&lt;/ref&gt; Burley suggests that the Svetasvatara Upanishad is a paradigmatic example of seśvara Samkhya whereas the Samkhyakarika is a paradigmatic example of nirīśvara Samkhya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Daniel Sheridan suggests that a theistic form of Samkhya, older than the classical system, is found in the Upanishads. This form is also present in the Vaisnava Puranas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=Gopal K. |title=Māyā in the Bhāgavata Purāna: human suffering and divine play |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-885699-3 |series=Oxford theology and religion monographs |location=Oxford New York (N.Y.) |pages=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The oldest commentary on the [[Samkhyakarika]], the Yuktidīpikā, asserts the existence of God, stating:<br /> &quot;We do not completely reject the particular power of the Lord, since he assumes a majestic body and so forth. Our intended meaning is just that there is no being who is different from prakrti and purusa and who is the instigator of these two, as you claim. Therefore, your view is refuted. The conjunction between prakrti and purusa is not instigated by another being.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;andrew&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Chandradhar Sharma in 1960 affirmed that Samkhya in the beginning was based on the theistic absolute of Upanishads, but later on, under the influence of Jaina and Buddhist thought, it rejected theistic monism and was content with spiritualistic pluralism and atheistic realism. This also explains why some of the later Samkhya commentators, e.g. [[Vijnanabhiksu]] in the sixteenth century, tried to revive the earlier theism in Samkhya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Chandradhar Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3gQVd5WogsC |title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=2000 |isbn=978-81-208-0365-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|137}}<br /> <br /> A key difference between the Samkhya and Yoga schools, state scholars,&lt;ref name=&quot;lpfl&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Mikel Burley]] (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415648875}}, page 39, 41&lt;/ref&gt; is that the Yoga school accepts a 'personal, yet essentially inactive, deity' or 'personal god'.&lt;ref&gt;Kovoor T. Behanan (2002), Yoga: Its Scientific Basis, Dover, {{ISBN|978-0486417929}}, pages 56-58&lt;/ref&gt; However, Radhanath Phukan, in the introduction to his translation of the ''Samkhya Karika of Isvarakrsna'' has argued that commentators who see the unmanifested as non-conscious make the mistake of regarding Samkhya as atheistic, though Samkhya is equally as theistic as Yoga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Radhanath Phukan, ''Samkhya Karika of Isvarakrsna'' (Calcutta: Firma K. L. Mukhopadhyay, 1960), pp.36-40&lt;/ref&gt; A majority of modern academic scholars are of view that the concept of Ishvara was incorporated into the ''nirishvara'' (atheistic) Samkhya viewpoint only after it became associated with the [[Yoga]], the [[Pasupata]] and the [[Bhagavata]] schools of philosophy.{{Uncited|date=October 2025}} Others have traced the concept of the emergent Isvara accepted by Samkhya to as far back as the Rig Veda, where it was called Hiranyagarbha (the golden germ, golden egg).&lt;ref name=&quot;Larson&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Larson |first1=Gerald |title=Classical Samkhya |date=1969 |publisher=Motilal Banrsidass |isbn=81-208-0503-8 |edition=2005 |location=New Delhi |page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hariharananda Aranya&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Aranya |first1=Hariharananda |title=Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali With Bhasvati |date=1963 |publisher=Calcutta University Press |isbn=81-87594-00-4 |location=Calcutta |pages=676–685}}&lt;/ref&gt; This theistic Samkhya philosophy is described in the [[Mahabharata]], the [[Puranas]] and the [[Bhagavad Gita]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Karmarkar|1962|pages=90–1}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although the Samkhya school considers the [[Vedas]] a reliable source of knowledge, samkhya accepts the notion of higher selves or perfected beings but rejects the notion of God, according to [[Paul Deussen]] and other scholars,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Mike Burley (2012), Classical Samkhya and Yoga - An Indian Metaphysics of Experience, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415648875}}, page 39&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lpfl&quot;&gt;Lloyd Pflueger, Person Purity and Power in Yogasutra, in Theory and Practice of Yoga (Editor: Knut Jacobsen), Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120832329}}, pages 38-39&lt;/ref&gt; although other scholars believe that Samkhya is as much theistic as the [[Yoga]] school.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;andrew&quot; /&gt; <br /> <br /> According to [[Rajadhyaksha]], classical Samkhya argues against the existence of God on [[Metaphysics|metaphysical]] grounds. Samkhya theorists argue that an unchanging God cannot be the source of an ever-changing world and that God was only a necessary metaphysical assumption demanded by circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rajadhyaksha|1959|page=95}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A medieval commentary of Samkhyakarika such as ''{{IAST |Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra}}'' in verse no. 1.92 directly states that existence of &quot;Ishvara (God) is unproved&quot;. Hence there is no philosophical place for a creationist God in this system. It is also argued by commentators of this text that the existence of Ishvara cannot be proved and hence cannot be admitted to exist.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sinha&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Sinha|2012|pages=xiii-iv}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, later in the text, the commentator Vijnana Bhiksu clarified that the subject of dispute between the Samkhyas and others was the existence of an ''eternal'' Isvara. Samkhya did accept the concept of an ''emergent'' Isvara previously absorbed into ''Prakṛti''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nandalal Sinha&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Nandalal |title=The Samkhya Philosophy |date=1915 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-215-1097-X |page=332 |edition=2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> === Arguments against Ishvara's existence ===<br /> <br /> According to Sinha, the following arguments were given by Samkhya philosophers against the idea of an eternal, self-caused, creator God:&lt;ref name=&quot;Sinha&quot;/&gt;<br /> * If the existence of [[Karma (Hinduism)|karma]] is assumed, the proposition of God as a moral governor of the universe is unnecessary. For, if God enforces the consequences of actions then he can do so without karma. If however, he is assumed to be within the law of karma, then karma itself would be the giver of consequences and there would be no need of a God.<br /> * Even if karma is denied, God still cannot be the enforcer of consequences. Because the motives of an enforcer God would be either egoistic or altruistic. Now, God's motives cannot be assumed to be altruistic because an altruistic God would not create a world so full of suffering. If his motives are assumed to be egoistic, then God must be thought to have desire, as agency or authority cannot be established in the absence of desire. However, assuming that God has desire would contradict God's eternal freedom which necessitates no compulsion in actions. Moreover, desire, according to Samkhya, is an attribute of prakṛti and cannot be thought to grow in God. The testimony of the [[Vedas]], according to Samkhya, also confirms this notion.<br /> * Despite arguments to the contrary, if God is still assumed to contain unfulfilled desires, this would cause him to suffer pain and other similar human experiences. Such a worldly God would be no better than Samkhya's notion of higher self.<br /> * Furthermore, there is no proof of the existence of God. He is not the object of perception, there exists no general proposition that can prove him by inference and the testimony of the Vedas speak of prakṛti as the origin of the world, not God.<br /> Therefore, Samkhya maintained that the various cosmological, ontological and teleological arguments could not prove God.<br /> <br /> == Influence on other schools ==<br /> <br /> ===Vaisheshika and Nyaya===<br /> <br /> The [[Vaisheshika]] atomism, [[Nyaya]] epistemology may all have roots in the early Samkhya school of thought; but these schools likely developed in parallel with an evolving Samkhya tradition, as sibling intellectual movements.{{sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|Potter|2014|p=10-11}}<br /> <br /> === Yoga ===<br /> [[File:Siddhasana.svg|thumb|[[Yoga]] is closely related to Samkhya in its philosophical foundations.]]<br /> The Yoga school derives its [[ontology]] and [[epistemology]] from Samkhya and adds to it the concept of [[Isvara]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Larson|2008|page=33}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, scholarly opinion on the actual relationship between Yoga and Samkhya is divided. While [[Jakob Wilhelm Hauer]] and [[Georg Feuerstein]] believe that Yoga was a tradition common to many Indian schools and its association with Samkhya was artificially foisted upon it by commentators such as [[Vyasa]]. [[Johannes Bronkhorst]] and Eric Frauwallner think that Yoga never had a philosophical system separate from Samkhya. Bronkhorst further adds that the first mention of Yoga as a separate school of thought is no earlier than [[Adi Shankara|Śankara]]'s (c. 788–820 CE)&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Isayeva|1993|page=84}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brahmasūtrabhaśya.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Larson|2008|pages=30–32}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Tantra ===<br /> <br /> The dualistic metaphysics of various [[Tantra|Tantric]] traditions illustrates the strong influence of Samkhya on Tantra. [[Shaiva Siddhanta]] was identical to Samkhya in its philosophical approach, barring the addition of a transcendent theistic reality.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Flood|2006|page=69}}&lt;/ref&gt; Knut A. Jacobsen, Professor of Religious Studies, notes the influence of Samkhya on [[Srivaishnavism]]. According to him, this Tantric system borrows the abstract dualism of Samkhya and modifies it into a personified male–female dualism of [[Vishnu]] and [[Sri Lakshmi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Jacobsen|2008|pages=129–130}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dasgupta speculates that the Tantric image of a wild [[Kali]] standing on a slumbering [[Shiva]] was inspired from the Samkhyan conception of prakṛti as a dynamic agent and Purusha as a passive witness. However, Samkhya and Tantra differed in their view on liberation. While Tantra sought to unite the male and female ontological realities, Samkhya held a withdrawal of consciousness from matter as the ultimate goal.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Kripal|1998|pages=148–149}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> According to Bagchi, the Samkhya Karika (in karika 70) identifies Sāmkhya as a [[Tantra]],&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bagchi|1989|page=6}}&lt;/ref&gt; and its philosophy was one of the main influences both on the rise of the [[Tantra]]s as a body of literature, as well as Tantra [[sadhana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Bagchi|1989|page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Advaita Vedanta===<br /> <br /> The Advaita Vedanta philosopher [[Adi Shankara]] called ''Samkhya'' as the 'principal opponent' (''pradhana-malla'') of Vedanta. He criticized the ''Samkhya'' view that the cause of the universe is the unintelligent ''Prakṛti'' (''Pradhan''). According to Shankara, the Intelligent Brahman only can be such a cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma2000&quot; /&gt;{{rp|242–244}} Although ancient Samkhya philosophers claimed Vedic authority for their views,&lt;ref&gt;Gerald Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805033}}, page 213&lt;/ref&gt; Shankara considered dualism in the Samkhyakarika to be inconsistent with the Vedas.&lt;ref&gt;Gerald Larson (2011), Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120805033}}, pages 67-70&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[Advaita Vedanta]] of [[Adi Shankara]], a non-dualist strand within Hinduism<br /> * [[Darshana (Hinduism)|Darshanas]]<br /> * [[Khyativada]]<br /> * [[Ratha Kalpana]]<br /> * [[Subtle body]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{reflist|group=note|2}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> {{refbegin|40em}}<br /> &lt;!-- A --&gt;<br /> * {{cite book|last=Apte|first=Vaman Shivaram|title=The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary|year=1957|publisher=Prasad Prakashan|location=Poona}}<br /> &lt;!-- B --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last = Bagchi |first = P.C. |title = Evolution of the Tantras, ''Studies on the Tantras'' |publisher = Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |year = 1989 |location = Kolkata |isbn = 81-85843-36-8 }}<br /> * {{cite book|editor-last=Bhattacharyya|editor-first=Haridas| editor-link=Haridas Bhattacharya| title=The Cultural Heritage of India: Vol III: The Philosophies|year=1975|publisher=The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location=Calcutta}}<br /> * {{citation |last=Burley |first=Mikel |title=Classical Samkhya And Yoga: The Metaphysics Of Experience |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EtIm_TgCfdUC |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-415-39448-2}}<br /> &lt;!-- C --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Chapple | first =Christopher Key | year =2008 | title =Yoga and the Luminous: Patañjali's Spiritual Path to | publisher =SUNY Press}}<br /> * {{citation |last = Chattopadhyaya |first = Debiprasad | author-link=Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya |year = 1986 | title = Indian Philosophy: A Popular Introduction |publisher = People's Publishing House |location = New Delhi |isbn = 81-7007-023-6 }}<br /> * {{citation |last1=Cowell |first1=E. B. |last2=Gough |first2=A. E. |title=The Sarva-Darsana-Samgraha or Review of the Different Systems of Hindu Philosophy: Trubner's Oriental Series |volume=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xkrCRbOq-HUC |year=1882 |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |isbn=978-0-415-24517-3 }}<br /> &lt;!-- D --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last = Dasgupta |first = Surendranath | author-link=Surendranath Dasgupta |title = A history of Indian philosophy, Volume 1 |publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ |year = 1922 |location = New Delhi |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PoaMFmS1_lEC&amp;pg=PA258 |isbn = 978-81-208-0412-8 }}<br /> &lt;!-- E --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last1 = Eliade |first1 = Mircea | author-link=Mircea Eliade | last2 = Trask |first2 = Willard Ropes |last3 = White |first3 = David Gordon |title = Yoga: Immortality and Freedom |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V07l6gThaV0C&amp;pg=PA370 |year = 2009 |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 978-0-691-14203-6 }}<br /> &lt;!-- F --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last = Flood |first = Gavin |title = The Tantric Body: The Secret Tradition of Hindu Religion |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1Uer8W670IoC |year = 2006 |publisher = I.B.Tauris |isbn = 978-1-84511-011-6 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = Fowler |first = Jeaneane D |title=The Bhagavad Gita: A Text and Commentary for Students |year = 2012 |publisher = Sussex Academy Press |location = Eastbourne |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zU4E5ZidVr0C |isbn = 978-1-84519-520-5 }}<br /> &lt;!-- H --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last = Haney |first = William S. |title = Culture and Consciousness: Literature Regained |publisher = Bucknell University Press |year = 2002 |location = New Jersey |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=HEI6QwSxrjsC |isbn = 1611481724 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = Hiriyanna |first = M. |author-link= M. Hiriyanna |year = 1993 | title = Outlines of Indian Philosophy |publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ |location = New Delhi |isbn = 81-208-1099-6 }}<br /> &lt;!-- I --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last1 = Isaac |first1 = J. R. |last2 = Dangwal |first2 = Ritu |title = Proceedings. International conference on cognitive systems |publisher = Allied Publishers Ltd |year = 1997 |location = New Delhi |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=V9Z0dFN3DN0C&amp;q=Consciousness+matter+dualism+sankhya&amp;pg=PA339 |isbn = 81-7023-746-7 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = Isayeva |first = N. V. |title = Shankara and Indian Philosophy |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hshaWu0m1D4C |year = 1993 |publisher = SUNY Press |isbn = 978-0-7914-1281-7 }}<br /> &lt;!-- J --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last = Jacobsen |first = Knut A. |title = Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jPK2spNnwm4C |year = 2008 |publisher = Motilal Banarsidass |isbn = 978-81-208-3232-9 }}<br /> &lt;!-- K --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last = Karmarkar |first = A.P. |year = 1962 | title = Religion and Philosophy of Epics in S. Radhakrishnan ed. The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol.II |publisher = The Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture |location = Calcutta |isbn = 81-85843-03-1 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = King |first = Richard |title = Indian Philosophy: An Introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=uca8R72W8iQC&amp;pg=PA63 |year = 1999 |publisher = Edinburgh University Press |isbn = 978-0-7486-0954-3 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = Kripal |first = Jeffrey J. |author-link=Jeffrey J. Kripal |title = Kali's Child: The Mystical and the Erotic in the Life and Teachings of Ramakrishna |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZUnBqcyTA3kC |year = 1998 |publisher = University of Chicago Press |isbn = 978-0-226-45377-4 }}<br /> &lt;!-- L --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last = Larson |first = Gerald James |title = Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning |publisher = Motilal Banarasidass |year = 1998 |location = London |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih2aGLp4d1gC |isbn = 81-208-0503-8 }} [''first edition, 1968; second revised edition, 1979'']<br /> * {{citation |last = Larson |first = Gerald James |title = The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation |year = 2008 |publisher = Motilal Banarsidass |isbn = 978-81-208-3349-4 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC}}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Larson | first =G.J. | year =2014 | chapter =Introduction to the Philosophy of Samkhya | editor-last1 =Larson | editor-first1 =G.J. | editor-last2 =Bhattacharya | editor-first2 =R.S. | title =The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4 | publisher =Princeton University Press | isbn =978-0691604411}}<br /> * {{Citation | last1 =Larson | first1 =G.J. | last2 =Bhattacharya | first2 =R.S. | last3 =Potter | first3 =K. | year =2014 | title =The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4 | publisher =Princeton University Press | isbn =978-0691604411}}<br /> * {{citation |last = Leaman |first = Oliver |title = Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings |publisher = Routledge |year = 2000 |location = New Delhi |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=x3mZOf8iLQ0C |isbn = 0-415-17357-4 }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Lusthaus |first =Dan | year =2018 | title =Samkhya | publisher =acmuller.net, Resources for East Asian Language and Thought, Musashino University}}<br /> &lt;!-- M --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last = Michaels |first = Axel |title = Hinduism: Past and Present |year = 2004 |publisher = Princeton University Press |location = Princeton, New Jersey |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PD-flQMc1ocC |isbn = 0-691-08953-1 }}<br /> &lt;!-- O --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Osto | first =Douglas | title =No-Self in Sāṃkhya: A Comparative Look at Classical Sāṃkhya and Theravāda Buddhism | journal =Philosophy East and West |volume=68 |issue=1 |date=January 2018 | pages =201–222 | doi =10.1353/pew.2018.0010 | s2cid =171859396 | url =https://muse.jhu.edu/article/682202| url-access =subscription }}<br /> &lt;!-- R --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last1 = Radhakrishnan |first1 = Sarvepalli |last2 = Moore |first2 = C. A. |author-link = Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |year = 1957 | title = [[Radhakrishnan#Works by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|A Source Book in Indian Philosophy]] |publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] |location = Princeton, New Jersey |isbn = 0-691-01958-4 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = Radhakrishnan |first = Sarvepalli |title = [[The Principal Upanishads (book)|The principal Upaniṣads]]| year = 1953 |publisher = [[Prometheus Books]] |location = Amherst, New York |isbn = 978-1-57392-548-8 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = Radhakrishnan |first = Sarvepalli |title = [[Radhakrishnan#Works by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Indian Philosophy]], Vol. II |year = 1923 |publisher = Oxford University Press |location = New Delhi |isbn = 0-19-563820-4 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = Rajadhyaksha |first = N. D. |title = The six systems of Indian philosophy |year = 1959 |location = Bombay (Mumbai) |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ihkRAQAAIAAJ |oclc = 11323515 }}<br /> * {{Citation | last =Ruzsa | first = Ferenc | year =2006 | title =Sāṅkhya (Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy) | url =http://www.iep.utm.edu/sankhya/}}<br /> &lt;!-- S --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last = Sen Gupta |first = Anima |year = 1986 | title = The Evolution of the Samkhya School of Thought |publisher = South Asia Books |location = New Delhi | isbn = 81-215-0019-2 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = Sharma |first = C. |year = 1997 | title = A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy |publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publ |location = New Delhi |url = https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&amp;d=6077639 |isbn = 81-208-0365-5 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = Singh |first = Upinder | author-link = Upinder Singh |title = A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&amp;pg=PA185 |year = 2008 |publisher = Pearson Education India |isbn = 978-81-317-1120-0 }}<br /> * {{citation |last = Sinha |first = Nandlal |year = 2012 | title = The Samkhya Philosophy |publisher = Hard Press |location = New Delhi |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6l-CtwAACAAJ&amp;q=The+samkhya+philosophy+by+Nandlal+Sinha |isbn = 978-1407698915 }}<br /> &lt;!-- W --&gt;<br /> * {{citation |last=Warder |first=Anthony Kennedy |year=2009 |title=A Course in Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-8120812444}}<br /> &lt;!-- Z --&gt;<br /> * {{Citation | last =Zimmer | first =Heinrich | author-link=Heinrich Zimmer | year =1951 | title =Philosophies of India (reprint 1989) | publisher =Princeton University Press}}<br /> <br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{cite book |author=Mikel Burley |author-link=Mikel Burley |title=Classical Samkhya and Yoga: An Indian Metaphysics of Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K3B9AgAAQBAJ|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-15978-9}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Jeaneane D. Fowler|title=Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8dRZ4E-qgz8C&amp;pg=PA160|year=2002|publisher=Sussex Academic Press|isbn=978-1-898723-93-6|chapter=Chapter Six: '''Samkhya'''}}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Michel Hulin |author-link=Michel Hulin |title=Sāṃkhya Literature |date=1978 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=978-3447018999}}<br /> * {{cite book | author=Gerald James Larson |author-link=Gerald James Larson |title=Classical Sāṃkhya: An Interpretation of Its History and Meaning|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ih2aGLp4d1gC |year=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0503-3}} [''first edition, 1968; second revised edition, 1979'']<br /> * {{cite book |author=Max Müller | author-link= Max Müller |year = 1919 | title = Six Systems of Indian Philosophy | publisher = Longmans Green And Co | url=https://archive.org/stream/sixsystemsofindi005498mbp#page/n7/mode/2up }}<br /> * {{cite book |author=Jens Lauschke | author-link= Jens Lauschke |year = 2023 | title = SAMKHYA YOGA: An Interpretation of Iswara Krishna's Samkhya Karika | publisher = Taxila Publications |isbn=978-3948459604}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * Ferenc Ruzsa, {{cite IEP |url-id=sankhya |title=Samkhya}}<br /> * Dan Lusthaus, [http://www.acmuller.net/yogacara/schools/samkhya.html Samkhya]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210120231013/https://faculty.franklin.uga.edu/kirkland/sites/faculty.franklin.uga.edu.kirkland/files/YOGA.pdf Samkhya and Yoga: An Introduction], Russell Kirkland, University of Georgia<br /> * [http://ksuweb.kennesaw.edu/~djones/documents/Samkhya.pdf PDF file of Ishwarkrishna's Sankhyakarika], in English<br /> * [http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/xhome.htm Bibliography of scholarly works: see &amp;#91;S&amp;#93; for Samkhya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613053819/http://faculty.washington.edu/kpotter/xhome.htm |date=13 June 2021 }} by Karl Potter, University of Washington<br /> * [https://ochs.org.uk/lectures/ Lectures on Samkhya], The Oxford Centre for Hindu Studies, Oxford University<br /> <br /> *[https://yinyoga.com/yinsights/purusha-prakriti/ Samkhya philosophy on Purusha and Prakriti]<br /> <br /> {{Hindudharma}}<br /> {{Indian Philosophy}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Samkhya| ]]<br /> [[Category:Āstika]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu philosophical concepts]]<br /> [[Category:Schools and traditions in ancient Indian philosophy]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Filmfare_Critics_Award_for_Best_Actress_%E2%80%93_Malayalam&diff=499100 2026-02-24T08:42:33Z

<p>BeckyK8455: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian annual film award}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox award<br /> | name = Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam<br /> | awarded_for = Best performance by an actress in Malayalam films<br /> | presenter = ''[[Filmfare]]''<br /> | country = India<br /> | year = [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]<br /> | holder = [[Zarin Shihab]] for ''[[Aattam]]'' ([[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]])<br /> | website = <br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam''' is given by ''[[Filmfare]]'' as part of its annual [[Filmfare Awards South]] for Malayalam films. The award is given by a jury of selected critics. <br /> <br /> ==Winners==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3%; text-align:center;&quot;| Year<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15%;text-align:center;&quot;| Actress<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15%;text-align:center;&quot;| Role<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:15%;text-align:center;&quot;| Film<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3%;text-align:center;&quot;|{{Refh}}<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[63rd Filmfare Awards South|2015]]<br /> | [[Amala Paul]]<br /> | Mili Nair<br /> | ''[[Mili (2015 film)|Mili]]''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160702102328/http://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html |archive-date=2 July 2016 |access-date=14 May 2018 |website=filmfare.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[64th Filmfare Awards South|2016]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#F5A9A9&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | ''No Award''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=Winners of the 64th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416113129/https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-64th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-21594.html |archive-date=16 April 2018 |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[65th Filmfare Awards South|2017]]<br /> | [[Manju Warrier]]<br /> | Sujatha Krishnan<br /> | ''[[Udaharanam Sujatha]]''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=16 June 2018 |title=Winners of the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28887-2.html |access-date=9 December 2018 |work=Filmfare}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[66th Filmfare Awards South|2018]]<br /> | [[Nimisha Sajayan]]<br /> | Aishwarya Gopal<br /> | ''[[Eeda]]''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |archive-date=22 December 2019 |access-date=22 December 2019 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[67th Filmfare Awards South|2020–2021]]<br /> |[[Kani Kusruti]]<br /> |Khadeeja<br /> |''[[Biriyaani]]''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 full winners list Telugu: 'Pushpa' bags 7 titles, Sai Pallavi wins Black Lady for 'Love Story'; 'Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo' shines |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024012859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/67th-parle-filmfare-awards-south-2022-full-winners-list-telugu-pushpa-bags-7-titles-sai-pallavi-wins-black-lady-for-love-story-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo-shines/articleshow/94747276.cms |archive-date=24 October 2022 |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[68th Filmfare Awards South|2022]]<br /> |[[Revathi]]<br /> |Asha<br /> |''[[Bhoothakaalam]]''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Winners of the 68th Filmfare Awards South (Malayalam) 2023 {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-68th-filmfare-awards-south-malayalam-2023_-67192.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[69th Filmfare Awards South|2023]]<br /> | [[Jyothika]]<br /> | Omana Philip Mathew<br /> | ''[[Kaathal – The Core]]''<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;|&lt;ref&gt;https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-telugu-2024_-67634.html&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |[[70th Filmfare Awards South|2024]]<br /> |[[Zarin Shihab]]<br /> |Anjali<br /> |''[[Aattam]]''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=22 February 2026 |title=Full List of Winners of The 70th Filmfare Awards South With Kerala Tourism (Malayalam) |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/full-list-of-winners-of-the-70th-filmfare-awards-south-with-kerala-tourism-malayalam-81914.html |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor – Malayalam]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam}}<br /> {{Filmfare Awards South|state=expanded}}<br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress - Malayalam}}<br /> [[Category:2015 establishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Awards established in 2015]]<br /> [[Category:Awards for actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards South (Malayalam)]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karimganj_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=450073 2026-02-22T00:56:16Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Updated article with clearer structure</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Assam}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Karimganj &lt;Br&gt;{{Small|AS-7}}<br /> | type = LS<br /> | constituency_no = 7<br /> | map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Assam/Karimganj.map}}<br /> | map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency<br /> | established = 1952<br /> | mp = [[Kripanath Mallah]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> | latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> | preceded_by = [[Radheshyam Biswas]]<br /> | state = [[Assam]]<br /> | division = [[Barak Valley]]<br /> | district = *[[Karimganj district|Sribhumi]]<br /> *[[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]]<br /> | assembly_cons = 6<br /> | electors = 14,14,520<br /> | reservation = None<br /> | incumbent_image = Mallah in Feb 2026.jpg<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in north-eastern [[India]], covering [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] and [[Hailakandi district|Hailakandi]] districts in the [[Barak Valley]].<br /> <br /> ==Assembly segments==<br /> Karimganj Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf<br /> |title=List of Parliamentary &amp; Assembly Constituencies<br /> |access-date=2008-10-05<br /> |work=Assam<br /> |publisher=Election Commission of India<br /> |url-status=dead<br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504181808/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S03/AS_ACPC.pdf<br /> |archive-date=2006-05-04<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ===Current assembly segments===<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !width=&quot;50px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|Constituency number<br /> !width=&quot;150px&quot;|Name<br /> !width=&quot;100px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot;|Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)<br /> !District<br /> !width=&quot;150px&quot;|Party<br /> !width=&quot;150px&quot;|MLA<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |2024 Lead<br /> |-<br /> |121<br /> |[[Hailakandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hailakandi]]<br /> |Rowspan=5|None<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Hailakandi District|Hailakandi]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |122<br /> |[[Algapur–Katlicherra Assembly constituency|Algapur–Katlicherra]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |-<br /> |123<br /> |[[Karimganj North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimganj North]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Karimganj District|Karimganj]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |124<br /> |[[Karimganj South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimganj South]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |-<br /> |125<br /> |[[Patharkandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patharkandi]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |126<br /> |[[Ram Krishna Nagar Assembly constituency|Ram Krishna Nagar]]<br /> |SC<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |style=&quot;background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}&quot; |<br /> |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ===Previous assembly segments===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; <br /> ! width=&quot;50px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Constituency number<br /> ! width=&quot;200px&quot; |Name<br /> ! width=&quot;100px&quot; style=&quot;font-size:75%&quot; |Reserved for ([[Dalit|SC]]/[[Adivasi|ST]]/None)<br /> ! width=&quot;150px&quot; |District<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot;|MLA<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |[[Ratabari (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ratabari]] <br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Karimganj District|Karimganj]]<br /> | SC<br /> |{{party name with color|BJP|rowspan=2}}<br /> |[[Bijoy Malakar]]<br /> |-<br /> |2 <br /> |[[Patharkandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Patharkandi]]<br /> | None<br /> |[[Krishnendu Paul]]<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |[[Karimganj North (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimganj North]]<br /> | None<br /> |{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |[[Kamalakhya Dey Purkayastha]]<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |[[Karimganj South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Karimganj South]]<br /> | None<br /> |[[Siddique Ahmed (Indian politician)|Siddique Ahmed]]<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |[[Badarpur (Assam Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Badarpur]]<br /> | None<br /> |{{party name with color|All India United Democratic Front|rowspan=4}}<br /> |[[Abdul Aziz (Indian politician)|Abdul Aziz]]<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |[[Hailakandi (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hailakandi]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Hailakandi District|Hailakandi]]<br /> | None<br /> |[[Zakir Hussain Laskar]]<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |[[Katlicherra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Katlicherra]]<br /> | None<br /> |[[Suzam Uddin Laskar]]<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |[[Algapur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Algapur]]<br /> | None<br /> |[[Nizam Uddin Choudhury]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Members of Parliament ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Winner<br /> ! colspan=2|Party<br /> |-<br /> |[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |[[Nihar Ranjan Laskar]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br /> |[[Sudarsan Das]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Dwarka Nath Das]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Nepal Chandra Das]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Lalit Mohan Suklabaidya]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br /> |[[Radheshyam Biswas]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Kripanath Mallah]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br /> <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===General Elections 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Karimganj]]}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= [[Kripanath Mallah]]<br /> |party= Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |votes= 545,093<br /> |percentage= 47.49<br /> |change= <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= Hafiz Rashid Ahmed Choudhury<br /> |party= Indian National Congress <br /> |votes= 526,733<br /> |percentage= 45.89<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= Sahabul Islam Choudhury<br /> |party= All India United Democratic Front <br /> |votes= 29,205<br /> |percentage= 2.54<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |candidate= None Of The Above<br /> |party= NOTA<br /> |votes= 2,940<br /> |percentage= 0.25<br /> |change=<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority|<br /> |votes = 18,360<br /> |percentage = 1.60<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout|<br /> |votes = 1,147,607<br /> |percentage = 81.13<br /> |change =<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> ||winner = Bharatiya Janata Party <br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> === General Elections 2019===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Karimganj]]}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Kripanath Mallah]]|votes=473,046|percentage=44.62|change=+15.22}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=[[Radheshyam Biswas]]|votes=434,657|percentage=41.00|change=+0.09}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Swarup Das|votes=120,452|percentage=11.36|change=-14.18}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=6,555|percentage=0.62|change=+0.14}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box majority||votes=38,389|percentage=3.62|change=-7.89}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=1,061,160|percentage=79.18|change=+3.11}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |loser = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |swing = +3.71<br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.elections.in/assam/parliamentary-constituencies/karimganj.html Lok Sabha election 2019 results Karimganj]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===General elections 2014===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Karimganj]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=[[Radheshyam Biswas]]|votes=362,866|percentage=40.91|change=+4.17}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Krishna Das (politician)|Krishna Das]]|votes=260,772|percentage=29.40|change=+7.67}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Lalit Mohan Suklabaidya]]|votes=226,562|percentage=25.54|change=-12.35}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=4,266|percentage=0.48|change=---}}<br /> <br /> {{Election box majority||votes=102,094|percentage=11.51|change=+10.36}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=887,782|percentage=76.14|change=}}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link<br /> | |winner = All India United Democratic Front<br /> |loser = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> &lt;ref&gt;''The Sentinel''. ''[http://www.sentinelassam.com/cachar/story.php?sec=2&amp;subsec=12&amp;id=187083&amp;dtP=2014-03-28&amp;ppr=1 16 candidates file nomination in Karimganj] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924100520/http://www.sentinelassam.com/cachar/story.php?sec=2&amp;subsec=12&amp;id=187083&amp;dtP=2014-03-28&amp;ppr=1 |date=2015-09-24 }}''&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===General elections 2009===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Karimganj]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Lalit Mohan Suklabaidya]]|votes=259,717|percentage=37.89 |change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India United Democratic Front|candidate=Rajesh Mallah|votes=251,797|percentage=36.73|change=}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Sudhangshu Das|votes=148,945|percentage=21.73|change=}}<br /> {{Election box majority||votes=7,920|percentage=1.16|change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout||votes=685,420|percentage=64.13|change=}}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===General elections 2004===<br /> {{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Karimganj (Lok Sabha Constituency)|Karimganj]]}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|<br /> |party = Indian National Congress<br /> |candidate = [[Lalit Mohan Suklabaidya]]<br /> |votes = 321,059<br /> |percentage = 47.81<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | |party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br /> |candidate = [[Parimal Suklabaidya]]<br /> |votes = 229,111<br /> |percentage = 34.12<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link<br /> | |party = Asom Gana Parishad<br /> |candidate = [[Nepal Chandra Das]]<br /> |votes = 106,546<br /> |percentage = 15.87<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box majority<br /> | |votes = 91,948<br /> |percentage = 13.69<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box turnout<br /> | |votes = 671,491<br /> |percentage = 68.91<br /> |change = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link<br /> | |winner = Indian National Congress<br /> |swing = <br /> }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Karimganj district]]<br /> * [[2019 Indian general election in Assam]]<br /> * [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/assam/karimganj/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_dates.html Karimganj lok sabha constituency election 2019 date and schedule]<br /> <br /> {{Lok Sabha constituencies of Assam}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|24.9|92.4|display=title}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Karimganj (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}<br /> [[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Karimganj district]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achanum_Makanum&diff=450226 2026-02-18T17:15:39Z

<p>BeckyK8455: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Unreliable sources|date=August 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Achanum Makanum<br /> | image = Achanum Makanum.jpg<br /> | caption =<br /> | director = [[Vimalkumar]]<br /> | producer =<br /> | writer = [[Jagathy N. K. Achary]]<br /> | screenplay = Jagathy N. K. Achari<br /> | music = [[Vimalkumar]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|1957|04|26|df=y}}<br /> | cinematography = Vasudev Karnataki<br /> | editing = A. Appu<br /> | studio = Padma Pictures<br /> | distributor =<br /> | starring = [[Prem Nazir]]&lt;br&gt; [[Kumari Thankam]]<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Malayalam<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Achanum Makanum''''' is a 1957 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language film, directed by Vimalkumar.&lt;ref name=&quot;malayalachalachithram&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=65|title=Achanum Makanum (1957)|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com|accessdate=2014-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Prem Nazir]] and [[Kumari Thankam]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.malayalamcinema.com/synopsis_achanum-makanum.htm |title=Achanum makanum Malayalam movie, Achanum makanum Moivie stills, Achanum makanum Photo Gallery |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024132616/http://www.malayalamcinema.com/synopsis_achanum-makanum.htm |archive-date=24 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film had musical score by V. Dakshinamoorthy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/MovieStills/Achanum%20Makanum-3992-1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=21 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017160902/http://www.metromatinee.com/MovieStills/Achanum%20Makanum-3992-1 |archive-date=17 October 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the first movie of actor [[Jagathy Sreekumar]].<br /> <br /> '''CAST'''<br /> <br /> [[Prem Nazir|Prem nazir]] as Premchand<br /> * [[Sathyan (Malayalam actor)|Sathyan]] as Reghu<br /> * [[Bahadoor]] as Arjunan<br /> * [[K. V. Shanthi]] as Shrikala<br /> * [[Kumari Thankam]] as Sarasu<br /> * [[S. P. Pillai]] as Forest Officer<br /> * [[T. S. Muthaiah]] as Premchand<br /> * [[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Constable Velu Pilla<br /> * [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Vikraman (Child Artist)<br /> * Gopi as Neelan Kandan<br /> * [[B. S. Saroja]] as Kamalam<br /> * Kunjikkuttan as Muthalali<br /> * [[Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair]] as Shankaracharu<br /> * Abraham Joseph as Vikraman<br /> * Kuttan Pillai as Adv. Mohan Kumar<br /> * [[Muthukulam Raghavan Pillai]] as Adv. Manoharam Pilla<br /> * Anayara M. P. as Uttharavu Kaimal<br /> * [[Kalaikkal Kumaran]] as Raman<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The film's soundtrack contains 11 songs, all composed by Vimalkumar and Lyrics by Thirunalloor Karunakaran, [[Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair]], and [[P. Bhaskaran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Achanum Makanum|url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?3691|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-27|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515021848/http://en.msidb.org/m.php?3691 |archive-date=15 May 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=അച്ഛനും മകനും|url=https://m3db.com/film/3232|publisher=മലയാളം മൂവി&amp;മ്യൂസിക് ഡാറ്റാബേസ്|accessdate=2021-07-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics<br /> |-<br /> |1<br /> |&quot;Aamalarkkaavil&quot;<br /> |[[A. M. Rajah]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]]<br /> |Thirunalloor Karunakaran<br /> |-<br /> |2<br /> |&quot;Ashathan Poonkavil&quot;<br /> |<br /> |Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair<br /> |-<br /> |3<br /> |&quot;Katte Nee Veesharuthippol&quot;<br /> |Shyamala<br /> |Thirunalloor Karunakaran<br /> |-<br /> |4<br /> |&quot;Kannin Karalumaay Thanne&quot;<br /> |<br /> |Thirunalloor Karunakaran<br /> |-<br /> |5<br /> |&quot;Karalithende&quot;<br /> |<br /> |Thirunalloor Karunakaran<br /> |-<br /> |6<br /> |&quot;Kettille Ningal Vishesham&quot;<br /> |<br /> |Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair<br /> |-<br /> |7<br /> |&quot;Njanoru Mulla&quot;<br /> |K. Rani<br /> |Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair<br /> |-<br /> |8<br /> |&quot;Poomala Vittodiyirangiya&quot;<br /> |A. M. Rajah, [[Jikki]], Chorus<br /> |P. Bhaskaran<br /> |-<br /> |9<br /> |&quot;Poonchela Chuttiyilla&quot;<br /> |Stella Varghese<br /> |P. Bhaskaran<br /> |-<br /> |10<br /> |&quot;Thaare Vaa&quot;<br /> |[[Santha P. Nair]]<br /> |Thirunainar Kurichi Madhavan Nair<br /> |-<br /> |11<br /> |&quot;Vellaambal&quot;<br /> |A. M. Rajah<br /> |Thirunalloor Karunakaran<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0252909}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1957 films]]<br /> [[Category:1950s Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Vimalkumar]]<br /> [[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1950s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sahebganj&diff=447729 2026-02-12T10:40:03Z

<p>BeckyK8455: </p> <hr /> <div>{{other uses|Sahebganj (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=November 2020}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Bharatpedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Sahibganj<br /> | official_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br /> | photo1a = Hills of rajmahal.jpg<br /> | photo1b = Launch rajmahal.jpg<br /> | photo2a = Moti jharna jharkhand.jpeg<br /> | photo2b = Rajmahal3.jpg<br /> }}<br /> | image_caption = From top left:- Rajmahal Hills, [[Sahebganj Multi-Modal Port|Sahebganj Port]], [[Moti Jharna]] and Rajmahal Forest<br /> | nickname = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = left<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25.25|N|87.65|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Government banner of Jharkhand.png}} [[Jharkhand]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Sahibganj district|Sahibganj]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = 4.25<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 16<br /> | population_total = 111,954<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages(*For language details see [[Sahibganj (community development block)#Language and religion]])<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Khortha language|khortha]], [[Bengali language|bengali]], [[Santali language|Santali]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 816109<br /> | area_code = 06436<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | registration_plate = JH-18<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = 952 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]<br /> | website = {{URL|sahibganj.nic.in}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Sahebganj''', originally named Kajrotia (also known as '''Sahibganj''') is a scenic town and a port city in the Sahibganj subdivision of the [[Sahebganj district]] of [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]]. It serves as headquarters for [[Sahibganj District]], Sahibganj subdivision and [[Sahibganj (community development block)]]. It is located on the north-east of Jharkhand and situated on the banks of Ganges. 17th May is the Foundation Day of the District, when Rajmahal and Pakur subdivisions of old Santal Pargana district were carved out to form Sahibganj district.<br /> <br /> ==Etymology==<br /> Sahibganj means a place (ganj) of masters (sahebs or sahibs). The place is likely to have been given its name because a number of English and other European people lived and worked in and around the railway station during the [[British Raj]].{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> <br /> === Early and Medieval Period ===<br /> The history of Sahibganj town centers mainly on the history of Rajmahal and [[Teliagarhi|Teliagarhi Fort]]. There is evidence that the area is inhabited since [[time immemorial]] only by Malers (Mal Paharia). They were the early settlers of the territory of Rajmahal hills, who still reside in some areas of the same hills. They are considered to be the &quot;Malli&quot; mentioned in the notes of [[Megasthenes]], Greek Ambassador of Selukus Nikater, who happened to be in the vicinity of the Rajmahal hills in 302 BC. Till the visit of Chinese traveller [[Hiuen Tsang]] in 645 AD, the history of this area was wrapped in obscurity, This is why the people here like to travel, including names like Abhinav Vlog and Nomad Swaraj. In his travelogue, the pilgrim mentions the Fort of Teliagarhi (on the present rail route, near Mirzachauki Railway Station), seeing the lofty bricks and stone tower not far from the Ganges. Information is gathered through the pages of history that it was a Buddhist Vihar.{{Citation needed|date=February 2018}} A continuous history of the district is extant from the 13th century when Teliagarhi became the main gateway of Muslim armies marching to and from Bengal. During the Sultanate rule in Delhi, [[Bakhtiar Khilji]] marched towards Bengal and Assam through the Teliagrahi pass. He captured Bengal, and its king, Lakshaman Sena, fled to [[Cooch Behar]] (in West Bengal). In 1538, Sher Shah Suri and Humayun came face to face for a decisive battle near Teliagarhi. On 12 July 1576, the battle of Rajmahal was fought and the foundation of Mughal rule in Bengal was laid. It was Man Singh, the most trusted general of Akbar, who in his capacity as Viceroy of Bengal and Bihar, made Rajmahal the capital of Bengal in 1592. But this honour of Rajmahal was short-lived, for the capital was shifted to [[Dhaka]] in 1608. Shortly after this, Teliagarhi and Rajmahal became the site of a fierce battle between the rebellious Prince Shahjahan and Ibrahim Khan. Shahjahan emerged victorious and became the overlord of Bengal for a time, before finally being defeated in 1624 at [[Allahabad]]. In 1639, Rajmahal regained its glory and was once more made the capital of Bengal by Shah Shuja, the second son of Emperor Shahjahan, on his appointment as the Viceroy of Bengal. It continued as the seat of the Mughal Viceroy up to 1660 and a mint town till 1661. It was at Rajmahal that Dr. Gabriel Boughten cured the daughter of Shah Shuja. By this means Dr. Boughten succeeded in securing an order (farman) from Shah Shuja giving the English the liberty to trade in Bengal. Thus the minutest foundation of the British rule was laid here. The fugitive Nawab of Bengal Siraj-ud- Daula was captured at Rajmahal during his flight after the Battle of Plassey in 1757.<br /> <br /> === Modern Period ===<br /> The entire Santal Pargana along with portions of the present Hazaribagh, Munger, Jamui, Lakhisarai, Begusarai, Saharsa, a part of Purnia and Bhagalpur, districts was termed as &quot;Jungle Terai&quot; by the English on assumption of Diwani in Sept. 1763 from [[Shah Alam II]] at Allahabad after the [[Treaty of Allahabad|Allahabad Treaty]]. The victory at Plassey made British master of the then Bengal which contained the present Sahibganj District. In Santal Pargana, they were up against a band of simple but determined opponents, the Paharias. Paharias were lovers of freedom and could not tolerate any intruder in their homeland. The English were very much concerned and [[Warren Hastings]] the Governor General of India organized a special corps of 800 men in 1772 to curb the Paharias. The corps was put under the command of Captain Brooke, who was appointed the Military Governor of the Jungle terai. As a direct consequence of the Santal Hul or Rebellion of 1854–55 led by Sido and Kanu brothers Santal Pargana has been created as a separate district in 1855 by ceding portions of Bhagalpur (which is now in Bihar) and Birbhum (which is now in West Bengal) district. The 1942 movement also spread to entire Santal Pargana division, for that matter in Sahibganj and on 11 August 1942 a general strike was observed. On 12 August 1942 a procession was taken out at Godda and soon the entire district was aflame. Thus the district of Santal Pargana marched hand-in-hand with other parts of the State in the protracted struggle for country's freedom which resulted on 15 August 1947 in the end of slavery.<br /> <br /> === Post independence ===<br /> Government considered the Paharias and other tribals of Rajmahal hills as demographically underdeveloped section of society and embarked on policies and plans for their emancipation. Government's efforts in the past could not bring the desired results and the district continued to remain relatively backward. The Jharkhand Movement for separate statehood thus gained momentum and on 15 November 2000, a separate state named as Jharkhand came into existence comprising the 18 districts of the Chota Nagpur and Santal Pargana divisions.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> === Population ===<br /> {{Historical population<br /> | source = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title=District Census Handbook Sahibganj, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work=Section II Town Directory, Statement I: Status and Growth History, Pages 896-897 |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date=23 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | 1901 | 7558<br /> | 1911 | 14783<br /> | 1921 | 11880<br /> | 1931 | 15883<br /> | 1941 | 20742<br /> | 1951 | 25669<br /> | 1961 | 31409<br /> | 1971 | 35640<br /> | 1981 | 45154<br /> | 1991 | 49257<br /> | 2001 | 80154<br /> | 2011 | 88214<br /> }}<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Sahibganj town<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=right<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hindus]]|Orange|81.54}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Muslims]]|Green|16.64}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christians]]|Blue|1.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|Others|Grey|0.75}}<br /> }}<br /> According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Sahibganj had a total population of 88,214, of which 46,449 (53%) were males and 41,675 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 12,262. The total number of literate persons in Sahibganj was 75,952 (79.21% of the population over 6 years).&lt;ref name=&quot;census2011&quot; /&gt;<br /> ===Languages===<br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |thumb = right<br /> |caption = Languages spoken in Sahibganj Town (2011)&lt;ref&gt;[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |label1= [[Hindi language| Hindi]]<br /> |value1= 45.39<br /> |color1 green<br /> |label2= [[Bhojpuri language| Bhojpuri]]<br /> |value2 = 17.36<br /> |color2 =red<br /> |label3 = [[Urdu language | Urdu]]<br /> |value3 =15.18<br /> |color3 =blue <br /> |label4 = [[Bengali language| Bengali]]<br /> |value4 = 2.78<br /> |color4 =brown <br /> |label5 = [[ Khortha language | Khortha]]<br /> |value5 = 2.58<br /> |color5 =pink <br /> |label6 = [[ Santali language| Santali ]]<br /> |value6 = 1.40<br /> |color6 =Black <br /> |label7= Others <br /> |value7=15.29<br /> |color7 = white <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Geography ==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=400| height=460| zoom=9<br /> | coord={{coord|24|51|0|N|87|33|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Sahibganj, Godda and Pakur districts in Santhal Pargana Division'''&lt;br/&gt;M: municipality, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical/ religious/ tourist centre&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|25|5|15|N|87|28|20|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Bara Boarijore | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bara Boarijore]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|24|40|41|N|87|10|19|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Poraiyahat| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Poraiyahat]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|24|59|41|N|87|12|7|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Basantrai| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Basantrai, Godda]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|25|9|2|N|87|19|20|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Belbadda| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Belbadda]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|25|12|52|N|87|23|28|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Dhamri| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Dhamri]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|25|5|50|N|87|14|0|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Hanwara| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Hanwara]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|25|3|45|N|87|22|0|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Lalmatia| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Lalmatia, Godda]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|25|11|40|N|87|22|17|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Mehrma| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Mehrma]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|24|49|46|N|87|7|50|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Motia| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Motia]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|25|4|30|N|87|14|20|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Parsa| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Parsa, Godda]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|24|56|44|N|87|16|37|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Pathargama| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Pathargama, Godda]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|24|55|10|N|87|20|50|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Rajabhita| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Rajabhita]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|24|45|18|N|87|21|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Sunderpahari| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Sunderpahari, Godda]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|24|44|48|N|87|49|34|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kotalpokhar| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kotalpokhar]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|25|8|37|N|87|29|55|E}} | label-pos15=top|label15= Mandro|labela15=Damin Bazar| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Mandro Damin Bazar]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|25|14|40|N|87|29|48|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16= Mirzachauki| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Mirzachauki]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|24|50|0|N|87|45|41|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Pathna| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Pathna, Sahibganj]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|24|52|46|N|87|52|45|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Radhanagar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Radhanagar, Sahibganj]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|24|50|50|N|87|41|16|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Ranga| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Ranga, Sahibganj]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|25|6|13|N|87|43|59|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Taljhari| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Taljhari, Sahibganj]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|24|57|30|N|87|51|22|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Udhwa| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Udhwa]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|24|32|0|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos22=right|label22= Amrapara| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Amrapara]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|24|42|45|N|87|42|17|E}} | label-pos23=right|label23= Hiranpur| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Hiranpur]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|24|41|41|N|87|37|1|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Litipara| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Litipara]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|24|29|40|N|87|45|42|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Maheshpur| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Maheshpur, Pakur]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|24|20|15|N|87|38|50|E}} | label-pos26= right|label26= Pakuria| numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Pakuria]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|24|32|14|N|87|30|17|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Panchuara| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Panchuara]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|24|50|10|N|87|13|12|E}} | label-pos28=top|label28=Godda| numbered28=M| mark-title28= [[Godda]] (M) |label-size28=12 |label-color28=#800000<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|25|3|0|N|87|50|24|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29=Rajmahal| numbered29=M| mark-title29= [[Rajmahal]] (M) |label-size29=12 |label-color29=#800000<br /> |mark-coord30={{coord|25|15|10|N|87|39|0|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Sahebganj| numbered30=M| mark-title30= Sahebganj (M) |shape-color30=black| label-size30=13|label-color30=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord31={{coord|24|37|30|N|87|51|0|E}} | label-pos31=bottom|label31=Pakur| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Pakur]] (M) |label-size31=12 |label-color31=#800000<br /> |mark-coord32={{coord|24|52|26|N|87|35|33|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32= Bhognadih| numbered32=H| mark-title32=[[Bhognadih]] (H) | shape-color32=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord33={{coord|25|15|39|N|87|32|18|E}} | label-pos33=top|label33= Teliagarhi| numbered33=H| mark-title33=[[Teliagarhi]] (H) | shape-color33=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord34={{coord|25|11|25|N|87|43|34|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34= Moti Jharna| numbered34=H| mark-title34=[[Moti Jharna]] (H) | shape-color34=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord35={{coord|25|14|50|N|87|42|55|E}} | label-pos35=right|label35= Sakrigali| numbered35=H| mark-title35=[[Sakrigali]] (H) | shape-color35=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord36={{coord|25|3|10|N|87|20|20|E}} | label-pos36=left|label36=Rajmahal coalfield |numbered36=0 | mark-title36=[[Rajmahal coalfield]] (A)| label-size36=12| shape-color36=#AA6666<br /> |mark-coord37={{coord|25|1|10|N|87|18|50|E}}| label-pos37=bottom|label37=Mahagama| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Mahagama]] (CT) |shape-color3= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord38={{coord|24|48|21|N|87|19|27|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Sarauni| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Sarauni]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord39={{coord|24|51|10|N|87|46|37|E}}| label-pos39=top|label39=Barharwa| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Barharwa]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord40={{coord|24|54|30|N|87|37|20|E}}| label-pos40=right|label40=Berhait Bazar| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Berhait Bazar]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord41={{coord|24|54|50|N|87|35|40|E}}| label-pos41=top|label41=Berhait Santali| numbered41=CT| mark-title41= [[Berhait Santali]] (CT) |shape-color41= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord42={{coord|25|2|5|N|87|35|55|E}}| label-pos42=top|label42=Borio| numbered42=CT| mark-title42= [[Borio, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color42= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord43={{coord|24|57|20|N|87|49|20|E}}| label-pos43=left|label43=Patra| numbered43=CT| mark-title43= [[Patra, Sahibganj]] (CT) |shape-color43= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord44={{coord|25|0|0|N|87|44|26|E}}| label-pos44=left|label44=Tin Pahar| numbered44=CT| mark-title44= [[Tin Pahar]] (CT) |shape-color44= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord45={{coord|24|55|45|N|87|50|32|E}}| label-pos45=left|label45=Kumarpur| numbered45=CT| mark-title45= [[Kumarpur]] (CT) |shape-color45= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord46={{coord|24|38|40|N|87|53|15|E}}| label-pos46=left|label46=Raghunandanpur| numbered46=CT| mark-title46= [[Raghunandanpur]] (CT) |shape-color46= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord47={{coord|24|40|13|N|87|51|5|E}}| label-pos47=left|label47=Sagarmpur| numbered47=CT| mark-title47= [[Sagarmpur]] (CT) |shape-color47= #A40000<br /> |mark-coord48={{coord|25|15|30|N|87|43|0|E}} |label48= Ganges| label-color48 = #77A1CB| label-angle48=0| label-pos48=top| label-size48=10| mark-size48=0| mark-title48 =none<br /> |mark-coord49={{coord|24|38|38|N|87|18|29|E}} | label-pos49=left|label49= Dewdanr| numbered49=R| mark-title49=[[Dewdanr]] (R)<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|24|20|0|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textA= RAJMAHAL HILLS| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-101| arc-gapA=2.7| arc-radiusA=1.15<br /> |arc-coordB={{coord|25|18|0|N|87|15|0|E}}|arc-textB= BIHAR| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-40| arc-gapB=7.5| arc-radiusB=0.35<br /> |arc-coordC={{coord|25|20|50|N|87|53|40|E}}|arc-textC= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorC=hard grey| arc-angleC=40| arc-gapC=5.0| arc-radiusC=0.4}}<br /> <br /> ===Geology===<br /> Plant Fossil bearing Inter-trappean beds of Rajmahal Formation in this district has been declared the [[List of National Geological Monuments in India|National Geological Monuments of India]] by the [[Geological Survey of India]] (GSI), for their protection, maintenance, promotion and enhancement of [[geotourism]].&lt;ref name=gsi1&gt;[http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=127,529542&amp;_dad=portal&amp;_schema=PORTAL National Geological Monument, from Geological Survey of India website]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gsi2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=137573|title=Geo-Heritage Sites|date=2016-03-09|website=pib.nic.in|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=2018-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=gsi3&gt;[http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf national geo-heritage of India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111120428/http://naturalheritage.intach.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Geoheritage-Monograph.pdf |date=11 January 2017 }}, [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage|INTACH]]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Location===<br /> Sahebganj is located at {{Coord|25.25|N|87.65|E|}}.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/38/Sahibganj.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Sahibganj]&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of 16&amp;nbsp;metres (52&amp;nbsp;feet).<br /> <br /> Sahibganj has an area of {{convert|4.25|km2}}.&lt;ref name=census2011&gt;{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District Primary Census Abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 23 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Overview===<br /> The map shows a hilly area with the [[Rajmahal hills]] running from the bank of the [[Ganges]] in the extreme north to south, beyond the area covered by the map into Dumka district. ‘Farakka’ is marked on the map and that is where [[Farakka Barrage]] is, just inside West Bengal. [[Rajmahal coalfield]] is shown in the map. The entire area is overwhelmingly rural with only small pockets of urbanisation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chapter I: General |year = 1965|publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | access-date = 5 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The full screen map is interesting. All places marked on the map are linked and you can easily move on to another page of your choice. Enlarge the map to see what else is there – one gets railway links, many more road links and so on.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Infrastructure==<br /> According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Sahibganj'', Sahibganj covered an area of 4.25&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. Among the civic amenities, it had 155&amp;nbsp;km roads with both open and closed drains, the protected water supply involved uncovered well, hand pump. It had 13,130 domestic electric connections, 600 road light points. Among the medical facilities, it had 2 hospitals, 10 dispensaries, 10 health centres, 1 family welfare centre, 1 maternity and child welfare centre, 1 maternity home, 1 TB hospital/ clinic, 1 nursing home, 2 charitable hospital/ nursing homes, 1 veterinary hospital, 50 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 42 primary schools, 24 middle school, 6 secondary schools, 2 senior secondary schools, 1 general degree college, 2 recognised shorthand typewriting and vocational training institutions, 1 non-formal education centre, 2 special schools for disabled. Among the social recreational and cultural facilities, it had 1 working women’s hostel, 1 stadium, 6 auditorium/ community halls, 2 public libraries, 2 reading rooms. Important items it produced were bidi, curds, pickles, sweets, bamboo items. It had the branch offices of 9 nationalised banks, 1 cooperative bank, 2 agricultural credit societies, 5 non-agricultural credit societies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf | title = District Census Handbook Sahibganj, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Pages 896-902| publisher = Directorate of census Operations, Jharkhand |access-date = 23 November 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> [[Sahibganj]] Junction railway station is situated on the [[Sahibganj Loop]] of [[Eastern Railway Zone (India)|Eastern Railway]].&lt;ref&gt;Indian Railways timetable for Eastern Zone&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Government of India is building a bridge across the river Ganges which will connect [[Sahibganj]] to [[Manihari]] in [[Bihar]]. This bridge will connect [[Jharkhand]] and [[South India]] to North Eastern India and will reduce transportation costs of essential minerals.<br /> <br /> A [[Sahebganj Multi-Model Port|multi modal transport hub]] combining rail, road and water is also being built here as part of the government's effort to develop [[National Waterway 1]], i.e. the Gangetic stretch between Haldia to Allahabad.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|30em}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050207020856/http://sahibganj.nic.in/welcome.htm Sahebganj District Administration]<br /> * [http://www.sahibganj.nic.in History of Sahibganj]<br /> * [[Rai Bahadur]]<br /> <br /> {{Santhal Parganas Division}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Sahibganj district]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Medical_college&diff=464324 2026-02-12T00:37:48Z

<p>BeckyK8455: minor fix references after review additionally</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Medical school]]<br /> {{Rcat shell|<br /> {{R from alternative name}}<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Natasha_Doshi&diff=520765 2026-02-08T18:04:27Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Creating a entry w/ refs</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actress and model}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Natasha Doshi Shah &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.instagram.com/natashadoshi?igsh=M213MGl6OGJjbW85 |title=Natasha Doshi Shah |website=Instagram |access-date=2024-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | image = Natasha Doshi (cropped).jpg<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]<br /> | spouse = &lt;!--Manan Shah --&gt;<br /> <br /> | occupation = Actress, Model, Dentist &lt;ref name=&quot;Deccan Chronicle&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/060817/coming-back-stronger.html |title=Coming back stronger |date=6 August 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=16 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | yearsactive = 2012–2020<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Natasha Doshi Shah''' is an Indian actress and model who appears in Malayalam and Telugu films. She made her debut in 2012 with ''[[Manthrikan]]'', directed by [[Anil Kumar]].<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Born in Mumbai, Doshi began acting in childhood and is also a trained classical dancer.<br /> .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://movies.indialivetoday.com/2017/09/05/n-balakrishnas-next-venture-include-malayalam-actress-natasha-doshi |title=N Balakrishna's next venture to include bhojpuri actress Natasha Doshi - India Live Today Movies |date=5 September 2017 |website=indialivetoday.com |accessdate=16 October 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017093525/http://movies.indialivetoday.com/2017/09/05/n-balakrishnas-next-venture-include-malayalam-actress-natasha-doshi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; She was awarded Miss Talented in Miss Kerala 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/Thampy-sweeps-awards-at-Miss-Kerala-contest/article16121948.ece |title=Thampy sweeps awards at Miss Kerala contest |date=6 August 2010 |accessdate=16 October 2017 |work=The Hindu}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> Her first appearance in film was in a documentary horror-comedy film called ''[[Manthrikan]]''. In the same year, she played Gowri in a Malayalam film ''[[Hide N' Seek (2012 film)|Hide N' Seek]]'', loosely based on a South Korean romantic drama film [[3-Iron]]. Although the films did not do well commercially, she was signed up for ''Call me @'', a Malayalam film directed by Francis Thannikal&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Natashas-on-a-signing-spree/articleshow/18367233.cms |title=Natasha's on a signing spree - Times of India |website=The Times of India |date=10 January 2017 |accessdate=16 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and, later on, in ''Cappuccino'', directed by Naushad, a Malayalam romantic comedy where she performs the lead role of Janaki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Deccan Chronicle&quot;/&gt; Doshi gained further recognition &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/balakrishnas-heroine-in-jai-simha-is-killing-it-on-instagram/articleshow/67486191.cms |title=Balakrishna's heroine in 'Jai Simha' is killing it on Instagram |date=11 January 2019 |website=The Times of India |accessdate=11 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; for her casting by veteran director [[K. S. Ravikumar]] for his Telugu action drama film ''[[Jai Simha]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/050917/natasha-doshi-in-balakrishnas-next.html |title=Natasha Doshi in Balakrishna's next |date=5 September 2017 |website=Deccan Chronicle |access-date=16 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; where she performed along with [[Nayanthara]] and [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/thrilled-to-be-part-of-balakrishna-s-project-natasha-doshi-117082900537_1.html?q=thrilled+to+be+part+of+balakrishna+s+project+natasha+doshi |title=Thrilled to be part of Balakrishna's project: Natasha Doshi |last=IANS |date=29 August 2017 |accessdate=16 October 2017 |work=Business Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://cinemathagaval.com/surprising-natasha-doshi-is-nayantharas-daughter |title=SURPRISING!!! Natasha Doshi is Nayanthara's Daughter - Cinema Thagaval |last=CinemaThagaval |date=19 September 2017 |website=cinemathagaval.com |accessdate=16 October 2017 |archive-date=17 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017042120/https://cinemathagaval.com/surprising-natasha-doshi-is-nayantharas-daughter |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year<br /> ! Film <br /> ! Role <br /> ! Language<br /> ! Notes<br /> ! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2012<br /> | ''[[Manthrikan]]'' <br /> | Dia <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Malayalam]]<br /> |[[Malayalam]] debut<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hide N' Seek (2012 film)|Hide N' Seek]]'' <br /> | Gowri<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2014<br /> | ''Call Me @''<br /> | Priyamvada<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2017<br /> | ''Cappuccino''<br /> | Janaki<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018<br /> |''[[Jai Simha]]''<br /> |Dhanya<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Telugu (language)|Telugu]]<br /> |[[Telugu language|Telugu]] debut<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''Kothala Rayudu''<br /> | Dhanalakshmi<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | 2020<br /> |''[[Entha Manchivaadavuraa]]''<br /> | Special appearance in ''Jaataro Jaatar'' song<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;!--- See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] on how to create references using tags which will then appear here automatically --&gt;<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> &lt;!-- Use the format: * [http://www.example.com/ example.com] --&gt;<br /> *[https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/natasha/11229 BookMyShow.com]<br /> *[http://cinetrooth.in/2016/03/18/natasha-doshi-actress-profile-and-biography/ Cinetrooth.in]<br /> *[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm7478294/?ref_=tt_cl_t8 IMDb.com]<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Doshi, Natasha}}<br /> &lt;!--- Categories ---&gt;<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayaprakash_(actor)&diff=505961 2026-02-04T21:02:52Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Created Some Stub Initial Version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor and producer (born 1962)}}<br /> {{distinguish|V. Jayaprakash}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Jayaprakash<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1962|06|14}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Sirkazhi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India<br /> | occupation = Film actor, film producer<br /> | spouse = Zenith<br /> | children = 2<br /> | yearsactive = 2007–present<br /> | works = [[Jayaprakash filmography|Full list]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''V. Jayaprakash''' is an Indian actor and producer who works in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He ventured into film business in the early 2000s as a producer, making several films under his banner GJ Cinema and later turned actor, with [[Cheran (director)|Cheran's]] 2007 film, ''[[Mayakannadi]]''. Subsequently, performing a variety of supporting roles, he found more success as a [[character actor]], with his most notable performances in ''[[Pasanga]]'' (2009), ''[[Naadodigal]]'' (2009), ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'' (2010), ''[[Yuddham Sei]]'' (2011), ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011), ''[[Moodar Koodam]]'' (2013) and ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' (2014).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/23545.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917084507/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/gallery/events/23545.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 September 2010 |title=Events – Most Wanted – Jayaprakash |website=IndiaGlitz |date=15 September 2010 |access-date=3 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> Jayaprakash hails from [[Sirkazhi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Before entering the film industry, he had worked in various fields such as dairy farming, petrol business, transport and billiards parlour.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=15 February 2014 |author=Subha J. Rao |title=Actor by chance |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/actor-by-chance/article5693186.ece}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He started acting aged 45.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu.com&quot;/&gt; His first film was ''[[Mayakannadi]]'' in 2007, following which he received more acting assignments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Im-enjoying-acting-Jayaprakash/articleshow/7701252.cms|title=I'm enjoying acting: Jayaprakash|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; His role as the village school teacher, Chokkalingam, in Company Production's critically acclaimed ''[[Pasanga]]'' is considered his breakthrough performance, for which he received accolades and several awards.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneindia1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Super Admin |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/tamil/exclusive/2009/jayaprakash-producer-artiste-270509.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218081003/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/tamil/exclusive/2009/jayaprakash-producer-artiste-270509.html |url-status=live |archive-date=18 February 2013 |title=Jayaprakash: Producer turns leading artiste! |publisher=Oneindia |date=27 May 2009 |access-date=3 May 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Apart from ''Pasanga'', he played notable supporting roles in other commercially successful ventures such as ''[[Naadodigal]]'', ''[[Vamsam]]'', ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (2010 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]'', ''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' and ''[[Yudham Sei]]'' and ''[[Mankatha]]''. He also appeared in [[Pandiraj]]'s ''[[Marina (2012 film)|Marina]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70990.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924190853/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/70990.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 September 2011 |title=Pandiraj's next is 'Marina' – Breaking News – Tamil Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date=15 September 2011 |access-date=3 May 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made his Telugu debut with ''[[Karthikeya (film)|Karthikeya]]'' (2014) and appeared in several Telugu films such as ''[[Sarrainodu]]'' (2016) and ''[[Waltair Veerayya]]'' (2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/karthikeya.html|title=Karthikeya jeevi review|last=jeevi|date=24 October 2014|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=19 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-sarrainodu-movie-review-allu-arjun-packs-a-punch-in-an-insipid-story-2205057|title='Sarrainodu' review: Allu Arjun packs a punch in an insipid story|last=Srinivasan|first=Latha|date=22 April 2016|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|access-date=19 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/waltairveerayya.html|title=Waltair Veerayya jeevi review|last=jeevi|date=13 January 2023|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|access-date=19 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Producer===<br /> As a producer he has produced several films like ''[[Chellamae]]'', ''[[April Maadhathil]]'', ''[[Thavasi]]'' and many more under his GJ Cinema banner.&lt;ref name=&quot;oneindia1&quot;/&gt; He hasn't starred in any of the film that he had produced.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu1&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article1471604.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Nikhil | last=Raghavan | title=Itsy Bitsy | date=19 February 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Before starting GJ Cinema banner he produced films like ''[[Porkaalam]]'' and ''Gopala Gopala'' with M. Kajamaideen under Roja Combines. Both GJ cinema and Roja Combines have been closed down for long time.<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Jayaprakash married to Zenith and has two sons, Niranjan and Dushyanth, who turned actors with the 2010 [[M. Sasikumar]] film ''[[Eesan]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;thehindu1&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> {{main|Jayaprakash filmography}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=1957308}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Jayaprakash}}<br /> [[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Film producers from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil film producers]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br /> [[Category:1962 births]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mayiladuthurai district]]<br /> [[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arun_Krushnaji_Kamble&diff=474889 2026-01-29T01:42:01Z

<p>BeckyK8455: add page additionally and corrected details to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Arun Krushnaji Kamble<br /> | image = Arun Kamble 3.JPG<br /> | caption = Arun Kamble<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date |df=yes|1953|03|14}}<br /> | birth_place = Kargani, Athpadi, [[Sangli]], Maharashtra, India<br /> | death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|2009|12|20}} (aged 56)<br /> | death_place = [[Hyderabad]], India<br /> | years_active = <br /> | known_for = [[Dalit|Dalit rights movement]] &lt;br /&gt;<br /> [[Dalit Buddhist movement]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Dalit Panthers|Dalit Panther Of India]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Ambedkarism]]<br /> | notable_works = Cultural struggle in Ramayana &lt;br /&gt; Janata &lt;br /&gt; Conversion of Dr. B.R.Ambedkar &lt;br /&gt; Epoch Maker Ambedkar<br /> | party = [[Dalit Panther]], [[Janata Dal]]<br /> | children = Aparant Kamble &lt;br /&gt; Ashutosh Kamble<br /> | mother = [[Shantabai Kamble]]<br /> | website = {{URL|http://arunkamble.com/}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Arun Krushnaji Kamble''' (14 March 1953 – 20 December 2009) was an Indian [[Marathi language]] writer, professor, Politician, and [[Dalit]] activist.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnaindia.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-dalit-activist-arun-kamble-may-have-drowned-1325782|title=Dalit activist Arun Kamble may have drowned|date=21 December 2009|website=dna}}&lt;/ref&gt; Arun Kamble, President and one of the founding members of [[Dalit Panthers of India]], worked as a Head of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] department at [[University of Mumbai]]. He was the National General Secretary of [[Janata Dal]]. He took many major decisions in favour of [[Dalit]], [[Backward Class]] and [[Minorities]].<br /> <br /> ==Introduction==<br /> [[File:Prof.Arun Kamble in early age.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Kamble in early age]]<br /> Kamble formed [[Dalit Panthers|Dalit Panther of India]] as a social organisation alongside [[Namdeo Dhasal]] and [[Raja Dhale]] in 1976. Later Kamble became the National General Secretary of [[Janata Dal]] and worked with former Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]]. He [[Namantar Andolan|demanded the renaming]] of [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University|Marathwada University]] to &quot;Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar University&quot;. Kamble, a writer, poet and editor, authored many books such as ''Cultural Struggle in [[Ramayana]]'', ''Conversion of [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]'', ''Cheevar'', ''Vaad-Samvad'', ''Yug-Pravartak Ambedkar'', ''Chalvaliche Diwas'', and ''Tarkateerth Ek Vadato-Vyaghyat''. He was awarded with many accolades such as &quot;The Prabuddha Ratna Puraskar&quot;, Life Time Achievement International Award. Some of his works have been translated into English, German, French, Gujarati, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam, Urdu (Dalit Awaaz) and Hindi (Suraj ke Vansh-dhar).{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> ==Biography==<br /> <br /> ===Early days===<br /> [[File:Arun Kamble 2.JPG|thumb|left|Arun Kamble and [[Savita Ambedkar|Maisaheb Ambedkar]] in Dalit Panther days.]]<br /> Kamble was born on 14 March 1953, in [[Mahar]] [[Dalit]] family of village-Kargani, [[Atpadi]] near [[Sangli]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} He was a follower of Dr. [[B. R. Ambedkar]] as Dr. Ambedkar was an inspiration to him. His mother and father both were School Headmaster in [[Sangli]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} His mother [[Shantabai Kamble]] and father Krushnaji Kamble have written autobiographies called ''[[Majya Jalmachi Chittarkatha]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nabindia.org/docs/talking_books_marathi_list.doc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045627/http://www.nabindia.org/docs/talking_books_marathi_list.doc|url-status=usurped|title=Majhya Jalmachi Chitra Katha(TYBA) Shantabai K. Kamble|archive-date=19 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Mi Krushna'' respectively. His father was a well known personality in Kargani district.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> ===Education===<br /> His school days were in Athapadi and Dighanchi at [[Sangli]]. He completed B.A. (honors) from [[Sangli|Willingdon College]], [[Fergusson College|Deccan Education Society]], [[Sangli]] in 1974. Later he earned his M.A. from [[The Buddha and His Dhamma|Siddhartha College]] in 1976 with distinction in &quot;Shodhnibandh ani Shodhnibandhachi Lekhan Paddhati&quot;. His major interests were [[Dalit literature]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar|Ambedkarite Movement]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> ===Academic career===<br /> [[File:Prof. Arun Kamble discussing some issues with Former Prime minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|right|Prof. Arun Kamble in discussion with Former Prime minister [[Indira Gandhi|Mrs. Indira Gandhi]]]]<br /> <br /> He joined Dr. Ambedkar College of Commerce and Economics, [[Wadala]], [[Mumbai]] in 1976 as a lecturer of Marathi (1976–1985). Later he joined Kirti College, Dadar (W), Mumbai (1985–1989). In 1990 he joined the [[University of Mumbai]] as a &quot;Reader&quot;. Until his death he was a PhD Guide in Marathi Department and also was Head of Phule, [[Chattrapati Shahu|Shahu]] Chair in [[University of Mumbai]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> ==Political and Social career==<br /> Kamble was the National President and one of the founding members of [[Dalit Panther]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiarightsonline.com/Sabrang/dalit.nsf/38b852a8345861dd65256a980059289d/57323d360c9724cde5256d500034a9b8/$FILE/ced05023.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025218/http://www.indiarightsonline.com/Sabrang/dalit.nsf/38b852a8345861dd65256a980059289d/57323d360c9724cde5256d500034a9b8/%24FILE/ced05023.pdf|url-status=dead|title=violent turn to marathwada stir 7 dec 1979|archive-date=13 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was also the National General Secretary of [[Janata Dal]], a member of the [[Janata Dal|National Election Committee]] – Janata Dal (Parliamentary Board), and in charge of Election Committee of Bihar State. He successfully led the [[Namantar Andolan]] of [[Marathwada University]] as a president of [[Dalit Panther]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> When the dispute arose on the book ''[[Riddles in Hinduism]]'' (Appendix, Riddles of Ram &amp; Krishna) authored by Dr. Ambedkar, Kamble led an intellectual fight and a march with Ten Lakh people (January 1987) and the provision for reservation to [[Buddhist]], [[Backward class]], and [[minorities]] with Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]]. He got promises and assurance to implement the [[Mandal Commission]]; Second Backward class Commission,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kCwpXZlKqL0C&amp;pg=PA79|title=Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction of an Indian Identity|last=Omvedt|first=Gail|date=1 February 2019|publisher=Orient Blackswan|page=79|via=Google Books|isbn=9788125028956}}&lt;/ref&gt; with an immediate effect (1989).{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> [[File:Arun Kamble 4.JPG|thumb|left|Professor Arun Kamble in conversation with former Prime Minister V.P. Singh.&lt;br /&gt;This picture was taken during the World Conference on Buddha, Phule, Ambedkar's Literature at Kalyan (Maharashtra).]]<br /> <br /> Kamble resigned from [[Janata Dal]] on the issue of Dalit president of India. He led a march as a President of Dalit Panther during an Assembly Session at [[Nagpur]] on the issue of publishing Dr. Ambedkar's complete body of literature (1979). He later worked as a member of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Charitra Sadhane Publication which was borne by a march.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> Kamble worked as an editor for the book ''Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings &amp; Speeches''. Maharashtra Government declared a decision to omit a part from the Appendix (Riddles in Hinduism, 'Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches' Volume 4). For this issue he left the editor's committee and filed a lawsuit in the High Court against the Maharashtra Government.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> He inaugurated 'Manusmruti Cremation Conference' at [[Karur]] by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Dravida Kazhagam]], founded by [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]] (1983). He also inaugurated and led a march to protest against the outrageous behavior on Dalit community at [[Hyderabad|Karamchedu]] (1987). He led Samajik Nyay Jyoti (Social Justice Flame) with [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] from [[Hyderabad|Chundur]] to New Delhi (1992). He was the Chief Guest at 'All India Dalit Writer's Conference' (October 1987) and worked as a convener of the 'All India Dalit Writer's Association. He inaugurated a Social Gathering of Dalit Literature at Bangalore (1986) and gave a speech at the conference of the [[Mandal Commission|Namantar-Mandal]] (1984). He inaugurated the 9th Marathi Conference at [[Badoda]] (1995) and gave a speech at the All India Dalit Liberation conference (6 December 1987). He undertook an editorial work for the periodicals ''Ambedkar Bharat'', ''Shoonya'', and ''Sangharsh''.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> ===Committee undertakings===<br /> Kamble worked as a member of [[Indian Police Service|National Police Commission]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://police.pondicherry.gov.in/Police%20Commission%20reports/8th%20Police%20Commission%20report.pdf|title=Eighth Report National Police Commission – Contents Appendices|access-date=21 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816051615/http://police.pondicherry.gov.in/Police%20Commission%20reports/8th%20Police%20Commission%20report.pdf|archive-date=16 August 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and as a committee member for the advisory board of Special Department for Scheduled Caste &amp; Scheduled Tribes at the [[University of Mumbai]]. He was a president of 3rd All India Conference on Dr. Ambedkar's Literature at [[Wardha]] and also a president at the World Conference on Buddha, Phule, and Ambedkar Literature at [[Kalyan]] ( 23–25 March 2002).{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> <br /> ==Major works==<br /> <br /> ===Poetical works===<br /> *&quot;Arun Krushnaji Kamble&quot; (1983) Awarded Best Poetry Collection by [[Marathi language|Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad]].<br /> *&quot;Mudra&quot;<br /> <br /> ===Prose works===<br /> <br /> *&quot;Ramayanatil Samskrutik Sangharsh&quot;- (''Cultural Struggle in Ramayana'')<br /> *Ramayanatil Samskruti Sangharsh by Prof. Arun Kamble<br /> *&quot;Ramayanma Samskrutik Sangharsh&quot;- Published by Subhash Palekar on 6 December 1993.<br /> *&quot;Janata Patratil Lekh&quot;(''Janata''Dr.B.R.Ambedkar, Edited by Arun Kamble − 7 appendices and 47 pages preface) Published by [[University of Mumbai]] and [[Publication|Popular Publication]], 1993.<br /> *&quot;Cheevar&quot;-(Essays on Literature and Culture), Ashay Publication, 1995.<br /> *&quot;Yug Pravartak Ambedkar&quot;-(Epoch Making Ambedkar) Ashay Publication, 1995.<br /> *&quot;Chalvache Diwas&quot;- (Reminisances of the Agitations), Ashay Publication, 1995.<br /> *&quot;Vad Samvad&quot;-(Debate and Dialog) an Intellectual Prose, Pratima Publication – 1996, Pune.<br /> *&quot;Dharmantarachi Bheemgarjana&quot; Conversion of Dr. B.R.Ambedkar) – Pratima Publication – 1996, Pune.<br /> *&quot;Marathi Intellectual Prose&quot;, Edited by Arun Kamble and other, Text prepared for B.A. (University of Mumbai), Pratima Publication, 2003.<br /> *&quot;Tarkateerth Laxmanshastri Joshi—Ek Vadatovyaghyat&quot;, Critical writing on Laxmanshastri Joshi, Ambedkar Bharat Publication, 1987.<br /> <br /> ===Translations===<br /> *&quot;Priya Adarker&quot; translated a selection of his poems into English under the title ''Arun Kamble: Arun Krushnaji Kamble, Poems''.&lt;ref name=Adarker&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKy28jPKZhEC|title=Poisoned Bread: Translations from Modern Marathi Dalit Literature|first=Arjuna|last=Ḍāṅgaḷe|date=1 February 1992|publisher=Orient Longman|via=Google Books|isbn=9780863112546}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Page needed|date=February 2019}}<br /> *&quot;Modern Indian Poetry&quot; Published by&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnGgAAAAMAAJ|title=Modern Indian poetry|first=Pritish|last=Nandy|date=1 February 1974|publisher=Arnold-Heinemann Publishers (India)|isbn=9780435990190|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Page needed|date=February 2019}} [[Pritish Nandy]].<br /> *&quot;[https://www.flipkart.com/anthology-dalit-literature-poems/p/itmdytfg3gag9uh8?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIzI7QwNnR3wIVhh0rCh0gdwDyEAQYASABEgIpvfD_BwE&amp;pid=9788121204194&amp;lid=LSTBOK9788121204194ZNGLFS&amp;marketplace=FLIPKART&amp;tgi=sem,1,G,11214002,g,search,,291072750917,1o1,,,m,,mobile,,,,,&amp;ef_id=EAIaIQobChMIzI7QwNnR3wIVhh0rCh0gdwDyEAQYASABEgIpvfD_BwE:G:s&amp;s_kwcid=AL!739!3!291072750917!!!g!295092701166! An Anthology of Dalit Literature]&quot;, Edited by Eleanor Zelliot and [[Mulk Raj Anand]].<br /> *Poems published on the cover page, Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Journals of [[University of Michigan|Michigan University]], USA 1978 &amp; 1998.<br /> *&quot;Some Aspects of Half Social Justice, Krishna Aiyar<br /> *From &quot;[Untouchable to Dalit&quot;, Eleanor Zelliot ([[Carleton College]], USA), Manohar 2005.<br /> *&quot;Poisoned Bread&quot; Edited by Arjun Dangle, Orient Longman and Co. 1992.<br /> <br /> [[File:Kamble Family tree diagram 2.JPG|600px|centre]]<br /> <br /> ==Speeches==<br /> * Speech at Panvel.<br /> * Speech at Pandharpur<br /> * Speech at Amaravati<br /> * Speech at Parbhani<br /> * Documentary on Dalits (Mumbai's Way: Il buddismo negli slum. Visita a Daharawi con il Dr. Arun Kamble).<br /> <br /> ==Death==<br /> Kamble was found dead in a lake at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. News of his suspected death in a mysterious manner came as a major shock to his friends in socio-political circles.&lt;ref name=&quot;dnaindia.com&quot;/&gt; Kamble had gone to Hyderabad on 13 December 2009 to take part in an international seminar at Birla Scientific Institute in Saifabad and went missing the next day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=6e60c1f2-eedc-46e2-9721-d1d61deff180&amp;CATEGORYNAME=NATL |title=Kamble did not commit suicide, says sister |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708143249/http://news.chennaionline.com/newsitem.aspx?NEWSID=6e60c1f2-eedc-46e2-9721-d1d61deff180&amp;CATEGORYNAME=NATL |archive-date=8 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Arun Krushnaji Kamble}}<br /> * [https://www.facebook.com/Professor-Arun-Kamble-Fan-Page-217017945010697/ (official website)]<br /> <br /> {{Leaders of Janata Dal}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kamble, Arun Krushnaji}}<br /> [[Category:1953 births]]<br /> [[Category:2009 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:Dalit activists]]<br /> [[Category:Dalit writers]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br /> [[Category:Navayana Buddhists]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian Buddhists]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ajay_Raj&diff=485105 2026-01-28T04:03:52Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Entry</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actor, choreographer}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Ajay Raj<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = &lt;!-- must be widely reported by multiple reliable sources to verify --&gt;<br /> | birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1982|002|21|df=y}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/choreographer/ajay-raaj|title = Ajay Raj}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = &lt;!-- must cite published reliable source(s) to verify birth place --&gt;<br /> | occupation = {{Hlist | Actor | choreographer}}<br /> | years_active = 1998–present<br /> }}<br /> '''Ajay Raj''' is an Indian actor and choreographer who appears in [[Tamil language]] films. While working as a dance choreographer, Ajay made his acting debut with [[Agathiyan]]'s ''[[Selvam (2005 film)|Selvam]]'' (2005), before appearing in ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007) and has since appeared regularly in films associated with director [[Venkat Prabhu]] and his team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Ready-for-the-occasion/article15398276.ece|title=Ready for the occasion|author=|date=11 April 2008|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/vaibav-reddy-villain-in-jai-mirchi-siva-vijaylakshmi-venkat-prabhu-chennai-600028-2-tamil-news-172439.html|title=Popular Hero turns villain for 'Chennai 600028 2' boys - Tamil News|author=|date=29 November 2016|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0nDLsASSt08|title=YouTube|author=|date=|website=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Chennai-600028-boys-team-up-for-a-thriller/articleshow/55437278.cms|title=Chennai 600028 boys team up for a thriller|author=|date=|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> While working as a dance choreographer, Ajay made his acting debut with [[Agathiyan]]'s ''[[Selvam (2005 film)|Selvam]]'' (2005) portraying a friend of the lead character played by [[Nandha (actor)|Nandha]]. His friendship with [[Venkat Prabhu]] meant that he was cast in ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007) portraying an ambulance driver, who plays gully cricket for the Sharks team. He has since appeared regularly in films associated with director [[Venkat Prabhu]] and his team such as ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' (2008) and ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' (2008). Ajay Raaj also had a supporting role in [[Thiagarajan Kumararaja]]'s [[neo-noir]] ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' (2010), portraying a henchman of the gangster played by [[Jackie Shroff]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/jai-mirchi-siva-premgi-amaran-venkat-prabhu-chennai-600028-pooja-tamil-news-155988.html|title=Venkat Prabhu begins 'Chennai 600028' reunion - Tamil News|author=|date=4 April 2016|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bbthots.com/?p=2273|title=Balaji's Thots » Aaranya Kaandam|author=|date=|website=bbthots.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/aaranya-kaandam/movie-review/8825713.cms|title=Aaranya Kaandam Movie Review {4.5/5}: Critic Review of Aaranya Kaandam by Times of India|author=|date=|publisher=|via=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ajay Raj worked as a choreographer in the films such as ''[[Kadhal Mannan]]'' (1998), ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' (1999), ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' (2000), ''[[Thamizh]]'' (2002), ''[[Sukran]]'' (2005), ''[[Selvam (2005 film)|Selvam]]'' (2005), ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' (2007), ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'' (2010), ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011), ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' (2013), ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' (2015), ''[[Chennai 600028 II: Second Innings]]'' (2016) and ''[[Party (upcoming film)|Party]]'' (2018).<br /> <br /> Ajay Raj played as supporting role in thrillers films ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' (2024) and ''[[Sattam En Kaiyil (2024 film)|Sattam En Kaiyil]]'' (2024).<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> ===Actor===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of Ajay Raj film credits<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=unsortable| Notes<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=unsortable| Refs<br /> |-<br /> | 2002 || ''[[Jjunction]]'' || Dancer || Special appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2005 || ''[[Selvam (2005 film)|Selvam]]'' || Subramaniam || ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' || Ezhumalai || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2008 || ''[[Velli Thirai]]'' || Dilipkanth's crew member || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' || Velu || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]'' || Bus Driver || Cameo ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2010 || ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'' || Dancer || Cameo ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Aaranya Kaandam]]'' || Chittu || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2014 || ''[[Vadacurry]]'' || Dhayalan || ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Theriyama Unna Kadhalichitten]]'' || Dancer || Special appearance ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2016 || ''[[Chennai 600028 II]]'' || Ezhumalai || ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2024 || ''[[The Greatest of All Time]]'' || Ajay || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=24 October 2023|title=Thalapathy 68:Vijay welcomes Meenakshi Chaudhary, Prabhu Deva and Other Cast Members|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-68-vijay-welcomes-meenakshi-chaudhary-prabhu-deva-and-other-cast-members-watch-pada-poojai-video-article-104665768|access-date=24 October 2023|website=timesnownews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sattam En Kaiyil (2024 film)|Sattam En Kaiyil]]'' || [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Nagaraj || ||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=25 August 2024|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/25/sathishs-sattam-en-kaiyil-gets-release-date|title=Sathish's Sattam En Kaiyil gets release date|access-date=25 August 2024|url-status=live|newspaper=[[Cinema Express]]|archive-date=25 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080329/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Aug/25/sathishs-sattam-en-kaiyil-gets-release-date}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {{pending films key}}<br /> <br /> ===Choreographer===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+ List of Ajay Raj choreography credits<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#B0C4DE;&quot;<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title<br /> ! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=unsortable| Refs<br /> |-<br /> | 1998 || ''[[Kadhal Mannan]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1999 || ''[[Amarkkalam]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Hello (1999 film)|Hello]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Taj Mahal (1999 film)|Taj Mahal]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2000 || ''[[Unnai Kodu Ennai Tharuven]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Appu (2000 film)|Appu]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Parthen Rasithen]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2001 || ''[[Kadal Pookkal]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|2002 || ''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thamizh]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jjunction]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naina (2002 film)|Naina]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gummalam]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[University (film)|University]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2003 || ''Kaiyodu Kai'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Pallavan]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2004 || ''Jathi'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Campus (film)|Campus]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2005 || ''[[Sukran]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Selvam (2005 film)|Selvam]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Mazhai]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2006 || ''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2007 || ''[[Chennai 600028]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2008 || ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Thozha (2008 film)|Thozha]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Vellithirai]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2009 || ''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2010 || ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Naanayam]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2011 || ''[[Mankatha]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | 2013 || ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2014 || ''Sri Ramanujar'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Theriyama Unna Kadhalichitten]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|2015 || ''[[Mahabalipuram (film)|Mahabalipuram]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[India Pakistan]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Massu Engira Masilamani]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maanga (film)|Maanga]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Om Shanthi Om]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2016 || ''Kadhal Kaalam'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Chennai 600028 II: Second Innings]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2018 || ''[[Jarugandi]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Party (upcoming film)|Party]]'' ||<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|4012416}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Ajay Raj}} &lt;!--lead and infobox gives spelling as Raaj--&gt;<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film choreographers]]<br /> [[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1982 births]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puran_Singh&diff=469090 2026-01-27T10:30:43Z

<p>BeckyK8455: updated details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian writer, poet}}<br /> {{Infobox writer &lt;!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. --&gt; <br /> | name = Prof Puran Singh&lt;br&gt;ਪ੍ਰੋ. ਪੂਰਨ ਸਿੰਘ<br /> | image = Professor_Puran_Singh.jpg<br /> | image_size = <br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | pseudonym = <br /> | birth_name = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date |1881|02|17|df=yes}}&lt;ref name=KDPU&gt;{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Puran Singh|title=Kanya Daan te Hor Lekh(Translated from Hindi by Devinder Singh Satyarthi)|year=1904|publisher=Publication Buero|location=Panjabi University Patiala|isbn=81-7380-052-9|pages=1–26|edition=3rd|language=Punjabi}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | birth_place = [[Salhad Union Council|Salhad]], [[Abbottabad District|Abbottabad]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] &lt;br&gt; {{small|(present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]])}}<br /> | death_date = {{Death date and age|1931|03|31|1881|02|17|df=yes}}&lt;ref name=KDPU /&gt;<br /> | death_place = [[Dehradun]], [[United Provinces of British India|United Provinces]], British India &lt;br&gt; {{small|(present-day [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]])}}<br /> | resting_place = <br /> | occupation = Scientist, mystic, poet<br /> | language = English, Punjabi, Persian, Hindi, German<br /> | citizenship = <br /> | education = B.S. Chemical engineering<br /> PhD Theology (particular emphasis on Dharmic hermeneutics)<br /> | alma_mater = Tokyo University, Japan<br /> | period = 1900–1931&lt;ref name=KDPU /&gt;<br /> | genre = <br /> | subject = <br /> | movement = <br /> | notableworks = ''English'': &lt;br&gt; Sisters of The Spinning Wheel (1921)&lt;br&gt; Unstrung Beads (1923) &lt;br&gt; The Spirit of Oriental Poetry (1926)&lt;br&gt;The Book of Ten Masters&lt;br&gt;The Spirit Born People &lt;br&gt;Swami Rama&lt;br&gt; ''Punjabi'': &lt;br&gt; Khulle Maidan &lt;br&gt; Khulle Ghund (1923) &lt;br&gt; Khulle Lekh (1929) &lt;br&gt; Khulle Asmani Rang (1927)&lt;ref name=KDPU/&gt;<br /> | spouse = Maya Devi (5 March 1904)&lt;ref name=KDPU /&gt;<br /> | partner = <br /> | children = <br /> | relatives = Kartar Singh (father)&lt;ref name=KDPU /&gt;<br /> | awards = <br /> | signature = <br /> | signature_alt = <br /> | module =<br /> | website = <br /> | portaldisp = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Professor Puran Singh''' ({{langx|pa|ਪ੍ਰੋ. ਪੂਰਨ ਸਿੰਘ}}; 17 February 1881 – 31 March 1931) was a [[List of Punjabi language poets|Punjabi poet]], scientist and mystic. Born in [[Abbottabad]], now in Pakistan, in a Sikh family,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=sbts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C0c6EAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=born+in+a+khatri+family&amp;pg=PT244|title=Punjab GK General Knowledge Book|publisher=by Mocktime Publication|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; he is one of the founders of modern Punjabi poetry.&lt;ref&gt;Jaspal Singh, [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021124/spectrum/book5.htm &quot;Spiritual journey of Prof Puran Singh&quot;], ''The Sunday Tribune'', 24 November 2002&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> He passed his matriculation examination at the Mission High School Rawalpindi in 1897 and, after obtaining a scholarship for the years 1900 to 1903, obtained a degree in Industrial Chemistry from Tokyo University in Pharmaceutical Sciences.<br /> Though a born Sikh he became a Buddhist Bhikshu and a sanyasi under influence of Ukakura a Japanese Buddhist monk and [[Rama Tirtha|Swami Ramtirath]] respectively before he finally got settled as a Sikh mystic when he came under influence of Bhai Vir Singh during a Sikh Educational Conference meeting at Sialkot in 1912.<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Singh was born in a [[Sikh]] [[Ahluwalia (caste)|Ahluwalia]] family at [[Abbottabad District|Abbottabad]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] on 17 February 1881.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rup4AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=puran+singh+ahluwalia+family |title=Exploring Sikhism: Aspects of Sikh Identity, Culture and Thought |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564902-4 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBs2AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=puran+singh+ahluwalia+family |title=Pro. Kirapāla Siṅgha Kasela abhinandana grantha |date=2003 |publisher=Hiradejīta Sāhita Prakāshana |language=pa}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Team |first=YCT Expert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sXKAEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=puran+singh+ahluwalia+family&amp;pg=PA288 |title=General Studies Volume-5 Modern India &amp; Indian National Movement |publisher=Youth Competition Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==As mystic==<br /> [[File:Photograph of Puran Singh as a Buddhist monk at Tokyo University, Japan, 1901.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Puran Singh as a Buddhist monk at Tokyo University, Japan, 1901]]<br /> Four crucial events—his Japanese experience, his encounter with the American poet Walt Whitman, his discipleship of Svami Ram Tirath, and his meeting with the Sikh saint Bhai Vir Singh—were influential. As a student in Japan, he was impressed with the land and its people, and was greatly influenced by the romantic aestheticism of Okakura Kakuzo, Japanese artist and scholar. Walt Whitman, the American poet, had left a deep impression on his poetics and practice as on his world view. It was in Japan that he met [[Rama Tirtha]], under whose influence he took on the identity of a monk. An encounter with Bhai Vir Singh in 1912 led to his formal return to Sikhism.<br /> <br /> ==In Science and Business==<br /> [[File:Photograph of Puran Singh as a research chemist at the Forest Research Institute in Dehradun, ca.1908–18.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Puran Singh as a research chemist at the Forest Research Institute in Dehradun, ca.1908–18]]<br /> Puran Singh started the distillation of essential oils in Lahore in association with Ishar Das and Rai Bahadur Shiv Nath. He prepared thymol, and fennel and lemon oils. Owing to deceitful dealings on the part of his partners, he closed the business and migrated to Dehra Dun, where he remained as a disciple of Swami [[Rama Tirtha]]. He returned to Lahore in December 1904 and joined Diamond v.j.Hindu Technical Institute as Principal. He restarted his monthly Thundering Dawn from Lahore. He resigned the Principalship in November 1906 to establish a factory for soapmaking at Doivala (Dehra Dun) but soon sold it off to a minister of Tihri to join in April 1907 as a Forest chemist at the Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun, from where he sought retirement in 1918. He had stints in the princely states of Patiala and Gwalior. At Gwalior (1919–23) he turned the scorching desert into a fragrant oasis of rosha grass and eucalyptus, interspersed with fruit trees. He gave up his appointment at Gwalior to join Sir Sundar Singh Majithia's sugar factory at Surayya (1923–24) where he discovered a special method for purifying sugar without mixing it with charred bones. In 1926, he moved over to Chakk 73, near Nankana Sahib, where he got a plot of land on lease from the Punjab Government to grow rosha grass on a commercial scale. In 1928, his plantation suffered a heavy loss owing to floods.<br /> <br /> ==A Poet and a literary Person ==<br /> <br /> Puran Singh was a lover of nature and beauty, and wrote beautiful and tender poetry both in English and Punjabi. <br /> Aad an example from Khulle Asmani Rang his Punjabi verse is given<br /> <br /> &lt;poem&gt;<br /> ਜਿੱਥੇ ਸੁਹੱਪਣ ਸੋਹਣੀ ਪਰਤ ਹੈ ਵਿਛਦੀ,<br /> ਬਸ ਇਕ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਦਿਲ ਖਿੱਚਵਾਂ,<br /> ਇਕ ਰਾਗ ਜਿਸ ਵਿੱਚ ਰੱਬ ਰੂਪ<br /> ਰੰਗ ਪਿਘਲ-ਪਿਘਲ ਰੂਪ ਅਨੂਪ<br /> ਹੋਰ-ਹੋਰ ਸੱਜਦਾ,<br /> ਜਿੱਥੇ ਸੁਹੱਪਣ ਆਪਾ ਵਾਰ, ਸਦਕੇ ਹੋ-ਹੋ<br /> ਬਿਹਬਲਤਾ ਅਨੰਤ ਵਿੱਚ ਉੱਠੀ ਕਦੀ<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;poem&gt;<br /> Jithē suhapaṇa sōhaṇī parata hai vichadī,<br /> basa ika prakāśa dila khicavāṁ,<br /> ika rāga jisa vica raba rūpa<br /> raga pighala-pighala rūpa anūpa<br /> hōra-hōra sajadā,<br /> jithē suhapaṇa āpā vāra, sadakē hō-hō<br /> bihabalatā anata vica uṭhī kadī<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> <br /> Another example from &quot;Khulle Maidaan&quot; in Punjabi verse on JAWAAN PUNJAB<br /> <br /> &lt;poem&gt;<br /> Ih beparwah Punjab de<br /> Maut noo makhaulan karan<br /> maran theen nahin dared<br /> piaar naal ih karan gulamee<br /> jaan koh aapnee vaar dinde<br /> par tain naa mannan kise dee<br /> khalo jaan dangaan modhe te khalaar ke<br /> mannan bas aapnee javaanee de zor noo<br /> aakharkhaand, albele, dhur theen satguraan de<br /> azaad keete ih bande<br /> Punjab naa hindoo naa musalmaan<br /> Punjab saraa jeendaa guraan de naan te<br /> &lt;/poem&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1930, he fell ill with tuberculosis and had to leave this world during stay at Dehra Dun where he died on 31 March 1931.<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> He composed three volumes of [[Punjabi literature|Punjabi poetry]]: ''Khule Maidan'' (‘Free Meadows’) in 1923, ''Khule Ghund'' (‘Free Veils’) 1923 and ''Khule Asmani Rang'' (‘Boundless Blue Colours of the Sky’) in 1926.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;&gt;Singh, Atamjit. &quot;Twentieth Century Punjabi Literature&quot; in ''Handbook of Twentieth Century Literatures of India'' (ed. Nalini Natarajan). Greenwood Press, London: 1996, p. 251.&lt;/ref&gt; His poetry was composed in [[free verse]] and explored the experience of villagers, peasants and the poor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singh&quot;/&gt;<br /> Among his famous works in English are The Sisters of the Spinning Wheel (1921), Unstrung Beads (1923), The Spirit of Oriental Poetry (1926); in Punjabi, Khulhe Maidan, Khulhe Ghund (1923), Khulhe Lekh (1929), and Khulhe Asmani Rang ( 1927) . Seven Baskets of Prose Poems.&lt;br&gt;<br /> Among his prose writing published works are The Book of Ten Masters, The Spirit Born People, Swami Rama in English and [[Khulle Lekh]] (1929)in Punjabi and Kanya Daan te hor Lekh in Hindi.<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Besides what has seen the light of the day, some work of greater magnitude and most likely of a maturer and more comprehensive level of experience still remains unpublished. Of this unpublished work the two most considerable are Spirit of the Sikh, that is of the nature of a voluminous series of moments of spiritual vision growing out of the teachings of Guru Nanak and his holy successors, and Prakasina, a novel, which as the author says in the sub-title, is the story of a Buddhist Princess. Both these came in manuscript form to the Punjabi University, which has a project of salvaging whatever of the creative effort of the genius of the Punjab falls within the scope of its several Departments establishment towards this end.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Publications==<br /> * Anecdotes from Sikh History (1908)<br /> * Sisters of the Spinning Wheel (1921)<br /> * An Afternoon with Self (1922)<br /> * At His Feet (1922)<br /> * Khulhe Maidan (ਖੁੱਲ੍ਹੇ ਮੈਦਾਨ [Free Meadows], 1923)<br /> * Khulhe Ghund (ਖੁੱਲ੍ਹੇ ਘੁੰਡ [Free Veils], 1923)<br /> * Unstrung Beads (1923)<br /> * Bride of the Sky (1924)<br /> * The Story of Swami Rama Tirtha (1924)<br /> * Nargas: Songs of a Sikh (Translations of Bhai Vir Singh's poems) (1924)<br /> * The Book of Ten Masters (1926)<br /> * Khulhe Asmani Rang (ਖੁਲ੍ਹੇ ਅਸਮਾਨੀ ਰੰਗ [Boundless Blue Colours of the Sky], 1926)<br /> * The Spirit of Oriental Poetry (1926)<br /> * Spirit Born People (1928)<br /> * Seven Baskets Of Prose Poems (1928)<br /> * Khulhe Lekh (ਖੁਲ੍ਹੇ ਲੇਖ [Straight Compositions], 1929)<br /> * Chup Preet Da Shaihanshaah Biopaare (ਚੁਪ ਪ੍ਰੀਤ ਦਾ ਸ਼ਹਿਨਸ਼ਾਹ ਬਿਉਪਾਰੀ)<br /> * Abchali Jot (ਅਬਚਲ ਜੋਤ)<br /> * Charan Chhuh<br /> * Kanyadan te Hor Lekh<br /> * Naulakha Haar Ate Hor Kahanian<br /> <br /> Translated Works:<br /> * Sikhi Di Atma (ਸਿੱਖੀ ਦੀ ਆਤਮਾ [Spirit and Psyche of Sikhi])<br /> * Gur Shabad Vismad Bodh (ਗੁਰ-ਸ਼ਬਦ ਵਿਸਮਾਦ-ਬੋਧ)<br /> * Jagdian Jotan (ਜਗਦੀਆਂ ਜੋਤਾਂ [Awakened and Luminous Light])<br /> * Das Guru Darshan (ਦਸ ਗੁਰ ਦਰਸ਼ਨ [The Ten Masters])<br /> * Karna Khirya Vich Punjab<br /> *Jin ke Chole Ratre (ਜਿਨ ਕੇ ਚੋਲੇ ਰੱਤੜੇ)<br /> * Laudhe Pehar Da Atam Chintan<br /> * Sikhi da prena sabot walt Whitman<br /> * Zindagi de Rahaan 'Te<br /> <br /> ===Posthumous===<br /> * Guru Gobind Singh Reflections and Offerings (1967)<br /> * Prakasina, a Buddhist princess (1980)<br /> * The Temple Tulips (1980)<br /> * The Spirit of the Sikh, Part 1 (1981)<br /> * The Spirit of the Sikh, Part 2 (2 vol.) (1981)<br /> * On Paths of Life (An Autobiography) (1982)<br /> * Walt Whitman and the Sikh Inspiration (1982)<br /> * Khalse Da Adarsh (ਖ਼ਾਲਸੇ ਦਾ ਆਦਰਸ਼ [Standards of the Khalse])<br /> * Prof. Puran Singh Ratanawali (2 vol. compete Gurmukhi prose) (2013)<br /> * Anecdotes from Sikh History (Complete Series with Sketches from Sikh History) (2015)<br /> * Guru Gobind Singh: The Tenth Master (2017)<br /> * Readings from Guru Grantha (2018) (Translation of Gurbani)<br /> <br /> ===Research Papers===<br /> # A note on the analysis of cutch and preparation of pure catechin by Puran Singh, Indian Forest Mem, (1908), Vol. 1, Pt 1.<br /> # Note on the Utilisation of Khair Forests in Eastern Bengal and Assam by Puran Singh, Forest Pamphlet,(1908), No. 1.<br /> # Note on the Manufacture of Ngai Camphor by Puran Singh, Indian Forest Rec. (1908), Vol. 1, Pt III.<br /> # A paper on the Future of Cutch and Katha Manufacture by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1909), Vol. XXXV, No.2., Pt I.<br /> # A note on the Manufacture of Pure Shellac by Puran Singh, Indian Forest Mem. (Chemistry Series) Vol. XXXV, No. 2., Pt II.<br /> # A Chemical Investigation of the Constituents of Burmese Varnish (Melanorrhoea usitata, Sup). By Puran Singh, Indian Forest Rec. (1909).<br /> # Paper on some tanning materials and the manufacture of tannin extracts in India (Read at All-India Industrial Conference in India held in December 1909) by Puran Singh.<br /> # Report on the bleaching of some Indian coloured Woods by Puran Singh, Appendix. to Indian Forest Mem., (1909), Vo. II, Pt 1.<br /> # Analytical Constants of Shellac, Lac, Resin and Lac Wax by Puran Singh, J. Soc. Chem. Ind., (1910), Vol. XXIX, p.&amp;nbsp;1435.<br /> # Note on Calorimetric Tests of some Indian woods by Puran Singh, Forest Bulletin, (1911), No. 1.<br /> # Memorandum on the oil-value of Sandal Wood by Puran Singh, Forest Bulletin, (1911), No. 6.<br /> # Note on the Chemistry and Trade Forms of Lac by Puran Singh, Forest Bulletin, (1911), No. 7<br /> # A Preliminary note on the use of Nickel Hydroxide in Tannin estimation by Puran Singh . Soc. Chem. Ind., (1911), Vol. XXX, No. 15.<br /> # Note on the best season for collecting Myrobalans as tanning material by Puran Singh. Indian Forester (1911); Vol. XXXVII, No. 9.<br /> # Method of distinguishing powellized and the unpowellized woods by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1911), Vol. XXXVII, No 10.<br /> # Note on Resin-value of Podeophyllum emodi and the best season for collecting it by Puran Singh, Forest Bulletin (1912), No.9. <br /> # Podophyllum emodi by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1912), Vol. XXXVIII, Nos. 4 and 7.<br /> # A short preliminary note on the suitability of dead wood of Acacia catechu for Katha making by Puran Singh. Indian Forester (1912), Vol. XXXVIII, No. 4.<br /> # A short Note on the earth eating habits of the Indian deer by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1912), No. 7.<br /> # Note on the preparation of tannin extract with special reference to those prepared from the bark of Mangrove (Rhizophora muocronata) by Puran Singh, Indian Forest Res, (1912), Vol.III, Pt IV.<br /> # Note on Distillation and Composition of Turpentine oil from chir Resin and clarification of Indian Resin by Puran Singh. Indian Forest Rec (1912), Vo. IV, Pt 1.<br /> # Note on Turpentine of Pinus khasya, Pinus merkusii and Pinus excelsa by Puran Singh, Forest Bulletin, (1913), No. 24.<br /> # The Cultivation of drugs in Indian Forests by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1913), Vol. XXXIX, No. 3.<br /> # Memorandum on the oil value of some Forest oil seeds by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1913), Vol. XXXIX, No. 6.<br /> # Analysis of Gutta made from latex of Palaquium ellipticum by Puran Singh. Indian Forester (1913), Vol. XXXIX, No. 8.<br /> # The composition of Ceara Rubber from Coorg by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1913), Vol. XXXIX, No. 8.<br /> # Indian Oak barks as materials for manufacture of tannin extract by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1913), Vol. XXXIX, No. 9.<br /> # Terminalia tomentosa bark as a material for the manufacture of tannin extract by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1913), Vol. XXXIX, No. 9.<br /> # Some mineral salts as Fish Poison by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1913), Vol. XXXIX, No. 11.<br /> # A further note on the Calorimetric test of some Indian woods from Belgaum (Bombay) by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1914), Vol. XL. No. 3.<br /> # Preservation of the Latex of Ficus religiosa by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1914), Vol. XL, No. 9.<br /> # A Plea for the distillation of the Pine Needle oil in India by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1914), Vol. XL, No. 10.<br /> # Nickel Tannates by Puran Singh. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (1914), Vol. XXXIII, No. 4.<br /> # The Cus-Cus Oil in India by Puran Singh, Chem. Drugg. (1914), Vol. LXXXV.<br /> # A Further Note on the best season for collecting Myrabalans as Tanning material by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1915), Vol. XLI, No. 1.<br /> # Note on Arwal (Cassia auriculata) Benth from Marwar by Puran Singh. Indian Forester (1915), Vol. XLI, No. 1.<br /> # A Further Note on the Oil value of some Sandal woods from Madras by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1915), Vol. XLI, No. 8.<br /> # The Camphor content of Cinnamomum camphora grown at Dehra-Dun by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1915), Vol. XLI, No. 8.<br /> # Note on the effect of Age on the Catechin content of the wood of Acacia catechu by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1915), Vol. XLI, No. 12.<br /> # Note on Indian Sumach (Rhus continus Linn.) by Puran Singh, Forest Bulletin (1915)., No. 31.<br /> # Note on the Addition of fat to tannin extract by Puran Singh, J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (1915), Vol. XXXIV, No. 5.<br /> # Note on the Differentiation of Inn and Kanyin Species of Dipterocarpus timber of Burma by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1916), Vol. XLII, No. 5.<br /> # Note on the constants of Indian Geranium oil (Motia) by Puran Singh, Indian Forest Rec. (1916), Vol. V, Pt. VII.<br /> # Note on the Burmese Myrabalans or Panga Fruits as tanning material by Puran Singh, Forest Bulletin (1916), No. 32.<br /> # A note on the use of Nickel Hydroxide in tannin estimation by Puran Singh and T.P. Ghose, J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (1916), Vol. XXXV, No. 3, p.&amp;nbsp;159.<br /> # (i)Note on the Eucalyptus Oil Industry in the Nilgris. (ii)Note on the Distillation of Geranium Oil in the Nilgris. (iii)Note on the manufacture of Wintergreen Oil in India by Puran Singh, Indian Forest Rec. (1917), Vol. V, Pt VIII.<br /> # Note on the Galls of Pistacia integessina by Puran Singh. Indian Forester (1917), Vol. XLII, No. 8.<br /> # Charcoal Briquettes by R.S. Pearson and Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1918), Vol. XLIV, No.3.<br /> # Effect of Storage on some Tanning Materials by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1918), Vol. XLIV, No. 3.<br /> # A Preliminary Note on the manufacture of wood-tar by Puran Singh, Indian Forester(1918), Vol. XLIV, No. 4.<br /> # Walnut Bar by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1918), Vol. XLIV, No. 8.<br /> # A Note on the Economic Values of Chinese Tallow Tree by Puran Singh, Indian Forester (1918), Vol. XLIV, No. 9.<br /> # Note on the Preparation of Turpentine, Rosin and Gum from Boswellia serrata (Roxb.) gum-oleo-resin by R.S. Pearson and Puran Singh, Indian Forest Rec. (1918) Vol. VI, Pt VI.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Portal|Literature}}<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{commonscat-inline}}<br /> *{{wikisource author-inline}}<br /> * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Puran Singh |sopt=t}}<br /> *[http://www.bhaivirsinghjiandprofessorpuransinghjiaudio.com/ Professor Puran Singh Ji Books: MP3 audio and PDF books]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20131110212627/http://www.new1.dli.ernet.in/data1/upload/insa/INSA_1/20005b5c_277.pdf Life and Works of Puran Singh]<br /> *[http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_074_11_1023_1024_0.pdf Professor Puran Singh (1881-1931): Founder of chemistry of forest products in India]<br /> <br /> {{Modern Sikh writers}}<br /> {{Sikhism}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Puran}}<br /> [[Category:People from Abbottabad District]]<br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:Sikh writers]]<br /> [[Category:1881 births]]<br /> [[Category:1931 deaths]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_women%27s_cricket_team_in_India_in_2023%E2%80%9324&diff=498522 2026-01-18T00:27:48Z

<p>BeckyK8455: starting new article.</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|International cricket tour}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket tour<br /> | series_name = England women's cricket team in India in 2023–24<br /> | team1_image = Flag of India.svg<br /> | team1_name = India<br /> | team2_image = Flag of England.svg<br /> | team2_name = England<br /> | from_date = 6 <br /> | to_date = 17 December 2023<br /> | team1_captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] <br /> | team2_captain = [[Heather Knight (cricketer)|Heather Knight]]<br /> | no_of_twenty20s = 3<br /> | team1_twenty20s_won = 1<br /> | team2_twenty20s_won = 2<br /> | team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (63)<br /> | team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (93)<br /> | team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] (7)<br /> | team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] (7)<br /> | player_of_twenty20_series = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (Eng)<br /> | no_of_tests = 1<br /> | team1_tests_won = 1<br /> | team2_tests_won = 0<br /> | team1_tests_most_runs = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] (95)<br /> | team2_tests_most_runs = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (59)<br /> | team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Deepti Sharma]] (9)<br /> | team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Charlie Dean]] (5)&lt;br /&gt;[[Sophie Ecclestone]] (5)<br /> | player_of_test_series = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The [[England women's cricket team]] toured India in December 2023 to play three [[Women's Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches and one [[Women's Test cricket|Women's Test]] (Test) match.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |access-date=27 October 2023 |title=Team India (Senior Women) to host England and Australia in action-packed home season |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556053/team-india-senior-women-to-host-england-and-australia-in-action-packed-home-season?platform=international&amp;type=men |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI)}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |access-date=26 October 2023 |title=DY Patil Stadium to host India's first women's Test since 2014 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-women-to-tour-india-in-december-for-three-t20is-one-test-1405465 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series was the first to have the [[Decision Review System]] (DRS) for a women's bilateral series in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |access-date=5 December 2023 |title=Muzumdar: 'There is no compromise on fielding and fitness' |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-vs-eng-1st-t20i-muzumdar-there-is-no-compromise-on-fielding-and-fitness-1411664 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=5 December 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Ahead of the T20I series, respective 'A' teams played three 20-over matches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketworld.com/england-a-womens-tour-of-india-full-squads-fixtures-preview-all-you-need-to-know/91278.htm |title=England A Women's Tour of India: Full squads, Fixtures &amp; Preview: All you need to know |work=Cricket World |access-date=28 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wisden.com/series-stories/india-women-vs-england-women-2023/ind-wa-vs-eng-wa-t20-schedule-full-fixtures-list-match-timings-venues-india-women-england-women-2023 |title=IND-WA vs ENG-WA T20 schedule: Full fixtures list, match timings and venues for India Women A v England Women A 2023 |work=Wisden |date=27 November 2023 |access-date=28 November 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216130635/https://wisden.com/series-stories/india-women-vs-england-women-2023/ind-wa-vs-eng-wa-t20-schedule-full-fixtures-list-match-timings-venues-india-women-england-women-2023 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/3793747/england-women-a-announce-squad-for-it20-series-against-india-a |title=England Women A announce squad for IT20 series against India A |work=England and Wales Cricket Board |access-date=28 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; England A won the 20-over series 2–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/issy-wong-shines-as-england-womens-a-beat-india-by-two-wickets-to-take-t20-series-21-101701610883756.html |title=Issy Wong shines as England Women's A beat India by two wickets to take T20 series 2-1 |work=Hindustan Times |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=4 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> England won the T20I series 2–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-in-india-2023-24-1406061/india-women-vs-england-women-3rd-t20i-1406075/match-report |title=Patil, Ishaque, Mandhana star as India avoid clean sweep |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=10 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[#Only Test|Test]] match was the 100th Test match to be played by England, becoming the first team to play 100 Test matches in women's international cricket.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-in-india-2023-24-1406061/india-women-vs-england-women-only-test-1406076/match-preview |title=India ready for rare home Test in England's special 100th |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=13 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2023/12/13/paying-kit-six-figure-deals-england-women-journey-100-tests/ |title=From paying for kit to six-figure deals: England women's journey to 100 Tests |work=The Telegraph |date=13 December 2023 |access-date=14 December 2023 |last1=Tomas |first1=Fiona }}&lt;/ref&gt; India won the only Test by 347 runs, a [[List of women's Test cricket records#Greatest win margins (by runs)|record victory margin]] in terms of runs in women's Test matches.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3824284 |title=Comprehensive India garner a record win in Mumbai |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ind-vs-eng-womens-test-amol-muzumdar-deepti-sharma-is-the-ben-stokes-of-the-team-1413036 |title=Muzumdar: Deepti is the 'Ben Stokes of the team' |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was India's first women's Test match win at home against England.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-in-india-2023-24-1406061/india-women-vs-england-women-only-test-1406076/match-report |title=The Deepti Sharma show wipes England out in seven sessions |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=16 December 2023 |access-date=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Squads==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; margin:auto&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !colspan=2|{{crw|IND}}<br /> !colspan=2|{{crw|ENG}}<br /> |-<br /> !Test&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Team India (Senior Women) squad for England T20Is and two Tests announced |url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2023/news/55556066/team-india-senior-women-squad-for-england-t20is-and-two-tests-announced |access-date=2 December 2023 |work=Board of Control for Cricket in India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !T20Is&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Renuka returns from injury, Ishaque and Patil get maiden call-up for England T20Is |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/renuka-singh-returns-from-injury-saika-ishaque-and-shreyanka-patil-get-maiden-call-ups-for-england-t20is-1411320 |access-date=2 December 2023 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !Test&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |access-date=10 November 2023 |title=Sophie Ecclestone back for England tour of India following shoulder surgery |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-women-sophie-ecclestone-back-for-england-tour-of-india-following-shoulder-surgery-1408180 |work=ESPNcricinfo|date=10 November 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !T20Is&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |access-date=10 November 2023 |title=England Women Name Squads For India Tour |url=https://www.kiaoval.com/england-women-name-squads-for-india-tour/ |work=Kia Oval|date=10 November 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;<br /> |<br /> * [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])<br /> * [[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) <br /> * [[Harleen Deol]] <br /> * [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]]) <br /> * [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] <br /> * [[Saika Ishaque]] <br /> * [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] <br /> * [[Deepti Sharma]] <br /> * [[Meghna Singh]] <br /> * [[Titas Sadhu]] <br /> * [[Shubha Satheesh]]<br /> * [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] <br /> * [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] <br /> * [[Pooja Vastrakar]] <br /> * [[Shafali Verma]] <br /> |<br /> * [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Smriti Mandhana]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])<br /> * [[Yastika Bhatia]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Kanika Ahuja]] <br /> * [[Richa Ghosh]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Saika Ishaque]]<br /> * [[Amanjot Kaur]]<br /> * [[Mannat Kashyap]]<br /> * [[Shreyanka Patil]]<br /> * [[Minnu Mani]]<br /> * [[Jemimah Rodrigues]]<br /> * [[Deepti Sharma]]<br /> * [[Titas Sadhu]]<br /> * [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]<br /> * [[Pooja Vastrakar]]<br /> * [[Shafali Verma]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Heather Knight (cricketer)|Heather Knight]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Tammy Beaumont]]<br /> * [[Lauren Bell (cricketer)|Lauren Bell]]<br /> * [[Maia Bouchier]]<br /> * [[Alice Capsey]]<br /> * [[Kate Cross]]<br /> * [[Charlie Dean]]<br /> * [[Sophia Dunkley]]<br /> * [[Sophie Ecclestone]]<br /> * [[Lauren Filer]]<br /> * [[Kirstie Gordon]]<br /> * [[Bess Heath]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Amy Jones (cricketer)|Amy Jones]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * &lt;s&gt;[[Emma Lamb]]&lt;/s&gt;<br /> * [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]]<br /> * [[Danni Wyatt]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Heather Knight (cricketer)|Heather Knight]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Lauren Bell (cricketer)|Lauren Bell]]<br /> * [[Maia Bouchier]]<br /> * [[Alice Capsey]]<br /> * [[Charlie Dean]]<br /> * [[Sophia Dunkley]]<br /> * [[Mahika Gaur]]<br /> * [[Danielle Gibson (cricketer)|Danielle Gibson]]<br /> * [[Sarah Glenn]]<br /> * [[Bess Heath]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Amy Jones (cricketer)|Amy Jones]] ([[Wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Freya Kemp]]<br /> * [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]]<br /> * [[Danni Wyatt]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> On 8 December 2023, [[Emma Lamb]] withdrew from England's Test squad due to a back injury, while [[Maia Bouchier]] and [[Kirstie Gordon]] were added to England's Test squad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=8 December 2023 |access-date=8 December 2023 |title=India v England: Emma Lamb withdraws from Test squad with back injury |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/67660162 |work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==A team 20-over series==<br /> ===1st match===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 29 November 2023<br /> | time = 13:30<br /> | night = <br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|IND|name=India A}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|ENG|name=England A}}<br /> | score1 = 134/7 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Disha Kasat]] 25 (32)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Charlie Dean]] 2/19 (4 overs)<br /> | score2 = 131/8 (20 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Hollie Armitage]] 52 (41)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Kashvee Gautam]] 2/23 (4 overs)<br /> | result = India A won by 3 runs<br /> | report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1406070.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br /> | umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] (Ind) and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Shreyanka Patil]] (Ind A)<br /> | toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain =<br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2nd match===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 1 December 2023<br /> | time = 13:30<br /> | night = <br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|IND|name=India A}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|ENG|name=England A}}<br /> | score1 = 149/9 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Kanika Ahuja]] 27 (14)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Kirstie Gordon]] 3/28 (4 overs)<br /> | score2 = 151/6 (18.5 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Grace Scrivens]] 39 (34)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Minnu Mani]] 2/29 (3 overs)<br /> | result = England A won by 4 wickets <br /> | report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1406071.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br /> | umpires = [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind) and [[Gayathri Venugopalan]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Issy Wong]] (Eng A)<br /> | toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain =<br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===3rd match===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 3 December 2023<br /> | time = 13:30<br /> | night = <br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|IND|name=India A}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|ENG|name=England A}}<br /> | score1 = 101 (19.2 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Uma Chetry]] 21 (16)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Lauren Filer]] 2/15 (3 overs)<br /> | score2 = 104/8 (19.1 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Issy Wong]] 28[[not out|*]] (30)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 2/13 (4 overs)<br /> | result = England A won by 2 wickets <br /> | report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1406072.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br /> | umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] (Ind) and [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Issy Wong]] (Eng A)<br /> | toss = India A won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain =<br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==T20I series==<br /> ===1st T20I===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 6 December 2023<br /> | time = 19:00<br /> | night = Yes<br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|IND}}<br /> | score1 = 197/6 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 77 (53)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] 3/27 (4 overs)<br /> | score2 = 159/6 (20 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Shafali Verma]] 52 (42)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 3/15 (4 overs)<br /> | result = England won by 38 runs<br /> | report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1406073.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br /> | umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] (Eng)<br /> | toss = India won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain =<br /> | notes = [[Saika Ishaque]] and [[Shreyanka Patil]] (Ind) both made their T20I debuts.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2nd T20I===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 9 December 2023<br /> | time = 19:00<br /> | night = Yes<br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|ENG}}<br /> | score1 = 80 (16.2 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] 30 (33)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Sophie Ecclestone]] 2/13 (2.3 overs)<br /> | score2 = 82/6 (11.2 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Alice Capsey]] 25 (21)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 2/4 (2 overs)<br /> | result = England won by 4 wickets<br /> | report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1406074.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br /> | umpires = [[Narayanan Janani]] (Ind) and [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Charlie Dean]] (Eng)<br /> | toss = England won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain =<br /> | notes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===3rd T20I===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 10 December 2023<br /> | time = 19:00<br /> | night = Yes<br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|IND}}<br /> | score1 = 126 (20 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Heather Knight (cricketer)|Heather Knight]] 52 (42)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Shreyanka Patil]] 3/19 (4 overs)<br /> | score2 = 130/5 (19 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Smriti Mandhana]] 48 (48)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Freya Kemp]] 2/24 (4 overs)<br /> | result = India won by 5 wickets<br /> | report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1406075.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]<br /> | umpires = [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind) and [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Shreyanka Patil]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = England won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain =<br /> | notes = [[Bess Heath]] (Eng) made her T20I debut.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Only Test==<br /> {{Two-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 14–16 December 2023<br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|ENG}}<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns1 = 428 (104.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shubha Satheesh]] 69 (76)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Lauren Bell (cricketer)|Lauren Bell]] 3/67 (19 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns1 = 136 (35.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns1 = [[Nat Sciver-Brunt]] 59 (70)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Deepti Sharma]] 5/7 (5.3 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team1-inns2 = 186/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (42 overs)<br /> | runs-team1-inns2 = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] 44[[not out|*]] (67)<br /> | wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Charlie Dean]] 4/68 (19 overs)<br /> <br /> | score-team2-inns2 = 131 (27.3 overs)<br /> | runs-team2-inns2 = [[Heather Knight (cricketer)|Heather Knight]] 21 (20)<br /> | wickets-team2-inns2 =[[Deepti Sharma]] 4/32 (8 overs)<br /> <br /> | result = India won by 347 runs<br /> | report =[https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1406076.html Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]<br /> | umpires = [[K. N. Ananthapadmanabhan]] (Ind) and [[Vrinda Rathi]] (Ind)<br /> | motm = [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain = <br /> | notes = [[Jemimah Rodrigues]], [[Shubha Satheesh]] and [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] (Ind) all made their Test debuts.<br /> * This was the first [[Women's Test]] match to be [[List of women's Test cricket grounds|played at this venue]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/england-women-to-tour-india-in-december-for-three-t20is-one-test-1405465 |title=DY Patil Stadium to host India's first women's Test since 2014 |work=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=12 January 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Deepti Sharma]] (Ind) took her first [[five-wicket haul]] in Tests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/deepti-sharma-maiden-five-wicket-haul-india-vs-england-test-match-2476369-2023-12-15 |title=INDW vs ENGW: Deepti Sharma claims maiden five-wicket haul in Tests to bundle out England for paltry 136 |work=India Today |access-date=16 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * India recorded the [[List of women's Test cricket records#Greatest win margins (by runs)|highest margin of victory by runs in Tests]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/sports/cricket/india-women-pulverise-england-by-347-runs-to-record-the-biggest-test-victory-in-history/cid/1987326|title=India Women pulverise England by 347 runs to record the biggest Test victory in history |work=The Telegraph |access-date=17 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-women-in-india-2023-24-1406061 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]<br /> *[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/england-a-women-in-india-2023-24-1406001 Series home at ESPNcricinfo (A tour)]<br /> {{India women's national cricket team}}<br /> {{England women's cricket team}}<br /> {{International cricket in 2023–24}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:English women's cricket team in India in 2023-24}}<br /> [[Category:2023 in women's cricket]]<br /> [[Category:2023 in English cricket]]<br /> [[Category:International cricket competitions in 2023–24]]<br /> [[Category:England women's cricket team tours|India 2023-24]]<br /> [[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India|England 2023-24]]<br /> [[Category:2023 in Indian cricket]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasad_Murella&diff=467702 2026-01-15T21:39:20Z

<p>BeckyK8455: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian cinematographer}}<br /> {{BLP sources|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | name = Prasad Murella<br /> | birth_place = [[Vijayawada]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India<br /> | height = <br /> | years_active = 2000–present<br /> | homepage = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | parents = <br /> | relatives = <br /> | occupation = [[Director of Photography]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Prasad Murella''' is an Indian cinematographer who predominantly works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He debut film was ''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]'' in Tamil.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> He was born in [[Vijayawada]] where he completed his schooling and his higher studies. Due to his passion for films, he travelled to [[Chennai]] and assisted many cinematographers, such as [[Ravi Yadav]] and [[D. Shanker]].<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> He started his career with the Tamil film ''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]'' directed by [[Sundar C]] in 2000. Later he made his debut in [[Telugu Cinema|Telugu]] with the film ''[[Venky]]'', directed by [[Srinu Vaitla]] in 2004, and shot another film called ''[[Chanti (2004 film)|Chanti]]'' in the same year. He went back to [[Tamil Cinema|Tamil films]] in 2004 with ''[[Devathayai Kanden]]'' and was there until the year 2006 working for the films ''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' and ''[[Rendu]]''.<br /> <br /> In 2007, he started shooting Telugu films with the film ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'' and has remained in this film industry. He was awarded with the 2010 [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer]] for the film ''[[Namo Venkatesa]]''.&lt;ref name=aaa&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/nandi-honours-for-balakrishna-nitya-menon/article2329396.ece|title=Nandi honours for Balakrishna, Nitya Menon|date=6 August 2011|accessdate=4 April 2018|via=www.thehindu.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404104344/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/nandi-honours-for-balakrishna-nitya-menon/article2329396.ece|archivedate=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is an award given by [[Andhra Pradesh]] state government. He also won the [[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer (Telugu)]] for the 2013 film ''[[Attharintiki Daaredhi]]'' &lt;ref name=aab&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-pawan-kalyans-attarintiki-daredi-mahesh-babu-bag-awards-winners-list-608995|title=SIIMA 2014: Pawan Kalyan's 'Attarintiki Daredi', Mahesh Babu Bag Awards [Winners List]|first=Sangeetha|last=Seshagiri|website=ibtimes.co.in|accessdate=4 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110023216/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-pawan-kalyans-attarintiki-daredi-mahesh-babu-bag-awards-winners-list-608995|archivedate=10 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> <br /> * ''All films in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] unless otherwise noted''<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> ! Year !! Film !! Notes<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2001<br /> |''[[Azhagana Naatkal]]'' <br /> |Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2003<br /> |''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' <br /> |Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2004<br /> |''[[Venky]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chanti (2004 film)|Chanti]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Devathayai Kanden]]'' <br /> |Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2005<br /> |''[[Chinna (2005 film)|Chinna]]'' <br /> |Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2006<br /> |''[[Rendu]]'' <br /> |Tamil<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2007<br /> |''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Raju Bhai]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Chandamama (2007 film)|Chandamama]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2008<br /> |''[[Ready (2008 film)|Ready]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[King (2008 film)|King]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2010<br /> |''[[Namo Venkatesa]]'' || [[Nandi Award for Best Cinematographer]]&lt;ref name=&quot;aaa&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]''<br /> |Additional cinematography <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2011<br /> |''[[Dookudu]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2012<br /> |''[[Poola Rangadu (2012 film)|Poola Rangadu]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2013<br /> |''[[Shadow (2013 film)|Shadow]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Attharintiki Daaredhi]]'' || [[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer (Telugu)]] &lt;ref name=&quot;aab&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2015<br /> |''[[S/O Satyamurthy]]'' <br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2016-09-22 |title=Rao Ramesh, Ali in 'Katamarayudu'; Murella replaces Rajan |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Tollywood/2016-09-22/Rao-Ramesh-Ali-in-Katamarayudu-Murella-replaces-Rajan/255133 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Soukhyam]]'' <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2017<br /> |''[[Katamarayudu]]'' ||&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2018 ||''[[MLA (2018 Telugu film)|MLA]]''||&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-kajal-agarwal-s-role-kalyan-ram-s-mla-73440|title=What is Kajal Agarwal's role in Kalyan Ram's 'MLA'?|date=20 December 2017|website=thenewsminute.com|accessdate=4 April 2018|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404104344/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/what-kajal-agarwal-s-role-kalyan-ram-s-mla-73440|archivedate=4 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Pantham]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-06-02 |title=Teaser of Gopichand's 'Pantham' to be out soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/teaser-of-gopichands-pantham-to-be-out-soon/articleshow/64427658.cms |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2019<br /> |''[[Venky Mama]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2021<br /> |''[[Tuck Jagadish]]''<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-12-03 |title=Nani's next is 'Tuck Jagadish', directed by Shiva Nirvana |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-shiva-nirvana-directed-film-has-ritu-varma-and-aishwarya-rajesh-in-key-roles/article30146400.ece |access-date=2023-11-01 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2022<br /> |''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023<br /> |''[[Ravanasura]]''<br /> | 2 songs and Additional cinematography<br /> |-<br /> |''[[Aadikeshava]]''<br /> |Additional cinematography&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Leelammo from Aadikeshava out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/oct/25/leelammo-from-aadikeshava-out-48942.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |2024<br /> |''[[Devaki Nandana Vasudeva]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |2025<br /> |''[[Arjun Son of Vyjayanthi]]''<br /> |Additional cinematography <br /> |-<br /> |2026<br /> |''[[Bhartha Mahasayulaku Wignyapthi]]''<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Indian cinematographers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|2027776}}<br /> {{SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Telugu}}{{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Murella, Prasad}}<br /> [[Category:1968 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Artists from Vijayawada]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu film cinematographers]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]<br /> [[Category:Film directors from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]<br /> [[Category:Cinematographers from Andhra Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saakini_Daakini&diff=531506 2025-12-27T08:18:31Z

<p>BeckyK8455: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Saakini Daakini<br /> | image = Saakini Daakini poster.jpeg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Sudheer Varma]]<br /> | screenplay = Akshay Poolla<br /> | based_on = {{Based on|''[[Midnight Runners]]''|[[Jason Kim|Joo-Hwan Kim]]}}<br /> | producer = [[D. Suresh Babu]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sunitha Tati]]<br /> | starring = [[Regena Cassandrra]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nivetha Thomas]]<br /> | cinematography = Richard Prasad<br /> | editing = Viplav Nyshadam<br /> | music = [[Mikey McCleary]]<br /> | studio = [[Suresh Productions]]&lt;br&gt;[[Guru Films]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kross Pictures]]<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{film date|df=yes|2022|09|16}}<br /> | runtime = 118 minutes&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/crisp-runtime-locked-for-saakini-daakini.html |title=Crisp runtime locked for Saakini Daakini |website=[[123telugu.com]] |date=15 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Telugu<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Saakini Daakini''''' is a 2022 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2022-08-25 |title=&quot;Working with Nivetha Thomas was a lot of fun and looks like action comedy is our cuppa of tea&quot; – Regina Cassandra on Telugu comedy Saakini Daakini : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/working-nivetha-thomas-lot-fun-looks-like-action-comedy-cuppa-tea-regina-cassandra-telugu-comedy-saakini-daakini/ |access-date=2022-08-29 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; directed by [[Sudheer Varma]] and produced by [[Suresh Productions]], [[Guru Films]], and [[Kross Pictures]]. An official remake of the 2017 South Korean film ''[[Midnight Runners]]'', it stars [[Regena Cassandrra]] and [[Nivetha Thomas]]. The film has music composed by [[Mikey McCleary]].<br /> <br /> Principal photography took place from March 2021 to August 2021, entirely in [[Hyderabad]]. ''Saakini Daakini'' was released theatrically on 16 September 2022.<br /> <br /> == Plot ==<br /> Shalini and Damini, two police trainees for [[Sub-Inspector]] posts after passing [[Telangana Police| Telangana State Level Public Recruitment Board]] from differing backgrounds, become fierce rivals after their induction into the academy and their placement in the same room. Their conflict eventually escalates into a full-blown brawl that nearly leads to their suspension. However, after Shalini helps an injured Damini during a forest run challenge when no one else does, their conduct is commended and they become best friends.<br /> <br /> One day, they witness a kidnapping of a girl on their way back from the club at midnight. The local police station's missing persons department, however, is busy with the kidnapping of a son of a [[business mogul|businessman]] at the time and is unable to investigate the case. Knowing that they are in the critical hours after a kidnapping, they embark on their amateur investigation.<br /> <br /> When Shalini and Damini catch up with the kidnappers, it appears that the gang is running an [[Egg cell|unfertilized egg harvesting]] ring and there are many more girls locked up at their hideout. Shalini and Damini tries to save them but are instead beaten and locked up. After escaping their captors, they return the next day to an empty hideout and a cold trail. As they are not acting police officers, their professor tells them not to pursue the case any further. Unable to wait for the bureaucracy to resolve the case, they once again embark on their own investigation.<br /> <br /> They undergo heavy physical training and manage to track the kidnappers down, with the help of [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV footage]], to a fertility clinic. Armored up with weapons, the duo venture in to liberate the girls by themselves, this time much more prepared. They successfully take down all the kidnappers and their boss and save all girls. However, due to some among the [[Academic discipline|disciplinary committee]] believing that they had done the right thing morally, they are instead held back a year in their studies and start training from beginning.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Nivetha Thomas]] as [[Sub-Inspector| SI]] Shalini,&quot;Saakini&quot; Police Trainee <br /> * [[Regena Cassandrra]] as [[Sub-Inspector| SI]] Damini,&quot;Daakini&quot; Police Trainee <br /> * [[Bhanu Chander]] as Pratap [[Indian Police Service| IPS]], Police Academy head<br /> * [[Prudhvi Raj]] as [[Circle Inspector| CI]] Raghu, Police Academy Instructor<br /> * [[Raghu Babu]] as [[Sub-Inspector| SI]]Brahma Rao, Control room incharge <br /> * [[Kabir Duhan Singh]] as Human Trafficking Head<br /> * [[Amit Tiwari]] as Rafiq <br /> * [[Chammak Chandra]] as Police Academy trainer<br /> * [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]] as Fertility Doctor<br /> * Bhadram as Govindam<br /> * Auto Ramprasad as Chutney Chandu<br /> * Lahari Shari as Weapons Incharge<br /> * [[Sudharshan]] as [[Sub-Inspector| SI]] Sudharshan, colleague of Shalini, who has [[Kleptomania]] disorder.<br /> *RJ Hemanth as Flirt<br /> *Ram Prasad as Tiffin Centre Man<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> In January 2020, producer [[Suresh Babu (long jumper)|Suresh Babu]] acquired the remake rights of the South Korean film ''[[Midnight Runners]]'' in a collaboration with the [[Seoul]]-based [[Kross Pictures]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-01-14 |title=Suresh Productions eyeing yet another remake |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/suresh-productions-eyeing-yet-another-remake.html |access-date= |website=[[123telugu.com]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vyas |date=2020-02-18 |title=Suresh Babu banks on Korean dramas |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/suresh-babu-banks-on-korean-dramas-605862 |access-date= |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Director [[Sudheer Varma]] was signed to helm the remake in the same month.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhavana |date=2020-01-23 |title=Sudheer Varma likely to remake popular Korean film Midnight Runner in Telugu |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/sudheer-varma-likely-remake-popular-korean-film-midnight-runner-telugu-812117 |access-date= |website=[[IB Times]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Actress [[Regina Cassandra]] and [[Nivetha Thomas]] were signed to play lead roles in August 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-09-08 |title=Regina Cassandra and Nivetha Thomas to star in Telugu remake of Korean film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/regina-cassandra-and-nivetha-thomas-star-telugu-remake-korean-film-132624 |access-date= |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-10-08 |title=Saakini Daakini is much more fun than the original |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/saakini-daakini-is-much-more-fun-than-the-original-11408931.html |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film has music composed by [[Mikey McCleary]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-23 |title=Saakini Daakini teaser – Funny and intense |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/saakini-daakini-teaser-funny-and-intense.html |access-date=2022-08-24 |website=123telugu.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film commenced its principal photography in March 2021 but was halted due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Final schedule resumed in July that year with shoot wrapping up in August 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-07-26 |title=Shakini Dhakini, Telugu remake of Midnight Runners, resumes shoot |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/jul/26/shakini-dhakini-telugu-remake-of-midnight-runnersresumes-shoot-25694.html |access-date= |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's title was confirmed as ''Saakini Daakini'' in November 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 November 2021 |title=Regina and Nivetha's upcoming Korean thriller remake titled 'Saakini Dhaakini' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/11/05/regina-nivetha-upcoming-korean-thriller-remake-titled-saakini-dhaakini.html |access-date= |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film is Varma's first remake as a director. While the original film featured two male protagonists, Varma swapped their genders to females and tweak the script accordingly. The film was shot entirely in [[Hyderabad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Adivi |first=Sashidhar |date=2021-09-04 |title=Happy with first remake experience: Sudheer Varma |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/040921/happy-with-first-remake-experience-sudheer-varma.html |access-date= |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> === Theatrical ===<br /> ''Saakini Daakini'' was released theatrically on 16 September 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-16 |title=Regina Cassandra and Nivetha Thomas' Midnight Runners remake Saakini Daakini to release on September 16 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/regina-cassandra-and-nivetha-thomass-midnight-runners-remake-saakini-daakini-release-september-16-1177448 |access-date= |website=[[Pinkvilla]] |language= |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913061342/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/regina-cassandra-and-nivetha-thomass-midnight-runners-remake-saakini-daakini-release-september-16-1177448 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Home media ===<br /> Earlier in December 2021, the makers contemplated a [[Direct-to-video|direct-to-streaming]] release on [[Netflix]] due to the pandemic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2021-12-15 |title=Sudheer Varma's Telugu Remake of Midnight Runners To Directly Release on OTT |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sudheer-varmas-telugu-remake-of-midnight-runners-to-directly-release-on-ott-4556588.html |access-date= |website=[[News18]] |language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Nivetha Thomas, Regina Cassandra's 'Shakini Dakini' to directly release on OTT? - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nivetha-thomas-regina-cassandras-shakini-dakini-to-directly-release-on-ott/articleshow/89033247.cms |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The movie was made available to stream on Netflix from September 30, 2022, in Telugu, Tamil and Malayalam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saakini Daakini, streaming on Netflix, needed more thrills and focus |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/saakini-daakini-streaming-on-netflix-needed-more-thrills-and-focus/8bda542f1d198 |access-date=2023-03-30 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> Balakrishna Ganeshan of ''[[The News Minute]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, &quot;It feels like there is no progress in the story and that the plot is moving in the same circle. The comedy in scenes involving Prithviraj and others in the first half, which keeps the film light-hearted, completely misses its mark in the second half&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Saakini Daakini review: Regina and Nivetha shine in a film let down by poor writing |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/saakini-daakini-review-regina-and-nivetha-shine-film-let-down-poor-writing-167956 |website=[[The News Minute]] |date=16 September 2022 |access-date=17 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2.5 out of 5 stars, stating, &quot;Despite its entertaining first half, the film ends up over ambitious in the second half crumbling under its own weight. But this show of girl power by Regina and Nivetha is a welcome change&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Saakini Daakini Movie Review : Despite a valiant effort from Regina and Nivetha, this action comedy crumbles under its own weight |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/saakini-daakini/movie-review/94248934.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=17 September 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 stars and commented, &quot;Watch ''Saakini Daakini'' at your own risk. If you love Korean movies, check out the original version instead!&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Saakini Daakini Review, Rating |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/movie-reviews/saakini-daakini-review-rating-161194 |publisher=[[Sakshi Post]] |access-date=17 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171804/https://english.sakshi.com/news/movie-reviews/saakini-daakini-review-rating-161194 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of ''[[The Hindu]]'' stated, &quot;Nivetha Thomas and Regina Cassandra make this action entertainer about two girls who punch above their weight, a fun watch.&quot;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|12874984}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2022 films]]<br /> [[Category:Suresh Productions films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian remakes of South Korean films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]<br /> [[Category:Films about kidnapping in India]]<br /> [[Category:Police detective films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian buddy comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in police academies]]<br /> [[Category:Girls with guns films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s female buddy films]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Sudheer Varma]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Mikey McCleary]]<br /> [[Category:2020s buddy comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian female buddy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s buddy cop films]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian mystery comedy-drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:Indian detective films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s police comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]<br /> [[Category:Buddy action films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action adventure films]]<br /> [[Category:2020s police procedural films]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_in_Tamil_television&diff=482733 2025-12-24T18:36:16Z

<p>BeckyK8455: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br /> {{Short description|None}}<br /> {{Year topic navigation|2019|Tamil television}}<br /> <br /> The following is a list of events affecting '''[[List of Tamil-language television channels|Tamil language television]]''' in 2021 from India ([[Tamil Nadu]]), [[Singapore]], [[Malaysia]], [[Sri Lanka]] and the [[Tamil diaspora]]. Events listed include television show debuts and finales; channel launches and closures; stations changing or adding their network affiliations; and information about changes of ownership of channels or stations.<br /> <br /> ==Debut series and shows==<br /> ===Soap operas===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; width=&quot;75%&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Opening<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30%;&quot; |Title<br /> ! style=&quot;width:30%;&quot; |Tamil title<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot; |Network(s)<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot; |Finale<br /> ! style=&quot;width:20%;&quot; |Status<br /> ! Ref<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#ffa07a;textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''January'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;&quot;|'''14'''<br /> | Uyire<br /> | உயிரே<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | 31 March<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ended <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;&quot;|'''16'''<br /> | Rowthiram<br /> | ரௌத்ரம்<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | 25 February<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffdacc;&quot;|'''21'''<br /> | [[Siva Manasula Sakthi (TV series)|Siva Manasula Sakthi]]<br /> | சிவா மனசுல சக்தி<br /> | [[Star Vijay]]<br /> | 14 Marth<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/vijay-tv-to-launch-new-fiction-siva-manasula-sakthi-from-jan-21-94088.html|title=Vijay TV to launch new fiction 'Siva Manasula Sakthi' from Jan 21|website=Exchange4media}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Aladdin - Naam Toh Suna Hoga|Alavudeen]]<br /> | அலாவுதீன் <br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Polimer TV]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 30 August<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Canceled<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Patiala Babes|Pavithra]]<br /> | பவித்ரா <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ladies Special|Magalir Mattum]]<br /> | மகளிர் மட்டும்<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;8&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#dcc7df; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''February'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;&quot;|'''4'''<br /> | Selvamgal<br /> | செல்வமகள்<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 28 July<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Canceled<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-selvamagal-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/67806600.cms|title=New TV serial 'Selvamagal' to premiere soon|work=|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2 February 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | [[Pournami (TV series)|Pourmani]]<br /> | பௌர்ணமி <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;&quot;|'''18'''<br /> | Ilayathalapathy<br /> | இளைய தளபதி<br /> | [[Colors Tamil]]<br /> | 29 March<br /> | Canceled<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | Athma<br /> | ஆத்மா<br /> | [[Colors Tamil]]<br /> | 1 September<br /> | Ended<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;&quot;|'''21'''<br /> | Thangamagal<br /> | தங்கமகள் <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Sun Life <br /> | <br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Canceled<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | Mounam Pesiyathe<br /> | மௌனம் பேசியதே <br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ede3ef;&quot;|'''25'''<br /> | Anjali<br /> | அஞ்சலி<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Star Vijay]]<br /> | 20 July<br /> | rowspan=&quot;15&quot; | Ended<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tv-serial-kalyanamam-kalyanam-season-2-to-launch-as-anjali-soon/articleshow/68123258.cms|title=அஞ்சலி புதிய தொடர்|newspaper=The Times of India |date=23 February 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|Bharathi Kannamma]]<br /> | பாரதி கண்ணம்மா<br /> | 4 February 2023<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New TV serial Bharathi Kannamma to premiere soon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/68093003.cms|url-status=live|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426050500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-bharathi-kannamma-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/68093003.cms |archive-date=26 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- <br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#98fb98; textcolor:#000;&quot; | '''March'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot;|'''1'''<br /> | Muthal Parvai<br /> | முதல் பார்வை<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | 29 March<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot;|'''4'''<br /> | Bommalattam<br /> | பொம்மலாட்டம்<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | 13 May<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | [[Sathya (TV series)|Sathya]]<br /> | சத்யா<br /> | [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> | 24 October 2021<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/sathya-tv-actress-ayesha-to-play-a-tomboy/articleshow/68256070.cms|title=Sathya: TV actress Ayesha to play a tomboy - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 March 2019 |language=en|access-date=2019-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot;|'''11'''<br /> | [[Kadaikutty Singam (TV series)|Kadaikutty Singam]]<br /> | கடைக்குட்டி சிங்கம்<br /> | [[Star Vijay]]<br /> | 20 July<br /> |-<br /> | [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Neeya 3]]<br /> | நீயா 3 <br /> | [[Shakthi TV]]<br /> | <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a8e4bc;&quot;|'''18'''<br /> | [[Nila (TV series)|Nila]]<br /> | நிலா<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | 24 April 2021<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionpost.com/sun-tv-to-re-shuffle-programming-line-up-from-18-march/|title=sun-tv-to-re-shuffle-programming-line-up-from-18-march|access-date=2023-01-14|archive-date=2019-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501072503/https://www.televisionpost.com/sun-tv-to-re-shuffle-programming-line-up-from-18-march/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a0f; textcolor:#d580ff;&quot; | '''April'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#d580ff&quot; |'''1'''<br /> | [[Thari (TV series)|Thari]]<br /> | தறி<br /> | [[Colors Tamil]] <br /> | 16 November<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-serial-thari-to-narrate-annalakshmis-story/articleshow/67898933.cms|title=New serial Thari to narrate Annalakshmi's story|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=11 June 2022|date=8 February 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Malar<br /> | மலர்<br /> | [[Colors Tamil]] <br /> | 16 November<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-television-serial-malar-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/68615823.cms|title=New television serial Malar to premiere soon |newspaper=The Times of India |work=|date=28 March 2019 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=29 Mar 2019|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kandukondain Kandukondain (TV series)|Kandukondain Kandukondain ]]<br /> | கண்டுகொண்டேன் கண்டுகொண்டேன்<br /> | [[Zee Tamil]] <br /> | 20 August 2020<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-show-kandukonden-kandukonden-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/68659247.cms|title=New show Kandukonden Kandukonden to premiere soon|website=The Times of India|date=31 March 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#91a3b0; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''May'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:silver&quot; |'''13'''<br /> | Kadhal Kalatta<br /> | காதல் கலாட்டா<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | 8 July<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | Arundhathi<br /> | அருந்ததி<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | 9 November<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-horror-serial-arundathi-to-premiere-on-may-13/articleshow/69238144.cms|title=New horror serial Arundhathi to premiere on May 13|website=The Times of India|date=28 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:silver&quot; |'''21'''<br /> | Agaram<br /> | அகரம்<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | 29 July<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:silver&quot; |'''27'''<br /> | [[Agni Natchathiram (TV series)|Agni Natchathiram]]<br /> | அக்கினி நட்சத்திரம்<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-tv-serial-agni-natchathiram-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/69483855.cms|title=Agni Natchathiram New Serial |newspaper=The Times of India |date=24 May 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#CD7F32; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''June'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#e9967a;&quot;|'''3'''<br /> | [[Tamil Selvi]]<br /> | தமிழ்ச்செல்வி<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | Canceled<br /> | <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/tamil-selvi-to-premiere-on-june-3/articleshow/69600070.cms|title=Tamil Selvi to premiere on June 3|date=2018-12-24|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en-IN|access-date=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#e9967a;&quot;|'''10'''<br /> | Myna<br /> | மைனா<br /> | [[Colors Tamil]] <br /> | 21 December<br /> | Ended<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#e9967a;&quot;|'''24'''<br /> | Piriyadha Varam Vendum<br /> | பிரியாத வரம் வேண்டும்<br /> | [[Zee Tamil]] <br /> | <br /> | Ended<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sparrow|first=Jack|date=17 June 2019|url=https://www.onenov.in/piriyadha-varam-vendum-serial-cast/|title=Piriyadha Varam Vendum|publisher=Onenov.in|access-date=28 November 2020|archive-date=20 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620120659/https://www.onenov.in/piriyadha-varam-vendum-serial-cast/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#F400A1; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''July'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:hotPink;&quot;|'''1'''<br /> | Sandhiya<br /> | சந்தியா <br /> | [[Colors Tamil]] <br /> | 20 October<br /> | Canceled<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:hotPink;&quot;|'''8'''<br /> | [[Nachiyarpuram]] <br /> | நாச்சியார்புரம்<br /> | [[Zee Tamil]] <br /> | 14 August 2020<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Ended<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/real-life-couple-rachita-dinesh-pair-up-for-zee-tamils-nachiyarpuram-2217582.html|title=Real life couple Rachita-Dinesh pair up for Zee Tamil's 'Nachiyarpuram'|website=Zeenews|access-date=2019-07-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:hotPink;&quot;|'''15'''<br /> | [[Pandavar Illam]]<br /> | பாண்டவர் இல்லம்<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | 28 October 2023<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/pandavar-veedu-serial-to-begin-in-sun-tv-060697.html|title=Pandavar illam: புத்தம் புது சீரியல்: பாண்டவர் இல்லம்...அஞ்சு பேர் இருப்பாங்களா?|website=tamil.filmibeat.com|date=2 July 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Ayutha Ezhuthu (TV series)|Ayutha Ezhuthu]] <br /> | ஆயுத எழுத்து<br /> | [[Star Vijay]] <br /> | 18 September 2020 <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ayudha-ezhuthu-to-premiere-on-july-15/articleshow/70161049.cms|title=Ayutha Ezhuthu to premiere on July 15|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2019 |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722090817/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/ayudha-ezhuthu-to-premiere-on-july-15/articleshow/70161049.cms |archive-date=22 July 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Aruvathusinam<br /> | ஆறுவது சினம் <br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | 27 November<br /> | Ended<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:hotPink;&quot;|'''22'''<br /> | [[Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum (TV series)|Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Naanum]]<br /> | சுந்தரி நீயும் சுந்தரன் நானும்<br /> | [[Star Vijay]] <br /> | 20 March 2021<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;12&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#32CD32; textcolor:#d580ff;&quot; |'''August'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a7f432;&quot;|'''5'''<br /> | Vidhi<br /> | விதி<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Polimer TV]]<br /> | <br /> | Canceled <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Sanakiya Sapatham<br /> | சாணக்கிய சபதம் <br /> | <br /> | Canceled <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Poove Sempoove<br /> | பூவே செம்பூவே<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Kalaignar TV]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 20 December<br /> | rowspan=&quot;5&quot; | Ended<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Dum Dum Dum<br /> | டும் டும் டும்<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | [[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]]<br /> | ரன்<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | 31 March 2020<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sun TV changes its serial timings as new serial Run going on air on August 05|url=https://tamil.filmibeat.com/television/run-serial-sun-tv-changes-its-serial-timings-as-new-serial-run-going-to-air-on-aug-5-061529.html|last=|first=|date=30 July 2019|website=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Singa Airlines<br /> | சிங்கா ஏர்லைன்ஸ்<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | 16 September<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a7f432;&quot;|'''12'''<br /> | [[Rettai Roja]]<br /> | இரட்டை ரோஜா<br /> | [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> | 17 March 2023<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/rettai-roja-serial-review|title=அழகிய ரோஜாவும் அகங்கார ரோஜாவும் இணையும்... இரட்டை ரோஜா|website=Cinema.vikatan.com|date=20 August 2019 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a7f432;&quot;|'''19'''<br /> | Ethirneechal<br /> | எதிர் நீச்சல் <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Captain TV]]<br /> | <br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | Canceled <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | Suyamparam<br /> | சுயம்வரம்<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | Sathurangam<br /> | சதுரங்கம்<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | Thedi Vantha Thirumagal<br /> | தேடி வந்த திருமகள்<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#a7f432;&quot;|'''26'''<br /> | [[Thaenmozhi B.A]]<br /> | தேன்மொழி பி.ஏ<br /> | [[Star Vijay]]<br /> | 13 November 2021<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Ended <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New serial of Star Vijay - Thenmozhi BA|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/vijay-tv-thenmozhi-serial-jacqueline-siddharth-tamil-serial/|website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=31 July 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#ffba00; textcolor:#d580ff;&quot; |'''September'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#FADA5E;&quot;|'''9'''<br /> | Mundravathu Kann<br /> | மூன்றாவது கண்<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | 28 September<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | Srimad Bhagavatam<br /> | ஸ்ரீமத் பாகவதம்<br /> | [[Colors Tamil]] <br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#FADA5E;&quot;|'''23'''<br /> | [[Rasaathi]]<br /> | ராசாத்தி<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | 3 April 2020<br /> | Canceled <br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sun TV canceled four TV serials, Vijay and Zee insist 25 episodes|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/sun-tv-canceled-four-tv-serials-vijay-and-zee-insist-25-episodes-news-tamil-uhnhWQfedjfjb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713125249/https://www.sify.com/movies/sun-tv-canceled-four-tv-serials-vijay-and-zee-insist-25-episodes-news-tamil-uhnhWQfedjfjb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 July 2020|access-date=2020-07-21|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Avatharam<br /> | அவதாரம்<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | <br /> | rowspan=&quot;9&quot; | Ended <br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#f40b0b; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''October'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#f9827c;&quot;|'''7'''<br /> | [[Kaatrin Mozhi (TV series)|Kaatrin Mozhi]]<br /> | காற்றின் மொழி<br /> | [[Star Vijay]]<br /> | 9 April 2021<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kaatrin-mozhi-crosses-100-episodes-actors-priyanka-chandhini-prakash-and-sanjeev-karthick-thank-fans-for-the-love/articleshow/74334845.cms |title=Kaatrin Mozhi crosses 100 episodes; Actors Priyanka, Chandhini Prakash and Sanjeev Karthick thank fans for the love - Times of India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 February 2020 |location=India |access-date=2020-04-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Thaazhampoo<br /> | தாழம்பூ<br /> | [[Star Vijay]]<br /> | 27 December<br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#f9827c;&quot;|'''21'''<br /> | [[Magarasi]]<br /> | மகராசி<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | 1 July 2023<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-show-magarasi-to-go-on-air-from-october-21/articleshow/71689629.cms|title=New show Magarasi to go on air from October 21|newspaper=The Times of India|date=21 October 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center;background:#f9827c;&quot;|'''28'''<br /> | [[Raja Magal]]<br /> | ராஜாமகள்<br /> | [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> | 27 November 2021<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-tamil-strengthens-afternoon-band-with-new-fiction-show-raja-magal-2243066.html/amp|title= Zee Tamil strengthens afternoon band with new fiction show Raja Magal|access-date=2019-10-30|website=Zeenews.india.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#7FFFD4; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''November'''<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#6da;&quot;|'''4'''<br /> | [[Gokulathil Seethai (2019 TV series)|Gokulathil Seethai]]<br /> | கோகுலத்தில் சீதை<br /> | [[Zee Tamil]]<br /> | 14 May 2022<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/zee-tamil-announces-new-fiction-show-gokulathil-seethai-100533.html|title=Zee Tamil announces new fiction show – Gokulathil Seethai|publisher=www.exchange4media.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | Thillana<br /> | தில்லானா<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#6da;&quot;|'''11'''<br /> | Arivaan<br /> | அறிவான்<br /> | [[Vasantham (TV channel)|Mediacorp Vasantham]]<br /> | <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#6da;&quot;|'''18'''<br /> | [[Naagin (2015 TV series)|Naagini]]<br /> | நாகினி<br /> | [[Colors Tamil]] <br /> | <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#93CCEA; textcolor:#000;&quot; |'''December'''<br /> | style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#76ABDF;&quot;|'''16'''<br /> | [[Chocolate (Tamil TV series)|Chocolate]]<br /> | சாக்லேட்<br /> | [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br /> | 25 March 2020<br /> | Canceled<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=14 March 2020|title=சாக்லெட்: வர வர கொஞ்சம் புளிக்கிற மாதிரி இருக்கே...|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-news-sun-tv-chocolate-serial-vikram-iniya-176710/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322063240/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-serial-news-sun-tv-chocolate-serial-vikram-iniya-176710/ |archive-date=22 March 2020 |access-date=|website=The Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[2023 in Tamil television]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Tamil Television}}<br /> {{Years in TV by country|2019}}<br /> [[Category:2019 in Tamil-language television]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=HMS_Littleham&diff=501764 2025-12-12T17:08:24Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Created Initial Info First Draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Minesweeper of the Royal Navy}}<br /> <br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use British English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Infobox ship<br /> |section1={{Infobox ship/image<br /> |image=<br /> |image_caption=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section2={{Infobox ship/career<br /> |hide_header=<br /> |country=United Kingdom<br /> |flag={{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}<br /> |name= HMS ''Littleham''<br /> |namesake=[[Littleham]]<br /> |ordered=<br /> |awarded=<br /> |builder= [[Brooke Marine]]<br /> |original_cost=<br /> |laid_down=<br /> |launched= 4 April 1954<br /> |christened=<br /> |completed= 21 October 1954<br /> |acquired=<br /> |commissioned=<br /> |recommissioned=<br /> |decommissioned=<br /> |in_service=<br /> |out_of_service=<br /> |renamed=<br /> |reclassified=<br /> |refit=<br /> |struck=<br /> |reinstated=<br /> |homeport=<br /> |identification=<br /> |motto=<br /> |nickname=<br /> |honours=<br /> |captured=<br /> |fate= Transferred to India, 15 June 1955.<br /> |notes= [[Pennant number]](s): M2707 / IMS44<br /> |badge=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section3={{Infobox ship/career<br /> |hide_header=title<br /> |country=India<br /> |flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}<br /> |name= INS ''Bassein''<br /> |namesake=[[Vasai|Bassein]]<br /> |acquired=15 June 1955<br /> |commissioned=<br /> |recommissioned=<br /> |decommissioned=<br /> |in_service=<br /> |out_of_service=<br /> |renamed=<br /> |reclassified=<br /> |refit=<br /> |struck=1994<br /> |fate=<br /> }}<br /> <br /> |section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics<br /> |hide_header=<br /> |header_caption=<br /> |class={{sclass2|Ham|minesweeper}}<br /> |displacement=*120 tons standard<br /> *164 tons full<br /> |length={{convert|106|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}<br /> |beam={{convert|22|ft|m|abbr=on}}<br /> |height=<br /> |draught={{convert|5|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}}<br /> |power=<br /> |propulsion=2 shaft Paxman 12YHAXM diesels, {{convert|1,100|bhp|lk=in|abbr=on}}<br /> |speed={{convert|14|kn|km/h}}<br /> |range= <br /> |endurance=<br /> |capacity=<br /> |complement=2 officers, 13 ratings<br /> |troops=<br /> |armament=1 × [[Bofors 40 mm L/60 gun]] / [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm]] Oerlikon gun<br /> |armour=<br /> |notes=<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''HMS ''Littleham''''' was one of 93 ships of the {{sclass2|Ham|minesweeper|4}} of inshore [[minesweeper]]s.<br /> <br /> Their names were all chosen from villages ending in ''-ham''. The minesweeper was named after [[Littleham]] in [[Devon]].<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> *Blackman, R.V.B. ed. ''Jane's Fighting Ships'' (1953)<br /> <br /> {{Ham class minesweeper|others}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Littleham (M2707)}}<br /> [[Category:Ham-class minesweepers]]<br /> [[Category:Ships built in Lowestoft]]<br /> [[Category:1954 ships]]<br /> [[Category:Cold War minesweepers of the United Kingdom]]<br /> [[Category:Royal Navy ship names]]<br /> [[Category:Ham-class minesweepers of the Indian Navy]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{UK-minesweeper-stub}}<br /> {{india-mil-stub}}</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Renuka_Lake&diff=530331 2025-11-29T10:42:40Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Made data - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Lake in Himachal Pradesh, India}}<br /> &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Renuka Lake Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh |url=https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/himachal/renuka-lake.html |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=www.tourmyindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox body of water<br /> |name = Renuka Lake<br /> |image = Renuka Lake, Himachal Pradesh.JPG<br /> |caption =Renuka Lake, Himachal Pradesh<br /> |alt = View of Renuka lake<br /> |location = [[Sirmaur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> |lake_type = Low altitude lake<br /> |basin_countries= India<br /> |inflow =<br /> |outflow =<br /> |pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh<br /> |pushpin_map_alt = Location of Renuka lake within Himachal Pradesh<br /> |volume =<br /> |depth =<br /> |max-depth =<br /> |elevation = {{convert|672|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> |residence_time =<br /> |shore = {{convert|3214|m|ft|abbr=on}}<br /> |coords = {{coord|30|36|36|N|77|27|30|E|type:waterbody_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> |cities =<br /> |islands =<br /> |reference = [http://www.hptdc.gov.in hptdc.gov.in]<br /> |embedded = {{Designation list<br /> | embed = yes<br /> | designation1 = Ramsar<br /> | designation1_offname = Renuka Wetland<br /> | designation1_date = 8 November 2005<br /> | designation1_number = 1571&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Renuka Wetland|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1571|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Renuka lake''' is in the [[Sirmaur district]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] in '''[[India]]''' and it is 672 m above the sea level.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; It is the largest [[lake]] in Himachal Pradesh, with a circumference of about 3214 m.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; This lake was named after the goddess [[Renuka]] and is a designated [[Ramsar site]] since November 2005.<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> *Distance from [[Parwanoo]]: 123&amp;nbsp;km.<br /> *Distance from [[Paonta Sahib]]: via Sataun 51&amp;nbsp;km<br /> *Distance from [[Nahan]]: 38&amp;nbsp;km.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.himachaltourism.gov.in himachaltourism.gov.in]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Legend ==<br /> On the eve of [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]], a five-day Renuka fair begins with the religious observance of the arrival of Renuka's son, [[Parashurama]], to the Renuka lake in [[Himachal]], believed to be the goddess' abode. Devotees from all over the country arrive to observe the meeting of the mother and son.<br /> <br /> According to the [[Puranas]], the Renuka Tirtha is considered as the birthplace of [[Lord Parshuram|Parashurama]], the sixth incarnation of Vishnu. [[Maharishi]] [[Jamadagni]] and his wife Renuka are regarded to have meditated for long time at a hillock known as Tape Ka Tiba near the Renuka lake. With the blessings of Shiva, Vishnu is believed to have been born as their son.<br /> <br /> According to [[Sthala purana|local tradition]], after the death of Jamadagni after he refused to part with the divine cow, [[Kamadhenu]], Renuka is regarded to have jumped into the lake to take her own life.&lt;ref name=&quot;yadav&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last=Yadav | first=Krishna | title=The Royal Bargain | publisher=Har Anand Publications | year=2010 | isbn=978-81-241-1530-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRM4l9Ee7PcC&amp;pg=PA119 | access-date=2023-04-23 | page=119}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The lake is said to have assumed the form of a woman, after which it was called the Renuka lake. When Parashurama arrived at the lake to pray to his mother to return, Renuka is believed to have told him that while she had assumed the lake as her residence, she would make her presence known during the occasion of [[Prabodhini Ekadashi]], when she would meet him and bless her adherents.<br /> <br /> One day advance, on [[dashami]], the palanquin of Parashurama is brought to Renuka from the ancient temple in Jamu Koti village in a traditional procession known a ‘Shobha Yatra’, attended by lakhs of devotees.<br /> <br /> == Sanctuary ==<br /> {{main|Renuka sanctuary}}<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}<br /> The sanctuary is situated in [[Sirmaur district|Sirmour]] district in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The sanctuary is well connected by the network of motorable roads. The total area of the sanctuary is about 4.028&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. The entire sanctuary consists of Renuka Reserve Forest and has been declared as Abhayaranya. An area of roughly about 3&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; that lies outside the sanctuary has been declared as a buffer belt.<br /> <br /> The sanctuary falls in the biogeographical zone IV and biogeographical province IV as per the classification done by the Wildlife Institute of India (WII). According to forest types classification, the area falls under group 5B/C2, i.e., dry mixed [[deciduous]] forest and group 5/051, i.e., dry [[Sal tree|sal]] forest.<br /> <br /> == Threats ==<br /> {{Unreferenced section|date=August 2022}}<br /> The lake is threatened by continuously shrinking size. The silt which is being deposited in the lake is causing a worry to the locals and the administration. The main cause of this is the soil being deposited on the banks, with the rain water and landslides in the nearby mountains. Also the waste of construction material is being dumped into the lake for years, which is a big threat to the environment. Administration{{Who|date=August 2022}} and Renuka Vikas Smiti are trying their best to protect the lake. Plastic bags are banned in the entire region.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> File:Renuka Lake, Himachal.jpg|Lotus flowers in Renuka Lake, Himachal Pradesh<br /> File:Renuka Lake , Himachal Pradesh,India.JPG|Renuka Lake, Himachal Pradesh<br /> File:Renuka lake.JPG|Renuka lake, district Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh<br /> File:Renuka ji temple, Himachal Pradesh.JPG|[[Renuka Ji]] temple, Himachal Pradesh<br /> File:Renuka Lake, Himachal Pradesh.JPG|Renuka Lake, district Sirmaur, Himachal Pradesh<br /> File:Renuka Temple in Renuka Lake.JPG|Renuka Temple, district Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh<br /> File:Pershuram Temple, Himachal Pardesh.JPG|Renuka Temple Himachal Pradesh<br /> File:Pershuram Temple,Renuka Lake,Himachal Pardesh, India.JPG|Renuka Temple, Renuka Lake, Himachal Pradesh<br /> File:Pershuram Talab , Renuka lake.JPG|Pershuram Sarovar, Renuka lake<br /> File:Renuka Lake.jpg|Renuka lake, district Sirmaur Himachal Pradesh<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> ===See also===<br /> * [[Bhakra Dam]]<br /> * [[Kishau Dam]]<br /> * [[Lakhwar Dam]]<br /> <br /> ===Citations===<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> * [http://www.himachaltourism.nic.in himachaltourism.nic.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070115021800/http://himachaltourism.nic.in/ |date=15 January 2007 }}<br /> * [http://www.hptdc.gov.in hptdc.gov.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190315050915/http://www.hptdc.gov.in/ |date=15 March 2019 }}<br /> * http://www.ramsar.org/renuka-wetland<br /> <br /> {{Geo HP}}<br /> {{Lakes of Himachal Pradesh}}<br /> {{Ramsar sites in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lakes of Himachal Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Geography of Sirmaur district]]<br /> [[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]<br /> [[Category:Renuka]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_things_named_after_C._N._Annadurai&diff=513254 2025-11-16T00:25:53Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Creating the article nd citations</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> <br /> Several places are named after [[Conjeevaram Natarajan Annadurai]] (15 September 1909 &amp;ndash; 3 February 1969),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-09-15 |title=Who is CN Annadurai, beyond being the first chief minister of Tamil Nadu? |url=https://www.thesouthfirst.com/tamilnadu/who-is-cn-annadurai-the-first-chief-minister-of-tamil-nadu/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=The South First |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; popularly called ''Anna'' (&quot;elder brother&quot;), or ''Perarignar Anna'' (Anna the scholar). He was a former [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu|Chief Minister]] of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was the first member of a [[Dravidian party]] to hold that post and was also the first non-[[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leader to form a majority government in [[History of the Republic of India|independent]] India.<br /> <br /> However, he died of cancer just two years into office. Several institutions and organisations are named after him. An Indian [[Regionalism (politics)|regional]] [[political party]] founded by former [[chief minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. G. Ramachandran]] (M.G.R.) at [[Madurai]] on 17 October 1972 was named after him as [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> <br /> == Chennai ==<br /> *[[Chennai International Airport#Passenger terminals|Anna International Terminal - T2]]<br /> *[[Arignar Anna Alandur metro station|Arignar Anna Alandur Metro]]<br /> *[[Anna Nagar]], a neighbourhood in [[Chennai]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=thfpn |title=The Hindu : Naduvakkarai nostalgia |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/13/stories/2003031300740300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040717170419/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/03/13/stories/2003031300740300.htm |archive-date=2004-07-17 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=www.hindu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Anna Salai]], formerly '''Mount Road'''<br /> *[[Anna Flyover]]<br /> *[[Anna University]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-09-15 |title=House passes Bill to amend Anna University Act |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/house-passes-bill-to-amend-anna-university-act/article2455344.ece |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[Arignar Anna Zoological Park]]<br /> *[[Anna Centenary Library]]<br /> *[[Anna Square]]<br /> *[[Anna Memorial]]<br /> *Anna Arivalayam, headquarters of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]<br /> <br /> ==Coimbatore==<br /> * [[Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore]]<br /> <br /> ==Thoothukkudi==<br /> *[[Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus, Thoothukkudi|Perarignar Anna Bus Terminus]]<br /> *Anna Nagar<br /> *Arignar Anna Marriage Hall<br /> <br /> ==Tiruchirappalli==<br /> * [[Anna University Chennai – Regional Office, Tiruchirappalli|Anna University BIT-Campus]]<br /> * [[Anna Nagar, Tiruchirappalli|Anna Nagar]]<br /> * [[Anna Stadium]]<br /> <br /> ==Tirunelveli==<br /> * [[Anna Stadium]]<br /> <br /> ==Nagercoil==<br /> *[[Anna Town Bus Stand, Nagercoil]]<br /> *[[Anna Sports Stadium, Nagercoil]]<br /> <br /> ==Pondicherry==<br /> <br /> * [[Anna Nagar, Pondycherry|Anna Nagar]]<br /> * [[Anna Thidal]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Places named after C. N. Annadurai}}<br /> [[Category:Lists of places named after people|Annadurai]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of things named after Indian politicians|Annadurai]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu-related lists]]<br /> [[Category:Memorials to C. N. Annadurai]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_Punjab_State_Super_Football_League&diff=482566 2025-10-30T06:51:52Z

<p>BeckyK8455: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br /> {{infobox football league season<br /> | competition = [[Punjab State Super Football League]]<br /> | season = 2016<br /> | winners = Rail Coach Factory<br /> | continentalcup1 = <br /> | continentalcup1 qualifiers = <br /> | continentalcup2 = <br /> | continentalcup2 qualifiers = <br /> | matches = <br /> | total goals = <br /> | league topscorer = <br /> | best goalkeeper = <br /> | biggest home win = <br /> | biggest away win = <br /> | highest scoring = <br /> | longest wins = <br /> | longest unbeaten = <br /> | longest winless = <br /> | longest losses = <br /> | highest attendance = <br /> | lowest attendance = <br /> | average attendance = <br /> | prevseason = <br /> | nextseason = <br /> }}<br /> The '''2016 Punjab State Super Football League''' was the 30th season of the [[Punjab State Super Football League]]. The season began on 11 September 2016 and concluded on 19 October 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Punjab State Super Football League starts from tomorrow|url=http://thif-live.com/punjab-state-super-football-league-starts-from-tomorrow/|accessdate=11 September 2016|work=THIF Live|date=10 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The first match took place between Jangpur and [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]. The match ended 2–2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Jangpur 2-2 Punjab Police|url=http://thif-live.com/match/18038/|website=The Indian Football}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Teams==<br /> * [[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]] ([[Jalandhar]])<br /> * [[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police Force]] ([[Jalandhar]])<br /> * Dailbir FA ([[Patiala]])<br /> * Doaba<br /> * Gurur ([[Jalandhar]])<br /> * Jagat Singh Palahi<br /> * Jangpur<br /> * [[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]] ([[Jalandhar]])<br /> * Punjab State Power Corporation Limited ([[Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur]])<br /> * Rail Coach Factory ([[Kapurthala]])<br /> * Satluj<br /> <br /> ==Table==<br /> &lt;onlyinclude&gt;{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br /> |source=[http://thif-live.com/leagues/30th-punjab-state-super-football-league-20162017/ The Indian League]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Update team positions here--&gt;<br /> |team1=RCF |team2=POL |team3=JFC |team4=DFA |team5=DFC |team6=CRP |team7=BSF |team8=GFC |team9=PSP |team10=SFC |team11=JSP<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Update team qualifications here (defined below)--&gt;<br /> |result1=CHAM<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Update team results here and then (if needed) positions above. Don't forget to update the date (update parameter).--&gt;<br /> |update=19 October 2016<br /> |win_BSF=4 |draw_BSF=2 |loss_BSF=4 |gf_BSF=10 |ga_BSF=10 &lt;!-- Border Security Force --&gt;<br /> |win_CRP=3 |draw_CRP=5 |loss_CRP=2 |gf_CRP=14 |ga_CRP=11 &lt;!-- Central Reserve Police Force --&gt;<br /> |win_DFA=5 |draw_DFA=2 |loss_DFA=3 |gf_DFA=18 |ga_DFA=9 &lt;!-- Dailbir FA --&gt;<br /> |win_DFC=4 |draw_DFC=3 |loss_DFC=3 |gf_DFC=13 |ga_DFC=10 &lt;!-- Doaba --&gt;<br /> |win_GFC=2 |draw_GFC=4 |loss_GFC=4 |gf_GFC= 6 |ga_GFC=13 &lt;!-- Gurur --&gt;<br /> |win_JSP=0 |draw_JSP=2 |loss_JSP=8 |gf_JSP= 7 |ga_JSP=30 &lt;!-- Jagat Singh Palahi --&gt;<br /> |win_JFC=5 |draw_JFC=4 |loss_JFC=1 |gf_JFC=17 |ga_JFC=8 &lt;!-- Jangpur --&gt;<br /> |win_POL=6 |draw_POL=4 |loss_POL=0 |gf_POL=16 |ga_POL=7 &lt;!-- Punjab Police --&gt;<br /> |win_PSP=1 |draw_PSP=3 |loss_PSP=6 |gf_PSP= 4 |ga_PSP=13 &lt;!-- Punjab State Power Corporation Limited --&gt;<br /> |win_RCF=7 |draw_RCF=3 |loss_RCF=0 |gf_RCF=21 |ga_RCF= 7 &lt;!-- Rail Coach Factory --&gt;<br /> |win_SFC=1 |draw_SFC=2 |loss_SFC=7 |gf_SFC=11 |ga_SFC=19 &lt;!-- Satlug --&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Team definitions (wikilinks in table)--&gt;<br /> |name_BSF=[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|Border Security Force]]<br /> |name_CRP=[[Central Reserve Police Force Sporting Club|Central Reserve Police Reserve]]<br /> |name_DFA=Dailbir<br /> |name_DFC=Doaba<br /> |name_GFC=Gurur<br /> |name_JSP=Jagat Singh Palahi<br /> |name_JFC=Jangpur<br /> |name_POL=[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]<br /> |name_PSP=Punjab State Power Corporation Limited<br /> |name_RCF=Rail Coach Factory<br /> |name_SFC=Satlug<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Table settings and rules--&gt;<br /> |show_limit=5<br /> |class_rules = 1) Points; 2) Goal difference; 3) Goals scored;<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Qualification and relegation column definitions--&gt;<br /> |res_col_header=QR<br /> |col_CHAM=green1 |text_CHAM=Champions<br /> <br /> }}&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Punjab State Super Football League}}<br /> {{2016–17 in Indian football}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Punjab State Super Football League seasons]]<br /> [[Category:2016–17 in Indian football leagues]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motijheel,_Dum_Dum&diff=518516 2025-10-10T05:52:33Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Creating the entry initial version</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> |name = Motijheel<br /> |official_name =<br /> |nickname =<br /> |settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br /> |image_skyline = Motijheel Avenue - Dum Dum - Kolkata 20170826171047.jpg<br /> |imagesize = <br /> |image_caption = Motijheel Avenue<br /> |pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India<br /> |pushpin_label_position = <br /> |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kolkata<br /> |pushpin_mapsize =<br /> |subdivision_type = Country<br /> |subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> |subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> |subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]<br /> |subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]<br /> |subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]<br /> |subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]<br /> |subdivision_name4 = [[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]<br /> | subdivision_type5 = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway|Railway Station]]<br /> | subdivision_name5 = [[Dum Dum Junction railway station|Dum Dum Junction]]<br /> |government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]<br /> |governing_body = [[South Dumdum Municipality]] [https://www.sddm.ind.in/about]<br /> |established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> |established_date = <br /> |area_magnitude =<br /> |unit_pref = Metric<br /> |area_footnotes =<br /> |area_total_km2 = <br /> |elevation_footnotes = <br /> |elevation_m =<br /> |elevation_ft =<br /> |population_as_of =<br /> |population_footnotes =<br /> |population_note =<br /> |population_total =<br /> |population_density_km2 = auto<br /> |demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> |demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> |demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]<br /> |timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> |utc_offset = +5:30<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|22.6232|N|88.4107|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> |postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> |postal_code = 700074<br /> |area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> |area_code = +91 33<br /> |registration_plate = WB<br /> |blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> |blank1_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]<br /> |blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> |blank2_info_sec1 = [[Dum Dum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]<br /> |website = <br /> |footnotes =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Motijheel''' is a locality in [[South Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/introducing_kmda_011393|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority|publisher=KMDA|access-date=16 Feb 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kmda.wb.gov.in/page/cms/map_of_kma_c1fed8|title=Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map|publisher=KMDA|access-date=16 Feb 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map &lt;!--There are only two essential parameters: --&gt;<br /> | coord = {{coord|22.6232|88.4107}} &lt;!--lat and long coordinates for middle of the map --&gt;<br /> | zoom = 15 &lt;!--zoom 0=whole world, 18=a street.--&gt;<br /> | label = Motijheel<br /> | mark-coord = {{coord|22.6232|88.4107}}<br /> | label-pos = right<br /> | float = left<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Police station ===<br /> Newly established Nagerbazar police station under [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Motijheel areas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://barrackporecitypolice.in/|title=Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|website=barrackporecitypolice.in|access-date=20 Feb 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Post office ===<br /> <br /> Motijheel has a delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700074 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Dum Dum Rd and Jawpore.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.postoffices.co.in/westbengal-wb/motijheel-kolkata-74/ | title = Motijheel sub post office | publisher = postoffices.co.in |access-date = 25 Feb 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Transport==<br /> <br /> === Railways ===<br /> [[Dum Dum Junction railway station]] is situated nearby.<br /> <br /> === Metro ===<br /> [[Dum Dum metro station]] of [[Blue Line (Kolkata Metro)|Blue Line]] is situated nearby.<br /> <br /> === Bus ===<br /> Several buses ply on [[Dum Dum Road]].<br /> <br /> ==Markets==<br /> Markets near Motijheel area are:<br /> * Nagerbazar Market <br /> * Dum Dum Road Market <br /> * Dum Dum New Market<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:North 24 Parganas district]]<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}<br /> * [http://sddm.ind.in/ South Dum Dum Municipality website]<br /> {{North 24 Parganas District}}<br /> {{North 24 Parganas topics}}<br /> {{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}<br /> {{Municipalities of West Bengal}}</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praveena_Bhagyaraj&diff=526581 2025-09-01T06:52:12Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Made new page</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Praveena Bhagyaraj<br /> | birth_name = Praveena<br /> | death_date = September 1983<br /> | occupation = [[Actress]]<br /> | years_active = 1976–1983<br /> | spouse = {{Marriage|[[K. Bhagyaraj]]|1981}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Praveena Bhagyaraj''' (died 1983) was an Indian actress who had worked mainly in Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Kannada films. She married director [[K. Bhagyaraj]] in 1981. Praveena starred in several films like ''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmatha Leelai]]'', ''[[Manthoppu Kiliye]]'', ''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]'', ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'' and ''[[Bhama Rukmani]]''.<br /> <br /> == Film career ==<br /> She made her debut in 1976 in the Tamil movie ''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmadha Leelai]]'', directed by [[K. Balachander]], with [[Kamal Haasan]] in the lead role. After that, she has acted in films as supporting roles and minor roles, and also lead actress in a few movies. She has acted with [[Rajinikanth]] in ''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]'' (1980). ''Billa'' was released on 26 January 1980, and became a commercial success, running for over 25 weeks in theatres.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://rajinifans.com/boxoffice/billa.php |title=Billa Paper Advertisements - Rajinikanth Box Office Reports |website=rajinifans.com |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=8 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208205327/http://rajinifans.com/boxoffice/billa.php |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> In her early days, both Praveena and Bhagyaraj had a lot of trouble getting film offers. Praveena entered as an actress in the film industry. Praveena helped her boyfriend Bhagyaraj, who had little chance of progressing as the second hero and main supporting characters. When Bhagyaraj taught Tamil to Praveena, they had love between them.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/149981-actress-poornima-bhagyaraj-talks-about-her-acting-and-personal-life-memories |title=''பிரவீணா அக்காவுடனான நட்பு... மறக்க முடியாத நினைவுகள்!'' - நடிகை பூர்ணிமா பாக்யராஜ் |website=Vikatan |language=ta |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219073141/https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/149981-actress-poornima-bhagyaraj-talks-about-her-acting-and-personal-life-memories |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later, they both married in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/women/80720-poornima-ask-for-my-kisses-like-a-baby-says-bhagyaraj |title='முத்தம் கேட்டு அடம் பிடிப்பதில் பூர்ணிமா இன்னும் குழந்தையே'! - சிலாகிக்கும் பாக்யராஜ் #Valentinesday |website=Vikatan |language=ta |access-date=19 February 2020 |archive-date=19 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219073140/https://www.vikatan.com/lifestyle/women/80720-poornima-ask-for-my-kisses-like-a-baby-says-bhagyaraj |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Death ==<br /> Praveena died in September 1983 due to jaundice.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Shivakumar |first=S. |date=18 September 1983 |title=A personal tragedy |pages=26 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://ibb.co/wW6dShn |url-status=usurped |access-date=9 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109052047/https://ibb.co/wW6dShn |archive-date=9 January 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=15 February 1984 |title=K. Bhagyaraj; The reigning king in the world of Madras film Hollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19840215-k.-bhagyaraj-the-reigning-king-in-the-world-of-madras-film-hollywood-802749-1984-02-15 |access-date=19 February 2020 |website=[[India Today]] |archive-date=28 August 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200828164724/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19840215-k.-bhagyaraj-the-reigning-king-in-the-world-of-madras-film-hollywood-802749-1984-02-15 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Filmography ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+<br /> !Year<br /> !Film<br /> !Role<br /> !Language<br /> !Notes<br /> |-<br /> |1976<br /> |''[[Manmadha Leelai (1976 film)|Manmatha Leelai]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br /> |Debut in Tamil - Uncredit role<br /> |-<br /> |1977<br /> |''[[Manassoru Mayil]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Malayalam]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1977<br /> |''[[Choondakkari]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |''Seethapathi Samsaram''<br /> |<br /> |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |''[[Amarnath (film)|Amarnath]]''<br /> |<br /> |[[Kannada]]<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |''[[Mattoru Karnan]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |''[[Vishwaroopam (1978 film)|Vishwaroopam]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |''[[Taxi Driver (1978 film)|Taxi Driver]]''<br /> |<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |''[[Aval Kanda Lokam]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1978<br /> |''[[Sathrusamhaaram]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1979<br /> |''[[Manthoppu Kiliye]]''<br /> |Jayanthi<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1979<br /> |''[[Kalliyankattu Neeli]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1979<br /> |''[[Manavadharmam]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1979<br /> |''Avalude Prathikaram''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1979<br /> |''[[Adukku Malli]]''<br /> |<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1979<br /> |''Mayandi''<br /> |<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1979<br /> |''Kizhakkum Merkkum Santhikkindrana''<br /> |<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1979<br /> |''[[Pasi (film)|Pasi]]''<br /> |Kumudha<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1980<br /> |''[[Billa (1980 film)|Billa]]''<br /> |Rupa<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1980<br /> |''[[Jamboo]]''<br /> |<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1980<br /> | ''Neerottam''<br /> |<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1980<br /> |''[[Muthuchippikal]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1980<br /> |''[[Kaavalmaadam]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1980<br /> |''[[Bhama Rukmani]]''<br /> |Rukmani<br /> |Tamil<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1980<br /> |''[[Deepam (film)|Deepam]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1981<br /> |''[[Thakilu Kottampuram]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1982<br /> |''[[Anuraagakkodathi]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |1983<br /> |''[[Mazha Nilaavu]]''<br /> |<br /> |Malayalam<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=10274579}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tamil actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:1983 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:1958 births]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vivekam%C4%81rta%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da&diff=459364 2025-08-12T20:20:17Z

<p>BeckyK8455: formatting fix</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Vivekamartanda last verso.jpg|thumb|upright=1.75|Last verso of the ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'', a 13th-century [[hatha yoga]] text attributed to [[Goraknath]]]]<br /> The '''''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'''''{{efn|The ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'' is sometimes also called the &quot;Goraksha Śataka&quot;, a name usually given to [[Goraksha Śataka|a different text]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=xxxvii note 47}}}} is an early [[Hatha yoga]] text, the first to combine tantric and ascetic yoga. Attributed to [[Goraknath]] (also called Gorakshanath), it was probably written in the 13th century. It emphasises [[Mudra (Yoga)|mudras]] as the most important practice.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=91}} The name means &quot;Sun of Discernment&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Westoby 2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Westoby |first1=Ruth |title=The Viveka-mārtaṇḍa on pratyāhāra in viparītakaraṇī with James Mallinson |url=https://sanskritreadingroom.wordpress.com/2019/10/11/withdrawing-the-senses-james-mallinson/ &lt;!--academic use by Centre of Yoga Studies at SOAS--&gt; |publisher=[[SOAS, University of London]] |access-date=14 November 2020 |date=October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It teaches [[Khecarī mudrā|khecarīmudrā]] (which it calls nabhomudrā), [[mahāmudrā]], [[Viparīta Karaṇī|viparītakaraṇī]] and the three [[Bandha (Yoga)|bandhas]].{{sfn|Mallinson|2011|p=771}} It teaches six [[chakra]]s and the raising of [[Kundalini|Kundalinī]] by means of &quot;fire yoga&quot; (''vahniyogena'').{{sfn|Mallinson|2016|pp=109–140}}<br /> <br /> ==Sixfold system==<br /> [[File:Jogapradipika 29 Viparitakarana.jpg|thumb|upright|The ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'' is the only text to use [[Viparīta Karaṇī|Viparītakaraṇī]] as a means of [[Pratyahara|yogic withdrawal]]. Illustrated manuscript of the ''[[Joga Pradipika]]'', 1830]]<br /> <br /> Unlike [[Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)|Ashtanga, the eightfold yoga of Patanjali]], the ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'' describes a system of six limbs: [[asana]] (posture), [[Pranayama|breath-restraint]] (which it calls ''pranasamrodha''), [[pratyahara]] (withdrawal), [[dharana]] (concentration), [[meditation]], and [[samadhi]]; omitting the first two limbs of Ashtanga, namely the [[Yamas]] and [[Niyamas]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=37, 284}}<br /> <br /> The text claims that there are 84 yoga postures, but describes only two.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=91}}<br /> <br /> Breath control, as in tantric texts but not otherwise in hatha yoga texts, is said to cause ''udghata'', &quot;eruption&quot;, making vital energy move upwards in a surge.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=132–133}}<br /> <br /> As in Patanjali's ''[[Yoga Sutras]]'', withdrawal lies between breath control and concentration. It compares yogic withdrawal to the sun's shortening its shadow at midday, or a tortoise drawing its legs into its shell.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=284, 296–297}} One of the methods given for withdrawal, only in this text, is [[Viparīta Karaṇī|Viparītakaraṇī]]; the mudra is however described both in the ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'' and in other texts as a means of trapping vital fluid, [[Bindu (symbol)|bindu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Westoby 2019&quot;/&gt;{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=180–181}}<br /> <br /> The ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'' states that yogic concentration is simply a matter of repeating the breath control practice a certain number of times.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=287}}<br /> <br /> Similarly, it explains that meditation is extended concentration, and that samadhi is greatly extended meditation – for 12 hours, all through retaining the breath.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=339}} Meditation can be with or without attributes (saguna or [[nirguna]]); the yogi can meditate on any one of the six [[chakra]]s.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=319–320}}<br /> <br /> It states that in samadhi, the yogi perceives and feels nothing, and cannot be harmed with weapons. [[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]] calls this a &quot;death-like state&quot; quite unlike the subtly-graded mental state described in Patanjali's ''Yoga Sutras''.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=326, 339}}<br /> <br /> ==Mudras==<br /> <br /> The ''Vivekamārtaṇḍa'' implies that the (hatha yoga) [[Mudra (Yoga)|mudras]] operate on ([[Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]] [[tantra]]) [[Kundalini]]. Mallinson describes this as a &quot;crude refashioning&quot;, more skilfully achieved in the later ''Khecharividya'', with its account of [[khechari mudra]], and the ''[[Shiva Samhita]]''.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=231}}<br /> <br /> [[Mahāmudrā]] is used to dry up the body's fluids; this is like other ascetic texts, but opposed to tantric [[Kundalini]] practice, where the flow of [[amrita]] is meant to be increased.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=182–183}} However, the text also seeks to ensure immortality by preserving the amrita, using the tongue to press on the upper opening next to the [[uvula]].{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=222}} The contradiction of goals is perpetuated in the compilation of hatha yoga texts, the ''[[Hatha Yoga Pradipika|Hathayogapradipika]]''.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|pp=180–181}}<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist|26em}}<br /> <br /> ==Sources==<br /> <br /> * {{cite book |last=Mallinson |first=James |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |title=Haṭha Yoga in the Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 3 |editor=Knut A. Jacobsen |display-editors=etal |year=2011 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=978-90-04-27128-9 |pages=770–781 |url=http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/17971/1/Hatha%20Yoga2.pdf}}<br /> * {{cite book |author-link=James Mallinson (author) |last=Mallinson |first=James |url=http://www.khecari.com/resources/SaktismHathayoga.pdf |chapter=Śāktism and Haṭhayoga |title=Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine |editor-link=Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen |editor-last=Wernicke-Olesen |editor-first=Bjarne |publisher=[[Routledge]] |year=2016 |pages=109–140 |isbn=978-1317585213}}<br /> * {{cite book | last1=Mallinson | first1=James |author1-link=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) | title=Roots of Yoga |title-link=Roots of Yoga | publisher=Penguin Books | year=2017 | isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 | oclc=928480104}}<br /> <br /> == Further reading ==<br /> <br /> * {{cite web |first1=Maccidānanda |last=Nātha |title=English translation of the Vivekamārtaṇḍa of Gorakṣanātha |url=https://archive.org/details/viveka-martanda/mode/1up?view=theater |publisher=[[Academia.edu]] |year=2025 |ref=none}} The work presents the original Sanskrit in Devanāgarī script, followed by Romanised transliteration, English translation, and accompanying explanatory footnotes.<br /> <br /> {{Hatha yoga}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Hatha yoga texts]]<br /> [[Category:Sanskrit texts]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barwaikheda&diff=489949 2025-08-12T10:54:24Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Data</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Barwaikheda<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = village<br /> | image_skyline = <br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India3<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Madhya Pradesh, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|22.62620164260967|N|76.84623388296336|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Dewas district|Dewas]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | leader_party = BJP<br /> | leader_title = MLA<br /> | leader_name = Ashish Sharma<br /> | leader_title1 = <br /> | leader_name1 =<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 455336<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = 07274<br /> | registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MP.E2.80.94Madhya Pradesh|MP]]-41<br /> | blank_name_sec1 = <br /> | website = <br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-MP]]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Barwaikheda''' is a village and a [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]] in [[Dewas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Barwaikheda Village is a major agricultural production area in Madhya Pradesh. Earlier, Harngaon was called Harigarh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&amp;page=25 | title = harangaov police station phone number | date = 10 November 2019 | newspaper = madhya pradesh Police | archive-date = 30 November 2021 | access-date = 11 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211130184313/http://atithi.mppolice.gov.in/index.php?c=police-stations&amp;page=25 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{As of|2001}} India census,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title= village name and Language |website=Linguistic Survey of India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India |url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/2138/1/38109_2001_DEW.pdf|accessdate=22 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Dewas district]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bellary_sheep&diff=490392 2025-05-28T05:35:54Z

<p>BeckyK8455: Article</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian breed of sheep}}<br /> The '''Bellary sheep''' is a medium-sized [[India]]n breed of [[sheep]] native to the districts of [[Ballari district|Bellary]] and [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]] and the adjoining areas of [[Haveri]] and [[Chitradurga district|Chitradurga]] districts of [[Karnataka]].<br /> <br /> ==Characteristics==<br /> Bellary sheep are medium-sized&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=April 1984 |title=Sheep and Goat Breeds of India. R.M. Acharya. FAO Animal Health and Production Paper No. 30. Rome. 190 p. 1982 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1014233900003771/type/journal_article |journal=Animal Genetic Resources Information |language=en |volume=2 |pages=45–46 |doi=10.1017/S1014233900003771 |issn=1014-2339|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; with body color ranging from white through various combinations of white and black to complete black. Most of the rams have horns, while ewes are polled. Its ears are medium-sized, flat, and droop. It has a thin, short tail.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.livestockoftheworld.com/Sheep/Breeds.asp?BreedLookupID=2991&amp;SpeciesID=10 | title=Livestock of the World | accessdate=15 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fleece is coarse, hairy and open. There is no wool on belly and legs. In a year, the Bellary grows up to 26&amp;nbsp;kg and gives birth to a single lamb.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://cswri.res.in/breed_profiles.asp | title=Breed Profiles | accessdate=15 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is well adapted to the black soils and agro-climatic conditions of northern parts of Karnataka. Flocks of Bellary sheep migrate 150 to 300 kilometers to the southern parts of the state during December–August.&lt;ref&gt;Jain, A. Kulkarni, V.S., Govindaiah, M.G., Sadana, D.K., Aswathnarayan, T., Pandey, A.K., Kumar, D., Sharma, R. and Signh, G. 2005. Sheep Genetic Resources of India Bellary. ICAR Monograph, National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, India. Pp24&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Culture of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Fauna of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:Sheep breeds originating in India]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{sheep-stub}}</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shahi_Masjid,_Prayagraj&diff=534285 2025-04-01T20:54:03Z

<p>BeckyK8455: creating basic article w/ sources...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former mosque in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox religious building<br /> | name = Shahi Masjid<br /> | religious_affiliation = [[Islam]] {{small|(former)}}<br /> | native_name = شاہی مسجد<br /> | native_name_lang = ar<br /> | image = Shahi mosque Allahabad.jpg<br /> | image_upright = 1.4<br /> | caption = The former mosque in 2019,&lt;br/&gt;prior to its demolition in 2023<br /> | location = Saidabad, [[Prayagraj]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | country = [[India]]<br /> | geo = {{coord|25.4358|81.8463|region:IN-UP_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}<br /> | map_type = India Uttar Pradesh<br /> | map_size = 250<br /> | map_relief = 1<br /> | map_caption = Former location of the demolished mosque in [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | status = {{nowrap|[[Mosque]] {{small|(1643{{endash}}2023)}}}}<br /> | functional_status = '''[[Demolished]]'''<br /> | architect = <br /> | architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}<br /> | architecture_style = {{ubl|[[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]|[[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]}} <br /> | creator =<br /> | funded_by =<br /> | established = <br /> | year_completed = 1643 [[Common Era|CE]]<br /> | date_demolished = {{dts|2023|01|9|df=y}}<br /> | dome_quantity = Three<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Shahi Masjid''' ({{langx|ar|شاہی مسجد}}) was a former [[mosque]], since demolished, located in the Saidabad area of [[Prayagraj district|Prayagraj]] (formerly Allahabad), in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. Established in 1643 [[Common Era|CE]], the mosque was demolished on January 9, 2023, as part of a road-widening project.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=Uttar Pradesh: 16-century historic mosque demolished in Prayagraj under 'road widening' project |url=https://www.hindutvawatch.org/uttar-pradesh-16-century-historic-mosque-demolished-in-prayagraj-under-road-widening-project-two-circles/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Hindutva Watch |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Maniyar |first=Zahid |date=2023-01-17 |title=Another historic mosque being bulldozed in UP |url=https://cjp.org.in/another-historic-mosque-being-bulldozed-in-up/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ather |first=Sara |title=Politics of ruin: Why Modi wants to demolish India's mosques |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/opinions/2023/4/3/politics-of-ruin-why-modi-wants-to-demolish-indias-mosques |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> The masjid was believed to have been constructed during the 17th century,{{efn|Some claim 16th century. However, inscription reads ''1643 AD''.}} possibly under the rule of [[Sher Shah Suri]], who established the [[Sur Empire]] in India. The mosque was, prior to its demolition, the oldest [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]] mosque in Prayagraj.<br /> <br /> In 2023, the mosque was demolished to make way for a road-widening project on the Grant Trunk Road.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-01-16 |title=UP: 16th-century mosque demolished for road widening in Prayagraj |url=https://www.siasat.com/up-16th-century-mosque-demolished-for-road-widening-in-prayagraj-2503925/amp/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-01-16 |title=16th century mosque bulldozed in UP to widen road |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/16th-century-mosque-bulldozed-in-up-to-widen-road/ |access-date=2024-12-16 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Shahi masjid Allahabd.jpeg|Aerial view of the mosque with one large and two small domes<br /> Shahi Masjid Bahadurganj Allahabad.jpg|Dome interior of the mosque<br /> शाही मस्जिद .jpg|Inscription<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> {{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}<br /> * [[Islam in India]]<br /> * [[List of mosques in India]]<br /> <br /> == Notes ==<br /> {{noteslist}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{commons cat-inline|Shahi Masjid, Prayagraj}}<br /> <br /> {{Mosques in India}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]<br /> [[Category:2023 disestablishments in India]]<br /> [[Category:Buildings and structures demolished in 2023]]<br /> [[Category:Destroyed mosques]]<br /> [[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in India]]<br /> [[Category:Former mosques in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indo-Islamic mosques]]<br /> [[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques completed in the 1640s]]<br /> [[Category:Mosques in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Mughal mosques]]<br /> [[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1643]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-mosque-stub}}</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gandhi_Maidan_Marg&diff=467120 2025-02-19T22:07:22Z

<p>BeckyK8455: adjust article additionally and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Historical place and landmark in Patna, Bihar}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Gandhi Maidan Marg(Bankipore Maidan Marg)<br /> | other_name = Gandhi Maidan(Bankipore Maidan)<br /> | settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br /> | image_skyline =<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Skyline near Gandhi Maidan(Bankipore Maidan)<br /> | nickname = <br /> | location = <br /> | pushpin_map= India Patna<br /> | pushpin_label_position = <br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption= Location in Patna, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25|37|2|N|85|8|42|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = Metro<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Patna]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = <br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 800001<br /> | registration_plate = <br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning agency]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Patna Regional Development Authority]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Patna Municipal Corporation]]<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes =}}<br /> '''Gandhi Maidan''' or '''Gandhi Maidan Marg''' '''(Bankipore Maidan)''' is one of the most important thoroughfares in [[Patna]], India. It is a historical place and is considered as a landmark of the city. Gandhi Maidan is the main market and commercial area of [[Patna]] with [[Ashok Rajpath]] which starts from Gandhi Maidan and [[Dak Bungalow Crossing]] and [[Bailey Road, Patna|Bailey Road]] besides [[Frazer Road]], Exhibition Road, [[Boring Road]], and Boring Canal Road.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Category: City |url=http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/city-info.html |title=City Info |publisher=PatnaDaily.Com |date=2010-01-09 |access-date=2014-02-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220141027/http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/city-info.html |archive-date=20 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are many important institutes that have developed around the area of Gandhi Maidan.<br /> <br /> == Landmarks around Gandhi Maidan ==<br /> The [[Gandhi Maidan]] lies in the hub of the city of Patna. There are many places around the sprawling grounds that one can visit. Within a distance of half a kilometer lies the granary of [[Golghar]] that was built in 1786 by the British. The Golghar Falls is also located there. The [[Patna Sahib]] Gurudwara is 11 km away from Gandhi Maidan. There are many educational institutes that developed in this region. Some of the schools and colleges near Gandhi Maidan are:<br /> <br /> *A. N. Sinha Institute for Social Studies<br /> *St. Xavier's High School<br /> *Women's Training College affiliated under the Patna University<br /> *Magadh Mahila College <br /> <br /> Owing to the central location of the grounds, many hotels and office buildings are stationed around it. One of the most important office building is the Biscoman Bhavan which houses offices of the [[Nalanda Open University]] and the [[East Central Railway]] of Patna.<br /> <br /> The Gandhi Maidan is an important landmark of Patna and has its own historical, economic and political value.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mapsofindia.com/patna/places-of-interest/gandhi-maidan.html Gandhi Maidan] Maps of India&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===North===<br /> *[[Shri Krishna Memorial Hall]]<br /> *[[Christ Church Diocesan School, Patna]]<br /> *[[Kargil Chowk]]<br /> *[[Gandhi Sangrahalaya, Patna|Gandhi Sangrahalaya]]<br /> *[[Patna International Convention Centre]]<br /> <br /> ===East===<br /> *Mona Multiplex<br /> *[[NIFT Patna]]<br /> *Regent theatre<br /> *Gandhi Maidan Police Station ([[Bihar Police]] HQ)<br /> *Udyog Bhawan<br /> <br /> [[File:nift-patna.jpg|thumb|right|National Institute of Fashion Technology, Patna]]<br /> <br /> ===West===<br /> *[[Biscomaun Bhawan]]<br /> *[[Srikrishna Science Centre]]<br /> *[[St. Xavier's High School, Patna]]<br /> *[[State Bank of India]], Building<br /> *[[Nalanda Open University]]<br /> *Shahid Pir Ali Park<br /> [[File:Christmas xaviers.jpg|thumb|Fully decorated with coloured electric bulbs, St Xavier's School celebrated Christmas in Patna on 24 December 2012.]]<br /> <br /> ===South===<br /> *Twin Towers<br /> *[[Reserve Bank of India]], Patna<br /> *Maurya Lok<br /> <br /> ===South-East===<br /> *[[Kalidas Rangalaya]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Maurya lok twin tower.jpg|thumb|Maurya lok and twin towers, South Gandhi Maidan Marg]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Gandhi Maidan]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Neighbourhoods of Patna}}<br /> [[Category:Roads in Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Tourist attractions in Patna]]<br /> [[Category:Neighbourhoods in Patna]]<br /> [[Category:Economy of Patna]]</div>

BeckyK8455 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Telugu_films_of_the_1960s&diff=447432 2025-01-17T16:49:02Z

<p>BeckyK8455: update</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Tollywood films}}<br /> This is a list of films produced by the [[Cinema of Andhra Pradesh|Tollywood]] film industry based in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] in the [[1960s in film|1960s]].<br /> <br /> * [[List of Telugu films of 1960]]<br /> * [[List of Telugu films of 1961]]<br /> * [[List of Telugu films of 1962]]<br /> * [[List of Telugu films of 1963]]<br /> * [[List of Telugu films of 1964]]<br /> * [[List of Telugu films of 1965]]<br /> * [[List of Telugu films of 1966]]<br /> * [[List of Telugu films of 1967]]<br /> * [[List of Telugu films of 1968]]<br /> * [[List of Telugu films of 1969]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Lists of Telugu-language films]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Indian film list}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Lists of Telugu films by decade|1960s]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of 1960s films|Telugu]]<br /> [[Category:1960s in Indian cinema|Telugu films]]</div>

BeckyK8455