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Miss Earth 2018

2026-05-13T06:44:19Z

BeauTesterman: created entry

{{short description|18th Miss Earth pageant}}
{{pp-sock|small=yes}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
| name = Miss Earth 2018
| image = Phương Khánh on SaigonTV.jpg
| caption = [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]]
| date = {{start date and age|2018|11|3}}
| acts = [[Brian McKnight]]
| venue = [[SM Mall of Asia Arena]], [[Pasay]], [[Metro Manila]], Philippines
| presenters = [[James Deakin (host, born 1972)|James Deakin]]
| entrants = 87
| placements = 18
| broadcaster = {{ubl|
Live Telecast:
|{{Hlist|[[Fox Life]]|[[GMA Network]]|[[MVS Comunicaciones]]|[[Telecaribe]]|[[Globovisión]]|Telecentro|Suriname Cable and Communication Network|[[ZAP (satellite television)]] and SKTV1-Vietnam}}
|Live Stream:
|{{Hlist|Miss Earth Facebook page|Miss Earth YouTube channel}}
}}
| theme =''Goddesses of the Earth''
| debuts = Montenegro
| withdrawals = {{Hlist|Angola|Canada|Cook Islands|Ethiopia|Kyrgyzstan|Lebanon|Mongolia|Pakistan|Switzerland|Taiwan|Uganda|United States Virgin Islands|Wales}}
| returns = {{Hlist|Armenia|Cuba|Curaçao|Egypt|Germany|Greece|Guam|Guyana|Haiti|Ireland|Liberia|Romania|South Africa|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| winner = [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]]
|represented=Vietnam
| before = [[Miss Earth 2017|2017]]
| next = [[Miss Earth 2019|2019]]
}}

'''Miss Earth 2018''' was the 18th edition of the [[Miss Earth]] pageant, held at the [[SM Mall of Asia Arena]] in [[Bay City, Metro Manila|Bay City]], [[Pasay]], [[Metro Manila]], the Philippines, on November 3, 2018.

[[Karen Ibasco]] of the Philippines crowned her successor [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]] of Vietnam at the end of the event. This is the first time Vietnam won the Miss Earth pageant, one of the [[Big Four beauty pageants|Big Four International Beauty Pageants]].

In August 2019, the Miss Earth 2018 winners and the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] conducted an [[outreach|outreach program]] for the welfare of the [[senior citizen]]s and [[persons with disabilities]] admitted at the [[Veterans Memorial Medical Center]] in the Philippines.<ref>{{Cite web|last1= |last2= |date=2019-10-26|title=Miss Earth beauties join AFP outreach program for seniors|url=https://businessmirror.com.ph/2019/10/26/miss-earth-beauties-join-afp-outreach-program-for-seniors/|access-date=2021-01-04|website=BusinessMirror|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Results==
===Placements===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! Placement<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/215820-winners-coronation-november-3-2018/ |title=FULL LIST: Winners, Miss Earth 2018 |website=Rappler |date=3 November 2018 |access-date=September 22, 2023}}</ref>
! Contestant
|-
| Miss Earth 2018
|
* {{Flagu|Vietnam}} – [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]]
|-
| Miss Earth – Air 2018
|
* {{Flagu|Austria}} – Melanie Mader
|-
| Miss Earth – Water 2018
|
* {{Flagu|Colombia}} – [[Valeria Ayos]]
|-
| Miss Earth – Fire 2018
|
* {{Flagu|Mexico}} – [[Melissa Flores]] §
|-
| Top 8
|
* {{Flagu|Italy}} – Sofia Pavan
* {{Flagu|Philippines}} – [[Celeste Cortesi]]
* {{Flagu|Portugal}} – Telma Madeira
* {{Flagu|Venezuela}} – [[Diana Silva (model)|Diana Silva]]
|-
| Top 12
|
* {{Flagu|Chile}} – Antonia Figueroa
* {{Flagu|Netherlands}} – Margaretha de Jong
* {{Flagu|Slovenia}} – Danijela Burjan
* {{Flagu|South Africa}} – Margo Fargo
|-
| Top 18
|
* {{Flagu|Brazil}} – Sayonara Veras
* {{Flagu|Ghana}} – Belvy Naa
* {{Flagu|Japan}} – Mio Tanaka
* {{Flagu|Montenegro}} – Katarina Seckovic
* {{Flagu|Nepal}} – [[Priya Sigdel]] §
* {{Flagu|Romania}} – Denisse Andor
|}

<references group="note" />(§) – Placed in the Top 18 are two spots chosen by the People and Judges for the Best Eco-Video (1) and Best Eco-Social Media (1) Awardees

==Background==
On July 26, 2018, it was announced through [[Carousel Productions|Miss Earth Organization]]'s social media accounts that the pageant will be held in the Philippines again from October 6 to November 3.

The live telecast of the pageant's coronation night will be held at the [[Mall of Asia Arena]] in [[Pasay]] for the third consecutive year.

On October 20, 2018, Miss Earth announced on their Facebook page that they will have this year's Eco-Video and Eco-Media Award winners, automatic fast-tracks to the Top 18. Two candidates will earn two spots through the preliminary panel of judges and by the votes of social media.

==Pre Pageant Activities==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
===Medalists===
{| class="wikitable" style="line-height:20px; width:100%; font-size: 95%"
|-
! colspan=2 style="width:25%;" | Event
! style="width:23%;" {{won|place=Gold}}
! style="width:23%;" {{won|place=Silver}}
! style="width:23%;" {{won|place=Bronze}}
|-
| scope="row" rowspan=7 style="width:18%; | National Costume Competition
|-
|Asia & Oceania
| align="center" | [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]] {{flagu|Vietnam}}
| align="center" | Nirada Chetsadapriyakun {{flagu|Thailand}}
| align="center" | [[Celeste Cortesi]] {{flagu|Philippines}}
|-
| North & Central America
| align="center" | [[Melissa Flores]] {{flagu|Mexico}}
| align="center" | Diana Lemos {{flagu|Panama}}
| align="center" | Lisa Hayet {{flagu|Guatemala}}
|-
|South America
| align="center" | Xamiera Kippins {{flagu|Guyana}}
| align="center" | Diana Valdivieso {{flagu|Ecuador}}
| align="center" | Jessica Russo {{flagu|Peru}}
|-
|Africa
| align="center" | Alma Nancy Sesay {{flagu|Sierra Leone}}
| align="center" | Margret Konie {{flagu|Zambia}}
| align="center" | Maristella Okpala {{flagu|Nigeria}}
|-
|Western Europe
| align="center" | Carolina Jane de Ferreira {{flagu|Spain}}
| align="center" | Telma Madeira {{flagu|Portugal}}
| align="center" | Sofia Pavan {{flagu|Italy}}
|-
|Eastern Europe
| align="center" | Nina Jovanović {{flagu|Serbia}}
| align="center" | Ksenia Sarina {{flagu|Crimea}}
| align="center" | Katarina Šećković {{flagu|Montenegro}}
|-bgcolor=#555
|colspan=5|
|-
| scope="row" rowspan=4 style="width:18%; | Evening Gown Competition
|-
|AIR Group
| align="center" | Danijela Burjan {{flagu|Slovenia}}
| align="center" | [[Celeste Cortesi]] {{flagu|Philippines}}
| align="center" | Jessica Russo {{flagu|Peru}}
|-
|WATER Group
| align="center" | [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]] {{flagu|Vietnam}}
| align="center" | Sofia Pavan {{flagu|Italy}}
| align="center" | Guo Yameng {{flagu|China}}
|-
|FIRE Group
| align="center" | Nirada Chetsadapriyakun {{flagu|Thailand}}
| align="center" | Gabriela Franceschini {{flagu|Dominican Republic}}
| align="center" | Denisse Andor {{flagu|Romania}}
|-bgcolor=#555
|colspan=5|
|-
| scope="row" rowspan=4 style="width:18%; | Swimsuit Competition
|-
|AIR Group
| align="center" | Telma Madeira {{flagu|Portugal}}
| align="center" | [[Celeste Cortesi]] {{flagu|Philippines}}
| align="center" | Danijela Burjan {{flagu|Slovenia}}
|-
|WATER Group
| align="center" | [[Melissa Flores]] {{flagu|Mexico}}
| align="center" | [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]] {{flagu|Vietnam}}
| align="center" | Nađa Pepić {{flagu|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|-
|FIRE Group
| align="center" | [[Diana Silva (model)|Diana Silva]] {{flagu|Venezuela}}
| align="center" | Gabriela Franceschini {{flagu|Dominican Republic}}
| align="center" | Carolina Jane de Ferreira {{flagu|Spain}}
|-bgcolor=#555
|colspan=5|
|-
| scope="row" rowspan=4 style="width:18%; | Resort Wear Competition
|-
|AIR Group
| align="center" | [[Celeste Cortesi]] {{flagu|Philippines}}
| align="center" | [[Valeria Ayos]] {{flagu|Colombia}}
| align="center" | Nishi Bhardwaj {{flagu|India}}
|-
|WATER Group
| align="center" | [[Melissa Flores]] {{flagu|Mexico}}
| align="center" | Christie van Schalkwyk {{flagu|Northern Ireland}}
| align="center" | Nađa Pepić {{flagu|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} Sofia Pavan {{flagu|Italy}}
|-
|FIRE Group
| align="center" | [[Diana Silva (model)|Diana Silva]] {{flagu|Venezuela}}
| align="center" | Margaretha de Jong {{flagu|Netherlands}}
| align="center" | Carolina Jane de Ferreira {{flagu|Spain}}
|-bgcolor=#555
|colspan=5|
|-
| scope="row" rowspan=4 style="width:18%; | Talent Competition
|-
|AIR Group
| align="center" | Danijela Burjan {{flagu|Slovenia}}
| align="center" | [[Afeya Jeffrey]] {{flagu|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| align="center" | Antonia Figueroa {{flagu|Chile}}
|-
|WATER Group
| align="center" | Melanie Mader {{flagu|Austria}}
| align="center" | Xamiera Kippins {{flagu|Guyana}}
| align="center" | Krystal Xamairy {{flagu|Puerto Rico}}
|-
|FIRE Group
| align="center" | Daria Kartyshova {{flagu|Russia}}
| align="center" | [[Priya Sigdel]] {{flagu|Nepal}}
| align="center" | Nirada Chetsadapriyakun {{flagu|Thailand}}
|}

=== Local Special Awards ===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! Award !! Delegate
|-
| Miss Earth Goes Plastic Free
* 1st Runner-up
* 2nd Runner-up
|
* {{flagu|Nigeria}} – Maristella Okpala
* {{flagu|Indonesia}} – Ratu Vashti Annisa
* {{flagu|South Africa}} – Margo Fargo
|-
| Darling of the Press
|
* {{flagu|Guam}} – Emma Sheedy
|-
| Goddess of Albay
* 1st Runner-up
* 2nd Runner-up
|
* {{flagu|Portugal}} – Telma Madeira
* {{flagu|Philippines}} – [[Celeste Cortesi]]
* {{flagu|Slovenia}} – Danijela Burjan
|-
| Best in Terno
* 1st Runner-up
* 2nd Runner-up
|
* {{flagu|Portugal}} – Telma Madeira
* {{flagu|Philippines}} – [[Celeste Cortesi]]
* {{flagu|Peru}} – Jessica Russo
|}

=== Sponsor's Awards ===

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%"
|-
! Award !! Delegate
|-
| Miss Brisa Marina
|
* {{flagu|Dominican Republic}} – Gabriela Franceschini
|-
| Miss CBNC Choice Award
|
* {{flagu|Spain}} – Carolina Jane de Ferreira
|-
| Miss Coral Bay Nickel Corporation Choice Award
|
* {{flagu|Spain}} – Carolina Jane de Ferreira
|-
| Miss Earth JACMI
|
* {{flagu|Mexico}} – [[Melissa Flores]]
|-
| Miss Ever Bilena
|
* {{flagu|Indonesia}} - Ratu Vashti Annisa
|-
| Miss People's Choice City Ambassadress
|
* {{flagu|Indonesia}} – Ratu Vashti Annisa
|-
|Miss Psalmstre New Placenta
|
* {{flagu|Indonesia}} – Ratu Vashti Annisa
* {{flagu|Brazil}} – Sayonara Veras
* {{flagu|Mexico}} – [[Melissa Flores]]
|-
| Miss Pontefino Estates
|
* {{flagu|Brazil}} – Sayonara Veras
|-
| Miss Pontefino Hotel
|
* {{flagu|Puerto Rico}} – Krystal Xamairy
|-
| Miss Puerto Princesa Agutaya Club
|
* {{flagu|South Africa}} – Margo Fargo
|-
| Miss Puerto Princesa Centro Hotel
|
* {{flagu|Vietnam}} – [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]]
|-
| Miss Robig Builders
|
* {{flagu|Vietnam}} – [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]]
|-
| Miss Ruj Beauty Care & Spa
|
* {{flagu|Vietnam}} – [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]]
|-
| Miss Sharp Award
|
* {{flagu|Northern Ireland}} – Christie van Schalkwyk
|-
| Miss Sponsor of DV Boer Farm Ambassadress
|
* {{flagu|Nepal}} – [[Priya Sigdel]]
|-
| Miss Sponsor of Facial Cleanse Ambassadress
|
* {{flagu|Guam}} – Emma Sheedy
|-
| Miss Sponsor of Forever Living Ambassadress
|
* {{flagu|Ghana}} – Belvy Naa
|-
|Miss Sponsor of Infinity Closet
|
* {{flagu|Peru}} – Jessica Russo
|-
| Miss Wellness Lumiere Skin & Spa
|
* {{flagu|Spain}} – Carolina Jane de Ferreira
|-
| Miss Visit Laus Auto Group
|
* {{flagu|Spain}} – Carolina Jane de Ferreira
|-
| Miss Junca Beauty 2018
|
* {{flagu|England}} – [[Abbey-Anne Gyles|Abbey-Anne Gyles-Brown]]
|}

==Contestants==
87 contestants competed for the title.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%"
! Country/Territory !! Contestant !! Age !! Hometown !! Group
|-
| {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Miss Earth Argentina|Argentina]]|| Dolores Cardoso<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://www.missearth.tv/delegates.php|title=Miss Earth 2018 Delegates|publisher=www.missearth.tv}}</ref> || 23 || [[Arrecifes]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Armenia}} [[Miss Armenia|Armenia]]|| Sona Danielyan<ref name="ReferenceA"/> ||22 || [[Yerevan]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Miss Earth Australia|Australia]]|| Monique Shippen || 25 || [[Sydney]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Miss Earth Austria|Austria]]|| Melanie Mader<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-earth/melanie-mader-crowned-miss-earth-austria-2018/articleshow/65732841.cms|title=Melanie Mader crowned Miss Earth Austria 2018|website=beautypageants.indiatimes|access-date=8 September 2018}}</ref>|| 26 || [[Vienna]] || WATER
|-
|{{flagicon|Bahamas}} [[Miss Bahamas|Bahamas]]|| Samia Lauryn McClain<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 18 || [[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]] || WATER
|-
|{{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Miss Belarus|Belarus]]|| [[Anastasia Schipanova]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| 26 || [[Minsk]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Miss Earth Belgium|Belgium]]|| Faye Bulcke || 21 || [[Zonnebeke]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Belize}} [[Miss Earth Belize|Belize]]|| Renae Martinez || 21 || [[Belize City]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Miss Bolivia|Bolivia]]|| Karen Quispe || 20 || [[Bermejo, Bolivia|Bermejo]] || FIRE
|-
|{{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Miss Earth BiH|Bosnia and Herzegovina]]|| Nađa Pepić<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 18 || [[Banja Luka]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Miss Earth Brazil|Brazil]]|| Sayonara Veras<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| 25 || [[Olinda]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Miss Cambodia|Cambodia]]||Keo Senglyhour<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 20 || [[Phnom Penh]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Cameroon}} [[Miss Cameroon|Cameroon]]|| Audrey Monkam || 23 || [[Buea]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Nuestra Belleza Chile|Chile]]|| Antonia Figueroa|| 23 || [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|China}} [[Miss Earth China|China]]|| Guo Yameng || 21 || Beijing || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Miss Earth Colombia|Colombia]]|| [[Valeria Ayos]] || 24 || [[Cartagena, Colombia|Cartagena]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Reinas de Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]|| Arianna Medrano<ref name="ReferenceA"/>|| 19 || [[Puntarenas]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagu|Crimea}} || Ksenia Sarina<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 25 || [[Simferopol]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Croatia}} [[Miss Croatia|Croatia]]|| Michelle Korenić<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 20 || [[Zagreb]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Miss Cuba|Cuba]]|| Monica Aguilar<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 19 || [[Camagüey]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Curaçao}} [[Miss Curaçao|Curaçao]]|| Alexandra Atalita || 24 || [[Willemstad]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Miss Cyprus|Cyprus]]|| María Armenáki<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 18 || [[Ayia Napa]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Miss|Czech Republic]]|| Tereza Křivánková || 24 || [[Prague]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Miss Universe Denmark|Denmark]]|| Kamilla Bang<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 19 || [[Horsens]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Miss Dominican Republic|Dominican Republic]]|| Gabriela Franceschini || 26 || [[Santo Domingo]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Miss Earth Ecuador|Ecuador]]|| Diana Valdivieso || 20 || [[Portoviejo]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Miss Egypt|Egypt]]|| Lamia Fathi || 24 || [[Cairo]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|England}} [[Miss Earth United Kingdom|England]]|| [[Abbey-Anne Gyles|Abbey-Anne Gyles-Brown]] || 20 || [[Northampton]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagu|France}} || Allison Dernard || 25 || [[Marseille]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Miss Earth Germany|Germany]]|| [[Maren Tschinkel]]|| 20 || [[Ravensburg]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Miss Earth Ghana|Ghana]]|| Belvy Naa<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 25 || [[Accra]] || AIR
|-
|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Star Hellas|Greece]]|| Chrysa Androutsopoulou || 24 || [[Patras]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagu|Guadeloupe|local}} || Orlane Dorocant<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 20 || [[Gourbeyre]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Guam}} [[Miss Earth Guam|Guam]]|| Emma Sheedy<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 18 || [[Yigo, Guam|Yigo]] || AIR
|-
|{{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Miss Guatemala|Guatemala]]|| Lisa Hayet<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 24 || [[Mixco]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Guyana}} [[Miss Earth Guyana|Guyana]]|| Xamiera Kippins || 23 || [[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Miss Haiti|Haiti]]|| Falance Benjamin<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 26 || [[Port-au-Prince]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Honduras|1949}} [[Miss Honduras|Honduras]]|| Diana Palma || 21 || [[Danlí]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Hungary}} [[Magyarország Szépe|Hungary]]|| Réka Lukács<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 25 || [[Budapest]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|India}} [[Miss Earth India|India]]||Nishi Bhardwaj|| 23 ||New Delhi || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Miss Earth Indonesia|Indonesia]]|| Ratu Vashti Annisa|| 23 || [[Tangerang]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Miss Ireland|Ireland]]|| Sarah Carr || 24 || [[Downings]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Miss Israel|Israel]]|| Dana Zreik<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 20 || [[Olesh]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Miss Terra Italia|Italy]]|| Sofia Pavan|| 19 || [[Padua]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Miss Earth Japan|Japan]]|| Mio Tanaka || 24 || [[Komatsu, Ishikawa|Komatsu]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Miss Earth Liberia|Liberia]]|| Joicet Jartu Foday<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 23 || [[Monrovia]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Miss Earth Malaysia|Malaysia]]|| Jasmine Yeo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-earth/jasmine-yeo-suk-peng-crowned-miss-earth-malaysia-2018/articleshow/64417506.cms|title=Jasmine Yeo Suk Peng crowned Miss Earth Malaysia 2018|website=beautypageants.indiatimes|access-date=1 June 2018}}</ref> || 25 || [[Kuching]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Miss Malta|Malta]]|| Yanika Azzopardi<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 22 || [[Mosta]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|MRI}} [[Miss Earth Mauritius|Mauritius]]|| Kirty Sujeewon<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 26 || [[Fond du Sac]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Miss Earth México|Mexico]]|| [[Melissa Flores]] || 20 || [[Venustiano Carranza, Michoacán|Venustiano Carranza]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|MDA}} [[Miss Moldova|Moldova]]|| Dumitrița Izbișciuc || 18 || [[Chișinău]]
|| AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|MNE}} [[Miss Montenegro|Montenegro]]|| Katarina Šećković<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 24 || [[Bijelo Polje]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|Myanmar}} [[Miss Earth Myanmar|Myanmar]]|| Chaw Yupar Thet|| 24 || [[Yangon]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|NEP}} [[Miss Nepal|Nepal]]|| [[Priya Sigdel]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 23 || [[Kathmandu]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|NED}} [[Miss Nederland|Netherlands]]|| Margaretha de Jong|| 21 || [[Tytsjerksteradiel]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[Miss Earth New Zealand|New Zealand]]|| Jzayla Hughey || 22 || [[Auckland]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|NGA}} [[Miss Earth Nigeria|Nigeria]]|| Maristella Okpala|| 25 || [[Enugu (city)|Enugu]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|NIR}} [[Miss Earth United Kingdom|Northern Ireland]]|| Christie van Schalkwyk || 24 || [[Carrickfergus]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|PAN}} [[Señorita Panamá|Panama]]|| Diana Lemos<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 20 ||[[La Chorrera, Panama|La Chorrera]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|PAR}} [[Miss Paraguay|Paraguay]]|| Larissa Domínguez<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 22 || [[Asunción]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|PER}} [[Miss Peru|Peru]]|| Jessica Russo || 22 || [[Lima]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|PHI}} [[Miss Earth Philippines|Philippines]]|| [[Celeste Cortesi]] || 20 || [[Pasay]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|POL}} [[Miss Earth Poland|Poland]]|| Aleksandra Grysz || 22 || [[Kraków]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|POR}} [[Miss Queen Portugal|Portugal]]|| Telma Madeira<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 18 || [[Porto]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|PUR}} [[Miss Earth Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]]|| Krystal Xamairy || 18 || [[Arecibo, Puerto Rico|Arecibo]] || WATER
|-
|{{flagicon|Réunion|local}} [[Miss Earth Reunion|Réunion]]|| Alexia Aupin || 18 || [[Saint-Joseph, Réunion|Saint-Joseph]] || WATER
|-
| {{Flagu|Romania}} || Denisse Andor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iasifun.ziaruldeiasi.ro/o-romanca-stabilita-in-spania-va-reprezenta-romania-la-miss-earth-2018-din-filipine/174297/|title=O româncă stabilită în Spania va reprezenta Romania la Miss Earth 2018 din Filipine|website=iasifun.ziaruldeiasi.ro|language=ro}}</ref> || 23 || [[Bistrița]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Krasa Rossii|Russia]]|| Daria Kartyshova|| 24 || [[Nizhny Novgorod]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|RWA}} [[Miss Earth Rwanda|Rwanda]]||Anastasie Umutoniwase<ref>{{cite web |last1=Nsabimana |first1=Eddie |title=Umutoniwase to represent Rwanda at Miss Earth 2018 |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/umutoniwase-represent-rwanda-miss-earth-2018 |website=The New Times |access-date=5 October 2018 |date=October 1, 2018}}</ref> || 19 || [[Tarlac City|Kigali]] || FIRE
|-
|{{flagicon|Samoa}} [[Miss Samoa|Samoa]]|| Rebecca Sang-Yum || 20 || [[Apia]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|SRB}} [[Miss Serbia|Serbia]]|| Nina Jovanović<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 18 || [[Požarevac]] || WATER
|-
|{{flagicon|SLE}} [[Face of Sierra Leone|Sierra Leone]]|| Alma Nancy Sesa || 19 || [[Port Loko]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|SGP}} [[Miss Earth Singapore|Singapore]]|| Kara Dong || 19 || Singapore City || FIRE
|-
|{{flagicon|SVN}} [[Miss Earth Slovenia|Slovenia]]|| Danijela Burjan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://novice.si/page/danijela-burjan-iz-zrec-je-nova-miss-earth-slovenije-2018/|title=Danijela Burjan iz Zreč je nova Miss Earth Slovenije 2018|website=Novice.si|language=sl|access-date=16 September 2018}}</ref> || 22 || [[Zreče]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|ZAF}} [[Miss Earth South Africa|South Africa]]|| Margo Fargo|| 26 || [[Heidedal]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Miss Korea|South Korea]]|| Su-hyun Song || 25 || [[Daegu]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Miss Earth Spain|Spain]]|| Carolina Jane de Ferreira|| 22 || [[Cantabria]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|SRI}} [[Miss Earth Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]]|| Nathasha Fernando<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 21 || [[Matara, Sri Lanka|Matara]] || WATER
|-
|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Miss Earth Sweden|Sweden]]|| Yasmine Mindru<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.missearth.tv/delegates.php/|title=Miss Earth Official Delegates|website=Miss Earth|access-date=18 September 2018}}</ref> || 19 || [[Gothenburg]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|THA}} [[Miss Earth Thailand|Thailand]]|| Nirada Chetsadapriyakun || 26 || [[Amnat Charoen]] || FIRE
|-
| {{Flagu|Tonga}} || Maria Otulao Aholelei|| 21 || [[Nukuʻalofa]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|TTO}} [[Miss Earth Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad and Tobago]]|| Afeya Jeffrey|| 26 || [[Point Fortin]] || AIR
|-
| {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Miss Ukraine|Ukraine]]|| Anastasiia Kryvokhyzha<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 23 || [[Kyiv]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|USA}} [[Miss Earth United States 2018|United States]]||Yashvi Aware|| 25 ||[[College Park, Maryland|College Park]] || FIRE
|-
| {{flagicon|VEN}} [[Miss Earth Venezuela|Venezuela]]||[[Diana Silva (model)|Diana Silva]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://primicia.com.ve/diana-silva-es-la-nueva-miss-earth-venezuela/|title=Diana Silva es la nueva Miss Earth Venezuela|website=primicia.com.ve|access-date=14 August 2018|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907032327/https://primicia.com.ve/diana-silva-es-la-nueva-miss-earth-venezuela/|archive-date=7 September 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> || 21 || [[Caracas]] || FIRE
|-
|{{flagicon|Vietnam}} [[Miss Earth Vietnam|Vietnam]]|| [[Nguyễn Phương Khánh]]<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 23 || [[Bến Tre provincial city|Bến Tre]] || WATER
|-
| {{flagicon|ZAM}} [[Miss Earth Zambia|Zambia]]|| Margret Konie<ref name="ReferenceA"/> || 21 || [[Lusaka]] || AIR
|}

==Notes==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
===Debuts===
*{{Flagu|Montenegro}}

===Returns===
{{colbegin}}
*Last competed in [[Miss Earth 2008|2008]]:
** {{Flagu|Liberia}}
*Last competed in [[Miss Earth 2009|2009]]:
** {{Flagu|Cuba}}
** {{Flagu|Greece}}
*Last competed in [[Miss Earth 2014|2014]]:
** {{Flagu|Curaçao}}
** {{Flagu|Guyana}}
*Last competed in [[Miss Earth 2015|2015]]:
** {{Flagu|Armenia}}
** {{Flagu|Egypt}}
** {{Flagu|Germany}}
** {{Flagu|Ireland}}
** {{Flagu|Trinidad and Tobago}}
*Last competed in [[Miss Earth 2016|2016]]:
** {{Flagu|Guam}}
** {{Flagu|Haiti}}
** {{Flagu|Romania}}
** {{Flagu|South Africa}}
{{colend}}

===Replacements===
* {{flagu|Belgium}} – Faye Bulcke was appointed Miss Earth Belgium 2018 by Ken Stevens (national director of Miss Earth Belgium) as a replacement to Mayke Aendekerk, who cannot compete to the pageant for personal reasons. Bulcke was crowned 2nd runner-up at the Miss Exclusive 2016 pageant. The winner of Miss Exclusive pageant usually competes at Miss Earth.
* {{flagu|Bolivia}} – Karen Jenifer Quispe Nava was appointed Miss Earth Bolivia 2018 by Promociones Gloria as a replacement to Ilssen Olmos Ferrufino, who was reportedly rejected by Miss Earth Organization for not meeting the age requirements of the pageant. Quispe was crowned Virreina Miss World Bolivia 2018. Olmos will compete in Miss Supranational 2018 pageant instead.
* {{flagu|India}} – Nishi Bharadwaj has been appointed as Miss Earth India 2018 by Glamanand Supermodel India Organization as a replacement to the original title holder of Miss Earth India 2018 Devika Vaid. The original winner suffered with an injury making her unable to compete at the forthcoming Miss Earth 2018.

===Designations===
* {{flagu|South Africa}} – Margo Fargo was appointed as Miss Earth South Africa 2018. The appointment was due to conflict of schedules with Miss Earth South Africa 2018 pageant and the Miss Earth 2018 pageant arrival. Fargo previously worked as Miss Earth South Africa Ambassador in 2014 and recently competed for Miss South Africa 2018, where she placed in the Top 12.
* {{flagu|Thailand}} – Nirada Chetsadapriyakun was appointed as Miss Earth Thailand 2018 by Pawina Bumrungrot, National Director of ERM Marketing Co., Ltd., Thailand. Nirada was the 2nd Runner-up of Miss All Nations Thailand 2017.

===Withdrawals===
;During the contest
* {{flagu|Canada}} – Jaime Vandenberg participated in some the preliminary activities in Manila but she decided to withdraw before the coronation night after accusing one of the Filipino food sponsors of [[sexual harassment]] during a dinner at the Manila Yacht Club.
*{{flagu|Lebanon}} – Salwa Akar was dethroned the title "Miss Earth Lebanon 2018" by the Miss Lebanon Organization after her photo with Miss Israel appeared in the media. She returned to her hometown afterwards.

;Before the contest
{{colbegin}}
*{{Flagu|Angola}}
*{{Flagu|Cook Islands}}
*{{Flagu|Ethiopia}}
*{{Flagu|Kyrgyzstan}}
*{{Flagu|Mongolia}}
*{{Flagu|Pakistan}}
*{{Flagu|Switzerland}}
*{{flagu|Taiwan}}
*{{Flagu|Uganda}}
*{{flagu|United States Virgin Islands}}
*{{Flagu|Wales}}
{{colend}}

==Controversies==
===Lebanon and Israel conflict===
[[Miss Lebanon]] 2018, Salwa Akar received international press attention when she was stripped of her title in Lebanon, while participating in Miss Earth 2018 pageant after she posted a photo in Facebook with her arm around [[Miss Israel]]'s Dana Zreik and making peace signs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/ny-news-israel-beauty-pageant-20181018-story.html|title=Lebanese pageant winner stripped of title for posing with Israeli contestant|last=Greene|first=Leonard|date=17 October 2018|work=[[New York Daily News]]|access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Miss-Earth-Lebanon-stripped-of-title-after-photo-with-Israeli-569633|title=Miss Earth Lebanon stripped of title after photo with Israeli|last=Spiro|first=Amy|date=17 October 2018|work=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> Lebanon and Israel are in a long-standing state of war.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/pageants/214662-miss-earth-lebanon-salwa-akar-stripped-of-title-photo-with-miss-earth-israel/|title=Lebanon's Miss Earth 2018 bet stripped of title after photo with Miss Israel|author=Staff Writer|date=19 October 2018|work=[[Rappler]]|access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> As a result, she was unable to continue her participation in the Miss Earth pageant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/671964/miss-earth-lebanon-loses-crown-over-photo-with-miss-earth-israel/story/|title=Miss Earth Lebanon loses crown over photo with Miss Earth Israel|last=Magsino|first=Dona|date=21 October 2018|work=[[GMA News TV]]|access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> In a press release, Israel's Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]’s spokesman Ofir Gendelman reacted on Akar’s dethronement and condemned the "Lebanese apartheid."<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2018/10/20/miss-earth-lebanon-israel-2018-dethroned.html|title=Miss Earth Lebanon 2018 dethroned over photo with Israeli fellow|author=Staff Writer|date=20 October 2018|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=23 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023083901/http://cnnphilippines.com/entertainment/2018/10/20/miss-earth-lebanon-israel-2018-dethroned.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/10/18/1861152/miss-earth-lebanon-loses-title-after-photo-israeli-candidate-appears|title=The Philippine Star|last=Afinidad-Bernardo|first=Deni Rose M.|date=18 October 2018|access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref>

===Sexual harassment allegations===
On November 7–8, 2018, [[Jaime Vandenberg]] of Canada, [[Abbey-Anne Gyles|Abbey-Anne Gyles-Brown]] of England, and Emma Sheedy of Guam accused one of the Filipino food sponsors of [[sexual harassment]] during a dinner at the Manila Yacht Club, claiming that he asked them for sexual favors in exchange for the crown or an advancement in the pageant.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/673939/miss-earth-canada-says-she-was-sexually-harassed-during-pageant/story/ |title='I WAS DISGUSTED': Miss Earth Canada says she was sexually harassed during pageant |first=Margaret Claire |last=Layug |publisher=[[GMA Network]] |date=November 8, 2018 |access-date=November 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/11/08/1866966/metoo-miss-earth-2018-bets-accuse-filipino-sponsor-harassment-organizer-denies-claims |title=#MeToo: Miss Earth 2018 bets accuse Filipino sponsor of harassment; organizer denies claims |first=Rosette |last=Adel |newspaper=[[The Philippine Star]] |date=November 8, 2018 |access-date=November 8, 2018}}</ref> Sheedy had identified the sponsor as Amado S. Cruz, who is president of a car rental company and CEO of a construction company.<ref name="Adina">{{cite news |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1052368/more-miss-earth-bets-urged-to-report-sexual-harassment |title=More Miss Earth bets urged to report sexual harassment |first=Armin P. |last=Adina |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=November 10, 2018 |access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref> The Manila Yacht Club officials clarified that Cruz is not a member and could have just been sponsored by another member.<ref name="CNN-acuse">{{Cite news|url=https://nine.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/11/08/Miss-Earth-2018-sexual-harassment-pageant-sponsor.html|title=Miss Earth 2018 candidates accuse pageant sponsor of sexual harassment, lack of action from PH organizers|author=Staff Writer|date=9 November 2018|work=CNN Philippines|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413180410/https://nine.cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/11/08/Miss-Earth-2018-sexual-harassment-pageant-sponsor.html |access-date=12 November 2018|url-status=dead|archive-date=2019-04-13 }}</ref> The pageant officials indicated that Cruz was not one of the major sponsors of the pageant and just sponsored for an evening meal.<ref name="gma-organizers-speak">{{Cite news|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/content/674016/miss-earth-organizer-speaks-up-about-alleged-sexual-harassment-incidents/story/|title=Miss Earth organizer speaks up about alleged sexual harassment incidents|last=Bigtas|first=Jannielyn Ann|date=8 November 2018|work=[[GMA Network (company)]]|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>

Vandenberg withdrew from competition after Cruz obtained her mobile number without her consent and kept calling her for her hotel and room number. The pageant officials stated that they did not know how Cruz obtained her number, and they only have the delegates' international contact numbers and the pageant's mode of communication was through messenger and group chat only.<ref name="gma-organizers-speak"/>

Vandenberg also claimed the organizers confiscated her passport on the first day of competition. The pageant organizers denied Vandenberg's claim, stating that delegates are free to keep their passports by signing a waiver and they only keep the passports for safekeeping since there had been many occasions of misplacing or losing their passports and to facilitate check-in for their domestic flights and hotel accommodations.<ref name="safetyfirst">{{Cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/11/10/1867339/safety-candidates-miss-earth-priority|title=Safety of candidates is Miss Earth priority|last=Pagulong|first=Charmie Joy|date=10 November 2018|work=[[The Philippine Star]]|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="CNN-acuse"/>

Vandenberg also said that seven candidates left the dinner and accompanied by the team managers to sit on the bus after feeling uncomfortable with the sponsor.<ref name="Strait-cry">{{Cite news|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/miss-earth-contestants-cry-sexual-harassment-at-philippine-pageant |title=Miss Earth contestants cry sexual harassment at Philippine pageant |last=Dancel |first=Raul |date=8 November 2018 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref> All three candidates voiced their complaints to organizer [[Lorraine Schuck]], but despite Schuck's assurance that Cruz would not be allowed near the candidates, he still appeared in the pageant.<ref name="CNN-acuse"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/life/11/08/18/2-more-miss-earth-2018-bets-allege-sexual-harassment-vs-sponsor |title=2 more Miss Earth 2018 bets allege sexual harassment vs sponsor |publisher=[[ABS-CBN Corporation]] |date=November 8, 2018 |access-date=November 8, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://preen.inquirer.net/86196/three-beauty-queens-were-allegedly-harassed-during-miss-earth-international |title=Three beauty queens were allegedly harassed during Miss Earth International |first=Jacqueline |last=Arias |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=November 8, 2018 |access-date=November 8, 2018}}</ref> Schuck then stated that she does not have any authority in public places, such as the hotels where the delegates stayed and the [[Mall of Asia Arena]] where the grand final of the pageant took place since the pageant was a public event.<ref name="Adina"/> Furthermore, Schuck said that all the delegates had police escorts for their safety.<ref name="Strait-cry"/> Schuck subsequently announced that Cruz is 'forever banned' from Miss Earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/life/11/08/18/miss-earth-sponsor-forever-banned-amid-sexual-harassment-allegations |title=Miss Earth sponsor 'forever banned' amid sexual harassment allegations |publisher=[[ABS-CBN Corporation]] |date=November 8, 2018 |access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref>

On November 9, 2018, Cruz denied the accusations of the three candidates. In addition, Monica Aguilar of Cuba claimed there were no instances of sexual harassment during the competition.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/life/11/09/18/amid-viral-photos-miss-earth-sponsor-accused-of-sexual-harassment-speaks-up |title=Amid viral photos, Miss Earth sponsor accused of sexual harassment speaks up |publisher=[[ABS-CBN Corporation]] |date=November 9, 2018 |access-date=November 10, 2018}}</ref> Instead, she stated that the sponsor asked only if they wished to extend their visas to proceed to [[Boracay]] after the pageant, and she further stated that "no one was promised to get us further in the competition through 'sexual favors."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2018/11/08/1866966/metoo-miss-earth-2018-bets-accuse-filipino-sponsor-harassment-organizer-denies-claims|title=#MeToo: Miss Earth 2018 bets accuse Filipino sponsor of harassment; organizer denies claims|last=Adel|first=Rosette|date=8 November 2018|work=[[The Philippine Star]]|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref>

On November 10, 2018, Schuck's company Carousel Productions Inc. urged other candidates to come forward if they experienced any incidents of sexual harassment during the pageant.<ref name="Adina"/> The organizer also expressed support to the delegates in case they decide to take any further action to the alleged perpetrator.<ref name="safetyfirst"/>

== Crossovers ==
Contestants who previously competed or will be competing at other international beauty pageants:

; [[Miss Universe]]
* [[Miss Universe 2021|2021]]: {{flagu|Colombia}}: [[Valeria Ayos]] (Top 5)
* [[Miss Universe 2021|2021]]: {{flagu|Chile}}: Antonia Figueroa (''Unplaced'')
* [[Miss Universe 2021|2021]]: {{flagu|Nigeria}}: Maristella Okpala (''Unplaced''), Best National Costume
* [[Miss Universe 2022|2022]]: {{flagu|Philippines}}: [[Celeste Cortesi]] (''Unplaced'')
* [[Miss Universe 2022|2022]]: {{flagu|Portugal}}: Telma Madeira ''(Top 16)''
* [[Miss Universe 2023|2023]]: {{flagu|Mexico}}: [[Melissa Flores]]'' (Unplaced)''
* [[Miss Universe 2023|2023]]: {{flagu|Venezuela}}: [[Diana Silva (model)|Diana Silva]] ''(Top 10)''

; [[Miss World]]
* [[Miss World 2016|2016]]: {{flagu|Chile}}: Antonia Figueroa (''Unplaced'')
* [[Miss World 2017|2017]]: {{flagu|Belize}}: Renae Martinez (''Unplaced'')

; [[Miss International]]
* [[Miss International 2019|2019]]: {{flagu|Australia}}: Monique Shippen<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shippen |first1=Monique |title=Miss International Australia 2019 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B3eLKHcnPT6/ |website=[[Instagram]] |access-date=October 23, 2021 }}</ref> (''Unplaced'')

; [[Miss Grand International]]
* [[Miss Grand International 2023|2023]]: {{flagu|Romania}}: Denisse Andor ''(Unplaced)''

; [[Miss Asia Pacific International]]
* [[Miss Asia Pacific International 2018|2018]]: {{flagu|Armenia}}: Sona Danielyan (''Unplaced'')

; [[Top Model of the World]]
* 2017: {{flagu|Germany}}: Maren Tschinkel (''Unplaced'')

; Reinado Internacional Del Café
* 2018: {{flagu|Argentina}}: [[Dolores Cardoso]] (''Unplaced'')

; Miss Grand Mar Universe
* 2016: {{flagu|Malta}}: Yanika Azzopardi (Top 5)

; Miss City Tourism World
* 2017: {{flagu|Venezuela}}: [[Diana Silva (model)|Diana Silva]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Silva |first1=Diana |title=Miss City Tourism World 2017 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BaZmI3XAWv4/ |website=Instagram |publisher=Diana Silva |access-date=October 23, 2021 }}</ref> (Winner)

; Miss Black San International Queen
* 2017: {{flagu|Guyana}}: Xamiera Kippins<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kippins |first1=Xamiera |title=Xamiera Kippins, Miss Black San International Queen 2017 |url=https://instagram.com/xamiera.kippins |website=[[Instagram]] |access-date=October 23, 2021 }}</ref> (Winner)

; Miss Tourism America
* 2014: {{flagu|Paraguay}}: Larissa Dominguez<ref>{{cite web |title=Miss Tourism America 2014 |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BZsrhu4FkQc/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BZsrhu4FkQc |archive-date=2021-12-26 |url-access=registration}}{{cbignore}}</ref> (Winner)

==Broadcasters==
{{unreferenced section|date=May 2024}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! Broadcasters
! Coverage
|-
| Facebook Live
| Livestream on the official Facebook page of Miss Earth Organization.
|-
| [[Fox Life|FOX Life]]
| Live broadcast in Australia, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.
|-
| [[GMA Network]]
| Livestream on the official YouTube Channel of GMA Network and delayed telecast (November 4, 2018) in the Philippines.
|-
| [[Globovisión]]
| Broadcast in Venezuela and through [[DirecTV]] cable channels in Argentina, Aruba, Barbados, Chile, Colombia, Curaçao, Ecuador, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, and Uruguay.
|-
| [[Hong Kong Cable Television]]
| Broadcast in Hong Kong.
|-
| [[MVS Comunicaciones]]
| Broadcast in [[Central America|Central]] and South America, Canada, the Caribbean, Mexico, and the United States.
|-
| [[Telecaribe]]
| Broadcast in Colombia.
|-
| [[Telemicro]]
| Broadcast in Dominican Republic.
|-
| [[List of television stations in Suriname|SCCN Channel 17]]
| Broadcast in Suriname.
|-
| [[ZAP (satellite television)|ZAP TV]]
| Broadcast in Angola and Mozambique.
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|url=http://www.missearth.tv/}}

{{Miss Earth}}
{{Miss Earth 2018 delegates}}
{{Miss Earth countries and territories}}

[[Category:Miss Earth|2018]]
[[Category:2018 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in the Philippines]]
[[Category:2018 in the Philippines]]

Perambur Assembly constituency

2026-05-08T15:21:54Z

BeauTesterman:

{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Perambur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 12
| map_image = Constitution-Perambur.svg
| mla = [[C. Joseph Vijay]]
| incumbent_image = Vijay at Protest of the Nadigar Sangam.jpg
| party = {{Party index link|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|TVK-led Alliance|TVK+}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Chennai district|Chennai]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency|Chennai North]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 222,792
}}

'''Perambur''' is a legislative assembly, that includes the city of [[Perambur]]. Its State Assembly Constituency number is 12. Perambur Assembly constituency is a part of [[Chennai North Lok Sabha constituency]]. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |title=List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies |accessdate=17 August 2022 |work=Tamil Nadu |publisher=Election Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf |archive-date=2006-05-04}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Year
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white"|Winner
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2" | Party
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Madras State'''
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[S. Pakkirisamy Pillai]]
| {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party (India, 1948)}}
|----
| [[1957 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|[[Pakkiriswami Pillai]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| D. Sulochana
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| [[Satyavani Muthu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
|style="text-align: center;" colspan="4"|'''Tamil Nadu'''
|-
| [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
| [[Satyavani Muthu]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan=2|[[S. Balan]]
|-
| [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| [[Parithi Elamvazhuthi]]
|-
| [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| [[Chengai Sivam]]
|-
| [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| M. P. Sekar
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Chengai Sivam]]
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| rowspan=2|[[K. Mahendran]]
| {{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
| rowspan=3|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|-
| [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-]]
| [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[A. Soundararajan]]
|-
| [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[P. Vetrivel]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |title=2016 Tamil Nadu General Election: Constituency Data Summary |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2016/09-Constitutional%20Data%20Summarytamil.pdf |access-date=27 May 2016|page=12}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|-
| [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019^]]
| rowspan=2|[[R. D. Sekar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Form 21E (Return of Election)|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC012.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223083201/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC012.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2021|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Tamil Nadu}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|-
|[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| [[C. Joseph Vijay]]
| {{Full party name with color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}
|}

^by-election

==Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#2026|2026]]|{{party color|Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam}}|58.89}}
{{bar percent|[[#2021|2021]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|52.93}}
{{bar percent|[[#2019 by-election|2019 by-election]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.32}}
{{bar percent|[[#2016|2016]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.39}}
{{bar percent|[[#2011|2011]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|52.26}}
{{bar percent|[[#2006|2006]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|44.83}}
{{bar percent|[[#2001|2001]]|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}|52.42}}
{{bar percent|[[#1996|1996]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|67.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#1991|1991]]|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.06}}
{{bar percent|[[#1989|1989]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#1984|1984]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|53.04}}
{{bar percent|[[#1980|1980]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.59}}
{{bar percent|[[#1977|1977]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|42.74}}
{{bar percent|[[#1971|1971]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|56.37}}
{{bar percent|[[#1967|1967]]|{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|54.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#1962|1962]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|54.48}}
{{bar percent|[[#1957|1957]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|24.60}}
{{bar percent|[[#1952|1952]]|{{party color|Socialist Party (India, 1948}}|42.08}}

}}

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate= [[C. Joseph Vijay]]|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes=1,20,365 |percentage=58.89 |change=''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. D. Shekar]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=66,650 |percentage=32.61 |change= {{decrease}}20.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= M. Thilagabama|party= Pattali Makkal Katchi|votes=8,561 |percentage=4.19 |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Vetri Tamizhan|party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=5,114 |percentage=2.50 |change= {{decrease}}7.47}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=601 |percentage=0.29 |change={{decrease}}0.47 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=53,715 |percentage=26.28 |change={{decrease}}1.36}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 204,384|percentage=90.31 |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 226,296|change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing={{increase}}58.89 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref name=election2021>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13680-tamil-nadu-general-legislative-election-2021/ |title=Tamil Nadu General Legislative Election 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date= 19 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Perambur Election Result|url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a012|access-date= 12 Jun 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[R. D. Sekar]]|party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=105,267 |percentage=52.93% |change=+10.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. R. Dhanapalan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=50,291 |percentage=25.29% |change=-17.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Merlin Suganthi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=19,821 |percentage=9.97% |change=+8.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Ponnusamy |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=17,072 |percentage=8.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=E. Lakshmi Narayanan |party=Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,042 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=1,515 |percentage=0.76% |change=-0.92 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=54,976 |percentage=27.64% |change= 27.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=198,872 |percentage=62.96% |change= -1.99% }}
{{Election box rejected|votes=390|percentage=0.20% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 315,884 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 10.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Perambur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Form 21E (Return of Election) |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC012.pdf |access-date=12 Feb 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223083551/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/ByeElection2019_Form21E/AC012.pdf |archive-date=23 December 2021 }}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[R. D. Sekar]]
|votes = 1,06,394
|percentage = 56.32
|change = +14.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = R. S. Raajesh
|votes = 38,371
|percentage = 20.31
|change = -22.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Makkal Needhi Maiam
|candidate = U. Priyadarshini
|votes = 20,508
|percentage = 10.86
|change = +10.86
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Naam Tamilar Katchi
|candidate = S. Merlin Suganthi
|votes = 8,611
|percentage = 4.56
|change = +2.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Amma Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
|candidate = [[P. Vetrivel]]
|votes = 6,281
|percentage = 3.32
|change = +3.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 2,511
|percentage = 1.33
|change = NA
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 68,023
|percentage = 35.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,89,093
|percentage = 64.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|loser = All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|access-date= 30 Apr 2022|archive-date= 30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430083638/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/TNLA2016/AC%20WISE%20CANDIDATE%20COUNT.pdf|title=Assembly wise Candidate Valid Votes count 2016, Tamil Nadu|website=www.elections.tn.gov.in}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[P. Vetrivel]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,974 |percentage=42.39% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. R. Dhanapalan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=79,455 |percentage=42.11% |change=+0.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Soundararajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=10,281 |percentage=5.45% |change=-46.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Prakash |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,582 |percentage=2.43% |change=+0.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Venkatesh Perumal |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=3,685 |percentage=1.95% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vetri Thamizhan |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=3,236 |percentage=1.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes=3,167 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=519 |percentage=0.28% |change= -10.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=188,681 |percentage=64.95% |change= -4.79% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 290,522 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -9.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result 2011, Aseembly Election Tamil Nadu|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf| archive-date =15 February 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. Soundararajan]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=84,668 |percentage=52.26% |change=+7.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. R. Dhanapalan |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=67,245 |percentage=41.50% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ravindrakumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,758 |percentage=1.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Vijayakumar |party=Jharkhand Mukti Morcha |votes=961 |percentage=0.59% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Palani |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=912 |percentage=0.56% |change=-0.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. Gopi Anand |party=Independent politician |votes=861 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,423 |percentage=10.75% |change= 9.22% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=162,026 |percentage=69.74% |change= 1.86% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 232,344 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= 7.42% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2006===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 2006 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| access-date = 12 May 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Mahendran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=81,765 |percentage=44.83% |change=-7.59 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Manimaran |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,977 |percentage=43.30% |change=+40.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. Lingam |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=15,881 |percentage=8.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Perumal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,449 |percentage=0.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Viswanathan Kakkan |party=Janata Party |votes=952 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,788 |percentage=1.53% |change= -11.44% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=182,379 |percentage=67.87% |change= 19.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 268,704 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= -7.59% }}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. Mahendran]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=69,613 |percentage=52.42% |change=+45.74 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Chengai Sivam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=52,390 |percentage=39.45% |change=-27.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Natarajan |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,055 |percentage=3.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Ravi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,702 |percentage=2.03% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Gunasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,700 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Rama Rao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,012 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,223 |percentage=12.97% |change= -30.33% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=132,799 |percentage=47.96% |change= -13.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 276,886 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -14.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = 1996 Election Statistical Report| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Chengai Sivam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=90,683 |percentage=67.29% |change=+26.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Neelakandan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,332 |percentage=23.99% |change=-30.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Sarala |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=9,008 |percentage=6.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Nageswara Rao |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,910 |percentage=1.42% |change=-0.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=58,351 |percentage=43.30% |change= 29.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=134,760 |percentage=61.00% |change= 5.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 227,398 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 13.23% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1991| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf| archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Dr. M. P. Sekar |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=62,759 |percentage=54.06% |change=+47.58 }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Chengai Sivam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,307 |percentage=40.75% |change=-13.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. K. Sampath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,960 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. P. E Bakthan |party=Janata Party |votes=1,588 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Kanagasabapathy |party=TMUL |votes=1,383 |percentage=1.19% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,452 |percentage=13.31% |change= -19.48% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=116,088 |percentage=55.53% |change= -11.73% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,067 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.20% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1989| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Chengai Sivam]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=65,681 |percentage=53.86% |change=+0.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Viswanathan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,691 |percentage=21.07% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Mahenathan |party=Independent politician |votes=15,747 |percentage=12.91% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Panchalaim |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=7,908 |percentage=6.49% |change=-39.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Thirumalai |party=Independent politician |votes=4,238 |percentage=3.48% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R. Ganesekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,037 |percentage=0.85% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=39,990 |percentage=32.80% |change= 25.63% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=121,939 |percentage=67.26% |change= 4.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,148 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 0.83% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1984===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1984| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121208/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf| archive-date = 17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Parithi Ilamvazhuthi]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=53,325 |percentage=53.04% |change=-1.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sathyavani Muthu]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=46,121 |percentage=45.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sankaralingam |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=0.52% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,204 |percentage=7.17% |change= -2.01% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=100,541 |percentage=62.75% |change= 1.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 165,376 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -1.55% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1980===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1980| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf| archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Balan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,269 |percentage=54.59% |change=+11.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Murugaian |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=40,989 |percentage=45.41% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,280 |percentage=9.17% |change= -7.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,258 |percentage=61.65% |change= 17.96% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 148,248 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 11.84% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1977===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1977| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf| access-date = 19 April 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Balan]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=34,134 |percentage=42.74% |change=-13.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Raja |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,666 |percentage=25.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. P. Elumalai |party=Janata Party |votes=16,675 |percentage=20.88% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. M. Perumal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,385 |percentage=10.50% |change=-32.06 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,468 |percentage=16.86% |change= 3.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=79,860 |percentage=43.70% |change= -22.09% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,688 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -13.62% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1971===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title = Statistical Report on General Election 1971| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sathyavani Muthu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=49,070 |percentage=56.37% |change=+2.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Sulochana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=37,047 |percentage=42.56% |change=-2.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Shammugam |party=Independent politician |votes=939 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,023 |percentage=13.81% |change= 4.83% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=87,056 |percentage=65.78% |change= -8.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 135,439 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.18% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf|archive-date=20 March 2012|access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sathyavani Muthu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=40,364 |percentage=54.19% |change=+10.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=D. Sulochana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,677 |percentage=45.21% |change=-9.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Muthuvelu |party=Independent politician |votes=445 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,687 |percentage=8.98% |change= -1.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,486 |percentage=74.69% |change= -1.40% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 101,856 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -0.29% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title=Statistical Report on General Election 1962|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|access-date= 19 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=D. Sulochana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,451 |percentage=54.48% |change=+31.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Sathyavani Muthu]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=32,309 |percentage=43.51% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Dhanapal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=1,494 |percentage=2.01% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,142 |percentage=10.97% |change= 8.99% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,254 |percentage=76.09% |change= 2.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,407 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 29.87% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1957===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1957 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf| access-date=2015-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[Pakkiriswami Pillai]] |party=Independent politician |votes=34,579 |percentage=24.60% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. S. Govindaswamy |party=Indian National Congress |votes=31,806 |percentage=22.63% |change=-11.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Satyavani Muthu]] |party=Independent politician |votes=27,638 |percentage=19.66% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Rajagopal (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,682 |percentage=16.85% |change=-17.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. P. Samundiswaran (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=14,915 |percentage=10.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gailapathi |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,233 |percentage=3.01% |change=-13.89 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppannan (Sc) |party=Communist Party of India |votes=3,698 |percentage=2.63% |change=-14.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,773 |percentage=1.97% |change= -6.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=140,551 |percentage=73.28% |change= 18.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 191,799 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Socialist Party (India, 1948) |swing= -17.48% }}
{{Election box end}}

===1952===

{{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Perambur<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India| title=Statistical Report on General Election 1951| url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf| access-date=2014-10-14|archive-date=27 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Pakkirisamy Pillai]] |party=Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes=14,190 |percentage=42.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Santhosam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,486 |percentage=34.06% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Arumugham |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,698 |percentage=16.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Malick Basha Sahib |party=All India Forward Bloc |votes=653 |percentage=1.94% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Gopalakrishnan |party=Independent politician |votes=577 |percentage=1.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Parthasarathy |party=Independent politician |votes=394 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=H. H. L. Stone |party=Independent politician |votes=367 |percentage=1.09% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. R. Kodandarama Mudaliar |party=Justice Party (India) |votes=353 |percentage=1.05% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,704 |percentage=8.02% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=33,718 |percentage=54.35% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,038 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Socialist Party (India, 1948) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}

{{coord|13.10727|N|80.24448|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chennai district]]
[[Category:Politics of Chennai]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]

Ghatshila subdivision

2026-05-06T04:20:26Z

BeauTesterman: made initial entry w/ refs

{{about|the administrative subdivision in Jharkhand|1 its namesake census town|Ghatshila|2 its namesake assembly constituency|Ghatsila (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|3 its namesake community development block|Ghatshila block}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ghatshila subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline = File:Colors of forest! .jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = On the way to Dharagiri Falls, Ghatshila
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5801|N|86.4543|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Singhbhum district|Purbi Singhbhum]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Ghatshila]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 2094.79
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 682217
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| demographics1_title2 = Most spoken language
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|jamshedpur.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ghatshila subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[East Singhbhum district]] in the [[Kolhan division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==Administration==
{{OSM Location map
| width=380| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|25|58|N|86|33|15|E}}| float=left|caption=For '''Cities, towns and locations in East Singhbhum district in Kolhan Division''' (Locations around Jamshedpur are shown in the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration map - see [[Bagbera Colony#Geography|Bagbera Colony]] page) M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|16|42|N|86|43|29|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Baharagora | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Baharagora]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|30|58|N|86|33|15|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Dhalbhumgarh| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Dhalbhumgarh]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|27|20|N|86|26|19|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dumaria | numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|20|25|N|86|32|44|E}} | label-pos5=bottom|label5= Gurbandha | numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Gurbandha]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|28|48|N|86|43|12|E}} | label-pos12=bottom|label12=Chakuliya| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Chakuliya]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|35|16|N|86|28|27|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Ghatshila| numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Ghatshila]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|30|22|N|86|27|13|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Musabani| numbered18=CT| mark-title18=[[Musabani]] (CT) |shape-color18= #A40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|21|40|N|86|36|20|E}} |label19= Subarnarekha River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 65| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|44|0|N|86|45|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= 30| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.6
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|15|0|N|86|12|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 2| arc-gapB=5| arc-radiusB=0.8}}
{{clear}}

[[File:Ghatshila (subdivision) in East Singhbhum (Jharkhand).svg|Ghatshila subdivision of East Singhbhum district]]

The district East Singhbhum consists of two subdivisions - (1) Dhalbhum subdivision with Patamda, Boram, Golmuri-cum-Jugsalai and Potka CD blocks, and (2) Ghatshila subdivision with Ghatshila, Dhalbhumgarh, Musabani, Dumaria, Gurbandha, Chakulia and Baharagora CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jamshedpur.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ | title = East Singhbhum | work = Subdivisions and blocks | publisher = East Singhbhum district administration | access-date = 29 December 2021}}</ref>

The subdivisions of Purbi Singhbhum district have the following distinctions:<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2012_PART_B_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 29 December 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision||Headquarters|| Area km2||Population (2011){{efn|Calculated on the basis of block-wise data available.}} ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|[[Dhalbhum subdivision|Dhalbhum]] ||[[Jamshedpur]]||1,460.73||1,611,702||27.53||72.47
|-
|Ghatshila||[[Ghatshila]]||2,094.79||682,217||86.78||13.22
|-
|}

===Blocks===
Community development blocks in the Ghatshila subdivision are:<ref name=census2011/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2||Population (2011)||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||[[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Ghatshila block|Ghatshila]]||[[Ghatshila]]||349.12||129,905||6.52||42.08||70.72||[[Ghatshila]]
|-
|[[Musabani block|Musabani]]||[[Musabani]]||239.00||107,084||5.51||46.35||70.94||[[Jadugora]], [[Musabani]]
|-
|[[Dhalbhumgarh block|Dhalbhumgarh]]||[[Dhalbhumgarh]]||176.85||61,932||5.57||54.38||62.75|| -
|-
|[[Dumaria block|Dumaria]]||[[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum|Dumaria]]||316.74||62,128||5.57||71.88||57.11|| -
|-
|[[Chakulia block|Chakulia]]||[[Chakuliya]]||412.81||108,810||2.89||51.24||64.35|| -
|-
|[[Gurbandha block|Gurbandha]]||[[Gurbandha]]||229.07||43,001||3.33||66.59||55.05|| -
|-
|[[Baharagora block|Baharagora]]||[[Baharagora]]||351.10||153,051||6.84||35.91||64.45||-
|}

===Police stations===
Police stations in the Ghatshila subdivision are at:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – east-singhbhum | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 30 December 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>

# [[Baharagora#Civic administration|Bharagora]]
# [[Chakuliya#Civic administration|Chakulia]]
# [[Dumaria, Purvi Singhbhum#Civic administration|Dumaria]]
# [[Dhalbhumgarh#Civic administration|Dhalbhumgarh]]
# [[Galudih#Civic administration|Galudih]]
# [[Ghatshila#Civic administration|Ghatshila]]
# [[Gurbandha#Civic administration|Gurbanda]]
# [[Jadugora#Civic administration|Jadugora]]
# [[Musabani#Civic administration|Musabani]]
# Burasol
# Maubhandar

==Education==
In 2011, in Ghatshila subdivision out of a total 1,086 inhabited villages in 7 CD blocks there were 80 villages with pre-primary schools, 768 villages with primary schools, 281 villages with middle schools, 51 villages with secondary schools, 11 villages with senior secondary schools, 4 villages with general degree colleges, 304 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2012_PART_A_DCHB_PURBI%20SINGHBHUM.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Purbi Singhbhum, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 777-778, 867-868|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>

The 4 census towns + 1 nagar panchayat had 54 primary schools, 30 middle schools, 21 secondary schools, 11 senior secondary schools, 6 general degree colleges. (Census towns are normally considered to be a part of the CD block but it is not clear where these are being considered here).<ref name=directory/>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand.

===Educational institutions===
The following institutions are located in Ghatshila subdivision:

*Ghatshila College was established at [[Ghatshila]] in 1961.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.universitydunia.com/institute/76891-ghatshila-college | title = Ghatshila College | publisher = University Dunia| access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*Baharagora College was established at [[Baharagora]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.baharagoracollege.org | title = Baharagora College | publisher = BC | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
*Shibu Ranjan Khan Memorial Degree College was established at [[Chakuliya]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.southeastchemicals.com/about-us| title = Our Journey in a Jiffy | publisher = Southeast Chemicals | access-date = 30 December 2021}}</ref>
* BDSL Mahila College, Ghatsila was established at [[Ghatsila]] in 1982.<ref>{{Cite web|title=B.D.S.L INTER MAHILA COLLEGE - Kashida, District Purbi Singhbhum (Jharkhand)|url=https://schools.org.in/purbi-singhbhum/20180615803/b-d-s-l-inter-mahila-college.html|access-date=2022-02-13|website=schools.org.in|language=en}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, in Ghatshia subdivision, in the 7 CD blocks, there were 9 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 68 villages with primary health subcentres, 23 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 5 villages with allopathic hospitals, 11 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with a veterinary hospital, 27 villages with family welfare centres, 38 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>

[[File:ᱪᱟᱸᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱸᱰ ᱦᱟᱥᱯᱟᱛᱟᱞ, ᱜᱷᱟᱴᱥᱤᱞᱟᱹ.jpg|thumb|Sub-division hospital, Ghatshila]]

The 4 census towns + 1 nagar panchayat had 7 hospitals, 7 nursing homes, 84 dispensaries, 171 maternity and child welfare centres, 45 medicine shops. (Census towns are normally considered to be a part of the CD block but it is not clear where these are being considered here).
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

===Medical facilities===
{{Empty section|date=April 2024}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Jharkhand-geo-stub}}

Ooru Peru Bhairavakona

2026-05-06T00:21:24Z

BeauTesterman: Creating

{{Short description|2024 Indian fantasy thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhairavakona
| image = Ooru Peru Bhairavakona.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Vi Anand]]{{cn|date=September 2024}}
| screenplay = Vi Anand
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Nandu Savirigana|Bhanu Bogavarapu}}
}}
| story = Bhanu Bogavarapu
| producer = Razesh Danda
| starring = {{plain list|
*[[Sundeep Kishan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/sundeep-kishans-new-film-gets-a-grand-launch-825324 | title=Sundeep Kishan's new film gets a grand launch | website=[[The Hans India]] | date=25 September 2023 | access-date=18 January 2024 }}</ref>
*[[Varsha Bollamma]]
*[[Kavya Thapar]]
*[[Brahmaji]]
*[[Vennela Kishore]]
*[[Harsha Chemudu]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Raj Thota]]
| editing = Chota K. Prasad
| music = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| studio = {{plain list|
*AK Entertainments
*Hasya Movies
}}
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|02|16|df=yes}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross = ₹20 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Ooru Peru Bhairavakona Total WW Collections! |url=https://t2blive.com/ooru-peru-bhairavakona-total-ww-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=20 April 2024|access-date=3 March 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ooru Peru Bhairavakona''''' ({{Translation|Village name is [[Bhairavakona]]}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[supernatural]] [[romantic thriller]] film directed by [[Vi Anand]], from a story written by Bhanu Bogavarapu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/may/07/sundeep-kishan-vi-anand-team-up-24368.html | title=Sundeep Kishan, Vi Anand team up | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=7 May 2021 | access-date=18 January 2024 | archive-date=25 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625113113/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/may/07/sundeep-kishan-vi-anand-team-up-24368.html | url-status=live }}</ref> It was produced by Razesh Danda and co-produced by Balaji Gutta, under Hasya Movies, and presented by [[Anil Sunkara]], under AK Entertainments. It features [[Sundeep Kishan]], [[Varsha Bollamma]], [[Kavya Thapar]], [[Brahmaji]], [[Vennela Kishore]] and [[Harsha Chemudu]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} It was a commercial success, grossing over ₹20 crore at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 20, 2024 |title=Ooru Peru Bhairavakona Total WW Collections! |url=https://t2blive.com/ooru-peru-bhairavakona-total-ww-collections/ |access-date=March 5, 2026 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Expand section|September 2025|date=September 2025}}
Basava works as a stunt double in films. As he is in dire need of money, he steals the bride's jewelry from a marriage. Basava is accompanied by his friend John. While trying to escape from the Police, Basava and John see Agraharam Geetha, who has met with an accident. They decide to help Geetha and take her along in their car. Basava, John, and Geetha reach a mysterious place named Bhairavakona. There they meet Dr. Narappa for Geetha's treatment in Bhairavakona, where they experience strange things. What are they? What made Basava steal jewellery? Who is Bhoomi, and how is she related to Basava? What is the enigma behind Bhairavakona? This forms the crux of the story.

==Cast==
{{cast list|
*[[Sundeep Kishan]] as Basavalingam "Basava"
*[[Varsha Bollamma]] as Bhoomi
*[[Kavya Thapar]] as Agraharam Geetha
*[[Brahmaji]] as [[Police ranks and insignia of India|Inspector]] S. Ranga Rao
*[[Vennela Kishore]] as Dr. Narappa, Rajappa's father and Katyayini's grandfather
*[[Harsha Chemudu]] as John, Basava's friend
*Danda Shanvi
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Pedamma
*[[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Rajappa, Katyayini's father; Narappa's son
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Murali, Katyayini's adoptive father
*Billy Murali as Priest
*[[Chammak Chandra]]
*Ramesh Reddy
*[[Mime Gopi]] as Shankar, an international criminal
*Manik Reddy as Basava's Uncle, who also killed Shankar
*[[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]
*[[Duvvasi Mohan]] as [[Police ranks and insignia of India|Police constable]] Rao
*Sarayu
*Rajasekhar Aningi as a forest officer
*[[Mime Madhu]] as a forest officer
*Sri Satya as Katyayini
}}

==Production==
The film was launched with a Muhurtham pooja on 19 September 2021 in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/see-pics-sundeep-kishans-new-film-with-director-vi-anand-kickstarts-with-a-pooja-ceremony/articleshow/86338618.cms | title=See pics: Sundeep Kishan's new film with director Vi Anand kickstarts with a pooja ceremony | newspaper=The Times of India | date=19 September 2021 | access-date=18 January 2024 | archive-date=18 April 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418061800/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/see-pics-sundeep-kishans-new-film-with-director-vi-anand-kickstarts-with-a-pooja-ceremony/articleshow/86338618.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

On 7 May 2022, the creators of the film unveiled the initial glimpse and title on [[Sundeep Kishan]]'s birthday.{{cn|date=September 2024}} Subsequently, on 23 June 2023, the [[Principal photography]] for the film wrapped up, marking the end of the production phase.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

==Soundtrack==
The [[soundtrack]] and [[film score]] of the film were composed by [[Shekar Chandra]]. The music rights of the film were acquired by [[Aditya Music]]. The first track from the album, "Nijame Ne Chebutunna", was released on 31 March 2023. This was followed by the second track, "Humma Humma", on 27 December 2023. The third track, "Haromhara", was released on 11 February 2024.{{cn|date=September 2024}} The remaining singles, "Kill The Devil" and "Idi Bhairavakona" were released as part of a jukebox on 15 February 2024.<ref>{{cite web |author1-link=Aditya Music |date=February 15, 2024 |title=Ooru Peru Bhairavakona Full Songs Jukebox {{!}} Sundeep Kishan {{!}} VI Anand {{!}} Shekar Chandra |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=web4eWuhLLw |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[Aditya Music]] |language=en |format=video}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Nijame Ne Chebutunna
| length1 = 3:34
| lyrics1 = [[Sri Mani]]
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]]
| title2 = Humma Humma
| length2 = 3:09
| lyrics2 = Shekar Chandra, Tirupathi Jaavana
| extra2 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| title3 = Haromhara
| length3 = 2:27
| lyrics3 = Chaitu Satsangi
| extra3 = Chaitu Satsangi
| title4 = Kill The Devil
| length4 = 2:05
| lyrics4 = Nikesh Kumar Dasagrandhi
| extra4 = Shekar Chandra, Dinesh Rudra, Rithesh G Rao
| title5 = Idi Bairavakona
| length5 = 1:46
| lyrics5 = Chaitu Satsangi
| extra5 = Chaitu Satsangi
}}

==Release==

''Ooru Peru Bhairavakona'', initially scheduled for release on 9 February 2024,<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ooru-peru-bhairavakona-trailer-vi-anand-sundeep-kishans-film-is-a-fantasy-thriller/article67751797.ece | title='Ooru Peru Bhairavakona' trailer: Vi Anand, Sundeep Kishan's Telugu film is a fantasy thriller | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=18 January 2024 | archive-date=18 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118173024/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ooru-peru-bhairavakona-trailer-vi-anand-sundeep-kishans-film-is-a-fantasy-thriller/article67751797.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> was postponed to 16 February 2024. However, premiere shows were available from 14 February 2024. The decision to reschedule the release was attributed to the preference for a solo release of ''[[Eagle (2024 film)|Eagle]]''.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

The film premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 8 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sunanda |date=8 March 2024 |title=Ooru Peru Bhairavakona OTT Release Date: All About Platform, Story & Cast |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/ooru-peru-bhairavakona-ott-release-date-all-about-platform-story-cast |access-date=2024-03-09 |website=[[Free Press Journal]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[The Hindu]]'' stated that "''Ooru Peru Bhairavakona'' has interesting ideas that do not translate into an engrossing fantasy drama".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dundoo |first=Sangeetha Devi |date=2024-02-16 |title='Ooru Peru Bhairavakona' movie review: Vi Anand, Sundeep Kishan's film could do with some magic |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ooru-peru-bhairavakona-movie-review-for-want-of-some-real-magic/article67852134.ece |access-date=2024-02-24 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Neeshita Nyayapati of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' opined that "''Ooru Peru Bhairavakona'' is a popcorn watch that is not as complex as it feels initially. It helps that the lead cast perform their roles well, ably aided by Raj Thota's cinematography".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyayapati |first=Neeshita |date=2024-02-16 |title=Ooru Peru Bhairavakona review: Vi Anand and Sundeep Kishan's horror film is more Disney than M Night Shyamalan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ooru-peru-bhairavakona-review-vi-anand-and-sundeep-kishans-horror-film-is-more-disney-than-m-night-shyamalan-101708071903461.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|15457802}}

{{Portal bar|India|Film}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s fantasy thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 fantasy films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]
[[Category:2020s supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 horror thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]

Eparchy of Irinjalakuda

2026-05-03T09:58:21Z

BeauTesterman: made new info added tags - done

{{Short description|Eastern Catholic eparchy in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy
| name = Irinjalakuda
| local = 
| image = Cathedral ijk.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_alt =
| caption =

| country = {{flag|India}}
| province = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur|Thrissur]]
| territory = [[Thrissur district]]
| metropolitan =
| coordinates = 

| area_km2 = 
| population =
| population_as_of =
| catholics =  260000
| catholics_percent =
| parishes = 136
| churches = 152
| congregations = 
| schools = 
| members = 

| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Syro-Malabar Church]]
| rite = [[East Syriac Rite]]
| established = 1978
| cathedral = [[St Thomas Cathedral & Bishop House]]
| cocathedral =
| patron =
| priests = 

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| patriarch =
| major_archbishop = [[Raphael Thattil]]
| metro_archbishop = [[Andrews Thazhath]]
| bishop = Pauly Kannookadan, Bishop of Irinjalakuda
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops =
| vicar_general =
| emeritus_bishops =

| map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = [http://www.irinjalakudadiocese.com/ irinjalakudadiocese.com]
| footnotes =
|coat=Irinjalakuda_diocese.png}}
The '''Eparchy of Irinjalakuda''' is a [[suffragan]] [[eparchy]] ([[Eastern Catholic]] diocese) in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of the metropolitan [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Thrissur]] in [[Kerala]] state's [[Thrissur District]], southern [[India]].It is part of the [[Syro-Malabar Church]].

Its [[cathedral]] episcopal see is [[St. Thomas Cathedral, Irinjalakuda|Saint Thomas Cathedral]], in [[Irinjalakuda]] city. Bishop Pauly Kannookkadan is the head of the diocese now
The former cathedral (of Arch diocese of Crangannore).

== Statistics ==
As per 2015, it pastorally served 269,867 Catholics (20.4% of 1,326,000 total) on 1,180 km2 in 134 parishes and 20 missions with 301 priests (209 diocesan, 92 religious), 2,085 lay religious (168 brothers, 1,917 sisters) and 53 seminarians.

== History ==
The eparchy was created as Diocese of Irinjalakuda / Irinialakuden(sis) (Latin adjective) by [[Pope Paul VI]] in his [[Papal bull|bull]] ''Trichurensis Eparchiae'' of 22 June 1978, on territory split off from the then Eparchy (Diocese) of Trichur (now its Metropolitan). Now, diocese of Irinjalakuda is under this Thrissur Archdiocese.

=== Antecedents ===
[[Thomas the Apostle|St Thomas]], one of the apostles of Christ, after receiving the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, set about the mission of spreading the gospel of Jesus Christ to the whole world. A review of the life of St Thomas will prove how he fulfilled this great mission in India.
According to [[Saint Thomas Christians|the tradition]], St Thomas came by sea and landed at [[Kodungalloor]] (Cranganore) the capital of the then [[Chera Empire]] in 52 AD. He baptised families in [[Kodungalloor]] and Palayur (Trichur). St Thomas preached the gospel wherever he went, and founded churches. According to Malabar tradition St Thomas founded seven churches, they are in Cranganore, Quilon, Chayal, Kokkamangalam, Niranam, Paravur and Palayur. From there he went to Coromandel and suffered martyrdom near the Little Mount in Tamil Nadu. His body was brought to the town of Mylapore and was buried in a holy shrine. According to "Ramban Songs", St Thomas converted 17,550 people. He ordained priests and consecrated bishops. The Apostle consecrated Kepa, a native, as Bishop of Kodungalloor and as the head of St Thomas Christians and Paul as the Bishop of Mylapore. It is worth mentioning that the Apostle gave his followers a way of worship suited to their clime, culture and customs. Since the 4th century, the Church in India started communication with the East Syriac Church and soon began to introduce liturgical books and share rites. Thus the Indian Church became a member of the Babylonian (also known as Assyrian & Syro-Chaldean) Patriarchate for practical purpose, not for doctrinal reasons.

The head of the Indian Church was called The Metropolitan and Gate of All India, and had jurisdiction over all of the country. When the Chaldean prelates came to India as the spiritual heads of the independent metropolitan provinces under the East Syriac Patriarch, the administration of the Indian Church was done by a native priest with the title Archdeacon of all India or Jathikkukarthavian. The residence of the Metropolitan was first at Kodungallur, then Angamaly etc. Because of the close association of the St Thomas Christians with the East Syriac Church, the Indian Church of St Thomas is classified in history under the Chaldean matrix of rites, as we read in [[Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches|CCEO]] C.28:2 As [[Pope Pius XII]] said "during the centuries that India was cut off from the west and despite many trying vicissitudes, the Christian communities formed by the Apostle conserved intact the legacy he left them, and as soon as the sea passage at the close of the 15th century offered a link with their fellow Christians of the west, the union with them was spontaneous" (''[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis|AAS]]'', XLV (1953) pp. 96 97). Thus the Syro-Malabar Church, as [[Pope John Paul II]] said, "Never severed from the communion with the Church of Rome, in a continuity that the enormous geographic distance has never been able to break". ("Insegnamenti Giovanni Paulo II". III/2. Rome, 1980, p. 513). In the 15th and 16th centuries the Metropolitans of the St Thomas Christians, who were then of East Syriac Rite, took [[Archdiocese of Angamaly|Angamaly]] as their residential see. (cf. Bulls of [[Pope Julius III]] dated 10 March 1553 and 4 May 1553 in [[Samuel Giamil|Giamil]], "Genuinae Relationes....." Rome 1902, PP. 17–18-24).

== Episcopal Ordinaries ==
(all [[Syro-Malabar Rite]] native Indians)

;Suffragan Eparchs (Bishops) of Irinjalakuda
* [[Mar (title)|Mar]] [[James Pazhayattil]] (1978.06.22 – retired 2010.01.18), died 2016
* Mar Pauly Kannookadan (2010.01.18 – ...).

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* Birthplace of St. [[Maria Theresa Chiramel]]<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|access-date=Oct 17, 2019|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218103142/http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Ven. [[Joseph Vithayathil]]<ref name="CCBI" />
* Servant of God Fr. [[Canisius Thekkekara]] (Canisius of Saint Teresa), CMI<ref name="CCBI" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links ==
* [http://www.thesyromalabarchurch.org/irinjalakkuda.htm Syro-Malabar Catholic Diocese of Irinjalakuda]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/irin1.htm GCatholic, with Google map & - satellite HQ picture - data for most sections]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dirsm.html Catholic-Hierarchy entry]

{{Syro-Malabar Catholic Church Hierarchy}}
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Irinjalakuda, Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy}}
[[Category:Eastern Catholic dioceses in India]]
[[Category:Archdiocese of Thrissur]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar Catholic dioceses]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1978|Religious organizations established in 1978]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]
[[Category:Irinjalakuda]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Kerala]]

IVRCL loan fraud

2026-05-02T18:14:07Z

BeauTesterman: put up - done

{{Short description|Financial fraud in India}}

{{Financial risk types}}

'''IVRCL loan fraud''' (also referred to as the '''IVRCL bank fraud case''') was a major corporate banking fraud case in India involving Hyderabad-based infrastructure company IVRCL Limited. In December 2020, the [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] registered a case accusing the company, its Managing Director E. Sudhir Reddy, Joint Managing Director R. Balarami Reddy, and unknown public servants of defrauding a consortium of public sector banks of approximately ₹4,837 crore (about US$580 million as of 2020).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CBI Books Infra Firm IVRCL, Its MD for Alleged Bank Fraud of Rs 4837 Crore |url=https://thewire.in/banking/cbi-infra-firm-ivrcl-bank-fraud |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref>

== Background ==
IVRCL Limited (full name: Iragavarapu Venkata Reddy Construction Limited) was an Indian public limited company listed on the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] and [[Bombay Stock Exchange]]. The company was founded in the late 1980s as an [[engineering, procurement, and construction]] contractor. It specialised in large-scale infrastructure projects, including irrigation, water and environment, roads and highways, power transmission, industrial infrastructure, and buildings.

By the mid-2010s, IVRCL had run into serious financial trouble, weighed down by project delays, rising costs, and growing debt—challenges that were common across India's infrastructure sector at the time. The situation worsened to the point that insolvency proceedings were initiated in February 2018. By July 2019, the [[National Company Law Tribunal]] in Hyderabad ordered the company's liquidation, handing control from the board to a court-appointed liquidator.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2019-07-30 |title=NCLT orders liquidation of IVRCL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/nclt-orders-liquidation-of-ivrcl/article28751951.ece |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=V. Rishi |date=2018-03-04 |title=NCLT admits SBI's insolvency proceedings against IVRCL |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/nclt-admits-sbis-insolvency-proceedings-against-ivrcl/article22924476.ece |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

At the time of the alleged fraud probe, the company had significant exposure to a consortium of public sector banks.<ref name=":0" />

== Allegations ==
According to the [[first information report]] filed [[Central Bureau of Investigation]], on the basis of a complaint by the [[State Bank of India]], IVRCL and its executives allegedly cheated a consortium of banks that included SBI, [[Canara Bank]], [[IDBI Bank]], [[Punjab & Sind Bank]], [[Andhra Bank]], [[Corporation Bank]], [[Exim Bank of India]], and [[Union Bank of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2020-12-30 |title=₹4,837-crore fraud: CBI registers case against IVRCL |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/4837-crore-fraud-cbi-registers-case-against-ivrcl/article33457384.ece |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Munish Chandra |date=2020-12-30 |title=CBI books Hyderabad-based infra firm IVRCL for defrauding 8 public banks of Rs 4,300 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/cbi-books-hyderabad-based-infra-firm-ivrcl-for-defrauding-8-public-banks-of-rs-4-300-crore-1754642-2020-12-30 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

The company was accused of availing various credit facilities (loans and limits) but failing to repay them, causing a loss of ₹4,837 crore to the lenders. A forensic audit report commissioned by SBI reportedly found that IVRCL made payments to related parties through Letters of Credit (LCs) without recording corresponding purchase transactions in its books. Funds were allegedly routed back to the company's accounts, resulting in misappropriation of bank money.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-30 |title=CBI books Hyderabad-based infra firm IVRCL for alleged bank fraud of ₹4,837 cr |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/cbi-books-hyderabad-based-infra-firm-ivrcl-for-alleged-bank-fraud-of-rs-4-837-cr-11609341524863.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

Further allegations, based on investigative reporting citing the probe, claimed that IVRCL floated around 60 shell or related companies and maintained multiple bank accounts (including 75 with SBI alone in some reports) to divert funds, possibly up to {{INRConvert|7000|c}} in total routed amounts. Collateral securities pledged to banks were allegedly undervalued in company records.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-01-05 |title=IVRCL floated 60 companies, set up multiple accounts to divert Rs 7,000 crore |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2021/Jan/05/ivrcl-floated-60-companies-set-up-multiple-accounts-to-divert-rs-7000-crore-2245475.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The modus operandi reportedly involved diverting loan funds to group entities, subcontractors without actual project execution, and falsifying entries to show legitimate use of funds while projects stalled or faced termination risks.

== Investigation ==
On 30 December 2020, the CBI registered the case under relevant sections of the [[Indian Penal Code]] for criminal conspiracy, cheating, forgery, and misappropriation of property. CBI teams conducted simultaneous searches at the offices and residential premises of the promoters and executives in Hyderabad, recovering incriminating documents. The Bank Security and Fraud Cell of the CBI led the probe.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=U Sudhakar |date=2020-12-30 |title=CBI books Hyderabad based infra company IVRCL for Rs 4,837 crore loan fraud |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/cbi-books-hyderabad-based-infra-company-ivrcl-for-rs-4837-crore-loan-fraud/articleshow/80031623.cms |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The accused named in the FIR include E. Sudhir Reddy (Managing Director), who is now deceased, R. Balarami Reddy (Joint Managing Director), and unknown public servants/others. As of the latest available public information (early 2026), the investigation was ongoing, with no chargesheet filing or court proceedings publicly detailed in major media outlets. The company remained in liquidation, with attempts to sell it as a going concern (including bids in 2021 and later years).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Shayan |date=2022-06-22 |title=IVRCL resolved under IBC, lenders set to recover dues {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/ivrcl-resolved-under-ibc-lenders-set-to-recover-dues-11655830635162.html |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> A 2025 report noted complications in the liquidation process, including a bidder default, though these issues were separate from the fraud allegations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rebello |first=Joel |date=2025-11-29 |title=IVRCL's liquidation process takes a hit after bidder defaults on ₹1,200 crore payment |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/indl-goods/svs/engineering/ivrcls-liquidation-process-takes-a-hit-after-bidder-defaults-on-1200-crore-payment/articleshow/125644994.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-05-01 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

IVRCL's listing and operations were effectively suspended due to insolvency and it became the first IBC case to be sold as a [[going concern]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Chitranjan |date=2020-03-03 |title=IVRCL first IBC case to be sold as 'going concern' - BusinessToday |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/corporate/story/in-a-first-gabs-megacorp-acquires-ivrcl-rs-1654-crore-under-ibc-251233-2020-03-03 |access-date=2026-05-01 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Fraud in India]]
[[Category:Finance fraud]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:Scandals in India]]

Samanth Subramanian

2026-04-28T17:06:48Z

BeauTesterman: put up some stub first draft...

{{Short description|Indian writer and journalist}}
[[File:The-Hindu-Lit-For-Life-2015-Nirupama-Samanth-Subramanian-Salil-Tripathi (cropped).JPG|thumb|Subramanian at The Hindu's 2015 Lit for Life festival]]
'''Samanth Subramanian''' is an Indian writer and journalist based in [[London]].<ref name="huffingtonpost" /><ref name="Dalrymple" /> He studied journalism at [[Penn State University]] and international relations at [[Columbia University]]. In 2018–19, he was a [[Leon Levy Foundation|Leon Levy Fellow]] at the [[City University of New York]]. He is also a regular contributor to ''[[The New Yorker]]'', ''[[The New York Times]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'' and [[Wired (magazine)|WIRED]].

== Author ==
Subramanian's first book ''[[Following Fish|Following Fish: Travels Around the Indian Coast]]'' (2010, Penguin Books India) was a travelogue about Indian fisheries and seafood cuisine.

His second book ''[[This Divided Island|This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan Civil War]]'' (2015, [[Atlantic Books]], {{ISBN|978-0857895950}}) was nominated for the [[Samuel Johnson Prize]] and the Royal Society of Literature's [[Ondaatje Prize]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.macmillan.com/author/|title=Samanth Subramanian {{!}} Authors {{!}} Macmillan|website=US Macmillan|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> He became only the second Indian writer after [[Suketu Mehta]] to be nominated for this prestigious award for literary non-fiction.<ref name="huffingtonpost">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2015/09/22/samuel-johnson-prize_n_8174650.html |title=Samanth Subramanian Becomes The Second Indian To Be Longlisted For The Samuel Johnson Prize |work=[[HuffPost]]|date=September 22, 2015|access-date=May 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/sri-lanka-a-divided-island-forever-dw-speaks-to-samanth-subramanian/av-52368366|title=Sri Lanka: A 'divided island' forever? – DW speaks to Samanth Subramanian {{!}} DW {{!}} 13.02.2020|website=DW.COM|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> William Dalrymple, writing in ''[[The Guardian]]'', considered it a remarkable and moving portrayal of the agonies of [[Sri Lankan Civil War|the conflict]] that "will stand as a fine literary monument against the government’s attempt at imposed forgetfulness".<ref name="Dalrymple">{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/mar/09/this-divided-island-stories-from-sri-lankan-war-review-moving-portrayal-samanth-subramanian | title=This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan War review – a moving portrayal of the agonies of the conflict | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=March 9, 2015 | access-date=May 6, 2016 | author=Dalrymple, William}}</ref>

His third major work, ''[[A Dominant Character|A Dominant Character: The Radical Science and Restless Politics of J. B. S. Haldane]]'' (2019) is a biography of [[J. B. S. Haldane]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/samanth-subramanian-jbs-haldane-biography-a-dominant-character_in_5e357ddbc5b611ac94d54e94|title=Samanth Subramanian: 'You Don't Need To Be Apolitical To Be Scientifically Objective'|date=2020-02-02|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> The book has been selected as one of the ''100 Notable Books of 2020'' by ''The New York Times''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/books/notable-books.html
|title=100 Notable Books of 2020
|work=The New York Times
|date=12 December 2020
|access-date=December 16, 2020}}</ref>

His articles cover a wide variety of subjects ranging from land reclamation in [[Singapore]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/20/magazine/how-singapore-is-creating-more-land-for-itself.html|title=How Singapore Is Creating More Land for Itself|work=The New York Times|access-date=September 6, 2022}}</ref> to [[Tamil language|Tamil]] pulp fiction.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/DouhBrEC92MzywjXnjMeFP/Meet-Rajesh-Kumar-author-of-1500-novels.html|title=Meet Rajesh Kumar, Author of 1500 Novels|work=Live Mint|access-date=September 6, 2022}}</ref>

He has written about the synthesis of new [[chemical elements]] for ''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/making-new-elements-doesn-t-pay-just-ask-this-berkeley-scientist|title=Making New Elements Doesn’t Pay. Just Ask This Berkeley Scientist|author=Samanth Subramanian|publisher=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]|website=bloomberg.com|date=28 August 2019|access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>

In April 2024, in the run-up to India's general elections, Subramanian wrote a profile of [[Rahul Gandhi]] in ''[[The New York Times Magazine]]'' covering Gandhi's [[Bharat Jodo Yatra]], [[Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra]], and other topics.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/20/magazine/rahul-gandhi-india-election-bjp.html|title=Time Is Running Out for Rahul Gandhi’s Vision for India|author=Samanth Subramanian|website=nytimes.com|publisher=[[The New York Times]]|date=20 April 2024|access-date=21 April 2024}}</ref>

In November 2025, ''[[The Economist]]'' ranked Subramanian's book ''The Web Beneath The Waves: The Fragile Cables that Connect Our World'' as one of the "Best books of 2025".<ref>{{Cite news|title=The best books of 2025|url=https://www.economist.com/culture/2025/11/20/the-best-books-of-2025|work=The Economist|access-date=2025-11-29|issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Web Beneath the Waves|url=https://globalreports.columbia.edu/books/the-web-beneath-the-waves|website=Columbia Global Reports|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en}}</ref>

== Books ==

* ''Following Fish: Travels Around the Indian Coast'' (Penguin Books India, 2010)
* ''[[This Divided Island|This Divided Island: Stories from the Sri Lankan Civil War]]'' (Thomas Dunne Books, 2015)
* ''Balkrishna Doshi: Architecture for the People'', author of chapter "A Modernism for India" (Vitra Design Museum, 2019)
* ''[[A Dominant Character|A Dominant Character: The Radical Science and Restless Politics of J. B. S. Haldane]]'' (W.W. Norton & Company, 2020)
* ''The Web Beneath The Waves: The Fragile Cables that Connect Our World'' (Columbia Global Reports, 2025)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{official website}}
* [https://www.newyorker.com/contributors/samanth-subramanian Samanth Subramanian] on ''[[The New Yorker]]''
* [https://www.theguardian.com/profile/samanth-subramanian Samanth Subramanian] on ''[[The Guardian]]''

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Subramanian, Samanth}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Donald P. Bellisario College of Communications alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shakti Bhatt Prize]]

Maddala Suneeta

2026-04-26T07:03:23Z

BeauTesterman: made a pg more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}

'''Maddala Suneeta''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] in 2004 from [[Gopalapuram, West Godavari|Gopalapuram]] representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election 2004 - Constituency wise Results |url=https://m.rediff.com/election/ap04detail.htm |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=m.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopalpuram Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/gopalpuram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-constituency |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhrapradesh Andhra-pradesh Results,Andhrapradesh Candidate List,Andhrapradesh Andhra-pradesh Results & Live Updates ,Andhrapradesh Polling Booths {{!}} Lokmat News |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/elections/assembly-election/andhra-pradesh/gopalapuram/previous-result/ |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Lokmat Times |language=en}}</ref>

She became an MLA for the firs time winning the [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency]] representing the [[Indian National Congress Party]]. She polled 67,500 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Abbulu Koppaka of the [[Telugu Desam Party]], by a margin of 7622 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gopalapuram Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Gopalapuram, Andhra Pradesh |url=https://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/gopalapuram.html |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=Elections in India}}</ref> In 2018, she joined [[YSR Congress Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=వైఎస్సార్‌సీపీలో చేరిన మాజీ ఎమ్మెల్యే {{!}} Gopalapuram Ex MLA Maddala Sunitha Joins YSRCP {{!}} Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/news/politics/gopalapuram-ex-mla-maddala-sunitha-joins-ysrcp-1076736 |access-date=2026-04-26 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suneeta, Maddala}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century women politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2004–2009]]

Busine Virupakshi

2026-04-24T23:22:21Z

BeauTesterman: made a data initial version - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Busine Virupakshi
| office = [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of Legislative Assembly Andhra Pradesh]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Gummanur Jayaram]]
| constituency = [[Alur Assembly constituency|Alur]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| birth_date = 4 March 1969
}}
'''Chippagiri Busine Virupakshi''' (born 4 March 1969) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA from [[Alur Assembly constituency]] in [[Kurnool district]], representing the [[YSR Congress Party]]. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=B Virupakshi, YSRCP Candidate from Alur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/b-virupakshi-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a147e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Virupakshi was born to Busine Chinanjaneya and Busine Sridevi and was raised in [[Chippagiri]] village in [[Kurnool district]]. His father, Chinanjaneya, was a farmer. He studied at the Zilla Parishad high school in Chippagiri but only up to Class 9.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B. Virupakshi(YSRCP):Constituency- ALUR(KURNOOL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=70 |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He handled Railway contracts and began as a [[Indian Railways|Railway]] supervisor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-10 |title=Chippagiri Virupakshi ZPTC {{!}} ZPTC {{!}} Kurnool {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Andhra Pradesh |newspaper=The Leaders Page {{pipe}} Branding Leader's Profiles {{pipe}} Political Biodata |url=https://theleaderspage.com/chippagiri-virupakshi/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Virupakshi started his political journey as a ZPTC member from Kurnool. He won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Alur Assembly constituency]] representing the [[YSR Congress Party]]. He polled 1,00,264 votes and defeated his nearest rival B. Veerabhadra Gowd of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin on 2,831 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=B Virupakshi, YSRCP Candidate from Alur Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/b-virupakshi-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a147e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-23 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Virupakshi, Busine}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kurnool district]]

Hodal Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:38:10Z

BeauTesterman: pg - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Hodal
| type = SLA
| state = [[Haryana]]
| map_image = Hodal Assembly constituency map.svg
| division =
| constituency_no = 83
| established = 
| abolished = 
| district = [[Palwal district|Palwal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Faridabad Lok Sabha constituency|Faridabad]]
| reservation = SC
| mla = [[Harinder Singh (Haryana politician)|Harinder Singh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors = 1,97,043
}}
'''Hodal''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref> It is part of [[Palwal district|Palwal]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Castes]]. This constituency was previously known as the [[Hassanpur Assembly constituency]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{Center|''Till 2009: Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| [[Jagdish Nayar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Udai Bhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Jagdish Nayar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| [[Harinder Singh (Haryana politician)|Harinder Singh]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hodal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Harinder Singh (Haryana politician)|Harinder Singh]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=68,865 |percentage=48.79% |change={{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Udai Bhan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=66,270 |percentage=46.95% |change={{increase}}3.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naveen Rohila |party=Independent politician |votes=2,077 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,838 |percentage=1.30% |change={{decrease}}0.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=393 |percentage=0.28% |change={{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,595 |percentage=1.84% |change= {{decrease}}0.94 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,41,146 |percentage=71.77% |change= {{increase}}3.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,97,043 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}2.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hodal<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagdish Nayar]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=55,864 |percentage=45.80% |change={{increase}}21.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Udai Bhan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=52,477 |percentage=43.02% |change={{increase}}1.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yashveer |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=8,590 |percentage=7.04% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Pal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,724 |percentage=1.41% |change={{decrease}}30.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gaya Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=874 |percentage=0.72% |change={{increase}}0.20 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,387 |percentage=2.78% |change= {{decrease}}6.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,21,981 |percentage=68.33% |change= {{decrease}}7.36 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,516 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}4.25 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hodal<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Udai Bhan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,723 |percentage=41.54% |change={{decrease}}5.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagdish Nayar]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=39,043 |percentage=31.98% |change={{decrease}}17.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramrattan |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=29,170 |percentage=23.89% |change={{increase}}23.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Singh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,106 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh Rana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=628 |percentage=0.51% |change={{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,680 |percentage=9.57% |change= {{increase}}6.78 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,22,097 |percentage=75.69% |change= {{increase}}0.03 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,61,317 |ref = |change= {{increase}}29.90 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}7.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Hodal<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/2009/haryana/210/31 | title=IndiaVotes AC: Haryana 2009 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jagdish Nayar]] |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=46,515 |percentage=49.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Udai Bhan]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=43,894 |percentage=46.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Trilok Chand |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=995 |percentage=1.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahaveer Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=560 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=509 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,621 |percentage=2.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=93,948 |percentage=75.65% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,181 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Palwal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|27.89|77.37|display=title}}

[[Category:Palwal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2009]]

KV Institute of Management and Information Studies

2026-04-16T04:42:50Z

BeauTesterman:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = KV Institute of Management and Information Studies (Autonomous)
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = 
| former_name = 
| logo = KV Institute of Management and Information Studies logo.png
| logo_size = 150 px
| logo_alt = KV Institute of Management and Information Studies
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto = Grooming Leaders of Tomorrow
| motto_lang = English
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| established = {{start date|2008}}
| closed = 
| type = Private
| parent =
| affiliation = [[Anna University]]
| accreditation = NAAC
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| rector =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| principal = M. Vidhya
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address =
| city = [[Coimbatore]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| province =
| postcode = 641107
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = 
| campus =
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| sports =
| athletics =
| athletics_nickname = 
| mascot = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = {{URL|https://kvimis.co.in}}
| footnotes =
| founder =
}}
'''KV Institute of Management and Information Studies''' ('''KVIMIS'''), also known as '''KVIM Business School''' or simply '''KVIM''', is an autonomous private [[business school]] located in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. KVIM was founded in 2008 and is affiliated with [[Anna University]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annauniv.edu/cai/District%20wise/district/Coimbatore.php|title=Coimbatore|website=www.annauniv.edu|access-date=2019-07-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.shiksha.com/college/kv-institute-of-management-and-information-studies-kvimis-coimbatore-36863|title=KVIMIS Coimbatore Highlights|website=shiksha.com}}</ref>

The B-school offers MBA programme with multiple specializations including Marketing, Finance, Human Resource Management, Operations, Business Analytics, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Infrastructure and Real Estate Management, Tourism Management, and Entrepreneurship.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kvimis.co.in/mba_specializations|title=MBA Specializations|website=kvimis.co.in}}</ref>

== Industry Institute Interface ==
KVIM's Centre for Industry Institute Interface (CI3) with more than 150 partnerships in national and international avenues, arranges for elite interactions between the students and the corporate leaders of India and abroad related to [[Internship]]s, Placements and Industrial visits.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehighereducationreview.com/magazine/k-v-institute-of-management-and-information-studies-making-comprehensive-growth-a-reality-TUFH684080599.html|title=K V Institute of Management and Information Studies: Making Comprehensive Growth a Reality|last=|first=|date=|website=The Higher Education Review|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref> Industry takes a bigger role in setting curriculum and in mutual training with the fraternity.{{fact|date=July 2020}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Business schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]

Dalgaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:54:21Z

BeauTesterman: made a entry added tags - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Assam legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dalgaon
| constituency_no = 51
| type = SLA
| map_image = Dalgaon Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang–Udalguri]]
| district = [[Darrang district|Darrang]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}
'''Dalgaon Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]. Dalgaon forms part of the [[Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref><ref name=ceo>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/2_PC%20wise%20LAC%20breakup.pdf |title=List of Assembly constituencies showing their Parliamentary constituences wise break-up |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref><ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceoassam.nic.in/information/pdf/3_Assembly_HPC_wise_MapA1.pdf |title=Map of Assam showing District-wise assembly and Parliamentary constituencies |website=www.ceoassam.nic.in| access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>

==Details==

Following are details on Dalgaon Assembly constituency:

*Country: India.
* State: Assam.
* District: Darrang district.
* Lok Sabha Constituency: Darrang–Udalguri Lok Sabha constituency.
* Area Includes: Bechimari Dev. Block, Dalgaon- Sialmari Dev. Block, Kalaigaon Dev. Block(Part), Pachim Mangaldai Dev. Block(Part), Pub Mangaldai Dev. Block(Part).

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Election
!Member
!Party affiliation
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
! rowspan="2" |Md. Matlebuddin
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
! rowspan="5" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
!Surendra Chandra Barua
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
!Hashimuduin Ahmed
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Anwara Taimur|Syeda Anwara Taimur]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
!Abdul Jabbar
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
![[Anwara Taimur|Syeda Anwara Taimur]]
![[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
! rowspan="2" |Abdul Jabbar
! rowspan="2" |[[Asom Gana Parishad]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Asom Gana Parishad}}" |
|[[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Independent}}" |
|[[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
! rowspan="3" |Ilias Ali
![[Independent politician|Independent]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| style="background-color: {{party color|All India United Democratic Front}}" |
|[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
!Mazibur Rahman
![[All India United Democratic Front]]
|}
== Election results ==
=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalgoan}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ajijur Rahman |party=Raijor Dal |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Krishna Saha|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=All India United Democratic Front|votes= |percentage= |change= }}

{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= |party=Independent|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dalgaon<ref name=election2016>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4017-assam-general-legislative-election-2016/ |title=Assam General Legislative Election 2016 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=13 November 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ilias Ali
|votes = 76,607
|percentage = 42.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|candidate = Mazibur Rahman
|votes = 74,287
|percentage = 41.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Asom Gana Parishad
|candidate = Habibar Rahman
|votes = 24,714
|percentage = 13.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sarifuddin Ahmed
|votes = 1,016
|percentage = 0.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Abdur Rahim
|votes = 926
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Mustafa Farook Ahmed
|votes = 900
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Ahmed Ali
|votes = 707
|percentage = 0.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,165
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,320
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,80,322
|percentage = 91.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors|
|reg. electors = 1,96,994
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Darrang district]]
* [[Dalgaon]]
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Darrang district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Assam]]

Athani Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:15:23Z

BeauTesterman: added new post...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka state, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Athani
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 3
| map_image = 3-Athani constituency.svg
| mla = [[Laxman Savadi]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Mahesh Kumathalli]]
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chikkodi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chikkodi]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:229195}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}
}}
'''Athani Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 constituencies in the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] of [[Karnataka]], a southern state of [[India]]. [[Athani, Belgavi|Athani]] is one of the 8 Vidhan Sabha seats under [[Chikkodi Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Athani Assembly constituency |url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/bailhongal.html |work=Elections.in |access-date= October 5, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=List of elected members of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/14assemblymemberslist.htm |work=kar.nic|access-date=October 5, 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=DELIMITATION OF PARLIAMENTARY AND ASSEMBLY CONSTITUENCIES ORDER, 2008 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |work=Election commission of India |access-date= October 5, 2017 }}</ref> It is in [[Belagavi district|Belgaum district]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Patil Narasgauda Yelagonda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Pawar Jayawantrao Bhojrao || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Dhairyashil Bhojraj Pawar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Anandrao Appasaheb Desai
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan="2" | Pawar Desai Sidharaj Alias Dhairyashilarao Bhojaraj || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Leeladevi. R. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || I. M. Shedshyal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Leeladevi. R. Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Dongaragaon Shahajan Ismail || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || rowspan="3" | [[Laxman Savadi]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|-
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan="2" | [[Mahesh Kumathalli]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 By-election]] {{efn|Disqualified by the Hon'ble Speaker under the 10th Schedule of the Constitution with effect from 25/07/2019. Re-elected in the By Election.}} || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Laxman Savadi]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
{{notelist}}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Laxman Savadi]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 131,404 |percentage = 68.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahesh. Irangouda. Kumathalli |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 55,282 |percentage = 28.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shashikant Padasalagi |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,265 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,037 |percentage = 0.54% |change = {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 76,122 |percentage = 39.59% |change = {{increase}}15.23 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 192,291 |percentage = 83.90% |change = {{increase}}8.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 192,279}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 229,195 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}7.91 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2019 elections in India#Karnataka|2019 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mahesh Kumathalli]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 99,203 |percentage = 60.43% |change = {{increase}}12.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gajanan Bhalachandra Mangasuli |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 59,214 |percentage = 36.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shrishail Tukkappa Halladamal |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,892 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raju Parashuram Dawari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,577 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,532 |percentage = 0.93% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 39,989 |percentage = 24.36% |change = {{increase}}22.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 165,685 |percentage = 75.04% |change = {{decrease}}4.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 164,153}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 220,798 |ref = |change = {{increase}}2.85 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2018 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election -2018 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name=karCeoResults2018>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/GenELC_2018/ResultsACWise.PDF |title=Karnataka 2018 - Candidate-wise Votes Details |date=2018-05-16 |access-date=7 September 2021 |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |publisher=Chief Election Office - Karnataka}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka Election Results 2018.|url=https://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html|url-status=live|website=www.elections.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520082219/http://www.elections.in:80/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/2018-election-results.html |archive-date=20 May 2018 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mahesh Kumathalli]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 82,094 |percentage = 48.13% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Sangappa Savadi |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 79,763 |percentage = 46.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girish Kedareppa Butali |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,381 |percentage = 1.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 842 |percentage = 0.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,331 |percentage = 1.37% |change = {{decrease}}14.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 170,786 |percentage = 79.55% |change = {{increase}}0.86 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 170,565}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 214,688 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.32 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}2.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2013 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Laxman Savadi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 74,299 |percentage = 50.79% |change = {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahesh Iranagouda Kumathalli |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,528 |percentage = 34.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadashiv Kedari Butali |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 15,204 |percentage = 10.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanganagoud Gurupadagoud Patil |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 1,580 |percentage = 1.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Annappa Somanna Aigali |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,558 |percentage = 1.07% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,771 |percentage = 16.25% |change = {{decrease}}1.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 146,503 |percentage = 78.69% |change = {{increase}}5.51 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 146,290}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 186,167 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.99 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}4.88 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Laxman Savadi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 56,847 |percentage = 45.91% |change = {{decrease}}4.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kirana Kumar Tatyagouda Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,179 |percentage = 28.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Butali Sadashiv Kedari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 24,033 |percentage = 19.41% |change = {{increase}}1.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnaji Laxman Rao Kundargi |party = Rashtriya Hindustan Sena Karnataka |votes = 2,749 |percentage = 2.22% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Navalgatti Sanjeev Balappa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,627 |percentage = 2.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sunil Shankar Waghamare |party = Republican Party of India (A) |votes = 1,835 |percentage = 1.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,668 |percentage = 17.50% |change = {{decrease}}9.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 123,867 |percentage = 73.18% |change = {{increase}}6.39 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 123,830}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,256 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.82 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Laxman Savadi]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 59,578 |percentage = 50.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dongaragaon Shahajan Ismail |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,325 |percentage = 24.12% |change = {{decrease}}4.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Butali Sadashiv Kedari |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 21,264 |percentage = 18.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prakash Kamble |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,664 |percentage = 2.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arjun Bhagavant Patil |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,188 |percentage = 1.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yallatti Shankar Basalingappa |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,693 |percentage = 1.44% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kaarani Mallikarjun Basappa |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 865 |percentage = 0.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Inamadar Khurshid Banu Bashirahamad |party = Sirpanch Samaj Party |votes = 858 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 31,253 |percentage = 26.61% |change = {{increase}}23.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,608 |percentage = 66.79% |change = {{decrease}}1.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,435}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 176,097 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.01 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}22.08 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dongaragaon Shahajan Ismail |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,020 |percentage = 28.65% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Sangappa Savadi |party = Independent politician |votes = 25,911 |percentage = 25.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basavaprabhu Lakhagoud |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 22,755 |percentage = 22.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Leeladevi. R. Prasad |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 16,746 |percentage = 16.53% |change = {{decrease}}17.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jyothirao Banti |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,174 |percentage = 4.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gangaram Balu Satapute |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,614 |percentage = 1.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ravindra Dhanavant Halingali |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes = 1,058 |percentage = 1.04% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,109 |percentage = 3.07% |change = {{decrease}}5.56 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 107,096 |percentage = 68.12% |change = {{increase}}9.06 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 101,278}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 157,216 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.28 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{decrease}}5.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Leeladevi. R. Prasad |party = Janata Dal |votes = 27,126 |percentage = 34.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Irappa Marappa Shedashyal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,313 |percentage = 25.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anandrao Appasaheb Desai |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,446 |percentage = 15.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Siddagouda Anangouda Patil |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 9,886 |percentage = 12.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basavraj Revansiddappa Salagurgi |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 4,992 |percentage = 6.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sadanand Bhimrao Badagi |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,180 |percentage = 2.76% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dharappa Dundappa Kondi |party = Independent politician |votes = 490 |percentage = 0.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,813 |percentage = 8.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 81,254 |percentage = 59.06% |change = {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 78,958}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 137,576 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.43 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = I. M. Shedshyal |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,144 |percentage = 41.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = V. L. Patil |party = Janata Dal |votes = 24,130 |percentage = 32.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. L. Patil |party = Kranti Sabha |votes = 13,645 |percentage = 18.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Biradar |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,572 |percentage = 3.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. N. Umarani |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,003 |percentage = 2.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,014 |percentage = 9.45% |change = {{decrease}}5.25 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 79,946 |percentage = 62.43% |change = {{decrease}}3.37 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,193}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,066 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.42 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}14.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Leeladevi. R. Prasad |party = Janata Party |votes = 36,983 |percentage = 56.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yashwanthrao Amarsinh Bhojraj Pawar Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,409 |percentage = 42.08% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sashepote Gangaram Balu |party = Independent politician |votes = 750 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,574 |percentage = 14.70% |change = {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,137 |percentage = 65.80% |change = {{increase}}10.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 65,142}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 100,505 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}8.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Desai Sidharaj Alias Dhairyashilarao Bhojaraj |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,336 |percentage = 48.61% |change = {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kage Alagouda Bharamagoud |party = Janata Party |votes = 19,795 |percentage = 39.54% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Deshpande Arvind Bapurao |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 3,428 |percentage = 6.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Anandrao Appasaheb |party = Independent politician |votes = 978 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Channya Dundyya Hiremath |party = Independent politician |votes = 918 |percentage = 1.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnappa Chanabasappa Biradar |party = Independent politician |votes = 456 |percentage = 0.91% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,541 |percentage = 9.07% |change = {{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,416 |percentage = 55.33% |change = {{decrease}}8.20 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,061}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 92,919 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.44 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}1.96 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Desai Sidharaj Alias Dhairyashilarao Bhojaraj |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 27,214 |percentage = 50.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Leeladevi. R. Prasad |party = Janata Party |votes = 22,394 |percentage = 41.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Anagouda Babagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 4,202 |percentage = 7.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,820 |percentage = 8.96% |change = {{decrease}}14.85 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,462 |percentage = 63.53% |change = {{increase}}3.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,810}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,652 |percentage = 2.98% |change = {{increase}}2.98 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,298 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.05 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.36 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Anandrao Appasaheb Desai |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,532 |percentage = 60.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Virangoud Patil |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 15,556 |percentage = 37.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijaya Satteppa Karoli |party = Independent politician |votes = 819 |percentage = 1.95% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,976 |percentage = 23.81% |change = {{decrease}}25.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 42,927 |percentage = 60.51% |change = {{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 41,907}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,947 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.13 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.75 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dhairyashil Bhojraj Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,018 |percentage = 70.68% |change = {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Anagouda Babagouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,908 |percentage = 21.48% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = N. S. Tammanna |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,883 |percentage = 7.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 18,110 |percentage = 49.20% |change = {{increase}}13.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,557 |percentage = 60.39% |change = {{decrease}}2.58 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,809}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,844 |ref = |change = {{increase}}26.28 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Dhairyashil Bhojraj Pawar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 20,119 |percentage = 66.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narasagauda Yalagauda Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,307 |percentage = 30.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Balappa Ranu Waghe |party = Independent politician |votes = 458 |percentage = 1.52% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 10,812 |percentage = 35.98% |change = {{increase}}11.52 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,839 |percentage = 62.97% |change = {{increase}}12.15 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,046}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,559 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.17 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}4.73 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195053/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Mysore_1957.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Pawar Jayawantrao Bhojrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 14,384 |percentage = 62.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvai Ningappa Bahadur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 8,730 |percentage = 37.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,654 |percentage = 24.46% |change = {{decrease}}30.58 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,114 |percentage = 50.82% |change = {{decrease}}2.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,114}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,480 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.66 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Athani <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Narasgauda Yelagonda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,719 |percentage = 68.89% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Anantrao Balkrishna |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,362 |percentage = 13.85% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Nandrekar Surendra Tamanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,299 |percentage = 13.59% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kulkarni Anant Shamrao |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 889 |percentage = 3.66% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,357 |percentage = 55.04% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,269 |percentage = 53.01% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,269}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,778 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Athani, Belgavi|Athani]]
* [[Belagavi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{coord|16.73|75.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Belagavi district]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]

Khub Chand

2026-03-31T05:31:41Z

BeauTesterman: stub

{{Short description|Indian diplomat}}
{{Sources exist|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{birth date|1911|12|16}}
| office = [[Ambassador of India to Germany]]
| term = 1967 - 1970
| predecessor = S K. Banerjee
| successor = [[Kewal Singh Choudhary]]
| office2 = Ambassador of India to Sweden
| term2 = Aug. 1962 to Jan 1966
| predecessor2 = [[Kewal Singh Choudhary]]
| successor2 = B.K.Kapur
| office3 = High Commissioner of India to Ghana
| term3 = 1960-1962<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hciaccra.gov.in/page/former-high-commissioners/ |title=Former High Commissioners |website=High Commission of India, Accra, Ghana |access-date=2024-01-07 |archive-date=2024-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301235620/https://www.hciaccra.gov.in/page/former-high-commissioners/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| office4 = Ambassador of India to Italy
| predecessor4 = [[John Thivy]]
| term4 = 1957 - 1960
| alma_mater = [[Oriel College, Oxford]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|06|12|1911|12|16}}
}}
'''Khub Chand''' was an Indian diplomat.

== Early life and education ==
He was born on December 16, 1911.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.140274/page/n135/mode/2up |title=India Who's Who 1969 |pages=121}}</ref>

He was educated at Delhi University, and later went on to attend [[Oriel College, Oxford]].<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Between 1957 and 1960 he was the ambassador to Italy. In 196, he was made the Indian envoy to Ghana, concurrently serving in Nigeria as well.

Between 1962 and 1966, he was the Indian envoy to Sweden, concurrently serving as the envoy to Finland as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heads of Mission of India in Sweden |url=https://www.indembassysweden.gov.in/page/heads-mission/ |website=Embassy of India, Sweden and Latvia |access-date=2024-01-07 |archive-date=2020-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325164112/https://www.indembassysweden.gov.in/page/heads-mission/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Sweden]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Italy]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Germany]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Ghana]]
[[Category:1911 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]

{{India-diplomat-stub}}

Manwar Sangam Express

2026-03-28T04:44:39Z

BeauTesterman: made first post basic info

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Manwar Sangam Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|11|30}}<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Minister of Railways Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu Flags Off Various New Train Services |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=154647|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=30 November 2016}}</ref>
| last =
| operator = [[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Sangam}} (PYGS)
| stops = 8
| end = {{stnlnk|Basti}} (BST)
| distance = {{convert|267|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 6 hrs 40 mins
| frequency = 5 days a week.{{efn|Runs five days in a week for every direction.}}
| class = AC Chair Car, Chair Car, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack = Overhead racks
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]]
{{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 14231 / 14232
| speed = {{convert|44|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| maintenance = {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Sangam}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 14231 / 14232 '''Manwar Sangam Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[North Central Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Sangam}} and {{stnlnk|Basti}} in India. It is currently being operated with 14231/14232 train numbers on five days in a week for every direction.<ref>[http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=156044 Year End Review 2016 ]</ref><ref>[http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/eastern-up-gets-railways-attention-via-varanasi-117061900391_1.html Eastern UP gets railways attention via Varanasi]</ref><ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/news/8136844_New-train-between-Basti-Allahabad-launched.html New train between Basti-Allahabad launched]</ref>

== Service==

The 14231/Manwar Sangam Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 267 km in 6h 40m. The 14232/Manwar Sangam Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 267 km in 6h 40m.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are:

* {{stnlnk|Prayagraj Sangam}}
* {{stnlnk|Pratapgarh Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Sultanpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Faizabad Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Ayodhya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Mankapur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Babhnan}}
* {{stnlnk|Basti}}

==Coach composition==

The train has standard ICF rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 12 coaches :

* 2 AC Third
* 12 Sleeper
* 4 General
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake

== Traction==

earlier was [[WDP-4D]]. Both trains are hauled by a [[Electric Loco Shed, Ghaziabad|Ghaziabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-5]] or [[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] electric locomotive from Prayagraj Sangam to Basti and vice versa.

== See also ==

* [[Prayagraj Junction railway station]]
* [[Basti railway station]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/54552 14117/Manwar Sangam Express]
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/54554 14118/Manwar Sangam Express]

{{Railways in Northern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manwar Sangam Express}}
[[Category:Trains from Prayagraj]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Country code top-level domain

2026-03-26T16:17:26Z

BeauTesterman: quick enhance references for consistency and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|Internet top-level domain generally used by or reserved for a country}}
{{Redirect2|ccTLD|cc TLD|the TLD for the Cocos (Keeling) Islands|.cc}}
{{For|a list of TLDs|List of Internet top-level domains}}

A '''country code top-level domain''' ('''ccTLD''') is an [[Internet]] [[top-level domain]] generally used or reserved for a [[country]], sovereign state, or [[dependent territory]] identified with a [[country code]]. All [[ASCII]] ccTLD identifiers are two letters long, and all two-letter top-level domains are ccTLDs.

In 2018, the [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]] (IANA) began implementing [[internationalized country code top-level domain]]s, consisting of language-native characters when displayed in an end-user application. Creation and delegation of ccTLDs is described in RFC 1591, corresponding to [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] [[country codes]]. While [[gTLD]]s have to obey international regulations, ccTLDs are subjected to requirements that are determined by each country’s domain name regulation corporation. With over 150 million domain name registrations today or as of 2022, ccTLDs make up about 40% of the total domain name industry.<ref>{{cite report |url=https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q42019.pdf |title=The Domain Name Industry Report |website=verisign.com |date= |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2021-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131230604/https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q42019.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

Country code extension applications began in 1985. The registered country code extensions in that year included [[.us]] (United States), [[.uk]] (United Kingdom) and [[.il]] (Israel). The registered country code extensions in 1986 included [[.au]] (Australia), [[.de]] (Germany), [[.fi]] (Finland), [[.fr]] (France), [[.is]] (Iceland), [[.jp]] (Japan), [[.kr]] (South Korea), [[.nl]] (Netherlands) and [[.se]] (Sweden). The registered country code extensions in 1987 included [[.nz]] (New Zealand), [[.ch]] (Switzerland) and [[.ca]] (Canada).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/cctlds-21-2012-02-25-en |website=ICANN (iana.org) |title=ccTLD |date=2012-02-25 |access-date=2020-05-14 |archive-date=2020-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507123705/https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/cctlds-21-2012-02-25-en |url-status=live }}</ref> The registered country code extensions in 1988 included [[.ie]] (Ireland) [[.it]] (Italy), [[.es]] (Spain) and [[.pt]] (Portugal). The registered country code extensions in 1989 included [[.in]] (India) and [[.yu]] (Yugoslavia). In the 1990s, [[.cn]] (People’s Republic of China) and [[.ru]] (Russian Federation) were first registered.

There are over 300 delegated ccTLDs. The [[.cn]], [[.tk]], [[.de]], [[.uk]], [[.nl]] and [[.ru]] ccTLDs contain the highest number of domains{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}. The top ten ccTLDs account for more than five-eighths of registered ccTLD domains{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}. There were about 153 million ccTLD domains registered at the end of March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q12021.pdf|title=Verisign Domain Name Industry Brief Q1 2021|website=verisign.com|access-date=2021-06-06|archive-date=2021-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606172302/https://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-Q12021.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Delegation and management==
IANA is responsible for determining an appropriate trustee for each ccTLD. Administration and control are then delegated to that trustee, which is responsible for the policies and operation of the domain. The current delegation can be determined from IANA's list of ccTLDs.<ref>{{cite web |website=IANA (iana.org) |title=list of ccTLDs |url=https://www.iana.org/cctld/cctld-whois.htm |access-date=2020-11-01 |archive-date=2022-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185901/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |url-status=live }}</ref> Individual ccTLDs may have varying requirements and fees for registering [[subdomains]]. There may be a local-presence requirement (for instance, citizenship or other connection to the ccTLD), as, for example, the [[United States]] ([[.us|us]]), [[Japan|Japanese]] ([[.jp|jp]]), [[Canada|Canadian]] ([[.ca|ca]]), [[France|French]] ([[.fr|fr]]) and [[Germany|German]] ([[.de|de]]) domains, or registration may be open.

==History==
The first registered ccTLD was [[.us]], which was registered in 1985. Later ccTLDs registered in that year included [[.uk]] and [[.il]]. Then, [[.au]], [[.de]], [[.fi]], [[.fr]], [[.is]], [[.jp]], [[.kr]], [[.nl]] and [[.se]] were also registered in 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |title=Root Zone database |website=IANA (iana.org) |access-date=2020-02-01 |archive-date=2018-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120223540/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1987, [[.nz]], [[.ch]], [[.my]] [[.ca]] were registered. Later on, in 1988, [[.ie]], [[.it]], [[.es]] and [[.pt]] were also registered.

==Lists==

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. The number was 316 {{As of|June 2020|lc=y}}, with the addition of internationalized domains.<ref name="iana">{{cite web|title=IANA — Root Zone Database|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db|website=iana.org|access-date=19 February 2023}}</ref>

===Latin Character ccTLDs===
:{|
|+ {{big|'''Table columns – legend'''}}
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!style="text-align:right;"| Name 
| DNS name of the two-letter country-code top-level domain. They follow [[ISO 3166-1]] alpha-2, with some exceptions such as ".ac" for Ascension Island, ".eu" for the European Union, or ".uk" for United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland instead of ".gb". ISO codes {{code|bv}}, {{code|bl}}, {{code|mf}}, {{code|sj}}, {{code|gb}}, and {{code|um}} are not used for country code top-level domains.
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!style="text-align:right;"| Entity 
| Country, dependency, or region
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!style="text-align:right;"| Explanation 
| Explanation of the code when it is not self-evident from the English name of the country. These are usually domains that arise from native name of the country (e.g. [[.de]] for ''[[Deutschland]]'', [[German language]] name for Germany).
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!style="text-align:right;"| Notes 
| General remarks
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!style="text-align:right;"| Registry 
| [[Domain name registry]] operator, sometimes called a network information center (NIC)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!style="text-align:right;"| IDN 
| Support for [[internationalized domain names]] (IDN)
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!style="text-align:right;"| DNSSEC 
| Presence of DS records for [[Domain Name System Security Extensions]]
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!style="text-align:right;"| SLD 
| Second level domain
|- style="vertical-align:top;"
!style="text-align:right;"| IPv6 
| Registry fully supports [[IPv6]] access
|}

{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"
|+Overview of Latin-character country-code TLDs
|- style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!scope="col"| Name<ref name=":0"/>
!scope="col"| Entity
!scope="col"| Explanation
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
!scope="col"| [[Domain name registry|Registry]]<ref name=":0">{{cite web
|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db
|title=IANA — Root Zone Database
|website=iana.org
|access-date=10 February 2020
|archive-date=20 January 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180120223540/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
!scope="col"| [[Internationalized domain name|IDN]]
!scope="col"| [[Domain Name System Security Extensions|DNSSEC]]
!scope="col"| [[Second-level domain|SLD]]
!scope="col"| [[IPv6]]
|-
| [[.ac]] || {{flag|Ascension Island}} (United Kingdom) ||'''''A'''s'''c'''ension Island''
| Commonly used for academic websites, such as universities. However, {{code|.ac}} is not to be confused with the official academic domains used by several countries such as the [[United Kingdom]] ([[.ac.uk]]), [[India]] ([[.ac.in]]) or [[Indonesia]] ([[.ac.id]]). Also used in the accounting, consulting, and air-conditioning industries.
| Ascension Island Network Information Centre (run by [[Internet Computer Bureau]])
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.ad]] || {{flag|Andorra}} ||'''''A'''n'''d'''orra''
| Local trademark, trade name or citizenship required<ref>{{cite web
|title=Andorra Telecom trademark domain registration policy
|website=Nic.ad
|url=http://www.nic.ad/angles/comamarca_e.htm
|access-date=21 October 2014
|archive-date=18 March 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318043213/http://nic.ad/angles/comamarca_e.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=Andorra Telecom trade name registration policy
|website=Nic.ad
|url=http://www.nic.ad/angles/nomcomercial_e.htm
|access-date=21 October 2014
|archive-date=16 March 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190316072443/http://nic.ad/angles/nomcomercial_e.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|Nic.ad
| {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ae]] || {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} ||''United '''A'''rab '''E'''mirates''
|
|.aeDA
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.af]] || {{flag|Afghanistan}} ||'''''Af'''ghanistan''
|
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ag]] || {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} ||'''''A'''nti'''g'''ua and Barbuda''
| Also unofficially used by German businesses (where AG is an abbreviation of [[Aktiengesellschaft]]).
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ai]] || {{flag|Anguilla}} (United Kingdom) || '''''A'''ngu'''i'''lla''|| Also unofficially used by tech companies specializing in AI (Artificial Intelligence).
|
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.al]] || {{flag|Albania}} ||'''''Al'''bania''
| Citizenship ''no longer'' required.
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.am]] || {{flag|Armenia}} || '''''A'''r'''m'''enia''|| Also unofficially used by [[AM radio]] stations, podcasts or related business.
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.ao]] || {{flag|Angola}} ||'''''A'''ng'''o'''la''
|
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{unknown}} ||
|-
| [[.aq]] || {{flag|Antarctica}} || '''''A'''ntarcti'''q'''ue'' || Defined by the [[Antarctic Treaty System|Antarctic Treaty]] as everything south of [[60th parallel south|latitude 60°S]]. AQ domain names are available to government organizations who are signatories to the Antarctic Treaty and to other registrants who have a physical presence in Antarctica. Domain names can be registered and renewed free of charge.
| || {{dunno}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{dunno}}
|-
| [[.ar]] || {{flag|Argentina}} ||'''''Ar'''gentina''
|
| [https://Nic.ar nic.ar]|| {{yes|Spanish}}{{efn-ua| 17 November 2009, Spanish-Portuguese specific characters (á, â, ã, à, é, ê, í, ó, ô, õ, ú, ü, ñ, ç) allowed, as approved by law.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/160000-164999/160861/norma.htm
|title=norma
|website=infoleg.gov.ar
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2016-02-29
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160229053125/http://www.infoleg.gov.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/160000-164999/160861/norma.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.as]] || {{flag|American Samoa}} (United States)||'''''A'''merican '''S'''amoa''
| In some countries, like Norway and Denmark, "[[Aksjeselskap|AS]]" or "[[Aktieselskab|A/S]]" is used as an abbreviation for stock-based or limited companies. Such companies will often make use of the domain. Also unofficially used by the Principality of [[Asturias]], Spain.
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.at]] || {{flag|Austria}} ||'''''A'''us'''t'''ria''
|
|[[Nic.at]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Mostly latin characters (à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ œ š ž), see<ref>{{cite web
|title=IDN Zeichentabelle
|lang=de
|url=https://www.nic.at/media/files/pdf/IDN_Zeichentabelle.pdf
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2019-12-17
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217025352/https://www.nic.at/media/files/pdf/IDN_Zeichentabelle.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.au]] || {{flag|Australia}} ||'''''Au'''stralia''
| Restrictions apply. In general, registrants must have an "Australian presence", and can be registered anywhere between 1 and 5 years.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Rules for .au Domains
|url=https://www.auda.org.au/industry-information/au-domains/
|access-date=2022-02-11
|archive-date=2019-07-31
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731104255/https://www.auda.org.au/industry-information/au-domains/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Includes [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]] and [[Coral Sea Islands]]. Direct second-level domain registration (marketed as ".au Direct") has been made available commencing 24 March 2022.<ref name=".au Direct">{{cite web |title=.au Direct |url=https://www.auda.org.au/au-domain-names/au-domain-names/au-direct |website=auDA.org.au |access-date=2022-02-11 |archive-date=2022-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211055953/https://www.auda.org.au/au-domain-names/au-domain-names/au-direct |url-status=live }}</ref>
| [[.au_Domain_Administration|auDA]] || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} (*From 24 Mar 2022)<ref name=".au Direct"/> || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.aw]] || {{flag|Aruba}} (Kingdom of the Netherlands)|| '''''A'''ruba, '''W'''est Indies'' || Restricted to registered Aruban companies, organisations and citizens
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ax]] || {{flag|Åland}} (Finland) || {{code|.al}} ''and'' {{code|.ad}} ''already allocated''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.az]] || {{flag|Azerbaijan}} || '''''Az'''erbaijan''|| Only for Residents. Has no [[WHOIS]]-Server.
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||{{yes}}
|-
| [[.ba]] || {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} || '''''B'''osnia '''a'''nd Herzegovina''||
| University of Sarajevo - University tele-informatic Centre https://www.utic.unsa.ba https://www.nic.ba|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bb]] || {{flag|Barbados}} || '''''B'''ar'''b'''ados''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bd]] || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || '''''B'''angla'''d'''esh''|| For individuals, registrant must have a valid NID. For companies, registrant must have company or trademark registered in Bangladesh.
| || {{yes}} || {{<nowiki>yes}}</nowiki><ref>{{Cite web |title=BTCL Expands DNSSEC Deployment to .com.bd and .net.bd - ITBlog: Single Page Layout - domain.btcl.gov.bd |url=https://domain.btcl.gov.bd/itblog-single-page-layout/btcl-expands-dnssec-deployment-to-com-bd-and-net-bd |access-date=2026-03-26 |website=domain.btcl.gov.bd |language=en}}</ref> || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.be]] || {{flag|Belgium}} || '''''Be'''lgium''|| Used for [[YouTube]]-related domains. Also unofficially used in the [[Canton of Bern]], [[Switzerland]].
| [[DNS Belgium]]|| {{yes|[[Latin script|Latin]]}}<ref name="idn.tables"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|title=DNS Belgium and IPv6
|website=economie.fgov.be
|url=http://economie.fgov.be/nl/binaries/Goelen_DNSBelgium_tcm325-257612.pdf#page=3
|access-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184754/http://economie.fgov.be/nl/binaries/Goelen_DNSBelgium_tcm325-257612.pdf#page=3
|archive-date=2 April 2015
}}
</ref>
|-
| [[.bf]] || {{flag|Burkina Faso}} || '''''B'''urkina '''F'''aso''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bg]] || {{flag|Bulgaria}} || '''''B'''ul'''g'''aria''|| See also [[.бг]] ({{code|.bg}} in Cyrillic) for IDN ccTLD
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bh]] || {{flag|Bahrain}} || '''''B'''a'''h'''rain''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bi]] || {{flag|Burundi}} || '''''B'''urund'''i'''''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bj]] || {{flag|Benin}} || {{code|.be}}, {{code|.bn}}, ''and'' {{code|.bi}} ''already allocated'' ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bm]] || {{flag|Bermuda}} (United Kingdom) || '''''B'''er'''m'''uda''|| Local corporate registration required
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bn]] || {{flag|Brunei}} || '''''B'''ru'''n'''ei''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.bo]] || {{flag|Bolivia}} || '''''Bo'''livia''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bq]] || {{flag|Caribbean Netherlands}} ({{BON}}, {{SAB}}, and {{EUS}}) || {{code|.be}} ''and'' {{code|.bs}} ''already allocated''||
| || || || ||
|-
| [[.br]] || {{flag|Brazil}} || '''''Br'''asil''|| Restricted. Registration is done under several categories (i.e.: {{code|.edu.br}} for higher education institutions, {{code|.gov.br}} for government agencies, etc.).<ref>{{cite web
|title=Domínios .br
|website=Registro.br
|url=http://registro.br/dominio/dpn.html
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2014-02-14
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214092437/http://registro.br/dominio/dpn.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Domínios em Português e restrição de dados no WHOIS
|date=4 May 2005
|website=Registro.br
|url=https://registro.br/noticias/dominios-portugues/
|access-date=26 August 2020
|archive-date=20 June 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620175506/https://registro.br/noticias/dominios-portugues/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{no}}{{efn-ua| Currently not allowed, but some higher-learning institutions were grandfathered-in.}} ||
|-
| [[.bs]] || {{flag|Bahamas}} || '''''B'''ahama'''s'''''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bt]] || {{flag|Bhutan}} || '''''B'''hu'''t'''an''|| Must have local presence in Bhutan, and valid trade license<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Domain Registration
|website=Nic.Bt
|url=https://www.nic.bt/?page_id=2
|access-date=25 December 2020
|archive-date=2 December 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202182635/https://www.nic.bt/?page_id=2
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.bw]] || {{flag|Botswana}} || '''''B'''ots'''w'''ana''|| May also be used for the [[Walloon Brabant|Province of Walloon Brabant]], [[Wallonia]], [[Belgium]]
| || {{no}} || {{no}}<ref>
{{Cite web
|title=DNSViz probe 27 July 2022
|website=dnsviz.net
|url=https://dnsviz.net/d/bw/YuG9Ww/dnssec/
|access-date=29 November 2022
|url-status=live
}}</ref> || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.by]] || {{flag|Belarus}} || ''[[BGN/PCGN romanization of Belarusian|'''By'''elorussia]]''|| Also unofficially used to denote Bayern (Bavaria), Germany
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.bz]] || {{flag|Belize}} || '''''B'''eli'''z'''e''|| Also unofficially used in the province of [[Bolzano|Bozen]] (or [[South Tyrol]], see ''[[.st]]'')
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ca]] || {{flag|Canada}} || '''''Ca'''nada''|| Subject to [[.ca#Canadian Presence Requirements|Canadian Presence Requirements]]. Also unofficially used by some websites in the U.S. state of [[California]].
| [[Canadian Internet Registration Authority|CIRA]] || {{yes|[[French language|French]]}}<ref>
{{cite web
|title=About internationalized domain names
|website=Cira.ca
|url=http://www.cira.ca/assets/Documents/Legal/IDN/faq.pdf
|access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314073702/https://cira.ca/assets/Documents/Legal/IDN/faq.pdf
|archive-date=14 March 2016
}}
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.cc]] || {{flag|Cocos (Keeling) Islands}} || '''''C'''o'''c'''os Islands''|| Australian territory: not to be confused with [[Cocos Island (Guam)|Cocos Island]] in Guam. Currently marketed as global domain, registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required; the domain is currently operated by eNIC, a [[VeriSign]] company.
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cd]] || {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} || '''''C'''ongo, '''D'''emocratic Republic'' || Also unofficially used for [[Compact disc]]-related domains.
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cf]] || {{flag|Central African Republic}} || '''''C'''entral A'''f'''rican Republic''|| Also used as a free domain service to the public.
| Freenom (for free domains)|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cg]] || {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} || '''''C'''on'''g'''o''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ch]] || {{flag|Switzerland}} || ''[[ISO 3166-2:CH|'''C'''onfoederatio '''H'''elvetica]]''||
| [[SWITCH Information Technology Services|SWITCH]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Since March 2004, see<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nic.ch/en/faq/idn.html
|title=details
|website=nic.ch
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2020-05-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510165154/https://www.nic.ch/support/idn/index.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ci]] || {{flag|Ivory Coast}}||'''''C'''ôte d''''I'''voire''
|
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ck]] || {{flag|Cook Islands}} || '''''C'''oo'''k''' Islands''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cl]] || {{flag|Chile}} || '''''C'''hi'''l'''e''||
| NIC Chile|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.cm]] || {{flag|Cameroon}} || '''''C'''a'''m'''eroon''|| A local entity / company in Cameroon is required to register a domain name.
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cn]] || {{flag|People's Republic of China}} || '''''C'''hi'''n'''a''|| A local company in China is required to register a domain name, or for personal registrations a valid [[Resident Identity Card]]. See [[ICP license]] for more information regarding registrations. [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]] also maintain TLDs.
Also unofficially used for [[Cartoon Network]]-related domains.
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.co]] || {{flag|Colombia}} || '''''Co'''lombia''|| Marketed as a global domain. Anyone can register.
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cr]] || {{flag|Costa Rica}} || '''''C'''osta '''R'''ica''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cu]] || {{flag|Cuba}} || '''''Cu'''ba''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cv]] || {{flag|Cape Verde}} || '''''C'''ape '''V'''erde''||Also unofficially used for [[curriculum vitae]]-related domains.
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cw]] || {{flag|Curaçao}} (Kingdom of the Netherlands) || '''''C'''uraçao, '''W'''est Indies'' ||
| || || {{no}} || {{unknown}} ||
|-
| [[.cx]] || {{flag|Christmas Island}} || '''''C'''hristmas [[Xmas|'''X'''mas]]'' || Made infamous from [[Goatse.cx]]
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cy]] || {{flag|Cyprus}} || '''''Cy'''prus''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.cz]] || {{flag|Czech Republic}} || '''''Cz'''ech''||
| || {{no}}{{efn-ua| IDN not adopted due to lack of public and corporate interest<ref>{{cite web
|title=CZ.NIC - IDN - Internationalized domain names
|website=Nic.cz
|url=http://www.nic.cz/page/451/idn---internationalized-domain-names/
|access-date=21 October 2014
|archive-date=8 January 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108073325/https://www.nic.cz/page/451/idn---internationalized-domain-names/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.de]] || {{flag|Germany}} || '''''De'''utschland'' (The native name for Germany) || German postal address for administrative contact (admin-c) required. Proxy registrations are allowed.
|[[DENIC]] || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 93 non-ASCII characters, see<ref>
{{cite web
|title=details
|website=denic.de
|url=http://www.denic.de/en/domains/internationalized-domain-names/idn-conversion.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031161521/http://www.denic.de/en/domains/internationalized-domain-names/idn-conversion.html
|archive-date=2010-10-31
}}
</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.dj]] || {{flag|Djibouti}} || '''''Dj'''ibouti''|| Also unofficially used by [[disc jockey]]s.
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.dk]] || {{flag|Denmark}} || '''''D'''anmar'''k''''' ||
|[[DK Hostmaster]] || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 1 January 2004, support æ, ø, å, ö, ä, ü, & é: see<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://xn--5cab8c.dk-hostmaster.dk/
|title=details
|website=æøå.dk-hostmaster.dk
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819134744/http://xn--5cab8c.dk-hostmaster.dk/
|archive-date=19 August 2007
}}
</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.dm]] || {{flag|Dominica}} || '''''D'''o'''m'''inica''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.do]] || {{flag|Dominican Republic}} || '''''Do'''minican''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.dz]] || {{flag|Algeria}} || ''El '''D'''ja'''z'''air / '''Dz'''ayer ''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ec]] || {{flag|Ecuador}} || '''''Ec'''uador''|| In [[Japan]], "EC" is used as an acronym for "[[E-commerce|electronic commerce]]". Because of that, it's used unofficially by companies dedicated to provide online stores like BASE, a company that has two domains related to e-commerce: "base.in" and "official.ec".<ref>
{{Cite web
|title=BASE (ベイス) {{!}} ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成
|last=BASE
|website=BASE (ベイス) {{!}} ネットショップを無料で簡単に作成
|lang=ja-JP
|url=https://thebase.in/
|access-date=8 May 2018 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508060214/https://thebase.in/
|archive-date=8 May 2018
}}</ref>
|Nic.ec
| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ee]] || {{flag|Estonia}} || '''''Ee'''sti'' ||
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN) starting from 13 June 2011<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Estonian domain names to incorporate diacritics (IDN)
|url=http://www.internet.ee/eng/news/estonian-domain-names-to-incorporate-diacritics-idn
|access-date=5 February 2016 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607055453/http://www.internet.ee/eng/news/estonian-domain-names-to-incorporate-diacritics-idn
|archive-date=7 June 2012
}}
</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.eg]] || {{flag|Egypt}} || '''''Eg'''ypt''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.eh]] || {{flag|Western Sahara}} ||'''''E'''spañol Sa'''h'''ara''|| Unassigned
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.er]] || {{flag|Eritrea}} || '''''Er'''itrea''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.es]] || {{flag|Spain}} || '''''Es'''paña'' ||
| Red.es|| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Other applicable Regulations
|website=dominios.es
|url=https://www.dominios.es/dominios/en/todo-lo-que-necesitas-saber/normativa/otras-normas-aplicables#Sintaxis
|access-date=7 January 2020
|archive-date=5 November 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105125712/https://www.dominios.es/dominios/en/todo-lo-que-necesitas-saber/normativa/otras-normas-aplicables#Sintaxis
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.et]] || {{flag|Ethiopia}} || '''''Et'''hiopia''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.eu]] || {{flag|European Union}} || '''''E'''uropean '''U'''nion''|| Restricted to legal and natural persons in European Union member states. Previously unofficially used for sites in the [[Basque language]], but now [[.eus]] is in official use.
| [[EURid]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Supported characters: Latin, Greek, & Cyrillic; see<ref>
{{cite web
|title=details
|website=eurid.eu
|url=http://www.eurid.eu/en/eu-domain-names/idns-eu/supported-unicode-characters
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220121957/http://www.eurid.eu/en/eu-domain-names/idns-eu/supported-unicode-characters
|archive-date=20 December 2012
}}
</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.eurid.eu/nl/node/26424
|title=.eu and IPv6
|website=EURid.eu
|access-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016000052/http://www.eurid.eu/nl/node/26424
|archive-date=16 October 2015
}}
</ref>
|-
| [[.fi]] || {{flag|Finland}} || '''''Fi'''nland''|| Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required.
| [[FICORA]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| September 2005, supported characters: š, ž, å, ä, ö and Sami language; see<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.traficom.fi/en/communications/fi-domains/how-choose-good-domain-name
|title=For fi domain applicants and users - How to choose a good domain name?
|website=ficora.fi
|access-date=17 February 2022
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411012955/https://www.traficom.fi/en/communications/fi-domains/how-choose-good-domain-name
|archive-date=11 April 2021
}}
</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.fj]] || {{flag|Fiji}} || '''''F'''i'''j'''i''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.fk]] || {{flag|Falkland Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''F'''al'''k'''land''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.fm]] || {{flag|Federated States of Micronesia}} || '''''F'''ederated States of '''M'''icronesia''|| Also unofficially used by [[FM radio]] stations, [[podcast]]s or related business.
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.fo]] || {{flag|Faroe Islands}} (Kingdom of Denmark)|| '''''Fø'''royar'' ||
| FO Council|| {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.fr]] || {{flag|France}} || '''''Fr'''ance''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], Switzerland, Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein.{{efn-ua|name="afnic"| (6 December 2011)<ref>{{cite web
|title=Opening to Europe of the .fr, .wf, .re, .yt, .pm, and .tf TLDs
|url=http://www.afnic.fr/en/about-afnic/news/general-news/5442/show/1st-review-of-the-opening-to-europe-of-the-fr-wf-re-yt-pm-and-tf-tlds.html
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2020-02-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212070405/https://www.afnic.fr/en/about-afnic/news/general-news/5442/show/1st-review-of-the-opening-to-europe-of-the-fr-wf-re-yt-pm-and-tf-tlds.html
|url-status=live
}} Previously restricted to residents of the corresponding French territory.</ref>}}
| [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn">
{{cite web
|title=Availability of IDN on the .fr, .yt, .pm, .wf, .tf, and .re TLDs
|website=Afnic.fr
|url=http://www.afnic.fr/en/products-and-services/idns-3.html
|access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806184723/https://www.afnic.fr/en/products-and-services/idns-3.html
|archive-date=6 August 2014
}}
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ga]] || {{flag|Gabon}} || '''''Ga'''bon''|| Also used as a free domain service to the public.
| [[Freenom]] (for free domains)|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.gd]] || {{flag|Grenada}} || '''''G'''rena'''d'''a''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ge]] || {{flag|Georgia|Georgia (country)}} || '''''Ge'''orgia''|| Available for registration for residents of Georgia (unlimited) or for foreign companies via representation of any local legal person (one domain name per registrant).<ref>{{cite report
|title=Rules and Conditions for GE Domain Names Registration
|at=Article 1.9
|url=http://www.nic.net.ge/policy_en.pdf
|website=nic.net.ge
|date=
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2014-12-23
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223003329/http://www.nic.net.ge/policy_en.pdf
|url-status=live
}} Recent Georgian version has some updates not affecting this article.</ref>
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.gf]] || {{flag|French Guiana}} (France) ||| '''''G'''uyane '''F'''rançaise''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || ||
|-
| [[.gg]] || {{flag|Bailiwick of Guernsey|name=Guernsey}} || {{code|.gu}}, {{code|.gs}}, ''and'' {{code|.gy}} ''already allocated'' || Also unofficially used by video game-related websites (see [[GG (gaming)]])
|Island Networks Ltd.
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.gh]] || {{flag|Ghana}} || '''''Gh'''ana''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.gi]] || {{flag|Gibraltar}} (United Kingdom) || '''''Gi'''braltar''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.gl]] || {{flag|Greenland}} (Kingdom of Denmark) || '''''G'''reen'''l'''and''|| Previously also unofficially used in Galicia, Spain, but now [[.gal]] has been approved for such use and was implemented in mid-2014
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.gm]] || {{flag|The Gambia}} || '''''G'''a'''m'''bia''|| Domain name should match the domain owner's name or trademarks. Common nouns are blocked.
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.gn]] || {{flag|Guinea}} || '''''G'''ui'''n'''ea''|| A local contact is required
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.gp]] || {{flag|Guadeloupe|local}} (France) ||'''''G'''uadelou'''p'''e''
| Still used for Saint-Barthélemy and Saint-Martin
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.gq]] || {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} || '''''G'''uinée é'''q'''uatoriale'' || Also used as a free domain service to the public.
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || ||
|-
| [[.gr]] || {{flag|Greece}} || '''''Gr'''eece''||
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Support for Greek characters since July 2005; see<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/gr_char.jsp?lang=en
|title=details
|website=
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105214122/https://grweb.ics.forth.gr/gr_char.jsp?lang=en
|archive-date=5 November 2013
}}
</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.gs]] || {{flag|South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands}} (United Kingdom) || ''South '''G'''eorgia and the South '''S'''andwich Islands''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.gt]] || {{flag|Guatemala}} || '''''G'''ua'''t'''emala''||
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.gu]] || {{flag|Guam}} (United States)|| '''''Gu'''am''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.gw]] || {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} ||'''''G'''ine-Bisaa'''w'''o''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.gy]] || {{flag|Guyana}} || '''''G'''u'''y'''ana''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.hk]] || {{flag|Hong Kong}} || '''''H'''ong '''K'''ong''||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.hm]] || {{flag|Heard Island and McDonald Islands}} || '''''H'''eard Island and '''M'''cDonald Islands''|| Unused for its intended purposes (islands are uninhabited and government sites instead use [[.aq]]); registry open to the public.
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.hn]] || {{flag|Honduras}} || '''''H'''o'''n'''duras''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.hr]] || {{flag|Croatia}} || '''''Hr'''vatska'' ||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ht]] || {{flag|Haiti}} || '''''H'''ai'''t'''i''||
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.hu]] || {{flag|Hungary}} || '''''Hu'''ngary''|| Citizens of the [[European Union]] or entities established by law within the territory of the EU
| || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Delegation Rules
|publisher=The Council of Hungarian Internet Providers
|url=http://www.domain.hu/domain/English/szabalyzat/szabalyzat.html
|access-date=7 January 2020
|archive-date=1 October 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001005246/http://domain.hu/domain/English/szabalyzat/szabalyzat.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.id]] || {{flag|Indonesia}} || '''''I'''n'''d'''onesia''|| Restricted to Indonesian companies ({{code|co.id}}), organisations ({{code|or.id}}), academic ({{code|ac.id}} & {{code|sch.id}}) and citizens ({{code|biz.id}}, {{code|my.id}} & {{code|web.id}}). Second-level domains are becoming available now and opened to general registration on 17 August 2014.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Shorter .id domain will be available in Indonesia next year
|website=Tech in Asia
|url=http://www.techinasia.com/shorter-id-domain-indonesia-year/
|access-date=21 October 2014
|archive-date=9 May 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509082225/https://www.techinasia.com/shorter-id-domain-indonesia-year
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| PANDI
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ie]] || {{flag|Ireland}} || '''''I'''r'''e'''land''|| In 2002, registration was expanded to include persons or businesses with a "real and substantive" connection with the island of [[Ireland]] (including [[Northern Ireland]]).<ref>{{cite web
|title=Domain chaos spikes e-business ambitions
|date=17 December 2002
|website=Silicon Republic
|url=http://www.siliconrepublic.com/strategy/item/368-domain-chaos-spikes-e-busin
|access-date=30 December 2012
|archive-date=26 December 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226000543/https://www.siliconrepublic.com/enterprise/domain-chaos-spikes-e-business-ambitions
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite report
|title=Information Technology Law: Professional practice guide
|year=2004
|page=23
|publisher=Law Society of Ireland
|location=Dublin, IE
}}
</ref>
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.il]] || {{flag|Israel}} || '''''I'''srae'''l'''''||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| [[.im]] || {{flag|Isle of Man}}|| '''''I'''sle of '''M'''an''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.in]] || {{flag|India}} || '''''In'''dia''|| Under [[INRegistry]] since April 2005 (except for {{code|gov.in}}, {{code|nic.in}}, {{code|mil.in}}, {{code|ac.in}}, {{code|edu.in}}, {{code|res.in}}).
|NIXI<ref name="Registry.In">{{cite web |title=.IN is India's Country Code Top Level domain (ccTLD) |website=Registry.In |url=https://www.registry.in/ |access-date=2021-11-03 |archive-date=2013-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234513/https://www.registry.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite news
|title=Now, get Internet domain names in regional languages
|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]
|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/now-get-internet-domain-names-in-regional-languages/article23159540.ece
|access-date=11 October 2017
|archive-date=17 December 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217025408/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/now-get-internet-domain-names-in-regional-languages/article23159540.ece
|url-status=live
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.io]] || {{flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} (United Kingdom) || '''''I'''ndian '''O'''cean''|| Used unofficially by technology companies, startups, and web applications because IO can be an acronym for input / output that is useful for [[domain hack]]s.
|NIC.IO (run by [[Internet Computer Bureau]])
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.iq]] || {{flag|Iraq}} || '''''I'''ra'''q'''''||
| || {{no}} || {{partial}}{{efn-ua|name="dnssec"}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ir]] || {{flag|Iran}} || '''''Ir'''an''||
| [[.ir|IRNIC]]|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.is]] || {{flag|Iceland}} || '''''Ís'''land'' ||Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example ''it.is'', ''that.is'', etc.).
| ISNIC|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.it]] || {{flag|Italy}} || '''''It'''aly''|| Restricted to companies and individuals in the [[European Union]].
| || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Idn: un successo
|website=Nic.it
|url=http://www.nic.it/tutto-sul.it/news/idn-un-successo
|url-status=dead |access-date=21 October 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308180131/http://www.nic.it/tutto-sul.it/news/idn-un-successo
|archive-date=8 March 2014
}}
</ref> || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=TLD DNSSEC Report
|website=stats.research.icann.org
|url=http://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/
|access-date=15 May 2019
|archive-date=25 March 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325014841/http://stats.research.icann.org/dns/tld_report/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.je]] || {{flag|Jersey}} || '''''Je'''rsey''||
| Island Networks Ltd.|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.jm]] || {{flag|Jamaica}} || '''''J'''a'''m'''aica''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.jo]] || {{flag|Jordan}} || '''''Jo'''rdan''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.jp]] || {{flag|Japan}} || '''''J'''a'''p'''an''|| Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Japan.
| [[Japan Registry Services]]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite news
|first=Yasuhiro Orange
|last=Morishita
|date=2 September 2003
|title=.JP technical update
|series=RIPE 46 General Meeting
|website=jprs.jp
|publisher=Japan Registry Service, Co., Ltd. (JPRS)
|url=https://jprs.jp/tech/material/RIPE46-report-from-JP.pdf
|access-date=2 April 2017
|archive-date=11 October 2011
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011222735/http://jprs.jp/tech/material/RIPE46-report-from-JP.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|-
| [[.ke]] || {{flag|Kenya}} || '''''Ke'''nya''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}}<ref>
{{Cite web
|title=DNSViz probe 15 September 2022
|website=dnsviz.net
|url=https://dnsviz.net/d/ke/YyNyeg/dnssec/
|access-date=29 November 2022
|url-status=live
}}</ref> || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.kg]] || {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} || '''''K'''yr'''g'''yzstan''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.kh]] || {{flag|Cambodia}} || '''''Kh'''mer'' ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.ki]] || {{flag|Kiribati}} || '''''K'''iribat'''i'''''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.km]] || {{flag|Comoros}} || '''''K'''o'''m'''ori'' ||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.kn]] || {{flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} || ''Saint '''K'''itts and '''N'''evis''||
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.kp]] || {{flag|North Korea}} || '''''K'''orea, Democratic '''P'''eople's Republic''|| Restricted to companies, organizations, or government entities based in North Korea. Despite this, few domains are actually registered because of [[Internet in North Korea|internet censorship in North Korea]].
| || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{no}}
|-
| [[.kr]] || {{flag|South Korea}} || '''''K'''orea, '''R'''epublic''||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.kw]] || {{flag|Kuwait}} || '''''K'''u'''w'''ait''||
| || || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.ky]] || {{flag|Cayman Islands}} (United Kingdom) || {{code|.ci}} ''and'' {{code|.cy}} ''already allocated''||
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.kz]] || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || '''''K'''a'''z'''akhstan''||
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.la]] || {{flag|Laos}} || '''''La'''os''|| Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=.LA - The Official .LA Registry
|website=La
|url=http://www.la/
|access-date=21 October 2014
|archive-date=30 September 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930223253/http://www.la/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.lb]] || {{flag|Lebanon}} || '''''L'''e'''b'''anon''|| Restricted to registration with a company in [[Lebanon]]
| || || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.lc]] || {{flag|Saint Lucia}} ||''Saint '''L'''u'''c'''ia''||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.li]] || {{flag|Liechtenstein}} || '''''Li'''echtenstein''|| Also unofficially used by entities on [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]] or people with the last name [[Li (surname)|Li]]. In [[Russian Language|Russian]], ''li'' can be used to create domain names that mean a verb with a past tense plural ending ''li'' .
| [[SWITCH Information Technology Services|SWITCH]]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.lk]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || ''Sri '''L'''an'''k'''a'' ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.lr]] || {{flag|Liberia}} || '''''L'''ibe'''r'''ia''||
| || || {{partial}}{{efn-ua|name="dnssec"}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.ls]] || {{flag|Lesotho}} || '''''L'''e'''s'''otho''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.lt]] || {{flag|Lithuania}} || '''''L'''i'''t'''huania''||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.lu]] || {{flag|Luxembourg}} || '''''Lu'''''xembourg|| Also unofficially used in [[Lucerne]], [[Switzerland]]
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.lv]] || {{flag|Latvia}} || '''''L'''at'''v'''ia''||
| [[IMCS UL]]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ly]] || {{flag|Libya}} || '''''L'''ib'''y'''a''||Used unofficially as a domain hack for words ending in -ly.
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ma]] || {{flag|Morocco}} ||'''''Ma'''roc''||
| || || {{partial}}{{efn-ua|name="dnssec"}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mc]] || {{flag|Monaco}} || '''''M'''ona'''c'''o''|| Only for companies with a trademark registered in Monaco.
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.md]] || {{flag|Moldova}} || '''''M'''ol'''d'''ova''|| Restricted to individuals or companies with a physical address in Moldova.
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.me]] || {{flag|Montenegro}} || '''''M'''onten'''e'''gro'' || Also unofficially used and marketed as a domain hack (for example ''love.me'', ''meet.me'', etc.).
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mg]] || {{flag|Madagascar}} || '''''M'''ada'''g'''ascar''|| Restricted to registration with a company in [[Madagascar]]
| NIC-MG|| || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mh]] || {{flag|Marshall Islands}} || '''''M'''ars'''h'''all''||Inactive
| || || {{no}} || ||
|-
| [[.mk]] || {{flag|North Macedonia}} || '''''M'''a'''k'''edonija'' || Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]].
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ml]] || {{flag|Mali}} || '''''M'''a'''l'''i''|| Also used as a free domain service to the public.
| Freenom (for free domains)|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mm]] || {{flag|Myanmar}} || '''''M'''yan'''m'''ar''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.mn]] || {{flag|Mongolia}} || '''''M'''o'''n'''golia''|| The second-level domains {{code|.gov.mn}}, {{code|.org.mn}}, and {{code|.edu.mn}} are reserved for special use. See [[.mn]] for more information.
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mo]] || {{flag|Macau}} || '''''M'''aca'''o''''' || Registrants must have a registered business in Macau, with the same name as the domain they wish to register.
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mp]] || {{flag|Northern Mariana Islands}} (United States) || '''''M'''arianas '''P'''acific'' ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mq]] || {{flag|Martinique|local}} (France) || '''''M'''artini'''q'''ue''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.mr]] || {{flag|Mauritania}} || '''''M'''au'''r'''itania''||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ms]] || {{flag|Montserrat}} (United Kingdom) || '''''M'''ont'''s'''errat''|| Also unofficially used for [[Microsoft]]-related domains.
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mt]] || {{flag|Malta}} || '''''M'''al'''t'''a''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.mu]] || {{flag|Mauritius}} || '''''M'''a'''u'''ritius''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mv]] || {{flag|Maldives}} || '''''M'''aldi'''v'''es''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mw]] || {{flag|Malawi}} || '''''M'''ala'''w'''i''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mx]] || {{flag|Mexico}} || '''''M'''e'''x'''ico''||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.my]] || {{flag|Malaysia}} || '''''M'''ala'''y'''sia''|| Restricted to registration by an individual or company in [[Malaysia]]
| MYNIC|| {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|title=.my Domain Registry
|website=Domainregistry.my
|url=http://domainregistry.my/en/news.php?id=121
|access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522202213/http://domainregistry.my/en/news.php?id=121
|archive-date=22 May 2013
}}
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.mz]] || {{flag|Mozambique}} || '''''M'''o'''z'''ambique''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.na]] || {{flag|Namibia}} || '''''Na'''mibia''||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.nc]] || {{flag|New Caledonia}} ([[France]])|| '''''N'''ew '''C'''aledonia''|| Restricted to companies that have a New Caledonian Business Registration Certificate or individuals living in New Caledonia for at least 6 months.
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ne]] || {{flag|Niger}} || '''''N'''ig'''e'''r''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.nf]] || {{flag|Norfolk Island}} || '''''N'''or'''f'''olk''||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ng]] || {{flag|Nigeria}} || '''''N'''i'''g'''eria''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ni]] || {{flag|Nicaragua}} || '''''Ni'''caragua''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.nl]] || {{flag|Netherlands}} || '''''N'''ether'''l'''ands''|| First active country-code domain outside the US.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.sidn.nl/en/about-sidn/our-milestones
|title=our milestones
|website=sidn.nl
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2020-08-08
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808001755/https://www.sidn.nl/en/about-sidn/our-milestones
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.no]] || {{flag|Norway}} || '''''No'''rway''|| Businesses and professionals must be registered as an approved type of organization in the Brønnøysund Register Centre. Individual applicants must be of age (18 years) and be registered in Folkeregisteret. All applicants must have a Norwegian postal address.
| [[Norid]]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.np]] || {{flag|Nepal}} || '''''N'''e'''p'''al''|| All {{code|.np}} domains are free to register for individuals and registered businesses. Foreign businesses must provide proof of local presence in Nepal.
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.nr]] || {{flag|Nauru}} || '''''N'''au'''r'''u''|| Was previously used as a free domain service to the public as {{code|co.nr}}.<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Free Domain Name Pro
|website=freedomain.pro
|url=https://www.freedomain.pro/news.php
|access-date=4 June 2018 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603223630/https://www.freedomain.pro/news.php
|archive-date=3 June 2018
}}
</ref>
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.nu]] || {{flag|Niue}} || '''''N'''i'''u'''e''|| Commonly used by Danish, Dutch, and Swedish websites, because in their languages "nu" means "now".
| [[The Swedish Internet Foundation]]|| {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.iis.se/docs/nu_teckentabell-01.pdf
|title=nu teckentabell
|website=iis.se
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2014-04-07
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407182055/https://www.iis.se/docs/nu_teckentabell-01.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.nz]] || {{flag|New Zealand}} || '''''N'''ew '''Z'''ealand''||
| || {{yes|[[Māori language|Māori]]}}<ref>
{{cite web
|title=F.A.Q. for Domain Names with macrons (IDNs)
|series= .nz Domain Name Commission
|url=http://www.dnc.org.nz/story/faq-domain-names-macrons-idns
|access-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605052819/http://dnc.org.nz/story/faq-domain-names-macrons-idns
|archive-date=5 June 2010
}}
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|title=second level domains
|website=dnc.org.nz
|url=http://dnc.org.nz/content/secondleveldomains.html
|access-date=17 November 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113055836/http://dnc.org.nz/content/secondleveldomains.html
|archive-date=13 January 2015
}}
</ref> || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.om]] || {{flag|Oman}} || '''''Om'''an''|| Registrant must have company or trademark registered in [[Oman]] as well as a local administrative contact.
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.pa]] || {{flag|Panama}} || '''''Pa'''nama''|| Some use in [[Pennsylvania]]
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.pe]] || {{flag|Peru}} || '''''Pe'''ru''||Also unofficially used for [[Private equity|Private Equity]]-related businesses.
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.pf]] || {{flag|French Polynesia}} (France)|| '''''P'''olynésie '''f'''rançaise'' || With [[Clipperton Island]]
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.pg]] || {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} || '''''P'''apua New '''G'''uinea''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.ph]] || {{flag|Philippines}} || '''Ph'''ilippines||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.pk]] || {{flag|Pakistan}} || '''''P'''a'''k'''istan''|| Operated by [[PKNIC]] since 1992
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.pl]] || {{flag|Poland}} || '''''P'''o'''l'''and''||
| || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|title=IDN intro www.dns.pl
|url=http://www.dns.pl/IDN/idn_intro_eng.html
|access-date=11 September 2003 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030810172942/http://www.dns.pl/IDN/idn_intro_eng.html
|archive-date=10 August 2003
}}
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.pm]] || {{flag|Saint-Pierre and Miquelon}} (France) ||''Saint '''P'''ierre and '''M'''iquelon''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}}
| [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| [[.pn]] || {{flag|Pitcairn Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''P'''itcair'''n'''''|| As a part of a marketing campaign, [[Lionsgate Studios|Lionsgate]] used the TLD for some (now defunct) sites related to ''[[The Hunger Games (film series)|The Hunger Games]]'' franchise, presenting it as the "official" country code of the fictional nation of [[Fictional world of The Hunger Games#Panem|Panem]]; notable sites included thecapitol.pn and revolution.pn.
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.pr]] || {{flag|Puerto Rico}} (United States) || '''''P'''uerto '''R'''ico''||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ps]] || {{flag|Palestine}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ps.html
|title=Delegation Record for .PS
|website=Iana.org
|access-date=21 October 2014
|archive-date=2 March 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302155919/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/ps.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> || '''''P'''ale'''s'''tine''|| [[Jerusalem]], [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]].
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.pt]] || {{flag|Portugal}} || '''''P'''or'''t'''ugal''||
| || {{yes|[[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|url=https://www.dns.pt/web/guest/content-display?content=2357237
|title=Notícias
|website=Dns.pt
|access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024122416/https://www.dns.pt/web/guest/content-display?content=2357237
|archive-date=24 October 2014
}}
</ref>
|-
| [[.pw]] || {{flag|Palau}} || '''''P'''ele'''w''''' ||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web
|title=Registrars
|publisher=Poets & Writers
|website=Registry.PW
|url=http://registry.pw/registrars/
|access-date=29 March 2017
|archive-date=24 July 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724184431/https://registry.pw/registrars/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|-
| [[.py]] || {{flag|Paraguay}} || '''''P'''aragua'''y'''''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.qa]] || {{flag|Qatar}} || '''''Qa'''tar''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.re]] || {{flag|Réunion|local}} (France) || '''''Ré'''union''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}}
| [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ro]] || {{flag|Romania}} || '''''Ro'''mania''||
| || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://rotld.ro/portal/news/ro/40/index.html
|title=Romania Top Level Domain
|website=Rotld.ro
|access-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160831231907/http://rotld.ro/portal/news/ro/40/index.html
|archive-date=31 August 2016
}}
</ref> || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://rotld.ro/portal/news/en/43/index.html
|title=Romania Top Level Domain
|website=Rotld.ro
|date=6 June 2016
|access-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916003524/http://rotld.ro/portal/news/en/43/index.html
|archive-date=16 September 2016
}}
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://rotld.ro/portal/news/ro/35/index.html
|title=Romania Top Level Domain
|website=Rotld.ro
|access-date=8 January 2018 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624000247/http://rotld.ro/portal/news/ro/35/index.html
|archive-date=24 June 2016
}}
</ref>
|-
| [[.rs]] || {{flag|Serbia}} || '''''R'''epublika '''S'''rbija'' || See also [[.срб]] (.srb in Cyrillic). Also unofficially used for [[Rust (programming language)]]-related domains.
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.ru]] || {{flag|Russia}} || '''''Ru'''ssia''|| See also [[.su]], still in use, and [[.рф]], for IDN.
| || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.rw]] || {{flag|Rwanda}} || '''''Rw'''anda''||
| RICTA|| || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.sa]] || {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || '''''S'''audi '''A'''rabia''|| Registrant must have a registered trademark in Saudi Arabia matching the domain name to register or provide company incorporation documents of a company in Saudi Arabia or for personal registrations a copy of valid ID. A letter on the official letterhead of your organization addressed to SaudiNIC requesting the domain name registration is also required. Local administrative contact required. 2LD registrations rolled out in 2011.<ref>{{cite web
|title=Beginning of the Landrush phase of second level domain under (.sa)
|website=nic.sa
|url=http://nic.sa/en/view/news_131
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2018-10-30
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030012506/http://nic.sa/en/view/news_131
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| || {{yes|[[Arabic language|Arabic]]}}<ref name="idn.tables"/> || {{yes}}<ref name="nic.sa">{{cite web |url=http://www.nic.sa/en/view/news_164 |title=DNSSEC is Officially Enabled in Saudi Arabia's TLD |website=Nic.sa |date=22 June 2017 |access-date=8 January 2018 |archive-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030022341/http://www.nic.sa/en/view/news_164 |url-status=live }}</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nic.sa/docs/lectures_and_presentations/IPv6-SaudiNIC_2012.pdf
|title=Saudi NIC
|id=IPv6
|year=2012
|website=nic.sa
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2014-04-10
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410073348/http://nic.sa/docs/lectures_and_presentations/IPv6-SaudiNIC_2012.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|-
| [[.sb]] || {{flag|Solomon Islands}} || '''''S'''olomon Islands, '''B'''ritish'' ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.sc]] || {{flag|Seychelles}} || '''''S'''ey'''c'''helles''||Also unofficially used for [[Snapchat]]-related domains.
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.sd]] || {{flag|Sudan}} || '''''S'''u'''d'''an''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.se]] || {{flag|Sweden}} || '''''S'''verig'''e'''''||
| [[The Swedish Internet Foundation]]|| {{yes}}{{efn-ua| October 2003, for [[Swedish language|Swedish]] characters, summer 2007 also for [[Finnish language|Finnish]], [[Meänkieli]], [[Romani language|Romani]], [[Sami languages|Sami]], and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]]; see<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.iis.se/docs/teckentabell-04.pdf
|title=details
|website=iis.se
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2018-09-27
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927153814/https://www.iis.se/docs/teckentabell-04.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.sg]] || {{flag|Singapore}} || '''''S'''in'''g'''apore''|| Also unofficially used in the [[Canton of St. Gallen]], [[Switzerland]]
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.sh]] || {{flagicon|Saint Helena}}{{flagicon|Tristan da Cunha}} [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]] (United Kingdom) || '''''S'''aint '''H'''elena''||
|NIC.SH (run by [[Internet Computer Bureau]])
| {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.nic.sh/SH-IDN-Policy.pdf
|title=IDN Code Points Policy for the .SH Top Level Domain
|website=Nic.sh
|access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140925073224/http://www.nic.sh/SH-IDN-Policy.pdf
|archive-date=25 September 2014
}}
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.si]] || {{flag|Slovenia}} || '''''S'''loven'''i'''a''||
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Since October 2010, see<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.registry.si/idn.html
|title=details
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2015-10-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016000052/http://www.registry.si/idn.html
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.sk]] || {{flag|Slovakia}} || '''''S'''lovens'''k'''''o|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}}
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.sl]] || {{flag|Sierra Leone}} || '''''S'''ierra '''L'''eone''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.sm]] || {{flag|San Marino}} || '''''S'''an '''M'''arino''|| Domain name must be same as company name or trademark.
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.sn]] || {{flag|Senegal}} || '''''S'''e'''n'''egal''|| Registration allowed for companies only. Individuals are not allowed to register.
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.so (domain name)|.so]] || {{flag|Somalia}} || '''''So'''malia''|| Relaunched on 1 November 2010.
| SONIC|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.sr]] || {{flag|Suriname}} || '''''S'''u'''r'''iname''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ss]] || {{flag|South Sudan}} || '''''S'''outh '''S'''udan''||
| || || {{yes}} || ||
|-
| [[.st]] || {{flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} || '''''S'''ão '''T'''omé''|| Also unofficially used in [[South Tyrol]] (or province of [[Bolzano|Bozen]], see ''[[.bz]]'').
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.su]] || {{flag|Soviet Union}} || '''''S'''oviet '''U'''nion''|| Still in use. Also unofficially used by Student Unions.
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| ({{As of|2008|alt=28 April 2008}}) see<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.fid.su/english/?newsid=1207819620
|title=details
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519015457/http://www.fid.su/english/?newsid=1207819620
|archive-date=19 May 2014
}}
</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://cctld.su/
|title=ccTLD.su
|access-date=23 February 2015
|archive-date=12 June 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612101349/http://cctld.su/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|-
| [[.sv]] || {{flag|El Salvador}} || '''''S'''al'''v'''ador''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.sx]] || {{flag|Sint Maarten}} (Kingdom of the Netherlands) ||{{code|.sm}}'','' {{code|.ma}}'', and ''{{code|.mt}} ''already allocated''; airport code is [[Princess_Juliana_International_Airport|'''SX'''M]] ||
| || || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.sy]] || {{flag|Syria}} || '''''Sy'''ria''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.sz]] || {{flag|Eswatini}} || '''''S'''wa'''z'''iland'' || Registration is restricted to Eswatini organizations with Eswatini Trading Licenses.
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.tc]] || {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''T'''urks and '''C'''aicos''
| Also marketed in Turkey. The official abbreviation of 'Türkiye Cumhuriyeti' (Republic of Turkey) is TC.
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.td]] || {{flag|Chad}} || '''''T'''cha'''d''''' || Available for registration to entities connected with Chad only.
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.tf]] || {{flag|French Southern and Antarctic Lands}} || '''''T'''erres australes et antarctiques '''f'''rançaises'' || Seldom used. Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein. The domain also sees frequent use for community-run sites related to the video game [[Team Fortress 2]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}}
| [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.tg]] || {{flag|Togo}} || '''''T'''o'''g'''o''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.th]] || {{flag|Thailand}} || '''''Th'''ai''||
| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.tj]] || {{flag|Tajikistan}} || '''''T'''a'''j'''ik''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.tk]] || {{flag|Tokelau}} || '''''T'''o'''k'''elau''|| Also used as a free domain service to the public.
| Freenom (for free domains)|| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.tl]] || {{flag|East Timor}} || '''''T'''imor-'''L'''este'' || Old code [[.tp]] has been deactivated since 2015.
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.tm]] || {{flag|Turkmenistan}} || '''''T'''urk'''m'''en''||
| || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.nic.tm/TM-IDN-Policy.pdf
|title=IDN Code Points Policy for the .TM Top Level Domain
|website=Nic.tm
|url-status=dead |access-date=21 October 2014
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217131925/http://nic.tm/TM-IDN-Policy.pdf
|archive-date=17 February 2015
}}
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.tn]] || {{flag|Tunisia}} || '''''T'''u'''n'''isia''|| Currently being marketed as the unofficial domain for [[Tamil Nadu]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://tamil.tn/tools/.tn
|title=.TN for Tamil Nadu
|website=tamil.tn
|access-date=27 August 2020
|archive-date=3 October 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003051958/https://tamil.tn/tools/.tn
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| ||{{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.to]] || {{flag|Tonga}} || '''''To'''nga''|| Often used unofficially for [[BitTorrent (protocol)|Torrent]], [[Turin]] (''Torino'' in Italian), [[Toronto]], [[Tokyo]], or [[Tocantins]], and also as a [[domain hack]] in [[Slavic languages]] (''to'' meaning ''it'').
| || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.tr]] || {{flag|Turkey}} || '''''T'''u'''r'''key''|| ''.ct.tr'' and ''.nc.tr'' used by [[Northern Cyprus]]
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 14 November 2006; see<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nic.tr/
|website=nic.tr
|title=details
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2019-09-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905031358/http://www.nic.tr/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| 21 July 2015; see<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.iana.org/whois?q=.tr
|title=details
|website=iana.org
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2022-08-08
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185900/https://www.iana.org/whois?q=.tr
|url-status=live
}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[.tt]] || {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} || '''''T'''rinidad and '''T'''obago''
|
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.tv]] || {{flag|Tuvalu}} || '''''T'''u'''v'''alu''|| Used as an abbreviation of television, the domain is currently operated by dotTV, a [[VeriSign]] company; the Tuvalu government owns twenty percent of the company.
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.tw]] || {{TWN}}|| '''''T'''ai'''w'''an''|| Registration allowed worldwide, local presence not required. In line with [[ISO 3166-1]], IANA's official position is that "TW" is "designated for use to represent Taiwan, Province of China".<ref>{{cite web
|title=IANA — Report on the Delegation of the .台灣 and .台湾 ("Taiwan") domains representing Taiwan in Chinese to Taiwan Network Information Center
|website=Iana.org
|url=https://www.iana.org/reports/2010/taiwan-report-07jun2010.html
|access-date=21 October 2014
|archive-date=24 September 2015
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050843/http://www.iana.org/reports/2010/taiwan-report-07jun2010.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Traditional [[Chinese characters]]: see<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.twnic.net.tw/
|title=details
|website=twnic.net.tw
|access-date=2021-05-17
|archive-date=2019-09-28
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928104336/http://www.twnic.net.tw/
|url-status=live
}}</ref>}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.tz]] || {{flag|Tanzania}} || '''''T'''an'''z'''ania''|| TLD registrations allowed as of July 2022, no local presence in Tanzania required.
| TCRA|| || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.ua]] || {{flag|Ukraine}} || '''''U'''krain'''a''''' ||
| Hostmaster Ltd.|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ug]] || {{flag|Uganda}} || '''''Ug'''anda''||
| Uganda Online Ltd.|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| {{Anchor|uk}}[[.uk]] || {{flag|United Kingdom}} || '''''U'''nited '''K'''ingdom''|| The [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2|ISO 3166-1]] code for the United Kingdom is ''GB'' (for '''''G'''reat '''B'''ritain''). ''UK'' is a specially reserved ISO 3166-1 code. However, the creation of the .uk TLD predates the [[ISO 3166-1]] list of ccTLD and is the primary TLD for the United Kingdom.<ref name="Milton Mueller 2002 79">{{cite book
|first=Milton
|last=Mueller
|year=2002
|title=Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace
|page=79
|publisher=MIT Press
|location=Cambridge, MA
|isbn=9780262632980
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79
|via=Google Books
|access-date=2020-11-10
|archive-date=2021-10-08
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111747/https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
|[[Nominet UK]]|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{yes}}
|-
| [[.us]] || {{flag|United States of America}} || '''''U'''nited '''S'''tates''|| Registrants must be United States citizens, residents, or organizations, or a foreign entity with a presence in the United States. Formerly commonly used by [[List of United States state legislatures#External links|U.S. State]] and [[Local government in the United States|local governments]], see also [[.gov]] TLD.
|[[Go Daddy]]|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.uy]] || {{flag|Uruguay}} || '''''U'''rugua'''y'''''|| 2LD rollout began on 10 July 2012.<ref>{{cite web
|title=New rules for the registration of domain names under UY
|url=http://www.nic.org.uy/Registrar/DescripcionNuevoSistemaRegistro.pdf
|website=Nic.org.uy
|access-date=21 October 2014
|archive-date=14 July 2018
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714071906/http://www.nic.org.uy/Registrar/DescripcionNuevoSistemaRegistro.pdf
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.uz]] || {{flag|Uzbekistan}} || '''''Uz'''bekistan''||
| [[UZINFOCOM|Uzinfocom]]|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.va]] || {{flag|Vatican City}} || '''''Va'''tican''|| Limited to the official sites of the [[Holy See]] (including those of the [[Vatican City|Vatican City State]]).
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.vc]] || {{flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} || '''''V'''in'''c'''ent'' ||
| || || {{partial}}{{efn-ua|name="dnssec"| Delegation Signer (DS) record in a root zone has not yet been published.}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ve]] || {{flag|Venezuela}} || '''''Ve'''nezuela''|| Registration is at the third level.
| || || {{yes}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.vg]] || {{flag|British Virgin Islands}} (United Kingdom) || '''''V'''ir'''g'''in Islands'' ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.vi]] || {{flag|United States Virgin Islands}} (United States)|| '''''V'''irgin '''I'''slands'' ||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.vn]] || {{flag|Vietnam}} || '''''V'''iet '''N'''am''||
| || {{yes}}<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.vnnic.net.vn/tenmientv/bangma.htm
|title=Trung tâm internet Viêt Nam – Tên mien tieng viet
|access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070123180350/http://www.vnnic.net.vn/tenmientv/bangma.htm
|archive-date=23 January 2007
}}
</ref> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.vu]] || {{flag|Vanuatu}} || '''''V'''anuat'''u'''''||
| || || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.wf]] || {{flag|Wallis and Futuna|local}} || '''''W'''allis and '''F'''utuna''
| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}}
| [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ws]] || {{flag|Samoa}} || '''''W'''estern '''S'''amoa'' || Marketed for use in general Websites
| || {{yes}} || {{Yes}}<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://domain.me/me-is-all-about-you-and-all-about-security-with-dnssec/
|title=You are being redirected
|website=Domain.me
|date=15 December 2010
|access-date=8 January 2018
|archive-date=12 June 2019
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612083210/https://domain.me/me-is-all-about-you-and-all-about-security-with-dnssec/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.ye]] || {{flag|Yemen}} || '''''Ye'''men''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|-
| [[.yt]] || {{flag|Mayotte}} ||''Ma'''y'''o'''t'''te''|| Restricted to individuals and companies in [[European Union]], [[Switzerland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]] and [[Liechtenstein]].{{efn-ua|name="afnic"}} Also unofficially used for [[YouTube]]-related domains.
| [[AFNIC]]|| {{yes}}<ref name="afnic-idn"/> || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.za]] || {{flag|South Africa}} || '''''Z'''uid-'''A'''frika '' || .za derives from the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] name of the country, even though Dutch is no longer an official language.
| [[ZADNA|ZA Domain Name Authority]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Root Zone Database |url=http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214064636/http://www.iana.org/domains/root/db |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[ICANN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf |url=https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214065010/https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/za-icann-letters-14feb08-en.pdf |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[ICANN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=.za Domain Delegation Data |url=https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/za.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214071137/https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/za.html |archive-date=2023-02-14 |access-date=2023-02-14 |website=[[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority]]}}</ref>|| || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
| [[.zm]] || {{flag|Zambia}} || '''''Z'''a'''m'''bia''||
| || || {{no}} || {{yes}}{{efn-ua| Restricted to [[Internet service provider|ISP]]s and other undefined entities. See [[.zm]] .}} ||
|-
| [[.zw]] || {{flag|Zimbabwe}} || '''''Z'''imbab'''w'''e''||
| || || {{no}} || {{no}} ||
|}

;Table Notes:
{{notelist-ua|22em}}

===Internationalized ccTLDs===
{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible sortable"
|+ Internationalized country code top-level domains<ref>
{{cite web
|title=String evaluation completion
|series=Resources
|date=2014-02-19
|publisher=[[ICANN]]
|website=Icann.org
|url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/string-evaluation-completion-2014-02-19-en
|access-date=20 May 2019 |url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017110723/https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/string-evaluation-completion-2014-02-19-en
|archive-date=17 October 2014
}}
</ref>
|- style="background:#a0d0ff;"
!DNS name
! IDN ccTLD
! Country/Region
! Language
! Script
! Transliteration
! Comments
! Other ccTLD
! [[Domain Name System Security Extensions|DNSSEC]]
|-
| xn--lgbbat1ad8j || dir="auto" | [[.الجزائر]] || {{flag|Algeria}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || al-Jazā'ir || || [[.dz]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--y9a3aq || dir="auto" | [[.հայ]] || {{flag|Armenia}} || [[Armenian language|Armenian]] || [[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]] || hay || || [[.am]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--mgbcpq6gpa1a || dir="auto" | [[.البحرين]] || {{flag|Bahrain}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] || al-Baḥrain || Not in use || [[.bh]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--54b7fta0cc || dir="auto" | [[.বাংলা]] || {{flag|Bangladesh}} || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] || Bangla || || [[.bd]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--90ais || dir="auto" | [[.бел]] || {{flag|Belarus}} || [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] || bel || || [[.by]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--90ae || dir="auto" | [[.бг]]<ref name=cctld_second_review>
{{cite web
|title=ccTLD applicants who have requested the second and final review
|series=EPSRP reports
|date=2014-10-14
|publisher=[[ICANN]]
|url=https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/epsrp-reports-2014-10-14-en
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115551/https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/epsrp-reports-2014-10-14-en
|archive-date=4 March 2016
}}
</ref> || {{flag|Bulgaria}} || [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] || bg || || [[.bg]] || {{yes}}
|-
|xn--fiqs8s || dir="auto" | [[.中国]] || {{flag|China|People's Republic of China}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]]) || [[Pinyin|Zhōngguó]] || || [[.cn]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--fiqz9s || dir="auto" | [[.中國]] || {{flag|China|People's Republic of China}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]]) || [[Pinyin|Zhōngguó]] || || [[.cn]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--wgbh1c || dir="auto" | [[Masr (domain name)|.مصر]] || {{flag|Egypt}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Miṣr / Maṣr<ref>
{{cite web
|title=دوت مصر ::: الصفحة الرئيسية
|website=Dotmasr.eg
|url=http://www.dotmasr.eg/
|access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130807064313/http://www.dotmasr.eg/
|archive-date=7 August 2013
}}
</ref>|| || [[.eg]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--e1a4c || dir="auto" | [[.ею]] || {{flag|European Union}} || [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] || eyu || || [[.eu]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--qxa6a || dir="auto" | [[.ευ]] || {{flag|European Union}} || [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Greek script|Greek]] || ey || In use since 2022 || [[.eu]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--node || dir="auto" | [[.გე]] || {{flag|Georgia}} || [[Georgian language|Georgian]] || [[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ([[Mkhedruli]]) || GE || || [[.ge]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--qxam || dir="auto" | {{lang|el|[[.ελ]]}}<ref name=cctld_second_review/> || {{flag|Greece}} || [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Greek script|Greek]] || el || In use since July 2018 || [[.gr]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--j6w193g || dir="auto" | [[.香港]] || {{flag|Hong Kong}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] and [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]]) || [[Jyutping|Hoeng1 gong2]] / [[Pinyin|Xiānggǎng]]|| || [[.hk]]|| {{yes}}
|-
| xn--h2brj9c || dir="auto" | [[.भारत]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Hindi language|Hindi]] || [[Devanagari]] || Bhārat || Became available 27 August 2014<ref>
{{cite web
|title=Launch of .भारत domain name in Devanagari script by Hon'ble MCIT and Law & Justice Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad
|website=Registry.in
|url=https://registry.in/node/882
|access-date=21 October 2014 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009091414/https://registry.in/node/882
|archive-date=9 October 2014
}}
</ref> || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--mgbbh1a71e || dir="auto" | [[.بھارت]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Urdu]] || [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]) || Bhārat || Became available 2017 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--fpcrj9c3d || dir="auto" | [[.భారత్]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] || [[Telugu alphabet|Telugu]] || Bhārat || Became available 2017 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--gecrj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ભારત]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] || [[Gujarati alphabet|Gujarati]] || Bhārat || Became available 2017 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--s9brj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ਭਾਰਤ]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] || [[Gurmukhī alphabet|Gurmukhī]] || Bhārat || Became available 2017 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--xkc2dl3a5ee0h || dir="auto" | [[.இந்தியா]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Tamil alphabet|Tamil]] || Intiyā || Became available 2015 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--45brj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ভারত]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || [[Bengali alphabet|Bengali]] || Bharôt || Became available 2017 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--2scrj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ಭಾರತ]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Kannada language|Kannada]] || Kannada || Bhārata || Became available 2020 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--rvc1e0am3e || dir="auto" | [[.ഭാരതം]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Malayalam]] || Malayalam || Bhāratam || Became available 2020 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--45br5cyl || dir="auto" | [[.ভাৰত]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Assamese language|Assamese]] || Bengali || Bharatam || Became available 2022 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--3hcrj9c || dir="auto" | [[.ଭାରତ]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Odia language|Oriya]] || Oriya || Bhārat || Became available 2021 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--mgbbh1a || dir="auto" | [[.بارت]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Kashmiri language#Perso-Arabic alphabet|Kashmiri]]) || Bārat || Became available 2022 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--h2breg3eve || dir="auto" | [[.भारतम्]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Sanskrit]] || Devanagari || Bhāratam || Became available 2022 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--h2brj9c8c || dir="auto" | [[.भारोत]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Santali language|Santali]] || Devanagari || Bharot || Became available 2022 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--mgbgu82a || dir="auto" | [[.ڀارت]] || {{flag|India}} || [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Sindhi language#Perso-Arabic script|Sindhi]]) || Bhārat || Became available 2022 || [[.in]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--mgba3a4f16a || dir="auto" | [[.ایران]] || {{flag|Iran}} || [[Persian language|Persian]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Persian alphabet|Persian]]) || Īrān || || [[.ir]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--mgbtx2b || dir="auto" | [[.عراق]] || {{flag|Iraq}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || ʿIrāq || Not in use || [[.iq]]|| {{no}}
|-
| xn--4dbrk0ce || dir="auto" | [[.ישראל]] || {{flag|Israel}} || [[Hebrew]] || [[Hebrew script|Hebrew]] || Israel || Became available 2022 || [[.il]]|| {{yes}}
|-
| xn--mgbayh7gpa || dir="auto" | [[.الاردن]] || {{flag|Jordan}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || al-Urdun || || [[.jo]]|| {{no}}
|-
| xn--80ao21a || dir="auto" | [[.қаз]] || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Kazakh alphabets#Cyrillic script|Kazakh]]) || qaz || || [[.kz]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--q7ce6a || dir="auto" | [[.ລາວ]] || {{flag|Laos}} || [[Lao language|Lao]] || [[Lao script|Lao]] || Lao || Became available 2020 || [[.la]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--mix082f || dir="auto" | [[.澳门]] || {{flag|Macao}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]]) || [[Jyutping|Ou3 mun4]] / [[Pinyin|Àomén]] || Not in use || [[.mo]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--mix891f || dir="auto" | [[.澳門]] || {{flag|Macao}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]]) || [[Jyutping|Ou3 mun4]] / [[Pinyin|Àomén]] || Became available 2020 || [[.mo]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--mgbx4cd0ab || dir="auto" | [[.مليسيا]] || {{flag|Malaysia}} || [[Malay language|Malay]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Jawi alphabet|Jawi]]) || Malaysīyā || || [[.my]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--mgbah1a3hjkrd || dir="auto" | [[.موريتانيا]] || {{flag|Mauritania}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Mūrītāniyā || || [[.mr]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--l1acc || dir="auto" | [[.мон]] || {{flag|Mongolia}} || [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet|Mongolian]]) || mon || || [[.mn]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--mgbc0a9azcg || dir="auto" | [[.المغرب]] || {{flag|Morocco}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || al-Maġrib || || [[.ma]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--d1alf || dir="auto" | [[.мкд]] || {{flag|North Macedonia}} || [[Macedonian language|Macedonian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Macedonian alphabet|Macedonian]]) || mkd || || [[.mk]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--mgb9awbf || dir="auto" | [[.عمان]] || {{flag|Oman}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || ʿUmān || || [[.om]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--mgbai9azgqp6j || dir="auto" | [[.پاکستان]] || {{flag|Pakistan}} || [[Urdu]] || [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] ([[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]]) || Pākistān || || [[.pk]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--ygbi2ammx || dir="auto" | [[.فلسطين]] || {{flag|Palestinian Authority}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Filasṭīn || || [[.ps]]|| {{no}}
|-
| xn--wgbl6a || dir="auto" | [[.قطر]] || {{flag|Qatar}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Qaṭar || || [[.qa]]|| {{no}}
|-
| xn--p1ai || dir="auto" | [[.рф]] || {{flag|Russia}} || [[Russian language|Russian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Russian alphabet|Russian]]) || rf || || [[.ru]]|| {{yes}}
|-
| xn--mgberp4a5d4ar || dir="auto" | [[AlSaudiah|.السعودية]] || {{flag|Saudi Arabia}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || as-Suʿūdīya || || [[.sa]]|| {{yes}}
|-
| xn--90a3ac || dir="auto" | [[.срб]] || {{flag|Serbia}} || [[Serbian language|Serbian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|Serbian]]) || srb || || [[.rs]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--yfro4i67o || dir="auto" | [[.新加坡]] || {{flag|Singapore}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]] and [[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]]) || [[Pinyin|Xīnjiāpō]] || || [[.sg]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--clchc0ea0b2g2a9gcd || dir="auto" | [[.சிங்கப்பூர்]] || {{flag|Singapore}} || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Tamil alphabet|Tamil]] || Cinkappūr || || [[.sg]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--3e0b707e || dir="auto" | [[.한국]] || {{flag|South Korea}} || [[Korean language|Korean]] || [[Hangul]] || [[Revised Romanization of Korean|Han-guk]] || || [[.kr]] || {{yes}}
|-
| xn--fzc2c9e2c || dir="auto" | [[.ලංකා]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] || [[Sinhala script|Sinhala]] || Lanka || || [[.lk]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--xkc2al3hye2a || dir="auto" | [[.இலங்கை]] || {{flag|Sri Lanka}} || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] || [[Tamil alphabet|Tamil]] || Ilaṅkai || || [[.lk]]|| {{no}}
|-
| xn--mgbpl2fh || dir="auto" | .سودان || {{flag|Sudan}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Sūdān || || [[.sd]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--ogbpf8fl || dir="auto" | [[.سورية]] || {{flag|Syria}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Sūriyya || || [[.sy]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--kprw13d || dir="auto" | [[.台湾]] || {{flag|Taiwan}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Simplified Chinese characters|Simplified]]) || [[Pinyin|Táiwān]] || || [[.tw]]|| {{yes}}
|-
| xn--kpry57d || dir="auto" | [[.台灣]] || {{flag|Taiwan}} || [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Chinese character|Chinese]] ([[Traditional Chinese characters|Traditional]]) || [[Pinyin|Táiwān]] || || [[.tw]]|| {{yes}}
|-
| xn--o3cw4h || dir="auto" | [[.ไทย]] || {{flag|Thailand}} || [[Thai language|Thai]] || [[Thai alphabet|Thai]] || Thai || || [[.th]]|| {{yes}}
|-
| xn--pgbs0dh || dir="auto" | [[tunis|.تونس]] || {{flag|Tunisia}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Tūnis || || [[.tn]]|| {{yes}}
|-
| xn--j1amh || dir="auto" | [[.укр]] || {{flag|Ukraine}} || [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] || [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Ukrainian alphabet|Ukrainian]]) || ukr || || [[.ua]] || {{no}}
|-
| xn--mgbaam7a8h || dir="auto" | [[emarat|.امارات]] || {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || Imārāt || || [[.ae]]|| {{no}}
|-
| xn--mgb2ddes || dir="auto" | [[.اليمن]] || {{flag|Yemen}} || [[Arabic]] || [[Arabic script|Arabic]] ([[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]]) || al-Yaman || Not delegated || [[.ye]] || {{no}}
|}

; Table notes:
{{notelist-ua}}

===Proposed internationalized ccTLDs===
{{Main|Proposed top-level domain#Internationalized country code top-level domains}}
Internationalised domain names have been proposed for [[Japan]] and [[Libya]].

==Relation to ISO 3166-1==
{{quote|The IANA is not in the business of deciding what is and what is not a country. The selection of the ISO 3166 list as a basis for country code top-level domain names was made with the knowledge that ISO has a procedure for determining which entities should be and should not be on that list.|[[Jon Postel]]|RFC 1591<ref>{{cite journal
|url=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591#section-4
|id=RFC 1591
|title=Domain Name System Structure and Delegation
|date=March 1994
|first=Jon
|last=Postel
|doi=10.17487/RFC1591
|author-link=Jon Postel
|access-date=2008-06-22
|archive-date=2010-09-13
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913011853/http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc1591#section-4
|url-status=live
}}</ref>}}

===Unused ISO 3166-1 codes===
Almost all current ISO 3166-1 codes have been assigned and do exist in DNS.
However, some of these are effectively unused. In particular, the ccTLDs for the Norwegian dependency [[Bouvet Island]] (<code>[[.bv|bv]]</code>) and the designation [[Svalbard and Jan Mayen]] (<code>[[.sj|sj]]</code>) do exist in DNS, but no subdomains have been assigned, and it is [[Norid]] policy to not assign any at present. Two [[France|French]] territories—<code>[[.bl|bl]]</code> ([[Saint Barthélemy]]) and <code>[[.mf|mf]]</code> ([[Saint Martin (France)|Saint Martin]])—{{As of|2008|alt=still}} await local assignment by France's government.

The code <code>[[.eh|eh]]</code>, although eligible as ccTLD for [[Western Sahara]], has never been assigned and does not exist in [[Domain Name System|DNS]]. Only one subdomain is still registered in <code>[[.gb|gb]]</code><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://dnstools.ws/tools/lookup.php?host=dra.hmg.gb&type=ANY
|title=DNS loookup for dra.hmg.gb
|year=2010
|access-date=2010-07-03
|archive-date=2022-08-08
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808185902/https://dnstools.ws/lookup/dra.hmg.gb/ANY/
|url-status=live
}}</ref> (ISO 3166-1 for the [[United Kingdom]]), and no new registrations are being accepted for it. Sites in the United Kingdom generally use <code>[[.uk|uk]]</code> (see below).

The former [[.um]] ccTLD for the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands|U.S. Minor Outlying Islands]] was removed in April 2008. Under RFC 1591 rules, [[.um]] is eligible as a ccTLD on request by the relevant governmental agency and local Internet user community.

===ASCII ccTLDs not in ISO 3166-1===
Several ASCII ccTLDs are in use that are not ISO 3166-1 two-letter codes. Some of these codes were specified in older versions of the ISO list.
* <code>[[.uk|uk]]</code> ([[United Kingdom]]): The ISO 3166-1 code for the United Kingdom is GB. However, the [[JANET]] network had already selected <code>uk</code> as a top-level identifier for its pre-existing [[JANET NRS|Name Registration Scheme]], and this was incorporated into the DNS root. <code>[[.gb|gb]]</code> was assigned with the intention of a transition, but this never occurred and the use of <code>uk</code> is now entrenched.<ref name=Mueller2002>{{cite book
|first=Milton
|last=Mueller
|year=2002
|title=Ruling the Root: Internet governance and the taming of cyberspace
|page=79
|publisher=MIT Press
|location=Cambridge, MA
|isbn=9780262632980
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79
|access-date=2020-11-10
|archive-date=2021-10-08
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111747/https://books.google.com/books?id=sMKmdJq7iE0C&pg=PA79
|url-status=live
}}</ref>
* <code>[[.su|su]]</code> This obsolete ISO 3166 code for the [[Soviet Union]] was assigned when the Soviet Union still existed; moreover, new <code>su</code> registrations are accepted.
* <code>[[.ac|ac]]</code> ([[Ascension Island]]): This code is a vestige of [[Internet Assigned Numbers Authority|IANA's]] decision in 1996 to allow the use of codes reserved in the [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2]] reserve list for use by the [[Universal Postal Union]]. The decision was later reversed, with Ascension Island now the sole outlier. (Three other ccTLDs, <code>[[.gg|gg]]</code> ([[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Guernsey]]), <code>[[.im|im]]</code> ([[Isle of Man]]) and <code>[[.je|je]]</code> ([[Jersey]]) also fell under this category from 1996 until they received corresponding ISO 3166 codes in March 2006.)
* <code>[[.eu|eu]]</code> ([[European Union]]): On September 25, 2000, [[ICANN]] decided to allow the use of any two-letter code in the [[ISO 3166-1]] reserve list that is reserved for all purposes. Only EU currently meets this criterion. Following a decision by the EU's Council of Telecommunications Ministers in March 2002, progress was slow, but a [[domain name registry|registry]] (named [[EURid]]) was chosen by the [[European Commission]], and criteria for allocation set: [[ICANN]] approved <code>[[.eu|eu]]</code> as a ccTLD, and it opened for registration on 7 December 2005 for the holders of prior rights. Since 7 April 2006, registration is open to all in the [[European Economic Area]].

===Historical ccTLDs===
ccTLDs may be removed if that country ceases to exist. There are three ccTLDs that have been deleted after the corresponding 2-letter code was withdrawn from ISO 3166-1: <code>[[.cs|cs]]</code> (for [[Czechoslovakia]]), <code>[[.zr|zr]]</code> (for [[Zaire]]) and <code>[[.tp|tp]]</code> (for [[East Timor]]). There may be a significant delay between withdrawal from ISO 3166-1 and deletion from the DNS; for example, ZR ceased to be an ISO 3166-1 code in 1997, but the <code>zr</code> ccTLD was not deleted until 2001. Other ccTLDs corresponding to obsolete ISO 3166-1 codes have not yet been deleted. In some cases they may never be deleted due to the amount of disruption this would cause for a heavily used ccTLD. In particular, the Soviet Union's ccTLD <code>[[.su|su]]</code> remains in use more than twenty years after SU was removed from ISO 3166-1.

The historical country codes <code>[[.dd|dd]]</code> for the [[German Democratic Republic]] and <code>yd</code> for [[South Yemen]] were eligible for a ccTLD, but not allocated; see also <code>[[.de|de]]</code> and <code>[[.ye|ye]]</code>.

The temporary reassignment of country code <code>cs</code> ([[Serbia and Montenegro]]) until its split into <code>[[.rs|rs]]</code> and <code>[[.me|me]]</code> ([[Serbia]] and [[Montenegro]], respectively) led to some controversies<ref>{{cite web
|title=IAB input related to the .cs code in ISO 3166
|date=2003-09-24
|first=Leslie
|last=Daigle
|publisher=[[Internet Architecture Board|IAB]]
|url=https://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence-reports-documents/docs2003/2003-09-25-icann-cs-code/
|access-date=2008-06-22
|archive-date=2008-07-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705023649/http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-icann-cs-code.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=IAB comment on stability of ISO 3166 and other infrastructure standards
|date=2003-09-24
|first=Leslie
|last=Daigle
|publisher=[[Internet Architecture Board|IAB]]
|url=http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-iso-cs-code.html
|access-date=2008-06-22
|archive-date=2008-07-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705024112/http://www.iab.org/documents/correspondence/2003-09-25-iso-cs-code.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> about the stability of ISO 3166-1 country codes, resulting in a second edition of ISO 3166-1 in 2007 with a guarantee that retired codes will not be reassigned for at least 50 years, and the replacement of RFC 3066 by RFC 4646 for country codes used in [[language tag]]s in 2006.

The previous ISO 3166-1 code for [[Yugoslavia]], YU, was removed by ISO on 23 July 2003, but the <code>[[.yu|yu]]</code> ccTLD remained in operation. Finally, after a two-year transition to Serbian <code>[[.rs|rs]]</code> and Montenegrin <code>[[.me|me]]</code>, the .yu domain was phased out in March 2010.

Australia was originally assigned the <code>[[.au#Historic second-level domains|oz]]</code> country code, which was later changed to <code>[[.au|au]]</code> with the <code>.oz</code> domains moved to <code>.oz.au</code>.

==Internationalized ccTLDs==
An [[internationalized country code top-level domain]] (IDN ccTLD) is a top-level domain with a specially encoded domain name that is displayed in an end user application, such as a [[web browser]], in its native language script or a non-alphabetic [[writing system]], such as [[Latin script]] (.us, .uk and .br), [[Indic script]] (.{{Lang|hi|भारत}}) and [[Korean script]] (.{{Lang|ko|한국}}), etc. IDN ccTLDs are an application of the [[internationalized domain name]] (IDN) system to top-level Internet domains assigned to countries, including the [[United Kingdom]], or independent geographic regions.

ICANN started to accept applications for IDN ccTLDs in November 2009,<ref>{{cite press release
|title=ICANN Bringing the Languages of the World to the Global Internet
|date=30 October 2009
|publisher=Internet Corporation For Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)
|url=http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-30oct09-en.htm
|access-date=30 October 2009
|archive-date=1 November 2009
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091101202322/http://www.icann.org/en/announcements/announcement-30oct09-en.htm
|url-status=live
}}</ref> and installed the first set into the Domain Names System in May 2010. The first set was a group of Arabic names for the countries of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. By May 2010, 21 countries had submitted applications to ICANN, representing 11 languages.<ref>{{cite news
|title='Historic' day as first non-Latin web addresses go live
|date=6 May 2010
|website=[[BBC News]]
|publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10100108.stm
|access-date=2010-05-07
|archive-date=2010-06-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612121841/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10100108.stm
|url-status=live
}}</ref>

ICANN requires all potential international TLDs to use at least one letter that does not resemble a Latin letter, or have at least three letters, in an effort to avoid [[IDN homograph attack]]s. Nor shall the international domain name look like another domain name, even if they have different alphabets. Between Cyrillic and Greek alphabets, for example, this could happen.

==Generic ccTLDs==
'''Generic Country Code Top-Level Domain''' or '''gccTLD''' refers to those TLDs which are technically "non-restricted ccTLDs" but used like traditional generic TLDs ([[gTLDs]]) rather than "country"-targeted ones.<ref>{{cite web
|title=What is gccTLD?
|website=dynadot.com
|url=https://www.dynadot.com/community/help/question/what-is-gcctld
|access-date=2021-01-03
|archive-date=2021-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112055243/https://www.dynadot.com/community/help/question/what-is-gcctld
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=What you should know about gccTDLs and organic search
|date=Nov 2016
|website=name.com
|url=https://www.name.com/blog/domains/2016/11/what-you-should-know-about-gcctlds-and-organic-search
|access-date=2021-01-03
|archive-date=2021-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112091452/https://www.name.com/blog/domains/2016/11/what-you-should-know-about-gcctlds-and-organic-search/
|url-status=live
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=gccTLD generic country-code domains
|website=dynadot.com
|url=https://www.dynadot.com/community/blog/gcctld-generic-country-code-domains.html
|access-date=2021-01-03
|archive-date=2021-01-12
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112002733/https://www.dynadot.com/community/blog/gcctld-generic-country-code-domains.html
|url-status=live
}}</ref> Most of the gccTLDs are primarily used as [[domain hack]]s:

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! scope="col" | gccTLD
! scope="col" | Country/Region
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Domain hacks
|-
| [[.ac]] || [[Ascension Island]] || {{Unbulleted list|academic|accounting|acknowledge|[[Air conditioning]]|[[alternating-current]]}}
|-
| [[.ad]] || [[Andorra]] || [[advertising]]
|-
| [[.ag]] || [[Antigua and Barbuda]] || [[Aktiengesellschaft]] (German for corporation)
|-
| [[.ai]] || [[Anguilla]] || [[Artificial intelligence]]
|-
| [[.am]] || [[Armenia]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[United States|American]]|[[AM broadcasting]]|radio and podcasts}}
|-
| [[.as]] || [[American Samoa]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Asturias]]|[[Autonomous system (Internet)|autonomous system]]|[[aktieselskab]]/[[aksjeselskap]]}}
|-
| [[.az]] || [[Azerbaijan]] || [[Arizona]]
|-
| [[.bz]] || [[Belize]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Bolzano]]|business|<code>[[.biz|biz]]</code> alike}}
|-
| [[.cc]] || [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] || {{Unbulleted list|cricket club|[[Credit Card]]|[[Cycling club]]|[[Christian Church]]|[[Catholic Church]]|[[Creative Commons]]|[[Cape Cod]]|company|<code>[[.com|com]]</code> alike}}
|-
| [[.cd]] || [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] || [[Compact disc]]
|-
| [[.co]] || [[Colombia]] || {{Unbulleted list|company|<code>[[.com|com]]</code> alike|[[Colorado]]}}
|-
| [[.cu]] || [[Cuba]] || see you
|-
| [[.cv]] || [[Cape Verde]] || [[curriculum vitae]]
|-
| [[.dj]] || [[Djibouti]] || [[Disc jockey]]
|-
| [[.fm]] || [[Federated States of Micronesia]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[FM broadcasting]]|radio and podcasts}}
|-
| [[.ga]] || [[Gabon]] || [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]
|-
| [[.gg]] || [[Bailiwick of Guernsey]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Glossary of video game terms#GG|Good Game]]|[[Google]]}}
|-
| [[.io]] || [[British Indian Ocean Territory]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Input/Output]]|<code>[[.info|info]]</code> alike}}
|-
| [[.is]] || [[Iceland]] || ''it.is'', ''that.is'', etc.
|-
| [[.it]] || [[Italy]] || [[Information technology]]
|-
| [[.kg]] || [[Kyrgyzstan]] || [[Keygen]]
|-
| [[.la]] || [[Laos]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Los Angeles]]|[[Louisiana]]|[[Mozilla]]|[[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]]|[[Digikala]]|[[Latin America]]}}
|-
| [[.ly]] || [[Libya]] || words ending in -ly
|-
| [[.md]] || [[Moldova]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Medicine]]|[[Markdown]]}}
|-
| [[.me]] || [[Montenegro]] || {{Unbulleted list|me (personal homepage)|[[Maine]]|[[Middle East]]}}
|-
| [[.ms]] || [[Montserrat]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Microsoft]]|[[Mississippi]]|[[Mato Grosso do Sul]]|[[Münster]]|master}}
|-
| [[.nu]] || [[Niue]] || {{Unbulleted list|new|now|nude}}
|-
| [[.pe]] || [[Peru]] || [[Private Equity]]
|-
| [[.pn]] || [[Pitcairn]] || [[Phone number]]
|-
| [[.pw]] || [[Palau]] || [[Pwned]] (leet speak)
|-
| [[.re]] || [[Réunion]] || [[Reverse engineering]]
|-
| [[.rs]] || [[Serbia]] || [[Rust_(programming_language)|Rust]]
|-
| [[.sc]] || [[Seychelles]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]|[[South Carolina]]|[[SoundCloud]]|[[Snapchat]]|[[Computer security|Security]]}}
|-
| [[.sh]] || [[Saint Helena]] || [[Shell_(computing)|Shell]]
|-
|[[.sk]]
|[[Slovakia]]
|[[Saskatchewan]]
|-
| [[.sx]] || [[Sint Maarten]] || sex
|-
| [[.tf]] || [[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] || {{Unbulleted list|[[Team Fortress 2|Team Fortress]]|[[Terraform (software)|Terraform]]}}
|-
| [[.tk]] || [[Tokelau]] || {{Unbulleted list|tech|[[Hi-tech]]}}
|-
| [[.tm]] || [[Turkmenistan]] || [[Trademark]]
|-
| [[.to]] || [[Tonga]] || link-to
|-
| [[.tv]] || [[Tuvalu]] || television and broadcasts
|-
| [[.ws]] || [[Samoa|Western Samoa]] || {{Unbulleted list|website|websocket|world site|west}}
|-
| [[.yt]] || [[Mayotte]] || [[YouTube]]
|}

==Unconventional usage==
{{Main|Vanity URL}}
Lenient registration restrictions on certain ccTLDs have resulted in various [[domain hack]]s. Domain names such as <code>I.am</code>, <code>tip.it</code>, <code>start.at</code> and <code>go.to</code> form well-known English phrases, whereas others combine the [[second-level domain]] and ccTLD to form one word or one title, creating domains such as <code>[[blo.gs]]</code> of [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]] (<code>[[.gs|gs]]</code>), <code>[[YouTube|youtu.be]]</code> of [[Belgium]] (<code>[[.be|be]]</code>), <code>[[Delicious (website)|del.icio.us]]</code> of the [[United States]] (<code>[[.us|us]]</code>), and <code>[[cr.yp.to]]</code> of [[Tonga]] (<code>[[.to|to]]</code>). The <code>.co</code> domain of Colombia has been cited since 2010 as a potential competitor to generic TLDs for commercial use, because it may be an abbreviation for ''company''.<ref name="unique">{{cite web
|title=General .CO FAQs: What makes .CO such a unique opportunity?
|publisher=.CO Internet S.A.S.
|place=Colombia
|website=cointernet.co
|url=https://www.cointernet.com.co/preguntas-frecuentes
|access-date=2013-07-20
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190311222155/https://www.cointernet.com.co/preguntas-frecuentes/
|archive-date=2019-03-11
}}</ref>

Several ccTLDs allow the creation of [[emoji domain]]s.

Some ccTLDs may also be used for [[typosquatting]]. The domain ''cm'' of [[Cameroon]] has generated interest due to the possibility that people might miss typing the letter ''o'' for sites in the ''com''.<ref>
{{cite news
|title=The man who owns the Internet
|website=[[CNN Money]]
|publisher=[[Cable News Network]]
|date=2007-06-01 |url=https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/06/01/100050989/index.htm
|access-date=2010-11-05 |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113134307/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/06/01/100050989/index.htm#
|archive-date=2010-11-13
}}
</ref>

===Commercial use===
Some of the world's smallest countries and non-sovereign or colonial entities with their own country codes have opened their TLDs for worldwide commercial use, some of them free like [[.tk]].

==See also==
* [[List of Internet top-level domains#Country code top-level domains|List of ccTLDs]]
* [[Country code top-level domains with commercial licenses]]
* [[Country code second-level domain]]
* [[ISO 3166-1 alpha-2#Current codes|ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 assigned codes]]
* [[Geographic top-level domain]], a type of generic top-level domain

==References==
{{reflist|25em|refs=

<ref name="idn.tables">
{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}
</ref>

}}

==External links==
* {{official website |https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db}}
* {{cite web |title=World Intellectual Property Organization |publisher=[[WIPO]] |series=[[Domain name]] dispute resolution |url=https://www.wipo.int/amc/en/domains/cctld}}
* {{cite web |title=World-Wide Alliance of Top Level Domain-names |url=http://www.wwtld.org/index_archived.html}}
* {{cite web |title=Country Code Names Supporting Organisation (ccNSO) |website=[[ICANN]] |url=https://ccnso.icann.org/en}}
* {{cite web |first=Robert |last=Baskerville |date=Jan 16, 2008 |title=ccTLD and TLD analysis (of several Zone files) |url=http://www.robert.net/ccTLD/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2008-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151103171355/http://www.robert.net/ccTLD/ |archive-date=2015-11-03}}

{{ccTLD}}
{{Geocoding-systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Country Code Top-Level Domain}}
[[Category:International telecommunications]]
[[Category:Top-level domains]]
[[Category:Country codes]]
[[Category:Domain Name System]]

Seraikela Sadar subdivision

2026-03-25T03:38:24Z

BeauTesterman: put up the entry and citations...

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Seraikela Sadar subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.8012|N|85.9444|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Seraikela]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1644.32
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 692393
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Demographic
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy rate]]
| demographics1_info1 = 67.70 %
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 958
| demographics_type2 = Language
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]] and
English
| demographics2_title2 = Regional
| demographics2_info2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Odia language|Odia]] and [[Santali language|Santali]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Seraikela Sadar subdivision''' is an [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] in the [[Kolhan division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==Administrative set up==
Seraikela Kharsawan district has two subdivisions – (1) Seraikela Sadar subdivision with [[Seraikela block|Seraikela]], [[Kharsawan block|Kharsawan]], [[Kuchai block|Kuchai]], [[Adityapur block|Adityapur]] and [[Gobindpur block|Gobindpur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD blocks]], and (2) [[Chandil subdivision]] with [[Chandil block|Chandil]], [[Ichagarh block|Ichagarh]], [[Kukru block|Kukru]] and [[Nimdih block|Nimdih]] CD blocks.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 7: Administrative set-up|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 December 2021}}</ref>

The subdivisions of Seraikela Kharsawan district have the following distinctions:<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 26-27: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 December 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|Seraikela Sadar||[[Seraikela]]||1,644.32||692,393||96.82||3.18
|-
|[[Chandil subdivision|Chandil]]||[[Chandil]]||1,019.23||372,663||87.09||12.91
|-
|}

Note: Calculated on the basis of block-wise data available.

{{OSM Location map
| width=300| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|22|50|0|N|86|0|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Seraikela Kharsawan district in Kolhan Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|02|53|N|85|56|11|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ichagarh | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Ichagarh]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|43|18|N|85|48|22|E}} | label-pos2=left|label2=Kuchai| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Kuchai]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|58|1|N|85|58|10|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3= Chowka| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Chowka, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|38|32|N|86|4|14|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Gobindpur| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Gobindpur, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|37|38|N|86|0|27|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Rajnagar| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|7|5|N|85|58|32|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kukru| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Kukru]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|59|46|N|86|8|44|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7= Nimdih| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Nimdih]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|42|24|N|85|55|39|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8=Seraikela| numbered8=M| mark-title8= [[Saraikela]] (M) |label-color8=#800000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|47|24|N|86|9|56|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Adityapur| numbered9=M| mark-title9= [[Adityapur]] (M) |label-color9=#800000
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|58|9|N|86|3|52|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10= Chandil | numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Chandil]] (CT) |shape-color10= #A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|49|22|N|86|5|55|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11= Chota Gamahria | numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) |shape-clor11= #A40000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|51|0|N|86|3|0|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Kandra | numbered12=CT| mark-title12=[[Kandra]] (CT) |shape-color12= #A40000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|47|29|N|85|49|43|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Kharsawan | numbered13=CT| mark-title13=[[Kharsawan]] (CT) |shape-color13= #A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|50|16|N|86|11|26|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14= Kopali | numbered14=CT| mark-title14=[[Kopali]] (CT) |shape-color14= #A40000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|47|40|N|85|56|43|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15= Sini | numbered15=CT| mark-title15=[[Sini, Jharkhand]] (CT) |shape-color15= #A40000
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|54|15|N|86|12|15|E}} | label-pos16= top|label16= Dalma |labela16= Wildlife|labelb16= Sanctuary | numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color16= #74C365
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|58|28|N|86|1|13|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17= Chandil Dam| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Chandil Dam]] (T) |shape-color17= #74C365
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|8|0|N|85|50|0|E}} |label18= Subarnarekha |labela18= River |label-color18 = #77A1CB| label-angle18= 60| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|57|40|N|85|47|0|E}} |label19= Karkari |labela19= River |label-color19 = #77A1CB| label-angle19= 10| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none
|mark-coord20={{coord|22|41|0|N|86|6|30|E}} |label20= Kharkhai |labela20= River |label-color20 = #77A1CB| label-angle20= -60| label-pos20=top| label-size20=10| mark-size20=0| mark-title20 =none
|mark-coord21={{coord|22|52|0|N|85|50|0|E}}| label21= Chandil Gamharia |labela21= Range | label-color21 = #C42222 | label-angle21=0| label-pos21=top| label-size21=10| mark-size21=0| mark-title21 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|23|12|0|N|85|58|0|E}}|arc-textA= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA= -10| arc-gapA=3.5| arc-radiusA=0.4
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|26|0|N|86|3|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= 0| arc-gapB=2.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

==Police stations==
Police stations in Seraikela Sadar subdivision are at:<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 4 December 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>
#[[Adityapur#Civic administration|Adityapur]]
#[[Chota Gamahria#Civic administration|Gamharia]]
#[[Kandra#Civic administration|Kandra]]
#[[Kharsawan#Civic administration|Kharswan]]
#[[Kuchai#Civic administration|Kuchai]]
#[[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan#Civic administration|Rajnagar]]
#[[Seraikela#Civic administration|Seraikela]]
#RIT PS
#Traffic PS, Gamharia

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in the Seraikela Sadar subdivision are:<ref name=census2011/><ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Seraikela Kharsawan district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 December 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||[[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Adityapur block|Adityapur]]||[[Adityapur]]||304.51||134,717||6.44||29.93||71.32|| [[Kandra]], [[Chota Gamahria]]
|-
|[[Gobindpur block|Gobindpur]]||[[Rajnagar, Seraikela Kharsawan|Rajnagar]]||458.56||136,600||2.14||52.69||63.19|| -
|-
|[[Kharsawan block|Kharsawan]]||[[Kharsawan]]||226.52||88,642||7.72||39.90||65.64|| -
|-
|[[Kuchai block|Kuchai]]||[[Kuchai]]||386.20||64,320||1.43||77.99||52.97|| -
|-
|[[Seraikela block|Seraikela]]||[[Seraikela]]||268.53||79,507||6.99||48.04||64.61||[[Sini, Jharkhand|Sini]]
|-
|}

==Education==
In 2011, in Seraikela Sadar subdivision out of a total 828 inhabited villages there were 82 villages with pre-primary schools, 727 villages with primary schools, 334 villages with middle schools, 51 villages with secondary schools, 25 villages with senior secondary schools, 101 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 558-559 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 4 December 2021}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

===Educational institutions===
The following institutions are located in Seraikela Sadar subdivision:

* [[National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur]], an [[Institute of National Importance]] established at [[Adityapur]] in 1960, has the status of a [[Deemed University]].<ref name=official>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://nitjsr.ac.in/new/institute/about_us.php|publisher=NIT Jamshedpur|access-date= 1 December 2021 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713120617/http://nitjsr.ac.in/new/institute/about_us.php|archive-date=13 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* Srinath University is a private institution at Dindli, [[Adityapur]] with diverse educational programmes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.srinathuniversity.in | title = Srinath University | publisher = SU | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref>
* [[Arka Jain University]], is a private university at Mohanpur, [[Chota Gamahria|Gamahria]], established in 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://arkajainuniversity.ac.in | title = Arka Jain University | publisher = AJU | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://collegedunia.com/college/15904-arka-jain-university-jamshedpur#a | title = Arka Jain University Jamshedpur| publisher = College Dunia | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref>
* Government Polytechnic, established at [[Adityapur]] in 1980, offers diploma courses in engineering.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Science & Technology - Government of Jharkhand|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/new_depts/scite/scite_poly_aditya.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071622/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/new_depts/scite/scite_poly_aditya.html|archive-date= 8 November 2013|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref>
* MSME Tool Room (Indo Danish Tool Room), Jamshedpur Main Centre, located at [[Chota Gamahria|Gamharia]], offers diploma, certificate and skill development programmes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indo Danish Tool Room | MSME Tool Room | Jamshedpur|url=http://www.idtr.gov.in/|accessdate=1 December 2021|website=idtr.gov.in}}</ref>
* XITE (Xavier Institute of Tribal Education) College was established at [[Chota Gamahria|Gamharia]] by the Jamshedpur Jesuit Society in 2003.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://xite.ac.in//about-us/ | title = XITE College | publisher = XITE| access-date = 3 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.indcareer.com/jharkhand/purbi-singhbhum/xavier-institute-tribal-education-xite-gamharia | title = Xavier Institute of Tribal Education XITE Gamharia | publisher = IND Career | access-date = 3 December 2021}}</ref>
* Kashi Sahu College was established at [[Seraikela]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.kscollegeseraikella.ac.in | title = Kashi Sahu College| publisher = KSC | access-date = 3 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.collegedekho.com/colleges/kashi-sahu-college-saraikela | title = Kashi Sahu College| publisher = College Dekho | access-date = 3 December 2021}}</ref>
* Model Mahila College at [[Kharsawan]] was established in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mmcollege.org.in/ | title = Model Mahila College Kharsawan | publisher = MMCK | access-date = 3 December 2021 | archive-date = 3 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203093246/https://mmcollege.org.in/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>

(Information about degree colleges with proper reference may be added here)

==Healthcare==
In 2011, in Seraikela Sadar subdivision there were 14 villages [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 16 villages with primary health subcentres, 113 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 15 villages with allopathic hospitals, 8 villages with dispensaries, 4 villages with veterinary hospitals, 6 villages with family welfare centres, 132 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

===Medical facilities===

(Anybody having referenced information about location of government/ private medical facilities may please add it here)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}
{{Kolhan Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]

Blouse

2026-03-24T13:14:23Z

BeauTesterman: Content refined for better accuracy

{{Short description|Garment for the upper body}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{more citations needed|article|date=October 2007}}
[[File:Striped Bow Neck Blouse and a Navy Blue Mini Skirt (18966025833).jpg|thumb|175px|A modern striped bow tie neck blouse and a navy blue mini skirt]]
[[File:Tank top.jpg|thumb|right|165px|A [[camisole]] being used as a blouse]]

A '''blouse''' ({{IPAc-en|b|l|aʊ|z|,_|b|l|aʊ|s|,_|b|l|uː|z}})<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/blouse|title=blouse|via=The Free Dictionary}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blouse|title=Definition of BLOUSE|website=Merriam-webster.com|access-date=4 June 2022}}</ref> is a loose-fitting upper garment, mainly worn by workmen, peasants, artists, women, and children.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.patra.com/2015/03/30/the-history-of-blouses/|title=The History of Blouse|date=30 March 2015|website=Patra Selections Blog: Silk Clothing and Underwear}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">The Concise Oxford English Dictionary</ref> It is typically gathered at the waist or hips (by tight hem, pleats, parter, or belt) so that it hangs loosely ("blouses"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/blouse |title=blouse – definition of blouse by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia |publisher=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref>) over the wearer's body.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Today, the word most commonly refers to a girl's or woman's [[dress shirt]], although there is considerable confusion between a true blouse and a women's shirt.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apparelsearch.com/glossary_b_3_textile.htm |title=Glossary B # 3 |publisher=Apparelsearch.com |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref> It can also refer to a man's shirt if it is a loose-fitting style (e.g. [[poet shirt]]s and Cossack shirts),<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Gavenas|first=Mary Lisa|title=The Fairchild Encyclopedia of Menswear|year=2008|page=47|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-56367-465-5}}</ref> though it rarely is. Traditionally, the term has been used to refer to a shirt which blouses out or has an unmistakably feminine appearance, although even many "standard" shirts today have a somewhat blousy fit, and the numbers of men wearing such shirts may match (or even exceed) that of women wearing actual blouses.

The term is also used for some men's military uniform jackets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://toysforkidsvt.com/index.php/marine-dictionary |title=Marine Dictionary |publisher=Toysforkidsvt.com |access-date=14 August 2012}}</ref>

==Etymology==
Blouse is a loanword from French to English (see Wiktionary entry {{linktext|blouse}}). Originally referring to the blue blouse worn by French workmen,<ref name="auto"/> the term "blouse" began to be applied to the various smocks and tunics worn by English farm labourers. In 1870, blouse was first referenced as being "for a young lady."<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cresswell |first1=Julia |title=Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-954793-7 |pages=51 |edition=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J4i3zV4vnBAC&q=blouse+french+origin&pg=PA51 |access-date=17 May 2020}}</ref>

It is suggested that the French form of the word comes from the Latin ''{{lang|la|pelusia}},'' from the Egyptian town of [[Pelusium]], a manufacturing center in the Middle Ages, or alternatively from [[Provençal dialect|Provençal]] ''({{lang|oc-provenc|lano}}) {{lang|oc-provenc|blouso}}'' 'short (wool)'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/blouse|title=blouse – Origin and meaning of blouse by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=etymonline.com}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Poet-shirt.jpg|thumb|right|175px|A man and woman wearing [[poet shirt]]s—a unisex blouse, inspired by [[Romanticism]] and worn by fashionable people such as the English poet, [[Lord Byron]]]]
[[File:Puffy Shirt 2006.jpg|thumb|175px|The ''[[Seinfeld]]'' [[The Puffy Shirt|"puffy shirt"]], worn by Jerry Seinfeld, is an example of a [[poet shirt]] blouse.]]

Blouses usually consist of light fabrics such as silk or thin cotton fabrics, until the early 1990s are often made of softly falling [[synthetic fiber]]s (e.g. polyester). Sometimes they are decorated with frills, embroidery or loops. The classic of the ladies' blouses is the white shirt blouse (following the classic elegant white men's shirt). Here the combination possibilities are particularly diverse. The open spade, peter pan, reverse and revere collar is another common type of classic ladies' blouse.

Blouses are often made of cotton or silk cloth and may or may not include a [[collar (clothing)|collar]] and [[sleeve]]s. They are generally more tailored than simple knit tops, and may contain details such as [[Ruffle (sewing)|ruffles]], a [[Necktie|tie]] or a soft [[Bow (knot)|bow]] at the [[neck]], or [[embroidery|embroidered decorations]].

Tailoring provides a closer fit to the wearer's shape. This is achieved with sewing of features such as [[princess seams]] or [[Dart (sewing)|darting]] in the waist and/or bust.

Blouses (and many women's shirts with buttons) usually have [[button]]s reversed from that of men's shirts (except in the case of male [[battledress|military fatigues]]). That is, the buttons are normally on the wearer's left-hand and the buttonholes are on the right. The reasons for this are unclear, and several theories exist without having conclusive evidence. Some suggest this custom was introduced by launderers so they could distinguish between women's and men's shirts. One theory purports that the tradition arose in the [[Middle Ages]] when one manner of manifesting wealth was by the number of buttons one wore. Another that the original design was based on armour which was designed so that a right-handed opponent would not catch their weapon in the seam and tear through, and that a person could draw a weapon with their right-hand without catching it in a loose seam of their own clothes.

Female [[servant (domestic)|servant]]s were in charge of buttoning their mistress's gowns (since the buttons were usually in the back). They tired of attempting to deal with buttons that were, from their point of view, backwards and, as such they started reversing the placement when making or repairing them. One other theory is that women were normally dressed by their maids, while men dressed themselves. As such, women's blouses were designed so it could be easily buttoned by the maid but that of men were designed so it could be easily buttoned by the person wearing it.

Although, in all the cases proposed, the reasons for the distinction no longer exist, it continues out of [[convention (norm)|custom]] or tradition.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

While most women prefer to have the top button open for better comfort, some blouses made for women have looser necklines so the top button can be fastened without compromising comfort, but giving the same stylish appearance.

Some women attach various pins and ornaments to their blouses over a fastened top button for style. Some of these attach directly to the button itself, others to the collars.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

==History==
[[File:Garibaldi and his wife, Anita, defending Rome in 1849.jpg|thumb|right|175px|[[Giuseppe Garibaldi]] (center), the Italian patriot and his wife, Anita (right), popularized the red, Garibaldi shirt, a type of military blouse, which became popular, as early 1860s, civilian fashion, with men and women, both, in [[Europe]] and the [[North America]].]]
[[File:StateLibQld 1 42023 Two women dressed for a game of tennis, 1890-1900.jpg|right|thumb|175px|Blouses from 1890 to 1900 Australia]]

===Pre-WW1===
Blouses are historically a [[Smock-frock|smock]] style garment that were rarely part of the fashionable woman's wardrobe until the [[1890s in fashion|1890s]]. Before that time, they were occasionally popular for informal wear in styles that echoed [[peasant]] or traditional clothing, such as the [[Garibaldi shirt]] of the 1860s.<ref name="auto"/>

Some blouses do not have a top button at all, and collars are intentionally styled to be open. They also form part of some nations' traditional folk costume.

During the later Victorian period blouses became common for informal, practical wear. A simple blouse with a plain skirt was the standard dress for the newly expanded female (non-[[Domestic worker|domestic]]) workforce of the 1890s, especially for those employed in office work. In the [[1900s in fashion|1900s]] and [[1910s in fashion|1910s]], elaborate blouses, such as the "lingerie blouse" (so-called because they were heavily decorated with [[lace]] and [[embroidery]] in a style formerly restricted to underwear) and the "[[Gibson Girl]] blouse" with [[tuck (sewing)|tuck]]s and [[pleat]]ing, became immensely popular for day-wear and even some informal evening wear. Since then, blouses have remained a wardrobe staple, so by now blouses have not ceased to be fixed in the "popular cloakroom" style.

German magazine "Die Woche" wrote in 1913 about ladies' blouses in connection with riding:
:''"Even if more and more justification is given for the hot summer days of the casual blouse, the classic riding dress made of velvet or [[England|English]] linen still remains unmatched."''

At the end of the 19th century the sailor blouses derived from [[sailor suit]]s were popular for girls to the blue [[pleated skirt]]. In the time of [[National Socialism]] this piece of clothing was rejected as a [[bourgeois]]-[[decadent]]. In the 1950s, the sailor's look then entered the leisure mode for adults.

The high collar in blouses was pushed out during this time by the halsferne variant. Specialist shops also offered "ladies' cloaks". KdW in Berlin applied in his illustrated main catalog: 1913 among other things a backfisch-confection, with eight blouses between 2.75 and 9.50 Marks. The simplest model was a "wash blouse, navy, white spotted", the most expensive one "blouse, white, wash, with tip and stick". One of the novelties of the season was the pointed "Charmeuse blouse, very elegant form, pure silk, with very fluffy crepe and lace gown".

===The inter-war years===
Various new and different forms of collar emerged in the 1920s. They diminished in sizes by the 1950s,<ref name="auto"/> but were often large in the 1930s.<ref name="auto"/>

The silk 'jumper blouse'<ref name="auto"/> and the low-cut 'V-neck shirt' (or Chelsea collared blouse)<ref name="auto"/> were the fashion hit of the 1920s.<ref name="auto"/> They had full length, short, {{frac|3|4}} length and bell shaped sleeves.<ref name="auto"/>

===Styles since World War Two===
[[File:Tanaka Sonoko and Sasada Kazuko.JPG|thumb|175px|A Japanese blouse (left), in 1951]]

The size of collars had diminished by the 1950s,<ref name="auto"/> but were huge in the 1930<ref name="auto"/> s. At the beginning of the 1970s, popular styles included the rounded collar,<ref name="auto"/> sausage dog collar,<ref name="auto"/> then extra wide collar and [[double cuffs]] from shirts, that fell on them often from fashions relating to synthetic fabrics like usually [[polyester]]. The fashion of [[standing collar]] and federal collar, loops, rounded collars, revere collar and the smallest collar, sometimes with concealed button fly on a "smoking blouse", attached folds and stressed set-in-followed in the 1980s. Again, thin and often shining synthetic fibres were very popular.<ref name="auto"/> Towards the end of the 20th century, they were of an extra-long blouses of pants style and worn over trousers or skirt worn, optionally combined with a rather wide belt around the waist in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, the UK, Ireland, South Africa and North America.

The sleeves had been shortened during the early 1950s to the {{frac|1|2}} and {{frac|1|4}} length in Europe. They were reduced again in the mid-1990s and are now regularly at the {{frac|7|8}}, {{frac|1|2}}, {{frac|1|3}} and {{frac|1|4}} length around the world. As the eye will be drawn to the naked flesh below the sleeve, designers often use sleeve length to focus the minds eye on the slimmer parts of the arm, particularly short sleeve blouses below the elbow to give the illusion of a slimmer arm. Sleeveless tops were fashionable and a topical item in Western Europe and North America during the mid-2000s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

Many fashionable styles of both the 1970s and 1980s were on the go again after the millennium in the blouse fashion: double cuffs, extra wide pointed collar, belt around the waist, synthetic fibre and the like. Often the blouses also embroidery or "crystal stocking", have especially on collar and string. The blouses with the so-called three-quarter arm were a striking phenomenon of the 1990s. Blouses can be combined well and easily with a [[blazer]], [[Sleeveless shirt|tank top]], [[Bolero jacket|bolero]] or [[sweater]], with or without some colourful silks or bead chain necklaces. The change in fashion in blouse is very visible now. Mostly the sleeves have been changed and it turned out to be more modern and fashionable. Sleeves have played a major role in blouse designs.

===Eco movement===
As part of the Eco movement, folk blouses for women were cut from natural materials such as flax, linen and cotton. Men also wore these "Frisian blouses" on occasion.

==Cultural blouse styles==

===Use with a dirndl===
{{main|Dirndl}}
[[File:Dirndl-2011.JPG|thumb|left|175px|A woman wearing a dirndl. The white part on her torso and arms is the blouse.]]The traditional dirndl of [[Bavaria]] and rural Austria is usually worn with a white blouse. These blouses are usually made of light fabric (textile), such as silk or cotton thin, until the early 1990s still often from soft covered by art {{lang|de|faserstoffen}} (such as polyester and satin). They often have fanciful decorations (such as frills, embroidery, or grinding) and are a classic among the women's blouses—here the fashionable combination possibilities are especially varied. The open Spaten—or lapel collar—is another common type of a classic ladies' blouse.<ref name="kleid">{{cite web|url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/2569467/ein-kleid-fuer-die-dirn |title=Ein Kleid für die Dirn' – Mode & Kosmetik – derStandard.at › Lifestyle |website=Derstandard.at |date= 5 September 2006}}</ref>

The blouse is worn under the bodice of the dirndl. It is cropped above the midriff. The blouse changes the overall effect of the dirndl especially through the cut of its neckline. A deeply cut blouse combines with a deeply cut bodice to accentuate décolletage, whereas a blouse with a high neckline creates a more modest effect. In traditional designs, the blouse neckline is at the base of the throat. Other popular necklines are V-shaped, balconette or heart-shaped. Materials most often used are [[cambric]], [[linen]] or [[lace]]; the colour is usually white. Short [[Sleeve|puff sleeves]] are typical, although narrow sleeves (short or long) are also common.<ref name="kleid"/><ref name="austria.info">{{cite web |url=https://www.austria.info/en/things-to-do/cities-and-culture/traditions/dirndl|title=The essential Dirndl (and Lederhosen) guide |website=www.austria.info|access-date=9 June 2020}}</ref>
<ref name="alles">Daniela Müller and Susanne Trettenbrein. ''Alles Dirndl''. Anton Pustet Verlag, Salzburg 2013. {{ISBN|978-3-7025-0693-3}}</ref><ref name="Duden3">{{cite web|url=https://www.duden.de/rechtschreibung/Dirndlbluse|title=Dirndlbluse, die|website=Duden |access-date=30 July 2020}}</ref>

===Use in Aboyne dress===
{{main|Aboyne dress}}

[[Image:Aboyne 05SV 002.jpg|right|thumb|175px|A young Highland dancer wearing the Aboyne dress prescribed for female dancers for the National dances]]

In one version, a tartan pattern skirt is worn with an over-the-shoulder plaid, a white blouse and petticoat, and a velvet bodice. The alternative is a white dress over a petticoat, together with a tartan pattern sash. A typical Aboyne dress consists of a dark [[bodice]] or elaborate [[waistcoat]], decorative blouse, full tartan [[skirt]] and some times a [[petticoat]] and [[apron]]. Some have a [[tartan]] sash (usually draped over the shoulder and coming down towards the hem of the skirt in the back) rather than an apron.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aboyne |url=http://www.highlandreel.com/page2.html |website=Highland Reel |publisher=Highland Reel, Aberdeenshire, Scotland |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=DONALDSON |first1=Emily Ann |title=The Scottish Highland Games in America |date=1986 |publisher=Pelican Publishing |isbn=978-1565545601 |page=142 }}</ref><ref name="AHG">{{cite web |title=Aboyne Highland Games |url=https://www.aboynegames.com/ |website=Aboyne Highland Games |publisher=Aboyne Highland Games Committee |access-date=29 July 2018}}</ref>

=== The blouse jacket or blouson ===
{{main|Blouson}}

The blouse jacket or blouson is garment drawn tight at the waist with blousing hanging over the waist band. The new style of man's Chetten loose blouse coat is made of stronger material or with inner lining, which can be worn alone or as a step on for a top. It is related to the [[Eisenhower jacket]].

== See also ==
* [[Choli]]
* [[Dress]]
* [[Skirt]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wiktionary-inline|blouse}}
*{{Commons category-inline|Blouses}}

{{Clothing}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:20th-century fashion]]
[[Category:1950s fashion]]
[[Category:History of Western fashion]]
[[Category:Clothing by function]]
[[Category:Tops (clothing)]]

Ram Krishna Singh

2026-03-24T11:26:57Z

BeauTesterman: quick adjusted section per standard format and improved wording

{{short description|Indian poet (born 1950)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
'''Ram Krishna Singh''' (born 31 December 1950) is a reviewer, critic, and contemporary poet who writes in [[Indian English]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/searchr.php?id=50527 |title=Expert Database |website=vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205064950/http://vidwan.inflibnet.ac.in/searchr.php?id=50527 |archive-date=2015-02-05}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dr.Singh was born on 31 December 1950 in Varanasi, India. After earning a B.A in 1970, he gained his M.A. in English Literature from [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1972, and his Ph.D. from [[Kashi Vidyapith]], Varanasi, in 1981. He also obtained a Diploma in Russian in 1972.

==Career==
He started his career in journalism, as a Compilation Officer in the District Gazetteers Department, Lucknow, 1973, and a Journalist with the [[Press Trust of India]], [[New Delhi]], 1973–74. Changing to teaching he became a lecturer at the [[Royal Bhutan Polytechnic]], [[Deothang]], Bhutan, 1974–76. Joining the [[Indian School of Mines]] in Dhanbad as Lecturer from 1976 to 1983, he then rose to assistant professor in 1983. He has been Professor of English in the Department of Humanities and Social Sciences IIT (ISM) Dhanbad, since 1993<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rksinghpoet.blogspot.com/|title=R.K.SINGH: Indian English Poet|website=rksinghpoet.blogspot.com|accessdate=28 August 2018}}</ref> and retired as Professor (HAG) on 31 December 2015. The poet is also a recognized name in ESP (English for Specific Purposes) from India. He has evaluated about 40 Ph.D. theses from various universities. He has also edited the ISM Newsletter for about five years.

==Works==
Dr. Singh is the author of more than 160 research articles, 170 book reviews, and 46 books. His works have been anthologized in approximately 150 publications, while his editorial activities include guest-editing of Language Forum, 1986, 1995, and Creative Forum, 1991, 1997, 1998. He was also co-editor of the latter publication from 1987 to 1990, General Editor of Creative Forum New Poets Series, and service on the editorial boards of Canopy, Indian Book Chronicle, Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics, Reflections, Titiksha, International Journal of Translation, Poetcrit, Impressions of Eternity (i.e.), and SlugFest. His poems have been translated into French, Spanish, Romanian, Chinese, Serbian, Croatian, Slovene, Japanese, Bulgarian, German, Italian, Portuguese, Greek, Crimean Tatar, Arabic, Farsi, Esperanto, Kannada, Tamil, Hindi, Punjabi, Telugu, and Bangla.
His poems featured in the poetry anthology, ''[[The Dance of the Peacock]]: An Anthology of English Poetry from India'',<ref name=brook>{{cite news|last1=Grove|first1=Richard|title=The Dance of the Peacock:An Anthology of English Poetry from India|url=http://hiddenbrookpress.com/Book-Indo-EnglishPoetry.html|accessdate=5 January 2015|issue=current|publisher=Hidden Brook Press, Canada|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929050126/http://hiddenbrookpress.com/Book-Indo-EnglishPoetry.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> featuring 151 Indian English poets, edited by Vivekanand Jha and published by Hidden Brook Press,<ref name=press>{{cite web|last1=Press|first1=Hidden Brook|title=Hidden Brook Press|url=http://hiddenbrookpress.com|publisher=Hidden Brook Press|accessdate=5 January 2015}}</ref> [[Canada]].

Books by Professor Singh include Savitri : A Spiritual Epic (Criticism, 1984); My Silence (poems, 1985); Sound and Silence (edited articles on Krishna Srinivas, 1986); Indian English Writing, 1981-1985: Experiments with Expression (ed., 1987, rept. 1991); Using English in Science and Technology (textbook, 1988, rev. and rept, 2000); Recent Indian English Poets : Expressions and Beliefs (ed. 1992); Two Poets: R.K. Singh (I DO NOT QUESTION) Ujjal Singh Bahri (THE GRAMMAR OF MY LIFE) (poems, 1994); General English Practice (textbook, 1995); Anger in Action : Explorations of anger in Indian writing in English (ed.,1997); My Silence, and other selected poems, (poems, 1996); Above the Earth's Green (poems, 1997); Psychic Knot : Search for Tolerance in Indian English Fiction (ed., 1998); New Zealand Literature : Some Recent Trends (ed.,1998); Multiple-Choice General English for UPSC Competitive Exams (textbook, 2001); Cover to Cover (poems, 2002), Communication : Grammar and Composition ( textbook, 2003), Sri Aurobindo's Savitri : Essays on Love, Life and Death ( Critical articles, 2005), Teaching English for Specific Purposes : An Evolving Experience ( Research articles and review essays, 2005), Voices of the Present: Critical Essays on Some Indian English Poets (2006), English as a Second Language: Experience into Essays (ed. research articles, 2007), English Language Teaching: Some Aspects Recollected (ed. research articles, 2008), Sexless Solitude and Other Poems (2009), and Mechanics of Research Writing (2010).

Also known as, '''R.K.Singh''', he is a prominent name in the '''Indian English Haiku''' genre. With his haiku anthologies, namely ''Every Stone Drop Pebble'' (1999), ''Peddling Dreams'' (A part of trilogy ''Pacem in Terris'' collection of poems in English and Italian, jointly with Myriam Pierri and Giovanni Campisi, English/Italian, 2003), ''The River Returns'' (2006), ''Sense and Silence: Collected Poems'' (2010), ''New and Selected Poems Tanka and Haiku'' (2012), ''I Am No Jesus and Other Selected Poems Tanka and Haiku'' (English/Crimean Tatar, 2014), ''God Too Awaits Light''(Cholla Neddles, September 2017), ''Growing Within - Desavarsire launtrica: haiku, tanka and other poems'' (Constanta: Anticus Press, 2018), THERE'S NO PARADISE And Other Selected Poems Tanka & Haiku (French Edition, Editions Muse, 3 April 2019), Tainted With Prayers: Contaminado con Oraciones (English/Spanish, Kindle/Amazon, 10 January 2020), Silencio: Blanca desconfianza: Silence: White Distrust (Spanish/English, Kindle/Amazon, 1 March 2021), Against the Waves: Selected Poems (New Delhi: Authors Press, May 2021), COVID-19 And Surge of Silence/Kovid-19 Hem Sessízlík Tolkȋnȋ (English/Tatar, Constanta: Anticus Press, 2021), Hakudaku: Silence: A White Distrust (English/Japanese, Kindle/Amazon, 18 October 2021), and Lantern In The Sky: Selected Haiku (English/French, Calameo.com, 12 March 2022). Dr Singh has tried to concretize the haiku images of self-effacing nature; oriented haiku with subjective, surreal and mythic elements, the emergent social and political consciousness, validating and exemplifying haiku practices in India. He has used Indian kigo, images, and experiences in his haiku. He doesn't differentiate between haiku and senryu.

== Awards and honors ==
In recognition of his achievements Professor Singh has received several awards and honours, among them:
*Honorary Litt.D. from the World Academy of Arts and Culture, Taiwan, 1984;
*Fellowship of the International Poets Academy, Madras, 1987;
*Fellowship of the International Writers and Artists Association, U.S.A.1988;
*Michael Madhusudan Award, Calcutta, 1994;
*Poet of the Year Award for 1995 from the Canadian Alumni of the World University, Ontario, 1996;
*[[Ritsumeikan University]] Peace Museum Award, Kyoto, 1999;
*Certificate of Honour and Nyuusen Prize in Kumamoto International Kusamamoto Haiku Competition, Japan, 2000 and 2008;
*Diploma of Author of the Year Award, Trento, Italy, 2002;
*Ambassador-India, Poets of the World, Chile, 2008;
*Lifetime Achievement Award, Chennai, 2009;
*Distinguished Membership of The International Association of Poets, Writers and Artists (IAPWA), Albania, 2012;
*Prize of Korea Literature, Korea, 2013;
*Special Award Diogen, 2013;
*Nazar Look Prize for Poetry, Romania, 2013;
*Nominated for XXXIX Pushcart Prize,2013, 2014;
*Winner of Naji Naaman's Literary Prize for 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.najinaaman.org/page233.html|title=Prizes 2015|website=www.najinaaman.org|accessdate=28 August 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*https://ismdhanbad.academia.edu/RKSingh
*http://www.indianfaculty.com/Faculty_Articles/FA20/fa20.html
*http://www.scribd.com/doc/238077602/List-of-Publications-Professor-R-K-SINGH
*http://www.penpoetry.com/allpoetry/ram-krishna-singh.html
*https://www.scribd.com/profrksingh/documents
*http://www.aveviajera.org/nacionesunidasdelasletrasuniletras/id1386.html
*https://archive.org/details/@r_k_singh

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Ram Krishna}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Writers from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:English-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scholars of English literature]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad]]
[[Category:Haiku poets]]

Deepak Dev

2026-03-23T18:42:06Z

BeauTesterman: General cleanup and content improvements

{{short description|Indian composer}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Deepak Dev
| image = Deepak Dev.jpg
| caption = Deepak in 2011
| image_size =
| birth_name = Deepak Devraj Komath
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|30 April 1978}}
| birth_place = [[Thalassery]], Kerala, India
| occupation = {{hlist|composer|Music director|Record producer|Singer|[[Programming (music)|Music Programmer]]|Instrumentalist}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Smitha Girijan|2002}}
| years_active = 2003–present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
|embed=yes
| instrument = [[Electronic keyboard|Keyboard]]s, vocals
| genre = {{hlist|[[Film score]]|Soundtrack|[[World music]]|[[Indi-pop]]|[[Dance music]]|Classical music}}
|past_member_of = [[Motherjane]]
| label = {{hlist|[[Satyam Audios]]|[[Manorama Music]]|Millenium Audios|[[Muzik 247]]|Goodwill Entertainments}}
| website = {{URL|www.deepakdev.in}}
| current_members =
| past_members =
}}
}}

'''Deepak Devraj Komath''' (born 30 April 1978), better known as '''Deepak Dev''',<ref>[http://deepakdev.com/ Official Website]. Deepakdev.com (2014-03-19). Retrieved on 2015-12-25.</ref><ref>[https://soundcloud.com/deepak-dev Official SoundCloud]. SoundCloud.com. Retrieved on 2015-12-25.</ref> is an Indian composer, best known for his compositions in [[Malayalam cinema]]. He started his career in the film Industry through the movie ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'' (2003) directed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]. Deepak is also a former member of the [[Kochi]] based Indian rock band [[Motherjane]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://motherjaneofficial.com/|title=Motherjane Official Website|website=motherjaneofficial.com}}</ref>

==Early years==
Deepak Dev is a native of [[Thalassery]] in Kerala, and grew up in [[Dubai]]. He studied at the Indian High School there and learned Indian Carnatic music since childhood. Later his interest switched mainly to the keyboard. While a graduate student in Sacred Heart College, he was the mastermind behind the college rock band which went on to win the intercollege competition 'Talent Time – Woodstock' award every year. He focused on programming music and started working with reputed musicians like [[A.R Rahman]], [[Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]], [[Sandeep Chowta]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], [[Anu Malik]], [[M.M. Keeravani]], [[Mani Sharma]], [[M. Jayachandran]] and [[Aadesh Shrivastava]].

He started his career in Malayalam movies with ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'', directed by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]] (of [[Siddique-Lal]] fame).

He said in an interview that he had almost given up on his musical career, soon after completing his graduation from Sacred Heart's College, Kochi, "as nothing exciting was happening in my career." However, every time he tried to sell his keyboard, it always came back to him, "as any guy who bought it from me with a mere small advance could never pile up the money that they had promised me for that keyboard and ended up giving it back to me. And soon after the third time it happened, the Siddique-Lal duo called me to join their group for their shows in the United States. They wanted me to render some music to fill the time in-between programs. As I got a chance to visit America, my intention was to get some job in the States like marketing, sales or anything other than music. During that time Mr.Siddique heard my composition and told me that 'I have good talent in music and I must take music as my career' Eventually, it was those words gave me courage to take music as my career. "After that I came back to India I shifted base from Kerala to Chennai, that was in 1999. After few years I met Siddique and he asked me to compose music for his movie 'Chronic Bachelor', my first film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Deepak%20Dev-635|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624013534/http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Deepak%20Dev-635|url-status=dead|title=Deepak Dev Profile|archivedate=24 June 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Deepak was born to Devraj Komath and Asha Dev based in [[Thalassery]], who now live in [[Dubai]]. He has a younger brother, Dixit Dev. He was educated at [[The Indian High School, Dubai]] and at [[Sacred Heart College, Thevara]]. Deepak married Smitha Girijan on 26 May 2002. The couple now live in Ernakulam with their two daughters, Devika (born 2003) and Pallavi (born 2006).

==Discography==
===As a composer===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! width=35 | Year
! width=175 | Film
! width=80 | Language
! width="65" | Songs
! width="65" | Score
! Notes
|-
||2003 || ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'' || rowspan="3" | [[Malayalam]]|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}}
|
|-
||2004 || ''[[Symphony (film)|Symphony]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}}
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2005 || ''[[Udayananu Tharam]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} || [[Vanitha Film Awards|Vanitha Film Award]] for Popular Song.
|-
| ''[[Naa Oopiri]]'' || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|{{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Naran (film)|Naran]]'' || rowspan="8" | Malayalam || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
|| ''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2006 || ''[[Lion (2006 film)|Lion]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Rashtram]]'' || {{yes}}
| {{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Yes Your Honour]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2007 || ''[[The Speed Track]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kaakki]]'' || {{yes}}
| {{Yes}} ||
|-
||2008 || ''[[Sadhu Miranda]]'' || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|{{Yes}}
| {{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2009 || ''[[Puthiya Mugham]]'' || rowspan="40" | Malayalam
|{{Yes}}
| {{Yes}} || [[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award]] for Best Music Director
|-
|''[[Rahasya Police]]'' ||{{no}} ||{{Yes}}
||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Drona 2010]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Tournament (film)|Tournament]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3"|2011 || ''[[Christian Brothers (film)|Christian Brothers]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}}|| [[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Score]]
|-
| ''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2012 || ''[[Padmasree Bharat Dr. Saroj Kumar]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
| ''[[Cobra (2012 film)|Cobra]]'' || {{no}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]]'' || {{yes}}
| {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[101 Weddings]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Chettayees]]''
| {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}
|-
| ''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2013 || ''[[Ladies and Gentleman]]'' || {{no}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ezhamathe Varavu]]'' || {{no}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Bicycle Thieves (2013 film)|Bicycle Thieves]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2014 || ''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}}||
|-
| ''[[Gangster (2014 film)|Gangster]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Ithihasa]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Hi I'm Tony]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Avatharam (2014 Malayalam film)|Avatharam]]''|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2015||''[[Bhaskar the Rascal]]''|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Lavender (2015 film)|Lavender]]''|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| ''Thilothama''|[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2015 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]
|{{Yes}}|| {{Yes}}
|-
|''[[Swargathekkal Sundaram]]''|| {{no}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Chirakodinja Kinavukal]]''<ref>[http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15819/malayalam/chirakodinja-kinavukal/index.htm Chirakodinja Kinavukal Malayalam Movie – Preview, Trailers, Gallery, Review, Events, Synopsis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150419162021/http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/15819/malayalam/chirakodinja-kinavukal/index.htm |date=19 April 2015 }}. Nowrunning.com. Retrieved on 2015-12-25.</ref>|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016||''Jaadayum Mudiyum''||{{yes}} || {{yes}}
|Short film
|-
|''[[King Liar]]''|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|2017||''[[Honey Bee 2: Celebrations]]''|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Sunday Holiday]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/asif-ali-aparna-balamurali-team-sunday-holiday-movie-starts-rolling-713291|title=Asif Ali and Aparna Balamurali team up for Sunday Holiday; movie starts rolling|website=[[International Business Times]]|date=23 January 2017}}</ref>|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Adam Joan]]''|| {{yes}} ||{{no}} ||
|-
|''[[Kaattu]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/arun-kumar-aravind-ropes-in-asif-ali-murali-gopy-for-a-revenge-drama/articleshow/56537478.cms|title = Arun Kumar Aravind ropes in Asif Ali, Murali Gopy for a revenge drama – Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]}}</ref>|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Masterpiece (2017 film)|Masterpiece]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/mammootty-s-masterpiece-here-is-a-new-update-262309.html|title = Mammootty's Masterpiece: Here is a New Update|date = 2 June 2017}}</ref>|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|2019 || ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2018/mohanlal-s-lucifer-the-title-font-the-movie-is-out-273583.html|title=Mohanlal's Lucifer: The Title Font of the Movie is Out!|date=8 May 2018}}</ref>|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''Vallikudilile Vellakkaran''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vellinakshatram.com/online/news/Vinothayathra-little-actor-Ganapathi-now-in-Vallikudilile-Vellakaran-movie_2018-02-27.php|title=പാലും പഴവും കൈകളിലേന്തിയ ഗണപതി വള്ളിക്കുടിലില്‍|website=www.vellinakshatram.com/online/}}</ref>|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Ittymaani: Made in China]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/mohanlals-ittymaani--made-in-china-is-a-family-entertainer-1.66189057|title=MohanLal's 'Ittymaani — Made in China' is a family entertainer|website=gulfnews.com}}</ref>|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Ganagandharvan]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mohanlal-makes-surprise-visit-film-launch-mammootty-s-ganagandharvan-102916|title = Mohanlal makes surprise visit to film launch of Mammootty's 'Ganagandharvan'|date = 3 June 2019}}</ref>|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020 || ''[[Big Brother (2020 film)|Big Brother]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mohanlal-plays-sachidanandan-big-brother-101378|title = Mohanlal plays Sachidanandan in 'Big Brother'|date = 7 May 2019}}</ref>|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''Yogi Da''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/apr/21/music-director-deepak-dev-returns-to-tamil-cinema-after-a-decade-with-yogi-da-11154.html|title = Music director Deepak Dev returns to Tamil cinema after a decade with Yogi da| website=[[Cinema Express]] }}</ref>|| Tamil || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2022 || ''[[Bro Daddy]]'' || rowspan="8" | Malayalam || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Twenty One Gms]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Djibouti (film)|Djibouti]]'' || {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''[[Monster (2022 film)|Monster]] ''|| {{yes}} ||{{yes}} ||
|-
|''My Name Is Azhakan''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Thalavan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Idiyan Chandhu]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2025
|''[[L2: Empuraan]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} ||
|}

===As a singer===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Song
!Album
!Singers
!Composer
|-
|rowspan="2"|2005
|"Munpe Munpe"
|''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]''
|Deepak Dev, Arjun
| rowspan="9" |Deepak Dev
|-
|"Udayananu Tharam"
|''[[Udayananu Tharam]]''
| [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith Govind]], Deepak Dev

|-
|2006
|"Nerathe Kalathethi"
|''[[Speed Track]]''
| Deepak Dev, [[Jassie Gift]], George Peter
|-
|2009
|"Thattum Muttum"
|''[[Puthiya Mukham]]''
| [[Jassie Gift]], Sindhu Rajaram, Deepak Dev
|-
|2010
|"Manassil"
|''[[Tournament (film)|Tournament]]''
|[[Naresh Iyer]], Deepak Dev, Megha
|-
|2011
|"Pranaya Nilaa" (Remix)
|''[[Teja Bhai & Family]]''
| [[Shaan Rahman]], Deepak Dev, [[Aalap Raju|Aalaap Raju]], [[Rahul Nambiar]]
|-
|2012
| "Cheruchillayil"
|''[[101 Weddings]]''
| [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], Deepak Dev
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
| "Kannil Aayiram"
|''[[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]]''
| [[Suchith Suresan]], [[Akhila Anand]], Deepak Dev
|-
|"Machane Machane Machu"
|''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]''
| Deepak Dev, Sreecharan, Vinod Varma

|-
|rowspan="4"|2014
|"Pandan Nayude"
|''[[Beware of Dogs]]''
|Jecin George, Deepak Dev
|[[Bijibal]]
|-
|"Ambada Njaane Chellada Mone"
|''[[Ithihasa]]''
|Deepak Dev, Lonely Doggy, Sannidanandan
|rowspan="2"|Deepak Dev
|-
|"Irul Moodumi"
|''[[7th Day (film)|7th Day]]''
|Deepak Dev

|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film/Album/Song
|-
|2019
|[[Mazhavil Manorama|Mazhavil Music Awards]]
|rowspan=2|Best Background Score
|''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]''
|-
|2011
|[[Kerala State Film Award]]
|''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]''
|-
|2009
|[[Asianet Film Awards|Asianet Film Award]]
|rowspan=2|Best Music Director
|''[[Puthiya Mukham]]''
|-
|2006
|[[Vanitha Film Awards|Vanitha Film Award]]
|''[[Udayananu Tharam]]''
|}

==Television shows==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Title !! Role !! Channel
|-
|Super star||rowspan=8|Judge ||rowspan=6|[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|''Super Star Junior''
|-
|''Super Star Junior 2''
|-
|''Super Star 2''
|-
|''Super star 3''
|-
|''Super star Junior 3''
|-
|''Gandharva sangeetham''||[[Kairali TV]]
|-
|''Super Star Junior 4''||[[Amrita TV]]
|-
|''Music Mojo Season 2''||rowspan=2|Band singer||rowspan=2|[[Kappa TV]]
|-
|''Music Mojo Season 3''
|-
|''Bhima Music India''||rowspan=10|Judge||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|''[[Super 4 (Indian TV series)|Super 4]]''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|-
|''Wonder Kids''
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|-
|''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Top singer 2]]'' || rowspan=4|[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers]]
|-
|''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Music Ulasavam]]''
|-
|''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Star Night]]''
|-
|''[[Top Singer (TV series)|Eenangalude Gandharvan]]''
|-
|''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Keralam 3]]'' || [[Zee Keralam]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1419961}}
*[http://varnachitram.com/2007/01/11/interview-deepak-dev-part-1/ Interview – part one] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928141143/http://varnachitram.com/2007/01/11/interview-deepak-dev-part-1/ |date=28 September 2011 }}
*[http://varnachitram.com/2007/01/12/interview-deepak-dev-part-2/ Interview – part two] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928141201/http://varnachitram.com/2007/01/12/interview-deepak-dev-part-2/ |date=28 September 2011 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dev, Deepak}}
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1978 births]]

Model Engineering College

2026-03-22T13:50:37Z

BeauTesterman: made some entry w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian public engineering institute in Kochi, Kerala (founded 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox university
| name = '''Model Engineering College, Cochin'''
| image = Model Engineering College Kochi 10.JPG
| caption = Main entrance to the college
| motto = ''Evolve into an academy of excellence to serve the knowledge society''
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Government cost-sharing [[Institute of technology|technical institute]] and research centre
| established = {{Start date and age|1989|10|09|df=yes|p=yes}}
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = {{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |title= |1=1. [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) |2= 2. [[Institute of Human Resources Development]] (IHRD)}}
| academic_affiliation =
{{Collapsible list |framestyle=border:none; padding:0; |title=Universities (Since 1989) |1=1. [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (Since 2015) |2= 2. [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] (1989-2015)}}
| accreditation = [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA)
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| principal = Dr. Mini
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad = 2400
| postgrad = 156
| doctoral = 20
| other =
| faculty = 125
| address = Model Engineering College, [[Thrikkakara]]
| city = [[Kochi, India|Kochi]]
| state = [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| postalcode = 682021
| pushpin_map = India Kochi#Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = center
| coordinates = {{Coord|10.028437425541668|76.32887717241515|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]] {{convert|30|acre|m2|abbr=on}}
| language = English, [[Malayalam]]
| free_label = Acronym
| free = '''MEC'''
| colours =
| athletics =
| athletics_nickname =
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot =
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = *{{URL|https://www.mec.ac.in/}} (Official website) 
*{{URL|http://www.xmec.in/}} (Alumni website)
| logo = Meclogo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt = Official logo
| colors = {{color box|#ff0000}} Red
{{color box|#ffffff}} White
| footnotes =
| embedded =
}}
'''Model Engineering College''' or '''MEC''' is a government cost-sharing [[Institute of technology|technical institute]] and research centre in [[Thrikkakara]], [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]. It was established by the [[IHRD (Institute of Human Resources Development)|Institute of Human Resources Development]] (IHRD), an autonomous agency under the [[Government of Kerala]], in 1989. It is affiliated to the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (KTU) since 2015.

MEC was previously affiliated to the [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] (CUSAT) until 2015. 'Excel' is the annual national techno-managerial festival conducted by MEC since 2001 under the motto "Inspire, Innovate, Engineer".

All B.Tech. programs offered by the institute are accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA).

==History==
MEC was established in 1989 by the [[Institute of Human Resources Development]] (IHRD), an autonomous technical educational research institute established by the [[Government of Kerala]] in 1987. MEC was the first institute in Kerala to be affiliated to the [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] (CUSAT). The institute shifted into its current campus in 1994. It is affiliated to the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (KTU) since 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://www.mec.ac.in/mec/history.php |website=Govt. Model Engineering College}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt. Model Engineering College, Thrikkakara |url=https://www.mec.ac.in/administrations |access-date=2025-04-26 |website=www.mec.ac.in}}</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:Model Engineering College Kochi Top view 02.JPG|thumbnail|The main academic block]]

===Facilities===
* Additional Skill Acquisition Programme (ASAP) Kerala Delivery Platform<ref name="fac"/>
* Amphitheatre<ref name="fac">{{cite web |url=https://www.mec.ac.in/facilities |title=Facilities in MEC | access-date = 12 February 2023}}</ref>
* Basketball ground<ref name="fac"/>
* Cafeteria<ref name="fac"/>
* Central Computing Centre<ref name="fac"/>
* Central Library<ref name="fac"/>
* College Buses<ref name="fac"/>
* Counselling Facility<ref name="fac"/>
* Football ground<ref name="fac"/>
* Gymnasium<ref name="fac"/>
* Laboratories and Workshops<ref name="fac"/>
* Main Auditorium<ref name="fac"/>
* Mens Hostel<ref name="fac"/>
* Open air theatre<ref name="fac"/>
* Placement Cell<ref name="fac"/>
* [[State Bank of India]] ATM<ref name="fac"/>
* University Research Centre<ref name="fac"/>
* Wi-Fi<ref name="fac"/>

== Organization and Administration ==
[[File:Murali Mohan dias FDP Linux.JPG|thumbnail|Faculty development program sponsored by [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE) at MEC]]

=== Governance ===
The Board of Governors (BoG) of MEC is constituted by the [[Institute of Human Resources Development]].<ref name="admn">{{cite web |url=https://www.mec.ac.in/administrations |title=Administration |website=mec.ac.in |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> It includes educationalists, industrialists, representatives from [[All India Council for Technical Education]] (AICTE), [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), [[Indian Institutes of Technology]] (IIT), [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (KTU), a state government nominee from its department of higher education, the college principal, and some faculty members.<ref name="admn"/>

=== Departments ===
The institute has six departments. They are:
* Department of [[Computer engineering]]<ref name ="mec"/>
* Department of [[Telecommunications engineering|Electronics and Communication engineering]]<ref name ="mec"/>
* Department of [[Electrical engineering|Electrical and Electronics engineering]]<ref name ="mec"/>
* Department of [[Biomedical engineering|Electronics and Biomedical engineering]]<ref name ="mec"/>
* Department of [[Mechanical engineering]]<ref name ="mec"/>
* Department of [[Applied science|Applied Sciences]]<ref name ="mec"/>

==Academics==
===Undergraduate programs===
MEC offers four-year long [[Undergraduate education|undergraduate]] [[academic degree]]s with a sanctioned annual intake of 660 students<ref name="mec">{{cite web |url=https://www.mec.ac.in/admissions |title= Admissions, Academic Programs, and Research facilities in Model Engineering College |access-date= 12 February 2023 |website=mec.ac.in}}</ref> in the following nine programmes:

* [[Computer engineering]]: 180 seats<ref name="mec"/>
* [[Electronic engineering|Electronics and]] [[Telecommunications engineering|communication engineering]]: 120 seats<ref name="mec"/>
* [[Business|Computer engineering (Business systems)]]: 60 seats<ref name="mec"/>
* [[Electronics engineering]] [[Very Large Scale Integration|(VLSI Design and Technology)]]: 60 seats<ref name="mec"/>
* [[Electrical engineering|Electrical and electronics engineering]]: 60 seats<ref name="mec"/>
* [[Biomedical engineering|Electronics and biomedical engineering]]: 60 seats<ref name="mec"/>
* [[Mechanical engineering]]: 60 seats.<ref name="mec"/>
* [[Electronic engineering|Electronics and]] [[Telecommunications engineering|communication engineering]] for working professionals: 30 seats<ref name="mec" />
* [[Electrical engineering|Electrical and electronics engineering]] for working professionals: 30 seats<ref name="mec" />

Students who successfully complete these academic programs from the institute will receive a [[Bachelor of Technology]] (B.Tech.) degree issued by the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] at the end.<ref name="mec"/>

All B.Tech. courses offered by the institute are accredited by the [[National Board of Accreditation]] (NBA).<ref name="NBA">{{Cite web|date=2007-10-30|url=http://www.hindu.com/edu/2007/10/30/stories/2007103050010100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031083838/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2007/10/30/stories/2007103050010100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2007-10-31|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=India and the Washington Accord}}</ref>

===Post Graduate programs===
The institute also offers two-year long [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] [[academic degree]]s with a sanctioned annual intake of 78 students<ref name="mec"/> in the following four specialisations:

* [[Very Large Scale Integration|VLSI design and]] [[embedded system]]s: 24 seats<ref name="mec"/>
* [[Data science]]: 18 seats<ref name="mec"/>
* [[Energy management]]: 18 seats<ref name="mec"/>

Students who successfully complete these academic programs from the institute will receive a [[Master of Technology]] (M.Tech.) degree issued by the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] at the end, since its Government college GATE score is one of the criteria For Admission.<ref name="mec"/>

=== Admission ===
The admission procedure and the fee structure for the academic programmes offered by the institute are decided by [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (KTU) and [[Institute of Human Resources Development]] (IHRD) respectively.

Admissions to the undergraduate programs are based on the ranklist prepared after the performance of applicants in the [[Kerala Engineering Architecture Medical|KEAM Entrance Test]] conducted by the Commissioner of Entrance Examinations (CEE), Kerala. 15% of total seats to the programs offered by the institute are reserved for [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Non-Resident Indians]] (NRIs).

Admissions to postgraduate programs offered by institute are based on the ranklist of [[Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering]] (GATE) conducted by Indian Institutes of Technologies ([[Indian Institutes of Technology|IITs]]).<ref name="gate">{{Cite web|url=http://gate.iitm.ac.in/|title=GATE Office, IITM}}</ref> The vacant seats are filled based on nativity, percentage of marks obtained, and reservation criteria of the students.

=== Research ===
[[File:Robotics workshop at the Model Engineering College.jpg|thumbnail|Robotics Workshop at MEC]]
MEC was the first engineering college in Kerala to be recognised by [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] as the research centre of university in the branch of Electronics and communication engineering in the year 2010.<ref name="mec"/> The research areas in 2010 included [[Digital image processing]], [[Signal processing]], and [[Optical communication]].<ref name="mec"/>

Later, the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (KTU) extended the research into various specialisations including [[Microwave engineering]], [[Biosignal|Biomedical Signal and Image Processing]], [[Very Large Scale Integration|VLSI]] and [[Embedded systems]], [[Reliability engineering]], etc.<ref name="mec"/>

In September 2022, the [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]] (KTU) decided to establish a Centre of Excellence (CoE) at MEC for advanced learning and research in the following fields of [[Computer engineering]]<ref name="coe">{{cite news |author= |date=29 September 2022 |title=APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University to establish three centres of excellence |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/apj-abdul-kalam-technological-university-to-establish-three-centres-of-excellence/article65950767.ece/ |work=The Hindu |location=Thiruvananthapuram |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> with industrial linkages:
* [[Artificial intelligence]] (AI)
* [[Machine learning]] (ML)
* [[Robotics]]
* [[Automation]]<ref name="cs">{{cite news |author= |date=21 December 2022 |title=Model Engineering College to set up centre of excellence in AI, Robotics|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/model-engineering-college-to-set-up-centre-of-excellence-in-ai-robotics/article66288526.ece/ |work=The Hindu |location=Kochi |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>
The university research centre will come up at a space of around 60,000 sq.ft in the institute.<ref name="cs"/>

== Traditions and student activities ==
The foremost student body of the institute is the Senate, which consists of elected representatives from each stream. The institute has several students bodies, of both technical and non-technical nature.

=== Technical bodies ===
[[File:Tedxmec excel 2013.JPG|thumbnail|A meeting conducted by [[TED (conference)|TEDx MEC]]]]
These include the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Development Cell (IEDC MEC), which is a fully functioning student body registered under the Technology Business Incubator of MEC. The cell provides a platform for students to work on their ideas and take it further.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iedc.mec.ac.in/ |title = IEDCMEC}}</ref><ref name="A model college for entrepreneurs">{{Cite news|date=2013-04-10|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/a-model-college-for-entrepreneurs/article4599239.ece|title=A model college for entrepreneurs|work=The Hindu|last1=Krishnakumar|first1=G.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/college-hosts-inspirational-series-for-pupils/articleshow/77512339.cms|title=College hosts inspirational series for students | Kochi News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers|IEEE]] student's branch,<ref name="twmh">{{Cite news|date=2012-05-29|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/workshop-to-test-skills-of-engineering-students/article3467645.ece|title=Workshop to test skills of engineering students|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Electronics Association (Mixed Signals),<ref name="twmk">{{Cite web|date=2012-05-29|url=http://www.kochivibe.com/%E2%80%98technical-workshop-marathon-2012%E2%80%99-begins-in-kochi/|title='Technical Workshop Marathon 2012' Begins in Kochi|work=KOCHIVIBE}}</ref> the Electrical Minds Forum (EMF), the MEC Association of Computer Students (MACS), the Biomedical Association (BMA), the Model Amateur Radio Association (MARC), the FOSS MEC, the [[Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers|IETE]] Students Branch, the [[TED (conference)|TEDx MEC]], the Topgear MEC (mechanical association), a robotics Club named Cyborg and NSDC MEC are some of the other student technical bodies in the institute.

There are multiple tech community and club branches in MEC which are highly active in supporting the students gain knowledge in core technical and related subjects. They include:
* Hack Club MEC: MEC branch of the international community 'Hack Club'.
* DSC MEC: MEC branch of Developer Students Club (Google).
* Tinkerhub MEC: MEC branch of Tinkerhub Kerala.

=== Non-technical bodies ===
These include the [[The Illuminati Quiz|Illuminati]] (quizzing fraternity),<ref name="Illuminati">{{Cite news|title=Keeping alive a precious memory|place= Kochi|date=2008-12-04|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/04/stories/2008120460781100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207045100/http://www.hindu.com/2008/12/04/stories/2008120460781100.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=2008-12-07}}</ref> the Debate Club, The Book Thieves (Literature Club), Bharathanam ( Music Club), the ''Bhoomitrasena'' (environmental club), and the National Service Scheme chapter among many others.<ref name="NSS mec">{{Cite news|title=Students provide a shade for the needy|work=The Hindu|place=Kochi|date=2011-08-21|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/students-provide-a-shade-for-the-needy/article2378395.ece}}</ref><ref name="A model college for entrepreneurs"/>

=== Excel ===
[[File:Excel 2014 logo.png|thumbnail|Official logo of Excel 2014]]
Excel is the annual national techno-managerial festival conducted by MEC under the motto "Inspire, Innovate, Engineer". The event is held over a period of three days and is conducted in association with the [[IEEE]] Student Branch of the college.<ref name = "Excelmec.org">{{Cite web|title=About Excel|url=http://www.excelmec.org|access-date=2009-06-02}}</ref> The festival has been held every year since its inception in 2001. It has been held as an All India Annual Technical Fest since its beginning in 2001.<ref name="Excel 2007">{{Cite news|title=Excel 2012, 13th edition|place=Kochi|date=2008-01-30|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/30/stories/2008013050430200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922091844/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/30/stories/2008013050430200.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=2008-09-22}}</ref>

=== Technopreneur ===
It is the annual national level entrepreneurial and managerial symposium of MEC and the flagship event of IEDC MEC. The first edition of Technopreneur, Technopreneur 2006, went on to win the Best Yi-Net event at the CII National Summit in [[Mumbai]]. The 13th edition of Technopreneur will be held in March 2023. The symposium attracts over 2000 participants across the nation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://technopreneurmec.in//|title = Technopreneur 2021 | National E-Summit of MEC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/feb/19/calling-all-technopreneurs-132739.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213757/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2010/feb/19/calling-all-technopreneurs-132739.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 June 2021|title=Calling all technopreneurs}}</ref>

=== Arts and sports ===
Arts and sports festivals are conducted every year by the college senate. The College Senate divides students into 4 houses, each with a captain and a co-captain. The houses compete with each other for the Arts, Sports and Overall trophies across multiple events. Houses are formed exclusively for the arts and sports competitions and are dissolved soon after. There is a college inauguration ceremony. Arts and Sports festivals are conducted annually in the even semesters. The Arts festival of the university is named ''Sargam'' which was later changed to ''Layatharang''. ''Chakravyuh'' is the name given to the annual sports meet. MEC was the overall champion of CUSAT inter-college arts fest ''SARGAM-2013'' consecutively for the third time.<ref>{{cite web | title = Sargam Results | url = http://www.sargamcusat.in/ | access-date = 1 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130531185649/http://www.sargamcusat.in/ | archive-date = 31 May 2013 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name="Arts1">{{Cite web|date=2013-03-16|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article1503782.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319112835/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/article1503782.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 March 2013|title=Model Engineering College leads in 'Sargam'|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="Arts2">{{Cite web|date=2012-03-07|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/model-engineering-college-bags-trophy/236613-60-122.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615171959/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/model-engineering-college-bags-trophy/236613-60-122.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-06-15|title=Model Engineering College bags trophy|work=CNN IBN}}</ref><ref name="Arts3">{{Cite news|date=2012-03-06|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/mec-champions-in-cusat-fete/article2965598.ece|title=MEC champions in Cusat fete|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Placements ==
Despite the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], MEC graduates of 2019-20 batch got nearly 100% placements in 2020.<ref name="pla">{{cite news |author= |date=3 September 2020 |title=Despite pandemic, MEC sees near-100% placements |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/despite-pandemic-mec-sees-near-100-placements/article32518245.ece/ |work=The Hindu |location=Kochi |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref> Almost all of the 360 students who graduated from the institute in 2020 got recruited by over 80 companies during the campus placement drive conducted by MEC.<ref name="pla"/> The [[multinational corporation]]s who recruited graduates from the campus in 2020 include [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[Microsoft]], [[Robert Bosch GmbH]], [[LinkedIn]], [[ServiceNow]], [[Amadeus IT Group]], [[Deloitte]], [[Synopsys]], [[FactSet]], [[Cypress Semiconductor]], [[Oracle Corporation]], and [[redBus]].<ref name="pla"/> The highest pay package was around {{INR}}30 Lakhs per Annum during the pandemic year.<ref name="pla"/> The median pay package was {{INR}}6.6 lakh per annum for product companies and {{INR}}4.5 lakh per annum for service-based companies.<ref name="pla"/>

==Alumni==
xMEC is the official alumni network of MEC.<ref name="amn">{{cite news |author= |date=8 October 2021 |title=Model Engineering College alumni association launches new scholarship|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/model-engineering-college-alumni-association-launches-new-scholarship/article36906755.ece/ |work=The Hindu |location=Kochi |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref><ref name="c19">{{cite news |author=G. Krishnakumar |date=28 August 2020 |title=COVID-19 financial crisis takes a toll on college students' online learning |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/covid-19-financial-crisis-takes-a-toll-on-college-students-online-learning/article32467371.ece/ |work=The Hindu |location=Kochi |access-date=12 February 2023}}</ref>


== See also ==
* [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University]]
* [[All India Council for Technical Education]]
* [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]
* [[Institute of Human Resources Development]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Education in Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Kochi]]
[[Category:Institute of Human Resources Development]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1989]]

Sal Khan

2026-03-21T16:54:56Z

BeauTesterman: adjusted intro to improve readability and fixed typos to improve readability

{{Short description|American educator (born 1976)}}
{{About-otherpeople|the American educator|Salman Khan}}
{{Pp-pc1}}
{{Use American English|date=April 2016}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Salman Khan
| image = Salman Khan TED 2011.jpg
| caption = Khan speaking at a [[TED (conference)|TED conference]] in 2011
| occupation = {{hlist|Educator|entrepreneur}}
| title = {{Plainlist|
* Founder and CEO of [[Khan Academy]]
* Founder of [[Khan Lab School]]
}}
| boards = [[Aspen Institute]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Umaima Marvi|2004}}
| birth_name = Salman Amin Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|10|11}}
| birth_place = [[Metairie, Louisiana]], U.S.
| children = 3
| relatives = [[Abdul Wahab Khan (politician)|Abdul Wahab Khan]] (grandfather)
| education = {{unbulleted list|[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|SB]], [[Master of Engineering|MEng]])|[[Harvard Business School|Harvard University]] ([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]])}}
| alt =
}}

'''Salman Amin Khan''' (born October 11, 1976) is an American educator and the founder of [[Khan Academy]], a free online non-profit educational platform with which he has produced over 6,500 video lessons teaching a wide spectrum of academic subjects, originally focusing on mathematics and science.<ref>{{Citation | title = Number of videos | url = https://www.khanacademy.org/ | publisher = Khan Academy}}.</ref> He is also the founder of [[Khan Lab School]], a private, in-person school in [[Mountain View, California]].<ref name="NPR">{{Cite web|title=From YouTube Pioneer Salman Khan, A School with Real Classrooms |website=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/ed/2016/06/30/476193095/from-youtube-pioneer-salman-khan-a-school-with-real-classrooms |publisher=NPR |last=Westervelt |first=Eric |date=June 30, 2016}}</ref>

{{As of|2026|January}}, the Khan Academy channel on YouTube has 9.27 million subscribers, and its videos have been viewed more than two billion times.<ref name="Youtube">{{cite web |title=Khan Academy |url=https://www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy/about |access-date=February 1, 2023 |work=YouTube}}</ref> In 2012, Khan was named in the annual publication of [[Time 100|''Time'' 100]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Gates |first=Bill |title=Time 100 – Salman Khan|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2111942,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419073136/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2111942,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 19, 2012 |access-date=April 22, 2012|newspaper= [[Time (magazine)|Time]]| date = April 18, 2012}}</ref> In the same year, he was featured on the cover of ''[[Forbes]]'', with the tagline "The $1 Trillion Opportunity."<ref>{{cite web | work= Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelnoer/2012/11/02/one-man-one-computer-10-million-students-how-khan-academy-is-reinventing-education/ | title =One Man, One Computer, 10 Million Students: How Khan Academy Is Reinventing Education |last=Noer |first=Michael |date=November 2, 2012}}</ref>

== Early life and family ==
Khan was born in [[Metairie, Louisiana]], on October 11, 1976, into a [[Bengali Muslims|Bengali Muslim]] family.<ref name="biography.com">{{cite web |title=Salman Khan |url=https://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515083119/http://www.biography.com/people/salman-khan-21416751 |archive-date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=June 20, 2017 |publisher=Biography.com |df=mdy-all}}</ref> His father Fakhrul Amin Khan (d. 1990) was a physician,<ref name="PA106">{{cite news |author=Ahsan, Kingkar |date=June 10, 2010 |title=স্বপ্নচূড়ায় সালমান |language=bn |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2010-10-06/news/99104 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209145547/http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2010-10-06/news/99104 |archive-date=February 9, 2018}}</ref><ref name="PA181">{{cite news |author=Sarkar, Anjali |date=January 18, 2012 |title=সমাবর্তন বক্তা সালমান |language=bn |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |location=[[Dhaka]] |url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-01-18/news/217343 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803204645/https://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/date/2012-01-18/news/217343 |archive-date=August 3, 2020}}</ref> originally hailing from the village of [[Rahmatpur, Bangladesh|Rahmatpur]] in [[Babuganj Upazila]], [[Bangladesh]] while his mother Masuda Khan is from [[Murshidabad]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref name="biography.com" /><ref>{{cite web |last=Gear Views |date=July 11, 2015 |title=Salman Khan's message: about bangla Khan Academy |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skf9Q2v0XjY |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/skf9Q2v0XjY |archive-date=2021-12-15 |publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Khan says that he grew up in a state of financial difficulty, recalling that his mother made $16,000 in 1993—he knew this because he had to do her taxes to get financial aid.<ref>{{Citation |title=Ask me anything with Sal Khan: May 15 {{!}} Homeroom with Sal | date=May 15, 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F06QN7sH9VA |access-date=2023-09-03 |language=en}}</ref> They are descendants of Rahmat Khan, a 16th-century chieftain of [[Pashtun]] origin, who was killed in battle with Kandarpanarayan Rai, the erstwhile [[Raja]] of [[Chandradwip]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Siraj Uddin Ahmed|Ahmed, Siraj Uddin]]|title=বরিশাল বিভাগের ইতিহাস|volume=1|publisher=Bhaskar Prakashani|location=[[Dhaka]]|year=2010|language=bn}}</ref> Khan's grandfather [[Abdul Wahab Khan (politician)|Abdul Wahab Khan]] was a prominent Bengali politician who served as Pakistan's third official [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker of the National Assembly]].

== Education ==
Khan attended [[Grace King High School]], where, as he recalls, "a few classmates were fresh out of jail and others were bound for top universities."<ref name="sen">{{cite news|last=Sengupta|first=Somini|title=Khan Academy Blends Its YouTube Approach With Classrooms |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/05/technology/khan-academy-blends-its-youtube-approach-with-classrooms.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=March 24, 2014|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 4, 2011}}</ref> He was a [[cartoonist]] for the high school's newspaper.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tension in an accelerating system and pie in the face |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52wxpYnS64U&feature=youtu.be&t=258 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/52wxpYnS64U |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-30|website=YouTube| date=February 10, 2008 }}{{cbignore}}</ref> Khan took mathematics courses at the [[University of New Orleans]] while he was in high school and graduated as [[valedictorian]] in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.unoalumni.com/salman-khan|title=Alumni Spotlights - Salman Khan|website=www.unoalumni.com|access-date=May 2, 2020 |archive-date=November 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129224848/https://www.unoalumni.com/salman-khan|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Tan|first=Sarah|title=Khan Academy founder returns home as big name in U.S. school reform |url=http://www.nola.com/education/index.ssf/2013/05/khan_academy_founder_returns_h.html?pagewanted=all|access-date=May 23, 2017|newspaper=The Times Picayune|date=May 18, 2013}}</ref>

He attended the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), graduating in 1998 with a double major [[Bachelor of Science|Bachelor's]] degree in Electrical Engineering & Computer Science and Mathematics and a [[Master of Engineering]] degree, also in Electrical Engineering & Computer Science.<ref name="Solomon">{{cite web|url=http://tech.mit.edu/V131/N57/khan.html|title=Sal Khan Is Commencement Speaker|first=Ethan A.|last=Solomon|publisher=The Tech|date=December 6, 2011|access-date=December 6, 2011|archive-date=June 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609045618/http://tech.mit.edu/V131/N57/khan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Butcher">{{cite web |last=Butcher |first=Ev |title=Course Code Designation Key |url=http://alumweb.mit.edu/clubs/sandiego/contents_courses.shtml |publisher=MIT Club of San Diego |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725142703/http://alumweb.mit.edu/clubs/sandiego/contents_courses.shtml |archive-date=July 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Khan |first=Salman Amin |title=Character segmentation heuristics for check amount verification |date=1998 |degree=MEng |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/47591}}</ref> In 2012, Khan was the youngest commencement speaker at his alma mater in 30 years.<ref name="Solomon" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wiredacademic.com/2011/12/sal-khan-compares-mit-to-hogwarts-will-be-2012-commencement-speaker-there/|title=MIT's Next Commencement Speaker Sal Khan Compares His Alma Mater to Hogwarts|publisher=Wired Academic|date=December 7, 2011|access-date=December 2, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126044605/http://www.wiredacademic.com/2011/12/sal-khan-compares-mit-to-hogwarts-will-be-2012-commencement-speaker-there/|archive-date=January 26, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>

Khan also holds a [[Master of Business Administration]] from [[Harvard Business School]], graduating in 2003.<ref name="Solomon" /><ref name="GatesFavorite">{{cite news |last=Kaplan |first=David A. |url=https://money.cnn.com/2010/08/23/technology/sal_khan_academy.fortune/ |title=Innovation in Education: Bill Gates' favorite teacher |work=Money |publisher=CNN |date=August 24, 2010 |access-date=June 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223035558/http://money.cnn.com/2010/08/23/technology/sal_khan_academy.fortune/ |archive-date=December 23, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2002, Khan was a summer [[Internship|intern]] at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]]. From 2003 to late 2009, he worked as a [[hedge fund]] analyst at Connective Capital Management.<ref name="http://chronicle.com">{{cite web | last =Kowarski |first=Ilana |url=http://chronicle.com/article/A-Self-Appointed-Teacher-Runs/65793/ |title = College 2.0: A Self-Appointed Teacher Runs a One-Man 'Academy' on YouTube |publisher=The Chronicle of Higher Education |date=June 6, 2010}}</ref>

=== Khan Academy ===
{{Main |Khan Academy}}
In 2004, Khan started tutoring his cousin, Nadia, in [[mathematics]] over the internet using [[Yahoo!]]'s Doodle notepad.<ref name="Khan Academy">{{cite video |year=2011 |title=Salman Khan: Let's use video to reinvent education |url=https://www.ted.com/talks/sal_khan_let_s_use_video_to_reinvent_education |publisher=TED |access-date=June 30, 2012 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222022519/http://www.ted.com/talks/salman_khan_let_s_use_video_to_reinvent_education.html |url-status=live }}</ref> When other relatives and friends sought his tutoring, he founded Khan Academy in 2006 and moved his tutorials to [[YouTube]], where he created an account on November 16, 2006.<ref name = "http://chronicle.com" />

The popularity of his educational videos prompted Khan to quit his job as a financial analyst in 2009.<ref name="Solomon" /> He shifted his focus to developing his [[YouTube]] channel, Khan Academy, full-time with the aid of close friend Josh Gefner.<ref name = "http://chronicle.com" /> In 2010, Khan's freshman-year roommate at MIT, Shantanu Sinhal, was appointed as Khan Academy’s president.<ref name="Solomon" /> Khan subsequently received sponsorship from Ann Doerr, the wife of [[John Doerr]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/substitute-teacher/story-e6frgabx-1226219801990 |title=Substitute teacher|first=Amanda|last= Bower|work= The Australian|date= December 16, 2011}}</ref>

Khan outlined his mission: to "accelerate learning for students of all ages. With this in mind, we want to share our content with whoever may find it useful." Khan believes that supplementing traditional classroom education with the technology being developed by his Academy can improve the effectiveness of teachers by freeing them from traditional lectures and giving them more time for instruction specific to individual students' needs.<ref name="sfgate" /> In 2009, Khan planned to extend the "free school" to cover topics such as [[English literature]].<ref name="sfgate">{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Salman-Khan-math-master-of-the-Internet-3278578.php |title=Salman Khan, math master of the Internet – SFGate |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=December 14, 2009 |access-date=August 26, 2010 | first=James | last=Temple}}</ref>

Khan Academy, initially a tool for students, added the Coach feature in 2012, promoting the connection of teachers with students through videos and monitor tools.<ref name="sen" /> In 2015, Khan announced that Khan Academy was partnering with the [[College Board]] to create free practice resources for the [[SAT]] test.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/06/02/college-board-and-khan-academy-team-ease-access-new-sat |title=College Board and Khan Academy team up to ease access to new SAT |website=www.insidehighered.com|date=June 2, 2015 }}</ref>

Khan published a book about Khan Academy and education goals titled ''The One World Schoolhouse: Education Reimagined.''<ref>{{cite video |year=2012 | type= radio interview | first = Salman 'Sal' | last = Khan | author-link = Salman Khan (educator) | work = AirTalk | title = Talking about his new book | url= http://www.khanacademy.org/talks-and-interviews/v/sal-on-airtalk-talking-about-his-new-book | publisher = Khan Adcademy |access-date= December 29, 2012}}</ref> In 2023, Khan Academy has more than 155 million registered users, with students spending billions of hours of learning on the platform.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sal Khan helped usher in an era of online learning through Khan Academy. Will its AI tool, Khanmigo, be a model for the future of education? |url=https://fortune.com/education/articles/khan-academy-sal-khan-khanmigo-ai-future-of-education/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Fortune |language=en}}</ref>

[[Stanford University|Stanford]] AI researcher [[Andrew Ng]] has named Khan as an inspiration for the founding of [[Coursera]], one of the first [[massive open online course]] (MOOC) platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ai.stanford.edu/~ang/papers/mooc14-OriginsOfModernMOOC.pdf|title=Origins of the Modern MOOC|last=Ng|first=Andrew}}</ref>

=== Khan Lab School ===
Khan's pedagogical idea is that students learn better when they can manage the process of acquiring knowledge independently and at their own pace. They should then work in teams to apply the knowledge they have learned. This concept is known as [[flipped classroom]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Future Talk #9, Redesigning Math Education | date=November 13, 2013 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vzztn6phTFM |language=en |access-date=2023-02-20}}</ref> His approach to learning incorporates elements of [[Benjamin Bloom]]'s [[mastery learning]].<ref name="heinz" /> This learning method is tested at his Khan Lab School, founded in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weller |first=Chris |title=The founder of Khan Academy built the ultimate school for kids to work and play together — take a look inside |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/khan-lab-school-tour-inside-sal-khans-newest-school-2017-10 |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Schoolhouse.world ===
In early 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Khan launched Schoolhouse, a free non-profit initiative to provide small-group tutoring for students worldwide through [[Zoom (software)|Zoom]] meetings. Schoolhouse certifications, developed in partnership with the [[University of Chicago]], test students’ mastery of subjects and certify their knowledge. [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]], [[California Institute of Technology|Caltech]], and [[Case Western Reserve University]] have since signed on.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnard |first=Brennan |title=Tutor Your Way To A College Acceptance (While Doing Good) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brennanbarnard/2022/03/10/tutor-your-way-to-a-college-acceptance-while-doing-good/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref>

=== TED ===
In October 2025, [[TED (conference)|TED]] announced Khan would become its new "Vision Steward", succeeding [[Chris Anderson (entrepreneur)|Chris Anderson]]. Khan’s role involves advising on TED’s long-term direction in education and technology.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TED’s new chapter begins! |url=https://blog.ted.com/teds-new-chapter-begins/ |last=Anderson |first=Chris |date=2025-10-15 |website=TED Blog |author-link=Chris Anderson (entrepreneur)}}</ref>

== Awards ==
In 2012, Khan received the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]] Golden Plate Award for public service.<ref>{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url= https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=2012 Summit Highlights Photo | url= https://achievement.org/summit/2012/|quote= Salman Khan, pioneer of online education, receives the Gold Medal from Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa.}}</ref> In 2014, Khan received the 19th Annual [[Heinz Awards|Heinz Award]] in the Human Condition category.<ref name="heinz">{{Cite web |title=Salman Khan |url=https://www.heinzawards.org/pages/salman-khan |access-date=2023-02-20 |website=www.heinzawards.org |language=en}}</ref>

In 2016, Khan received the fourth-highest civilian award of the [[India|Republic of India]], the [[Padma Shri]], from the [[President of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padma Awards website|url=http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=2016-2016&Place=USA&Field=Literature%20and%20Education|access-date=2021-01-03|archive-date=April 11, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411093731/http://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=2016-2016&Place=USA&Field=Literature%20and%20Education|url-status=dead}}</ref>
On May 27, 2021, Khan received an honorary [[Doctor of Law]]s degree from [[Harvard University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Honoring the Class of 2021|url=https://www.harvard.edu/campus/honoring-the-class-of-2021/|last=Salman Amin Khan Doctor of Laws|first=Join the Celebration|date=2021-05-27|website=Harvard.edu|access-date=2021-05-29}}</ref>

== Recognition ==
In 2010, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation became one of the academy's biggest supporters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adams |first=Richard |date=2013-04-23 |title=Sal Khan: the man who tutored his cousin – and started a revolution |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2013/apr/23/sal-khan-academy-tutored-educational-website |access-date=2023-12-05 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In 2012 Khan was named one of TIME's 100 most influential people in the world ([[Time 100]]).<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The World's 100 Most Influential People: 2012 - TIME |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,2111975,00.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref> Bill Gates has said; "I've used Khan Academy with my kids, and I'm amazed at the breadth of Sal's subject expertise and his ability to make complicated topics understandable."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Gates |first=Bill |date=2012-04-18 |title=Salman Khan - The World's 100 Most Influential People: 2012 - TIME |language=en-US |magazine=Time |url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2111942,00.html |access-date=2023-12-05 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Khan is married to physician Umaima Marvi. The couple live with their children in [[Mountain View, California]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://dawn.com/2011/04/26/education-2-0-the-khan-academy/ |title=Education 2.0: The Khan Academy |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=April 26, 2011|access-date=November 6, 2012}}</ref><ref name="biography.com" /> Khan's first child, a son, suffered from childhood epilepsy, which he later outgrew, but the experience had lasting effects for the family to realize what was important in life.<ref>{{Cite web |title=351: If You Want To Change the World, Educate the World |url=https://findingmastery.com/podcasts/sal-khan/ |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=Finding Mastery |language=en-US}}</ref>

Khan has said about his beliefs:
<blockquote>"If you believe in trying to make the best of the finite number of years we have on this planet (while not making it any worse for anyone else), think that pride and self-righteousness are the cause of most conflict and negativity, and are humbled by the vastness and mystery of the Universe, then I'm the same religion as you."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions - Info Pages |url=https://sites.google.com/a/khanacademy.org/hub/frequently-asked-questions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314074159/https://sites.google.com/a/khanacademy.org/hub/frequently-asked-questions |archive-date=March 14, 2023 |website=sites.google.com}}</ref></blockquote>

Khan played the guitar during his childhood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jennings |first=Duffy |date=March 2014 |title=Meet Sal Khan, Khan Academy |url=https://jointventure.org/about-us/profiles/42-about-us/profiles/1072-meet-sal-khan-khan-academy |access-date=2026-03-01 |website=jointventure.org}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Salman Amin Khan}}
{{wikiquote}}
* [https://www-nature-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/articles/d41586-024-02084-3 ''Brave New Words'' by Salman Khan, (2024)]. Book review, ''Nature'', 26 June 2024 (scroll down)
* {{Charlie Rose view|7144|Salman Khan}}
* {{C-SPAN|68115}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Salman}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:American chief executives of education-related organizations]]
[[Category:Mathematics popularizers]]
[[Category:American financial analysts]]
[[Category:American nonprofit businesspeople]]
[[Category:American people of Bangladeshi descent]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi people of Afghan descent]]
[[Category:American chief executives in technology]]
[[Category:American technology company founders]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from New Orleans]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from the San Francisco Bay Area]]
[[Category:Grace King High School alumni]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:MIT School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:People from Mountain View, California]]
[[Category:People from Metairie, Louisiana]]
[[Category:Asia Game Changer Award winners]]
[[Category:Educators from Louisiana]]
[[Category:21st-century American businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:YouTubers from Louisiana]]
[[Category:YouTubers from California]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]
[[Category:American mathematics educators]]
[[Category:People from Babuganj Upazila]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Barisal Division]]
[[Category:American people of Bengali descent]]

Pushpalata Das

2026-03-21T15:54:39Z

BeauTesterman: small refined intro as per guidelines and corrected details per sources

{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pushpalata Das
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1915|03|27}}
| birth_place = [[North Lakhimpur]], [[Assam]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2003|11|09|1915|03|27}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Omeo Kumar Das]]|1942|23 January 1975|end=died}}
| domesticpartner =
| children = 1
| parents = {{ubl|Rameswar Saikia|Swarnalata}}
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = 1951
| term_end = 1961
| constituency = [[Assam]]
| office1 = Member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| termstart1 = 1967
| termend1 = 1972
| predecessor1 = [[Omeo Kumar Das]]
| successor1 = Hiranya Bora
| constituency1 = [[Dhekiajuli Assembly constituency|Dhekiajuli]]
}}
'''Pushpalata Das''' (1915–2003) was an [[Indian independence activist]], social worker, [[Gandhian]] and legislator from the north-east Indian state of [[Assam]].<ref name="Pushpa Lata Das (1951-2003)">{{cite web | url=http://www.indiaonline.in/about/Personalities/Freedom-Fighters/Pushpa-Lata-Das.html | title=Pushpa Lata Das (1951-2003) | publisher=India Online | date=2016 | access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> She was a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] from 1951 to 1961, a member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]] and of the [[Congress Working Committee|working committee]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name="Pushpalata’s memories live on">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1031121/asp/guwahati/story_2594467.asp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211201833/http://telegraphindia.com/1031121/asp/guwahati/story_2594467.asp | url-status=dead | archive-date=11 February 2009 | title=Pushpalata's memories live on | publisher=The Telegraph | date=21 November 2003 | access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> She served as the chairperson of the Assam chapters of the [[Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust]] and [[Khadi and Village Industries Commission]].<ref name="Puspa Lata Das Biography">{{cite web | url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/who-is-who/history/puspa-lata-das.html | title=Puspa Lata Das Biography | publisher=Maps of India | date=2016 | access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> The Government of India awarded her the country's third highest civilian honour, the [[Padma Bhushan]], in 1999, for her contributions to society.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Kanaklata Udyan, Tezpur.jpg|thumb|235px|A sculpture at Kanaklata Udyan showing the police shooting of 1942]]
Born on 27 March 1915<ref name="Pathak2008">{{cite book|author=Guptajit Pathak|title=Assamese Women in Indian Independence Movement: With a Special Emphasis on Kanaklata Barua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6igd9NaJFlUC&pg=PA118|year=2008|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-233-2|pages=118–}}</ref> to Rameswar Saikia and Swarnalata in [[North Lakhimpur]] in [[Assam]], Das did her schooling at Panbazar Girls High School.<ref name="Pushpa Lata Das (1951-2003)" /> She started her political activities from school days and was the secretary of an organization by name, '' Mukti Sangha''.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}} In 1931, she and her comrades organized a protest against the hanging of the revolutionary, [[Bhagat Singh]] by the [[British Raj]] and was expelled from school.{{citation needed|date= August 2022}}

She continued her studies as a private student and passed the matriculation examination in 1934, after which she joined [[Benaras Hindu University]] to complete her intermediate course. Later, she graduated from [[Andhra University]] and secured post-graduate degree from the same university in 1938. Subsequently, she enrolled herself for studies in law at Earle Law College, Guwahati where continued her student politics; she was the secretary of the college union in 1940. It was during this time, [[Gandhiji]] called for ''Individual [[Satyagraha]]'', as a part of [[civil disobedience movement]] and as a precursor to the [[Quit India Movement]] which would be launched two years later,<ref name="Individual Satyagraha 1940-41">{{cite web | url=http://www.gktoday.in/individual-satyagraha-1940-41/ | title=Individual Satyagraha 1940-41 | publisher=GK Today | date=2016 | access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> and Das participated in the movement. She was incarcerated which effectively cut short her law studies.<ref name="Pushpa Lata Das (1951-2003)" />

==Political life==
Due to her association with the National Planning Committee as a member of its Women Sub Committee, Das moved to Mumbai that year and stayed there for two years. Her activities gave her opportunities to work alongside [[Mridula Sarabhai]] and [[Vijaya Laxmi Pandit]] as well as [[Omeo Kumar Das]], then sitting member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]],<ref name="Lokanayak Omeo Okumar Das">{{cite web | url=http://www.freeindia.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=524 | title=Lokanayak Omeo Okumar Das | publisher=Free India | date=2016 | access-date=26 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421190350/http://freeindia.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=524 | archive-date=21 April 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> whom she married in 1942. She returned to Assam after her marriage and formed two organizations, ''Shanti Bahini'' and ''Mrityu Bahini''.<ref name="Freedom Struggle in Assam">{{cite web | url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr98/fe0898/f0308985.html | title=Freedom Struggle in Assam | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=2016 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

In September 1942, Das and her comrades of ''Mrityu Bahini'' led a protest to the local police station holding the [[National Flag of India]] and it was at this procession, the police opened fire which led to the death of her colleague, [[Kanaklata Barua]].<ref name="Pathak2008-2">{{cite book|author=Guptajit Pathak|title=Assamese Women in Indian Independence Movement: With a Special Emphasis on Kanaklata Barua|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6igd9NaJFlUC&pg=PA52|year=2008|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-8324-233-2|pages=52–}}</ref> By that time, she had already become a member of the [[All India Congress Committee]] and the convener of the women's wing of the Assam Congress Committee and reportedly worked to get Assam out of the grouping with [[East Pakistan]].<ref name="Pushpa Lata Das (1951-2003)" />

After the Indian independence in 1947, Das couple focused their activities in [[Dhekiajuli]] in Assam which Omeo Kumar Das represented in Assam Legistalive Assembly for successive terms from 1951 to 1967.<ref name="List of Winning MLA's from Dhekiajuli Till Date">{{cite web | url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/assam/dhekiajuli-assembly-constituency.html | title=List of Winning MLA's from Dhekiajuli Till Date | publisher=Maps of India | date=2016 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> Pushpalata Das herself was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1951 and held the position 1961.<ref name="Puspa Lata Das – Freedom Fighter of India">{{cite web | url=http://www.indian-gk.in/freedom_fighters/puspa-lata-das-freedom-fighter-of-india/ | title=Puspa Lata Das – Freedom Fighter of India | publisher=Indian GK | date=2016 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> It was during this period she led the 1957 election campaign of [[Chandraprava Saikiani]] from Bajali constituency.<ref name="Baragohāñi1999">{{cite book|author=Nirupamā Baragohāñi|title=One Life Many Rivers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCS3E11jeR0C&pg=PT156|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0688-5|pages=156–}}</ref> Later, she was elected to the [[Congress Working Committee]] in 1958 and the next year, she visited a number of East European countries as a member of the parliamentary delegation. In 1967, she contested from [[Dhekiajuli]] when her husband vacated the constituency, winning the election representing [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1967-72">{{cite web | url=http://assamassembly.gov.in/mla-1967-72.html | title=Assam Legislative Assembly - MLA 1967-72 | publisher=Assam Legislative Assembly | date=2016 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> After the death of her husband on 23 January 1975,<ref name="Lokanayak Omeo Okumar Das" /> Das withdrew from parliamentary politics, concentrating for more social service.<ref name="Das2013">{{cite book|author=Samir Kumar Das|title=Governing India's Northeast: Essays on Insurgency, Development and the Culture of Peace|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSFGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA36|date=4 June 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-81-322-1146-4|pages=36–}}</ref> She served as the chairperson of the Assam chapter of the All India Khadi Board and chaired the state boards of Bhudan and Gramdan initiatives.<ref name="Puspa Lata Das – Freedom Fighter of India" /> She was also associated with the Central Social Welfare Board and served as a member of the women's section of the Congress Planning Committee and the East India wing of the [[Censor Board of India]]. She edited the Assamese magazine, ''Jayanti'' and headed the Assam branch of the [[Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust]] for a certain period of time.<ref name="Pushpa Lata Das (1951-2003)" /> She also published one book, ''Rajarama Sukla rashtriyaatma varcasva evam krtitva, san 1898-1962'', released in 1976.<ref name="Rajarama Sukla rashtriyaatma varcasva evam krtitva, san 1898-1962">{{cite book | title=Rajarama Sukla rashtriyaatma varcasva evam krtitva, san 1898-1962 | publisher=Durga Prakasana | author=Pushpalata Das | year=1976 | pages=359 | asin=B0000CR6XS}}</ref>

==Award and honours==
The Government of India honored her with ''Tamrapatra Freedom Fighter Award'' but she declined it saying she participated in the Indian freedom struggle without expecting returns.<ref name="Freedom Struggle in Assam" /> In 1999, the government awarded her the third highest civilian honor of the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards" /> Towards the later days of her life, she suffered from age-related illnesses<ref name="Freedom fighter Pushpalata Das dead">{{cite web | url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/freedom-fighter-pushpalata-das-dead_130664.html | title=Freedom fighter Pushpalata Das dead | publisher=Zee News | date=9 November 2003 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref> and had to be moved to a Woodlands Nursing Home in Kolkata, where she died on 9 November 2003, at the age of 88, survived by her daughter, Nandini and her husband, Sasanka Dutta.<ref name="Freedom fighter Pushpalata Das passes away">{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Freedom-fighter-Pushpalata-Das-passes-away/articleshow/275094.cms | title=Freedom fighter Pushpalata Das passes away | publisher=Times of India | date=10 November 2003 | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mridula Sarabhai]]

{{portal|India}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite journal | url=http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/file/40928/oer_033_2_001_009.pdf | title=Role of Assamese Women in the Freedom Struggle of India | author=Rekha Rani Sarma Puzari, Kazumi Mazane | journal=岡山大学経済学会雑誌 | year=2001 | volume=33 | issue=2 | access-date=27 May 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604191040/http://ousar.lib.okayama-u.ac.jp/file/40928/oer_033_2_001_009.pdf | archive-date=4 June 2016 | url-status=dead }}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | title=Rajarama Sukla rashtriyaatma varcasva evam krtitva, san 1898-1962 | publisher=Durga Prakasana | author=Pushpalata Das | year=1976 | pages=359 | asin=B0000CR6XS}}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Pushpalata}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in social work]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Journalists from Assam]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese-language writers]]
[[Category:Assamese people]]
[[Category:People from Lakhimpur district]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]
[[Category:Gandhians]]
[[Category:Quit India Movement]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Assam]]
[[Category:Women members of the Assam Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian women editors]]
[[Category:Indian editors]]
[[Category:Women writers from Assam]]
[[Category:Social workers from Assam]]
[[Category:Women members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Assam]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 1967–1972]]

Siege of Gurramkonda Fort

2026-03-19T14:12:31Z

BeauTesterman: put up a stub more to come...

{{Short description|Conflict between Vijayanagara Empire and Ravella Nayaks}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Gurramkonda
| partof = Deccani–Vijayanagar wars
| image = Gurramkonda Hill Fort.jpg
| caption = Painting of Gurramkonda Fort
| image_size =
| date = Unknown
| place = [[Gurramkonda]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| result = [[Vijayanagar]] victory
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[Vijayanagar Empire]] ''' Supported by''': {{Tree list}} [[Vijayanagara]] [[Vassals]]
** [[Matli Chiefs]] {{Tree list/end}}
| combatant2 = [[Ravella Nayaks]] '''Supported by:''' {{flagicon image|Qutbshahi Flag.svg}} [[Golconda Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Venkatapati Raya]] [[Matla Anantaraju]]
| commander2 = Ravella Velikonda Venkatadri {{Surrendered}}
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| casualties1 =
}}

The '''Siege of Gurramkonda''' was a conflict between [[Vijayanagara Empire]] and [[Ravella Nayaks]] supported by Golconda Sultanate Matla Ananta besieged the [[Gurramkonda Fort]] held by the Ravilla chief Velikonda Venkatadri. Despite strong defence from the garrison Ananta continued the siege until part of the fort was broken. Seeing no way to hold out the Ravilla chief asked for peace and withdrew from the fort to his domain.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dr. N. Ramesan |url=http://archive.org/details/the-tirumala-temple-by-dr-n-ramesan-in-english |title=The Tirumala Temple By Dr. N. Ramesan In English |date=2015 |publisher=TTD |language=English|page=39}}</ref>

==Background==
===Capture of Gooty===
After their victory at Penukonda, the Vijayanagara army moved quickly to drive out the Golconda garrisons still holding important forts. They first captured [[Gooty]] and then marched toward [[Gandikota]]. At the same time Sultan [[Muhammad Quli Qutub Shah]] ordered Afzal Khan, the governor of Kondavidu to send help to the [[Gandikota]] garrison.<ref name="aps">{{Cite book |last=K A Nilakanta Sastri |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280075 |title=Further Source Of Vijayanagara History Vol I 1946 By K A Nilakanta Sastri |date=1946|pages=315–317}}</ref><ref name="bps">{{Cite book |url=http://archive.org/details/sanskritindologi0000unse |title=Sanskrit and Indological studies : Dr. V. Raghavan felicitation volume |date=1975 |publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass |others=Internet Archive |isbn=978-0-8426-0821-3|pages=484-485}}</ref>
===Vijaynagara Raids Into Kondavidu===
The troops left Kondavidu without enough protection during their journey. When [[Venkatapati Raya]] learned about their movement he sent instructions to Kowalanunda the governor of [[Udayagiri]] to trouble the advancing army and damage Golconda held areas. Kowalanunda then sent his son-in-law Woorias Ray who carried out a successful raid into [[Kondavidu]] territory and caused serious disruption to the enemy.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/>
===Battle of Kamalakuru===
Afzal Khan, unable to face the advancing [[Vijayanagara]] forces tried to strengthen his position by urging the local jagirdars to gather their men and destroy the [[Udayagiri]] region. While one Muslim account claims that Afzal Khan and Ajada Khan won a victory the Hindu records tell a different story. The Kaifiyat of Cittiveli explains that a large force of Uriya and Manne nobles led by the Ravella chief and joined by [[Golconda]] troops moved from the direction of Udayagiri to surround the Badvel area. They camped at Kamalakuru in the [[Siddavatam]] region of present-day Cuddapah district. Part of this combined army marched further south under a Ravilla family leader and reached the hill-fort of [[Gurramkonda]] in today’s Chittoor district.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/>

Venkatapati Raya ordered his nobles Matla Ananta and Kasturi Rangappa to drive out the invading forces. Following his command both leaders marched swiftly toward [[Kamalakur]]. In the battle Vijayanagara troops defeated the [[Golconda]] army and forced them to retreat. Kasturi Rangappa continued the chase and pursued the scattered enemy as far as Koccerlakota. Meanwhile, Matla Ananta moved toward [[Gurramkonda]] with his men and laid siege to the hill-fort.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps">{{Cite book |last=K.A.Nilakanta Sastry |url=http://archive.org/details/FurtherSourcesOfVijayanagaraHistory |title=Further Sources Of Vijayanagara History |date=1946 |pages=272–273|language=English}}</ref>
==Siege==
The Ravilla chief who had plenty of artillery and supplies put up a strong defence at [[Gurramkonda]]. Even though the defenders used gunpowder mines, heavy cannon fire, and hurled stones from the fort Matla Ananta did not give up. He continued the siege pressing forward despite the danger. his efforts paid off and one of the fort’s bastions was destroyed. The garrison could no longer hold out and the Ravella chief understood that resistance was useless. He asked for peace and after handing over the fort returned to his own country.<ref name="aps"/><ref name="bps"/><ref name="cps"/><ref name="dps">{{Cite book |last=Ramesan |first=N. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.09226 |title=Andhra Pradesh district gazetteers :Chittoor |date=1979 |publisher=Andhra Pradesh|page=36}}</ref>
==Aftermath==
The victories at [[Kamalakur]] and [[Gurramkonda]] changed the situation in favour of Vijayanagara. The Golconda garrison at [[Gandikota]] was left helpless because the reinforcements sent from [[Kondavidu]] were stopped on the way and defeated before they could arrive. Sudden floods in the rivers also cut off any chance of support from Golconda. The plan to trouble [[Venkatapati Raya]] by attacking his lands failed.<ref name="aps"/>
==See also==
* [[Siege of Penukonda]]
* [[Golconda Sultanate]]
* [[Gurramkonda]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving Matli Chiefs]]

Child

2026-03-13T21:30:17Z

BeauTesterman: rework page for accuracy and improved wording

{{Short description|Human between birth and puberty}}
{{Redirect2|Children|Childhood||Child (disambiguation)|and|Children (disambiguation)|and|Childhood (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-protected|reason=vandalism/disruptive editing|expiry=indefinite|small=yes|vandalism}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Human growth and development}}
[[File:International children dressed in their native costumes participate in the 100th anniversary of the Statue of Liberty - DPLA - 4461efafd5c4ba7fde8eedb1f13f439e.jpeg|thumb|250px|International children in traditional clothing at [[Liberty Weekend]]]]

A '''child''' ({{plural form|'''children'''}}) is a [[human]] being between the stages of [[childbirth|birth]] and [[puberty]],<ref name="Child">{{cite web|title=Child |publisher=[[TheFreeDictionary.com]]|access-date=5 January 2013|url=http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Child}}</ref><ref name="Mosby">{{cite Q|Q19573070| book| last= O'Toole | first= MT |title=Mosby's Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions |location = St. Louis MO | oclc = 800721165|isbn = 978-0-323-07403-2 | url = https://archive.org/details/mosbysdictionary09edunse/page/344/mode/2up?q=345 |publisher=[[Elsevier Health Sciences]]|year=2013|page=345}}</ref> or between the [[Development of the human body|developmental period]] of [[infancy]] and puberty.<ref name="Rathus">{{cite book|vauthors = Rathus SA|title =Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development|isbn =978-1-285-67759-0|publisher=[[Cengage Learning]]|year=2013|page=48|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OfIWAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT48}}</ref> The term may also refer to an unborn human being.<ref>{{cite web|title=Child |publisher=[[OED.com]]|access-date=11 April 2023|url=https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/31619}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Child |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster.com]]|access-date=11 April 2023|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/child}}</ref> In English-speaking countries, the legal definition of ''child'' generally refers to a [[minor (law)|minor]], in this case as a person younger than the local [[age of majority]] (there are exceptions such as, for example, the consumption and purchase of [[alcoholic beverage|alcoholic beverages]] even after said age of majority<ref>{{Cite web |title=When Is It Legal For Minors To Drink? |url=https://alcohol.org/laws/underage-drinking/ |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=Alcohol.org |language=en}}</ref>), regardless of their physical, mental and sexual development as biological [[adult]]s.<ref name=Child /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Children and the law |url=https://learning.nspcc.org.uk/child-protection-system/children-the-law/child-protection-system/children-the-law |access-date=2024-05-31 |website=NSPCC Learning|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=23.8: Adulthood |url=https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.8%3A_Adulthood#:~:text=Defining%20Adulthood,-Adulthood%20is%20the&text=A%20person%20may%20be%20physically,by%20law%20until%20older%20ages. |website=LibreTexts - Biology |date= 31 December 2018|quote=A person may be physically mature and a biological adult by age 16 or so, but not defined as an adult by law until older ages. For example, in the U.S., you cannot join the armed forces or vote until age 18, and you cannot take on many legal and financial responsibilities until age 21.}}</ref> Children generally have fewer [[Children's rights|rights]] and responsibilities than adults. They are generally classed as unable to make serious decisions. 

''Child'' may also describe a relationship with a [[parent]] (such as [[son]]s and [[daughter]]s of any age)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml|title=For example, the US Social Security department specifically defines an adult child as being over 18|publisher=Ssa.gov|access-date=9 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001072300/http://www.ssa.gov/dibplan/dacpage.shtml|archive-date=1 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> or, [[Metaphor|metaphorically]], an [[authority figure]], or signify group membership in a clan, tribe, or religion; it can also signify being strongly affected by a specific time, place, or circumstance, as in "a child of nature" or "a child of the Sixties."<ref>{{cite web|title=American Heritage Dictionary |url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html |date=7 December 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229155809/http://www.bartleby.com/61/13/C0291300.html |archive-date=29 December 2007 }}</ref>

== Biological, legal and social definitions ==
[[File:Children games Louvre Ma99 n2.jpg|thumb|Children playing ball games, Roman artwork, 2nd century AD]]
In the biological sciences, a child is usually defined as a person between birth and puberty,<ref name="Child"/><ref name="Mosby"/> or between the developmental period of infancy and puberty.<ref name="Rathus"/> Legally, the term ''child'' may refer to anyone below the age of majority or some other age limit.

The [[United Nations]] [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] defines ''child'' as, "A human being below the age of 18 years unless under the [[law]] applicable to the child, [[Age of majority|majority]] is attained earlier."<ref name="un">{{cite web|url=http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child|department = General Assembly Resolution 44/25 of 20 November 1989 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101031104336/http://www.hakani.org/en/convention/Convention_Rights_Child.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2010 |publisher=The Policy Press, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights}}</ref> This is ratified by 192 of 194 member countries. The term ''child'' may also refer to someone below another legally defined age limit unconnected to the age of majority. In [[Singapore]], for example, a ''child'' is legally defined as someone under the age of 14 under the "Children and Young Persons Act" whereas the age of majority is 21.<ref>{{cite web|title=Children and Young Persons Act|url=http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId%3A911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status%3Ainforce%20Depth%3A0;rec=0|website=Singapore Statutes Online|access-date=20 October 2017|archive-date=3 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203075312/http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/view.w3p;page=0;query=DocId:911aba78-1d05-4341-96b7-ee334d4a06f0%20%20Status:inforce%20Depth:0;rec=0|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Proposal to lower the Age of Contractual Capacity from 21 years to 18 years, and the Civil Law (Amendment) Bill |publisher=[[Ministry of Law (Singapore)|Ministry of Law]] |location=Singapore |url=http://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626054418/https://www.mlaw.gov.sg/content/minlaw/en/news/public-consultations/proposal-to-lower-the-age-of-contractual-capacity-from-21-years-to-18-years-and-the-civil-law.html |archive-date=26 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In U.S. Immigration Law, a child refers to anyone who is under the age of 21.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1101|title=8 U.S. Code § 1101 - Definitions|website=LII / Legal Information Institute}}</ref>

Some English definitions of the word ''child'' include the [[fetus]] (sometimes termed ''the unborn'').<ref name="SeeShorter">See Shorter ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' 397 (6th ed. 2007), which's first definition is "A fetus; an infant;...". See also ‘The Compact Edition of the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'': Complete Text Reproduced Micrographically’, Vol. I (''Oxford University Press'', Oxford 1971): 396, which defines it as: ‘The unborn or newly born human being; foetus, infant’.</ref> In many cultures, a child is considered an adult after undergoing a [[rite of passage]], which may or may not correspond to the time of puberty.

Children generally have fewer rights than adults and are classed as unable to make serious decisions, and legally must always be under the care of a responsible adult or [[child custody]], whether their parents divorce or not. 

== Developmental stages of childhood ==
{{Further|Child development stages|Child development}}

=== Early childhood ===
[[File:Children Playing Violin Suzuki Institute 2011.JPG|thumb|Children playing the [[violin]] in a group recital, Ithaca, New York, 2011]]
[[File:Malagasy girls Madagascar Merina.jpg|thumb|Children in [[Madagascar]], 2011]]
[[File:Child playing piano - 1984-11-01.jpg|thumb|Child playing piano, 1984]]

[[Early childhood]] follows the [[infant|infancy]] stage and begins with [[toddler]]hood when the child begins speaking or taking steps independently.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alam |first1=Gajanafar |title=Population and Society |date=2014 |publisher=K.K. Publications |isbn=978-8178441986}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Purdy ER | date = 18 January 2019 |title=Infant and toddler development|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/infant-and-toddler-development|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27}}</ref> While toddlerhood ends around age 3 when the child becomes less dependent on parental assistance for basic needs, early childhood continues approximately until the age of 5 or 6. However, according to the [[National Association for the Education of Young Children]], early childhood also includes infancy. At this stage children are learning through observing, experimenting and communicating with others. Adults supervise and support the development process of the child, which then will lead to the child's autonomy. Also during this stage, a strong emotional bond is created between the child and the care providers. The children also start preschool and kindergarten at this age; and hence, their social lives.

=== Middle childhood ===
Middle childhood begins at around age 7, and ends at around age 9 or 10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development In Middle Childhood |date=26 May 2020 |url=https://uark.pressbooks.pub/hbse1/chapter/cognitive-development-in-middle-childhood_ch_17/ |language=en |last1=Tyler |first1=Susan }}</ref> Together, early and middle childhood are called formative years. In this middle period, children develop socially and mentally. They are at a stage where they make new friends and gain new skills, which will enable them to become more independent and enhance their individuality.
During middle childhood, children enter the school years, where they are presented with a different setting than they are used to. This new setting creates new challenges and faces for children.<ref name="Collins_1984">{{cite book | vauthors = Collins WA | collaboration = National Research Council (US) Panel to Review the Status of Basic Research on School-Age Children | title = Development during Middle Childhood | year = 1984 | location = Washington D.C. | publisher = National Academies Press (US) | pmid = 25032422 | doi = 10.17226/56 | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216778/ | isbn = 978-0-309-03478-4 }}</ref> Upon the entrance of school, mental disorders that would normally not be noticed come to light. Many of these disorders include: [[autism]], [[dyslexia]], [[dyscalculia]], and [[ADHD]].<ref name = "Berger_2017">{{cite book | vauthors = Berger K |title=The Developing Person through the Lifespan |date=2017 |publisher=Worth Publishers |isbn=978-1-319-01587-9 }}</ref>{{rp|303–309}} [[Special education]], [[least restrictive environment]], [[response to intervention]] and [[individualized education plan]]s are all specialized plans to help children with disabilities.<ref name = "Berger_2017" />{{rp|310–311}}

Middle childhood is the time when children begin to understand responsibility and are beginning to be shaped by their peers and parents. Chores and more responsible decisions come at this time, as do social comparison and social play.<ref name = "Berger_2017" />{{rp|338}} During social play, children learn from and teach each other, often through observation.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Konner M |title=The Evolution of Childhood |date=2010 |publisher=The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=978-0-674-04566-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674045668/page/512 512–513] |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674045668/page/512 }}</ref>

=== Late childhood ===
{{Main|Preadolescence}}
Preadolescence is a stage of human development following early childhood and preceding [[adolescence]]. Preadolescence is commonly defined as ages 9–12, ending with the major onset of puberty, with markers such as [[menarche]], [[spermarche]], and the peak of height velocity occurring. These changes usually occur between ages 11 and 14. It may also be defined as the 2-year period before the major onset of puberty.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dictionary.apa.org/childhood | title=APA Dictionary of Psychology }}</ref> Preadolescence can bring its own challenges and anxieties. Preadolescent children have a different view of the world from younger children in many significant ways. Typically, theirs is a more realistic view of life than the intense, fantasy-oriented world of earliest childhood. Preadolescents have more mature, sensible, realistic thoughts and actions: 'the most "sensible" stage of development...the child is a much ''less emotional being'' now.'<ref>Mavis Klein, ''Okay Parenting'' (1991) p. 13 and p. 78</ref> Preadolescents may well view human [[Interpersonal relationship|relationship]]s differently (e.g. they may notice the flawed, human side of [[authority]] figures). Alongside that, they may begin to develop a sense of [[self (psychology)|self]]-[[Identity (social science)|identity]], and to have increased feelings of [[independence]]: 'may feel an individual, no longer "just one of the family."'<ref>E. Fenwick/T. Smith, ''Adolescence'' (London 1993) p. 29</ref>

== Developmental stages post-childhood ==
=== Adolescence ===
[[File:Paolo Monti - Serie fotografica - BEIC 6341393.jpg|thumb|An adolescent girl, photographed by [[Paolo Monti]]]]

[[Adolescence]] is usually determined to be between the onset of puberty and legal adulthood: mostly corresponding to the teenage years (13–19). However, [[puberty]] usually begins before the teenage years (10—11 for girls and 11—12 for boys). Although biologically a child is a human being between the stages of [[childbirth|birth]] and [[puberty]],<ref name="Child"/><ref name="Mosby"/> adolescents are legally considered children, as they tend to lack adult rights and are still required to attend compulsory schooling in many cultures, though this varies. The onset of adolescence brings about various physical, [[psychological]] and behavioral changes. The end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood varies by country and by function, and even within a single nation-state or culture there may be different ages at which an individual is considered to be mature enough to be entrusted by society with certain tasks.

== History ==
{{main|History of childhood}}
[[File:Su Han Ch'en 001.jpg|upright|thumb|''Playing Children'', by [[Song dynasty]] [[Chinese art]]ist Su Hanchen, c. 1150 AD.]]
During the European [[Renaissance]], artistic depictions of children increased dramatically, which did not have much effect on the social attitude toward children, however.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Pollock LA |title=Forgotten children : parent-child relations from 1500 to 1900|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-25009-2 |oclc=255923951}}</ref>

The French historian [[Philippe Ariès]] argued that during the 1600s, the concept of childhood began to emerge in Europe,<ref>{{cite book | title = Centuries of Childhood | vauthors = Ariès P | date = 1960| title-link = Centuries of Childhood | author-link = Philippe Ariès }}</ref> however other historians like [[Nicholas Orme]] have challenged this view and argued that childhood has been seen as a separate stage since at least the medieval period.<ref>{{cite book | title = Medieval Children |last1=Orme |first1=Nicholas |date=2001 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=0-300-08541-9}}</ref> Adults saw children as separate beings, innocent and in need of protection and training by the adults around them. The English philosopher [[John Locke]] was particularly influential in defining this new attitude towards children, especially with regard to his theory of the [[tabula rasa]], which considered the mind at birth to be a "blank slate". A corollary of this doctrine was that the mind of the child was born blank, and that it was the duty of the parents to imbue the child with correct notions. During the early period of [[capitalism]], the rise of a large, commercial middle class, mainly in the [[Protestantism|Protestant]] countries of the [[Dutch Republic]] and [[England]], brought about a new family ideology centred around the upbringing of children. [[Puritanism]] stressed the importance of individual salvation and concern for the spiritual welfare of children.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Fox VC | title = Poor Children's Rights in Early Modern England. | journal = The Journal of Psychohistory | date = April 1996 | volume = 23 | issue = 3 | pages = 286–306 | url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/20f04350242eb7f2342f8b8bb8326d76/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1816657 }}</ref>

[[File:Fig 1 Sir Joshua Reynolds The Age of Innocence. Painted circa 1788. Frame contemporary with picture. From Houghton, 2005, 24.jpg|thumb|left|upright|''[[The Age of Innocence (painting)|The Age of Innocence]]'' {{Circa|1785}}/8. Reynolds emphasized the natural grace of children in his paintings.]]

The modern notion of childhood with its own autonomy and goals began to emerge during the 18th-century [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] and the [[Romanticism|Romantic period]] that followed it.<ref name="cohen"/><ref name="reeves"/> [[Jean Jacques Rousseau]] formulated the romantic attitude towards children in his famous 1762 novel ''[[Emile: or, On Education]]''. Building on the ideas of [[John Locke]] and other 17th-century thinkers, Jean-Jaques Rousseau described childhood as a brief period of sanctuary before people encounter the perils and hardships of adulthood.<ref name="cohen">{{cite book | vauthors = Cohen D |title= The development of play |date=1993 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-1-134-86782-0 |edition=2nd | page = 20 }}</ref> Sir [[Joshua Reynolds]]' extensive children portraiture demonstrated the new enlightened attitudes toward young children. His 1788 painting ''[[The Age of Innocence (painting)|The Age of Innocence]]'' emphasizes the innocence and natural grace of the posing child and soon became a public favourite.<ref name=postle>[[Martin Postle|Postle, Martin]]. (2005) "''The Age of Innocence''" Child Portraiture in Georgian Art and Society", in ''Pictures of Innocence: Portraits of Children from Hogarth to Lawrence''. Bath: [[Holburne Museum of Art]], pp. 7–8. {{ISBN|0903679094}}</ref>

[[File:Princesses leopoldina isabel and friend (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Brazilian princesses [[Princess Leopoldina of Brazil|Leopoldina]] (left) and [[Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil|Isabel]] (center) with an unidentified friend, c. 1860.]]

The idea of childhood as a locus of divinity, purity, and innocence is further expounded upon in [[William Wordsworth]]'s "Ode: Intimations of Immortality from Recollections of Early Childhood", the imagery of which he "fashioned from a complex mix of pastoral aesthetics, pantheistic views of divinity, and an idea of spiritual purity based on an Edenic notion of pastoral innocence infused with Neoplatonic notions of reincarnation".<ref name="reeves">{{cite book | vauthors = Reeves M |chapter='A Prospect of Flowers', Concepts of Childhood and Female Youth in Seventeenth-Century British Culture | veditors = Cohen ES, Reeves M |title=The Youth of Early Modern Women |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2018 |doi=10.2307/j.ctv8pzd5z |jstor=j.ctv8pzd5z |access-date=11 February 2018 |chapter-url=http://www.oapen.org/viewer/web/viewer.html?file=http://www.oapen.org/document/1004126 |page=40 |isbn=978-90-485-3498-2 |s2cid=189343394 |url-status=dead}}</ref> This Romantic conception of childhood, historian Margaret Reeves suggests, has a longer history than generally recognized, with its roots traceable to similarly imaginative constructions of childhood circulating, for example, in the neo-platonic poetry of seventeenth-century metaphysical poet [[Henry Vaughan]] (e.g., "The Retreate", 1650; "Childe-hood", 1655). Such views contrasted with the stridently didactic, Calvinist views of infant depravity.{{sfnp|Reeves|2018|pp=41–42}}

[[File:Vazken Andréassian HoMenEtMen-Sgaoudagan doghantsk Konstantinobolis 1918.jpg|thumb|upright|Armenian scouts in 1918]]

With the onset of [[Industrial Revolution|industrialisation]] in England in 1760, the divergence between high-minded romantic ideals of childhood and the reality of the growing magnitude of child exploitation in the workplace, became increasingly apparent. By the late 18th century, British children were specially employed in factories and mines and as [[chimney sweep]]s,<ref name = "Del_Col_1930">{{cite book | vauthors = Del Col L | chapter = The Life of the Industrial Worker in Ninteenth-Century [sic] England — Evidence Given Before the Sadler Committee (1831–1832) | veditors = Scott JF, Baltzly A | title = Readings in European History | date = September 1930 | publisher = Appleton-Century-Crofts | url = http://www.victorianweb.org/history/workers1.html }}</ref> often working long hours in dangerous jobs for low pay.<ref>{{cite web | vauthors = Daniels B | url = http://www.hiddenlives.org.uk/articles/poverty.html | title = Poverty and Families in the Victorian Era | work = hiddenlives.org }}</ref> As the century wore on, the contradiction between the conditions on the ground for poor children and the middle-class notion of childhood as a time of simplicity and innocence led to the first campaigns for the imposition of legal protection for children.

British reformers attacked [[child labor]] from the 1830s onward, bolstered by the horrific descriptions of London street life by [[Charles Dickens]].<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Malkovich A |title=Charles Dickens and the Victorian child : romanticizing and socializing the imperfect child |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |isbn=978-1-135-07425-8}}</ref> The campaign eventually led to the [[Factory Acts]], which mitigated the exploitation of children at the workplace<ref name = "Del_Col_1930" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = | title = The Factory and Workshop Act, 1901 | journal = British Medical Journal | volume = 2 | issue = 2139 | pages = 1871–1872 | date = December 1901 | pmid = 20759953 | pmc = 2507680 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.2.2139.1871 | issn = 0959-8138 }}</ref>

=== Modern concepts of childhood ===
[[File:Fountain Fun.jpg|thumb|Children play in a fountain in a summer evening, [[Davis, California]].]]
[[File:A moment in the garden.jpg|thumb|An old man and his granddaughter in [[Turkey]].]]
[[File:Nepalese-children-with-cats.jpg|thumb|[[People of Nepal|Nepalese]] children playing with [[cat]]s.]]
[[File:Harari Girls, Ethiopia (8261348010).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Harari people|Harari]] girls in Ethiopia.]]

The modern attitude to children emerged by the late 19th century; the Victorian middle and upper classes emphasized the role of the family and the sanctity of the child – an attitude that has remained dominant in Western societies ever since.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Jordan TE |title=Victorian child savers and their culture : a thematic evaluation |date=1998 |publisher=[[Edwin Mellen Press]] |location=[[Lewiston, New York]] | oclc = 39465039 |isbn=978-0-7734-8289-0}}</ref> The genre of [[children's literature]] took off, with a proliferation of humorous, child-oriented books attuned to the child's imagination. [[Lewis Carroll]]'s fantasy ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland]]'', published in 1865 in England, was a landmark in the genre; regarded as the first "English masterpiece written for children", its publication opened the "First Golden Age" of children's literature.

The latter half of the 19th century saw the introduction of compulsory state schooling of children across Europe, which decisively removed children from the workplace into schools.<ref>Sagarra, Eda. (1977). ''A Social History of Germany 1648–1914'', pp. 275–84</ref><ref>Weber, Eugen. (1976). ''Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870–1914'', pp. 303–38</ref>

The market economy of the 19th century enabled the concept of childhood as a time of fun, happiness, and imagination. Factory-made dolls and doll houses delighted the girls and organized sports and activities were played by the boys.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Chudacoff HP |title=Children at Play: An American History |date=2007 |publisher=New York University Press |isbn=978-0-8147-1665-6}}</ref>
The [[Boy Scout]]s was founded by Sir [[Robert Baden-Powell]] in 1908,<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Woolgar B, La Riviere S | year = 2002| title = Why Brownsea? The Beginnings of Scouting | publisher = Brownsea Island Scout and Guide Management Committee }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hillcourt |first1=William |title=Baden-Powell; the two lives of a hero |date=1964 |publisher=Putnam |location=New York |isbn=978-0839535942 |url=https://archive.org/details/badenpowelltwoli0000unse/mode/2up?q=brownsea |oclc =1338723}}</ref> which provided young boys with outdoor activities aiming at developing character, citizenship, and personal fitness qualities.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Boehmer E | title=Notes to 2004 edition of Scouting for Boys|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=[[Oxford]]}}</ref>

In the 20th century, [[Philippe Ariès]], a French historian specializing in [[medieval history]], suggested that childhood was not a natural phenomenon, but a creation of society in his 1960 book ''[[Centuries of Childhood]]''. In 1961 he published a study of paintings, gravestones, furniture, and school records, finding that before the 17th century, children were represented as mini-adults.

In 1966, the American philosopher [[George Boas]] published the book ''The Cult of Childhood''. Since then, historians have increasingly researched childhood in past times.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Ulbricht J |date=November 2005|title=J.C. Holz Revisited: From Modernism to Visual Culture|journal=Art Education|volume=58|issue=6|pages=12–17|doi=10.1080/00043125.2005.11651564|s2cid=190482412|issn=0004-3125}}</ref>

In 2006, [[Hugh Cunningham (historian)|Hugh Cunningham]] published the book ''Invention of Childhood'', looking at British childhood from the year 1000, the [[Middle Ages]], to what he refers to as the Post War Period of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Cunningham H | date = July 2016 |chapter=The Growth of Leisure in the Early Industrial Revolution, c. 1780–c. 1840 | title = Leisure in the Industrial Revolution |pages=15–56 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315637679-2 |isbn=978-1-315-63767-9 }}</ref>

Childhood evolves and changes as lifestyles change and adult expectations alter. In the modern era, many adults believe that children should not have any worries or work, as life should be happy and trouble-free. Childhood is seen as a mixture of simplicity, innocence, happiness, fun, imagination, and wonder. It is thought of as a time of playing, learning, socializing, exploring, and worrying in a world without much adult interference.<ref name="cohen"/><ref name="reeves"/>

A "loss of innocence" is a common concept, and is often seen as an integral part of [[coming of age]]. It is usually thought of as an experience or period in a child's life that widens their awareness of evil, pain or the world around them. This theme is demonstrated in the novels ''[[To Kill a Mockingbird]]'' and ''[[Lord of the Flies]]''. The fictional character [[Peter Pan (character)|Peter Pan]] was the embodiment of a childhood that never ends.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bloom |first1=Harold |title=Major themes in Lord of the Flies |url=https://1.cdn.edl.io/DCZIfXm4z8XvzcRiCqTQbpSIBE3zLa6rhs0IuJCTkigqTLD9.pdf |archive-date=11 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211194237/https://1.cdn.edl.io/DCZIfXm4z8XvzcRiCqTQbpSIBE3zLa6rhs0IuJCTkigqTLD9.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Barrie, J. M. ''Peter Pan''. Hodder & Stoughton, 1928, Act V, Scene 2.</ref>

== Healthy childhoods ==
=== Role of parents ===
{{Main|Parenting}}

=== Children's health ===
{{Further|Childhood obesity|Childhood immunizations|List of childhood diseases}}
Children's health includes the physical, mental and social well-being of children. Maintaining children's health implies offering them healthy foods, insuring they get enough sleep and exercise, and protecting their safety.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.medlineplus.gov/childrenshealth.html|title=Children's Health | work = MedlinePlus | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services }}</ref> Children in certain parts of the world often suffer from [[malnutrition]], which is often associated with other conditions, such diarrhea, pneumonia and malaria.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Caulfield LE, de Onis M, Blössner M, Black RE | title = Undernutrition as an underlying cause of child deaths associated with diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and measles | journal = The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition | volume = 80 | issue = 1 | pages = 193–198 | date = July 2004 | pmid = 15213048 | doi = 10.1093/ajcn/80.1.193 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

=== Child protection ===
{{Further|Child labor|Child labor laws|Risk aversion|Child abuse|Protection of Children Act}}
Child protection, according to UNICEF, refers to "preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and abuse against children – including [[commercial sexual exploitation]], [[child trafficking|trafficking]], [[child labour]] and harmful traditional practices, such as [[female genital mutilation]]/cutting and [[child marriage]]".<ref>{{cite web | title = What is child Protection? | url = http://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf | publisher = The United Nations Children’s Fund (UniCeF) | date = May 2006 | access-date = 7 January 2021 | archive-date = 17 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210417093417/https://www.unicef.org/chinese/protection/files/What_is_Child_Protection.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> The
[[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] protects the fundamental rights of children.

=== Play ===
{{Further|Play (activity)|Playground|Imaginary friend|Childhood secret club}}
[[File:MOPC 60.png|Dancing at Mother of Peace AIDs orphanage, [[Zimbabwe]]|thumb|upright]]
Play is essential to the cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being of children.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ginsburg KR | title = The importance of play in promoting healthy child development and maintaining strong parent-child bonds | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 119 | issue = 1 | pages = 182–191 | date = January 2007 | pmid = 17200287 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2006-2697 | bibcode = 2007Pedia.119..182G | s2cid = 54617427 | doi-access = free }}</ref> It offers children opportunities for physical (running, jumping, climbing, etc.), intellectual (social skills, community norms, ethics and general knowledge) and emotional development (empathy, compassion, and friendships). Unstructured play encourages creativity and imagination. Playing and interacting with other children, as well as some adults, provides opportunities for friendships, social interactions, conflicts and resolutions. However, adults tend to (often mistakenly) assume that virtually all children's social activities can be understood as "play" and, furthermore, that children's play activities do not involve much skill or effort.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Björk-Willén P, Cromdal J |year=2009 |title=When education seeps into 'free play': How preschool children accomplish multilingual education |journal= Journal of Pragmatics |volume=41 |pages=1493–1518 |issue=8 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2007.06.006}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cromdal J |year=2001 |title=Can I be with?: Negotiating play entry in a bilingual school |journal= Journal of Pragmatics |volume=33 |pages=515–543 |issue= 4|doi=10.1016/S0378-2166(99)00131-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | vauthors = Butler CW |title=Talk and social interaction in the playground |year=2008 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |location=Aldershot | isbn = 978-0-7546-7416-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Cromdal J |year=2009 |title=Childhood and social interaction in everyday life: Introduction to the special issue |journal= Journal of Pragmatics |volume=41 |pages=1473–76 |issue=8 |doi=10.1016/j.pragma.2007.03.008}}</ref>

It is through play that children at a very early age engage and interact in the world around them. Play allows children to create and explore a world they can master, conquering their fears while practicing adult roles, sometimes in conjunction with other children or adult caregivers.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007"/> Undirected play allows children to learn how to work in groups, to share, to negotiate, to resolve conflicts, and to learn self-advocacy skills. However, when play is controlled by adults, children acquiesce to adult rules and concerns and lose some of the benefits play offers them. This is especially true in developing creativity, leadership, and group skills.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007"/>

[[File:Ralph Hedley The tournament 1898.jpg|thumb|[[Ralph Hedley]], ''The Tournament,'' 1898. It depicts poorer boys playing outdoors in a rural part of the [[North East England|Northeast of England]].]]

Play is considered to be very important to optimal child development that it has been recognized by the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] as a right of every child.<ref name = "un"/> Children who are being raised in a hurried and pressured style may limit the protective benefits they would gain from child-driven play.<ref name="Ginsburg_2007"/>

The initiation of play in a classroom setting allows teachers and students to interact through playfulness associated with a learning experience. Therefore, playfulness aids the interactions between adults and children in a learning environment. “Playful Structure” means to combine informal learning with formal learning to produce an effective learning experience for children at a young age.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Walsh G, Sproule L, McGuinness C, Trew K | title = Playful structure: a novel image of early years pedagogy for primary school classrooms. | journal = Early Years | date = July 2011 | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 107–119 | doi = 10.1080/09575146.2011.579070 | s2cid = 154926596 }}</ref>

Even though play is considered to be the most important to optimal child development, the environment affects their play and therefore their development. Poor children confront widespread environmental inequities as they experience less social support, and their parents are less responsive and more authoritarian. Children from low income families are less likely to have access to books and computers which would enhance their development.<ref name="pmid14992634">{{cite journal | vauthors = Evans GW | title = The environment of childhood poverty | journal = The American Psychologist | volume = 59 | issue = 2 | pages = 77–92 | date = 2004 | pmid = 14992634 | doi = 10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.77 }}</ref>

=== Street culture ===
{{Main|Children's street culture|Children's street games}}
[[File:Boys in front of the movie theatre on Dundas Street.jpg|thumb|Children in front of a movie theatre, Toronto, 1920s.]]

Children's street culture refers to the cumulative [[culture]] created by young children and is sometimes referred to as their ''secret world''. It is most common in children between the ages of seven and twelve. It is strongest in urban [[working class]] [[industrial district]]s where children are traditionally free to play out in the streets for long periods without supervision. It is invented and largely sustained by children themselves with little adult interference.

Young children's street culture usually takes place on quiet backstreets and pavements, and along routes that venture out into local [[park]]s, [[playground]]s, scrub and wasteland, and to local shops. It often imposes imaginative status on certain sections of the urban realm (local buildings, kerbs, street objects, etc.). Children designate specific areas that serve as informal meeting and relaxation places (see: Sobel, 2001). An urban area that looks faceless or neglected to an adult may have deep '[[spirit of place]]' meanings in to children. Since the advent of indoor distractions such as [[video games]], and [[television]], concerns have been expressed about the vitality – or even the survival – of children's street culture.

== Geographies of childhood ==
The geographies of childhood involves how (adult) society perceives the idea of childhood, the many ways adult attitudes and behaviors affect children's lives, including the environment which surrounds children and its implications.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Disney |first=Tom |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/OBO/9780199874002-0193 |title=Geographies of Children and Childhood |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2018 |doi=10.1093/OBO/9780199874002-0193}}</ref>

The geographies of childhood is similar in some respects to [[children's geographies]] which examines the places and spaces in which children live.<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Holloway SL | veditors = Holloway SL, Valentine G |year=2004|title=Children's Geographies|doi=10.4324/9780203017524|isbn=978-0-203-01752-4 }}</ref>

=== Nature deficit disorder ===
{{Main| Nature deficit disorder}}
Nature Deficit Disorder, a term coined by [[Richard Louv]] in his 2005 book ''[[Last Child in the Woods]],'' refers to the trend in the United States and Canada towards less time for outdoor play,<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0629/p13s02-lifp.html | title = For more children, less time for outdoor play: Busy schedules, less open space, more safety fears, and lure of the Web keep kids inside | vauthors = Gardner M | work = The Christian Science Monitor | date = June 29, 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/20.shtml | title = U.S. children and teens spend more time on academics | vauthors = Swanbrow D | work = The University Record Online | publisher = The University of Michigan | access-date = 7 January 2021 | archive-date = 2 July 2007 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070702135326/http://www.umich.edu/~urecord/0405/Dec06_04/20.shtml | url-status = dead }}</ref> resulting in a wide range of behavioral problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.canadianliving.com/health-fitness/nutrition/article/are-your-kids-really-spending-enough-time-outdoors|title=Are your kids really spending enough time outdoors?|last=Burak|first=Tammie|website=[[Canadian Living]]|date=2 July 2007|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref>

With increasing use of cellphones, computers, video games and television, children have more reasons to stay inside rather than outdoors exploring. “The average American child spends 44 hours a week with electronic media”.<ref name=Agitators>{{cite news|url=https://www.pghcitypaper.com/news-2/outside-agitators-1340829/|title=Outside Agitators|date=2 October 2008|last=O'Driscoll|first=Bill|newspaper=[[Pittsburgh City Paper]]|access-date=22 November 2009}}</ref> Research in 2007 has drawn a correlation between the declining number of [[List of areas in the United States National Park System|National Park]] visits in the U.S. and increasing consumption of electronic media by children.<ref name=Conservation>{{cite journal | vauthors = Pergams OR, Zaradic PA | title = Is love of nature in the US becoming love of electronic media? 16-year downtrend in national park visits explained by watching movies, playing video games, internet use, and oil prices | journal = Journal of Environmental Management | volume = 80 | issue = 4 | pages = 387–393 | date = September 2006 | pmid = 16580127 | doi = 10.1016/j.jenvman.2006.02.001 | bibcode = 2006JEnvM..80..387P | url = https://www.conservationmagazine.org/2008/07/numbers-in-context/ | url-access = subscription }}</ref> The media has accelerated the trend for children's nature disconnection by deemphasizing views of nature, as in Disney films.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Prévot-Julliard AC, Julliard R, Clayton S | title = Historical evidence for nature disconnection in a 70-year time series of Disney animated films | journal = Public Understanding of Science | volume = 24 | issue = 6 | pages = 672–680 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 24519887 | doi = 10.1177/0963662513519042 | s2cid = 43190714 }}</ref>

==Age of responsibility==
{{Further|Age of consent|Age of majority|Age of criminal responsibility|Marriageable age}}
The age at which children are considered responsible for their society-bound actions (e. g. marriage, voting, etc.) has also changed over time,<ref>{{cite news |last1=RJ |first1=Raawat |title=बच्चे चुनौतियों का जवाब दे सकते हैं – द समझ एन.जी.ओ. |url=https://readerblogs.navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/natures_warrior/children-can-respond-to-challenges-the-samajh-ngo/ |access-date=13 December 2021 |work=Navbharat Times Reader's Blog |date=9 December 2021 |language=hi}}</ref> and this is reflected in the way they are treated in courts of law. In Roman times, children were regarded as not culpable for crimes, a position later adopted by the Church. In the 19th century, children younger than seven years old were believed incapable of crime. Children from the age of seven forward were considered responsible for their actions. Therefore, they could face criminal charges, be sent to adult prison, and be punished like adults by whipping, branding or hanging. However, courts at the time would consider the offender's age when deliberating sentencing.{{cn|date=August 2022}} Minimum employment age and marriage age also vary. The age limit of voluntary/involuntary military service is also disputed at the international level.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Yun S |title=BreakingImaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child|journal=Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies|date=2014|volume=5|issue=1–2|pages=213–257|doi=10.1163/18781527-00501008|ssrn=2556825|s2cid=153558830 }}</ref>

==Education==
[[Image:Kuito class.jpg|thumb|Children in an outdoor classroom in [[Bié (province)|Bié]], [[Angola]]]]
[[Image:Torvisen kansakoulu 1924-26.jpg|thumb|Children seated in a Finnish classroom at the school of Torvinen in [[Sodankylä]], [[Finland]], in the 1920s]]
{{Main article|Education}}
Education, in the general sense, refers to the act or process of imparting or acquiring general knowledge, developing the powers of reasoning and judgment, and preparing intellectually for mature life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/education |title= Define Education | work = Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.reference.com |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Formal education most often takes place through [[schooling]]. A [[right to education]] has been recognized by some governments. At the global level, Article 13 of the [[United Nations]]' 1966 [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (ICESCR) recognizes the right of everyone to an education.<ref name="ICESCR-art13.1">''ICESCR'', Article 13.1</ref> [[compulsory education|Education is compulsory]] in most places up to a certain age, but attendance at [[school]] may not be, with alternative options such as [[home-schooling]] or [[e-learning]] being recognized as valid forms of education in certain jurisdictions.

Children in some countries (especially in parts of Africa and Asia) are often kept out of school, or attend only for short periods. Data from [[UNICEF]] indicate that in 2011, 57 million children were out of school; and more than 20% of African children have never attended primary school or have left without completing primary education.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |title=Out-of-School Children Initiative | Basic education and gender equality |publisher=UNICEF |access-date=3 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140806051617/http://www.unicef.org/education/bege_61659.html |archive-date=6 August 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> According to a UN report, [[warfare]] is preventing 28 million children worldwide from receiving an education, due to the risk of sexual violence and attacks in schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12606912 |title=BBC News - Unesco: Conflict robs 28 million children of education |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=1 March 2011 |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref> Other factors that keep children out of school include poverty, child labor, social attitudes, and long distances to school.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/4896302.stm |title=UK | Education | Barriers to getting an education |work=BBC News |date=10 April 2006 |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| vauthors = Melik J |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-19870729 |title= Africa gold rush lures children out of school |publisher=Bbc.com – BBC News |date=11 October 2012 |access-date=3 August 2014}}</ref>

==Attitudes toward children==
[[File:Group of Breaker boys. Smallest is Sam Belloma.jpg|thumb|Group of [[breaker boy]]s in Pittston, Pennsylvania, 1911. [[Child labor]] was widespread until the early 20th century. In the 21st century, child labor rates are highest in Africa.]] Social attitudes toward children differ around the world in various cultures and change over time. A 1988 study on European attitudes toward the centrality of children found that Italy was more child-centric and the Netherlands less child-centric, with other countries, such as Austria, Great Britain, Ireland and [[West Germany]] falling in between.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Jones RK, Brayfield A | title = Life's greatest joy?: European attitudes toward the centrality of children. | journal = Social Forces | date = June 1997 | volume = 75 | issue = 4 | pages = 1239–1269 | doi = 10.1093/sf/75.4.1239 }}</ref>

=== Child marriage ===
In 2013, [[child marriage]] rates of female children under the age of 18 reached 75% in Niger, 68% in Central African Republic and Chad, 66% in Bangladesh, and 47% in [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/08/child-brides-sold/1972905/ |title=Child brides around the world sold off like cattle|agency = Associated Press |newspaper=[[USA Today]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130308200221/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/03/08/child-brides-sold/1972905/ | archive-date = 8 March 2013 |date= 8 March 2013}}</ref> According to a 2019 [[UNICEF]] report on child marriage, 37% of females were married before the age of 18 in sub-Saharan Africa, followed by South Asia at 30%. Lower levels were found in Latin America and Caribbean (25%), the Middle East and North Africa (18%), and Eastern Europe and Central Asia (11%), while rates in Western Europe and North America were minimal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/child-marriage/|title=Child marriage|website=UNICEF DATA|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-27}}</ref> Child marriage is more prevalent with girls, but also involves boys. A 2018 study in the journal Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies found that, worldwide, 4.5% of males are married before age 18, with the Central African Republic having the highest average rate at 27.9%.<ref>{{cite journal| vauthors = Gastón CM, Misunas C, Cappa C |date=2019-07-03|title=Child marriage among boys: a global overview of available data |journal=Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=219–228 |doi=10.1080/17450128.2019.1566584 |issn=1745-0128 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

=== Fertility and number of children per woman ===
Before [[Birth control|contraception]] became widely available in the 20th century, women had little choice other than [[abstinence]] or having often many children. In fact, current [[population growth]] concerns have only become possible with drastically reduced [[child mortality]] and sustained fertility. In 2017 the global [[total fertility rate]] was estimated to be 2.37 children per woman,<ref name=":2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vollset SE, Goren E, Yuan CW, Cao J, Smith AE, Hsiao T, Bisignano C, Azhar GS, Castro E, Chalek J, Dolgert AJ, Frank T, Fukutaki K, Hay SI, Lozano R, Mokdad AH, Nandakumar V, Pierce M, Pletcher M, Robalik T, Steuben KM, Wunrow HY, Zlavog BS, Murray CJ | display-authors = 6 | title = Fertility, mortality, migration, and population scenarios for 195 countries and territories from 2017 to 2100: a forecasting analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study | journal = Lancet | volume = 396 | issue = 10258 | pages = 1285–1306 | date = October 2020 | pmid = 32679112 | pmc = 7561721 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30677-2 }}</ref> adding about 80 million people to the world population per year. In order to measure the total number of children, scientists often prefer the completed cohort fertility at age 50 years (CCF50).<ref name=":2" /> Although the number of children is also influenced by [[Social norm|cultural norms]], [[religion]], [[peer pressure]] and other social factors, the CCF50 appears to be most heavily dependent on the educational level of women, ranging from 5–8 children in women without education to less than 2 in women with 12 or more years of education.<ref name=":2" />

== Issues ==

===Emergencies and conflicts===
{{See also|Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict|Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict|Save the Children|Inter-Agency Network for Education in Emergencies|Military use of children|Trafficking of children|International child abduction|Refugee children}}
Emergencies and conflicts pose detrimental risks to the [[Child Health|health]], safety, and well-being of children. There are many different kinds of conflicts and emergencies, e.g. [[war]]s and [[natural disaster]]s. As of 2010 approximately 13 million children are displaced by [[armed conflicts]] and [[violence]] around the world.<ref name="UNICEF_2010">{{cite book | author = UNICEF | date = 2010 | title = The State of the World's Children Report, Special Edition | url = http://crianca.mppr.mp.br/arquivos/File/publi/unicef_sowc/sit_mund_inf_2010_ed_especial_tabelas.pdf | location = New York | publisher = UNICEF | isbn = 978-92-806-4445-6 }}</ref> Where violent conflicts are the norm, the lives of young children are significantly disrupted and their families have great difficulty in offering the sensitive and consistent care that young children need for their healthy development.<ref name="UNICEF_2010" /> Studies on the effect of emergencies and conflict on the [[Physical health|physical]] and [[mental health]] of children between birth and 8 years old show that where the disaster is natural, the rate of [[Posttraumatic stress disorder|PTSD]] occurs in anywhere from 3 to 87 percent of affected children.<ref name="Shannon_1994">{{cite journal | vauthors = Shannon MP, Lonigan CJ, Finch AJ, Taylor CM | title = Children exposed to disaster: I. Epidemiology of post-traumatic symptoms and symptom profiles | journal = Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry | volume = 33 | issue = 1 | pages = 80–93 | date = January 1994 | pmid = 8138525 | doi = 10.1097/00004583-199401000-00012 }}</ref> However, rates of PTSD for children living in chronic conflict conditions varies from 15 to 50 percent.<ref>{{cite book | vauthors = De Jong JT | date = 2002 | title = Trauma, War, and Violence: Public Mental Health in Socio Cultural Context | location = New York | publisher = Kluwer | isbn = 978-0-306-47675-4 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book |url= http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002335/233558E.pdf |title=Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education| vauthors = Marope PT, Kaga Y |publisher=Paris: UNESCO |year=2015 |isbn=978-92-3-100113-0 |pages=118–125}}</ref>

=== Child protection ===
{{Excerpt|Child protection}}

=== Child abuse and child labor ===
Protection of children from [[child abuse|abuse]] is considered an important contemporary goal. This includes protecting children from exploitation such as [[child labor]], [[child trafficking]] and [[child selling]], [[child sexual abuse]], including [[child prostitution]] and [[child pornography]], [[military use of children]], and [[child laundering]] in illegal [[adoption]]s. There exist several international instruments for these purposes, such as:
* [[Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention]]
* [[Minimum Age Convention, 1973]]
* [[Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography]]
* [[Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse]]
* [[Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict]]
* [[Hague Adoption Convention]]

=== Climate change ===
{{Excerpt|Climate change and children}}

== Health ==

===Child mortality===
{{Main article|Child mortality|Infant mortality}}
[[File:2012 Infant mortality rate per 1000 live births, under-5, world map.svg|thumb|360px|World infant mortality rates in 2012.<ref name="unicef2013">{{cite web|date=2013|title=Infant Mortality Rates in 2012|url=http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714153724/http://www.childmortality.org/files_v16/download/UNICEF%202013%20IGME%20child%20mortality%20Report_Final.pdf|archive-date=14 July 2014|publisher=[[UNICEF]]}}</ref>]]
During the early 17th century in [[England]], about two-thirds of all children died before the age of four.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VL_6X5zWOokC&pg=PA47|title=America's promise: a concise history of the United States (Volume 1: To 1877)|vauthors=Rorabaugh WJ, Critchlow DT, Baker PC|date=2004|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-7425-1189-7|page=47}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> During the [[Industrial Revolution]], the life expectancy of children increased dramatically.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|date=29 October 2020|title=Modernization – Population Change|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernization/12022/Population-change|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|vauthors=Kumar K}}</ref> This has continued in England, and in the 21st century child mortality rates have fallen across the world. About 12.6 million under-five infants died worldwide in 1990, which declined to 6.6 million in 2012. The infant mortality rate dropped from 90 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990, to 48 in 2012. The highest average infant mortality rates are in sub-Saharan Africa, at 98 deaths per 1,000 live births – over double the world's average.<ref name="unicef2013" />

== See also ==
{{Spoken Bharatpedia|Child.ogg|date=2008-06-24}}
* [[Outline of childhood]]
* [[Child benefits]]
* [[Child slavery]]
* [[Childlessness]]
* [[Cost of raising a child]]
* [[Depression in childhood and adolescence]]
* [[One-child policy]]
* [[Religion and children]]
* [[Youth rights]]
* [[Archaeology of childhood]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Free-content attribution| title = Investing against Evidence: The Global State of Early Childhood Care and Education| author = Marope PT, Kaga Y | publisher = UNESCO| page numbers = 118–125| source = UNESCO| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002335/233558E.pdf| license statement URL = http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=233558&set=0058CBADEE_0_390&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1| license = CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0}}
* {{Free-content attribution| title = Creating sustainable futures for all; Global education monitoring report, 2016; Gender review| author = UNESCO| publisher = UNESCO| page numbers = 20| source = UNESCO| documentURL = http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0024/002460/246045e.pdf| license statement URL = http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=246045&set=005915672A_2_228&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1| license = CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0| Editors =}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|Children}}
{{EB1911 poster|Child}}
* Cook, Daniel Thomas. ''The moral project of childhood: Motherhood, material life, and early children's consumer culture'' (NYU Press, 2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vUWODwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PP9 online book] see also [https://www.shcy.org/features/books/the-moral-project-of-childhood/ online review]
* Fawcett, Barbara, Brid Featherstone, and Jim Goddard. ''Contemporary child care policy and practice'' (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) [https://books.google.com/books?id=QSJIEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1 online]
* Hutchison, Elizabeth D., and Leanne W. Charlesworth. "Securing the welfare of children: Policies past, present, and future." ''Families in Society'' 81.6 (2000): 576–585.
* [[Paula S. Fass|Fass, Paula S.]] ''The end of American childhood: A history of parenting from life on the frontier to the managed child'' (Princeton University Press, 2016).
* Fass, Paula S. ed. ''The Routledge History of Childhood in the Western World'' (2012) [https://books.google.com/books?id=jxf_P2GOcUEC&dq=fass+%22Childhood%22&pg=PR3 online]
* Klass, Perri. ''The Best Medicine: How Science and Public Health Gave Children a Future'' (WW Norton & Company, 2020) [https://books.google.com/books?id=fNjVDwAAQBAJ&dq=children&pg=PT6 online]
* Michail, Samia. "Understanding school responses to students’ challenging behaviour: A review of literature." ''Improving schools'' 14.2 (2011): 156–171. [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=6a6198a7d46523bddb15d23e024f442ac29e9f82 online]
* Sorin, Reesa. ''Changing images of childhood: Reconceptualising early childhood practice'' (Faculty of Education, University of Melbourne, 2005) [https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=9594881ae4f396a654957f719b1bb4e3589d0819 online].
* Sorin, Reesa. "Childhood through the eyes of the child and parent." ''Journal of Australian Research in Early Childhood Education'' 14.1 (2007). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Reesa-Sorin/publication/266081356_Childhood_through_the_eyes_of_the_child_and_parent/links/5ed6138492851c9c5e725cd1/Childhood-through-the-eyes-of-the-child-and-parent.pdf online]
* Vissing, Yvonne. "History of Children’s Human Rights in the USA." in ''Children's Human Rights in the USA: Challenges and Opportunities'' (Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023) pp. 181–212.
* Yuen, Francis K.O. ''Social work practice with children and families: a family health approach'' (Routledge, 2014) [https://books.google.com/books?id=efbJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 online].

{{S-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[Human development (biology)|Stages of human development]] Childhood|before=[[Toddlerhood]]|after=[[Preadolescence]]|years=}}
{{S-end}}
{{Family}}
{{Humandevelopment}}
{{Parenting}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Childhood|*]]
[[Category:Developmental psychology]]
[[Category:Kinship and descent]]

Adichanallur

2026-03-13T09:47:06Z

BeauTesterman: adjust section for consistency per standard format

{{Short description|Archaeological site in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox ancient site|name=Adichanallur|alternate_name=ஆதிச்சநல்லூர்|image=
Adichanallur Urn.jpg|alt=|caption=|map_type=India Tamil Nadu#India|map_alt=|relief=y|map_size=270|coordinates={{coord|8.6279|N|77.8732|E|display=inline,title}}|location=[[Thoothukudi]], India|region=|type=Settlement|part_of=|length=|width=|area=|height=|builder=|material=|built= 905 BC–696 BC|abandoned=|epochs=|cultures=[[Tamils|Ancient Tamils]]|dependency_of=|occupants=|event=|excavations=1876–present|archaeologists=|ownership=|management=|public_access=|website=|notes=}}

'''Adichanallur''' is an [[archaeological site]] in [[Thoothukudi district]] in [[Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu, India]] that has been the site of a number of very important archaeological finds. [[Korkai]], the capital of the [[Early Pandyan Kingdom]], is located about 15 km from Adichanallur. Carbon dating of samples excavated in 2004 from the Adichanallur site has revealed that they belonged to the period between 1000 BC and 600 BC.<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/adichanallur-site-belongs-to-a-period-between-905-and-696-bc-madurai-high-court/article26737779.ece|title=Adichanallur site belongs to a period between 905 and 696 BC|first=B. Tilak|last=Chandar|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 April 2019|access-date=6 April 2019|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/adichanallur-samples-sent-for-carbon-dating-asi-tells-hc/article26369217.ece|title=Samples sent for carbon dating: ASI|last=Chandar|first=B. Tilak|date=2019-02-26|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2005, around 169 clay urns containing human skeletons were unearthed that date back to at-least 3,800 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/Skeletons-dating-back-3800-years-throw-light-on-evolution/articleshow/1354201.cms|title=Skeletons dating back 3,800 years throw light on evolution - Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 April 2019}}</ref> In 2018, research on copper metal remains were dated at Manipur University to 1500 BC (+ or - 700 years). But the dating method was not accepted as accurate and carbon dating of the remains is emphasized to settle the issue and reduce the error margin in [[Optically stimulated luminescence thermochronometry|OSL dating]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-ghosts-of-adichanallur/article22431890.ece|title=The ghosts of Adichanallur: Artefacts that suggest an ancient Tamil civilisation of great sophistication|last=Kalyanaraman|first=M.|date=2018-01-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/rudimentary-tamil-brahmi-script-unearthed-at-adichanallur/article27316950.ece|title='Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script' unearthed at Adichanallur|last=Subramanian|first=T. s|date=2005-02-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-09-20|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Present Excavations==
In 2004, a number of skeletons were found buried in earthenware [[urn]]s. Some of these urns contained writing in [[Tamili]] (Tamil-Brahmi) script.

On March 18, 2019, the report of artifact samples sent to Beta Analytic Testing Laboratory, USA for carbon dating was obtained. The results were submitted to the Madurai Bench of the Madras High Court on April 4, 2019. Carbon dating of samples excavated from the Adichanallur site in Thoothukudi district has revealed that they belonged to the period between 905 BC to 696 BC. A Division Bench of Justices N. Kirubakaran and S. S. Sundar observed that this proved Adichanallur was one of the earliest ancient sites in Tamil Nadu. The court had expressed its displeasure that the artifacts, first excavated in 2004-06 under the supervision of the then Superintending Archaeologist T. Satyamurthy, were not sent for carbon dating for over 15 years. “In spite of many efforts taken by intellectuals, historians, political leaders and archaeologists, nothing was done by the ASI, for reasons best known to them, to send the Adichanallur samples for carbon dating,” the court said. The court had earlier directed the ASI to fence the whole site that is spread across 114 acres and put up a police outpost to prevent any damage. With Sathyabama Badrinath, former Regional Director (South), ASI, currently with the Delhi circle, nominated for preparing the report, the court said that the reports of T. Satyamurthy could also be added in achieving a comprehensive report<ref name="auto"/>

==Historical Excavations==
[[file:Civiltà_thamirabani,_reperti_da_adhichanallur,_02.jpg|Findings from Adichanallur, in the Government Museum, Chennai|thumb]]
{{More footnotes|date=October 2019}}
Adichanallur first gained attention in the year 1876 when a team of three eminent people visited it. The team consisted of the then Collector of Tirunelvely district, district engineer and an Ethnologist from Germany called Dr. Jagor. The team started excavating in one side of a mound and discovered many earthen pots that were of superior quality than the ones being sold at the bazaars of the late 19th Century. Also found were baked earthenware utensils, a number of iron weapons and implements (mainly knives, short sword blades and hatchets) and a huge number of bones and skulls.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Rea |first=Alexander |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.01215/page/15/mode/2up |title=Catalogue of the prehistoric antiquities from adichanallur and Perumbair |date=1915 |publisher=Madras}}</ref>

[[Alexander Rea]], a former Superintendent from Southern Circle Archaeological Survey of India pointed out that all these artifacts were taken away by Dr. Jagor for the Berlin Museum für Völkerkunde, currently called as Ethnological Museum of Berlin. Alexander Rea himself had done a detailed investigation of the sites during the period between 1899 and 1905, when he was able to find a large number of artifacts similar to Dr. Jagor.<ref name=":0" />

All the artifacts that Rea found was promptly cataloged and documented in his 1915 book titled "Catalog of the Prehistoric Antiquities from Adichanallur and Perambair". It is surprising to note that although the catalog consisted of huge amounts of bronze, iron, gold and earthen artifacts combined, the present day excavations yielded mainly earthen wares only. All of Rea's artifacts are supposedly present in India.<ref name=":0" />

==In-Situ Museum==

On August 5, 2023, Union Minister for Finance [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] laid the foundation stone for a museum in Adichanallur. Upon completion, this will be one of the first on-site museums in India.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-05 |title=Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman lays foundation stone for Adichanallur museum that will exhibit 3,000-year-old artefacts |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/union-finance-minister-nirmala-sitharaman-lays-foundation-stone-for-adichanallur-museum-that-will-exhibit-3000-year-old-artefacts/article67161217.ece |access-date=2023-08-05 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Keezhadi excavation site|Keezhadi Excavation site]]
*[[Kodumanal]]
*[[Arikamedu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[iarchive:catalogueofprehi00reaauoft|Catalogue of the prehistoric antiquities from Adichanallur and Perumbair]]
* [http://publication.dailythanthi.com/athichanallur-keeladi-man-moodiya-magathana-nagarirgam-978-81-932986-7-1 Adichanallur - Keezhadi Mann Mooodiya Mahathaana Nahariham] published by [[Dina Thanthi]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071212045344/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exec_adichchanallur.asp Archaeological Survey of India's Page on Adichanallur excavations]
*{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20070128133014/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/02/17/stories/2005021704471300.htm Rudimentary Tamil-Brahmi script unearthed at Adichanallur]}} - ''The Hindu'', 17 Feb 2005
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050406042917/http://www.hindu.com/2005/04/03/stories/2005040301931400.htm Iron Age habitational site found at Adichanallur] - ''The Hindu'', 3 Apr 2005
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070527142322/http://www.hindu.com/2007/05/25/stories/2007052502532200.htm Some pottery parallels - Spread of material culture from south to Deccan?] - ''The Hindu'', 25 May 2007
*[https://archive.today/20130102020824/http://archaeologyindia.com/adichanallur.asp Prehistoric antiquities in Tinnevelly]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121021164054/http://www.indiahistoricalplaces.com/adichanallur-an-interesting-historical-site-of-tamil-nadu/ Adichanallur: An Interesting Historical Site of Tamil Nadu]
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/68730522.cms News from Times of India - ASI had sent two samples to the Florida lab and the lab repo ..]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sangam period]]
[[Category:Tirunelveli]]
[[Category:Prehistoric India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Archaeological cultures in India]]

Visakhapatnam–Tirupati Double Decker Express

2026-03-12T03:24:12Z

BeauTesterman: reworked references for clarity after review

{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = FF5C5C
| name = Visakhapatnam Junction – Tirupati ''AC Double Decker Express''
| image = Vskp-Tirupathi double decker train.jpg
| image_width =
| caption = Tirupati - Visakhapatnam Double Decker Express
| type = [[Double Decker Express]]
| locale = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|2016|12|31}}
| last =
| operator = [[South Coast Railway zone|South Coast Railways]]
| ridership =
| start = {{rws|Tirupati}} '''(TPTY)'''
| stops = 16
| end = {{rws|Visakhapatnam}} '''(VSKP)'''
| distance = {{convert|761|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 13 hrs 10 min
| frequency = Tri-weekly
| class =
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On-board Catering
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage =
| otherfacilities =
| stock = [[LHB coach|LHB Double Decker]]
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 22707 / 22708
| speed = {{convert|58|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average with halts
| map = [[File:(Tirupathi - Visakhapatnam) Double decker Express route map.png|300px]]
| map_state =
| stop =
}}
The 22707 / 22708 '''Visakhapatnam – Tirupati AC Double Decker Express''' is a [[Superfast Express trains in India|superfast]] train belonging to [[Indian Railways|South Coast Railways of Indian Railways]] connecting [[Visakhapatnam]] and [[Tirupati]] both in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/Suresh-Prabhu-High-speed-trains-to-connect-Vijayawada-Vizag-soon/article16966976.ece, thehindu.com], Retrieved 12 Aug 2017</ref><ref>[https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,5,268&dcd=8250&did=1483091680482AA196EF2C985B5F88F45390944165939.web107 South Central Railways], Retrieved 12 August 2017</ref> as of now it is the only overnight [[Intercity Express (Indian Railways)|intercity express]] operated in Indian Railways network and it is the longest operational [[Double Decker Express|Double Decker express]] of Indian Railways.

Previously this train was introduced between [[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda (Hyderabad)]]–{{rws|Guntur Junction}} section as [[Guntur–Kacheguda AC Double Decker Express]] & [[Kacheguda railway station|Kacheguda (Hyderabad)]]–{{rws|Tirupati}} section as [[Kacheguda–Tirupati Double Decker Express]],<ref>[https://scr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&dcd=3989&id=0,5,268 South Central Railway], Retrieved 12 August 2014</ref> but both trains were not successful on those routes due to low commuter traveling. So this train was canceled on those routes<ref>[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/SCR-cancels-Kacheguda-Guntur-double-decker/article16440043.ece thehindu.com], Retrieved 12 August 2017</ref> and transferred on a busy and profitable route i.e. Visakhapatnam - Tirupati section.

==Stoppages==

This train stops at [[Duvvada railway station|Duvvada]], [[Anakapalle railway station|Anakapalle]], [[Tuni railway station, Andhra Pradesh|Tuni]], [[Samalkot Junction railway station|Samalkot Jn]], [[Rajahmundry railway station|Rajahmundry]], [[Tadepalligudem railway station|Tadepalligudem]], [[Eluru railway station|Eluru]], [[Vijayawada Junction railway station|Vijayawada Junction]], [[New Guntur railway station|New Guntur]], [[Tenali Junction railway station|Tenali Jn]], [[Chirala railway station|Chirala]], [[Ongole railway station|Ongole]], [[Nellore railway station|Nellore]], [[Gudur Junction railway station|Gudur Jn]], [[Srikalahasti railway station|Sri Kalahasti]] & [[Renigunta Junction railway station|Renigunta Jn]].

== Coach composition ==
The train has 9 AC Chair cars, 2 power cars (Total 11 coaches)

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:lightgreen;" | 1
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 2
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 3
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 4
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 5
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 6
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 7
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 8
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 9
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 10
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 11
! rowspan="1" scope="col" style="background:#FF7C5C;" | 12
|-
|'''22707'''
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]]
|EOG
|C8
|C7
|C6
|C5
|C4
|C3
|C2
|C1
|CE1
|EOG
|-
|'''22708'''
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||EOG||CE1||C1||C2||C3||C4||C5||C6||C7||C8
|EOG
|}

==Schedule==
The schedule of this 22707/22708 Visakhapatnam - Tirupati AC Double Decker Express is given below:-
{| class="wikitable" width="65%" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="7" align="center" style="background:#FF7C5C;" |''VSKP - TPTY - VSKP AC Double Decker Express''
|+
! colspan="3" |22707
! rowspan="2" |Stations
! colspan="3" |22708
|-
|'''Days'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Arrival'''
|'''Departure'''
|'''Days'''
|-
! rowspan="3" |1
| -NIL-
|23:00
| '''Visakhapatnam Junction'''
|10:30
| -NIL-
! rowspan="13" |2
|-
|23:23
|23:25
| '''Duvvada'''
|09:43
|09:45
|-
|23:34
|23:35
|Anakapalle
|08:58
|09:00
|-
! rowspan="15" |2
|00:24
|00:25
|Tuni
|08:03
|08:05
|-
|01:08
|01:10
|Samalkot Junction
|07:13
|07:15
|-
|02:03
|02:05
|Rajahmundry
|06:33
|06:35
|-
|02:48
|02:50
|Tadepalligudem
|05:53
|05:55
|-
|03:18
|03:20
|Eluru
|05:18
|05:20
|-
|04:50
|05:00
|Vijayawada Junction
|04:15
|04:25
|-
|05:38
|05:40
|New Guntur
|03:23
|03:25
|-
|06:24
|06:25
|Tenali Junction
|02:48
|02:50
|-
|07:14
|07:15
|Chirala
|01:58
|02:00
|-
|07:49
|07:50
|Ongole
|01:23
|01:25
|-
|09:09
|09:10
|Nellore
|23:53
|23:55
! rowspan="5" |1
|-
|09:58
|10:00
|Gudur Junction
|23:23
|23:25
|-
|10:59
|11:00
|Sri Kalahasti
|22:35
|22:37
|-
|11:28
|11:30
| '''Renigunta Junction'''
|22:13
|22:15
|-
|12:20
| -NIL-
| '''Tirupati'''
| -NIL-
|21:55
|}

==Traction==

earlier was [[WAP-4]]. It is hauled by a {{rws|Lallaguda}} based [[WAP 7]] and [[WAP-5]] locomotive on its entire journey.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://indiarailinfo.com/train/visakhapatnam-tirupati-ac-double-decker-express-22707/55508/401/837 22707 at India Rail Info]
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-tirupati-visakhapatnam-ac-double-decker-express-22708/55507/837/401 22708 at India Rail Info]

{{DEFAULTSORT:}}

{{Double Decker Express}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Visakhapatnam - Tirupati Double Decker Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Transport in Tirupati]]
[[Category:Double-decker trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]

Kushi Kushiga

2026-03-03T18:07:29Z

BeauTesterman: minor updated references per sources and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kushi Kushiga
| image = Kushi Kushiga.jpg
| caption = [[DVD]] Cover
| director = G. Ram Prasad
| producer = Aditya Ram
| writer =
| story = [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]
| screenplay = G. Ram Prasad
| based_on = ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'' (Malayalam)(2003) by [[Siddique (director)|Siddique]]
| starring = [[Jagapati Babu]] [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] [[Ramya Krishna]] [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] [[Nikita Thukral]]
| narrator =
| music = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cinematography = D. Prasad Babu
| editing = K. Ramesh
| studio = Adityaram Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2004|04|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹6 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2004 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2004/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
}}

'''''Kushi Kushiga''''' ({{translation}} Happy happily) is a 2004 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by G. Ram Prasad. Starring [[Jagapati Babu]], [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]], [[Ramya Krishna]], [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]], and [[Nikita Thukral]] and music composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]].<ref name="Story">{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-kushikushiga.html|title=Movie review - Kushikushigaa |publisher=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref> The film is a remake of the 2003 [[Malayalam film]] ''[[Chronic Bachelor]]'' starring [[Mammootty]].

''Kushi Kushiga'' was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 19, 2019 |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2004 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2004/ |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=T2BLive}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins in a village where fierce rivalry rages between the families of Chalasi Rayudu and Neelakantam. It continues between their heirs, Surya Prakash / SP & Bhavani. The feud escalates when SP triumphs over Bhavani in court and gets his property while she vows to destroy him. SP is a chronic bachelor who hates the idea of love & women. He stays opposite a women’s hostel. He secretly cares about a girl named Sandhya, as her sponsor but she is unaware of it. Bhama, a smart and extrovert girl, the new admission in the hostel falls for SP at first sight. From there, she chases and annoys SP to get his attention and receive his love but fails. Parallelly, Srikumar is a casanova, the son of SP’s maternal uncle, Seetaramaiah, who nurtured him. SP assures his uncle to reform Sri. So, he makes the guy and his sidekick Errababu stay with him. Anguished, Sri tries to leave, but he backs down after seeing Sandhya, whom he truly loves. Now, Sri & Bhama become friends to support each other. After a few comic scenes, Bhama discovers SP as Sandhya’s sponsor and questions him. Then, he proclaims Sandhya as his half-sister.

Twenty years ago, his father, Rayudu, was an arbitrator in their village. Before his marriage, he secretly weds a woman, Ramalakshmi, and they have two children, Shekar & Sandhya. Exploiting it, Neelamkantam seeks to make it into a scandal to humiliate Rayudu. To shield Rayudu’s honor, Ramalakshmi lies that Rayudu did not father her kids, humiliating Sekhar, who leaves and becomes a wanderer and goon. Surprisingly, SP & Bhavani are having a budding romance during that time. SP’s sister Lakshmi and Bhavani’s cousin Vishnu are also in love. Neelakantam, upon knowing this orchestrated a trap by murdering Vishnu and incriminates Rayudu, which ends with the latter's suicide. In addition, Neelakantam grabs their property manipulating SP. When SP flares up on him, a confrontation arises between SP & Bhavani leading to SP vowing never to love a woman. SP also tries to revive his stepmother’s family, but seeing her hatred towards him, he leaves but still silently looks after Sandhya.

Now being aware of it, Bhama promises to help SP. Firstly, she brings Sandhya nearer to SP by revealing him as her sponsor and arranging her birthday. Shockingly, Bhama is revealed to be Bhavani’s sister who reviles SP for snaring her sister. Accordingly, she forcefully takes Bhama back but she escapes with the help of Sri. Later, SP realizes Sri & Sandhya's love affair and the changed form of Sri. Hence, he decides to get them married, which Sri’s parents reject as Sandhya is an orphan. Then SP tells them the truth, which Sandhya overhears. Though he fears she will hate him, she tells her mother regretted hurting him back then and that she has always love her brother.

During the engagement, Neelakantam arrives along with SP’s enraged elder brother, Shekar, who resembles their father. Shekar takes Sandhya back by force as he is her own brother and fixes her alliance with Bhavani’s brother Ravindra, as he is oblivious to Neetakantam’s ploy and hates SP due to his hatred towards their father. SP vows to unite Sri & Sandhya and finish off everyone who stands in the way. On the wedding day, a brawl erupts between the siblings, which is paused by Sandhya claiming that she cares about both. Immediately, SP discloses the diabolic shade of Neelakantam and proves his father as righteous, which makes Sheker realize he was being manipulated. SP also makes Neelakantam confess to killing Vishnu, making Bhavani realize she fought with SP over all the years due to her father. Bhavani attempts suicide due to her guilt but SP rescues her, and they reunite. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with SP & Bhavani reuniting.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Jagapati Babu]] as Surya Prakash "SP"
* [[Venu Thottempudi|Venu]] as Sri Kumar, SP’s cousin
* [[Ramya Krishna]] as Bhavani, SP’s ex love-interest and rival
* [[Sangeetha (actress)|Sangeetha]] as Satya Bhama, Bhavani’s sister
* [[Nikita Thukral]] as Sandhya, Rayudu and Mahalakshmi’s daughter, SP’s step-sister, Sri’s love-interest
* [[Bhanu Chander]] (double role) as
**Rayudu, Village head, SP, Lakshmi, Sandhya and Shekhar’s father;
**Shekhar, Rayudu and Mahalakshmi’s son, Sandhya’s brother, SP and Lakshmi’s step- brother
* [[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Neelakantham, Bhavani and Bhama’s father
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Errababu, Sri’s friend
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Beggar
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as SP’s assistant
* [[Giri Babu]] as Seetharamaiah, Sri’s father, SP’s maternal uncle
* [[M S Narayana]] as Thief Thirumalai
* Delhi Rajeswari as Seetharamaiah’s wife, Sri’s mother, SP’s maternal aunt
* [[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]] as Mahalakshmi, Rayudu’s mistress, SP’s step-mother, Shekhar and Sandhya’s mother
* Sirisha as Lakshmi, Rayudu’s daughter, SP’s sister, Sandhya and Shekhar’s step-sister
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kushi Kushiga
| type = film
| artist = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 April 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:03
| label = Supreme Music
| producer = [[S. A. Rajkumar]]
| prev_title = [[Tiger Harischandra Prasad]]
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Cheppave Chirugali]]
| next_year = 2004
}}

Music composed by [[S. A. Rajkumar]]. Music released on Supreme Music Company.Some of the songs have been rearranged from the original Malayalam version composed by [[Deepak Dev]]. The music of "Shilayil Ninnum" has been reused for "Teeyani Ee Nijam," and "Chundathu Chethippoo" has been used for "Chamanti Poobanti."
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 25:03
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Godari Gattundi
| lyrics1 = E.S. Murthy
| extra1 = Rajesh, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length1 = 2:48

| title2 = Teeyani Ee Nijam
| lyrics2 = Umamaheswara Rao
| extra2 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Mathangi
| length2 = 5:13

| title3 = Chamanti Poobanti
| lyrics3 = [[Bhuvana Chandra]]
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]]
| length3 = 4:48

| title4 = Aakasha Deshana
| lyrics4 = Chaitanya Prasad
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], Shreya Ghoshal
| length4 = 5:20

| title5 = Preminchey
| lyrics5 = E.S. Murthy
| extra5 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length5 = 2:11

| title6 = Sirisiri Muvvala
| lyrics6 = Sahiti
| extra6 = [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]], [[P. Unni Krishnan|Unni Krishnan]], Tippu, Rakesh, Sri Vidya
| length6 = 4:43
}}

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "''Kushi Kushiga'' is a sparkling comedy based on family sentiments. G.Ram Prasad seems to know the pulse of the audience and has packaged the film with the right mix of laughter, sentiments, songs and dances".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13457628&ctid=5&cid=2430|title=Review: Khushi Khushiga|last=Moviebuzz|work=[[Sify]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050118042928/http://sify.com/movies/telugu/review.php?id=13457628&ctid=5&cid=2430|archive-date=18 January 2005|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1606265}}

[[Category:2004 films]]
[[Category:Telugu remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films scored by S. A. Rajkumar]]
[[Category:2004 Telugu-language films]]

Athomugam

2026-03-03T02:27:50Z

BeauTesterman: added a data...

{{Short description|2024 film directed by Sunil Dev}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Athomugam Theatrical Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sunil Dev
| writer = Sunil Dev
| producer = Reel Petti
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* S P Siddarth
* Chaitanya Pratap
* [[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]]
}}
| music = Manikandan Murali Saran Raghavan
| cinematography = Arun Vijaykumar
| editing = Nishad Yousaf
| studio = Hazeebs Films JAIHO & MGC
| distributor = [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| released = {{film date|2024|03|1|df=yes}}
| runtime = 128 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Athomugam''''' ({{translation|Hidden Face}}) is a 2024 [[Tamil language|Indian Tamil-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by Sunil Dev.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=2024-02-01 |title=Chaitanya Pratap debuts in Tamil |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/hyderabad-chronicle/chaitanya-pratap-debuts-in-tamil-880562 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref> The film stars S P Siddarth, Chaitanya Pratap, Sarithiran, and [[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]] in lead roles. The film was simultaneously shot in Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-30 |title=A bilingual suspense thriller that features newcomers as the leads |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/a-bilingual-suspense-thriller-featuring-newcomers-as-the-leads/articleshow/107251137.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Tamil version of the film was theatrically released on 1 March 2024.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* S P Siddarth as Martin
* Chaitanya Pratap as Leena
* RJ Sarithiran as Surya
*[[Ananth Nag (Tamil actor)|Ananth Nag]] as Paul
* J S Kavi as Vetri
* [[Arun Pandian]] as Indrajith (Cameo Appearance)
}}

== Release ==
''Athomugam'' was theatrically released on 1 March 2024.<ref name=":0" />

== Reception ==
Roopa Radhakrishnan from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated this movie {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 stars and wrote "When a character reenters the film, the amplified background music and the protagonist's shock at seeing that man give a cue for the audience to be shocked at seeing that character again. But by that time, we have completely forgotten that character that it takes a second to register who it even is".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Athomugam Movie Review : A film with scattered highs that tries its best to sell its carefully curated moments |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/athomugam/movie-review/108040170.cms |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Manigandan KR from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated this movie {{fraction|3|1|2}} stars out of 5 stars and stated "In all, Athomugam is a clean, neat suspense thriller that is worth both your time and money".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-28 |title=Athomugam Movie Review: A Neat And Clean Suspense Thriller That Impresses |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/athomugam-movie-review-a-neat-and-clean-suspense-thriller-that-impresses-review-108060980 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> Sreejith Mullappilly from ''[[Cinema Express]]'' said "To conclude, Athomugam is one of those thrillers that has lots to say about mankind and its technological dependence. How I wish its writing matched its sincere ambitions!"<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2024-03-01 |title=Athomugam Movie Review: An underwhelming tech thriller with a hackneyed plot |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/01/an-underwhelming-tech-thriller-with-a-hackneyed-plot-52520.html |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{IMDb title|id=tt31124095}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Divya Dwivedi

2026-02-19T05:00:45Z

BeauTesterman: made first entry and citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Short description|Indian philosopher}}{{Infobox philosopher
| region =
| era = [[Contemporary philosophy]]
| image = Divya Dwivedi.jpg
| caption = Dwivedi speaking at the [[India International Centre]], New Delhi
| name = Divya Dwivedi
| alma_mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College]] (BA) [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] (MA) [[Delhi University]] (M.Phil) [[IIT Delhi]] (PhD)
| institutions = [[IIT Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] [[Delhi University]] [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]]
| school_tradition =[[Deconstruction]]
| main_interests = [[Philosophy of literature]], [[aesthetics]], [[Philosophy of psychology|philosophy of psychoanalysis]], [[narratology]], critical philosophy of caste and race, [[Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi|political thought of Gandhi]]
| notable_works = ''[[Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics]]''
| influences =}}

'''Divya Dwivedi''' is an Indian [[philosopher]]<ref name="elle.in">{{Cite web|title=#ELLEVoices: Divya Dwivedi On How She Is #ImaginingTheWorldToBe|url=https://elle.in/article/voices-divya-dwivedi/|access-date=2021-01-14|website=Elle India|language=en-US}}</ref> and author. She is a professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]]. Her work includes a focus on [[philosophy of literature]], [[aesthetics]], [[Philosophy of psychology|philosophy of psychoanalysis]], [[narratology]], revolutionary theory,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Divya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVwBEQAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9Ctheory+of+revolution%E2%80%9D&pg=PT4 |title=Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution: On Caste and Politics |last2=Mohan |first2=Shaj |date=2024-04-11 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-80526-174-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> critical philosophy of caste and race, and the [[Practices and beliefs of Mahatma Gandhi|political thought of Gandhi]].<ref name=":0" /> She is the co-author of ''[[Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics]]'' and ''Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution: On Caste and Politics.''

==Early life and education ==

Dwivedi, born in 1981, is originally from [[Allahabad]].<ref name="Chandran 2019"/><ref name="Varagur 2020">{{cite news |last1=Varagur |first1=Krithika |date=8 January 2020 |title=Hindutva and the Academy: A Conversation with Divya Dwivedi |language=en |work=[[Los Angeles Review of Books]] |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/hindutva-and-the-academy-a-conversation-with-divya-dwivedi/ |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiménez |first=Paris |date=2025-06-27 |title=10 filósofos (MUY) poco conocidos, pero que debes leer cuanto antes |url=https://acento.mx/ideas/filosofos-poco-conocidos-nombres-influencia/ |access-date=2025-06-30 |website=acento |language=es}}</ref> Her mother is Sunitha Dwivedi and her father, Rakesh Dwivedi, practices as a senior lawyer for the [[Supreme Court of India]].<ref name="Chandran 2019">{{cite news|author=Chandran, Cynthia|title=New book rubbishes BJP aim to assimilate Gandhi|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=11 February 2019|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110219/new-book-rubbishes-bjp-aim-to-assimilate-gandhi.html|access-date=22 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="Varagur 2020"/> Dwivedi's paternal grandfather, [[Dwivedi Surendra Narayan|S. N. Dwivedi]] was a judge at the [[Supreme Court of India]], and her maternal grandfather [[Raj Mangal Pande]] was a minister in the union government of India.<ref name="Raveendran 2022">{{cite news |last1=Raveendran |first1=NK |date=15 November 2022 |title=Two philosophers and a political theorist: An allegory of Indian public sphere |language=en |work=[[Mathrubhumi|English.Mathrubhumi]] |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/specials/two-philosophers-and-a-political-theorist-an-allegory-of-indian-public-sphere-1.8048901 |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref>

She received her [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree from [[Lady Shri Ram College]], Delhi and her [[Master's degree]] from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://hss.iitd.ac.in/faculty/divya-dwivedi|title=Divya Dwivedi | Humanities & Social Sciences|website=hss.iitd.ac.in}}</ref> She pursued her [[Master of Philosophy|M.Phil]] from [[University of Delhi]] and received her [[doctorate]] from [[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]].<ref name=":0" /> The works of [[Jean-Luc Nancy]] were an influence during her university education.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The proletariat are all those who are denied the collective faculty of imagination; Divya Dwivedi tells ILNA|url=https://www.ilna.news/Section-world-8/907722-the-proletariat-are-all-those-who-are-denied-the-collective-faculty-of-imagination-divya-dwivedi-tells-ilna|access-date=2020-05-17|website=ILNA|language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Dwivedi has taught as an assistant professor at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]], and has been adjunct faculty in the English Department at [[Delhi University]] and is professor at Department of Humanities & Social Sciences, [[IIT Delhi]].<ref name=":0" /> She teaches in the areas of philosophy and literature.<ref name=":0" /> She was a [[visiting scholar]] at Centre for Fictionality Studies, [[Aarhus University]] in 2013 and 2014.<ref name=":0" />

The journal ''Episteme'', produced by [[Rutgers University]], published a special issue on the work of Dwivedi and Shaj Mohan in 2021,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Philosophy for Another Time; Towards a Collective Political Imagination|url=https://positionspolitics.org/episteme-4/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=positions politics|language=en-US}}</ref> including articles by [[Robert Bernasconi]]<ref name="Bernasconi 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Bernasconi |first1=Robert |author1-link=Robert Bernasconi |title=Welcoming Divya Dwivedi and Shaj Mohan's Gandhi and Philosophy |journal=Episteme |date=February 2021 |issue=4 |url=https://positionspolitics.org/welcoming-divya-dwivedi-and-shaj-mohans-gandhi-and-philosophy/ |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref> and [[Marguerite La Caze]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=La Caze |first1=Marguerite |author1-link=Marguerite La Caze |title=Cocktails more lethal than Molotovs: Freedom, Indestinacy, and Responsibility in Gandhi and Philosophy |journal=Episteme |date=February 2021 |issue=4 |url=https://positionspolitics.org/cocktails-more-lethal-than-molotovs/ |access-date=16 November 2023}}</ref>

She is a member of the ''Theory Committee'' of the [[International Comparative Literature Association]] along with [[Robert J. C. Young]], [[:de:Stefan Willer|Stefan Willer]] and others.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-07-06|title=Members ICLA Theory|url=https://iclatheory.org/members|website=www.iclatheory.org}}</ref> Dwivedi is a member of the International Network of Women Philosophers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview with Divya Dwivedi – Humanities, Arts and Society|url=https://humanitiesartsandsociety.org/magazine/interview-with-divya-dwivedi/|access-date=2022-02-18|language=en}}</ref> Dwivedi was elected as a member of the executive council of International Society for the Study of Narrative (ISSN) in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Executive Council |url=https://www.thenarrativesociety.org/executive-council |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=The Narrative Society |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Philosophical works and views==
Dwivedi works in the field of the philosophy of literature, the philosophy of psychoanalysis, narratives, the philosophy of criticism, political philosophy, aesthetics, and critical studies on caste and race.<ref name=":0" /> Her philosophical work has been described as [[deconstruction]] and [[continental philosophy]]<ref name="Varagur 2020"/> as well as ''deconstructive materialism''.<ref name="Janardhanan 2021"/> Her philosophical research projects include a focus on [[narratology]],<ref name="Janardhanan 2021"/> and her school of thought has been described by scholars such as [[Étienne Balibar]], [[Slavoj Žižek]], [[Georges Didi-Huberman]] and [[Barbara Cassin]] as developing "within a community of friendship with [[Jean-Luc Nancy]], [[Bernard Stiegler]], [[Achille Mbembe]], and Barbara Cassin."<ref name="Mediapart 2022">{{Cite web |last=[[Mediapart]] |first=Les invités de |title=In support of Divya Dwivedi and Shaj Mohan |url=https://blogs.mediapart.fr/les-invites-de-mediapart/blog/071122/support-divya-dwivedi-and-shaj-mohan |access-date=2022-11-24 |website=[[Mediapart]] |date=7 November 2022 |language=fr}}</ref>

In an introduction to the December 2017 ''Women Philosophers' Journal'' guest-edited by Dwivedi, Barbara Cassin wrote Dwivedi belonging to the [[Brahmin]] caste "makes her therefore “untouchable”, in a totally different sense than the [[dalit]]s, the “untouchables”. Untouchable in a very relative sense, for even in the higher castes the woman intellectual is not worth the man intellectual. She is a philosopher and a literary scholar, English is her mother tongue as much as Hindi, and she found herself compelled to reflect on what postcolonial is, what it serves in the subcontinent, and what it is in the name of."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cassin |first1=Barbara |title=Issue N° 4-5: Intellectuals, Philosophers, Women in India: Endangered Species |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/resources/periodicals/women-philosophers-journal/issue-n-4-5/ |access-date=28 October 2022 |work=Women Philosophers’ Journal |date=December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190722053854/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/resources/periodicals/women-philosophers-journal/issue-n-4-5/ |archive-date=22 July 2019}}</ref>

=== ''Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics'' ===
{{Main|Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics}}
In 2018, Dwivedi co-authored ''[[Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics]]'' with the philosopher [[Shaj Mohan]]. The book examines different aspects of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s thought from a new philosophical system.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Philosophy for Another Time; Towards a Collective Political Imagination|url=https://positionspolitics.org/episteme-4/|access-date=2021-03-12|website=positions politics|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jean-Luc Nancy]] wrote the foreword to ''Gandhi and Philosophy'' and said that it gives a new orientation to philosophy which is neither metaphysics nor hypophysics.<ref name="auto6">{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/933644/what-different-theories-of-philosophy-tell-us-about-gandhis-experiments-with-truth|title=Book Excerpt: What different theories of philosophy tell us about Gandhi's experiments with truth|website=[[Scroll.in]]|date=13 August 2019 }}</ref>

''The Book Review'' said that the philosophical project of ''Gandhi and Philosophy'' is to create new evaluative categories, "the authors, in engaging with Gandhi's thought, create their categories, at once descriptive and evaluative" while pointing to the difficulty given by the rigour of a "seminal if difficult read for those with an appetite for philosophy".<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://thebookreviewindia.org/philosophizing-gandhi/|title=Philosophizing Gandhi|last=Tankha|first=V|website=The Book Review}}</ref> [[Robert Bernasconi]] writes, "It is a challenging book to read. Familiar words that you think you understand the meaning of are used incongruously and only as you read through the book and come across occurrence after occurrence of these words do you get a new understanding of what that word might now mean. Similarly, they adopt words that seem to be new words, that are certainly new to me, and then slowly as one reads the book one comes to recognise what one can do with language."<ref name="Bernasconi 2021"/> According to J. Reghu in a review for ''The Wire'', the book "often reads like a thriller, but at times it demands careful attention, which is not surprising since it is an original work in philosophy already recognised by some of the important contemporary philosophers such as Nancy, Stiegler and Bernasconi."<ref name="auto7">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/books/gandhi-and-philosophy-book-review|title=Gandhi as Chrysalis for a New Philosophy|website=[[The Wire (Indian web publication)|The Wire]]}}</ref>

In a review for ''[[The Hindu]]'', Tridip Suhrud describes the book as "subversive but deeply affectionate" and writes that the authors, "through their doubt affirm Gandhi as a serious philosopher for our times and beyond."<ref name="auto82">{{Cite news |last=Suhrud |first=Tridip |date=2019-08-17 |title='Gandhi and Philosophy – On Theological Anti-Politics' review: Leap of faith |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/gandhi-and-philosophy-on-theological-anti-politics-review-leap-of-faith/article29118506.ece}}</ref> In a review for ''[[The Indian Express]]'', Raj Ayyar stated, "Mohan and Dwivedi have done a masterful job of avoiding the binary fork — hagiography or vituperation — as much of Gandhi and hagiography comes from a need to spiritualise Gandhi".<ref name="ayyar1">{{Cite news|last=Ayyar|first=Raj|title=Bending the binary|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/bending-the-binary-gandhi-and-philosophy-5952328}}</ref>{{verify inline|date=December 2023|reason=Speculative fix for undefined reference}} Cynthia Chandran, writing for the ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' noted that the "book reveals a materialist, internationalist Gandhiji who develops the ultimate revolutionary political program".<ref name="Chronicle 2019">{{cite web |last=Chronicle |first=Deccan |date=2019-02-11 |title=New book rubbishes BJP aim to assimilate Gandhi |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/110219/new-book-rubbishes-bjp-aim-to-assimilate-gandhi.html |access-date=2023-12-20 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

===Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution: On Caste and Politics===
''Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution: On Caste and Politics'' is a book Divya Dwivedi co-authored with [[Shaj Mohan]], published by [[C. Hurst & Co.|Hurst Publishers]] in the United Kingdom and Westland for India in 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=An Anthology of Anti-Caste Essays and the Question of Who Gets to Kill Whom |url=https://thewire.in/books/an-anthology-of-anti-caste-essays-and-the-question-of-who-gets-to-kill-whom |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=thewire.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Divya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVwBEQAAQBAJ |title=Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution: On Caste and Politics |last2=Mohan |first2=Shaj |date=2024-04-11 |publisher=Hurst Publishers |isbn=978-1-80526-174-2 |language=en}}</ref> It was introduced, edited, and annotated with a philosophical [[glossary]] by Maël Montévil who is a theoretical biologist and philosopher of science working at the [[École normale supérieure (Paris)|École normale supérieure, Paris]]. The book is a collection of essays and interviews that deal with topics including the theoretical basis for caste oppression, Hindu nationalism, [[philosophy of history]] and [[revolution]]. [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] wrote that the author royalties from this book in their entirety were transferred in advance to the charities, namely [[Oxfam|Oxfam UK]], [[Reporters Without Borders|Reporters Sans Frontières (Paris)]] and [[Equality Labs|Equality Labs (USA)]]. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution {{!}} Hurst Publishers |url=https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/indian-philosophy-indian-revolution/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=HURST |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Henrik Schedin said in Parabol Magazine that this book radically transforms the way India and Indian politics are understood.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Religion döljer klass i Narendra Modis Indien |url=https://www.parabol.press/religion-doljer-klass-i-narendra-modis-indien/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Parabol |language=sv-SE}}</ref> Prerna Vij in the [[Scroll.in|Scroll]] wrote that this book should be considered as part of the canon to transform India beca "this book will become essential reading".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vij |first=Prerna |date=2025-06-07 |title=‘Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution’: How caste can be a conduit of identity and revolution |url=https://scroll.in/article/1082135/indian-philosophy-indian-revolution-how-caste-can-be-a-conduit-of-identity-and-revolution |access-date=2025-06-29 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

The review in [[Contemporary Political Theory]] focused on the global implications and the theoretical aspects of Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution. The complicity of “western academia” in “a new global system of exploitation” is a theme in the book. As per ''Contemporary Political Theory'', “Western academia (not just philosophy) should listen today if it wants to be prepared for tomorrow.”<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Perica |first=Ivana |date=2024-10-03 |title=Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution: On Caste and Politics |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1057/s41296-024-00727-8 |journal=Contemporary Political Theory |language=en |doi=10.1057/s41296-024-00727-8 |issn=1476-9336|doi-access=free }}</ref> The review in Inverse Journal said that the theory of history in the book show two opposing historiographical styles. One of these is called “ancestral model of historiography” and it is “based on the positing of a hypostatized ‘common ancestor’ as ground of the identity of a people or a culture” which is the basis of racialised histories. It is opposed with “''anastatic'' model of historiography that doesn’t ground common life in a common ancestor. Instead, it bastardizes history. The histories of forms of life are constituted by mixing of people, knowledges, and techniques”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Toward a Philosophy of Revolution: Divya Dwivedi and Shaj Mohan on Caste and Politics in India — by Waseem Malik |url=https://www.inversejournal.com/2024/10/27/toward-a-philosophy-of-revolution-divya-dwivedi-and-shaj-mohan-on-caste-and-politics-in-india-by-waseem-malik/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Lakshmi Subramanian in her review for [[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] and other reviewers summarised the political arguments of the book as against “upper caste supremacism” of all kinds.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subramanian |first=Lakshmi |date=12 July 2024 |title=A courageous scrutiny |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/culture/books/a-courageous-scrutiny-this-collection-of-essays-short-pieces-and-interviews-is-an-exercise-in-exemplary-courage-the-courage-to-call-out-the-authoritarianism-of-the-regime-and-the-inequities-of-cast/cid/2033160 |access-date=14 July 2024 |work=The Telegraph India}}</ref> Subramanian wrote that ''Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution'' calls out the construction of Hindu religion in the 20th century by the upper castes of India as a ploy to hide lower caste majority and suppress their desire to come to power. Through the category of Hindu religion “upper caste supremacism that was able to effectively control and dominate subaltern society”. She added that “caste lines permeated all religions in the subcontinent”.

The theoretical framework of the book goes beyond the Indian context as [[Slavoj Žižek]] said that it is a “required reading for anyone who wants to understand the precipice toward which our entire world is heading ... a book for everyone who seriously wants to think”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Anthology of Anti-Caste Essays and the Question of Who Gets to Kill Whom |url=https://thewire.in/books/an-anthology-of-anti-caste-essays-and-the-question-of-who-gets-to-kill-whom |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=thewire.in}}</ref> [[Robert Bernasconi]] said that the world should “listen and learn” from it since “Not since the days of [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]] has philosophy addressed political issues with the directness and clarity that Dwivedi and Mohan”.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution {{!}} Hurst Publishers |url=https://www.hurstpublishers.com/book/indian-philosophy-indian-revolution/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=HURST |language=en-GB}}</ref>

The revolutionary core of the book was noted in a review in The Wire as “committed to the revolutionary anti-caste project” and that its goal is to lead the lower caste majority to political power in all areas of life.<ref name=":1" /> [[Mathrubhumi]] stated that it was a book of revolutionary theory and is a “call for an unambiguous rise to power in all areas of political and social life from the Dalit-Bahujan majority through an understanding of a revolutionary theory”.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-08 |title=Dissecting the politics of caste {{!}} Book review |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/features/books/book-review-of-indian-philosophy-indian-revolution-on-caste-and-politics-1.9621316 |access-date=2024-06-27 |website=English.Mathrubhumi}}</ref> The review by Aarushi Punia in Maktoob Media credited the book with producing the concepts and theoretical tools to diagnose caste oppression, to form a majority and it is “imagining a way in which lower castes, who affirmatively form over 90% of the population, can seize power”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Punia |first=Aarushi |date=2024-04-25 |title=Polynomial Politics: Imagining India as a Country Led by Lower Castes |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/more/bookshelf/polynomial-politics-imagining-india-as-a-country-led-by-lower-castes/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref> The theory of history in the book was described by The Wire as a new model for [[historiography]] without recourse to “ancestral models” such as would be the “Aryan doctrine”. Jérôme Lèbre wrote in a long form essay for the French journal AOC Media that the book's concepts and arguments are related to the other works of the authors. It shows the development of concepts and political strategies for theoretically discussing caste oppression side by side.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lèbre |first=Jérôme |date=2024-05-09 |title=En finir avec l'hindouisme, révolutionner l'Inde : la philosophie de Divya Dwivedi et Shaj Mohan - AOC media |url=https://aoc.media/analyse/2024/05/09/en-finir-avec-lhindouisme-revolutionner-linde-la-philosophie-de-divya-dwivedi-et-shaj-mohan/ |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=AOC media - Analyse Opinion Critique |language=fr-FR}}</ref>

== Public commentary==
In addition to her authored and edited books, Dwivedi has written and co-written essays and articles, as well as spoken publicly about her scholarship.

In 2019, Dwivedi participated in a debate on [[NDTV]] about [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and politics;<ref name="Raveendran 2022"/> discussing caste, she described how — in her opinion — in the early 20th century, upper-caste Hindu leaders invented an all-encompassing Hinduism to obfuscate the numerical preponderance of lower caste people in India and construct a false majority.<ref name="Ballas 2023">{{Cite web |last=Ballas |first=Anthony |date=2023-10-05 |title=Philosopher Divya Dwivedi Among Latest Targets of India's Right Wing |url=https://proteanmag.com/2023/10/05/philosopher-divya-dwivedi-among-latest-targets-of-indias-right-wing/ |access-date=2023-11-15 |website=Protean Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Sharma 2019">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Kritika |date=7 October 2019 |title=IIT-Delhi faculty calls Hindu religion a 20th century invention, triggers controversy |work=[[ThePrint]] |url=https://theprint.in/india/iit-delhi-faculty-hindu-religion-20th-century-invention-controversy/302088/ |access-date=18 November 2023}}</ref> A clip of the video circulated widely, and Dwivedi received threats from the Hindu right.<ref name="Ballas 2023" /> Krithika Varagur, writing for the ''[[Los Angeles Review of Books]]'', noted her ideas to be inimical to the essence of Hindu nationalism which posited Hinduism as an eternal and perfect religion, beyond the constraints of history.<ref name="Varagur 2020" />

In January 2021, Dwivedi co-authored an essay titled "''The Hindu Hoax: How upper castes invented a Hindu majority''" with Shaj Mohan and academician J Reghu in ''[[The Caravan]]''.<ref name="Raveendran 2022" /> Dwivedi and her co-authors were subject to fresh threats and harassment on social media; [[Jean-Luc Nancy]] wrote a defense of the authors and their article in the ''[[Libération]],''<ref name="Raveendran 2022" /> and numerous academics signed a public statement of support for the authors.<ref name="Ballas 2023" /> Rajesh Selvaraj, a professor of Tamil literature, published a translated version of the essay as a book.<ref name="Selvaraj 2023">{{cite news |last1=Selvaraj |first1=Rajesh |title=Who Can Quarrel with the Feast of Truth: On Divya Dwivedi |url=https://en.themooknayak.com/discussion-interview/who-can-quarrel-with-the-feast-of-truth-on-divya-dwivedi |access-date=18 November 2023 |work=[[The Mooknayak]] |date=23 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

Since then, Dwivedi has been consistently targeted by the Hindu Right for her interviews.<ref name="Mediapart 2022" /><ref name="Ballas 2023" /> Other academics and writers have expressed their routine solidarities.<ref name="Ballas 2023" /><ref name="Mathrubhumi 20232">{{cite news |date=13 September 2023 |title=Death threats over remarks on Hinduism: Kerala writers stand in solidarity with Divya Dwivedi |language=en |work=[[Mathrubhumi|English.Mathrubhumi]] |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/india/writers-stand-in-solidarity-with-divya-dwivedi-1.8900370 |access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref>

== Selected works ==
=== Books ===
* ''Indian Philosophy,'' ''Indian Revolution: On Caste and Politics'', Dwivedi, Divya; Mohan, Shaj; edited and annotated by Montévil, Maël, [[C. Hurst & Co.|Hurst Publishers]], UK, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Anthology of Anti-Caste Essays and the Question of Who Gets to Kill Whom |url=https://thewire.in/books/an-anthology-of-anti-caste-essays-and-the-question-of-who-gets-to-kill-whom |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=thewire.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Divya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CaMo0AEACAAJ |title=Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution: On Caste and Politics |last2=Mohan |first2=Shaj |date=2024-02-29 |publisher=C. Hurst (Publishers) Limited |isbn=978-1-911723-23-3 |language=en}}</ref>
* {{cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=Shaj |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Divya |title=[[Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-politics]] |date=2018 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Academic]] |location= |isbn=9781474221733}}
* ''Jean-Luc Nancy, Anastasis de la pensée'', Edited by Divya Dwivedi, Jérôme Lèbre, Maël Montévil, and François Warin, introduction by Divya Dwivedi, Jérôme Lèbre and Shaj Mohan, postface [[Étienne Balibar|Etienne Balibar]], Edition Hermann, Paris, 2023.
* {{cite book |title=The Public Sphere From Outside the West |date=2015 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781472571922 |editor1-last=Dwivedi |editor1-first=Divya |language=en |editor2-last=V |editor2-first=Sanil}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Dwivedi |editor1-first=Divya |title=Narratology and ideology: negotiating context, form, and theory in postcolonial narratives |editor2-last=Skov Nielsen |editor2-first=Henrik |editor3-last=Walsh |editor3-first=Richard |date=2018 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |isbn=9780814213698 |location=Columbus}}<ref>{{cite journal |date=June 22, 2018 |title=Weekly Book List |journal=[[Chronicle of Higher Education]] |volume=64 |issue=36 |via=Academic Search Complete}}</ref>
* {{cite book |title=Virality of Evil: Philosophy in the Time of a Pandemic |date=2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers |isbn=9781538164709 |editor1-last=Dwivedi |editor1-first=Divya |language=en-us}}
=== Articles, essays, and interviews ===
* Dwivedi, Divya. 2024. “De-Canonising Theory, Junūn-Ising Canon.” [[Parallax (journal)|Parallax]] 30 (3): 312–41, guest edited by Divya Dwivedi and [[Robert J. C. Young]]. doi:10.1080/13534645.2024.2476264
* [https://proteanmag.com/2025/09/29/people-without-exception-an-interview-with-divya-dwivedi/ People Without Exception: An Interview with Divya Dwivedi], (September 2025), Protean Magazine.
* Dwivedi, Divya, [https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/59763/chapter-abstract/508601308?redirectedFrom=fulltext 'Remnants of Durban: Towards a Critical Philosophy of Caste and Race'], ''Oxford Intersections: Racism by Context'' (Oxford, online edition, Oxford Academic, 20 Mar. 2025 - ), <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/9780198945246.003.0022</nowiki>, accessed 29 Oct. 2025.
* {{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Divya |title=The Evasive Racism of Caste - and the Homological Power of the "Aryan" Doctrine |journal=[[Critical Philosophy of Race]] |date=27 January 2023 |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=209–245 |doi=10.5325/critphilrace.11.1.0209|s2cid=257998703 }}<ref name="Selvaraj 2023" />
* [https://journals.library.brandeis.edu/index.php/caste/article/download/1754/1818/5663#:~:text=Giving%20the%20same%20importance%20to,by%20the%20social%20order%2C%20and “The Psychomachia of Caste and Psychoanalysis in India.”] ''CASTE: A Global Journal on Social Exclusion'', vol. 5, no. 2, 2024, pp. 97–120. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>https://www.jstor.org/stable/48778669</nowiki>. Accessed 14 Apr. 2025.
* {{cite speech|title="A Mystery of Mysteries!–"|first=Dwivedi |last=Divya|event=On the Centennial of Freud's “Massenpsychologie und Ich-analyse”, Jan 2021 - Dec 2021 |journal=European Journal of Psychoanalysis|date=April 23, 2021 |url=https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/articles/a-mystery-of-mysteries-d-dwivedi/ |access-date=December 8, 2023}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nancy |first1=Jean-Luc |author1-link=Jean-Luc Nancy |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Divya |last3=Benvenuto |first3=Sergio |author3-link=Sergio Benvenuto |date=30 April 2021 |title=On Freud's Group Psychology: A Debate |url=https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/articles/on-freuds-group-psychology-a-debate-j-l-nancy-d-dwivedi-s-benvenuto/ |journal=European Journal of Psychoanalysis |series=On the Centennial of Freud's "Massenpsychologie und Ich-analyse", Jan 2021 - Dec 2021 |access-date=9 December 2023}}</ref>
*{{cite news |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Divya |last2=Mohan |first2=Shaj |title=The Hoax of the Cave |url=https://thewire.in/politics/narendra-modi-cave-meditation |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=21 May 2019}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Apter |first1=Emily |title=Alphabetic Memes: Caricature, Satire, and Political Literacy in the Age of Trump |journal=[[October (journal)|October]] |date=October 2019 |volume=170 |pages=5–24 |doi=10.1162/octo_a_00366 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Janardhanan 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Janardhanan |first1=Reghu |title=The Deconstructive Materialism of Dwivedi and Mohan: A New Philosophy of Freedom |journal=Episteme |date=February 2021 |issue=4 |url=https://positionspolitics.org/the-deconstructive-materialism-of-dwivedi-and-mohan-a-new-philosophy-of-freedom/}}</ref>
* {{cite news |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Divya |last2=Mohan |first2=Shaj |title=Courage to begin |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/gandhi-jayanti-anniversary-150-a-new-afterlife-6034217/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 September 2019 |language=en}}<ref name="Raveendran 2022"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Todaro |first1=Benedetta |title=Neither "Matter" nor "Mutter": On Dwivedi and Mohan's "Gandhi and Philosophy" |journal=Episteme |date=February 2021 |issue=4 |url=https://positionspolitics.org/neither-matter-nor-mutter-on-dwivedi-and-mohans-gandhi-and-philosophy/ |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref>
* {{cite news |last1=Baradaran |first1=Kamran |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Divya |title=The proletariat are all those who are denied the collective faculty of imagination; Divya Dwivedi tells ILNA |url=https://www.ilna.ir/Section-world-8/907722-the-proletariat-are-all-those-who-are-denied-the-collective-faculty-of-imagination-divya-dwivedi-tells-ilna |work=[[Iranian Labour News Agency|ILNA]] |date=3 May 2020 |language=en}} (interview)<ref name="Janardhanan 2021"/><ref name="Ballas 2023"/>
* {{cite news |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Divya |last2=Mohan |first2=Shaj |last3=Reghu |first3=J |title=The Hindu Hoax: How upper castes invented a Hindu majority |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/religion/how-upper-castes-invented-hindu-majority |work=[[The Caravan]] |date=31 December 2020 |language=en}}<ref name="Selvaraj 2023"/><ref name="Ballas 2023"/><ref name="Raveendran 2022"/>
* {{cite journal |last1=Mohan |first1=Shaj |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Divya |title=The Endogenous Ends of Education (for Aaron Swartz)|journal=European Journal of Psychoanalysis |date=28 February 2021 |url=https://www.journal-psychoanalysis.eu/articles/the-endogenous-ends-of-education-for-aaron-swartz-2/ |language=en |issn=2284-1059}}<ref name="Ballas 2023"/>
* {{cite book |author1=Divya Dwivedi |title=Coronavirus, Psychoanalysis, and Philosophy |date=2021 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=9780367713669 |editor1-last=Castrillón |editor1-first=Fernando |chapter=A Flight Indestinate |editor2-last=Marchevsky |editor2-first=Thomas}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chambers |first1=Claire |title=Unreliable Witnesses? |url=https://3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2021/12/unreliable-witnesses.html |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=[[3 Quarks Daily]] |date=27 December 2021}}</ref>
* {{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Abhish K |last2=Dwivedi |first2=Divya |title=A French-style revolution alone can help India recover from its current caste stasis, says Prof Dwivedi |url=https://asianlite.com/2022/top-news/a-french-style-revolution-can-only-help-india-recover-from-its-current-caste-stasis-says-prof-dwivedi/ |access-date=19 November 2023 |work=Asian Lite International |date=18 October 2022}} (interview)<ref name="Ballas 2023"/>
* {{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=Divya |last2=Mohan |first2=Shaj |title=Critical Nation |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=1 December 2007 |volume=42 |issue=48 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2007/48/special-articles/critical-nation.html |language=en}}<ref name="Raveendran 2022" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Reghu |first1=J. |date=14 April 2019 |title=Book Review: Gandhi as Chrysalis for a New Philosophy |url=https://thewire.in/books/gandhi-and-philosophy-book-review |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[History of India (1947–present)]]
* [[Hinduism]]
* [[Hindu nationalism]]
* [[List of women philosophers]]
* [[Women in philosophy]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* [[Jean-Luc Nancy]], "[https://www.liberation.fr/idees-et-debats/tribunes/la-religieuse-manipulation-du-pouvoir-20210307_LYR4ECBNONBPLLDV4GZOZNZFYI/ La religieuse manipulation du pouvoir]", in ''[[Libération]]''
* Chacko, P., & Sreekumar, A. (2025). “Cleansing India: Gandhi, Hindutva and the calypsology of sanitation reforms”. ''South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies'', 1–21. doi.org/10.1080/00856401.2025.2457245
* Rex Butler, "[https://www.philosophy-world-democracy.org/other-beginning/an-other-beginning-a-new-thinking-of-the-end An Other Beginning: A New Thinking of the End]", ''Philosophy World Democracy''.
* [https://www.leseditionsdeminuit.fr/livre-Critique_n%C2%B0932_933_Guerres_civiles-3468-1-1-0-1.html “Une lecture intransigeante du gandhisme: Shaj Mohan et Divya Dwivedi, Gandhi and Philosophy: On Theological Anti-Politics, Indian Philosophy, Indian Revolution. On Caste and Politics”], Livio Boni, [[Critique (French journal)|''Critique'']], n° 932-933(1-2), 124-137. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3917/criti.932.0124</nowiki>.
* [https://aoc.media/analyse/2024/05/09/en-finir-avec-lhindouisme-revolutionner-linde-la-philosophie-de-divya-dwivedi-et-shaj-mohan/ En finir avec l’hindouisme, révolutionner l’Inde : la philosophie de Divya Dwivedi et Shaj Mohan], Jérôme Lèbre, ''AOC Media'', 10 may 2024.
* [[Robert Bernasconi]], [https://positionspolitics.org/welcoming-divya-dwivedi-and-shaj-mohans-gandhi-and-philosophy/ "Welcoming Divya Dwivedi and Shaj Mohan’s Gandhi and Philosophy"], ''episteme'', issue 4: philosophy for another time; towards a collective political imagination.
* Sreekumar A., [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/european-journal-of-international-security/article/pacifist-and-the-hypophysical-a-cosmological-reading-of-gandhi/D606D11A57A829A8AEA4DD8F4468FEF1 "The pacifist and the hypophysical: A cosmological reading of Gandhi”]. ''[[European Journal of International Security]]''. 2023;8(4):431-449. doi:10.1017/eis.2023.18
* [[Marguerite La Caze]], "Cocktails more lethal than Molotovs:Freedom, Indestinacy, and Responsibility in Gandhi and Philosophy", ''episteme'', issue 4.
* “[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/education/news/who-is-divya-dwivedi-why-she-is-at-the-centre-of-iit-delhis-caste-conference-controversy/articleshow/127715763.cms Who is Divya Dwivedi?]”, [[The Times of India]], 28 January 2026.
* Raveendran, N. K. “Two philosophers and a political theorist: An allegory of Indian public sphere”, ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'', 15 November 2022.
*D. J. Smith "[https://positionspolitics.org/gandhi-and-philosophy-hypophysics-and-the-comparison-between-caste-and-race/ Gandhi and Philosophy:Hypophysics and the Comparison between Caste and Race]", ''episteme'', issue 4.
*“[https://thewire.in/culture/gandhi-and-the-resurrection-of-philosophy Gandhi and the Resurrection of Philosophy”], Raj Ayyar, The Wire, 02 October 2019
* R. Janardhanan, "[https://www.philosophy-world-democracy.org/other-beginning/deconstructive-materialism Deconstructive Materialism: Einsteinian Revolution in Philosophy]", ‘’Philosophy World Democracy’’

== External links ==
*[https://www.bloomsbury.com/us/author/divya--dwivedi/ Divya Dwivedi] Author page at [[Bloomsbury Publishing]]
*[https://positionspolitics.org/episteme-4/ episteme issue 4: philosophy for another time; towards a collective political imagination] Special issue on the philosophical work of Divya Dwivedi and Shaj Mohan

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Divya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women philosophers]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Delhi]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]

Palash Baran Pal

2026-02-15T12:29:31Z

BeauTesterman:

{{Short description|Indian physicist and author (born 1955)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=July 2017}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=July 2017}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Palash Baran Pal পলাশ বরন পাল
| image = Palash.jpg
| alt = Palash Pal at Kolkata
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|9|4}}
| birth_place = [[Budge Budge]],
[[Kolkata]], [[South 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| fields = [[Physics]] ([[Theoretical physics|theoretical]])
| workplaces = {{ublist |[[Rajabazar Science College]], [[Calcutta University]], [[Kolkata]]|[[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]], [[Kolkata]] |[[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]], [[Bangalore]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist |[[Carnegie-Mellon University]] (PhD) |[[Rajabazar Science College]] (MSc) | [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]] (BSc)}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Lincoln Wolfenstein]]
| known_for = {{longitem|Contributions to [[particle physics]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] literature}}
| awards = {{smaller|2004{{nbsp|2}}}}[[Rabindra Smriti Puroshkar]] {{smaller|2011{{nbsp|2}}}}Ramendra Sundar Smriti Puroshkar
| website = {{URL|https://palashbaranpal.github.io/}}
}}

'''Palash Baran Pal''' (Bengali: পলাশ বরন পাল ''Palāś Baran Pāl'', born : 1955) is an Indian [[theoretical physicist]], an Emeritus Professor in the Physics Department of [[Rajabazar Science College|Science College]], [[Calcutta University]], [[Kolkata]],<ref name="toi">{{cite news|date=23 May 2012 |title= Building Blocks of Science |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/Building-Blocks-of-Science/articleshow/12379926.cms |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> a writer,<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|date=4 March 2007 |title= Life's like that only |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-literaryreview/lifes-like-that-only/article2274580.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref name="toi1">{{cite news|date=4 July 2010 |title= Political love|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100704/jsp/calcutta/story_12641505.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709015057/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100704/jsp/calcutta/story_12641505.jsp |archive-date=9 July 2010 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> a linguist<ref name="desh">{{cite news |title= বিচিত্র শব্দকথা |url= https://www.desh.co.in/story/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |newspaper= Desh |access-date= 3 September 2017 |archive-date= 1 July 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140701134342/http://desh.co.in/story/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE }}</ref> and a poet. His main area of research is [[Particle Physics]]. His works in the area of [[neutrino physics]] and [[Theory of relativity|relativistic]] treatment of particle properties in matter are well recognized in the particle physics community. Apart from his scientific contributions, he has authored well known text books in [[physics]] as well as several popular science literature in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] to popularize science. He was the first to create digital Bengali fonts for IBM PC (precursor of MS Windows).

== Early life ==

Born to Amulya Bhushan Pal and Niva Pal on 4 September 1955, Palash Pal is the eldest of three siblings. He did his schooling from BE College Model School at [[Howrah]]. He received his bachelor's degree in Physics from [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], Kolkata (affiliated to [[Calcutta University]], [[Calcutta]], [[India]]) in 1975 and master's degree in Physics from the renowned [[Rajabazar Science College|Science College]] campus of [[Calcutta University]], [[Calcutta]], [[India]] in 1979. He then moved to United States for further studies. He received his Doctorate Degree from [[Carnegie-Mellon University]], [[Pittsburgh]], United States in the year 1983. After that, he was associated with [[University of Maryland]], [[University of Massachusetts]], [[University of Oregon]] and [[University of Texas]] respectively as post-doctoral fellow before he came back to [[India]] in 1994.

== Career ==

After he returned to India, Pal took up professorship at [[Indian Institute of Astrophysics]], [[Bangalore]], [[India]] in 1994 where he stayed till 1997 before he moved to [[Kolkata]]. He then joined the Theory Division of [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]], [[Kolkata]] where he remained in service till September 2017. He is now an Emeritus Professor in the Physics Department of [[Calcutta University]], [[Kolkata]].

Palash Pal has worked in various branches of [[modern physics]].
Primarily a [[particle physicist]], his works encompass studies in the
[[Standard Model of particle physics]]. Some of his pioneering works are particularly
focused on the topic of massive [[neutrinos]], whose theoretical basis
requires physics [[beyond the Standard Model]]. His original contributions to the field of [[neutrino physics]] include calculation of [[Feynman diagrams]] for [[Majorana fermions]].,<ref name="paper1">{{cite journal|first1=Palash B.|last1=Pal|first2=Lincoln|last2=Wolfenstein|title=Radiative decays of massive neutrinos|journal=Phys. Rev. |volume=D25|issue=3|year=1982|page=766|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.25.766|bibcode=1982PhRvD..25..766P}}</ref> determination of properties of [[fermions]] in [[matter]]s and [[magnetic fields]],<ref name="paper2">{{cite journal|first1=Juan Carlos|last1=D'Olivo|first2=Jose F.|last2=Nieves|first3=Palash B.|last3=Pal|title=Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos in a background of electrons|journal=Phys. Rev. |volume=D40|issue=11|year=1989|pages=3679–3687|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.40.3679|pmid=10011749|bibcode=1989PhRvD..40.3679D}}</ref> and a quantum field
theoretic reworking of [[Lincoln Wolfenstein]]'s formula predicting the properties of
neutrino oscillation in presence of matter.<ref name="paper3">{{cite journal|first1=Palash B.|last1=Pal|first2=T. N.|last2=Pham|title=Field-theoretic derivation of Wolfenstein's matter-oscillation formula|journal=Phys. Rev. |volume=D40|issue=1|year=1989|pages=259–261|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.40.259|pmid=10011680|bibcode=1989PhRvD..40..259P}}</ref>
His review on the [[neutrino physics]]<ref name="paper4">{{cite journal|first1=Palash B.|last1=Pal|title=Particle physics confronts the solar neutrino problem|journal=Int. J. Mod. Phys. A|volume=7|issue=22|year=1992|pages=5387–5460|doi=10.1142/S0217751X92002465|bibcode=1992IJMPA...7.5387P|url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1064003/m2/1/high_res_d/5297278.pdf}}</ref> gives a lucid description of the [[solar neutrino problem]] which appeals to a wider class of physicists.

Apart from his contributions to [[neutrino physics]], Pal has done important work related to [[Grand Unification Theory]]<ref name="paper5">{{cite journal|first1=Tristan|last1=Hübsch|first2=Palash B.|last2=Pal|title=Economical unification of three families in SO(18)|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=D34|issue=5|year=1986|pages=1606–1611|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.34.1606|pmid=9957322|bibcode=1986PhRvD..34.1606H}}</ref><ref name="paper6">{{cite journal|first1=Palash B.|last1=Pal|title=Monopoles of SU(15) grand unification|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=D44|issue=5|year=1991|pages=R1366–R1368|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.44.R1366|pmid=10014041|bibcode=1991PhRvD..44.1366P|s2cid=42548585 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1067731/m2/1/high_res_d/5368089.pdf}}</ref>
and [[statistical field theory]] (popularly called [[thermal field theory]]).<ref name="paper7">{{cite journal|first1=José F.|last1=Nieves|first2=Palash B.|last2=Pal|title=Radiative neutrino decay in hot media|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=D56|issue=1|year=1997|page=365|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.56.365|arxiv=hep-ph/9702283|bibcode=1997PhRvD..56..365N|s2cid=17739670}}</ref><ref name="paper8">{{cite journal|first1=José F.|last1=Nieves|first2=Palash B.|last2=Pal|title=Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos in a medium|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=D40|issue=5|year=1989|pages=1693–1696|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.40.1693|pmid=10011994|bibcode=1989PhRvD..40.1693N}}</ref> Some of his works deal with the
quantum field theoretic calculations of self-energies of [[photon]] and [[neutrino]] in a
background of [[charged particles]] (as [[electrons]], [[positrons]] or [[Electric charge|charge]]d weak [[gauge bosons]]) in thermal equilibrium.<ref name="paper9">{{cite journal|first1=José F.|last1=Nieves|first2=Palash B.|last2=Pal|title=Thermal self-energies at zero momentum|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=D51|issue=9|year=1995|pages=5300–5304|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.51.5300|pmid=10019002|arxiv=hep-ph/9411440|bibcode=1995PhRvD..51.5300N|s2cid=2269281}}</ref><ref name="paper10">{{cite journal|first1=José F.|last1=Nieves|first2=Palash B.|last2=Pal|first3=David G.|last3=Unger|title=Photon mass in a background of thermal particles|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=D28|issue=4|year=1983|page=908|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.28.908|bibcode=1983PhRvD..28..908N}}</ref> Pal has also ventured
into calculations where the background for various [[elementary particle]]
processes includes a thermal bath of [[charged particles]] in presence of
constant [[magnetic field]].<ref name="paper11">{{cite journal|first1=Avijit K.|last1=Ganguly|first2=Sushan|last2=Konar|first3=Palash B.|last3=Pal|title=Faraday effect: A field theoretical point of view|journal=Phys. Rev.|volume=D60|issue=10|year=1999|article-number=105014|doi=10.1103/PhysRevD.60.105014|arxiv=hep-ph/9905206|bibcode=1999PhRvD..60j5014G|s2cid=16849452}}</ref>

Palash Pal is also well known for his teaching and has taught various topics of modern physics in the teaching program of [[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]]. Most of the material he has taught have been later turned into books which includes subjects like [[particle physics]], [[statistical physics]] and [[quantum field theory]]. Except these books Palash B. Pal and Rabindra N. Mohapatra have written the book titled ''Massive neutrinos in physics and astrophysics'',<ref name="paper12">{{cite journal|first1=R. N.|last1=Mohapatra|first2=Palash B.|last2= Pal|title=Massive neutrinos in physics and astrophysics. Second edition|journal=World Sci. Lec. Notes Phys.|volume=60|year=1998|pages=1–397}}</ref><ref name="paper13">{{cite journal|first1=R. N.|last1=Mohapatra|first2=Palash B.|last2= Pal|title=Massive neutrinos in physics and astrophysics. Third edition|journal=World Sci. Lec. Notes Phys.|volume=72|year=2004|pages=1–451}}</ref> which is a standard text for both newcomers and old practitioners working in the field of [[neutrino physics]] or [[astroparticle physics]].

Pal started contributing to Bengali literature through popular science articles from as early as 1988. Eight such books and many other articles published in several magazines show his enthusiasm to reach out to an individual who has any scientific curiosity. His other writings in Bengali include several articles on Bengali phonetics, orthography and grammar, Bengali translations of poetries written in other foreign languages, such as the ones by Nobel Laureate [[Pablo Neruda]], and folktales for children carry the signature of his varied interests in literature and linguistics. He has received two awards in the field of literature, [[Rabindra Smriti Puroshkar]] in 2004 and Ramendra Sundar Smriti Puroshkar in 2011, for his popular-level books Bigyān: byakti jukti somoy somāj (বিজ্ঞান: ব্যক্তি যুক্তি সময় সমাজ) and Einstein-er uttorādhikār (আইনস্টাইনের উত্তরাধিকার), respectively.

== Books ==

Besides many scientific papers, Palash Pal has written Physics textbooks in English, and popular-level scientific books and pedagogical scientific articles in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. He has translated several poetries written in foreign languages, such as Spanish, French and Japanese, into Bengali. Among these, the Spanish and the French poetries are direct translations made from the original texts, whereas the collection of translation of Japanese [[Haikus]] was made from the English translations of these poetries. Pal's translation of the Spanish poetries written by [[Pablo Neruda]] is one of the first translations of an entire Spanish book into Bengali. Apart from that, Palash Pal has also translated several Bengali popular literature by other Bengali literary laureates into English. He has authored books on [[linguistics]] and [[Oral tradition|folktales]] in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. An exhaustive list of the books, authored by him so far, is as follows:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Academic books
|-
! Title !! Description !! Co-author !! Publication details !! Link
|-
| '''Massive Neutrinos in Physics and Astrophysics'''
| A book on neutrino physics for researchers and students in the field
| Rabindra N. Mahapatra
| World Scientific, Singapore, 1991. [Enlarged editions: 1998, 2004.]
| http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/5024
|-
| '''A first book of Quantum Field Theory'''
| A beginning level text book on Quantum Field Theory
| Amitabha Lahiri
| Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2000. [Second edition 2005.]
| http://www.narosa.com/books_display.asp?catgcode=978-81-7319-654-6
|-
| '''An introductory course of Statistical Mechanics'''
| A text book on Statistical Mechanics for post-graduate as well as advanced undergraduate students
|
| Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 2007 [Reprint 2013]
| http://www.narosa.com/books_display.asp?catgcode=978-81-7319-864-9
|-
| '''An introductory course of Particle Physics'''
| A text book on Particle Physics for post-graduate students as well as beginning researchers
|
| CRC Press, July 2014
| https://www.crcpress.com/An-Introductory-Course-of-Particle-Physics/Pal/p/book/9781482216981
|-
| '''A Physicists Introduction to Algebraic Structures'''
| A text book on various topics of algebra which are useful for physicists. Detailed discussion of vector spaces, groups and topological spaces. Short introduction to many other algebraic structures like metric spaces, rings, fields, measure spaces, Boolean algebra.
|
| Cambridge University Press, March 2019
| http://www.cambridgeindia.org/Academic/subjects/Mathematics/A-Physicists-Introduction-to-Algebraic-Structures?ISBN=9781108729116 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501070420/http://www.cambridgeindia.org//Academic/subjects/Mathematics/A-Physicists-Introduction-to-Algebraic-Structures%3FISBN%3D9781108729116 |date=1 May 2019 }}
|-
| '''Introduction to Quantum Mechanics'''
| A text book on Quantum Mechanics for advance undergraduate and post-graduate students as well as beginning researchers
| Krishnendu Sengupta
| Cambridge University Press, 2023
| https://www.cambridge.org/in/universitypress/subjects/physics/quantum-physics-quantum-information-and-quantum-computation/introduction-quantum-mechanics?format=PB
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Popular-level books
|-
! Title !! Description !! Co-author / Translator !! Publication details
|-
| '''Ki diyé samastô-kichu gorhā, কী দিয়ে সমস্তকিছু গড়া''' — What is everything made of
| Popular book on particle physics in Bengali
|
| West Bengal State Book Board, Calcutta, 1988. [Second edition 1997.]
|-
| '''Sāl-tarikhér itihās, সাল তারিখের ইতিহাস ''' — A history of dates and years
| A book in Bengali on the development of calendars in various civilizations and its relation to the development of Astronomy
|
| Samatat Prakashan, Calcutta, 1994. [Second edition, Sarat Book Distributors, Calcutta, 2003; Third edition 2015]
|-
| '''Ālôr kathā, আলোর কথা ''' — On light
| A book for children in Bengali on light
|
| Shishu Sahitya Samsad, Calcutta, 1999. [Second edition 2005.]
|-
| '''Bigyān: byakti jukti somoy somāj, বিজ্ঞান: ব্যক্তি যুক্তি সময় সমাজ''' — Science: persons, arguments, time and society
| A collection of popular scientific articles in Bengali
|
| Anustup, Calcutta, 2001. [Editions: 2010, 2017 (ISBN No : 978-81-85479-20-0)]
|-
| '''Māpjôker itihās, মাপজোকের ইতিহাস''' — A history of measurements
| A book in Bengali on the evolution of various units of measurement
|
| Anustup, Calcutta, 2002. [2nd edition, Sarat Book Distributors, Calcutta, 2003]
|-
| '''Journey through time: a history of dates and years'''
| English translation of his Bengali book Sāl-tarikhér itihās (সাল তারিখের ইতিহাস)
| Translated by : Sushan Konar
| Scholastic, New Delhi, January 2008. [Revised reprint April 2008]
|-
| '''Rong-berong, রঙ-বেরঙ''' — Colors
| A book in Bengali on the science of colors and color perception, the technology of color production and reproduction
| Co-author : Shekhar Guha
| Jnan Bichitra, Agartala, 2010
|-
| '''Einstein-er uttorādhikār, আইনস্টাইনের উত্তরাধিকার''' — Einstein's legacy
| Nine essays in Bengali, discussing various aspects of Einstein's work, his predecessors from whom he derived inspiration, and his impact on society and science
|
| Bangiya Bijnan Parishad, Calcutta, 2011
|-
| '''At the root of things'''
| English translation of his Bengali book Ki diyé samastô-kichu gorhā (কী দিয়ে সমস্তকিছু গড়া)
| Translated by : Sushan Konar
| CRC Press, August 2014.
|-
| '''Bigyan ebong, বিজ্ঞান এবং'''
| 12 essays on the relation of science with other aspects of human life and thoughts, e.g., Science and superstitions, Science and religion, Science and mathematics, Science and imagination
|
| Ababhash, Calcutta, 2016
|-
| '''Sonkhya̅r jogot, সংখ্যার জগৎ''' — The world of numbers)
| On numbers: their definition, classification, writing systems, uses and abuses
|
| Nirjhar, Calcutta, 2022
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Translations
|-
! Title !! Translated from !! Co-author !! Publication details
|-
| '''Jekhāne brishtir janmô, যেখানে বৃষ্টির জন্ম'''
| Pablo Neruda's "Donde nace la lluvia" (from the original Spanish) || ||Arunā Prokāshoni, Calcutta, 1988; [2nd edition, Paramparā Prakāshan, 2011]
|-
| '''Sutrapāt, সূত্রপাত'''
| Isaac Asimov's "Beginnings" || Shekhar Guha||Anustup, Calcutta, 1997
|-
| '''Kathā, কথা'''
| Jacques Prévért's "Paroles" (from the original French)|| ||Anustup, Calcutta, 1997. [2nd printing 2010 (ISBN No : 978-81-85479-31-6)]
|-
| '''Bāshor Haiku, বাশো-র হাইকু '''
| Japanese Haikus by Matsuo Basho || || Ababhāsh, Calcutta, 2004
|-
| '''Selected Stories by Parashuram'''
| English translation of Bengali short stories by Parashuram [Rajshekhar Bose] || Sukanta Chaudhuri ||Penguin Books, New Delhi, 2006
|-
| '''Funny and funnier'''
| English translation of Bengali short stories by Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay || Abhijit Gupta || Scholastic, New Delhi, 2010
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Books on linguistics
|-
! Title !! Description !! Publication details
|-
| '''Dhwônimālā bornômālā, ধ্বনিমালা বর্ণমালা'''
| A book on Bengali phonetics || Papyrus, Calcutta, 2001 [2nd edition: Anustup, Calcutta, 2015]
|-
| '''Ā môri Bānglā bhāshā, আ মরি বাংলা ভাষা'''
| Collection of a number of essays on various aspects of language, orthography and grammar || Anushtup, Calcutta, 2011 (ISBN No: 978-81-85479-63-7)
|-
| '''Hok kothā, হক কথা'''
| Collection of a number of short articles, written originally for newspaper supplements and literary magazines, on various aspects of language, orthography and grammar || Parampara Prakashan, Calcutta, 2013
|-
| '''Ek theke choy, এক থেকে ছয়'''
| Six essays on problems of transliteration, terminologies, typefaces and orthography || Parampara Prakashan, Calcutta, 2016
|-
|'''Kothār kothā, কথার কথা'''
| Collection of a number of short articles, written originally for newspaper supplements and literary magazines, on various aspects of language, orthography and grammar|| Parampara Prakashan, Calcutta, 2020
|-
|'''Ka̅jer kotha̅, কাজের কথা'''
| The first part is a compilation of all Bengali verbs. The second part is an analysis of the verb forms of standard Bengali || Anushtup, Calcutta, 2022
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Miscellaneous
|-
! Title !! Description !! Publication details
|-
| '''Nānā desh nānā golpô, নানা দেশ নানা গল্প'''
| Collection of folktales from all over the world
| Shishu Sahitya Samsad, Calcutta, 2010; [Second printing 2012]
|-
| '''Poṭhôn pāṭhôn gobeshonā, পঠন পাঠন গবেষণা'''
| On education and research
| Jacari, 2012
|-
| '''Mohājonokothā, মহাজনকথা'''
| Critical essays on eminent persons
| Ababhāsh, 2024
|}

== Software ==
Palash Pal has developed two latex based packages :
#bangtex : for typesetting documents in Bangla using the Tex/Latex systems [http://www.saha.ac.in/theory/palashbaran.pal/bangtex/bangtex.html]<ref name=ctan>{{cite web|title=Comprehensive TEX Archive Network|url=https://www.ctan.org/author/pal|website=CTAN}}</ref>
#pptalk : a Latex-based package for talk presentation [http://www.saha.ac.in/theory/palashbaran.pal/pptalk/pptalk.html]

== Personal life ==

Palash Pal is married to Shukla Sanyal (শুক্লা সান্যাল), who was a professor of history at [[Calcutta University]] and [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]] [[Kolkata]], respectively, and has one daughter, Shoili Pal (শৈলী পাল), and one son, Proyag Pal (প্রয়াগ পাল).

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://www.youtube.com/@palashbaranpal1615 YouTube Channel of Palash Baran Pal containing several of his lectures on various topics]
* {{YouTube|C1wr2qzsQAY|Colloquium by Palash Baran Pal based on his book ''Sāl-tarikhér itihās'', ''সাল তারিখের ইতিহাস''}}
* [https://parabaas.com/parabaas-english.shtml#Palash_Baran_Pal Translated stories by Palash Baran Pal]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/article/reso/022/01/0091-0093 A review of his book ''An introductory course of Statistical Mechanics'' published in Resonance]
* [https://www.desh.co.in/story/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE A review of his book ''Hok kothā, হক কথা'' published in Desh] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701134342/http://desh.co.in/story/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE |date=1 July 2014 }}
{{Authority control}}
* [http://inspirehep.net/search?p=author%3AP.B.Pal.1%20AND%20collection%3Aciteable Full list of scientific publications by Palash B. Pal]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal, Palash Baran}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Astrophysics]]
[[Category:Indian theoretical physicists]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Carnegie Mellon University alumni]]
[[Category:Scholars from West Bengal]]

Alvars

2026-02-14T15:31:34Z

BeauTesterman: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Tamil poet-saints of South India}}
{{for-multi|the Indian city in Rajasthan|Alwar|the village in Iran|Alvars, Iran|the 2007 Indian Tamil film|Aalwar}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Alvars
| image = {{image array|perrow=1|width=200|height=130|
| image1 = Thiruthankal temple (7).jpg
| image2 = Thiruthankal temple (8).jpg|caption2 =[[Murtis]] of the Alvars, Ninra Narayana temple: (From the left: First row: Periyalvar, Tirumalisai Alvar, Tiruppan Alvar, Tondaradippodi Alvar, Kulashekara Alvar, and Madhurakavi Alvar, also featuring Nathamuni. Second Row: Bhootathalvar, Peyalvar, Nammalvar, and Tirumangai Alvar, also featuring Ramanuja)
}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| philosophy = [[Vishishtadvaita]]
| region = [[Tamilakam]]
| notable_works = [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]]
| known_for = [[Bhakti movement]]
| influenced = Regional Vaishnava movements{{sfn|Jestice|2004}}
| school = [[Bhagavata]]
| denomination = [[Vaishnavism]]
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hinduism}}

The '''Alvars''' ({{langx|ta|ஆழ்வார்|Āḻvār|translit-std=ISO|lit=The Immersed}}), also spelled as '''Azhwars''', are the [[Tamil people|Tamil]] poet-saints of [[South India]] who espoused ''[[bhakti]]'' (devotion) to the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] preserver deity [[Vishnu]] through their songs of longing, ecstasy, and service.{{sfn|Nippard|2009}} They are venerated in [[Vaishnavism]], which regards Vishnu as the [[Brahman|Ultimate Reality]].

Tradition posits the number of Alvars as ten, though there are other references that include [[Andal]] and [[Madhurakavi Alvar]], bringing the total to twelve.{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=131}} Together with the 63 contemporary [[Shaivism|Shaivite]] [[Nayanars]], they are among the most important saints from Tamil Nadu.

The Alvars are considered the twelve supreme devotees of [[Vishnu]] in [[Sri Vaishnavism]], who were instrumental in popularising [[Vaishnavism]] in the Tamil-speaking regions.{{sfn|Sujatha|2011|p=47-48}} The Alvars were influential in promoting the [[Bhagavata Sampradaya]] and the two Hindu epics, the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]].{{sfn|Sujatha|2011|p=42}}

The hymns of the Alvars are compiled as the ''[[Nalayira Divya Prabandham|Naalayira Divya Prabandham]],'' a collection of 4000 verses, and the 108 temples revered in their hymns are classified as ''[[Divya desam|Divya Desams]]''.{{sfn|Rao|2008|p=27}} The verses of the various ''Alvars'' were compiled by [[Nathamuni]] (824–924 CE), a 9th-century Vaishnavite theologian, who called it the "Dravida Veda" or the "Tamil Veda".{{sfn|Mukherjee|1999|p=15}}{{sfn|Garg|1992|pp=352–354}} The songs of the ''Prabandham'' are regularly sung in various Vishnu temples of South India, daily, and also during festivals.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=211}}

== List of the twelve Alvars ==
The Alvars are described as corresponding to the 63 Shaivite Nayanars (devotees of Shiva) mentioned in the [[Periya Puranam|Periyapurana]].{{Sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=142}} Tradition counts twelve Alvars:{{Sfn|Bhandarkar|1913|p=49}}{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# [[Poigai Alvar|''Poygai Āḻvār'']]
# [[Bhoothath Alvar|''Putattāḻvār'']]
# [[Pey Alvar|''Pey Āḻvār'']]
# [[Tirumalisai Alvar|''Tirumaḻiśai Āḻvār'']]
# [[Nammalvar|''Nammāḻvār'']]
# [[Madhurakavi Alvar|''Madhurakavi Āḻvār'']]
# [[Kulasekhara Alvar|''Kulaśekhara Āḻvār'']]
# [[Periyalvar|''Periyāḻvār'']]
# [[Andal|''Āṇḍāḻ'']]
# [[Thondaradippodi Alvar|''Toṇḍaraḍippoḍi Āḻvār'']]
# [[Tiruppan Alvar|''Tiruppan Āḻvār'']]
# [[Thirumangai Alvar|''Tirumaṅgai Āḻvār'']]
}}Andal is the only female Alvar.{{sfn|de-Gaia|2019}}

==Etymology==
The precise meaning of the term ''Āḻvār'' (often transliterated as ''Alvar'' or ''Azhwar'') has been debated. The common understanding is that the traditional meaning is derived from the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] root ''āḻ'' or ''azh'' (ஆழ்) which means "deep". {{sfn|Narayanan|2007|p=187}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=34}} From this, definitions such as "one who has plunged deep into the divine" ,{{sfn|Padmanabhan|1993|p=2}} "who is immersed in deep meditation" ,{{sfn|Palaniappan|2004|p=64}} "god-intoxicated mystics" ,{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=14}} and "one who is deeply immersed in God's experience" {{sfn|Chari|1994|p=247}} are commonly given.

Scholars like S. Palaniappan (2004) argue that the original term ''āḷvār'' underwent a process of sound variation, taking the form ''āḻvār''. This linguistic shift and the subsequent folk etymology are seen to have occurred over approximately two centuries in the [[Srirangam]] area. Some linguistic analyses show that the term was initially ''āḷvār'' (from the verbal root ''āḷ''), meaning "to rule". {{sfn|Palaniappan|2004}} In this sense it could mean "those who rule, lords". {{sfn|Dubyanskiy|2014|p=3}} This interpretation is supported by its semantic parallel with ''Nāyaṉār'' ("lord, master"), the title given to Saivite saints. {{sfn|Palaniappan|2004}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=34}} Early temple inscriptions also give weight to this etymology. {{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=35}} The term ''āḷvāṉ'' (singular masculine form of ''āḷvār'') is also found in earlier texts, including in reference to [[Vishnu]]'s devotees and even to [[Vishnu]] himself. {{sfn|Palaniappan|2004}} [[Andal]], the only woman Alvar, is referred to as ''āṇṭāḷ'' "the lady" (literally "she who rules"). This is seen as a fairly precise semantic parallel to ''āḷvār'' in the sense of "lord" or "ruler".{{sfn|Palaniappan|2004}}

== Dating ==

Traditionally the Alvars are said to have lived in ancient times. The first three Alvars (Poygai Alvar, Bhutattalvar, Peyalvar) are believed to have been born at the end of the [[Dvapara Yuga]], corresponding to around 4203 BCE.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=10}}{{sfn|Aiyangar|1911|p=403}}{{sfn|Govindacharya|1902|p=lx}} Madhurakavi is believed to have also been born in Dvapara Yuga, corresponding to 3222 BCE.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=10}} Nammalvar, Kulashekhara Alvar, Periyalvar, and Andal are placed in the first century of the [[Kali Yuga]] (3102 BCE - 3005 BCE).{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=10}} Specific dates such as Nammalvar in 3102 BCE, Kulashekhara in 2075 BCE, Periyalvar in 3056 BCE, and Andal in 3005 BCE are also given.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1911|p=404}}{{sfn|Govindacharya|1902|p=lxviii}} Thondaradippodi Alvar, Thiruppaan Alvar, and Thirumangai Alvar are dated to 2803 BCE, 758 BCE, and 2702 BCE respectively.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=10}}{{sfn|Aiyangar|1911|p=404}}

The ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' says that Alvars lived between 7th and 10th centuries CE.{{sfn|Encyclopædia Britannica|2014}} Professor of Religion and Asian Studies, James G. Lochtefeld of [[Carthage College]], notes in his ''The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism'', the first three Alvars Poigai, Bhoothath and Pey belonged to the 7th century; while Nammalvar and Madhurakavi belonged to the 10th century; while the rest of them lived in the 9th century.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002a|p=29-30}}

Modern scholarship generally places the Alvars in the early medieval period. Most sources agree that the Alvars "probably lived between the sixth and the tenth centuries CE",{{sfn|Narayanan|2007|p=188}} or more specifically, between the fifth and eighth centuries CE.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=1}} One source suggests their age as a class lies "between somewhere about the commencement of the 3rd century A.D. and the 9th century."{{sfn|Aiyangar|1920|p=89}} This period aligns with the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]], [[Chola dynasty|Chola]], and [[Pandya dynasty|Pandya]] kingdoms in [[Tamil Nadu]], a time when [[Tamil literature|Tamil bhakti literature]] emerged.{{sfn|K. K.|2006|p=10}}

A significant point in dating the Alvars is their relationship with [[Ramanuja]].{{sfn|Aiyangar|1911|p=377}} Scholars agree that the Alvars considerably predated Ramanuja, as his theology was heavily influenced by their teachings.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=13, 234, 237, 245}} This refutes earlier views by Bishop Caldwell and M. Seshagiri Sastriar, who mistakenly believed the Alvars were disciples of Ramanuja.{{sfn|Aiyangar|1911|p=254, 377}}{{sfn|Aiyangar|1920|p=4-5}}

== Legend and hagiography ==

===Sources===

The legendary information surrounding the Alvars is primarily derived from a variety of Vaishnava hagiographical works, alongside insights from their own literary compositions. These sources often present traditional accounts that blend historical elements with miraculous anecdotes and theological interpretations.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=x, 10}}{{sfn|Govindacharya|1902|p=xlii-xliii}}{{sfn|Aiyangar|1920|p=4-5}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=54}}

There are many texts that serve as key source material for the Alvar legends. The ''Divyasuricarita'' by ''Garuḍavāhana Paṇḍita'' in the 11th century CE is considered the earliest poetical work detailing the biographies of the Alvars.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=x, 10}} The ''Guruparampara Prabhavam'' is found in multiple variations such as ''Guruparamparāprabhāvam-ārāyirappaḍi'' by ''Pinpaḻakiyaperumāḷ Jīyar'' in the 13th century CE, and ''Guruparamparāprabhāvam-mūvāyirappaḍi'' by ''Tṛtīya Brahmatantra Parakālasvāmi'' in the 14th century CE.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=10}} The ''Vārtta Malai'' by an unknown author of "a fairly late date" also recounts some stories and the Ramanuja connection.{{sfn|Rajagopalan|1978|p=475-476}} The ''Upadeśa Ratnamālai'' by ''Manavala Mahāmuni'' and ''Periya Thirumaḍi Aḍaivu'' by ''Koil Kandāḍai Nāyan'', both from the 15th century CE, also provide biographical details.{{sfn|Sambaiah|1988|p=6}}

===Divine origins and miraculous births===

A central theme of the Alvar legends is their divine origin, with [[Vishnu]] reportedly sending his various insignia to Earth to be incarnated as the Alvars.{{sfn|K. K.|2006|p=22}}{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=14}}{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=13}} For example, Poygai Alvar is believed to be the incarnation of [[Panchajanya|Vishnu's conch]] (''sangu''), Bhoothath Alvar of his [[Kaumodaki|spiritual mace]] (''kowmodhakam''), and Pey Alvar of the [[Nandaka|''Nandaka'' sword]].{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=14}} Other Alvars are linked to Vishnu's divine attendants or attributes, such as Nammalvar as [[Vishvaksena]], Kulasekhara Alvar as the [[Kaustubha|Kaustubha gem]], Periyalvar as [[Garuda]], and Tirumangai Alvar as [[Sharnga|Vishnu's bow]].{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=13}}

Many are said to have had supernatural births rather than natural ones. Poygai Alvar reportedly emerged from a [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]], Bhoothath Alvar from a [[Hiptage benghalensis|madhavi flower]], and Pey Alvar from a red lotus. Andal was discovered as an infant in a flower garden, and Nammalvar was found by his foster parents in the hollow of a [[tamarind]] tree.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=14, 165}}{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=14}}

===Specific alvar legends===
The first three Alvars (Poygai, Bhoothath, Pey Alvar) are said to have been born on three consecutive days and later met by chance in a narrow passageway (''itaikkali'') in [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Tirukkovalur]] during a storm, where Vishnu revealed himself to them.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=16}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=19, 216-217}} Nammalvar is said to have remained in yogic meditation under a tamarind tree until the age of sixteen, speaking his first words as an esoteric answer to Madhurakavi Alvar.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=14}}{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=165}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=229}}

Tirumangai Alvar's life recounts his transformation from a [[Brigandage|brigand]] to a saint.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=14}} Legends include him robbing a Buddhist shrine to fund the construction of the fourth wall (''prakara'') of the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam temple]], with the Lord's assistance.{{sfn|K. K.|2006|p=106}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=202, 242}} He also reportedly engaged in a poetical contest with the Saiva saint [[Sambandar]].{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=19, 40}} The only female Alvar, Andal is renowned as a bridal mystic who vowed to marry only Vishnu/Krishna.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=165}}{{sfn|Narayanan|2007|p=188}} Her legend culminates in her mystical marriage to [[Ranganatha|Lord Ranganatha]] at Srirangam, where she is said to have been absorbed into the deity.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=14, 208}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=243}}

One legend recounts that when a Pandyan king tried to coerce Tirumalisai Alvar's disciple, Kannikrishna, to compose songs in his honor, Vishnu himself left his temple to follow the Alvar, only returning after the king humbly apologized.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=284-285}} Tiruppan Alvar's legend highlights that he was carried on the shoulders of a temple priest, despite belonging to the lowest caste (''panchama''/outcaste), into the sanctum sanctorum of Srirangam, where he merged with the deity.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=14}}{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=211}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=74, 98, 243}}

== Works ==

===Naalayira Divya Prabandham===
The main collection of works of devotional poetry created by the Alvars, compiled by [[Nathamuni]], is known as the [[Naalayira Divya Prabandham]], with 4,000 verses.{{sfn|Narayanan|2007|p=188}} These works include:{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=32}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=10em|
* [[Tirupallantu|''Tirupallāṇḍu'']]
* [[Periyalvar Tirumoli|''Periyāḻvāra Tirumoḻi'']]
* [[Tiruppavai|''Tiruppāvai'']]
* [[Nachiyar Tirumoli|''Nācciyāra Tirumoḻi'']]
* [[Perumal Tirumoli|''Perumāḻa Tirumoḻi'']]
* [[Tiruchanda Viruttam|''Tiruccanda Viruttam'']]
* ''[[Tirumālai]]''
* [[Tirupalliyeḻuchi|''Tirupaḻḻi-eḻucci'']]
* [[Amalanatipiran|''Amalanādipirāṇa'']]
* [[Kanninun Cirutampu|''Kaṇṇinuṇ-Śiruttāmbu'']]
* [[Periya Tirumoli|''Periya Tirumoḻi'']]
* [[Tirukkuruntantakam|''Tirukkuruntāṇḍakam'']]
* [[Tirunetuntantakam|''Tiruneḍuntāṇḍakam'']]
* [[Mutal Tiruvantati|''Mudala Tiruvandādi'']]
* [[Irantam Tiruvantati|''Iraṇḍām Tiruvandādi'']]
* [[Munram Tiruvantati|''Mūṉṟām Tiruvandādi'']]
* [[Nanmukan Tiruvantati|''Nāṉmukaṉ Tiruvandādi'']]
* ''[[Tiruviruttam]]''
* [[Tiruvaciriyam|''Tiruvāciriyam'']]
* [[Periya Tiruvantati|''Periya Tiruvandādi'']]
* [[Tiruvelukkutrirukkai|''Tiruveḻukūṟṟirukkai'']]
* [[Ciriya Tirumatal|''Śiriya Tirumaḍal'']]
* [[Periya Tirumatal|''Periya Tirumaḍal'']]
* [[Tiruvaymoli|''Tiruvāymoḻi'']]
}}

After the era of the Alvars, a few of the poems from the Divya Prabandham were said to be lost. Nathmuni in the 10th century is said to have gone on search for these lost works and was blessed with the revelation of three short works by Nammalvar and around 20 poems composed by other poets.{{sfn|Narayanan|2007|p=189}}

===Commentaries and other works===
These works have been the subject of extensive commentaries and other literary works by later scholars and saints. These are:{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=33-4}}
* On the entire corpus:
** Commentary by ''Periyavāccān Piḷḷai''.
** Commentary by ''Periya Parakālasvāmi''.
** ''Nigama Parimaḷa'' by ''Vedānta Deśika''
* Commentaries on the ''Tiruvāymoḻi'':
** ''Ārāyirappaḍi'' by ''Tirukkurukaipirān Piḷḷān'', a direct disciple of [[Ramanuja]] (1068 CE).
*** sub-commentary on ''Ārāyirappaḍi'' called ''Irupattunālāyirappāḍi'' by ''Vedānta Rāmānuja/Sākṣātsvāmi'' (1700 CE).
** ''Oṉpadināyirappaḍi'' by [[Nanjiyar|''Nañjīyar'']] (1113 CE).
** ''Irupattunālāyirappāḍi'' by ''Periyavāccān Piḷḷai'' (1168 CE).
** ''Īḍu Muppattiyārāyarappāḍi'' by ''Vaḍakkutiruvīdi Piḷḷai'' (1167 CE).
** ''Pannirāyirappāḍi'' by ''Vādikesarī Aḻakiamaṇavāḷa Jīyar'' (1242 CE).
** ''Oṉpadināyirappaḍi'' by ''Raṅgarāmānuja'' (1650 CE).
** ''Padinettāyirappaḍi'' by ''Periya Parakālasvāmi'' (1676 CE).

==Philosophy==

The poetry of the Alvars echoes ''bhakti'' to God through love, and in the ecstasy of such devotion they sang hundreds of songs which embodied both depth of feeling and the felicity of expressions.{{sfn|Government of India|2013}} The philosophy of the ''Āḻvārs'' is fundamentally rooted in devotion ([[bhakti]]) to ''Viṣṇu'' and forms the spiritual and theological basis for the ''Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta'' system.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=1}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=268}} Their poetic compositions, collected as the Nālāyira Divya Prabandham, are viewed as the "Dravida Vedam" (Tamil Veda), containing the quintessence of Upanishadic teachings and philosophical ideas disseminated through the Tamil language to the common people.{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=13}}{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=xiv, 3}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=254}} Their teachings cover the three fundamental doctrines of ''Vedānta'': ''tattva'' (ultimate reality), ''hita'' (means of attainment), and ''puruṣārtha'' (supreme goal of life).{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=xiv, 1}}{{sfn|Padmanabhan|1993|p=17}}

===The doctrine of ultimate reality (''tattva'')===

The ''Āḻvārs'' posit [[Vishnu]]/[[Narayana]] as the supreme deity (''paratattva'') and the sole ultimate reality.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=ix, 37}}{{sfn|Varadharajan|2018|p=39}} They uphold the ''Saviśeṣa Brahma-vāda'', viewing [[Brahman]] as the absolute endowed with infinite auspicious attributes (''guṇa'').{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=39, 72, 225}} Narayana is described as ''Sarveśvara'', the Lord of all, including [[Brahma]] and [[Rudra]] ([[Shiva]]), and the primary cause of the universe's creation, sustenance, and dissolution.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=54, 106}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=199}} They emphasize the theological belief in the inseparability of ''Viṣṇu'' and ''Śrī'' ([[Lakshmi]]), with the Goddess acting as the [[mediatrix]].{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=1}}{{sfn|Aiyangar|1920|p=2}}

The Āḻvārs refer to five manifestations (''avatāra'') of God that make the divine accessible:{{sfn|Govindacharya|1902|p=xlii}}{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=91}}{{sfn|Varadharajan|2018|p=89}}

# ''Para'' (The transcendent form in ''[[Vaikuntha|Vaikuṇṭha]]'')
# ''Vyūha'' (The expansive form, e.g., lying in the [[Kshira Sagara|milky ocean]])
# ''Vibhava'' (Incarnations like [[Rama]] and [[Krishna]])
# ''Arcā'' (The [[Murti|iconic form]] enshrined in temples)
# ''Antaryāmin'' (The inner controller dwelling within every sentient and non-sentient entity)

The ''Kṛṣṇa avatāra'' holds special importance due to its display of God's easy accessibility (''saulabhya'').{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=96, 107}} The devotion of the ''Āḻvārs'' was largely temple-centred, praising the local deities ([[Divya Desam|''divya deśams'']]).{{sfn|Narayanan|2007|p=189}} They frequently glorify God's protective and merciful nature, highlighting attributes such as easy accessibility (''saulabhya'') and gracious condescension (''sauśīlya'').{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=71, 92}}

The Alvars also describe the nature of the individual self (''jīvātman'') as an eternal spiritual entity characterized by knowledge (''jnāna'') and bliss (''ānanda''),{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=110}} yet eternally subordinate (''śeṣa-bhūta'') to the Supreme Being.{{sfn|Varadharajan|2018|p=114}} They frequently used the term ''adiyēn'' (subservient) to signify their dependence on God.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=117}} A distinctive theological concept in their hymns is the idea of subordination not only to God, but also to the devotees of God,{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=118}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=136, 144}} expressing the ideal of becoming the servant of the servants, who are servants to the servants of God's servants.{{sfn|K. K.|2006|p=49}}

===The path to attainment (''hita'')===

The core philosophy of the ''Āḻvārs'' is the promotion of Bhakti (fervent devotion), which they considered the great way of salvation.{{sfn|Sundaram|1993|p=42}}{{sfn|Aiyangar|1911|p=194}}{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=xiii}}

The central ideology is the idea of absolute surrender to the deity. They advocated implicit faith, ardent devotion, and utter surrender of will and action to ''Viṣṇu''.{{sfn|Sambaiah|1988|p=33}}{{sfn|K. K.|2006|p=35}} ''Prapatti'' (self-surrender) is often seen as the only effective means (''sādhana'') for complete and final liberation.{{sfn|K. K.|2006|p=48}}

The attainment of God is believed to be possible only through the Lord's grace.{{sfn|Varadharajan|2018|p=39}}{{sfn|Padmanabhan|1993|p=143}} They accepted both grace linked to human effort (''sahetuka-kṛpā'') and spontaneous, unconditioned grace (''nirhetuka-kṛpā'').{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=81-82}}

This devotional path is also expressed through the hymns of key Alvars, notably Nammalvar and Tirumangai Alvar, who often assume the role of the female beloved (''nāyaki'') longing for Vishnu, the divine lover (''nāyaka'').{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=7, 162-163}}{{sfn|Rajagopalan|1978|p=472}}{{sfn|Ramaswamy|2007|p=164}} This utilizes the imagery of erotic love ([[Sringara|''śṛṅgāra rasa'']] or ''rati-bhāva'') as an allegory for the spiritual quest and the soul's intense craving for union with the Divine.{{sfn|Padmanabhan|1993|p=5, 168}}{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=162}} This mystic experience alternates between the joy of communion (''samśleṣa'') and the anguish of separation (''viraha'' or ''viśleṣa'').{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=117, 163}}{{sfn|Padmanabhan|1993|p=74}}

===The supreme goal (''puruṣārtha'')===

The ultimate goal of life is [[Moksha]] (liberation, or ''vidu''). Moksha is described as the realization of the blissful Brahman (''Brahmānandānubhava'').{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=143}} The theological concept of the ultimate goal emphasizes continuous and uninterrupted divine service (''Bhāgavat-kaiṅkarya'') to the Lord in His eternal abode, ''Vaikuṇṭha'' (''Paramapada''). Nammalvar asserts that he would prefer service to the Lord over moksha itself.{{sfn|Chari|1994|p=145}}{{sfn|Jagannathan|2009|p=27}}

==Legacy==

The ''bhakti'' literature that sprang from Alvars has contributed to the establishment and sustenance of a culture that deviated from the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] and rooted itself in devotion as the only path for salvation. In addition, they contributed to Tamil devotional verses independent of a knowledge of [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Divyadesam Online|2007}} As a part of the legacy of the Alvars, five Vaishnavite philosophical traditions (''[[sampradaya]]s'') developed over a period of time. These were the sampradayas founded by [[Ramanuja]], [[Madhva]], [[Vallabha]], [[Nimbarka]], and [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]].{{sfn|Mittal|Thursby|2006|p=27}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==

===Books===
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* {{cite book | last1 = Govindacharya | first1 = Alkondavilli | title = The Holy Lives of the Azhvars or The Dravida Saints | location = Mysore | publisher = G. T. A. Press | date = 1902 }}
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* {{cite book | last = Narayanan | first = Vasudha | editor-last1 = Bryant | editor-first1 = Edwin F. | title = Krishna: A Sourcebook | chapter = Tamil Nadu: Weaving Garlands in Tamil: The Poetry of the Alvars | location = New York | publisher = Oxford University Press | date = 2007 }}
* {{cite book | last = Palaniappan | first = S. | editor-last1 = Chevillard | editor-first1 = Jean-Luc | title = South-Indian Horizons | chapter = Āḻvār or Nāyaṉār: The Role of Sound Variation, Hypercorrection and Folk Etymology in Interpreting the Nature of Vaiṣṇava Saint-Poets | location = Pondichéry | publisher = Institut Français de Pondichéry | date = 2004 }}
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* {{cite book | last = Rao | first = P. V. L. Narasimha | title = Kanchipuram – Land of Legends, Saints & Temples | location = New Delhi | publisher = Readworthy Publications (P) Ltd. | year = 2008 | isbn = 978-93-5018-104-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GTMTQLuCNSMC&q=poigai+azhwar&pg=PA27 }}
* {{cite book | last = Sujatha | title = Azhvargal: Oru Eliya Arimugam | publisher = Thirumagal Nilayam Publish | date = 2011 | language = ta }}

{{Refend}}
===Theses / Dissertations===

{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite thesis |last=Jagannathan |first=Bharati |date=2009 |title=Approaching the Divine: Integrating Āḻvār Bhavkti in Śrīvaiṣṇavism: 6th-14th Centuries CE |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/17672 |degree=PhD |chapter= |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}
* {{cite thesis |last=K. K. |first=Radha |date=2006 |title=History of Vaiṣṇavism Under the Kulaśekharas |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/405872 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Kerala}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Padmanabhan |first=R. |date=1993 |title=God perception of vedanta desika with particular reference to his Nayaki Bhava in comparison with Nammalvar and Tirumanki Alvar |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/543318 |degree=PhD |chapter= |publisher=University of Mumbai |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Rajagopalan |first=Vasudha |date=1978 |title=The Śrī Vaiṣṇava Understanding of Bhakti and Prapatti: From the Āḻvārs to Vedānta Deśika |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/565826 |degree=PhD |chapter= |publisher=University of Bombay |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Sambaiah |first=O. |date=1988 |title=Vaisnavism in Andhradesa AD 1000 to 1600: A Historical Study |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/126696 |degree=PhD |chapter= |publisher=Acharya Nagarjuna University |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Sundaram |first=R. |date=1993 |title=George Herbert and Nammazhvar: A Comparative Study |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/784 |degree=PhD |chapter= |publisher=Pondicherry University |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}
* {{cite thesis |last=Varadharajan |first=K. |date=September 2018 |title=Impact of Harinamasankirtan in Thiruvaimozhi in the Modern Era |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/280733 |degree=PhD |chapter= |publisher=University of Madras |docket= |oclc= |access-date=}}

{{Refend}}
===Websites===

{{Refbegin}}

* {{cite web |last=Nippard |first=Andrea |title=The Alvars |url=http://www.mahavidya.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nippard-Andrea-The-Alvars-Yes.pdf |website=Mahavidya.ca |publisher=Mahavidya |date=Spring 2009 |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203001609/http://www.mahavidya.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nippard-Andrea-The-Alvars-Yes.pdf |archive-date=3 December 2013}}
* {{cite web |title=Indian Literature Through the Ages |url=http://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm |website=CCRT India |publisher=Government of India |access-date=20 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515213735/http://ccrtindia.gov.in/literaryarts.htm |archive-date=15 May 2013 |ref={{harvid|Government of India|2013}}}}
* {{cite web |title=About Alvars |website=Divyadesam Online |publisher=divyadesamonline.com |url=http://www.divyadesamonline.com/alwars.asp |access-date=2 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070621230057/http://www.divyadesamonline.com/alwars.asp |archive-date=21 June 2007 |ref={{harvid|Divyadesam Online|2007}}}}

{{Refend}}
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | last1 = Annapoorna | first1 = Lakshminarasimhan | title = Music and Temples: A Ritualistic Approach | edition = 1 | location = New Delhi | publisher = Sundeep Prakashan | date = 2000 | isbn = 9788175740907 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Ayyangar |first1=D. Ramaswamy |title=Peeps Into Mysticism |date=1966 |publisher=Visishtadvaita Pracharini Sabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dUgqAAAAYAAJ&q=peeps+into+mysticism |language=en}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Ayyar | first1 = P. V. Jagadisa | title = South Indian Shrines: Illustrated | publisher = Asian Educational Services | date = 1982 | isbn = 978-81-206-0151-2 | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/South_Indian_Shrines.html?id=NLSGFW1uZboC | language = en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Dasgupta |first1=Surendranath |title=A History of Indian Philosophy |date=1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0414-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jI2PUAa8B8oC&q=history+of+indian+philosophy+volume+3 |language=en}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Dehejia | first1 = Vidya | title = Slaves of the Lord: The Path of the Tamil Saints | edition = 1 | location = New Delhi | publisher = Munshiram Manoharlal Publ | date = 2002 | isbn = 9788121500449 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Filliozat | first1 = Jean | title = Religion, Philosophy, Yoga: A Selection of Articles | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass Publishing House | date = 1991 | isbn = 978-81-208-0718-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/Religion_Philosophy_Yoga.html?id=2av2SuI8PpoC | language = en }}
* {{cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Friedhelm |title=Viraha Bhakti: The Early History of Krsna Devotion |date=2014 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidas |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-3816-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XY42EAAAQBAJ&q=viraha+bhakti |language=en}}
* {{cite book | editor-last = Karashima | editor-first = Noboru | title = A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations | chapter = States in Deccan and Kerala | pages = 146–147 | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2014 | isbn = 978-0-19-809977-2 | url = https://global.oup.com/academic/product/a-concise-history-of-south-india-9780198099772?cc=us&lang=en& | ref = {{harvid|Karashima|2014}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Krishna | first = Nanditha | title = Book of Vishnu | publisher = Penguin Books India | year = 2009 | isbn = 9780143067627 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC&q=poygai&pg=PA136 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Krishnamachariar | first1 = Madabhushi | title = History of Classical Sanskrit Literature | location = Delhi | publisher = Motilal Banarsidass | date = 2009 | isbn = 9788120802841 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Lochtefeld | first1 = James G. | title = The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N–Z | edition = 1 | location = New York | publisher = Rosen | date = 2002 | isbn = 9780823931804 | ref = {{harvid|Lochtefeld|2002b}} }}
* {{cite book | last = Paṇḍita | first = Garuḍa Vāhana | title = Divyasūri Caritam | edition = 1 | location = Bombay, India | publisher = Ananthacharya Research Institute | date = 1978 | url = https://archive.org/details/Divyasuri-Charitam-Garudavahana-Pandita/page/n4/mode/1up | access-date = 1 October 2024 }}
* {{cite book | last = Rāmānuja | title = Śrībhāṣyam: Catuḥsūtryātmakaḥ | editor-last = Karmarkar | editor-first = Raghunath Damodar | publisher = Puṇyapattanavidyāpīṭhādhikr̥taiḥ | date = 1959 | url = https://books.google.com/books/about/%C5%9Ar%C4%ABbh%C4%81%E1%B9%A3yam_Catu%E1%B8%A5s%C5%ABtry%C4%81tmaka%E1%B8%A5.html?id=6L4rAAAAMAAJ | language = en }}
* {{cite book | last = Ramanujan | first = A. K. | title = Hymns for the Drowning | location = New Delhi | publisher = Penguin Books | date = 1981 }}
* {{cite book | last = Raghavan | first = A. Srinivasa | title = Nammalvar | location = New Delhi | publisher = Sahitya Akademi | date = 1975 | isbn = 81-260-0416-9 }}
* {{cite book | last = Vanina | first = Eugenia | title = Medieval Indian Mindscapes: Space, Time, Society, Man | location = Delhi | publisher = Primus Books | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-93-80607-19-1 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=yriGbWNAF5EC&dq=kallar+%C2%A0Kshatriya&pg=PA131 }}

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-3/d/doc209943.html The Philosophy of the ''{{IAST|Āḻvārs}}''], Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940
* [http://www.ramanuja.org/sv/alvars/index.html The Alvar Saints] (ramanuja.org)
* [http://www.kamat.com/indica/faiths/bhakti/alvars.htm The Alvar Saints of Tamil Nadu] by Jyotsna Kamat

==See also==
{{commons category}}
* [[Bhakti movements|Bhakti movement]]
* [[Tamil mythology]]
* [[Nathamuni]]

{{Alvars}}

[[Category:Alvars| ]]
[[Category:Indian philosophy]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:Tamil Hindu saints]]

Yogita Bhayana

2026-02-12T06:21:35Z

BeauTesterman: put up the page needs work

{{Short description|Indian social activist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Yogita Bhayana
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Activist]]
| organization = People Against Rape in India (PARI)
}}

'''Yogita Bhayana''' is a well-known anti-rape activist in India, who heads People Against Rape in India (PARI), an organization that seeks to support [[rape survivor]]s and help them get justice.<ref>{{cite web|date=16 August 2020|title=Centre, state govts not doing anything to prevent 'barbaric' rapes: Activist|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/centre-state-govts-not-doing-anything-to-prevent-barbaric-rapes-activist20200816154303/|publisher=aninews.in|access-date=9 June 2021|archive-date=9 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609185007/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/centre-state-govts-not-doing-anything-to-prevent-barbaric-rapes-activist20200816154303/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She has also founded and ran 200 [[Night shelter|homeless shelters]] in [[Delhi]] and landed support to rape survivors beginning anti-sexual violence efforts. She began a campaign "Nari Ke 2 Din" which seeks to create a special session of parliament on women’s issues.

== Education ==
Bhayana got her [[Master's degree]] in Disaster Management.

== Early life ==
She has been a leading member of interviewing [[Anganwadi]] workers across [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi NCR]], expert committee on gender and education [[National Commission for Women]], Rogi Kalyan Samiti [[Government of Delhi]], and the Sexual Harassment Board of Delhi.

Witnessing a road accident and watching the apathy of the police and hospital staff first-hand led Bhayana to become a [[social activist]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.lokmat.com/national/activist-yogita-bhayana-moves-hc-seeking-direction-to-kwality-pharmaceuticals-to-supply-available/|title=Activist Yogita Bhayana moves HC seeking direction to Kwality Pharmaceuticals to supply available units of Remdesivir|date= 6 May 2021|publisher=lokmat.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dec-16-gangrape-off-camera-how-they-got-house-to-hear-jyoti-parents-anguish/|title=Dec 16 gangrape: Off camera, how they got House to hear Jyoti parents' anguish|date= 25 December 2015|work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/video-activist-yogita-bhayana-distributes-kangri-among-protesting-farmers-at-singhu-border-2865503|title=Activist Yogita Bhayana distributes Kangri among protesting farmers at Singhu border|date= 1 January 2021|publisher=dnainda.com}}</ref> Bhayana has been closely working on Rape cases.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/social-activist-yogita-bhayana-start-campaign-for-two-day-annual-session-of-parliament-on-womens-issues-nirbhaya-case-dlop-2897893.html|title=महिलाओं ने संसद से मांगा दो दिन का वुमेन स्पेशल सत्र, ये है वजह|date= 28 February 2020|publisher=hindi.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/activist-asks-un-to-announce-nirbhaya-convicts-execution-date-as-rape-prevention-day-120030600793_1.html|title=Activist asks UN to announce Nirbhaya convicts' execution date as 'Rape Prevention day'|date= 6 March 2020|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/news/yogita-bhayana-outstation-patients-home/|title=Meet The Social Activist At Forefront Of Nirbhaya Case Now Helping Outstation Patients To Get Back Home|date= 5 June 2020|publisher=shethepeople.tv}}</ref> Her protests were instrumental on the [[2012 Delhi gang rape and murder]] case.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.in/detail/news-photo/women-rights-activist-yogita-bhayana-stage-demonstration-news-photo/1200296475|title=Women rights activist Yogita Bhayana stage demonstration outside|date= 12 February 2020|publisher=gettyimages.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/lockdown-heroes-hitting-the-road-with-good-intentions/articleshow/75617013.cms?from=mdr|title=Lockdown heroes: Hitting the road with good intentions|date= 8 May 2020|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jaitv.com/people/yogita-bhayana/|title=Yogita Bhayana Bio, Age, Family, Career and Profile|date=15 March 2020|work=JaiTV|access-date=6 November 2021|archive-date=28 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628153753/https://www.jaitv.com/people/yogita-bhayana/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Career as an activist ==
Due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], many people from places far from Delhi were sent home with no treatment from the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi]]. Bhayana stated, "Most of these patients have nowhere to stay or live... We found a group in which heart patients, cancer patients, and others with burn injuries were there. Many of them were not even able to walk. They are poor and also suffer from disabilities or problems." She organized for buses to take them home, and paid for the transportation out of pocket.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2020 |title=Female social activist messiah for outstation patients stuck in Delhi amid lockdown |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/female-social-activist-messiah-for-outstation-patients-stuck-in-delhi-amid-lockdown20200522041837/ |publisher=aninews.in |access-date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609185841/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/female-social-activist-messiah-for-outstation-patients-stuck-in-delhi-amid-lockdown20200522041837/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Delhi Police Notice ===
On 3 February 2021, [[Delhi Police]] sent a notice to Bhayana under [[Indian Penal Code|IPC]] section 153, 153A. 505(1)(b) to appear before Police.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Police send notice to activist Yogita Bhayana over her tweets on Republic Day violence |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/feb/04/delhi-police-send-notice-to-activist-yogita-bhayana-over-her-tweets-on-republic-day-violence-2259236.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The New Indian Express|date=4 February 2021 }}</ref> Responding to which, Bhayana accused the Delhi Police of suppressing her voice, and said her only crime was that she had been supporting the farmers protesting against three Central [[2020 Indian agriculture acts|agricultural laws]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली पुलिस ने सोशल एक्टिविस्ट योगिता भयाना को गणतंत्र दिवस हिंसा पर 'फर्जी पोस्ट' के लिए भेजा नोटिस |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/ncr/story-delhi-police-notice-to-social-activist-yogita-bhayana-over-her-tweets-on-republic-day-violence-3831299.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

=== Protest at Bihar CM office ===
On 2 April 2022, Bhayana along with a rape victim's father and uncle protested outside [[Nitish Kumar]]'s, Bihar Chief Minister's office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi social worker, bereaved kin of minor rape victim, stage dharna outside Bihar CM's house |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/apr/02/delhi-social-worker-bereaved-kin-of-minor-rape-victim-stage-dharna-outside-bihar-cms-house-2437261.html |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=The New Indian Express|date=2 April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-02 |title=Bihar : कौन हैं Yogita Bhayana जिसे CM आवास के सामने पुलिसवालों ने किया ज़लील, रेप पीड़िता को इंसाफ दिलाने 'सरकार' के दरवाजे पर पहुंची थी » Trending Bihar |work=Trending Bihar |url=https://trendingbihar.com/crime/bihar-me-cm-house-ke-saamen-yogita-bhayana-ke-saath-patna-police-ne-ki-badtamiji/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402145746/https://trendingbihar.com/crime/bihar-me-cm-house-ke-saamen-yogita-bhayana-ke-saath-patna-police-ne-ki-badtamiji/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A police officer ([[Sub-inspector|SI Rank]]) misbehaved with Bhayana stating "Now [[Bihar Police]] will tell, how ladies should live".<ref>{{Cite web |title=मैडम उंगली नीचे... चुप, बांका रेप मामले में न्याय मांगने पहुंची युवती को डपटते दिखे दारोगा |url=https://www.jansatta.com/rajya/bihar/bihar-police-misbehave-with-yogita-bhayana-in-patna-banka-rape-case-cm-nitish-kumar/2113055/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Jansatta |date=2 April 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=India com News |title=Rape Victim's Father, Activist Held in Patna For 'Protesting' Outside Nitish Kumar's House |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/rape-victims-father-activist-held-in-patna-for-protesting-outside-nitish-kumars-house-5316803/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://www.pariindia.in/}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhayana, Yogita}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Women civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian women human rights activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Soumen Chakrabarti

2026-02-12T02:50:24Z

BeauTesterman: put up the stub needs work...

{{Short description|Indian computer scientist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Soumen Chakrabarti
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]] (Bachelor's degree) 
[[University of California, Berkeley]] (PhD)
| awards = [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]] (2014) 
[https://www.serbonline.in/SERB/jcbose_fellowship?HomePage=New J. C. Bose National Fellowship] (2019)
| fields = [[Computer Science]] 
[[Web Mining]] 
[[Natural Language Processing]] 
[[Information Retrieval]] 
[[Distributed Computing]] 
| doctoral_advisor = [[Katherine Yelick]]
| workplaces = [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] 
[[Google]] 
[[Carnegie Mellon University]] 
[[IBM Almaden Research Center]]
| spouse = [[Sunita Sarawagi]]
}}
'''Soumen Chakrabarti (সৌমেন চক্রবর্তী)''' is an Indian computer scientist and professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at [[IIT Bombay]]. He is known for his work on

* The [[CLEVER project|CLEVER Web page ranking system]] based on hyperlinks, related to [[PageRank]].
* [[Focused crawler]]s, which are Web crawlers guided by page topic classifiers.
* Keyword search on graph databases, later popularized by [[Facebook Graph Search|Facebook graph search]].
* [[Entity linking|Named entity disambiguation]] in Web text.

He is author of an [http://store.elsevier.com/Mining-the-Web/Soumen-Chakrabarti/isbn-9780080511726/ early book] on Web search and mining.

He was awarded the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/Detail.aspx?AID=499|title=Awardee Details: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize|website=ssbprize.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar awards for 10 scientists |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-awards-for-10-scientists/article6450071.ece |publisher=BusinessLine |date=26 September 2014 |accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. P.S.Ahuja Announces Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award 2014 |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=110063 |publisher=Dr. P.S.Ahuja Announces Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award 2014 |date=26 September 2014|accessdate=28 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://ssbprize.gov.in/WriteReadData/LatestUpdates/201409260153504671808ssb_awardees2014.pdf|title=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science & Technology List of recipients |date= 2014|website=ssbprize.gov.in |access-date=2020-07-25}}</ref>
He was awarded the J. C. Bose National Fellowship in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiascienceandtechnology.gov.in/sites/all/themes/vigyan/images/banner_articles/JC%20Bose%20Fellows%202019-20.pdf|title=The list of New fellows awarded during the year 2019-20 in the J C Bose Fellowship}}</ref>

He is a fellow of the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]], the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/|title=Indian Academy of Sciences|website=fellows.ias.ac.in}}</ref> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/ref3.php|title=INSA :: Indian Fellows Elected|website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref>

He is among the distinguished alumni of [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|IIT Kharagpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/notification/story/iit-kharagpur-to-conferre-distinguished-alumnus-award-to-20-alumni-1557044-2019-06-27|title=As many as 20 IIT Kharagpur alumni including IIT Bombay Professor Soumen Chakrabarti to get Distinguished Alumnus Award 2019|date=June 27, 2019|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/iitbombay/posts/2534233296601455|title=IIT Bombay|website=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kgpchronicle.iitkgp.ac.in/adding-to-the-glory/|title=Adding to the glory|website=KGP Chronicle|date=27 June 2019 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.cse.iitb.ac.in/~soumen/ Soumen Chakrabarti's Home Page]

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakrabarti, Soumen}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Engineers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:Engineers from West Bengal]]

Moubani Sorcar

2026-02-08T17:53:18Z

BeauTesterman: made some stub needs work

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Moubani Sorcar
| image = Moubani Sorcar 2024.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Purbita Sorcar
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1987|10|21}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Moubani-Sorcar|title=Moubani Sorcar: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| parents = {{ubl|[[P. C. Sorcar Jr.]] (father)|Jayasree Sorcar (mother)}}
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2009–present
}}
'''Moubani Sorcar''' (born '''Purbita Sorcar''' on 21 October 1987) is an Indian actress and painter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/moubani-sorcar-132589|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707175302/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/moubani-sorcar-132589|url-status=live|archive-date=7 July 2019|title=Moubani Sorcar movies, filmography, biography and songs - Cinestaan.com|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Moubani Sorcar's MF Husain portrait">{{cite news|title=Moubani Sorcar's MF Husain portrait|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/news-interviews/Moubani-Sorcars-MF-Husain-portrait/articleshow/8846744.cms|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104063527/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-14/news-interviews/29656091_1_portrait-painting-leg|url-status=live|archive-date=4 January 2013|access-date=3 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 Jun 2011}}</ref> She is the daughter of magician [[P. C. Sorcar Jr.]]<ref name="Moubani Sorcar to take break after Seven Days">{{cite news|title=Moubani Sorcar to take break after Seven Days|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bangla/top-stories/2011/moubani-sorcar-return-seven-days-060111.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218055808/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/bangla/top-stories/2011/moubani-sorcar-return-seven-days-060111.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2013|accessdate=3 October 2012|newspaper=One India|date=6 January 2011}}</ref>

She made her acting debut opposite [[Prosenjit Chatterjee]] in [[Anup Sengupta|Anup Sengupta's]] Bengali film ''Badla'' (2009).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6YVHpA2g6fk&t=394s|title=Badla (2009)|website=www.youtube.com|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{|class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not been released yet
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Director
|-
| rowspan=2|2009
! scope="row"|''Badla''
|Bengali
|[[Anup Sengupta]]<ref name=":0" />
|-
! scope="row"|''Kolir Arjun''
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan=2|2010
! scope="row"|''Lajja{{dash}}The Shame''
| Bengali
| Dayal Acharya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/lajja-the-shame-34851|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707202937/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/lajja-the-shame-34851|url-status=live|archive-date=7 July 2019|title=Lajja -The Shame (2010) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Mon Chay Tomay''
| Bengali
| Prabir Kar
|-
|2011
! scope="row"|''Seven Days''
| Bengali
|Tathagata Bhattyacharya
|-
| rowspan=3|2012
! scope="row"|''[[Antore Bahire]]''
| Bengali
| Somnath Sen
|-
! scope="row"|''Nadi Re Tui''
| Bengali
| Kingshuk De
|-
! scope="row"|''Sorry Kono Khama Nei''
|Bengali
| Jeet Chatterjee
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014
!''Bhoot Adbhoot''
|Bengali
|Anubrata Dutta
Sridip Ghosh<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhoot Adbhoot « MovieIndicator Bengali |url=http://www.bengali.movieindicator.com/bhoot-adbhoot/ |access-date=2019-07-07 |website=www.bengali.movieindicator.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"|''Path Ghat''
| Bengali
| Partha Ganguly<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/path-ghat-35355|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707191629/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/path-ghat-35355|url-status=live|archive-date=7 July 2019|title=Path Ghat (2014) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|website=Cinestaan|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>
|-
|2017
![[Comrade (2017 film)|''Comrade'']]
|Bengali
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
!''[[Sesh Chithi]]''
|Bengali
|
|-
!''Silent Signature''
|Bengali
|
|-
|2021
!''[[Sleelatahanir Pore]]''
|Bengali
|
|-
|
! scope="row" style="background:#ffc;"|''Jotilpurer Goppo'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}
| Bengali
| Adhyan Dhara<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/paran-bandyopadhyay-plays-a-105-year-old-man-in-jotilpurer-goppo/articleshow/64342088.cms|title=Paran Bandyopadhyay plays a 105-year-old man in 'Jotilpurer Goppo' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>
|-
|
! scope="row" style="background:#ffc;"|''Paran Bandhu Re'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}
| Bengali
| Biswanath Chakraborty
|-
|
! scope="row" style="background:#ffc;"|''Sopno O Bastab'' {{dagger|alt=Film has not yet been released}}
|Bengali
|Shyamal Basu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.looptoop.com/entertainment/tollywood/rajdeep-sarkar-and-moubani-sorcar-paired-up-for-swapno-o-bastab.html|title=স্বপ্ন আর বাস্তব এক করে দেবে এই জুটি, কিভাবে জেনে নিন|last=Chakraborty|first=Subhankar|date=2019-01-27|website=Looptoop|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-07}}</ref>
|-
|2024
!''Alor Disha''
|
|Partha Ganguly
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4120513}}

{{Notable people of P. C. Sorcar family}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sorcar, Moubani}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Sorcar family]]
[[Category:1987 births]]

Aranyak (TV series)

2026-02-07T07:14:52Z

BeauTesterman: added pg...

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Aranyak (TV series).jpg
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption = Release poster
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = {{hlist|[[Crime fiction|Crime]]|[[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]|[[Mystery fiction|mystery]]}}
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer = {{plainlist|
* Charudutt Acharya
* [[Rohan Sippy]]
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Vinay Waikul
| creative_director =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Raveena Tandon]]
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
* [[Ashutosh Rana]]
* Taneesha Joshi
* [[Anna Ador]]
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]]
* [[Meghna Malik]]
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 8
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = {{plainlist|
* [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]]
* [[Ramesh Sippy]]
* Rohan Sippy
}}
| location =
| cinematography = Saurabh Goswami
| editor = Yasha Ramchandani
| camera =
| runtime = 37–48 minutes
| company = {{plainlist|
* Ramesh Sippy Entertainment
* Roy Kapur Films
}}
| budget =
| network = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Start date|2021|12|10|df=y}}
}}

'''''Aranyak''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Netflix]] [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] television series created by Charudutt Acharya and [[Rohan Sippy]], directed by Vinay Waikul, and starring [[Raveena Tandon]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Ashutosh Rana]], Taneesha Joshi, Anna Ador, [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]], and [[Meghna Malik]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|date=21 December 2021|title='Aranyak' season one review: Raveena Tandon aces Netflix whodunit, aided by the fantastic writing|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aranyak-season-one-review-raveena-tandon-aces-netflix-whodunit-aided-by-the-fantastic-writing/article38003206.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210102148/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aranyak-season-one-review-raveena-tandon-aces-netflix-whodunit-aided-by-the-fantastic-writing/article38003206.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV">{{Cite web|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/aranyak-web-series-104299|title=Aranyak|publisher=NDTV Gadgets|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227185557/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/entertainment/aranyak-web-series-104299|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Aranyak {{!}} Netflix Official Site|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81226180|access-date=27 December 2021|website=www.netflix.com|language=en|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190554/https://www.netflix.com/title/81226180|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the [[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards]], ''Aranyak'' received five nominations, including Best Original Screenplay (Series) for Charudutt Acharya. Raveena Tandon won Best Actress in a Drama Series.

==Synopsis==
In the fictional [[Himachal Pradesh]] town of Sironah, two morally upright officers, both battling their own inner demons, try to find the person responsible for the alleged rape and murder of a teenage girl who had ostensibly come to spend the holidays with her mother, a foreign national, in the picturesque town.

==Cast and characters==
* [[Raveena Tandon]] as Kasturi Dogra
* [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] as Angad Malik
* [[Ashutosh Rana]] as Mahadev Dogra
* Taneesha Joshi as Nutan Dogra
* Anna Ador as Aimee Baptiste
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Kuber Manhas
* [[Meghna Malik]] as Jagdamba Dumal
* [[Indraneil Sengupta]] as Ravi Parashar
* Breshna Khan as Julie Baptiste
* Priyanka Sethi as Nilima Manhas

==Release==
''Aranyak'' was released on [[Netflix]] on 10 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raveena Tandon's debut series 'Aranyak' to release on Dec 10 on Netflix|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/nov/09/raveena-tandons-debut-series-aranyak-to-release-on-dec-10-on-netflix-2381451.html|access-date=27 December 2021|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 November 2021|archive-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227075319/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2021/nov/09/raveena-tandons-debut-series-aranyak-to-release-on-dec-10-on-netflix-2381451.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India]]'' reviewed the series, stating: "Raveena & Parambrata's nuanced chemistry powers this whodunit"<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2021|title=Aranyak Season 1 Review: Raveena & Parambrata's Nuanced Chemistry Powers This Whodunit|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/aranyak/aranyak-season-1/seasonreview/87602571.cms|access-date=10 December 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210161305/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/aranyak/aranyak-season-1/seasonreview/87602571.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote: "Aranyak season one review: Raveena Tandon aces Netflix whodunit, aided by the fantastic writing"<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 December 2021|title='Aranyak' season one review: Raveena Tandon aces Netflix whodunit, aided by the fantastic writing|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aranyak-season-one-review-raveena-tandon-aces-netflix-whodunit-aided-by-the-fantastic-writing/article38003206.ece|access-date=21 December 2021|website=The Hindu|archive-date=10 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231210102148/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/aranyak-season-one-review-raveena-tandon-aces-netflix-whodunit-aided-by-the-fantastic-writing/article38003206.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Shubhra Gupta of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' stated, "Raveena Tandon is unafraid of appearing uncouth and crude, and is able to toughen up and soften when the occasion demands, even if the unsophisticated accent slips."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2021 |title=Aranyak review: Raveena Tandon is at the front and centre of this inconsistent Netflix series |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/aranyak-review-raveena-tandon-inconsistent-netflix-series-7667074/ |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=The Indian Express |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115153727/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/aranyak-review-raveena-tandon-inconsistent-netflix-series-7667074/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' reviewed the series positively, writing, "Netflix's recently released drama thriller has all those typical elements one would find in a drama thriller, yet the writers have left a few loops open, to keep the viewers guessing if a second season might be on the cards as well."<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2022 |title='Aranyak' Review: Edge of the Seat Drama Thriller with Several Exceptional Performances |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-aranyak-review-edge-of-the-seat-drama-thriller-with-several-exceptional-performances/404824 |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=Outlook |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115154032/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-aranyak-review-edge-of-the-seat-drama-thriller-with-several-exceptional-performances/404824 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Saraswati Datar of ''[[The News Minute]]'' called it "an engaging crime thriller".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2021 |title=Aranyak review: Raveena Tandon's Netflix series is an engaging crime thriller |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aranyak-review-raveena-tandon-s-netflix-series-engaging-crime-thriller-158628 |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=The News Minute |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115154214/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aranyak-review-raveena-tandon-s-netflix-series-engaging-crime-thriller-158628 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Praising the performance of the cast, [[NDTV]] stated that "Ashutosh Rana, as a former cop determined to prove himself all over again, is splendidly low-key and yet high on impact. Zakir Hussain, Meghna Malik, Indraneil Sengupta and Breshna Khan, too, make noteworthy contributions on the acting front."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aranyak Review: Unusual Raveena Tandon-Parambrata Chattopadhyay Pairing Make This Watchable Fare |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aranyak-review-unusual-raveena-tandon-parambrata-chattopadhyay-pairing-make-this-watchable-fare-3-stars-out-of-5-2645363 |access-date=15 November 2022 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115154437/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/aranyak-review-unusual-raveena-tandon-parambrata-chattopadhyay-pairing-make-this-watchable-fare-3-stars-out-of-5-2645363 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Award ceremony
!Category
!Nominee / work
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[2022 Filmfare OTT Awards|2022]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Filmfare OTT Awards]]
|Best Actress in a Drama Series
|Raveena Tandon
|{{won}}
| rowspan="5" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare OTT Awards 2022 – Nominations |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/nominations |access-date=11 February 2024 |website=filmfare.com |archive-date=8 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208005228/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-ott-awards-2022/nominations |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|Best Original Screenplay (Series)
|Charudutt Acharya
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Editing (Series)
|Yasha Ramchandani
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer (Series)
|Saurabh Goswami
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best VFX (Series)
|Anibrain
|{{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt14167344}}
* {{Netflix title}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Himachal Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Television shows about rape]]
[[Category:Television shows set in forests]]
[[Category:Indian mystery television series]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s police procedural television series]]

Dum Dum Park

2026-02-04T02:27:55Z

BeauTesterman: made initial entry added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Dum Dum Park
|official_name =
|nickname =
|settlement_type = Neighbourhood
|image_skyline = Dum Dum Park.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_caption = Dum Dum Park
|pushpin_map = India Kolkata#India West Bengal#India
|pushpin_label_position = right
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Presidency division|Presidency]]
|subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
|subdivision_name3 = [[North 24 Parganas]]
|subdivision_type4 = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Station]]
|subdivision_name4 = {{Bulleted list|[[Belgachia metro station|Belgachia]]|[[Dum Dum metro station|Dum Dum]]}}
|government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
|governing_body = [[South Dumdum Municipality]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sddm.ind.in/about|title=South Dum Dum Municipality|website=www.sddm.ind.in|access-date=31 August 2024}}</ref>
|established_title =
|established_date =
|area_magnitude =
|unit_pref = Metric
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 =
|population_as_of =
|population_footnotes =
|population_note =
|population_total =
|population_density_km2 = auto
|demographics_type1 = Languages
|demographics1_title1 = Official
|demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
|timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
|utc_offset = +5:30
|coordinates = {{coord|22.610239|N|88.414350|E|display=inline,title}}
|postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
|postal_code = 700055
|area_code_type = Telephone code
|area_code = +91 33
|registration_plate = WB
|blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
|blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bidhannagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bidhannagar]]
|website =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Dum Dum Park''' is a neighbourhood in [[South Dumdum]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is a part of the area covered by [[Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority]] (KMDA).<ref>{{cite web| url =http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| title =Base Map of Kolkata Metropolitan area| access-date =2007-09-03| publisher =Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000049/http://www.cmdaonline.com/kma.html| archive-date =2007-09-28}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map 
| coord = {{coord|22.6106|88.4184}} 
| zoom = 15 
| label = Dum Dum Park
| mark-coord = {{coord|22.6106|88.4184}}
| label-pos = right
| float = left
}}

===Police station===

'''Lake Town''' police station under [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate]] has jurisdiction over Dum Dum Park areas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in/index.php|title=Bidhannagar City Police|website=bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>

[[File:Lake Town police station.jpg|thumb|Lake Town police station]]

===Post office===

Dum Dum Park has a non-delivery sub post office, with [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] 700055 in the Kolkata East Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Bangur Avenue and Shyamnagar.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://pincode.net.in/WEST_BENGAL/NORTH_24_PARGANAS/D/DUM_DUM_PARK | title = Dum Dum Park sub post office | publisher = pincode.net.in |access-date = 25 Feb 2025}}</ref>

==Durga Puja==

{{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=300|caption_align=center
| image1 = Dum Dum Park Tarun Sangha 2023.jpg|caption1= Dum Dum Park Tarun Sangha 2023
| image2 = Dum Dum Park Tarun Dal 2023.jpg|caption2= Dum Dum Park Tarun Dal 2023
| image3 = Dum Dum Park Bharat Chakra 2022.jpg|caption3= Dum Dum Park Bharat Chakra 2022
| image4 = Dum Dum Park Yubak Brinda 2022.jpg|caption4= Dum Dum Park Yubak Brinda 2022}}

In recent years, various organizations in Dum Dum Park like '''Dum Dum Park Tarun Sangha''', '''Dum Dum Park Bharat Chakra''', '''Dum Dum Park Tarun Dal''', '''Dum Dum Park Yubak Brinda''' and '''Dum Dum Park Sarbojanin Durga Puja Samity''' have come into limelight for their most elaborate and innovative theme [[Durga Puja in Kolkata|Durga Puja]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bengali.abplive.com/videos/district/durga-puja-2023-dumdum-park-tarun-sangha-surprised-visitors-by-theme-1017914|title=দমদম পার্ক তরুণ সঙ্ঘের থিমে মানুষ, প্রকৃতি ও দেবতার মধ্যে সম্পর্কের কথা|publisher=ABP Ananda|access-date=31 Aug 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/dum-dum-durga-puja-portrays-farmers-protest/cid/1834015|title=Dum Dum Durga Puja portrays farmers’ protest|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=31 Aug 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/top-pujas-around-us/cid/1973080|title=Top Durga Pujas in North Kolkata and Dum Dum area|publisher=The Telegraph|access-date=31 Aug 2024}}</ref>

==Transport==

===Bus===
Buses ply along [[Jessore Road]] and [[VIP Road]] are:

====WBTC Bus====
* AC 39 Airport - Howrah Stn
* VS 2 Airport - Howrah Stn
* V 1 Airport - Tollygunge
* AC 37C Airport - Garia
* AC 37 Barasat - Garia
* AC 50A Garia - Rajchandrapur
* AC 2 Barasat - Howrah Stn
* EB-13 Hatisala - Howrah Stn
* S 64 Naihati - Newtown
* AC 40 Airport - Howrah Maidan

====Private Bus====
* 3C/1 [[Nagerbazar]] - [[Anandapur, Kolkata|Anandapur]]
* 3C/2 [[Nagerbazar]] - [[Anandapur, Kolkata|Anandapur]]
* 12C/2 Dum Dum Park - [[Howrah station]]
* L238 [[Barasat]] - [[Howrah station]]
* 30C [[Hatiara]] - [[Babughat]]
* 30C/1 [[Hatiara]] - [[Babughat]]
* 30D Dum Dum Cantonment - [[Babughat]]
* 44 [[Baguiati]] - [[Howrah Station]]
* 44/1 [[Baguiati]] - [[Howrah Station]]
* 45 [[Kolkata Airport]] - [[Baishnabghata Patuli]]
* 46 [[Kolkata Airport]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* 46B [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* 79B [[Barasat]] - [[Bagbazar]]
* 79D [[Madhyamgram]] - [[Babughat]]
* 91 [[Bhangar Raghunathpur|Bhangar]] Kanthalia - [[Shyambazar]]
* 91A [[Haroa, North 24 Parganas|Haroa]] - [[Shyambazar]]
* 91C [[Lauhati]] - [[Shyambazar]]
* 93 Kharibari - [[Bagbazar]]
* 211 Kharibari/Patharghata - Ahiritola
* 211A Langolpota - Ahiritola
* 211B Ganraguri - Ahiritola
* 215 [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] - [[Howrah Station]]
* 217 Beraberi - [[Babughat]]
* 217A Narayanpur - [[Babughat]]
* 217B Bablatala - [[Babughat]]
* 219 [[Nagerbazar]] - [[Howrah Station]]
* 221 [[Nagerbazar]] - Golpark
* 223 B.T. College - [[Golf Green]]
* 227 [[Bangur Avenue]] - [[BNR Colony]]
* 237 [[Birati]] Tantkal - [[Babughat]]
* 253 [[Basirhat]] - [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]]
* KB16 [[Bangur Avenue]] - [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]] Shapoorji Housing Estate
* KB21 Ganganagar - [[Science City Kolkata|Science City]]
* DN8 [[Barasat]] - [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] Karunamoyee
* DN16/1 [[Barasat]] - Dhamakhali
* DN18 [[Shyambazar]] - [[Baduria]]

====Mini Bus====
* S175 [[New Barrackpore]] - Howrah Stn
* S151 [[Kolkata Airport]] - [[B.B.D. Bagh]]
* S152 [[Baguiati]] - [[B.B.D. Bagh]]
* S172 [[Teghoria]] Haldirams - Howrah Maidan
* S184 [[Birati railway station]] - [[B.B.D. Bagh]]

===Air===
The [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport]], [[Kolkata]] is at a distance of about 5.00 kilometres from Dum Dum Park.

===Major Roads===
* [[VIP Road]]
* [[ Jessore Road]]

[[Shyambazar]] Five Point Crossing is at a distance of 4.2 kilometres from Dum Dum Park More.

==Shopping==
[[File:Diamond Plaza Mall.jpg|thumb|Diamond Plaza Mall, Jessore Rd (Shyamnagar-Satgachi) <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diamondplaza.in/|title=Diamond Plaza Mall - Kolkata|publisher=www.diamondplaza.in|access-date=20 September 2024}}</ref>]]
Diamond Plaza Mall, one of the major shopping mall in [[Dum Dum]] area and around [[North Kolkata]].

==Markets==
Markets in or near Dum Dum Park area are:
* Dum Dum Park Market
* Nagerbazar Market

==Healthcare==
* [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]] [[Kolkata]], is located around 3.50 kilometres from Dum Dum Park.
* ILS Hospitals Dum Dum, one of the renowned multispeciality hospitals in the [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]], is located around 1.80 kilometres from Dum Dum Park.
* Charnock Super Speciality Hospital is located around 4.20 kilometres from Dum Dum Park.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Kolkata Metropolitan Area]]

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Kolkata/Dum Dum}}
* [http://sddm.ind.in/ South Dum Dum Municipality website]
{{North 24 Parganas District}}
{{North 24 Parganas topics}}
{{Kolkata neighbourhoods}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}

The Descent of Air India

2026-02-02T20:56:33Z

BeauTesterman: put up basic stub and citations...

{{Short description|2013 book by Jitender Bhargava}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| name = The Descent of Air India
| image = File:The Descent of Air India cover.jpg
| caption =
| alt = Cover
| author = Jitender Bhargava
| title_orig =
| working_title =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre = [[Non-fiction]]
| published = 2013 ([[Bloomsbury Publishing]])/ 2014 ([[Amazon Kindle#Kindle Direct Publishing|Amazon India]])
| media_type = Print/E-book
| pages = 290pp ''(Kindle edition)''
| awards =
| isbn =
| oclc =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''The Descent of Air India''''' is a book by Jitender Bhargava, a former [[executive director]] of [[Air India]]. The book chronicles the financial downfall of the [[public sector]] [[airline]].<ref name="withdraws"/> The book was withdrawn after a defamation suit was filed by former [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Aviation Minister]] [[Praful Patel]].<ref name="withdraws"/><ref name="exai">{{cite news|title=Bloomsbury withdraws ex-AI official's book to save Praful 'embarrassment'|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/bloomsbury-withdraws-ex-ai-officials-book-to-save-praful-embarrassment/|accessdate=12 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Indian Express]]|date=16 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="threeway">{{cite news|title=Three-way tussle over 'The Descent of Air India'|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/threeway-tussle-over-the-descent-of-air-india/article5587187.ece|accessdate=12 February 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> The book is now available as an ebook on Amazon Kindle Store. Hard copies are also available on Amazon India since January 2016 after the author self-published the book.

==Overview==
In the book, Bhargava argues that the [[public sector]] [[airline]] [[Air India]] reached a bad state, due to government interference and bad decisions. He also writes about the servile attitude of Air India towards minister Patel. He also points out other reasons of its downfall, which include bilateral agreements which were unprofitable, cancellation of flights on profitable routes or giving them to other airlines, and acquisitions of planes at high prices and selling them at very low prices.<ref name="killing_book"/>

The book claims that the deals to buy 111 planes from [[Boeing]] and [[Airbus]] in 2005-2006, along with the merger of Air India with the public sector domestic airline [[Indian Airlines]] led to its downfall. The book places the responsibility on Praful Patel and V. Thulasidas, former Air India chairman.<ref name="killing_book"/> The book notes that not much thought was given to how the debt from the acquisitions will be serviced. It also says that Praful Patel was aware of Air India's shrinking marketing and yet was giving bilateral rights to foreign airlines. The book points out the frequent changes in the management of the company.<ref name="aistake">{{cite news|title=Praful Patel, ex-CMD V Thulasidas blamed for 'descent of Air India'|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-12/news/42968433_1_praful-patel-jitendra-bhargava-ai-stake|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140207083957/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-10-12/news/42968433_1_praful-patel-jitendra-bhargava-ai-stake|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 February 2014|accessdate=20 May 2014|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|date=12 October 2013|author=Saurabh Sinha}}</ref>

==Lawsuit and withdrawal==

The book was originally released on 11 October 2013.<ref name="withdraws"/> In November 2013, lawyer Satish Maneshinde filed a [[Defamation#India|criminal defamation]] lawsuit in Mumbai metropolitan court, on behalf of Praful Patel.<ref name="killing_book">{{cite news|title=Praful Patel, Descent of Air India and the killing of a critical bookPraful Patel, Descent of Air India and the killing of a critical book|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-praful-patel-descent-of-air-india-and-the-killing-of-a-critical-book-1951582|accessdate=20 May 2014|newspaper=[[DNA India]]|date=16 January 2014}}</ref>

The publishers [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]] settled in an out of court agreement in January 2014. They withdrew the book and agreed to pulp all remaining books in their stock. They also issued a public apology to Praful Patel.<ref name="withdraws">{{cite news|title=Bloomsbury withdraws book 'The Descent of Air India' blaming Praful Patel|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-16/news/46264258_1_air-india-v-thulasidas-bloomsbury|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140520090152/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-01-16/news/46264258_1_air-india-v-thulasidas-bloomsbury|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2014|accessdate=20 May 2014|date=16 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="killing_book"/> Maneshinde told the newspaper ''[[DNA India]]'' that no pressure was put on the publishers to withdraw the book, but it was the result of the settlement. Patel also denied pressuring the publishers, but added that he was forced to seek legal recourse as the allegation against him in the book were baseless.<ref name=killing_book/>

Bhargava claimed that the book was based on existing documents. He added that the decision to withdraw was carried out unilaterally by the publishers and he was not consulted.<ref name=withdraws/> Later, he released the book as an [[ebook]] on [[Amazon Kindle]] on 12 March 2014 and hard copies of the book were self-published in January 2016. Copies are available on Amazon India.<ref name="ebook">{{cite news|title=Bhargava's 'Descent of Air India' pulped, reappears as E-book|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bhargavas-descent-of-air-india-pulped-reappears-as-ebook/457359-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323010725/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/bhargavas-descent-of-air-india-pulped-reappears-as-ebook/457359-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 March 2014|accessdate=20 May 2014|newspaper=[[IBNLive]]|date=12 March 2014}}</ref>

The defamation case filed by Praful Patel was withdrawn in February 2017 from the Metropolitan Court.{{Citation needed|date=December 2019}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Descent of Air India, The}}
[[Category:2013 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Air India]]
[[Category:Books about companies]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Bloomsbury Publishing books]]
[[Category:Book censorship in India]]
[[Category:Censored books]]
[[Category:Works involved in defamation lawsuits]]

Homi Master

2026-02-01T06:42:49Z

BeauTesterman: new - done

{{Short description| Indian actor and director}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Homi Master
| image = Homi Master dans Bhakta Vidur (1921).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Homi Master in ''Bhakta Vidur'' (1921)
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1949
| death_place = [[Bombay, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Actor, director
| years_active = 1921–1949
| spouse =
}}
'''Homi Master''' (?–1949) was an actor-director of early [[Indian cinema]]. His work extended from the silent era to the talkie era and up to his death.<ref name="Rajadhyaksha">{{cite book |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA246 |accessdate=18 July 2015 |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |pages=1994– |chapter=Master, Homi}}</ref> He produced his best films for [[Kohinoor Film Company]] and he has been referred to as "silent cinema's most successful film-maker".<ref name="Willemen">{{cite book |author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author2=Paul Willemen |author3=Professor of Critical Studies Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT208 |accessdate=17 July 2015 |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94318-9 |pages=208– |chapter=Kohinoor Film Company}}</ref>

Master acted in the then-controversial film ''[[Bhakta Vidur]]'' (1921), ''Kala Naag'' and ''Kulin Kanta''. Some of his important films were ''Bismi Sadi'', ''Manorama'', ''Do Ghadi Ki Mauj'' (1935), ''Samaj Ki Bhool'' (1934) and ''Gul Sanobar'' (1934). He was active from 1921 to 1949 and made over seventy-eight films. His later films in [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[Hindi]] were termed as [[B movie]]s. He died in 1949.<ref name=Movients>{{cite web |title=Homi Master |url=https://movients.com/people/1013943-Homi%20Master.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002095508/https://movients.com/people/1013943-Homi%20Master.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2015 |website=movients.com |publisher=Movieents |accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref>

==Early life==

At the age of thirteen, Master joined a famous [[Parsi theatre]] group called Bilwala. He soon became a popular stage actor, with his performance in ''Pakzaad Parveen'' being appreciated. Following a brief stint at the Phalke Film company, he joined Kohinoor Film Company working initially as an actor. He went on to direct films for them starting with ''Bismi Sadi''.<ref name=Indiancinema />

==Career==

===1920s===
Homi Master acted in three films before getting a chance to direct. The three films, ''[[Bhakta Vidur]]'' (1921) (in the role of Duryodhan), ''Ajamil'' (1922) and ''Vratasur Vadha'' (1923), were directed by [[Kanjibhai Rathod]]. He played the lead role in ''Kala Naag'', a film he helped co-direct with Rathod in 1924.<ref name=Rajadhyaksha /> A crime drama, it was the first "recorded example" using real-life characters and was based on the Champsi-Haridas Murder case in Bombay.<ref name="Hardy1997">{{cite book |first=Phil |last=Hardy |title=The BFI Companion to Crime |section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agfHUakbj5kC&pg=PA180 |accessdate=18 July 2015 |year=1997 |publisher=A&C Black |section=Indian Crime Films |isbn=978-0-304-33215-1 |pages=180–}}</ref>

In 1924, Master started his career as a director with Dwarka Sampat's [[Kohinoor Film Company]]. His first film for Kohinoor was ''[[Bismi Sadi]]'', starring [[Raja Sandow]], Miss Moti and [[Noor Mohammed Charlie]]. A social, the film was about a hawker who becomes a mill-owner and goes on to exploit the people working under him. ''[[Manorama (1924 film)|Manorama]]'' (1924) was based on the famous Gujarati romantic poet [[Kalapi]]'s autobiographical poem "Hridaya Triputi". The film was made in the fantasy genre and broke "all records" when it ran for fourteen weeks.<ref name="GokulsingDissanayake2013">{{cite book |author1=K. Moti Gokulsing |author2=Wimal Dissanayake |title=Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djUFmlFbzFkC&pg=PA90 |accessdate=18 July 2015 |date=17 April 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-77284-9 |pages=90– |chapter=Gujarati cinema-Amrit Gangar}}</ref>

Other significant films at this time were ''The Telephone Girl'' (1926), also called ''Telephone Ni Taruni'', produced by Kohinoor, and starring Ruby Myers, Gohar and Raja Sandow. ''Educated Wife'' or Bhaneli Bhamini (1927), was another Kohinoor film with Gohar, Vaidya and Raja Sandow. They were social films that were successful at the box office.<ref name="DowningMcQuail2004">{{cite book |author1=John D. H. Downing |author2=Denis McQuail |author3=Philip Schlesinger |author4=Ellen Wartella |title=The SAGE Handbook of Media Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dPh0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA521 |accessdate=24 July 2015 |date=8 September 2004 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-0664-6 |pages=521–}}</ref>

''Gul Sanobar'' (1928) was a fantasy production from [[Kohinoor Film Company]], based on Persian fairy tale romances,<ref name="WarnerKennedy2013">{{cite book |author1=Marina Warner |author2=Philip F. Kennedy |title=Scheherazade's Children: Global Encounters with the Arabian Nights |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfU_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA367 |accessdate=24 July 2015 |date=8 November 2013 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-1-4798-3075-6 |pages=367–}}</ref> and directed by Master. It starred the then-popular star Khalil with Miss Yakbal. The film was later remade in 1934,<ref name="Chowdhry">{{cite book |author=Prem Chowdhry |title=Colonial India and the Making of Empire Cinema: Image, Ideology and Identity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uEnbnfVCHZYC&pg=PA120 |accessdate=24 July 2015 |year=2000 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-5725-0 |pages=120–}}</ref> with the same name, directed by Master and produced by Imperial Film Company. The cast included stars of the time like Sulochana ([[Ruby Myers]]), D. Billimoria and [[Zubeida]].

===1930–1940===
His 1934 film ''[[Samaj Ki Bhool]]'', was a social film promoting a widow's right to remarry. It starred Jamshedji, [[Lalita Pawar]], Jilloobai, Dulari and [[Rafiq Ghaznavi]], with music composed by Pransukh Nayak.<ref name="GulazāraNihalani2003">{{cite book |author1=Gulazāra |author2=Govind Nihalani |author3=Saibal Chatterjee |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT671 |accessdate=18 July 2015 |year=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |pages=671– |chapter=The Daring 1930s}}</ref><ref name=citwf>{{cite web |title=Samaj Ki Bhool |url=http://www.citwf.com/film303845.htm |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref>

In 1935, he directed three films ''Do Ghadi Ki Mauj'' a social film produced by Imperial, starring Ruby Myers and D. Billimoria; ''Ghar Jamai'' a social comedy, a Hindi/Gujarati bilingual, produced by Premier Films with story by Mohanlal G. Dave. (A story about a "resident son-in-law" that became a "major success" at the box office)<ref name="P.P.Pillai2014">{{cite book |author=P.P.Pillai |title=Life in India: Culture |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjT4BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161 |accessdate=24 July 2015 |date=1 December 2014 |publisher=Ponram P |pages=161– |chapter=10.7.6. Gujarati Cinema |id=GGKEY:43NZKK4BRBF}}</ref> The third film, ''Naya Zamana'' was again produced by Premier Films and starred Heera and Ghulam Mohammed with music by Khansaheb.

He continued to direct films making 'B' class films and some in the Gujarati language. According to Rajadhyaksha and Willemen, he worked as a production manager at Kardar Studios towards the end of his career.<ref name=Rajadhyaksha />

==Filmography==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
List:<ref name=Indiancinema>{{cite web |title=Homi Master |url=https://wiki.indiancine.ma/wiki/Homi%20Master |website=wiki.indiancine.ma |publisher=Indiancine.ma |accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=list>{{cite web |title=Homi Master |url=http://www.citwf.com/detailPerson.asp?personID=290541&sortOn=YEAR&sortBy=UP |website=citwf.com |publisher=Alan Goble |accessdate=18 July 2015}}</ref>
* ''[[Bhakta Vidur]]'' (1921) actor
* ''Ajamil'' (1922) actor
* ''Vratasur Vadha'' (1923) actor
* ''[[Bismi Sadi]]'' (1924)
* ''Kanya Vikraya'' (1924)
* ''[[Manorama (1924 film)|Manorama]]'' (1924)
* ''Ra Mandlik'' (1924)
* ''Sati Sone'' (1924)
* ''Veer Ahir'' (1924)
* ''Ghar Jamai'' (1925)
* ''Kunj Vihari'' (1925)
* ''Lanka Ni Laadi'' (1925)
* ''Sansar Swapna'' (1925)
* ''Fankdo Fituri'' (1925)
* ''Hirji Kamdar'' (1925)
* ''[[Kulin Kanta]]'' (1925)
* ''Mari Dhaniyani'' (1925)
* ''Rajnagarni Rambha'' (1925)
* ''The Telephone Girl'' (1926)
* ''Briefless Barrister'' (1926)
* ''Lakho Vanjaro'' (1926)
* ''Mumtaz Mahal'' (1926)
* ''Sati Jasma'' (1926)
* ''Shirin Farhad'' (1926)
* ''Delhi No Thug'' (1926)
* ''Rangmahal Ni Ramani'' (1927)
* ''Return Of Kala Naag'' (1927)
* ''The Mission Girl'' (1927)
* ''Bhaneli Bhamini'' (1927)
* ''Surat No Sahukar'' (1927)
* ''Lekh Par Mekh'' (1928)
* ''Gul Sanobar'' (1928)
* ''Veerangana'' (1928)
* ''Rajani Bala'' (1928)
* ''Sarojini'' (1928)
* ''Bilwamangal'' (1929)
* ''Lanka Lakshmi'' (1929)
* ''Punjab Kesari'' (1929)
* ''Punya Prabhav'' (1929)
* ''Sinh Ka Bachha Sinh'' (1929)
* ''Lutaru Lalna'' (1929)
* ''Mast Fakir'' (1930)
* ''Shoorveer Sharada'' (1930)
* ''Ranchandi'' (1930)
* ''Patan Ni Paniari'' (1930)
* ''Rao Saheb'' (1931)
* ''Shahi Firman'' (1931)
* ''Dushman-e-Iman'' (1931)
* ''Bulbul-e-Shiraz'' (1931)
* ''Ranadevata'' (1932)
* ''Mahiari'' (1932)
* ''Hind Kesari'' (1932)
* ''Jai Bajrang'' (1932)
* ''Prabhu Na Chor'' (1932) (all St)
* ''Hoor-e-Misar'' (1932) Talkie
* ''Jagat Mohini'' (1933) (St)
* ''Misar Nu Moti'' (1933) (St)
* ''Saubhagya Sundari'' (1933)
* ''Samaj Ki Bhool'' (1934)
* ''Gul Sanobar'' (1934)
* ''Khwab-e- Hasti'' (1934)
* ''Do Ghadi Ki Mauj'' (1935)
* ''Ghar Jamai'' (1935)
* ''Naya Zamana'' (1935)
* ''Akkal Na Bardan'' (1936)
* ''Zaat-e-Sharif'' (1936)
* ''Jagat Kesari'' (1937)
* ''New Searchlight'' (1937)
* ''Punjab Lancers'' (1937)
* ''Chhote Sarkar'' (1938)
* ''Fankdo Fituri'' (1939)
* ''Neelamalai Kaidhi'' (1940)
* ''Chamakti Bijli'' (1946)
* ''Bhaneli Vahu'' (1948)
* ''Gharwali'' (1948)
* ''Jai Ranchhod'' (1948)
* ''Lagan Na Umedvar'' (1948)
* ''Shethno Salo'' (1949)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0557630}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Homi Master}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1949 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian male silent film actors]]
[[Category:Indian silent film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]

Suresh Singh Gariya

2026-01-16T14:32:32Z

BeauTesterman: put up first biography first draft...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
'''Suresh Singh Gariya''' (born 1986) is an Indian politician from [[Uttarakhand]]. He became an MLA from [[Kapkot Assembly constituency]] in [[Bageshwar district]], winning the [[2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suresh Gariya from BJP Won Kapkote Assembly Election Result 2022: Candidates List and Winner in Kapkote Constituency |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/know-your-candidates/uttarakhand-assembly-election-2022/kapkote-constituency-candidates-list/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=indiatoday.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Garhia is from [[Kapkot]], Bageshwar district, Uttarakhand. He is the son of Kedar Singh. He completed his B.Ed. in 2010 at S.C.S.S. Government Post Graduate College.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suresh Gariya(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- KAPKOTE(BAGESHWAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/uttarakhand2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=128 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Garhia won from Kapkot Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2022 Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly election. He polled 31,275 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Lalit Pharswan]] of [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 4,046 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-09 |title=Kapkote (Uttarakhand) Assembly Election Results 2022 Live: Winner, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/kapkote-uttarakhand-assembly-election-results-2022-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-7810382/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-10 |title=Kapkote Election Result 2022 LIVE Updates: Suresh Gariya of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kapkote-election-result-2022-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-4853474.html |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gariya, Suresh Singh}}
[[Category:1986 births]]

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Bageshwar district]]
{{Uttarakhand-BJP-politician-stub}}

Shobha Koser

2026-01-12T04:23:14Z

BeauTesterman: put up new info added tags

{{Short description|Indian Kathak dancer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Shobha Koser''' is an Indian Kathak dancer, writer and teacher. Koser hails from the [[Jaipur]] Gharana.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-09-20|title=ईमंच के लाइव टॉक शो में शामिल हुई अवॉर्डी डॉक्टर शोभा कोसर, कलाकारों को सिद्धांत और व्यावहारिकता पर दी टिप्स|url=https://navpradesh.com/awardee-doctor-shobha-kosar-joins-emanchs-live-talk-show-gives-tips-to-artists-on-theory-and-practicality/|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Navpradesh|language=en-US}}</ref> Koser is the recipient of the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shobha Koser bags Sangeet Natak Academy award - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chandigarh/shobha-koser-bags-sangeet-natak-academy-award/articleshow/67871188.cms|access-date=2021-10-05|website=The Times of India|date=6 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref> She taught various actors including [[Poonam Dhillon]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2019-05-10|title=Words of Wisdom: Be a learner for life, never give up and practice to perfection, says kathak dancer Shobha Koser|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/words-of-wisdom-be-a-learner-for-life-never-give-up-and-practice-to-perfection-says-kathak-dancer-shobha-koser/story-5NVpHY7lLgbVvI9TqVCRqI.html|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

Dr. Shobha is a registrar of the organization named Pracheen Kala Kendra, the organization is founded by her late husband, Madan Lal Kosar who was a [[Tandava|Tandav]] dancer in [[Chandigarh]] to promote [[Indian classical music|classical music]] and [[dance]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
Shobha was the third child amongst her seven sibling born to a doctor father. Her mother was a student of science. Shobha trained under Guru Kanhiya Lal and she performed at [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] before [[Rajendra Prasad]] when she was in class 8. She also trained later under Guru Kundan Lal Gangani.<ref name=":0" /> Shobha started performing on stages and studying [[Indian classical dance|classical dance]] when she was 15. She was married to M. L. Koser at the age of 17.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2018-06-20|title=Shobha Koser selected for Sangeet Natak Akademi award|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/shobha-koser-selected-for-sangeet-natak-akademi-award/|access-date=2021-10-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Classical dance maestro loves spending time with plants|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/classical-dance-maestro-loves-spending-time-with-plants-68633|access-date=2021-10-05|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

Shobha is a first-class first in [[Master of Arts|Masters of Arts]] (MA) in dance from the [[Panjab University|Punjab University]], [[Chandigarh]]. She had completed Nritya Alankar from the [[Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal|Akhil Bhartiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya]], Mandal ([[Mumbai]]), and Nritya Praveen from [[Prayag Sangeet Samiti|Prayag sangeet Samiti]], [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":1" />

== Awards and titles ==
She has been entitled as [[Nritya]] Surabhi, Nritya Shree, Nritya Urvashi, Nritya Sharda, Abhinaya Samaragi, Shreekshetra Nati, etc.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patrons of NHP Centre|url=http://nhpcentre.org/bio-shobha-koser.php#:~:text=art%20and%20culture.-,Dr.,India%20(CCI)%20Award%20twice.|access-date=2021-10-06|website=nhpcentre.org}}</ref>

Other Awards received by Shobha Kosar :-

* The [[Punjab]] [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]],
* Amala Shankar Award,
* Pandit Manmohan Bhatt Memorial Award,
* The K. Lalitha Lifetime Achievement Award,
* Konark International Award,
* The Kala Shiromani Award by [[Madras]] Sangeet Natak Akademi,
* Award from All-India Critics Council of India (CCI),
* Lalit Arpan Samman.

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Fath-Ali Shah at the Hunt

2026-01-12T02:54:58Z

BeauTesterman: adjusted structure to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Painting by Mihr 'Ali}}
{{Infobox artwork
|image_file=Fath Ali (1797-1833) and his twenty-two sons, gift to King George IV of England, Rashtrapati Bhavan.jpg
|image_size=300px
|title=Fath-Ali Shah at the Hunt
|artist=[[Mihr 'Ali]]
|year={{circa|1810}}<ref name="Grigor">{{cite book |last1=Grigor |first1=Talinn |title=The Persian Revival The Imperialism of the Copy in Iranian and Parsi Architecture |date=2021 |publisher=Penn State University Press}}</ref>
|medium=[[oil on canvas]]
|height_metric=355.6
|width_metric=520.7
|height_imperial=140
|width_imperial=205
|metric_unit=cm
|imperial_unit=in
|museum=Ashok Hall, [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (previously Viceroy's House)
|city=[[New Delhi]]
}}

'''''Fath-Ali Shah at the Hunt''''' is an [[oil on canvas]] (with lavish gilding) painting by Iranian artist [[Mihr 'Ali]]. Created in {{circa|1810}} during the reign of [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar]] ({{reign}}1797–1834), it was presented as a royal gift to the British, and possibly arrived in England with [[Gore Ouseley]] (the British ambassador to Iran) in 1814. Typically for court [[Qajar art]], the main subject of the painting is Fath-Ali Shah himself. It is currently located on the ceiling of the Ashok Hall in the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] (formerly the Viceroy's House) in [[New Delhi]], India. It was in the [[India Office]] collection in London before being transferred to [[British Raj|British India]] in 1929.

==Context==
The painting was first discussed by B.W. Robinson in 1964. Robinson deemed the painting as constituting one of few extant examples of the monumental paintings of battle, enthronement and hunting that [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar|Fath-Ali Shah]] ({{reign}}1797–1834) had originally commissioned. Robinson went on to say that it could be one of three paintings that the British diplomat Sir [[Gore Ouseley]] sent the Prince Regent in 1814 upon his return from Iran on behalf of Fath-Ali Shah. This possibility is shared by other more recent scholars such as Leila Diba and Talinn Grigor.<ref name="Diba281">{{cite book |last1=Diba |first1=Leila S. |editor1-last=Behrens-Abouseif |editor1-first=Doris |editor2-last=Vernoit |editor2-first=Stephen |title=Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, and Eclecticism |date=2006 |publisher=Brill |chapter=An Encounter between Qajar Iran and the West: The Rashtrapati Bhavan Painting of Fath ʿAli Shah at the Hunt|page=281}}</ref>

In the painting, Fath-Ali Shah is portrayed as the main subject and prominent figure of the composition while being mounted on a white horse. He is seen racing wildly through a lush plain. His horse appears to soar with its four legs in midair and his beard blows to the left as he charges, creating a powerful visual metaphor that is typical of court paintings from the early nineteenth century.
Fath-Ali Shah deftly pierces a ferocious lion with a glittering spear while donning full court regalia, including the [[Kiani Crown]] and an aigrette topped with three black heron plumes. He also wears jeweled armbands, epaulettes, cuffs, a belt, a dagger, and a quiver. Twenty-two of his sons, each marked by a crown, are arranged in an elliptical pattern around him. The trip is accompanied by the two attendants in the front.<ref name="Diba282">{{cite book |last1=Diba |first1=Leila S. |editor1-last=Behrens-Abouseif |editor1-first=Doris |editor2-last=Vernoit |editor2-first=Stephen |title=Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, and Eclecticism |date=2006 |publisher=Brill |chapter=An Encounter between Qajar Iran and the West: The Rashtrapati Bhavan Painting of Fath ʿAli Shah at the Hunt|page=282}}</ref>

==Attribution==
The landscape's design, the ruler's delicate features, and the ruler's elaborate décor all point to one of the three major court painters of the time, Mirza Baba, [[Abdallah Khan]], or [[Mihr 'Ali]]. Whereas earlier scholarly works favored Mihr Ali over Abdallah Khan, they did not rule out Abdallah Khan as a possibility either.<ref name="Diba283">{{cite book |last1=Diba |first1=Leila S. |editor1-last=Behrens-Abouseif |editor1-first=Doris |editor2-last=Vernoit |editor2-first=Stephen |title=Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, and Eclecticism |date=2006 |publisher=Brill |chapter=An Encounter between Qajar Iran and the West: The Rashtrapati Bhavan Painting of Fath ʿAli Shah at the Hunt|page=283}}</ref> Modern-day scholarly works however assign the work to Mihr 'Ali.<ref name="Grigor"/>

==Relocation to New Delhi==
Following [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]]'s request, William Foster recommended sending the work to the Viceroy's House (now the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]]) in New Delhi. On 2 December 1929 it sailed on the ''SS Bangalore'' alongside four Chinese landscape paintings. Their safe arrival was noted in a letter from Lord Irwin one month later.<ref name="Diba290">{{cite book |last1=Diba |first1=Leila S. |editor1-last=Behrens-Abouseif |editor1-first=Doris |editor2-last=Vernoit |editor2-first=Stephen |title=Islamic Art in the 19th Century: Tradition, Innovation, and Eclecticism |date=2006 |publisher=Brill |chapter=An Encounter between Qajar Iran and the West: The Rashtrapati Bhavan Painting of Fath ʿAli Shah at the Hunt|page=290}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal |last1=Robinson |first1=B. W. |title=The Court Painters of Fatḥ ʽAlī Shāh |journal=Eretz-Israel |date=1964 |volume=7 |pages=98–99}}

[[Category:Iranian paintings]]
[[Category:Qajar Iran]]
[[Category:19th-century paintings]]
[[Category:Paintings of horses]]
[[Category:India Office]]
[[Category:Rashtrapati Bhavan]]
[[Category:Iran–United Kingdom relations]]
[[Category:Paintings of cats]]
[[Category:Hunting in art]]
[[Category:Oil paintings on canvas]]
[[Category:Qajar art]]

Job Kurian

2026-01-08T00:04:35Z

BeauTesterman: small fix

{{Short description|Indian singer and composer (born 1982)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Job Kurian
| image = File:Job_Kurian.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1982|7|29}}
| birth_place = [[Vattiyoorkavu]], [[Trivandrum ]], India
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Singer
* composer
}}
| years_active = 2007{{En dash}}present
| spouse = {{Marriage|Athira Job|2012}}
| children = 2
}}

{{Indian name|Job|Kurian}}'''Job Kurian''' (born 29 July 1982) is an Indian singer and composer who works in both [[Independent music|indie music]] and in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2016/dec/12/job-kurians-music-and-lyrics-1547399.html|title=Job Kurian's music and lyrics|website=The New Indian Express|date=9 December 2016 |access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref> He won the [[South Indian International Movie Awards|South Indian International Movie Award]] for Best Male Playback Singer in Malayalam in 2023.

== Early life and education ==
Job Kurian was born in [[Vattiyoorkavu]], Kerala.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Sindhu |date=5 January 2019 |title=പ്രിയപ്പെട്ട ജോബ് കുര്യൻ, നിങ്ങളൊരു പച്ചമനുഷ്യനായ പ്രതിഭാസമാണ്! |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/interviews/2019/01/05/interview-with-singer-job-kurian.html |access-date= |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref> He attended St. Shantal, Christ Nagar, and [[Bhavan's Senior Secondary School, Kodunganoor]] for schooling.<ref name=":7" /> [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] was his schoolmate at Bhavan's. He pursued his [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech.]] at [[Malnad College of Engineering|Malanad College of Engineering]], [[Karnataka]].<ref name=":6" />

== Personal life ==
Job married Athira on 10 November 2012 at St. Joseph's Church in Thiruvananthapuram.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sebastian |first=Shevlin |date=18 May 2015 |title=Nice Job |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2015/may/18/nice-job-762232.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The couple has two sons, with the first born on 25 April 2014.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/Job-Kurian-on-Annies-Kitchen/articleshow/54827581.cms|title=Job Kurian on 'Annie's Kitchen'|website=The Times of India|date=13 October 2016 |access-date=19 January 2019}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2006, Job participated in the television reality show ''Super Star'', aired on [[Amrita TV]], and became the runner-up.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=M. |first=Athira |date=29 March 2017 |title=Music for the soul |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/job-kurian-on-his-new-independent-music-project-hope/article17729642.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 December 2020 |title="Even after 14 years, I still feel the warmth of it," singer Job Kurian recollects 'Super Star' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/even-after-14-years-i-still-feel-the-warmth-of-it-singer-job-kurian-recollects-super-star/articleshow/79667250.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He made his debut as a [[playback singer]] in the 2007 film ''[[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)|Goal]]''.<ref name=":3" /> With the album ''Thaalam'', he made his debut as a composer, alongside Charan and Yakzan.<ref name=":1" /> In 2015, he debuted as a film composer in ''[[Rasam (film)|Rasam]]''.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Interview with job Kurian |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Interview-with-job-Kurian/articleshow/31209059.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He started a music project in 2017 called ''Hope Project'', which consisted of four tracks.<ref name=":0" /> Job has been featured along with bands like [[Avial (band)|Avial]] and Shankar Tucker Band.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-composer-job-kurian-on-his-creative-space/article20509455.ece|title=On singer-composer Job Kurian's workspace|last=M|first=Athira|date=17 November 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=19 January 2019|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Song
! rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Title
! colspan="2" | Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |Ref.
|-
!Singer !! Composer
|-
| rowspan="2" |2007
|"Oh Mariya"
|''[[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)|Goal]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|Debut as a playback singer
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2017 |title=ജോബ് കുര്യൻ; മലയാളം 'തിരിച്ചറിയാത്ത' പാട്ടുകാരൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2017/07/19/job-kurian-music-and-songs.html |access-date= |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|"AathmavinKaaval"
|''[[Black Cat (2007 film)|Black Cat]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|2009
|"Chanjalam"
|''[[Ritu (2009 film)|Ritu]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2011
|"Aaranne Aarane"
|''[[Urumi (film)|Urumi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|"Melle Kollum"
|''[[22 Female Kottayam]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|"Pala Pala"
|''[[I Love Me (film)|I Love Me]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013
|"Akaluvathenthino"
|''[[Red Wine (2013 film)|Red Wine]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|"Manikyachirakulla"
|''[[Idukki Gold (film)|Idukki Gold]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|"Ennalakale"
|''[[Honey Bee (2013 film)|Honey Bee]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|"Nila Vaname"
|''[[English (2013 film)|English]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Thaazhe Nee Tharame"
|''[[Thira (film)|Thira]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|"Mandaarame"
|''[[Ohm Shanthi Oshaana]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Vaa Maaro Thammaaro"
|''Garbhashreemaan''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Thaane Pookkum"
|''[[Sapthamashree Thaskaraha]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2015
|"Unaroo"
|''[[Nellikka]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Dhanumasa Palazhi"
| rowspan="3" |''[[Rasam (film)|Rasam]]''
|{{No}}
|rowspan="3" {{Yes}}
| rowspan="3" |Debut as a film composer
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. |first=Athira |date=10 February 2014 |title=Off to a flying start |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/off-to-a-flying-start/article5664690.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
|"Sarasa Sarasaro"
|{{No}}
|
|-
|"Mayamo Marimayamo"
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|"Minnaaminunge"
|''[[Nirnayakam]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Dheera Charitha"
|''[[Lord Livingstone 7000 Kandi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Hey Neela Vaan"
|''[[Ayal Njanalla]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Saarangiyil"
|''[[You Too Brutus (film)|Yoo Too Brutus]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2016
|"Chillu Ranthal"
|''[[Kali (2016 film)|Kali]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref name=":7" />
|-
|"Mele Mukilodum"
|''[[Kochavva Paulo Ayyappa Coelho]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017
|"Aaro Kannil"
|''[[History of Joy]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Aarini Yarini"
|''[[Paippin Chuvattile Pranayam]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|"Naadottukku"
|''[[Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Thodu Thodu"
|''Angane Njanun Premichu''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Appooppan Thaadi"
|''[[B.Tech (film)|B.Tech]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Thaa Thinnam"
|''[[Theevandi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Jose |date=5 October 2018 |title=Job Kurian uses cinema as catalyst to make music |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2018/oct/05/job-kurian-uses-cinema-as-catalyst-to-make-music-1881115.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|"Melle Mulle"
|''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|2019
|"Oru Thuruthin"
|''[[Thottappan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|"Aaroral"
|''Maarjaara Oru Kalluvacha Nuna''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|"Uyire"
|''Kuttiyappanum Daivadhootharum''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|2021
|"Bhoomi Thuranne"
|''Kannalan''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|"Arike Ninna"
|''[[Hridayam]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2021 |title=വീണ്ടും പാട്ടുമായി 'ഹൃദയം'; ട്രെൻഡിങ്ങിൽ നിന്നു മാറാതെ 'അരികെ നിന്ന നിഴൽ' |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2021/12/07/arike-ninna-song-from-the-movie-hridayam.html |access-date= |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|"Pakalo Kaanaathe"
|''[[Saudi Vellakka]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award]] for Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|2024
|"Vaanara Lokam"
|''[[Kishkindha Kaandam]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|-
|2025
|"Kaavalaai"
|''[[L2: Empuraan|Empuraan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{No}}
|
|
|}

== Discography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Album
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
! rowspan="2" |Ref.
|-
!Singer !! Composer
|-
|2008
|''Thaalam''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Debut as a composer, co-composers: Charan & Yakzan
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013
|''Aarente''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Co-singer: [[Neha Nair]]
|
|-
|''Empran''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Kaanan''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |2015
|''Padayathra''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Co-singer: [[Harish Sivaramakrishnan]]
|
|-
|''Roots''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Poliyo''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Co-singer: [[Resmi Sateesh]]
|
|-
|''Mayamo''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Tharaatu''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Nilavo''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Nenjinneenam''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|''Kannodu''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Co-singer: [[Mridula Warrier]]
|
|-
|2017
|''Enthavo''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|1st track of Hope Project
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''Parudeesa''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|2nd track of Hope Project
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=M. |first=Athira |date=27 September 2018 |title=Job Kurian on his new single, 'Mulla' |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/singer-composer-job-kurian-on-his-new-single-mulla/article25057347.ece |access-date= |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
|-
|''Mulla''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|3rd track of Hope Project
|<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''Kaalam''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|4th track of Hope Project
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=S. |first=Gautam |date=8 July 2020 |title=Job Kurian's new release 'Kaalam' tribute to his great grandmother |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/jul/08/job-kurians-new-release-kaalam-tribute-to-his-great-grandmother-2166721.html |access-date= |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|''[[Yennum Yellow]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2023
|''Bhaavam''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മനോരമ |date=4 November 2023 |title=മൺമറഞ്ഞ ഗുരുക്കൻമാർക്ക് സംഗീതാർച്ചനയുമായി ജോബ് കുര്യന്റെ "ഭാവം" |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2023/11/04/bhaavam-by-singer-Job-Kurian.html |access-date= |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''Nizhal''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2025
|''Dreamland''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|With [[When Chai Met Toast]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 September 2024 |title=When Chai Met Toast's new track with Job Kurian, 'Dreamland,' is an ode to Kerala |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/when-chai-met-toasts-new-track-job-kurian-dreamland-is-an-ode-to-kerala/article69955463.ece |access-date= |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|Mazhavil Mango Music Awards
|Best Non Film Song
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2018 |title=Abrid Shine's Poomaram wins big at Mazhavil Mango Music awards |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/music/2018/08/07/mazhavil-mango-music-awards-winners.html |access-date= |website=Onmanorama}}</ref>
|-
|Indywood Music Excellence Awards
|Best Independent Musical Project
|{{Won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indywood Excellence Awards {{!}} Music Awards |url=https://www.indywoodexcellenceawards.com/ |access-date= |website=indywoodexcellenceawards.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Male Playback Singer – Malayalam|| {{Won}}
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=17 September 2023 |title=SIIMA 2023: Tovino Thomas wins Best Actor, Kalyani Priyadarshan is Best Actress - Here's the complete list of winners from Malayalam |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/siima-2023-tovino-thomas-wins-best-actor-kalyani-priyadarshan-is-best-actress-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-from-malayalam/articleshow/103723514.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Belgaumkar |first=Anjali |date=17 September 2023 |title=SIIMA Awards 2023 Day 2: R Madhavan takes home award for best debutant director; Kamal Haasan best actor; Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan shines |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/siima-awards-2023-day-2-r-madhavan-takes-home-award-for-best-debutant-director-kamal-haasan-best-actor-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-shines-8943416/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=nm6643760}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kurian, Job}}

[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Hodka

2026-01-01T22:49:17Z

BeauTesterman: details

{{Short description|Village in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Hodka
| settlement_type = village
| image =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|23|39|52|N|69|35|51|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kutch district|Kutch]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 2132
| population_as_of = [[2011 Census of India]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 370510
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Hodka''' is a village situated in the [[Kutch district]] of [[Gujarat]], India. It lies at a distance of 63 kilometers from the district headquarters, [[Bhuj]]. The village's name is derived from the [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] word {{Lang|gu-latn|hodi}}, which means {{Gloss|boat}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hodka Village, Hodka Village in Kutch Gujarat, Hodka Village in North India : Eco India |url=http://www.ecoindia.com/villages/hodka.html |access-date= |website=www.ecoindia.com}}</ref> Hodka is being developed with the support of the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Ministry of Tourism]], and the local NGO Kutch Mahila Vikas Sangathan (KMVS).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Trivedi |first=Soumitra |date=5 February 2013 |title=Hodka ready for foreign tourists |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hodka-ready-for-foreign-tourists-107111301069_1.html |work=business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Suchismita |date=2021-10-11 |title=Stay In Mud Huts On White Sands In This Dreamy Crafts Village On The Rann Of Kutch |url=https://curlytales.com/hodka-village-on-the-rann-of-kutch-offers-quaint-eco-stays-on-white-sands/ |access-date= |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Radhika P. |date=2014-09-16 |title=Shaam-e-Sarhad is a unique rural tourism venture |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/explore/features/shaam-e-sarhad-is-a-unique-rural-tourism-venture |access-date= |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

There are no cement houses in the village. Special mud houses are built for foreign tourists and are decorated in a traditional style. In the evenings, traditional folk dances are performed, along with various other programs.<ref>{{Cite news |title=आखिर क्यों दौड़े चले आते हैं विदेशी गुजरात के इस गांव में |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/guj-ahm-omc-foreigner-tourist-always-like-hodka-village-at-kutch-area-news-hindi-5564508-pho.html |work=Bhaskar.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Kutch district]]

{{Kutch-geo-stub}}

List of developmental administrative units of Tamil Nadu

2025-12-29T15:21:26Z

BeauTesterman: expanded lead to improve readability and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|None}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
'''Developmental administration of Tamil Nadu''' is carried out by Panchayat Unions or blocks in rural areas of [[Tamil Nadu]], a southern state of [[India]]. These panchayat unions have a set of panchayat villages under them. In urban areas, the governance is done by municipal corporations, municipalities or town panchayats based on the size of the town.<ref name="Muni"/>

The [[List of Revenue Divisions of Tamil Nadu|revenue administration]], in contrast is carried out by the Revenue divisions and [[Taluk]]s. These administrative units are classified based on the district. There are 38 districts in Tamil Nadu and for revenue administration purposes, each district is divided into divisions, which are further divided to Taluks.<ref name="Muni">{{cite web
|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/district_statistics.html
|accessdate=2011-11-06
|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu
|title=Districts of Tamil Nadu
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104195445/http://www.tn.gov.in/district_statistics.html
|archivedate=2011-11-04
}}</ref> Each of these Taluks have a list of revenue villages under them. Tahsildar is the head of these Taluks.

==Developmental administration==
The below list provides the list of blocks in each district <ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/Blocks.pdf
| accessdate = 2011-11-06
| publisher = Government of Tamil Nadu
| title = Blocks of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.tnrd.gov.in/databases/Villages.pdf
| accessdate = 2011-11-06
| publisher = Government of Tamil Nadu
| title = Villages of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.tn.gov.in/district_statistics.html
|accessdate=2011-11-06
|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu
|title=District Statistics of Tamil Nadu
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104195445/http://www.tn.gov.in/district_statistics.html
|archivedate=2011-11-04
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
|- style="background:#ffffdd; color:#000;"
!rowspan="2" align=left width=50px|District
!align=Centre width=120px colspan="3" | Urban
!align=Centre width=250px colspan="4"| Rural
|-
!scope="col" align=Centre width=40px|Corporations
!scope="col" align=Centre width=40px|Municipalities
!scope="col" align=Centre width=40px|Town Panchayats
!Scope="col" align=Centre width=40px |Number of Blocks
!Scope="col" align=Centre width=40px |Number of Panchayat Villages
!scope="col" align=left width=130px|Blocks
!Scope="col" align=Centre width=40px |Panchayat Villages
|-
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| [[Ariyalur district|Ariyalur]]
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 201
| [[Andimadam Block|Andimadam]]
| 30
|- valign=top
| [[Ariyalur Block|Ariyalur]]
| 37
|- valign=top
| [[Jayankondan Block|Jayankondan]]
| 35
|- valign=top
| [[Sendurai Block|Sendurai]]
| 30
|- valign=top
| [[T.Palur Block|T.Palur]]
| 33
|- valign=top
| [[Thirumanur Block|Thirumanur]]
| 36
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| [[Chengalpattu district|Chengalpattu]]
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 12
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 8
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 359
|[[Acharapakkam block|Acharapakkam]]
| 59
|- valign=top
|[[Chithamur block|Chithamur]]
|43
|- valign=top
|[[Kattangulathur block|Kattankolathur]]
|39
|- valign=top
|[[Lathur block|Lathur]]
|41
|- valign=top
|[[Madurantakam block|Madurantakam]]
|58
|- valign=top
|[[St. Thomas Mount block|Parangimalai]]
|15
|- valign=top
|[[Thirupporur block|Thiruporur]]
|50
|- valign=top
|[[Tirukalukundram block|Tirukalukundram]]
|54
|- valign=top
! '''[[Chennai district|Chennai]]'''
! 1
! 1
! 0
! 0
! 0
| -
| 0
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| [[Coimbatore district|Coimbatore]]
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 5
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 37
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 12
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 229
| [[Anamalai Block|Anaimalai]]
| 19
|- valign=top
| [[Annur Block|Annur]]
| 21
|- valign=top
| [[Karamadai Block|Karamadai]]
| 17
|- valign=top
| [[Kinathukadavu Block|Kinathukadavu]]
| 34
|- valign=top
| [[Madukkarai Block|Madukkarai]]
| 9
|- valign=top
| [[Periyanayakkanpalayam Block|Periyanayakkanpalayam]]
| 9
|- valign=top
| [[Pollachi(North) Block|Pollachi (North)]]
| 39
|- valign=top
| [[Pollachi(South) Block|Pollachi (South)]]
| 26
|- valign=top
| [[Sarcarsamakulam Block|Sarcarsamakulam]]
| 8
|- valign=top
| [[Sultanpet Block|Sultanpet]]
| 20
|- valign=top
| [[Sulur Block|Sulur]]
| 17
|- valign=top
| [[Thondamuthur Block|Thondamuthur]]
| 10
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| [[Cuddalore district|Cuddalore]]
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 14
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 13
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 683
| [[Annagramam block|Annagramam]]
| 42
|- valign=top
| [[Bhuvanagiri block|MelBhuvanagiri]]
| 47
|- valign=top
| [[Cuddalore block|Cuddalore]]
| 51
|- valign=top
| [[Kammapuram block|Kammapuram]]
| 43
|- valign=top
| [[Kattumannarkoil block|Kattumannar Koil]]
| 42
|- valign=top
| [[Keerapalayam block|Keerapalayam]]
| 46
|- valign=top
| [[Komaratchi block|Kumaratchi]]
| 57
|- valign=top
| [[Kurinjipadi block|Kurinjipadi]]
| 51
|- valign=top
| [[Mangalur block|Mangalur]]
| 66
|- valign=top
| [[Nallur block|Nallur]]
| 64
|- valign=top
| [[Panruti block|Panruti]]
| 41
|- valign=top
| [[Parangipettai block|Parangipettai]]
| 41
|- valign=top
| [[Srimushnam block|Srimushnam]]
| 41
|- valign=top
| [[Vriddhachalam block|Vridhachalam]]
| 51
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| [[Dharmapuri district|Dharmapuri]]
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 10
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 10
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 251
| [[Dharmapuri block|Dharmapuri]]
| 28
|- valign=top
| [[Eriyur block|Eriyur]]
| 10
|- valign=top
| [[Harur block|Harur]]
| 34
|- valign=top
| [[Karimangalam block|Karimangalam]]
| 30
|- valign=top
| [[Kadathur Block|Kadathur]]
| 25
|- valign=top
| [[Morappur block|Morappur]]
| 18
|- valign=top
| [[Nallampalli block|Nallampalli]]
| 32
|- valign=top
| [[Palacode block|Palacode]]
| 32
|- valign=top
| [[Pappireddipatti block|Pappireddipatti]]
| 19
|- valign=top
| [[Pennagaram block|Pennagaram]]
| 23
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| [[Dindigul district|Dindigul]]
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 3
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 23
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 14
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 306
| [[Attur block, Dindigul|Athoor]]
| 22
|- valign=top
| [[Batlagundu block|Batlagundu]]
| 17
|- valign=top
| [[Dindigul block|Dindigul]]
| 14
|- valign=top
| [[Guziliamparai block|Guziliamparai]]
| 17
|- valign=top
| [[Kodaikanal block|Kodaikanal]]
| 15
|- valign=top
| [[Nattam block|Natham]]
| 23
|- valign=top
| [[Nilakottai block|Nilakottai]]
| 23
|- valign=top
| [[Oddanchatram block|Oddanchatram]]
| 35
|- valign=top
| [[Palani block|Palani]]
| 20
|- valign=top
| [[Reddiyarchatiram block|Reddiarchatiram]]
| 24
|- valign=top
| [[Shanarpatti block|Shanarpatti]]
| 21
|- valign=top
| [[Thoppampatti block|Thoppampatty]]
| 38
|- valign=top
| [[Vadamadurai block|Vadamadurai]]
| 15
|- valign=top
| [[Vedasandur block|Vedasandur]]
| 22
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| [[Erode district|Erode]]
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 42
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 14
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 225
| [[Ammapet block|Ammapet]]
| 20
|- valign=top
| [[Andiyur block|Anthiyur]]
| 14
|- valign=top
| [[Bhavani block|Bhavani]]
| 15
|- valign=top
| [[Bhavanisagar block|Bhavanisagar]]
| 15
|- valign=top
| [[Chennimalai block|Chennimalai]]
| 22
|- valign=top
| [[Erode block|Erode]]
| 6
|- valign=top
| [[Gobichettipalayam block|Gobichettipalayam]]
| 21
|- valign=top
| [[Kodumudi block|Kodumudi]]
| 10
|- valign=top
| [[Modakurichi block|Modakkurichi]]
| 23
|- valign=top
| [[Nambiyur block|Nambiyur]]
| 15
|- valign=top
| [[Perundurai block|Perundurai]]
| 29
|- valign=top
| [[Satyamangalam block|Sathyamangalam]]
| 15
|- valign=top
| [[Talavadi block|Talavadi]]
| 10
|- valign=top
| [[Thoockanaickenpalaiyam block|Thookanaickanpalayam]]
| 10
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| [[Kanchipuram district|Kancheepuram]]
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| 5
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| 5
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| 279
|[[Kanchipuram block|Kancheepuram]]
|43
|- valign=top
|[[Kunnattur block|Kundrathur]]
|44
|- valign=top
|[[Sriperumbudur block|Sriperumbudur]]
|58
|- valign=top
|[[Uttiramerur block|Uthiramerur]]
|73
|- valign=top
|[[Walajabad block|Walajabad]]
|61
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| [[Kanyakumari district|Kanniyakumari]]
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 55
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 9
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 95
|[[Agastheeswaram block|Agastheeswaram]]
| 12
|- valign=top
|[[Killiyoor block|Killiyoor]]
|8
|- valign=top
|[[Kurunthancode block|Kurunthancode]]
|9
|- valign=top
|[[Melpuram block|Melpuram]]
|10
|- valign=top
|[[Munchirai block|Munchirai]]
|11
|- valign=top
|[[Rajakkamangalam block|Rajakkamangalam]]
|12
|- valign=top
|[[Thuckalay block|Thuckalay]]
|7
|- valign=top
|[[Thiruvattar block|Thiruvattar]]
|10
|- valign=top
|[[Thovalai block|Thovalai]]
|16
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| [[Karur district|Karur]]
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 3
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 11
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 8
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 157
|[[Aravakurichi block|Aravakurichi]]
| 20
|- valign=top
|[[K.Paramathy block|K.Paramathi]]
|30
|- valign=top
|[[Kadavur block|Kadavur]]
|20
|- valign=top
|[[Karur block|Karur]]
|14
|- valign=top
|[[Krishnarayapuram block|Krishnarayapuram]]
|23
|- valign=top
|[[Kulittalai block|Kulithalai]]
|13
|- valign=top
|[[Thanthoni block|Thanthoni]]
|17
|- valign=top
|[[Thogaimalai block|Thogamalai]]
|20
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| [[Krishnagiri district|Krishnagiri]]
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 10
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 333
| [[Bargur block|Bargur]]
| 36
|- valign=top
| [[Hosur block|Hosur]]
| 26
|- valign=top
|[[Kaveripattinam block|Kaveripattanam]]
|36
|- valign=top
|[[Kelamangalam block|Kelamangalam]]
|28
|- valign=top
|[[Krishnagiri block|Krishnagiri]]
|30
|- valign=top
|[[Mathur block|Mathur]]
|24
|- valign=top
|[[Shoolagiri block|Shoolagiri]]
|42
|- valign=top
|[[Thally block|Thally]]
|50
|- valign=top
|[[Uthangarai block|Uthangarai]]
|34
|- valign=top
|[[Veppanapalli block|Veppanapalli]]
|27
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| [[Madurai district|Madurai]]
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 9
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 13
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 420
| [[Alanganallur block|Alanganallur]]
| 37
|- valign=top
|[[Chellampatti block|Chellampatti]]
|29
|- valign=top
|[[Kallikudi block|Kallikudi]]
|36
|- valign=top
|[[Kottampatti block|Kottampatti]]
|27
|- valign=top
|[[Madurai East block|Madurai East]]
|36
|- valign=top
|[[Madurai West block|Madurai West]]
|29
|- valign=top
|[[Melur block|Melur]]
|36
|- valign=top
|[[Sedapatti block|Sedapatti]]
|31
|- valign=top
|[[T.Kallupatti block|T.Kallupatti]]
|42
|- valign=top
|[[Thirumangalam block|Thirumangalam]]
|38
|- valign=top
|[[Thirupparankunram block|Thirupparankundram]]
|38
|- valign=top
|[[Usilampatti block|Usilampatti]]
|18
|- valign=top
|[[Vadipatti block|Vadipatti]]
|23
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| [[Mayiladuthurai district|Mayiladuthurai]]
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| 3
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| 5
! scope="col" rowspan="5"| 241
|[[Kollidam block|Kollidam]]
|42
|- valign=top
|[[Kuthalam block|Kuthalam]]
|51
|- valign=top
|[[Mayiladuthurai block|Mayiladuthurai]]
|54
|- valign=top
|[[Sembanar Koil block|Sembanarkoil]]
|57
|- valign=top
|[[Sirkazhi block|Sirkali]]
|37
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| [[Nagapattinam district|Nagapattinam]]
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 193
| [[Keelaiyur block|Keelaiyur]]
| 27
|- valign=top
|[[Kilvelur block|Kilvelur]]
|38
|- valign=top
|[[Nagapattinam block|Nagapattinam]]
|29
|- valign=top
|[[Talanayar block|Thalainayar]]
|24
|- valign=top
|[[Thirumarugal block|Thirumarugal]]
|39
|- valign=top
|[[Vedaranyam block|Vedaranyam]]
|36
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="15"| [[Namakkal district|Namakkal]]
! scope="col" rowspan="15"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="15"| 5
! scope="col" rowspan="15"| 19
! scope="col" rowspan="15"| 15
! scope="col" rowspan="15"| 322
| [[Elachipalayam block|Elachipalayam]]
| 29
|- valign=top
|[[Erumaipatti block|Erumaipatty]]
|24
|- valign=top
|[[Kabilamalai block|Kabilarmalai]]
|20
|- valign=top
|[[Kolli Hills block|Kollihills]]
|14
|- valign=top
|[[Mallasamudram block|Mallasamudram]]
|27
|- valign=top
|[[Mohanur block|Mohanur]]
|25
|- valign=top
|[[Namagiripettai block|Namagiripet]]
|18
|- valign=top
|[[Namakkal block|Namakkal]]
|25
|- valign=top
|[[Pallipalayam block|Pallipalayam]]
|15
|- valign=top
|[[Paramathi block|Paramathy]]
|20
|- valign=top
|[[Puduchatram block|Puduchatram]]
|21
|- valign=top
|[[Rasipuram block|Rasipuram]]
|20
|- valign=top
|[[Sendamangalam block|Sendamangalam]]
|14
|- valign=top
|[[Thiruchengode block|Tiruchengode]]
|26
|- valign=top
|[[Vennandur block|Vennandur]]
|24
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| [[Nilgiris district|The Nilgiris]]
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| 5
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| 11
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| 35
|[[Coonoor block|Coonoor]]
|6
|- valign=top
|[[Gudalur block|Gudalur]]
|5
|- valign=top
|[[Kotagiri block|Kotagiri]]
|11
|- valign=top
| [[Udagamandalam block|Udhagai]]
| 13
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="4"| 121
| [[Alathur block|Alathur]]
| 39
|- valign=top
| [[Perambalur block|Perambalur]]
| 20
|- valign=top
| [[Veppanthattai block|Veppanthattai]]
| 29
|- valign=top
| [[Veppur block|Veppur]]
| 33
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| [[Pudukkottai district|Pudukkottai]]
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 8
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 13
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 497
| [[Annavasal block|Annavasal]]
| 43
|- valign=top
| [[Aranthangi block|Arantangi]]
|52
|- valign=top
| [[Arimalam block|Arimalam]]
|32
|- valign=top
|[[Avadaiyarkoil block|Avudaiyarkoil]]
|35
|- valign=top
|[[Gandaravakottai block|Gandaravakottai]]
|36
|- valign=top
|[[Karambakudi block|Karambakkudi]]
|39
|- valign=top
|[[Kunandarkoil block|Kunnandarkoil]]
|37
|- valign=top
|[[Manamelkudi block|Manamelkudi]]
|28
|- valign=top
|[[Ponnamaravathi block|Ponnamaravathi]]
|42
|- valign=top
|[[Pudukkottai block|Pudukkottai]]
|27
|- valign=top
|[[Thiruvarankulam block|Thiruvarankulam]]
|48
|- valign=top
|[[Thirumayam block|Thirumayam]]
|33
|- valign=top
|[[Viralimalai block|Viralimalai]]
|45
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]]
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| 7
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| 11
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| 429
| [[Bogalur block|Bogalur]]
| 26
|- valign=top
|[[Kadaladi block|Kadaladi]]
|60
|- valign=top
|[[Kamudi block|Kamudi]]
|53
|- valign=top
|[[Mandapam block|Mandapam]]
|28
|- valign=top
|[[Mudukulathur block|Mudukulathur]]
|46
|- valign=top
|[[Nainarkoil block|Nainarkoil]]
|37
|- valign=top
|[[Paramakudi block|Paramakudi]]
|39
|- valign=top
|[[Rajasingamangalam block|Rajasingamangalam]]
|35
|- valign=top
|[[Ramanathapuram block|Ramanathapuram]]
|25
|- valign=top
|[[Tiruppullani block|Tiruppullani]]
|33
|- valign=top
|[[Tiruvadanai block|Tiruvadanai]]
|47
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="20"| [[Salem district|Salem]]
! scope="col" rowspan="20"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="20"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="20"| 33
! scope="col" rowspan="20"| 20
! scope="col" rowspan="20"| 385
| [[Attur block|Attur]]
| 20
|- valign=top
|[[Ayothiapattinam block|Ayothiyapattinam]]
|32
|- valign=top
|[[Gangavalli block|Gangavalli]]
|14
|- valign=top
|[[Idappadi block|Idappady]]
|10
|- valign=top
|[[Kadaiyampatty block|Kadayaampatti]]
|17
|- valign=top
|[[Kolathur block|Kolathur]]
|14
|- valign=top
|[[Konganapuram block|Konganapuram]]
|9
|- valign=top
|[[Magudanchavadi block|Magudanchavadi]]
|12
|- valign=top
|[[Mecheri block|Mecheri]]
|17
|- valign=top
|[[Nangavalli block|Nangavalli]]
|9
|- valign=top
| [[Omalur block|Omalur]]
| 33
|- valign=top
|[[Panaimarathupatti block|Panaimarathupatti]]
|20
|- valign=top
|[[Peddanaickenpalayam block|Peddanaickenpalayam]]
|36
|- valign=top
|[[Salem block|Salem]]
|14
|- valign=top
|[[Sankari block|Sankari]]
|22
|- valign=top
|[[Talavasal block|Thalaivasal]]
|35
|- valign=top
|[[Tharamangalam block|Tharamangalam]]
|17
|- valign=top
|[[Valapady block|Valapady]]
|20
|- valign=top
|[[Veerapandi block|Veerapandy]]
|25
|- valign=top
|[[Yercaud block|Yercaud]]
|9
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| [[Sivaganga district|Sivagangai]]
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 12
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 12
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 445
| [[Devakottai block|Devakottai]]
| 42
|- valign=top
| [[Ilaiyankudi block|Ilaiyankudi]]
| 55
|- valign=top
|[[Kalayarkoil block|Kalayarkoil]]
|43
|- valign=top
|[[Kallal block|Kallal]]
|44
|- valign=top
|[[Kannankudi block|Kannangudi]]
|17
|- valign=top
|[[Manamadurai block|Manamadurai]]
|39
|- valign=top
|[[S Pudur block|S.Pudur]]
|21
|- valign=top
|[[Sakkottai block|Sakkottai]]
|26
|- valign=top
|[[Singampunari block|Singampunari]]
|30
|- valign=top
|[[Sivaganga block|Sivagangai]]
|43
|- valign=top
|[[Tiruppattur block|Thiruppathur]]
|40
|- valign=top
|[[Tiruppuvanam block|Thiruppuvanam]]
|45
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 22
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 14
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 589
| [[Ammapettai block|Ammapet]]
| 46
|- valign=top
|[[Budalur block|Budalur]]
|42
|- valign=top
|[[Kumbakonam block|Kumbakonam]]
|47
|- valign=top
|[[Madukkur block|Madukkur]]
|33
|- valign=top
|[[Orathanadu block|Orathanadu]]
|58
|- valign=top
|[[Papanasam block|Papanasam]]
|34
|- valign=top
|[[Pattukkottai block|Pattukkottai]]
|43
|- valign=top
|[[Peravurani block|Peravurani]]
|26
|- valign=top
|[[Sethubhavachatram block|Sethubavachatram]]
|37
|- valign=top
|[[Thanjavur block|Thanjavur]]
|61
|- valign=top
|[[Thiruppanandal block|Thiruppanandal]]
|44
|- valign=top
|[[Thiruvaiyaru block|Thiruvaiyaru]]
|40
|- valign=top
|[[Thiruvidaimarudur block|Thiruvidaimarudur]]
|48
|- valign=top
|[[Thiruvonam block|Thiruvonam]]
|30
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| [[Theni district|Theni]]
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 22
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 8
! scope="col" rowspan="8"| 130
| [[Andipatti block|Andipatti]]
| 30
|- valign=top
|[[Bodinayakanur block|Bodinaickanur]]
|15
|- valign=top
|[[Chinnamanur block|Chinnamanur]]
|14
|- valign=top
|[[Myladumparai block|Kadamalaikundru Myladumparai]]
|18
|- valign=top
|[[Kambam block|Cumbum]]
|5
|- valign=top
|[[Periyakulam block|Periyakulam]]
|17
|- valign=top
|[[Theni block|Theni]]
|18
|- valign=top
|[[Uthamapalayam block|Uthamapalayam]]
|13
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| [[Thiruvallur district|Thiruvallur]]
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 10
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 14
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 526
| [[Ellapuram block|Ellapuram]]
| 53
|- valign=top
|[[Gummidipoondi block|Gummidipoondi]]
|61
|- valign=top
|[[Kadambathur block|Kadambathur]]
|43
|- valign=top
|[[Minjur block|Minjur]]
|55
|- valign=top
|[[Pallipattu block|Pallipet]]
|33
|- valign=top
|[[Poonamallee block|Poonamallee]]
|28
|- valign=top
|[[Poondi block|Poondi]]
|49
|- valign=top
|[[Pulal block|Puzhal]]
|7
|- valign=top
|[[R.K.Pet block|Rama Krishna Raju Pettai]]
|38
|- valign=top
|[[Sholavaram block|Sholavaram]]
|39
|- valign=top
|[[Tiruvallur block|Tiruvallur]]
|38
|- valign=top
|[[Tiruttani block|Tiruttani]]
|27
|- valign=top
|[[Thiruvalangadu block|Thiruvalangadu]]
|42
|- valign=top
|[[Villivakkam block|Villivakkam]]
|13
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="18"| [[Thiruvannamalai district|Thiruvannamalai]]
! scope="col" rowspan="18"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="18"| 3
! scope="col" rowspan="18"| 10
! scope="col" rowspan="18"| 18
! scope="col" rowspan="18"| 860
|[[Anakavoor block|Anakkavoor]]
|55
|- valign=top
|[[Aarani block|Arni]]
|38
|- valign=top
|[[Chengam block|Chengam]]
|44
|- valign=top
|[[Chetpet block|Chetpet]]
|49
|- valign=top
|[[Cheyyar block|Cheyyar]]
|53
|- valign=top
|[[Jawadhu Hills block|Jawadhu Hills]]
|11
|- valign=top
|[[Kalasapakkam block|Kalasapakkam]]
|45
|- valign=top
|[[Keelpennathur block|Kilpennathur]]
|45
|- valign=top
|[[Pernamallur block|Pernamallur]]
|57
|- valign=top
|[[Polur block|Polur]]
|40
|- valign=top
|[[Pudupalayam block|Pudupalayam]]
|37
|- valign=top
|[[Thandrampet block|Thandrampet]]
|47
|- valign=top
|[[Thellar block|Thellar]]
|61
|- valign=top
|[[Thurinjapuram block|Thurinjapuram]]
|47
|- valign=top
|[[Tiruvannamalai block|Tiruvannamalai]]
|69
|- valign=top
|[[Vandavasi block|Vandavasi]]
|61
|- valign=top
|[[Vembakkam block|Vembakkam]]
|64
|- valign=top
|[[West Aarani block|Arni West]]
|37
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| [[Thiruvarur district|Thiruvarur]]
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 7
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 10
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 430
| [[Kudavasal block|Kudavaasal]]
| 49
|- valign=top
| [[Koradacheri block|Koradacheri]]
| 44
|- valign=top
| [[Kottur block|Kottur]]
| 49
|- valign=top
| [[Mannargudi block|Mannargudi]]
| 51
|- valign=top
| [[Muthupet block|Muthupettai]]
| 29
|- valign=top
| [[Nannilam block|Nannilam]]
| 48
|- valign=top
| [[Needamangalam block|Needamangalam]]
| 44
|- valign=top
| [[Thiruthiraipoondi block|Thiruthuraipoondi]]
| 32
|- valign=top
| [[Thiruvarur block|Thiruvarur]]
| 34
|- valign=top
| [[Valangaiman block|Valangaiman]]
| 50
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| [[Thoothukudi district|Thoothukudi]]
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 19
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 12
! scope="col" rowspan="12"| 403
| [[Alwarthirunagiri block|Alwarthirunagiri]]
| 30
|- valign=top
| [[Karunkulam block|Karungulam]]
| 31
|- valign=top
| [[Kayathar block|Kayathar]]
| 45
|- valign=top
| [[Kovilpatti block|Kovilpatti]]
| 38
|- valign=top
| [[Ottapidaram block|Ottapidaram]]
| 61
|- valign=top
| [[Pudur block|Pudur]]
| 44
|- valign=top
| [[Sathankulam block|Sattankulam]]
| 24
|- valign=top
| [[Srivaikuntam block|Srivaikuntam]]
| 31
|- valign=top
| [[Thiruchendur block|Tiruchendur]]
| 11
|- valign=top
| [[Tuticorin block|Tuticorin]]
| 20
|- valign=top
| [[Udangudi block|Udangudi]]
| 17
|- valign=top
| [[Vilathikulam block|Vilathikulam]]
| 51
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| [[Tiruchirappalli district|Tiruchirappalli]]
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 16
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 14
! scope="col" rowspan="14"| 404
|[[Andanallur block|Andhanallur]]
|25
|- valign=top
|[[Lalgudi block|Lalgudi]]
|45
|- valign=top
|[[Manachanallur block|Manachanallur]]
|35
|- valign=top
|[[Manapparai block|Manapparai]]
|21
|- valign=top
|[[Manikandam block|Manikandam]]
|22
|- valign=top
|[[Marungapuri block|Marungapuri]]
|49
|- valign=top
|[[Musiri block|Musiri]]
|33
|- valign=top
|[[Pullambadi block|Pullampady]]
|33
|- valign=top
|[[Tattayyangarpettai block|Thantthaiyangarpet]]
|25
|- valign=top
|[[Thiruverumbur block|Thiruverumbur]]
|20
|- valign=top
|[[Thottiyam block|Thottiam]]
|26
|- valign=top
|[[Thuraiyur block|Thuraiyur]]
|34
|- valign=top
|[[Uppiliyapuram block|Uppiliyapuram]]
|18
|- valign=top
|[[Vaiyampatti block|Vaiyampatty]]
|18
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| [[Tenkasi district|Tenkasi]]
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 18
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 10
! scope="col" rowspan="10"| 221
| [[Alangulam block|Alankulam]]
| 32
|- valign=top
| [[Kadayam block|Kadayam]]
| 23
|- valign=top
| [[kadayanallur block|Kadayanallur]]
| 16
|- valign=top
| [[Keelapavoor block|Keelapavoor]]
| 21
|- valign=top
| [[Kuruvikulam block|Kuruvikulam]]
| 39
|- valign=top
| [[Melaneelithanallur block|Melaneelithanallur]]
| 20
|- valign=top
| [[Sankarankoil block|Sankarankoil]]
| 28
|- valign=top
| [[Shenkottai block|Shencottai]]
| 6
|- valign=top
| [[Tenkasi block|Tenkasi]]
| 14
|- valign=top
| [[Vasudevanallur block|Vasudevanallur]]
| 22
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]]
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 18
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 9
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 204
| [[Ambasamudram block|Ambasamudram]]
| 13
|- valign=top
| [[Cheranmahadevi block|Cheranmahadevi]]
| 12
|- valign=top
| [[Kalakadu block|Kalakadu]]
| 17
|- valign=top
| [[Manur block|Manur]]
| 43
|- valign=top
| [[Nanguneri block|Nanguneri]]
| 27
|- valign=top
| [[Palayamkottai block|Palayamkottai]]
| 30
|- valign=top
| [[Pappakudi block|Pappakudi]]
| 17
|- valign=top
| [[Radhapuram block|Radhapuram]]
| 27
|- valign=top
| [[Valliyoor block|Valliyoor]]
| 18
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| [[Tiruppur district|Tiruppur]]
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 16
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 13
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 265
| [[Avanashi block|Avanashi]]
| 31
|- valign=top
| [[Dharapuram block|Dharapuram]]
| 16
|- valign=top
| [[Gudimangalam block|Gudimangalam]]
| 23
|- valign=top
| [[Kangeyam block|Kangayam]]
| 15
|- valign=top
| [[Kundadam block|Kundadam]]
| 24
|- valign=top
| [[Madathukulam block|Madathukulam]]
| 11
|- valign=top
|[[Mulanur block|Mulanur]]
| 12
|- valign=top
| [[Palladam block|Palladam]]
| 20
|- valign=top
| [[Pongalur block|Pongalur]]
| 16
|- valign=top
| [[Tiruppur block|Tiruppur]]
| 13
|- valign=top
| [[Udumalaipettai block|Udumalpet]]
| 38
|- valign=top
| [[Uthukuli block|Uthukuli]]
| 37
|- valign=top
| [[Vellakoil block|Vellakoil]]
| 9
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| [[Ranipet district|Ranipet]]
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| 9
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| 7
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| 308
| [[Arakkonam block|Arakonam]]
| 26
|- valign=top
| [[Arcot block|Arcot]]
| 39
|- valign=top
| [[Kaveripakkam block|Kaveripakkam]]
| 55
|- valign=top
| [[Nemili block|Nemili]]
| 52
|- valign=top
| [[Sholinghur block|Sholinghur]]
| 45
|- valign=top
| [[Timiri block|Thimiri]]
| 55
|- valign=top
| [[Walajapet block|Walajah]]
| 36
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| [[Tirupattur district|Tirupathur]]
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 3
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="6"| 201
| [[Alangayan block|Alangayam]]
| 29
|- valign=top
| [[Jolarpet block|Jolarpet]]
| 36
|- valign=top
| [[Kandili block|Kandhili]]
| 39
|- valign=top
| [[Madhanur block|Madhanur]]
| 36
|- valign=top
| [[Natrampalli block|Natrampalli]]
| 26
|- valign=top
| [[Tirupattur block|Tirupathur]]
| 35
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| [[Vellore district|Vellore]]
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| 2
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| 4
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| 7
! scope="col" rowspan="7"| 235
|[[Anaicut block|Anaicut]]
| 38
|- valign=top
|[[Gudiyattam block|Gudiyatham]]
| 44
|- valign=top
|[[K.V.Kuppam block|Kilvaithinankuppam]]
| 39
|- valign=top
|[[Kaniyambadi block|Kaniyambadi]]
| 24
|- valign=top
|[[Katpadi block|Katpadi]]
| 21
|- valign=top
|[[Peranambattu block|Peranambet]]
| 51
|- valign=top
|[[Vellore block|Vellore]]
| 18
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| [[Kallakurichi district|Kallakurichi]]
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 3
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 7
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 9
! scope="col" rowspan="9"| 412
| [[Chinnasalem block|Chinnasalem]]
| 50
|- valign=top
| [[Kallakkurichi block|Kallakkurichi]]
| 46
|- valign=top
| [[Kalrayan Hills block|Kalrayan Hills]]
| 15
|- valign=top
| [[Rishivandiyam block|Rishivandiyam]]
| 53
|- valign=top
| [[Sankarapuram block|Sankarapuram]]
| 44
|- valign=top
| [[Thiagadurgam block|Thiyagadurgam]]
| 40
|- valign=top
| [[Tirukkoyilur block|Tirukoilur]]
| 52
|- valign=top
| [[Tirunavalur block|Tirunavalur]]
| 44
|- valign=top
| [[Ulundurpet block|Ulundurpet]]
| 53
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| [[Villupuram district|Villupuram]]
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 0
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 3
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 8
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 13
! scope="col" rowspan="13"| 688
| [[Gingee block|Gingee]]
| 60
|- valign=top
| [[Kanai block|Kanai]]
| 50
|- valign=top
| [[Kandamangalam block|Kandamangalam]]
| 46
|- valign=top
| [[Koliyanur block|Koliyanur]]
| 42
|- valign=top
| [[Mailam block|Mailam]]
| 47
|- valign=top
| [[Marakkanam block|Merkanam]]
| 56
|- valign=top
| [[Melmalayanur block|Melmalayanur]]
| 55
|- valign=top
| [[Mugaiyur block|Mugaiyur]]
| 48
|- valign=top
| [[Olakkur block|Olakkur]]
| 52
|- valign=top
| [[Thiruvennainallur block|Thiruvennainallur]]
| 50
|- valign=top
| [[Vallam block|Vallam]]
| 66
|- valign=top
| [[Vanur block|Vanur]]
| 65
|- valign=top
| [[Vikravandi block|Vikkiravandi]]
| 51
|- valign=top
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| [[Virudhunagar district|Virudhunagar]]
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| 1
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| 6
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| 9
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| 11
! scope="col" rowspan="11"| 450
| [[Aruppukkottai block|Aruppukkottai]]
|32
|- valign=top
|[[Kariapatti block|Kariapatti]]
|36
|- valign=top
|[[Narikudi block|Narikudi]]
|44
|- valign=top
|[[Rajapalayam block|Rajapalayam]]
|36
|- valign=top
|[[Sattur block|Sattur]]
|46
|- valign=top
|[[Sivakasi block|Sivakasi]]
|54
|- valign=top
|[[Srivilliputtur block|Srivilliputhur]]
|29
|- valign=top
|[[Tiruchuli block|Tiruchuli]]
|40
|- valign=top
|[[Vembakkottai block|Vembakottai]]
|48
|- valign=top
|[[Virudhunagar block|Virudhunagar]]
|58
|- valign=top
|[[Watrap block|Vathirayiruppu]]
|27
|}

==See also==
* [[Districts of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]
* [[List of revenue divisions of Tamil Nadu]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu politics-related lists|Developmental administrative units]]
[[Category:Local government in Tamil Nadu|Developmental administrative units]]

Siyaram Silk Mills

2025-11-25T23:23:32Z

BeauTesterman: put up new post with sources...

{{Short description|Indian textile manufacturer}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Siyaram Silk Mills Ltd.
| logo = Siyaram Silk Mills.svg
| trade_name = Siyaram's
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NSE|SIYSIL}}|{{BSE|503811}}}}
| founder =
| area_served = [[India]], [[Middle East]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list|Ramesh Poddar (Chairman & Managing Director)|Pawan Poddar (Joint MD)|Kishan Poddar ([[Executive Director]])|Gaurav Poddar (ED)}}
| industry = [[Textile manufacturing|Textile and garment manufacture]], [[Fashion]]
| genre =
| products =
| brands = {{Hlist|Tessio|Mozzo|Inspiro|Oxemberg|J Hampstead}}
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 650 (2013)
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage =
| footnotes =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1978}}
| location_city = [[Mumbai]]
| location_country = India
| location =
| locations =
}}
'''Siyaram Silk Mills Ltd''', also known as '''Siyaram's''' or '''SSM''',<ref name="Bagade20130226"></ref> is an Indian [[textile|blended fabric]] and [[Textile manufacturing|garment manufacturing]] [[company]],<ref name="Naidu20140529"></ref> with an associated chain of [[retail outlet]]s, and [[showroom|branded showroom]]s. Siyaram's was incorporated in 1978,<ref name="NDTV"></ref> and has its [[headquarters]] in the Kamala Mills compound, [[Lower Parel]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name="Address"></ref>

==Structure==
Siyaram Silk Mills Ltd. (SSM) is a subsidiary of the Siyaram Poddar Group, the parent company of Balkrishna Industries Ltd. and Govind Rubber Ltd., which are all listed companies on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref>Govind Rubber Limited Announced Business Expansion Plan. India PRwire July 19, 2012 [http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/textiles/20120719125588.htm]</ref> SSM is a [[small cap company|small-cap company]] with a [[market capitalization]] of ₹936.75 crores.<ref name="companyid-13098"></ref> Siyaram manufactures and sells [[fabrics]],<ref name="RD20141010"></ref> ready-made men's and women's apparel, home furnishings, and yarns.<ref name="Bagade20130226"></ref><ref name="NDTV"></ref><ref name="HBL"></ref><ref name="ITV20141105"></ref> SSM is associated with one [[lakh]] [[retail outlet]]s,<ref name="Naidu20140529"></ref> and has over 170 branded showrooms across the country.<ref name="ITV20141105"></ref> In the March 2014 quarter, the company's annual [[Net income|net profit]] was ₹20.2 crores.<ref name="Naidu20140529"></ref> Siyaram produces over 4 million meters of fabric per month, totalling over 60 million meters annually.<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Shri Ramesh Poddar, MD of Siyaram Silk Mills Ltd.|url=http://www.textilevaluechain.com/index.php/business-gyan/interviews/item/497-interview-with-shri-ramesh-poddar-md-of-siyaram-silk-mills-ltd.|website=www.textilevaluechain.com}}</ref>

==Product line==
According to [[The Economic Times]], [[polyester]] [[viscose]], which is derived from [[crude oil]], accounts for approximately 85% of Siyaram's [[raw material]].<ref name="Naidu20140529"></ref> In 2014, Siyaram reported 80% of its revenue came from fabric sales, 16% from garments, and 4% from [[yarn]].<ref name="Naidu20140529"></ref> Siyaram's weaving capacity is approximately 80 million meters and its garment production capacity is around 40 lakh pieces annually.<ref name="Naidu20140529"></ref>

Like some other [[textile manufacturer]]s, Siyaram's has produced the [[Ready-to-wear|ready-made garment]] (RMG) sector. Starting in 2004,<ref name="ET2004"></ref> the company introduced product lines including [[Furniture|home furnishings]], [[Uniform|uniforms]], children's apparel, and [[Clothing|women's clothing]].<ref name="Sangeetha2013"></ref>
{{Portal|Companies
}}

On 24 September 2015 Siyaram's Silk Mills announced a partnership with Italian brand Cadini<ref name="ETCadini"></ref><ref name="BSCadini"></ref> at an event held at Sahara Star in [[Mumbai]].

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=

<ref name="Address">{{cite web|title=Siyaram - Contact Us|url=http://www.siyaram.com/contact.html|website=www.siyaram.com}}</ref>

<ref name="Bagade20130226">{{cite news|author=Hrithik Kiran Bagade, SV Krishnamachari|title=Womenswear to propel Siyaram's topline growth|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/314894/womenswear-propel-siyarams-topline-growth.html|accessdate=26 Feb 2013|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=26 Feb 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="companyid-13098">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/siyaram-silk-mills-ltd/stocks/companyid-13098.cms|title=SIYSIL Share Price - 287.00 INR, Siyaram Silk Mills stock price today, Live updates - The Economic Times|website=economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref>

<ref name="ET2004">{{cite news|title=Siyaram launches 'Featherz' brand|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-12-29/news/27391073_1_siyaram-s-silk-mills-rmg-ramesh-poddar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305053541/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-12-29/news/27391073_1_siyaram-s-silk-mills-rmg-ramesh-poddar|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2016|accessdate=29 Dec 2004|agency=Indiatimes|publisher=Economic Times|date=29 Dec 2004}}</ref>

<ref name="HBL">{{cite web|title=Siyaram plans to enter home furnishing|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2004/12/30/stories/2004123002140200.htm|website=www.thehindubusinessline.com}}</ref>

<ref name="ITV20141105">{{cite news|title=Siyaram's expanding aggressively using the franchising module|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/mam/marketing/siyaram-s-expanding-aggressively-using-the-franchising-module-141105|accessdate=5 November 2014|agency=Indian Television|date=5 November 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Naidu20140529">Rajesh Naidu. Consistent Siyaram’s an attractive option for investors. ET Bureau, Times Internet Limited (Times of India) [http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/35701835.cms]</ref>

<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/stock/siyaram-silk-mills-ltd_siysil/reports|title=Siyaram Silk Mills: Reports, Company History, Directors Report, Chairman's Speech, Auditors Report of Siyaram Silk Mills - NDTV|website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref>

<ref name="RD20141010">{{cite news|title=Siyaram's expanding aggressively using the franchising module|url=http://realtime.rediff.com/news/business/Siyaram-s-expanding-aggressively-using-the-franchising-module/a8f808ada70b9665|accessdate=10 Oct 2014|agency=Rediff|publisher=Rediff News|date=10 Oct 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Sangeetha2013">{{cite web|author=Sangeetha G.|title= Siya | url=http://www.mydigitalfc.com/news/siyaram-enters-women%E2%80%99s-segment-siya-brand-888|website=www.mydigitalfc.com|publisher=My Digital FC (Financial Chronicle)|accessdate= 4 March 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="ETCadini">{{cite web|author=PTI|title=Siyaram announces joint venture with Italian lifestyle brand Cadini | url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-09-24/news/66854731_1_joint-venture-indian-consumer-100-crore | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305144012/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-09-24/news/66854731_1_joint-venture-indian-consumer-100-crore | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 5, 2016 | website=economictimes.indiatimes.com | publisher=Economic times | accessdate= 24 September 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="BSCadini">{{cite web|author=BS Reporter|title=Siyaram Silk Mills buys rights of Italian brand Cadini | url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/siyaram-silk-mills-buys-rights-of-italian-brand-cadini-115092400607_1.html | website=www.business-standard.com/ | publisher=Business Standard | accessdate= 24 September 2015}}</ref>

}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Clothing manufacturers]]
[[Category:Clothing companies of India]]
[[Category:Silk mills]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Textile companies based in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Silk in India]]
[[Category:Clothing brands of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

V. S. Chandralekha

2025-11-14T18:58:15Z

BeauTesterman: quick fix

{{Short description|Indian civil servant and politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = V. S. Chandralekha
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1947|08|14}}
| birth_place = [[Dindigul]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| party = [[Janata Party]]
| office = State President, [[Janata Party]] Tamil Nadu
| termstart = 1992
| termend = 2013
| children = Abhijit Iyer-Mitra<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-06 |title=After 43 days in Odisha prison, Abhijit Iyer-Mitra walks free |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/after-43-days-in-odisha-prison-abhijit-iyer-mitra-walks-free/story-e7xdZfYYEQfBMNB0KxsV4H.html |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| office1 = State President, [[Virat Hindustan Sangam]] Tamil Nadu
| termstart1 = 2015
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}

'''V. S. Chandralekha''' (born 14 August 1947) is an Indian politician and former [[Civil Services of India|civil servant]], who was the President of the [[Tamil Nadu]] state unit of the [[Janata Party]], which merged into the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 11 August 2013. [[M. G. Ramachandran]] had appointed her as probably the state's second woman collector, after [[Anna Rajam Malhotra]] of the 1951 batch. The latter was the first female IAS Officer and Collector in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/sasikalas-proximity-to-jaya-was-based-on-control-a-rule|title=Sasikala's proximity to Jaya was based on 'control & rule'|access-date=7 December 2016|archive-date=1 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201150506/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/investigation/sasikalas-proximity-to-jaya-was-based-on-control-a-rule|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Personal life and education ==

Chandralekha was born on 14 August 1947 at [[Dindigul]] in the then [[Madras Presidency]]. She had her education in [[Madras]] and mastered in economics from [[Presidency College, Madras]] before joining the [[Indian Administrative Service]].

== Civil service ==

Chandralekha joined the Indian Administrative Service in 1971 and served as the Sub-Collector of [[Chengalpattu taluk|Chengalpattu]] and [[Cheranmahadevi]] from 1973 to 1975 and as General Manager, Civil Supplies Corporation & Deputy Secretary, Food from 1976 to 1980. From 1980 to 1985, she served as [[District Collector]], first, of [[South Arcot]] and then, [[Madurai District|Madurai]]. She served as the Director of Rural Development, Tamil Nadu from 1985 to 1988, Chairman of Women's Development Corporation, Tamil Nadu from 1988 to 1990 and Chairman & Managing Director of Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation from 1991 to 1992. She resigned from the civil service in 1992.

== Acid attack ==

During her stint as the [[managing director|MD]] of [[Tamil Nadu Industrial Development Corporation|TIDCO]], she opposed the divestment policies of the then Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]] due to which Chandralekha faced [[acid attack]] at [[Egmore]], Chennai in 1992.
<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne180611Erase.asp |title=Tehelka - India's Independent Weekly News Magazine |access-date=30 November 2017 |archive-date=18 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218145901/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main49.asp?filename=Ne180611Erase.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jayalalithaa-had-to-combat-ruthless-peer-pressure-all-her-life/articleshow/55914253.cms|title = Eulogised in death, Jayalalithaa leaves a checkered legacy|newspaper = The Economic Times|last1 = Aravind|first1 = Indulekha}}</ref>

== Political career ==

Chandralekha joined the [[Janata Party]] in 1992 after the acid attack. She served as the President of the party's Tamil Nadu unit from 1992. She unsuccessfully contested in [[Madurai Central Assembly constituency]] in 1996 Tamil Nadu Assembly Election. In 1996, she stood against [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]'s [[M. K. Stalin]] for the post of [[Mayor]] of the [[Chennai Corporation]], but lost.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: The Rediff Interview with V S Chandralekha, Janata party candidate for the Madras mayor's election|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1996/0510lek1.htm|access-date=2022-01-30|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> She participated in the [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006 Tamil Nadu Assembly elections]] as the candidate from Mylapore constituency and came fifth, garnering only 2,897 votes.
She is a close aide of [[Subramanian Swamy]].<ref name="2006electionresults">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election 2006 to the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|accessdate=|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref> She is now Tamil Nadu state president of [[Virat Hindustan Sangam]] (VHS), an organisation floated by [[Subramanian Swamy]] in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Virat Hindustan Sangam|url=https://www.vhsindia.org/meet-our-team|access-date=2022-01-30|website=www.vhsindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-04-09|title=Swamy floats new outfit|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/swamy-floats-new-outfit-virat-hindustan-sangam/article7081994.ece|access-date=2022-01-30|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|2}}

== References ==

* {{cite web|title=Profile of V. S. Chandralekha|url=http://janataparty.org/member1.html|publisher=Janata Party}}
* {{cite news|title=Karunanidhi does not have a good track record|work=Rediff|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1996/0510lek1.htm|date=10 May 1996}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandralekha, V. S.}}
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Presidency College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Jana Sangh politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Women in Tamil Nadu politics]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian civil servants]]

Gundmi

2025-10-21T17:06:30Z

BeauTesterman:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gundmi
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = town Panchayat
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13|28|50|N|74|42|45|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi District]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 16011
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 576226<ref name="pcode">{{cite web
|url=http://pincodes.info/in/Karnataka/Udupi/Airody/Gundmi-Udupi/
|title=Central Excise and Service Tax Location Code (Areas Under the Range Udupi 610301)
|accessdate=2009-08-02
|publisher=Central Excise and Service Tax
}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0820<ref name="std">{{cite web
|url = http://www.bsnl.co.in/searchcode.php?state=Karnataka&pgno=5
|title = STD Codes for cities in Karnataka
|accessdate = 2008-07-06
|publisher = [[Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited|Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)]]
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080417035108/http://www.bsnl.co.in/searchcode.php?state=Karnataka&pgno=5
|archivedate = 2008-04-17
}}</ref>
| registration_plate = KA-20<ref name="vehicle">{{cite web
|url = http://www.aicda.com/Rtolst.asp
|title = List of RTOs
|accessdate = 2008-07-14
|publisher = AICDA (All India Car Dealers Association)
|url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828051619/http://www.aicda.com/Rtolst.asp
|archivedate = 2008-08-28
}}</ref>

}}
'''Gundmi''' is a panchayat town in [[Udupi Taluk]] in [[Udupi district]] in the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]. Gundmi town is one of the oldest towns in India.{{citation needed|date=April 2022}}

It is a small town about 6 km north of Bramavara City close to the border between the two southern states of Karnataka and Kerala. It comprises two revenue villages, Gundmi and Pandeshwar, Irody, yadabettu in Udupi Taluk. Gundmi is located adjacent to City Corporation of Udupi at a distance of 20 km from District Headquarters.

Gundmi is noted for historic locations such as [http://www.newskarnataka.com/exclusive/The-ruins-of-a-long-lost-kingdom-of-glory-Barkur Barkuru basadi], [http://mapio.net/pic/p-44018297/ Barakuru Maalik Deenar Masjid], Beach Resort, Barkur's Fort, [[Shri Ammanavara Temple]], [https://www.panoramio.com/user/1861333?with_photo_id=11045934 Gundmi juma masjid], SKSM Salafi Center Gundmi Unit, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-994gew-fT8 Mani Chennakeshava Temple], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dHAxRl505gQ Saint Thomas Church], and [http://www.divinepark.org/ Divine park].

This town is an important trading centre for fish and fish manure. Fishing and [[beedi]] rolling are main occupations of the residents of this town.

==Location==
14.6 km N of Malpe, 15.1 km NxNW of Udipi, 17.0 km S of Kundapura, 19.5 km SxSE of Gangolli.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Udupi district]]

Vetri (actor)

2025-10-21T15:57:21Z

BeauTesterman:

{{Short description|Indian Tamil actor}}
{{about||Indian cinematographer| Vetri (cinematographer)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vetri
| image =
| imagesize =
| birth_name = Vetri Vellapandian
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| othername = Sudalaikan Vellapandian, Vetri Sudley
| occupation = Actor
| yearsactive = 2017{{En dash}}present
}}

'''Vetri''' is an Indian actor who appears in [[Tamil film industry|Tamil films]]. He is best known for playing the lead role in his own family production films such as ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' (2017) and ''[[Jiivi]]'' (2019).<ref name="New Actor" /><ref name="Vetri in Jiivi" />

==Career==
Vetri, made his debut in the 2017 movie ''[[8 Thottakkal]]'', playing the role of a sub-inspector. This film was produced by his family production Vetrivel Saravana cinemas<ref name="New Actor" /> and he followed this up with the thriller ''[[Jiivi]]'' in 2019, which received positive responses from critics. A critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' noted that, "turning it into one of the memorable thrillers of the year.".<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jiivi Movie Review |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/jiivi/movie-review/69965383.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2021, Vetri appeared in ''[[C/O Kaadhal]]'', a remake of a Telugu film. His next film was ''[[Vanam]]'', which released in the same year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-15 |title=Actor Vetri reveals why he has been choosing thriller films! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/actor-vetri-reveals-why-he-has-been-choosing-thriller-films/articleshow/98661985.cms?from=mdr&pcode=461 |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 2022, he acted in the film in ''[[Jothi (2022 film)|Jothi]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-17 |title=Krisha Kurup: 'Jothi' will be an emotional ride - Exclusive! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/krisha-kurup-jothi-will-be-an-emotional-ride-exclusive/articleshow/92936991.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and the sequel ''[[Jiivi 2]]'' which premiered on [[Aha (streaming service)|aha]] OTT platform.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-08-03 |title='Jiivi 2' makers shock fans as the much-awaited sequel opts for a direct OTT premiere |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/jiivi-2-makers-shock-fans-as-the-much-awaited-sequel-opts-for-a-direct-ott-premiere/articleshow/93315644.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Later in 2023, he also had major releases with ''[[Memories (2023 film)|Memories]]'' and ''[[Bumper (film)|Bumper]]''. A ''Times of India'' critic stated that, "Bumper has an interesting premise that helps hold the attention of the viewers"<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bumper Movie Review : A well-intentioned film that talks about honesty |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/bumper/movie-review/101534453.cms |access-date=2023-10-16 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role(s) !! Notes
|-
|2017 ||''[[8 Thottakkal]]'' || SI Sathya || Debut film
|-
|2019 ||''[[Jiivi]]'' || Saravanan ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
||''[[C/O Kaadhal]]'' || Dhaadi ||
|-
||''[[Vanam]]'' || Magizh ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''[[Jothi (2022 film)|Jothi]]''|| Shakthi ||
|-
|''[[Jiivi 2]]'' || Saravanan ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
|''[[Memories (2023 film)|Memories]]'' || Venky ||
|-
|''[[Bumper (film)|Bumper]]''|| Puli Pandi ||
|-
|''[[Red Sandal Wood]]''|| Prabha ||
|-
|rowspan="3"|2024||''[[Pagalariyaan]]''|| Wolf ||
|-
| ''[[Adharma Kadhaigal]]'' || Shiva ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/vetri-starring-adharma-kadhaigal-movie-sakshi-agarwal-ammu-abirami-dhivya-duraisamy-adharma-kadhaigal-teaser-video-112350173|title=வெற்றி நடிக்கும் அதர்ம கதைகள் படத்தின் மிரட்டல் டீஸர்!|date=7 August 2024|access-date=9 August 2024|language=ta|website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aalan]]'' || Thyagu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Rajaputhiran]]'' || Patta ||
|-
| ''[[Muthal Pakkam]]''
|Prabha
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2025-07-27 |title=வெற்றி நடித்த முதல் பக்கம் படத்தின் டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு {{!}} Trailer of Vetri's film 'Muthal Pakkam' released |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/trailer-of-vetris-film-muthal-pakkam-released-782029 |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
| {{TBA}} || {{Pending film|Iravu}} || {{TBA}} || Post-production<ref>{{cite web |title=Teaser of Iravu to be out soon
|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/may/08/first-look-poster-of-iravu-to-be-out-soon-43166.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |access-date=10 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|1=30em|refs=
<ref name="New Actor">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=A promising entrant in K'town |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/030417/a-promising-entrant-in-ktown.html|archive-date= |access-date=3 April 2017 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Vetri in Jiivi">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Vetri bags another intriguing thriller |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/130618/vetri-bags-another-intriguing-thriller.html|archive-date= |access-date=13 June 2018 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>
}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|nm8904192|Vetri}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vetri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council

2025-10-13T20:54:11Z

BeauTesterman: update references to improve readability based on references

{{More citations needed|date=June 2011}}

'''Pharmaceutical Export Promotion Council of India''' ('''Pharmexcil''') is the authorized agency of the government of [[India]] for promotion of [[medication|pharmaceutical]] exports from India. It was set up under the provisions of Foreign Trade Policy by the [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce and Industry]] in May 2004. Various pharmaceutical products, namely, bulk drugs, formulations, Biotech Products, Indian Systems of medicines, herbal products, diagnostics, clinical research, etc. are covered under its purview. Pharmexcil takes up several external trade promotion activities by organizing trade delegations outside India, arranging buyer-seller meetings, international seminars, etc.

The agency's headquarters is located in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]. Present Chairman is Dr Dinesh Dua, Nectar Life Sciences Ltd, Late Shri D.B. Mody was the founding chairman.

The Indian pharmaceutical industry has become the third largest producer in the world and is poised to grow into an industry of $20 billion in 2015 from the current turnover of $12 billion.

Its current chairperson is Sahil Munjal. In 2022, the organization is planning to increase India's export of medicine to China.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Thomas |first1=Chris |title=India ready to export fever drugs to China amid COVID surge - export body |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/india-ready-export-fever-drugs-china-amid-covid-surge-export-body-2022-12-22/ |access-date=23 December 2022 |agency=Reuters |date=23 December 2022 |location=BENGALURU}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.pharmexcil.com/ Official website]

{{Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)}}

[[Category:Pharmaceutical industry in India]]
[[Category:Export promotion agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2004]]